Datasets:

ufukhaman

/

uspto_balanced_200k_ipc_classification

like 1

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. FIG. 1 shows an inventive floor element essentially in a transportation state. When in use, the element 1 has a generally flat, rectangular shape and is comprised of a thin aluminium foil 10 of corresponding size and a thickness that is less than 200 m, preferably a thickness of 100 m. The foil 10 is carried by a floor sheet 11 , e.g. a cellular sheet, particle board, plaster board, or a technical equivalent. The sheet 11 includes through-extending, mutually parallel slits 12 , which are also parallel with the longitudinal edges of the sheet 11 . The slits divide the sheet 11 into mutually parallel, longitudinally extending strips 13 , wherewith the side strips of the sheet suitably have a width corresponding to half the width of the inwardly lying strips. The slits 12 are bridged by foil portions 15 whose width is adapted to the thickness of the sheet 11 and to the outer diameter of the conductor to be placed in the foil portions or sections 15 , such that the foil 15 will tightly embrace the bottom half of the conductor circumference and to enable the conductor to be placed between the top and bottom main surfaces of the sheet. As evident from FIG. 1 , the sheet 11 may include a through-extending transversal slit 16 in the longitudinal centre region of the sheet, wherewith the connecting foil portions 17 forms a hinge means for both parts of the floor element. The gap between the strips 13 is bridged on the rear side of the sheet with a two-way tape reinforcement 77 or some corresponding device, wherein said tapes 77 define a maximum distance between the strips 13 to which the foil width 15 is well-adapted to embrace a pipe/a conductor whose diameter corresponds to the greatest width between the strips 13 . It is, of course, possible to mount a fully covering foil on the underside of the sheet as an alternative to adhesive tape 77 at the gap between each pair of strips 13 . The adhesive tapes 77 shall suitably have such flexibility as to enable the width of the element to be minimised, by bringing the side edges of mutually adjacent strips 13 together, for instance during transportation. After having folded out the element 1 shown in FIG. 1 , said element can be placed in a correct position on a sub-floor and the sheet parts 13 fixed to said floor with centrally stretched adhesive tapes 77 . A heating cable/heating conductor/cooling conductor can now be readily pressed down correctly into the channels that are exposed when the spacing holders are removed. As will be evident from FIG. 2 , the adhesive tapes 77 can be replaced with adhesive foil that covers the corresponding main surface of the floor element. Naturally, it is necessary to slit the foil at the hinge join 16 , 17 . FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate an embodiment in which the foil portions 15 are folded together and laid flat on one main surface of the sheet 11 , whereas the strips 13 on the sheet are brought laterally into contact with each other. A rigid element transportation state is achieved with the aid of pieces of adhesive tape 34 , 35 that bridge the channels 12 on the main surface distal from the AL-foil, said channels 12 being eliminated by pressing the strips against one another, and by folding the element double about a transversal slit located at half the length of the sheet for instance, although not penetrating the AL-foil 10 . After folding out the sheet 1 about the hinge means 16 , 17 and cutting through the tapes 34 , 35 at the location of the channels 12 , the sheet can be placed on a supportive surface and the strips mutually separated to open the channels 12 , wherewith the conductor can be developed and the foil portion 15 pressed down into the channelling. As will be evident from FIGS. 7 and 8 , the conductor 4 is normally laid in a meandering fashion, wherewith mutually adjacent, straight and parallel conductor sections 45 are placed in mutually adjacent, corresponding foil-clad channels in the element 1 . The curves or bends 41 of the conductor 4 are also placed in the channels 32 in the plate 30 . It will be seen from FIG. 7 that the channels 32 are generally semicircular in shape, so that the ends of the channel 32 connect with adjacent channels 12 in the sheet 1 . Although the invention has been described above with reference to a floor structure for the sake of simplicity, it will be obvious that the invention is not limited to this particular application, but can also be applied with the use of the inventive element and inventive plate on wall surfaces, ceiling surfaces and other surfaces with the intention of delivering heat or of removing heat from said structures. FIGS. 6 , 9 and 10 show that the sheet 1 of FIG. 1 can be produced by advancing arrays of laterally spaced lamellae along a feed path, wherein the lamellae are spaced mutually apart ( FIG. 9 ) with the aid of spacer elements 81 in a first part of said path. In the illustrated case, said spacer elements 81 have the form of wheels of specific width, wherewith a flat AL-foil 10 is adhered to one main surface. The lamellae 13 are then brought together laterally to a smaller distance apart with the aid of spacing elements 82 , which in the illustrated case have the form of wheels that also function to press the aluminium foil down into the channels, whereafter pieces of flat adhesive tape 77 are applied to opposite sides of the strips 13 across the channels 12 , so as to define a largest channel width that corresponds to the diameter of the conductor. The first mentioned width of the channels is chosen to enable the conductor to be embraced around half its circumference by the AL-foil, while providing room for the conductor between the main surfaces of the sheet at the same time. In the case of straight channels that lack heat conducting foil but where such foil is desired, a conductive tape can, in principle, be produced in accordance with FIG. 5 , detail 15 . The tape can be obtained either with adhesive and a paper backing, or solely with adhesive on the whole or parts of the underside of the formed foil, preferably on the two edge portions outwardly of the folded region. The double-folded part will be smaller than the nose width and can thus be used particularly easily. The conductive tape will automatically assume a U-shape and embrace the conductor at least around half its circumference, as the conductor is pressed or trod down into the channel. The invention being thus described, it will be apparent that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be recognized by one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

5F

24

D

DETAILED DESCRIPTION A basic structure and a basic working principle of an embodiment are described below in combination with the first embodiment andFIGS. 1A and 1B. The first embodiment As shown inFIG. 1A, a multifunctional membraneless boiled water electrolysis machine comprises: a container21for containing water; a container cover20, wherein the label number22refers to a water level indicating line; an electric heater15capable of heating or boiling water; an electrolysis power supply9; and an electrolytic cell10with a water inlet and a water outlet. An electrolytic cell partition plate11divides the electrolysis water tank17into a region for an electrolysis electrode assembly18as the electrolytic cell10and an electrolytic cell water outlet region19. The electrolysis electrode assembly18for electrolyzing water is mounted in the electrolytic cell (details about an internal structure thereof referring toFIG. 1Band the following relevant description thereof). The water in the container21can be pumped into an electrolysis water tank17and the electrolytic cell10by an electric pump24through a water outlet pipe25at a bottom of the container and a water outlet pipeline23of the electric pump. An electric heater16is mounted at a vertical part of a pipeline23. The water enters the electrolysis water tank17and the electrolytic cell10from a water inlet15(formed at the top of the water pipeline23) of the electrolysis water tank17after being heated (capable of being controlled without being heated). The electrolyzed water flows from the upper part of the electrolytic cell into the electrolytic cell water outlet region19and flows from the water outlet of the electrolysis water tank17i.e., an apparatus water outlet28. Wires6and7connect electrolysis power supply9to different electrodes of the electrolysis electrode assembly18. The electrolysis electrode assembly in the drawing adopts a technical solution of membraneless water electrolysis with high efficiency so as to achieve certain water electrolysis indexes. Referring toFIG. 1Band a description thereof for details. FIG. 1Billustrates an internal structure and an associated portion of an electrolysis assembly18(comprising an electrolytic cell and an electrolysis electrode assembly). Portions described inFIG. 1Aare not repeatedly described again here. The label number10refers to an electrolytic cell, and the label number8refers to an electrolytic cell wall. The water from the pipeline23enters a space26through the water inlet15in the lower part of the electrolysis water tank17, and the space26is isolated by a sealing ring29and is not directly communicated with other spaces of the electrolysis water tank17, so that the water can enter a lower space11of the electrolytic cell10only and is electrolyzed by the electrolysis electrodes1and2in a gap3and a gap4. The electrolyzed water flows out of the upper parts of the gap3and the gap4, enters an upper space12of the electrolytic cell10, then flows out of the upper part of the electrolytic cell wall8, enters the electrolysis water tank17, flows over a water storage baffle plate27to flow into the water outlet region19of the electrolysis water tank17once the stored water exceeds a water level line5, and flows out of the apparatus water outlet28for use. InFIG. 1B, the electrolysis electrode assembly is formed by two electrodes1and2of different polarities. The electrode1is has a shape of cylindrical walls each defining a hole thereof. Three holes are schematically defined as shown in the figures. The cylindrical walls are mechanically fixed; the walls of holes are mutually electrically connected with one another to form the electrode1, and the electrode1is connected with the electrolysis power supply9through the wire7. The electrode2has columns. Three columns are schematically shown in the drawing. The columns are mechanically fixed and electrically connected with one another to form the electrode2, and the electrode2is connected with the electrolysis power supply9through the wire6. The electrode1can be correspondingly inserted with the electrode2, each column of the column electrode2can be inserted into the corresponding hole of the electrode1shaped of cylindrical walls each defining a hole, and an electrode gap3is defined between the column surface and the cylindrical hole-wall surface in a tubular shape. Three gaps3formed by the three columns of the electrode2and the three holes of the electrode1are schematically shown inFIG. 1B. Each gap distance can be selected within a certain range as desired, for example, in a range smaller than 5 mm and greater than 0 mm. If necessary, the gap3can be smaller, for example, smaller than 1 mm and greater than 0 mm for enhancing the electrolysis effect of the water and the impurities in the water. Higher water electrolysis efficiency and indexes can be acquired using the apparatus to electrolyze raw water with low conductivity, such as purified water, distilled water and the like. Under the condition that the electrode gap is fixed, the probability and the quantity of the impurities and the water molecules electrolyzed are in proportion to the electrode surface areas of the gaps. Therefore, maximization of electrode surface areas of the gap3can increase the electrolysis efficiency. InFIG. 1B, the electrolytic cell wall8has a material suitable for being used as the electrolysis electrode, is connected with the electrolysis power supply through the wire7to become a portion of the electrode2and defines an electrolysis gap4between the electrolytic cell wall and the electrode1, thereby the electrolysis effect of the apparatus is increased. Label numbers11and12denotes the lower space and the upper space of the electrolytic cell10respectively have a certain volume, so that smooth flowing of the water in the electrode gaps is facilitated. Since in the water electrolysis process, the water molecules in the gaps can produce hydrogen gas and oxygen gas after being electrolyzed; the hydrogen gas and the oxygen gas can flow upwards along the electrodes of the gaps so as to drive the water in the gaps3to flow upwards, and flows out from an upper port of each gap3into the space12, which results that water continuously flow into the electrode gaps for supplementation from the external of a lower port of each gap3, i.e. from a space11. Apparently, if the spaces11and12are too narrow, the flowability of water in the electrode gaps may be influenced. The water flowing from the water inlet15of the electrolytic cell flows into11cannot be electrolyzed in the gaps at an expected flow rate, which will decrease the water electrolysis efficiency. In conclusion, a smaller gap, larger electrode surface areas of the gap3, and a certain water flowability in the gap3are reasonably selected, thus at such three aspects of technical solutions coordinated and simultaneously considered, the electrolysis efficiency can be obviously increased. Since the apparatus is used for electrolyzing flowing water, generally speaking, if the spaces11and12outside the ports of the gap3are wide enough, water flowability in the gap may be easily satisfied so as to obtain higher electrolysis efficiency and water electrolysis indexes. Table 1 and Table 2 are actual detection data of an experimental apparatus of the present invention. Table 1: actual detections data of electrolysis boiled water of embodiment 1 of the multifunctional membraneless boiled water electrolysis machine of the present invention Structural characteristicsGaps betweenelectrodes of differentTest itemspolarities = 0.6 mmReducedORP(mv)−612waterHydrogen631indexescontent (ppb)Electrolysis current0.6(A) Note: electrolysis voltage of 8V, raw water: ORP=+408 mv, hydrogen content=0, normal temperature It can be seen that water electrolysis index levels meets the requirements for practical products. Table2is actual detection data when the areas (i.e., the height of the electrodes) of the electrolysis electrode gaps3inFIG. 1AandFIG. 1Bare double increased. Table2: actual detection data of electrolysis boiled water of the multifunctional membraneless boiled water electrolysis machine in the first embodiment of the present invention Structural characteristicsGaps betweenelectrodes of differentpolarities = 0.6 mm(the area of the gapsbetween the electrolysiselectrodes is increasedTest itemsby one time)ReducedORP(mv)−879waterHydrogen921indexescontent (ppb)Electrolysis current1.2(A) Note: electrolysis voltage of 8 V, raw water: ORP=+402 mv, hydrogen content=0, normal temperature It can be seen that the electrode surface areas (i.e., the height of the electrodes) of the electrolysis electrode gaps3is double increased; the water electrolysis indexes are remarkably improved and exceed an index of an isolating membrane water electrolysis machine, while the electrolysis efficiency exceeds that of the isolating membrane water electrolysis machine by tens times and even a hundred times. It strongly verifies accuracy and great practical significance of the new principle and the new method of water electrolysis proposed by the applicant. The electrolysis electrode assembly of the multifunctional membraneless boiled water electrolysis machine of the present invention is not limited to a specific structure adopted by the first embodiment. Any electrolysis electrode structure which can electrolyze boiled water and reach the required water electrolysis indexes in principle can be used. On an aspect of control, electrolysis of boiled water, warm water and normal-temperature water is easily realized to prepare the electrolyzed water with various temperatures. The present invention can conveniently obtain a larger quantity of high-performance electrolyzed water with various temperatures. The electrolyzed water not only has the efficacy of preventing and helping treating various diseases on a drinking aspect, but also can be used as washing water for washing pesticide and fertilizer pollution on the surfaces of fruits and vegetables, washing faces, beautifying the faces, bathing, cleaning skin and the like.

2C

2

F

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Disclosed is a band-like apparatus cleaning device for removing foreign materials and cleaning the band-like apparatus before the foreign materials become significant on the surface of the band-like apparatus. Described is a cleaning device for a band-like apparatus, comprising a hollow rotating roll supported so as to turn along the traveling direction of the band-like apparatus. The roll has a plurality of apertures with cleaning fluid jet nozzles arranged at the inner side of the plurality of apertures to shower the band-like apparatus. The cleaning device cleans the band-like apparatus by jetting cleaning fluid at the band-like apparatus from the cleaning fluid jet nozzles. The cleaning device also comprises a plurality of blade plates located adjacent to the roll axis of the rotating roll. The plurality of blade plates are able to freely reciprocate in the roll axis direction. A band-like apparatus cleaning device according to the present invention is described in detail with reference to the drawings in the following. FIG. 1(A),FIG. 1(B)andFIG. 2show a rough configuration of a band-like apparatus cleaning device10, and the band-like apparatus cleaning device10is mainly composed of a hollow rotating roll21, a cleaning fluid jetting device31, a sliding device41and a blade device51. This band-like apparatus cleaning device10is provided in each of a wire part, a press part and a dry part in a paper making stroke, and is made so as to clean away foreign materials such as an adhesive material, fiber and the like stuck on a band-like apparatus11such as a wire belt, a press belt, a canvas belt and the like. And as shown inFIG. 2, the hollow rotating roll21supports a hollow supporting shaft24so as to be capable of freely turning by means of bearings23mounted on left and right sliding stands42of the sliding device41. And the hollow rotating roll21rotates in the traveling direction of the band-like apparatus11(direction of arrow inFIG. 1(A)) in a state of having the band-like apparatus wound partially round the hollow rotating roll21, the band-like apparatus being given a specific tension, and has a number of apertures for shower25formed along the circumferential direction. At this time, the hollow rotating roll21is provided with a plurality of apertures for shower25formed along the roll rotating direction at certain pitches P in the axial direction of the roll. Hereupon, the hollow rotating roll21is provided with a cutwater ring27more inside (at the roll side) than the bearing23supporting the hollow supporting shaft24and thereby prevents lubricant of the bearing23and the like from being splashed over the band-like apparatus11wound partially round the hollow rotating roll21. Although the hollow rotating roll21may be forcibly driven, it may be turned being dragged by the band-like apparatus11moving in its traveling direction with a certain slippage relative to the band-like apparatus11. As a material for the hollow rotating roll21, special stainless steel is adopted, but any kind of materials being proof against a high-temperature and high-humidity environment in a dry part and being rich in corrosion resistance may be used. And the cleaning fluid jetting device31has a fixed roll32arranged so as to have a certain space inside the hollow rotating roll21and is fixed through a hollow supporting shaft33by a supporting stand34mounted on a sliding stand42of the sliding device41. A cleaning fluid jetting nozzles35is attached to the fixed roll32within an embracing angle of the band-like apparatus wound partially round the hollow rotating roll21and is arranged closely to and at the inner side of an aperture for shower25. In such a way, by arranging a cleaning fluid jetting nozzle closely to an aperture for shower25, it is possible to decrease a fluid jet pressure necessary for keeping a certain cleaning capability and also reduce the amount of cleaning fluid used. Decrease of a fluid jet pressure prevents wear and clogging of a cleaning fluid jetting nozzle35and thereby makes it possible to prolong the life of the band-like apparatus cleaning device10. Further, in a cleaning fluid jetting device31at this time, nozzle groups36each being composed of a plurality of cleaning fluid jetting nozzles35are file-arranged along the longitudinal direction of each aperture for shower25(aperture group26) at each pitch P corresponding to each aperture for shower25(aperture group26) of the hollow rotating roll21in the roll axis direction of the hollow rotating roll21. And the cleaning fluid jetting device31inserts cleaning fluid jetting tubes37into the fixed roll32from an opening of the hollow supporting shaft33and connects cleaning fluid jetting heads38composed of square tubes and the like to these cleaning fluid jetting tubes37, and a plurality of cleaning fluid jetting nozzles35are connected in the longitudinal direction of the cleaning fluid jetting heads38. This cleaning fluid jetting head38extends from the left or right end of the fixed roll32to the middle part of the fixed roll32. And the fluid jet pressure from a cleaning fluid jetting nozzle35connected to each position in the longitudinal direction of each cleaning fluid jetting head38is made to be equal to each other in the longitudinal direction of each cleaning fluid jetting head38by reducing gradually the cross-sectional area of each cleaning fluid jetting nozzle38as being closer from the left or right end of the fixed roll32to the middle of the fixed roll32, and the like. And the sliding device41is made so as to mount a sliding stand42on guide rails44extending in the axial direction of the hollow rotating roll21, the rails being provided on a stand43and let this sliding stand42support the hollow rotating roll21and the cleaning fluid jetting device31. This sliding device41is made so as to screw-engage a feed screw46to be driven by a motor45supported by the stand43with the sliding stand42and make the hollow rotating roll21and the cleaning fluid jetting device31reciprocate within a range exceeding the pitch P of the aperture group26and nozzle group36as one body in the roll axis direction of the hollow rotating roll21by turning the motor45forward and backward. And as shown inFIG. 3, an aperture for shower25of the hollow rotating roll21is formed into a long and narrow shape and two parallel slit portions28are provided so as to intersect the aperture for shower25. Since the slit portions28are pushed into the band-like apparatus11due to such shock as vibration or the like in a process in which the band-like apparatus11is traveling on the roll surface of the hollow rotating roll21, the band-like apparatus11comes to move in a zigzag direction. As a result, foreign materials which have come into the inside (minute gaps between warp and woof) of the band-like apparatus11result in, as shown inFIG. 4, being rubbed and kneaded out by so-called rubbing and kneading action at point M and then being scraped away to the outside by so-called scraping-away action at point K. That is to say, thanks to these two actions (rubbing and kneading action and scraping-away action), the band-like apparatus11can extend gaps between warp and woof, collect foreign materials being about to come into the inside of the band-like apparatus11on the surface of the band-like apparatus11and thereby remove a more amount of foreign materials. Due to this, it is possible to improve the degree of ventilation of the band-like apparatus11, prolong the life of the band-like apparatus11, reduce a troublesome maintenance work by reducing the frequency of replacing periodically the band-like apparatus11, and reduce the labor cost and the running cost. And since the degree of ventilation is improved, it is possible to make the water of a wet paper web exhale sufficiently through meshes of the band-like apparatus11and increase the drying efficiency of paper. In this case, since when the width W of an aperture for shower25is made broader the band-like apparatus11comes to be more liable to move in a zigzag direction and more liable to receive a rubbing and kneading action and a scraping-away action, it is possible to remove more foreign materials from the surface of the band-like apparatus11. In the present invention, therefore, experiments were performed with regard to the relation between the aperture for shower25and the degree of cleaning. First, varying the diameter (face length) of a hollow rotating roll21, experiments were performed using rolls for press and canvas with regard to the relation between the slit width of an aperture for shower25and the degrees of cleaning and wear of a band-like apparatus. As a result, with regard to a roll for press, as shown inFIGS. 5 to 8, it has been found that the degrees of cleaning and wear are the most preferable in comprehensive evaluation in case of 8 mm in slit width in S300, in case of 10 mm in slit width in S400, in case of 10 mm in slit width in S500, and in case of 12 mm in slit width in S600. On the other hand, with regard to a roll for canvas, as shown inFIGS. 9 to 12, in consideration of the machining cost of the roll, it has been found that the degree of cleaning is the most preferable in case of 20 mm in slit width in S300and S400, and in case of 22 mm in slit width in S500and S600. In a word, from the viewpoint of degree of cleaning, it has been found that it is preferable to set the slit width in a range of 8 to 12 mm with regard to a roll for press and set the slit width in a range of 20 to 22 mm with regard to a roll for canvas. That is to say, the degree of cleaning was11hours and the degree of wear was 83% in case of 8 mm in slit width using S300with regard to a roll for press. And the degree of cleaning was 13 hours and the degree of wear was 79% in case of 10 mm in slit width using S400. And the degree of cleaning was 14 hours and the degree of wear was 81% in case of 10 mm in slit width using S500. And the degree of cleaning was 14 hours and the degree of wear was 79% in case of 12 mm in slit width using S600. On the other hand, with regard to a roll for canvas, the amount of adhesive foreign materials stuck therein being an index of the degree of cleaning was 540 g in case of 20 mm in slit width using S300, the amount of adhesive foreign materials stuck therein was 920 g in case of 20 mm in slit width using S400, the amount of adhesive foreign materials stuck therein was 750 g in case of 22 mm in slit width using S500, and the amount of adhesive foreign materials stuck therein was 550 g in case of 22 mm in slit width using S600. Hereupon, “S300” is a band-like apparatus cleaning device of 314 mm in roll diameter and 1500 mm to 3400 mm in roll surface length, “S400” is a band-like apparatus cleaning device of 400 mm in roll diameter and 3500 mm to 4900 mm in roll surface length, “S500” is a band-like apparatus cleaning device of 500 mm in roll diameter and 5000 mm to 6200 mm in roll surface length, and “S600” is a band-like apparatus cleaning device of 600 mm in roll diameter and 6300 mm to 7400 mm in roll surface length. Next, experiments with regard to the relation between the shape of a slit and the degree of cleaning were performed varying the slits in shape. As a result, as shown inFIG. 13, an aperture for shower provided with three cross-shaped slits was the best in cleaning performance in S300, S400and S600, while an aperture for shower provided with three inclined slits was the best in cleaning performance in S500. By this, it is possible to jet a cleaning fluid jettingted from cleaning fluid jetting nozzles35connected to cleaning fluid jetting heads38at positions where the cleaning fluid jetting nozzles correspond to a nozzle group36to which the respective cleaning fluid jetting nozzles belong from apertures for shower25of the hollow rotating roll21to a band-like apparatus11by a cleaning fluid jetting device31, while making the cleaning fluid jetting device31and the hollow rotating roll21reciprocate as one body in the roll axis direction. Accordingly, it is possible to clean a band-like apparatus11over the whole width of it, and to make the steam being a cleaning fluid jetted from a cleaning fluid jetting device31remove and collect foreign materials from the inside of the band-like apparatus11on the surface of the band-like apparatus11. And since it is possible to clean the band-like apparatus11over the whole width of it and remove foreign materials, the moisture profile of paper is made stable. That is to say, no undried portion appears in a sheet of paper and paper being good in quality is obtained. And as shown inFIG. 1(A), a blade device51is provided with two blade plates52, and a save-all53is provided under the blade plates52. Light fibers (paper powder) and the like are made to fall in the save-all53at the entrance side of a blade portion54but foreign materials stuck on the band-like apparatus11which have not been made to fall even by slit portions28of apertures for shower25of the hollow rotating roll21as described above are scraped away by the blade plates52. This blade device51scrapes away foreign materials stuck on the surface of the band-like apparatus11by pressing the edges55of the blade plates52against the surface of the band- like apparatus11at a certain pressure. The scraped-away foreign materials stay on the surface of the band-like apparatus11pressed by the edges55, adhere to one another at the back side of the edges55of the blades52, and expand and grow in the shape of a strip of paper. Therefore, it is possible to securely remove the foreign materials stuck on the surface of the band-like apparatus11without scattering them around. And the band-like apparatus11is not worn by the scraping of the blades52, and further the warp of the band-like apparatus11is not degraded in strength. As shown inFIG. 14, the edge of a blade plate52has a shape capable of efficiently expanding and growing foreign materials into the shape of a strip of paper, namely, the two blade plates52A and52B have notches56A and56B corresponding to pitches P of the apertures for shower25of the hollow rotating roll21, and the two blade plates52A and52B are mounted so that these notches56A and56B are arranged alternately zigzag. Due to this, when a band-like apparatus cleaning device10operates, if it is a flat single plate having no notch, the whole device vibrates and a band-like apparatus11is made wavy and results in vibrating up and down in a process of carrying the band-like apparatus11, and parts where the band-like apparatus11comes into contact with and no contact with the blade plates52appear. As a result, parts from which foreign materials are scraped away and not scraped away by the blade plates52appear, but by providing such notches in the blade plates52, the band-like apparatus11is made to come into contact with the blade plates at locations57without fail. Therefore, by installing blade plates52so that notches56A and56B of the blade plates52A and52B are alternately arranged, it is possible to bring the blade plates52uniformly into contact with the whole surface of the band-like apparatus11. And by providing such notches in the blade plates52, it is possible to concentrate the actions of heat and contact pressure at the contact parts between the edges55of the blade plates52and the band-like apparatus11, efficiently expand and grow foreign materials, remove the expanded and grown foreign materials in a state where they are formed into a strip shape, collect the foreign materials in a state where they are scattered in the save-all53, and prevent a drainpipe of the save-all53from getting clogged. And a blade device51of a band-like apparatus cleaning device10according to the invention is not limited to the case of providing two blade plates52A and52B as described above, but may be provided with three blade plates52A′,52B′ and52C′ at specified pitches, as shown inFIG. 15for example. That is to say, it is enough to provide a plurality of blade plates52so that they form a flat single plate having no notches when they are superposed one over another. And the shapes of apertures for shower25and slit portions28are not limited to the shapes as described above, but such shapes as the pitch, width and length of an aperture for shower25and the number of slits and the like may be determined depending on a kind of the band-like apparatus11and an embracing angle of the band-like apparatus11wound partially round the hollow rotating roll21, and the shape of them may be, for example, a shape where three slit portions28are provided perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction of an aperture for shower25as shown inFIG. 16, a shape where three parallel slit portions28are provided at an inclined angle relative to the longitudinal direction of an aperture for shower25as shown inFIG. 17, or a shape where slit portions28are crossed in the shape of X as shown inFIG. 18, so that a rubbing and kneading action and a scraping-away action as described above efficiently exert on the band-like apparatus11. Thereupon, experiments were performed with regard to the relation between the blade projection pitch and the degree of cleaning, varying the number of blade plates52. As a result, as shown inFIG. 19, the largest amount of foreign materials (about 1500 g) could be collected in case of using three blade plates and a blade projection pitch of 20 to 40 mm, preferably, 30 mm as shown inFIG. 19. And the degree of cleaning was the most preferable in case of the blade projection pitch of 25 mm as shown inFIG. 20. And since a band-like apparatus11can be cleaned uniformly over the whole width of it by providing a plurality of blade plates52provided with notches as described above to form a flat single plate having no notches when they are superposed one over another and further providing a flat blade plate, a flat blade plate having no notches may be provided. And although the present invention adopts stainless steel as a material for a blade plate52, any kind of materials being proof against a high-temperature and high-humidity environment in a dry part and being rich in corrosion resistance may be used. And in a band-like apparatus cleaning device10, a band-like apparatus11may be wound partially round a hollow rotating roll21setting a dirt-resistant surface of the band-like apparatus11as the inner face to be in contact with the hollow rotating roll21, and may be wound partially round the hollow rotating roll21setting a surface of the band-like apparatus11as the outer face of the band-like apparatus11to be in no contact with the hollow rotating roll21.

3D

21

G

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to FIG. 2, a synthetic aperture radar system according to the present invention comprises a plurality of antenna elements 11 arranged in a one dimensional or two dimensional configuration, receivers (Rx) 12 connected to the respective antenna elements 11 for receiving radio waves therethrough, AD converters 13 connected to the respective receivers 12 for analog-to-digital conversion, and a plurality of digital beam forming units 14 for receiving a plurality of digital signals simultaneously transferred from the A/D converters 13, performing discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and discriminating the radio waves received from different directions to output them. Thus, the antenna elements 11, the receivers 12, the A/D converters 13 and the digital beam forming units 14 constitute a digital beam forming (DBF) antenna 20 which is capable of simultaneously forming a plurality of receiving beams directed in different directions without any scanning operation. The present invention utilizes such digital beam forming antenna 20 as receiving means, pulse compression units 5 being provided for the respective outputs of the digital beam forming units 14 (four units being provided in this embodiment). An azimuth compression section 6 is also provided with first Fourier transform units 61 for the respective pulse compression units 5, and there is further provided a spectral synthesis unit 65 for synthesizing the spectra of the respective outputs of the respective first Fourier transform units 61, and the output of the spectral synthesis unit 65 is supplied to a complex multiplication unit 63. The operation will now be described. A transmission signal having a beam width 4.theta..sub.B which is four times that of the conventional system, as shown in FIG. 3, is radiated from a transmitter 1 through a transmitting antenna 2. On the other hand, the signal reception is carried out using the digital beam forming antenna 20, and, as shown in FIG. 4, four narrow beams No. 1-No. 4 (beam width of .theta..sub.B ) for reception directed to respective small areas of a target object to be observed are formed and echo signals from the respective small areas are simultaneously received. The respective echo signals received are processed by the corresponding pulse compression units 5 to enhance their range resolution. The received signals for the respective beams have different center frequencies, as shown in FIG. 5, but all have the same bandwidth B. Therefore, the pulse repetition frequency PRF is sufficient, i.e., PRF=B, to avoid a reduction in the observation distance. The outputs of the respective pulse compression units 5 are supplied to the respective first Fourier transform units 61 of the azimuth compression section 6 and subjected to the pulse compression and Fourier transform to obtain four spectra of bandwidth B which are, in turn, synthesized by a spectral synthesis unit 65 to a spectrum of bandwidth 4B and azimuth compression is performed to provide such a resolution .DELTA..gamma. as represented by the following equation and enhanced by the number of the beam, i.e., four times that of the conventional system. ##EQU4## FIGS. 6(a) to (c) show the concept of expanding the Doppler frequency bandwidth by the spectrum synthesization. In this manner, the utilization of the digital beam forming antenna 20 using a plurality of narrow beams in the receiving means narrows the Doppler frequency bandwidth in the respective beams during the pulse compression and makes it possible to prevent a reduction in the observation distance, and the spectral synthesis of the plurality of beam outputs can expand the bandwidth of the signals to be subjected to azimuth compression, thereby providing a high resolution. Although the embodiment has been described in which the cross-range resolution is enhanced without reducing the observation distance, the present invention can be applied for enhancing an observation distance without reducing the cross-range resolution, or for enhancing both the cross-range resolution and the observation distance, which may be determined by setting the number of beams, etc., depending upon the application of the radar system. As described above, the present invention is advantageous in that the receiving means is provided with the digital beam forming antenna for A/D conversion and digitally processing the echo signals received through a plurality of the antenna elements to permit the simultaneous formation of a plurality of beams for reception directed in different directions to provide pulse compression means for each of the outputs and the azimuth compression means is provided with first Fourier transform units for each of the outputs and also with a spectral synthesis unit for synthesizing the spectra of the respective outputs to provide an output to the complex multiplication unit, thereby enhancing the cross-range resolution and the observation distance.

6G

01

S

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of a Partial Hydrolyzate of Alkoxysilane Oligomer Two kinds of a partial hydrolyzate of alkoxysilane oligomer of (I) and (II) were prepared at the mixing ratios of raw materials and the reaction conditions, shown in Table 1. EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of the Silica Sol Liquid (2-1) 13.8 g of 2-ethylhexanoic barium (C 7 H 15 COO) 2 Ba was dissolved in a mixed solvent of 60 g of iso-amyl alcohol and 26.2 g of iso-amyl acetate to make a 5 weight % solution, which was calculated as BaO. Next, 20 g and 50 g of the partial hydrolyzates of alkoxysilane oligomer shown in Table 1 (I), were added and mixed with 20 g, 40 g, and 50 g of the solutions respectively. Furthermore, in the liquid A and the liquid B, 1-butanol was added to adjust the concentrations. Then, the silica sol liquids of A, B, and C shown in Table 2 were prepared. (2-2) 24.0 g of 2-ethylbutyric barium (C 5 H 11 COO) 2 Ba was dissolved in a mixed solvent of 70 g of 1-butanol and 6 g of acetylacetone, and refluxed to make 10 weight % solution, which was calculated as BaO. Next, 40 g and 80 g of the partial hydrolyzates of alkoxysilane oligomer shown in Table 1 (II) were added to mix with 20 g and 50 g of the solutions respectively. Furthermore, in the liquid D, iso-amyl alcohol was added to adjust the concentration. Then, the silica sol liquids D and E shown in Table 2 were prepared. (2-3) 0.5 g of barium carbonate powder having an average particle size of 10 m was dispersed in 100 g of a partial hydrolyzate of alkoxysilane oligomer shown in Table 1 (I) to prepare the silica sol liquid F in Table 2. In the reaction vessel for the preparation, the equipment having the stirring propeller was used to prevent the precipitation of the barium carbonate powder. EXAMPLE 3 Formation of the Coated Layer Five kinds of the silica sol liquids, (A-E), shown in Table 2, were sprayed to coat the surfaces of quartz glass crucibles single crystal silicon production, and the single crystal, and the coated layers were formed by baking the coated liquids at 850 C. for 30 minutes, wherein the crucibles were made by an arc fusion with rotating mold method, which is generally used in the process to produce the crucible for pulling up a single crystal. In this case, the quartz glass crucibles were surface treated by using the liquids F and H. Sample No. 6 was made by spaying the silica sol liquid F to coat the surface of the crucible to be burned at 850 C. for 30 minutes. In addition, Sample No. 8 was made by a conventional coating method. This is, the liquid H, where barium hydroxide octahydrate was mixed with water, in which, the mixing ratio is 3 g of barium hydroxide octahydrate in 1-liter of water, was sprayed on the crucible to heat at 300 C. with carbon dioxide gas. EXAMPLE 4 Strength of the Coated Layer The mechanical strength of the coated layer formed by using the liquids A, F, and H, shown in Table 2, was evaluated according to the specification standard (JIS 5600-5-4). This evaluation was done using a scratching method with a marketed pencil (trade name Mitsubishi UNI). The results are shown in Table 3. Regarding the coated layer formed by using the liquid A of the present invention, the strength of the layer was high since the layer was glassy, and scratching did not appear with the pencil. Moreover, regarding the coated layer formed by using the liquid F, although the barium carbonate powder was contained, the silica component became a binder, so that the strength of the layer was high, and scratching did not appear with a pencil. On the other hand, regarding the coated layer formed by using the conventional liquid H, scratching appeared using a pencil of 3H hardness. From these results, it was confirmed that the coated layer of the present invention had remarkably stronger mechanical property than the conventional layer. EXAMPLE 5 Washing Test Washing tests were carried out on the quartz glass crucibles, (No. 1, 6, 8) in Table 2, which, were coating treated. The tests were conducted on the following processes. (1) Washing with pure water and drying. (2) Washing with pure water and drying after washing with dilute hydrochloric acid. The adhesion amounts of the residual barium on the surface after each washing test, are shown in Table 3. Regarding the quartz glass crucible of the present invention (No. 1), barium was not removed, and the adhesion amounts were not changed in the water washing process (1) and the acid washing process (2). Moreover, regarding the quartz glass crucible of the present invention (No. 6), although the form of barium was the barium carbonate, which was same as the conventional, one, since the barium carbonate was dispersed in the silica sol liquid and coated and baked, the coated silica became the preservation layer. So the barium was not removed in the washing process (1) and the acid washing process (2) like the quartz glass crucible (No. 1). On the other hand, regarding the conventional quartz glass crucible (No. 8), since the barium carbonate was not baked, the barium was washed away a little in the water washing process (1), and the barium carbonate was washed away completely in the acid washing process (2). EXAMPLE 6 Test of the Dislocation Free Ratio The pulling up tests of the silicon single crystal were carried out by using quartz glass crucibles having transparent coated layers (No. 1 to No. 5), and the quartz glass crucible where the barium carbonate powder was dispersed in the partial hydrolyzate of the alkoxysilane oligomer (No. 6). The dislocation free ratios of the pulled crystals, are shown in Table 4. (The dislocation free ratio is defined as kilograms of dislocation free single crystal per kilograms of polysilicon charged to the crucible.) Moreover, for the comparison, the same pulling up tests were also conducted on quartz glass crucible (No. 7), in which the surface was not modified and there is no crystallization promoter layer on its surface and to the quartz glass crucible (No. 8), in which the crystallization promoter layer was formed by a conventional method. The dislocation free ratios of the single crystal are shown in Table 4. In addition, the thickness of the crystallization layer of the crucible after pulling up the single crystal was measured. The thickness of the crystallization layers is shown in Table 4. As shown in the results in Table 4, regarding the quartz glass crucible of the present invention, the crystallization layers having the sufficient layer thickness were formed on the surface of the crucible also with comparatively a little amount of barium, and a high dislocation free ratio could be obtained. On the other hand, regarding the quartz glass crucible of the comparative example No. 7, the dislocation free ratio was remarkably low. Moreover, regarding the quartz glass crucible of the comparative example No. 8, where barium carbonate was adhered by the conventional method, although this quartz glass crucible has the almost same adhesion amount of barium as used of the present invention, the crystallization layer after pulling up the single crystal was thin in the crucible, and the dislocation free ratio was remarkably low. EXAMPLE 7 Burning Temperature The silica sol liquid (No. 1) shown in Table 2 was sprayed to coat the surface of a quartz glass crucible for pulling up the single crystal, and a coated layer was formed by baking said coated liquid at the temperatures shown in Table 5 for 30 minutes. The mechanical strength of the coated layer was evaluated according to the specification standard (JIS 5600-5-4). This evaluation was carried out using the scratching method with a marketed pencil (trade name Mitsubishi UNI). Furthermore, washing tests were also conducted. The washing tests were carried out by measuring the adhesion amount of the residual barium on the surface after washing with pure water and drying. Moreover, for comparison, the same tests were conducted on a quartz glass crucible which was not baked after coating. These results are shown in Table 5. As shown by these results, regarding the coated layer baked at a temperature of more than 600 C., scratching did not appear when using a pencil of hardness 6H, and the adhesion amount of barium in the coated layer after washing was not changed. In addition, regarding the coated layer baked at 400 C., although the thin trace of the scratching was sometimes appeared with a pencil of hardness 6H, cracking did not appear with a pencil of hardness 5H, and the decreased adhesion amount of barium by washing was remarkably low. On the other hand, regarding the coated layer baked at 200 C., since the baking was not sufficient, scratching appeared with a pencil of hardness 3H, and the adhesion amount of barium decreased to less than half by washing. In addition, regarding the coated layer, which was not baked, since the layer was soft due to being in the gel state, scratching appeared using a pencil of hardness 2B easily, and the coated layer was almost washed away in the washing test due not being baked. EXAMPLE 8 Multi-pulling Test Regarding the quartz glass crucible having the coated layer of the present invention (No. 3), the crystal layer was formed uniformly on the inside surface of the crucible with the crystallization promoter contained in the coated layer, and the releasing of cristobalite did not occur. Therefore, even when the pulling up of a single crystal was repeated 4 times, a high dislocation free ratio, which was the level of 80%, was kept. As a result, the crucible life was prolonged. On the other hand, regarding the conventional quartz glass crucible having weakly adhered barium carbonate powder, (No. 8) in Table 2, the cristobalite was deposited non-uniformly and partially as the pulling up was repeated. Then, the frequency of the release of cristobalite to the molten silicon increases so that the dislocation free ratio was decreased gradually. In addition, regarding the crucible, in which the pulling up the single crystal was repeated 4 times, the cristobalite layer was not identified on the surface of the crucible. By the way, regarding the conventional quartz glass crucible having the adhered barium carbonate powder (No. 8), it is necessary that the amount of adhered barium is more than 20 g/cm 2 for obtaining the multi-pulling effect, which was the same as the present invention. When such an amount of barium is adhered on the surface of the crucible, it cannot be avoided to give the bad influence to the quality of the single crystal silicon. Regarding the quartz glass crucible having the coated layer of the present invention (No. 3), the crystal layer was formed uniformly on the inside surface of the crucible with the crystallization accelerator contained in the coated layer, and the releasing of cristobalite was stopped. Therefore, even when the pulling up of a single crystal was repeated 4 times, a high dislocation free ratio, which was the level of 80%, was kept. As a result, the crucible life was prolonged. On the other hand, regarding the conventional quartz glass crucible having weakly adhered barium carbonate powder, (No. 8) in Table 2, the cristobalite was deposited non-uniformly and partially as the pulling up was repeated. Then, the frequency of the release of cristobalite to the molten silicon increases so that the dislocation free ratio was decreased gradually. In addition, regarding the crucible, in which the pulling up the single crystal was repeated 4 times, the cristobalite layer was not identified on the surface of the crucible. By the way, regarding the conventional quartz glass crucible having the adhered barium carbonate powder (No. 8), it is necessary that the amount of adhered barium is more than 20 m/g for obtaining the multi-pulling effect, which was the same as the present invention. When such an amount of barium is adhered on the surface of the crucible, it cannot be avoided to give the bad influence to the quality of the single crystal silicon. EXAMPLE 9 Other Crystallization Accelerator 2-ethylhexanoic acid salts of Mg, Ca, and Sr were added to the partial hydrolyzate of the alkoxysilane oligomer shown in Table 2 (I) to prepare a silica sol liquid. The silica sol liquid was sprayed to coat a quartz piece having 10 cm square, and the transparent coated layer was formed by baking said coated liquid at 850 C. for 30 minutes. The adhesion amount of the metal was adjusted, so that it became 1 g/cm 2 , which was calculated as an oxide. Next, the transparent coated layer was put into an electric furnace to bake at 1450 C. for 5 hours in argon gas at 1 atmosphere pressure. Then, it was confirmed that the uniform crystallization layer could be formed by also using all said metals. Effect of the Invention A quartz glass crucible has a transparent coated layer containing a crystallization promoter on the surface, and since the coated layer forms an integrated structure to the surface of the crucible, there is no abrasion, and the adhesion state of a crystallization promoter, such as barium, contained in the coated layer, is kept uniformly. Therefore, the cristobalite formation on the surface of the crucible during pulling up the single crystal is completely uniform, so that an excellent dislocation free ratio can be obtained. Moreover, there is no problem that the coated layer is abraded in contact with the handling instruments or persons, in the working process after making the crucible, during from the inspection to the shipment, and the working process in the user side of the crucible. In addition, there is no conventional problem that the fine barium carbonate powder is scattered whenever the case containing the crucible is opened. TABLE 1 Oligomer (I) Oligomer (II) Starting Raw Material Ethylsilicate40 150 g Ethylsilicate40 67.5 g and Used Amount Solvent and Used Ethylalcohol 400 g Ethylalcohol 1.1 g Amount Catalyst and Used 60% concentration 60% concentration of Amount of Nitric acid 0.6 g Nitric acid 0.7 g Additional Amount of 45 g 36.4 g Water Reaction Temperature 45 C.-3 hours 45 C.-3 hours and Time Silica Solid Part About 10 wt. % About 25 wt. % TABLE 2 Silica Sol Liquid Adhesion BaO SiO 2 Amounts of No. Kinds Oligomer Solutions Containing Metal Salt Dilution Alcohol Amounts Amounts Metal Oxide 1 A (I) 20 g 5 wt. % Calculated as BaO 20 g Butanol 60 g 1 2 0.6 2 B (I) 20 g 5 wt. % Calculated as BaO 40 g Butanol 40 g 2 2 0.8 3 C (I) 5 g 10 wt. % Calculated as BaO 50 g 5 5 1 4 D (II) 40 g 10 wt. % Calculated as BaO 50 g Isoamyl 10 g 5 10 5.2 5 E (II) 80 g 10 wt. % Calculated as BaO 20 g 2 20 9.5 6 F (I) 100 g Carbonic Acid Ba Powder 0.5 g 0.4 10 2.1 7 G Non-Surface Treatment 0 8 H Conventional Ba Carbonate Powder 1 (Note) (I) and (II) of Oligomer is same as Table 1. Amounts of BaO and SiO 2 are in wt. %. Isoamyl is Isoamyl Alcohol, Adhesion Amounts of Metal Oxide is in g/cm 2 TABLE 3 Sample No. 1 6 8 Silica Sol Liquids A F H Hardness of Coated Layer No Cracking No Cracking Cracking (Hardness by Pencil) by 6H by 6H Appeared by 3H Ba Amount Before Washing 0.6 2.1 1.0 (1) Ba Amounts After Water 0.6 2.1 0.3 Washing and Drying (2) Ba Amounts After Acid 0.6 2.1 0 Washing, Water Washing, and Drying (Note) Ba amounts is g/cm 2 TABLE 4 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dislocation free 81 83 85 83 80 81 35 55 ratio % Crystallization 80 77 83 95 90 103 0 10 Layers After Pulling up m TABLE 5 Baking Not- Temperature Baked 200 C. 400 C. 600 C. 800 C. 1000 C. Hardness of Crack- Crack- No No coating ing ing Crack- Crack- Layer Appear- Appear- ing ing ed ed by 5H By 6H by 2B by 3H Washing Test Ba Amounts 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Before Washing Ba Amounts 0 0.2 0.5 0.6 After Washing and Drying TABLE 6 Dislocation free ratio % Number of Times of Pulling up 1 2 3 4 Coated Crucible (No. 3) 85 85 83 83 Conventional Crucible Having 55 50 47 42 Ba Carbonate Powder (No. 8) Japanese application 2001-318032, filed on Oct. 16, 2001 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.

2C

30

B

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The present invention proposes a novel method to fabricate the FLASH device and the structure of the same. The aspect of the present invention includes that the device has a spacer floating gate and the control gate is also shaped with the spacer profile. Further, the control gate will be self-aligned on the floating gate during formation. The detail description of the method will be seen as follows. Turning to FIG. 1 , it shows the cross sectional view according to the present invention. The first procedure of the present invention is to form the LOCOS for isolation. The steps for forming the LOCOS are illustrated as follows. A substrate 2 for forming the semiconductor device according to the present invention suitably includes a single crystal wafer 2 with a <100> or <111> crystallographic orientation. Other substrate material may be used. In a preferred embodiment, a silicon dioxide layer (not shown) is formed to a thickness of about 150 to 400 angstroms. However, the silicon dioxide layer is suitably formed using thermal oxidation. The temperature for this process may be about higher than 900 centigrade degrees. Alternatively, the silicon oxide layer can also be formed using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, with a tetramethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) source, at a temperature between about 600 to 800 C. and a pressure between about 0.1 to 10 torr. Further, the silicon oxide layer also acts as a cushion between the silicon substrate 2 and a subsequent silicon nitride layer for reducing stress during subsequent oxidation for forming isolation. Subsequently, a silicon nitride layer (not shown) is formed on the silicon dioxide to a thickness of about 500 to 1000 angstroms. After the silicon nitride layer is formed, a photoresist is patterned on the silicon nitride layer to define active areas. The silicon nitride layer and the oxide are etched using the photoresist as an etching mask. Any suitable process can deposit the silicon nitride layer. For example, low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), or high density plasma chemical vapor deposition (HDPCVD) may be used. In the preferred embodiment, the reaction gases used to form silicon nitride layer 6 are SiH 4 , NH 3 , N 2 , N 2 O or SiH 2 Cl 2 , NH 3 , N 2 , N 2 O. In the preferred embodiment, the silicon nitride layer is etched using CF 4 plasma as the etchant. The photoresist is then removed. Then, a thermal oxidation process is performed using the silicon nitride layer as a mask at a temperature between about 1000 to 1100 C. to form isolation 4 in the substrate 2 . Therefore, the conventional LOCOS structure is formed for isolation. Then, the nitride and oxide are both removed. Turning to FIG. 2 , a further pad oxide 6 and the nitride layer 8 are respectively formed on the substrate 2 . Subsequently, the nitride masking 8 is next pattern on the substrate 2 by using conventional lithography procedure. The method for forming the nitride 8 and oxide 6 are illustrated as previously mentioned procedure. Successively, a polysilicon layer 10 is formed along the surface of the nitride masking 8 . The next step is performed to anisotropically etch the polysilicon layer 10 , thereby forming conductive spacer 10 a lying on the sidewall of the opening of the nitride masking 8 as the floating gate. Preferably, the conductive spacers 10 are formed of doped polysilicon layer or in-situ doped polysilicon. A portion of the oxide layer 6 is also removed to expose the substrate 2 , a shown in FIG. 3 . Referring to FIG. 4 , a TEOS-oxide spacer 12 is formed on the conductive spacer 10 a by using conventional deposition and anisotropical etching. The oxide for forming the oxide spacer 12 may be formed using other known oxide chemical compositions and procedures. For example, the TEOS-oxide layer can be silicon dioxide formed using a chemical vapor deposition process, with a tetramethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) source, at a temperature between about 600 to 800 degrees centigrade and a pressure of about 0.1 to 10 torr. The TEOS-oxide spacer 12 is utilized to limit the doped-ion regions. In another case, the dielectric spacer 12 may be omitted and the procedure for forming the structure is optional. After the TEOS-oxide spacer 12 is formed. A blanket ion implantation with n type conductive dopants such as arsenic and phosphorus are respectively doped into the substrate 2 using the TEOS-oxide spacer 12 as masking. Therefore, the n type highly doped source region 14 is formed adjacent to the floating gate structures 10 a . The energy and dosage of the arsenic implantation are about 50 to 70 KeV, 4E16 to 6E16 atoms/cm 2 , respectively. Further, The energy and dosage of the phosphorus implantation are about 40 to 60 KeV, 2E15 to 4E15 atoms/cm 2 . Please see FIG. 5 , a further TEOS-oxide layer 16 is formed on the nitride masking 8 and the TEOS-oxide spacer 12 , followed by etching the TEOS-oxide layer 16 to remain the residual oxide on the top of the TEOS-oxide spacer 12 . If the dielectric spacer 12 is omitted, then the oxide plug formed by the TEOS-oxide layer 16 will be located on the floating gate 10 . Next, the nitride masking 8 and the pad oxide 6 is removed as shown in FIG. 6 . In a preferred embodiment, the silicon nitride material may be removed by the using a heated solution of phosphorus acid. The silicon oxide layer 4 may be removed by HF solution or BOE (buffer oxide etching) solution. Please turn to FIG. 6 , a gate dielectric layer 18 is then formed on the substrate 2 after the removal of the nitride masking 8 and pad oxide 6 . This step can be omitted, namely, is optional. As shown in FIG. 6 , a dielectric layer 20 is formed along the surface of the floating gates as a tunneling dielectric layer (or called inter-gate dielectric layer). Preferably, the tunneling dielectric may be composed by oxide, nitride, silicon oxynitride, ON (oxide/nitride) or ONO (oxide/nitride/oxide). A further conductive layer 22 , such as doped polysilicon layer, is formed on the tunneling dielectric layer 20 as a control gate. Finally, turning to FIG. 7 , etching processes is introduced to define the control gate 16 . It should be noted that the control gate is self-aligned on the floating gate without the masking and alignments procedure. The next procedures are to form the interconnection and doped regions. These steps may be achieved by various methods. One of the methods will be introduced as an example rather than limiting to the present invention. Turning to FIG. 8 , an isolation layer 24 is formed on the cell structure for isolation. A contact hole is formed in the isolation layer 24 and the memory cell is separated by the etching for forming via hole. Then, doped region 28 is formed by ion implantation through the contact hole into the substrate 2 . Conductive plugs 26 are subsequently formed in the isolation layer 24 by using the conventional manner. The structure of the FLASH device includes a first dielectric layer 6 formed on a substrate 2 . A floating gate 10 a with spacer profile formed on the first dielectric layer 6 . A dielectric spacer 12 is formed on the floating gate for isolation. A second dielectric layer 20 is formed along the approximately vertical surface of the floating gate 10 a and the dielectric spacer 12 and a lateral portion of the second dielectric layer 20 laterally extends over the substrate adjacent the floating gate 10 a . A control gate 22 is formed on the lateral portion of the second dielectric layer 20 that laterally extends over the substrate and the control gate 22 is attached on the second dielectric layer 20 . Some parameters of the preferred embodiment for the present invention are illustrated in Table 1 and Table 2 as follows. As will be understood by persons skilled in the art, the foregoing parameters of the present invention is illustrative of the present invention rather than limiting the present invention. As will be understood by persons skilled in the art, the foregoing preferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrative of the present invention rather than limiting the present invention. Having described the invention in connection with a preferred embodiment, modification will now suggest itself to those skilled in the art. Thus, the invention is not to be limited to this embodiment, but rather the invention is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims, the scope of which should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures. While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. TABLE 1 FLASH memory device parameters p-substrate 8 12 -cm tunnel oxide thickness 70 100A floating gate thickness 1500A ONO thickness 250 500A control gate thickness 5000A source/drain implant As75, 50 70 Kev, 5E15, tilt 0 deg P31, 40 60 Kev, 3E15, tilt 0 deg TABLE 2 FLASH memory cell operation conditions MODE bias conditions programming erasing reading control gate 8 V 4 V 3 V 10 12 V 2 V (word line) source 4 V 8 V 6 V 0 V 4 V Drain (bit line) 0.8 SV 0 V 0 V

7H

01

L

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE PRESENT INVENTION With respect to FIG. 1, a combination manual and electric door opener 10 having door 12 hingedly connected to a door frame 14 is shown. The door 12 has a hinged side 16 and a latched side 18. The door 12 typically has a knob 20 located near the latched side 18 for manually unlatching the door to pivot about the door frame 14. A bracket 22 is affixed to the door frame 14 adjacent to the hinged side 16 of the door 12. The positioning of the bracket 22, as will be indicated later, is crucial to the generation of optimal leverage by the door opener 10 when opening the door 12. Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, an electric motor 24 is pivotably attached to the bracket 22 by a pivot pin 26. As shown in phantom in FIG. 3, the pivot pin 26 allows the motor 24 to pivot with respect to the fixed bracket 22 when opening the door 12. The electric motor 24 has a rotary output shaft 30 which extends longitudinally from the body of the motor 24. The output shaft 30 of the electric motor 24 is connected to a threaded rod 32 by means of a coupling 34. The coupling 34 secures the threaded rod 32 in abutting contact with the output shaft 30. As a result, the threaded rod 32 is a longitudinal extension of the output shaft 30. A threaded nut 36 is threadably received on the threaded rod 32 so that threads of the threaded nut 36 engage the threads of the threaded rod 32. The threaded nut 36 has a hollow cylindrical shape and extends only partly along the length of the threaded rod 32. A first arm 44 of a cam lever 40 has one end pivotably connected to the threaded nut 36. A second arm 48 of cam lever 40 connects to other end of the first arm 44 and extends at an angle with respect to the first arm 44 so that it is parallel to the plane of the door 12 when the door 12 is in a closed position as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. Referring to FIG. 4, the first arm 44 of the cam lever is pivotably connected to the threaded nut 36 by a vertically disposed pivot pin 50 attached to the threaded nut 36. A snap ring 52 is received in an annular recess provided in the pin 50 to lock the one end of the first arm 44 of the cam lever 40 to the threaded nut 36. Washers 38 are provided on opposite sides of the first arm 44 to permit the one end of the cam lever 40 to freely pivot relative to the threaded nut 36. Referring to FIG. 5, a capped pivot pin 54 pivotably connects the cam lever 40 to a top 56 of the door frame 14. The capped pivot pin 54 is disposed through an aperture provided in the cam lever 40 at the junction between the first and second arms 44 and 48 respectively and is secured to the top 56 of the door frame 14 by a plug 58. The plug 58 has a truncated conical surface which wedges open an end 59 of the capped pivot pin 54 to lock the capped pivot pin 54 in an aperture 55 provided in the top 56 of the door frame 14. A screw 57 displaces the plug 58 to wedge open the end 59 of the capped pivot pin 54. Alternatively, a threaded bolt, may be used in place of the capped pivot pin 54 as is known in the art. A washer 62 is disposed between a cap 60 of the capped pivot pin 54 and the cam lever 40 to permit the cam lever 40 to freely rotate and pivot during opening and closing of the door 12. Referring to FIGS. 2, 3 and 6, a roller 64 is fastened to the end of the cam arm 48 by means of a shaft 66 and second snap ring 68 as shown in FIG. 6. The roller 64 engages the surface of the door 12 and opens the door 12 as the door opener mechanism 10 is activated. A small amount of pre-travel, preferably about one-eights of an inch, exists between the roller 64 and the door 12 and assists in opening the door 12. The electric motor 24 is bi-directional permitting both opening and closing when assisted by appropriate spring biasing means (not shown), of a door 12 as a result of the translational motion imparted to the threaded nut 36 by the rotation of threaded shaft 32, the pivotal motion imparted to the cam lever 40 by the translation of the threaded nut 36 and consequently to the roller 64 engaging the door 12 by the pivotal motion of the cam lever 40. Referring to FIGS. 2, 3 and 6, a restraining bracket 70 is mounted to the door 12. The bracket 70 is divided into a mounting portion 72, an extending portion 74 and an angled end portion 76. The mounting portion 72 is mounted to the door 12 by a pair of bolts 78 which extend through apertures in the mounting portion 72. The extending portion 74 extends from the door 12 beneath the roller 64 and the cam arm 48. The angled end portion 76 extends perpendicularly and upwardly from the extending portion 74. The angled portion 76 and the door 12 surround the roller 64 and the cam arm 48 and define a channel 80 within which the roller 64 travels. The purpose of the restraining bracket 70 is to maintain contact between the roller 64 and the door 12 and to prevent the door 12 from being swung open by the wind and away from the door opener 10. Accordingly, contact is ensured between the opener 10 and door 12 during both opening and closing of the door. As shown in FIG. 1, a junction box 82 is secured to the door frame 14 at the hinged side 16 of the door 12. Electrical lines 84 and 86 connect the junction box 82 with a first sensor 88 located on the electric motor 24 and a second sensor 90 located on the door 12 adjacent the knob 20. A door latch 92 mounted in the door 12 at latched side 18 engages a latch plate attached to the door frame 14 to prevent the door 12 from freely opening. A portable control 94, capable of being carried by a user, generates a radio signal 96 simultaneously received by the first sensor 88 and second sensor 90. In response to the radio signal 96, the sensor 88 activates the electric motor 24, and the sensor 90 activates a latch actuator 98 to retract the door latch 92 from engagement with the latch plate attached to the door frame 14. Thus, the electric motor 24 will pivot the cam lever 40 simultaneously with the door latch 92. In this manner, the door 12 may be effectively opened. A timing mechanism, such as an electronic timer container within the junction box 82 or a limit switch terminates the electrical power to the motor 24 once the door 12 has pivoted to an acceptable degree, usually approximately 90.degree., with respect to the door frame 14. When it is desirable to close the door 12, activation of the portable control 94 causes the electric motor 24 to rotate in the opposite direction until the door 12 is closed and deactivates the latch actuator 98 so that the retractable door latch 92 re-engages the latch plate attached to the door frame 14 to latch the door 12 in a closed position. Having described my invention, many modifications thereto will become apparent to those skilled in the art to which it pertains without deviation from the spirit of the invention as defined in the scope of the appended claims.

4E

05

F

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring toFIGS. 1 and 2, a hinge structure in accordance with the present invention is shown comprised of a bracket1, a first pivot set2, and a second pivot set3. A third pivot set4may be provided and pivotally mounted in the bracket1. The bracket1is directly stamped out of sheet metal. According to this embodiment, the bracket1is a-shaped metal member having a horizontal top panel11and two vertical side panels12and13respectively downwardly extending from the two distal ends of the horizontal top panel11for supporting the first pivot set2, the second pivot set3and the third pivot set4. Alternatively, the bracket1can be a L-shaped metal member having only one side panel12perpendicularly downwardly extending from one end of the horizontal top panel11for supporting the first pivot set2and the second pivot set3. The horizontal top panel11has an axle hole111vertically extending through the top and bottom walls thereof at the center for the passing of the hollow pivot shaft31of the second pivot set3, two horizontal grooves112formed on the bottom wall and respectively outwardly extending from the axle hole111at two sides and aligned in line, two stop rods113upwardly protruded from the top wall around the axle hole111at locations subject to the designed angle of rotation, and a plurality of oil holes114spaced around the axle hole111. The side panel12has a pivot hole121for the passing of the pivot shaft21of the first pivot set2, two slots122at two sides relative to the through hole121, a stop rod123, a locating hole124, and a plurality of oil holes125. The first pivot set2is pivotally mounted in the side panel12of the bracket1, having a pivot shaft21inserted in proper order through a plurality of spring members22, a cam wheel set23, the pivot hole121of the side panel12and a through hole241of a support24, and then fastened up with a fastening member25, for example, a screw nut. The pivot shaft21has a head211at one end. The head21has two elongated ribs212and a guide groove213defined between the two elongated ribs212. Further, the pivot shaft21has at least one flat surface214on the peripheral wall thereof and a coupling portion215, for example, outer thread at the free end (the end remote from the head). The spring members22can be coil springs, corrugated spring plates, or spring washers. The cam wheel set23is of the known art, comprising a movable member231and a fixed member232that work against each other by means of a concave portion and a convex portion therebetween. The cam wheel set23matches with compressing or expanding action of the spring members22, providing the bracket1with a self-locking function, i.e., enabling the bracket1to be locked to the support24. The fixed member232has a locating block233engaged into the locating hole124of the side panel12of the bracket1. Further, the bracket1is rotatable by an external biasing force. In order to limit the angle of rotation of the bracket1, a limiter26is mounted on the pivot shaft21between the side panel12and the support24. The limiter26has two protrusions261. When rotating the bracket1in one of two reversed directions, the stop rod123will be stopped against one protrusion261of the limiter26to limit the angle of rotation. Further, in order to give an indication when rotation of the second pivot set3in vertical direction is allowed, a supplementary plate member27is mounted on the pivot shaft21between the side panel12and the support24. The supplementary plate member27has two raised portions271corresponding to the slots122of the side panel12. When rotated the bracket1to let the two raised portions271be received in the slots122, the user immediately senses the condition, and at this time, rotation of the second pivot set3in vertical direction is allowed. The supplementary plate member27has a recess272for accommodating the limiter26. Further, a washer28is mounted on the pivot shaft21and supported between the support24and the fastening member25, having a plurality of oil grooves281for receiving lubricating oil and supporting the load. The hollow pivot shaft31of the second pivot set3is inserted vertically upwardly from the bottom side of the bracket1in proper order through at least one spring member32, a locating member33, the axle hole111of the horizontal top panel11of the bracket1, a stop member34and a follower member35, and then riveted to a through hole361of a mounting frame36. As illustrated, the hollow pivot shaft31has at least one flat surface311on the periphery, allowing synchronous rotation of the locating member33, the follower member35and the mounting frame36with the hollow pivot shaft31. The hollow pivot shaft31has a head313at one end, a collar315extending around the periphery, and a neck312connected between the head313and the collar315. The head313has two flat cut faces314for stopping the elongated ribs212of the head211of the pivot shaft21. The collar315has two flat cut faces316for stopping the elongated ribs212of the head211of the pivot shaft21. The locating member33has two protrusions331corresponding to the horizontal grooves112of the horizontal top panel11of the bracket1. When the locating member33is rotated with the hollow pivot shaft31to the angle where the two protrusions331are respectively aimed at the horizontal grooves112of the horizontal top panel11of the bracket1, the two protrusions331are respectively forced into the horizontal grooves112by the spring power of the at least one spring member32. Further, the stop member34has a sector stop flange341. The follower member35has two downward push rods351. During rotation of the follower member35, one push rod351is forced against one end of the sector stop flange341, thereby causing rotation of the stop member34with the follower member35. The rotary motion is stopped, when the other end of the sector stop flange341touches one stop rod113of the bracket1. On the contrary, when the follower member35is rotated in the reversed direction, the other push rod351will be forced against the other end sector stop flange341, thereby causing rotation of the stop member34with the follower member35, and the rotary motion will be stopped when the sector stop flange341touches the other stop rod113of the bracket1. Further, a washer37may be respectively mounted on the hollow pivot shaft31between the collar315and the spring member32and between the follower member35and the mounting frame36. Further, the spring member32can be a coil spring, corrugated spring plate, or spring washer. The third pivot set4has a pivot shaft41inserted in proper order through a pivot hole131on the side panel13of the bracket1, a ring42and a through hole431of a L-shaped support43, and then riveted to the L-shaped support43with a locating ring46, allowing rotation of the third pivot set4in the through hole431relative to the bracket1. During application, the two support members24and43and the mounting frame36are respectively fixedly fastened to the base member and cover of an electronic device, for example, a mobile computer (not shown). When the electronic device is closed (0° angle), as shown inFIGS. 3 and 4, the two elongated ribs212are respectively stopped at the flat cut faces314and316, prohibiting rotation of the second pivot set3. When opening the cover of the electronic device, the mounting frame36and the bracket1are turned with the cover of the electronic device relative to the base member and the supports24and43. When the bracket1is turned relative to the supports24and43to a predetermined angle (90°), the two raised portions271of the supplementary plate member27are respectively moved into the slots122of the side panel12, as shown inFIG. 5, at this time, the head313is received in the guide groove213between the two elongated ribs212, i.e., the second pivot set3is unlocked and rotatable relative to the bracket1. The angle of rotation of the hollow pivot shaft31of the second pivot set3is controlled by means of the follower member35, the stop member34and the two stop rods113. According to this embodiment, the angle of rotation of the second pivot set3is limited to 180°. By means of the application of the present invention, the cover of the electronic device is openable relative to the base member in horizontal direction and rotatable in vertical direction when the cover is opened to a predetermined angle. As indicated above, the invention allows turning of the first pivot set with the bracket in horizontal direction, and unlocks the second pivot set for allowing rotation of the bracket with the second pivot set when the bracket is turned with the first pivot set to a predetermined angle. Further, the series connection structural design of the pivot sets greatly reduces the dimensions of the hinge structure for practical use in different 3C electronic products. Further, angle constraint means is respectively provided between the first and second pivot sets and the bracket to limit the turning angle of the first pivot set and the angle of rotation of the second pivot set. Further, the cam wheel set of the first pivot set provides the first pivot set with a self-locking function. This self-locking function is now seen in similar conventional designs. A prototype of hinge structure has been constructed with the features ofFIGS. 1˜5. The hinge structure functions smoothly to provide all of the features disclosed earlier. Although a particular embodiment of the invention has been described in detail for purposes of illustration, various modifications and enhancements may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited except as by the appended claims.

4E

05

D

EXAMPLE 1 In an electrolytic cell having a platinum plate (1.times.1=1 cm.sup.2) as a cathode and a glass electrode (1.times.1=1 cm.sup.2) an anode disposed as separated by 1 cm, 62 mg (0.25 m.mol) of 2,5-di(2-thienyl)thiazole, 82 mg (0.25 m.mol) of tetra-n-butyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate, and 5 ml of propylene carbonate were placed and dissolved. The solution was blown with argon for 15 minutes and then subjected to electrolytic polymerization at a current density of 1 mA/cm.sup.2 and a polymerization temperature of 25.degree. C. for 30 seconds. Consequently, a brown film of polymer composition doped with tetrafluoroborate ion was obtained on the anode. The film had a thickness of about 0.2 .mu.m. When this polymer composition was further electrolyzed, with the polarity reversed, at a current density of 0.1 mA/cm.sup.2 and a temperature of 25.degree. C. for 30 seconds, the composition was deprived of tetrafluoroborate. Consequently, there was obtained a yellow filmlike polymer. In the infrared absorption spectrum of the yellow filmlike polymer, there was found a band at 800 cm.sup.-1 indicative of the presence of 2,5-di-substituted thiophene ring. The bands at 730 and 820 cm.sup.-1 indicative of the presence of a 2,4-di-substituted thiophene ring were absent from this infrared absorption spectrum. Thus, the polymer was identified to be the polymer of ##STR12## EXAMPLE 2 In an electrolytic cell having two platinum plates (1.times.1=1 cm.sup.2) disposed as separated by 1 cm, 62 mg (0.25 m.mol) of 2,5-di(2-thienyl)thiazole, 82 mg (0.25 m.mol) of tetra-n-butyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate, and 5 ml of propylene carbonate were placed and dissolved. The resultant solution was blown with argon for 15 minutes and then subjected to electrolytic polymerization at a current density of 1 mA/cm.sup.2 and a polymerization temperature of 25.degree. C. for 2 hours. Consequently, a blackish brown filmlike polymer composition doped with tetrafluoroborate ion was obtained as deposited on the anode. This film had a thickness of 18 .mu.m. It showed electroconductivity of 6.3.times.10.sup.-5 S/cm. EXAMPLE 3 In an electrolytic cell having two glass electrodes (1.times.1=1 cm.sup.2) disposed as separated by 1 cm, 122 mg (0.5 m.mol) of 2,5-di(2-thienyl)pyridine, 82 mg (0.25 m.mol) of tetra-n-butyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate, and 5 ml of nitrobenzene were placed and dissolved. The resultant solution was blown with argon for 15 minutes and then subjected to electrolytic polymerization at a current density of 1 mA/cm.sup.2 and a polymerization temperature of 25.degree. C. for 1 minute. Consequently, a grayish black filmlike polymer composition doped with tetrafluoroborate ion was obtained as deposited on the anode. This film had a thickness of about 1 .mu.m. When this polymer composition was further electrolyzed, with the polarity reversed, at a current density of 1 mA/cm.sup.2 and a temperature of 25.degree. C. for 60 seconds, the composition was deprived of tetrafluoroborate. Thus, there was obtained a yellowish orange filmlike polymer. In the infrared absorption spectrum of this yellowish orange filmlike polymer, there was found a band at 800 cm.sup.-1 indicative of the presence of 2,5-di-substituted thiophene ring. The bands at 730 and 820 cm.sup.-1 indicative of the presence of a 2,4-substituted thiophene ring were absent from this infrared absorption spectrum. Thus, this polymer was identified to be the polymer of ##STR13## EXAMPLE 4 In the same electrolytic cell as described in Example 1, 122 mg (0.5 m.mol) of 2,5-di(2-thienyl)pyridine, 82 mg (0.25 m.mol) of tetra-n-butyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate, and 5 ml of nitrobenzene were placed and dissolved. The resultant solution was blown with argon for 15 minutes and then subjected to electrolytic polymerization at a current density of 1 mA/cm.sup.2 and a polymerization temperature of 25.degree. C. for 5 minutes. Consequently, a grayish black filmlike polymer composition doped with tetrafluoroborate ion was obtained as deposited on the anode. When this polymer composition was further electrolyzed, with the polarity reversed, at a current density of 1 mA/cm.sup.2 at a temperature of 25.degree. C., it was deprived of the dopant. Consequently, there was obtained a reddish brown filmlike polymer. When this filmlike polymer was exposed to the vapor of iodine, there was obtained a polymer doped with iodine ion. This polymer showed electroconductivity of 6.0.times.10.sup.-3 S/cm. EXAMPLE 5 In the same electrolytic cell as described in Example 1, 122 mg (0.5 m.mol) of 2,5-di(2-thienyl)pyridine, 85 mg (0.25 m.mol) of tetra-n-butyl ammonium perchlorate, and 5 ml of nitrobenzene were placed and dissolved. The resultant solution was blown with argon for 15 minutes and then subjected to electrolytic polymerization at a current density of 1 mA/cm.sup.2 and a polymerization temperature of 25.degree. C. for 5 minutes. Consequently, a grayish black filmlike polymer composition doped with perchlorate ion was obtained as deposited on the anode. When the polymer composition was further electrolyzed, with the polarity reversed, at a current density of 1 mA/cm.sup.2 and a temperature of 25.degree. C., there was obtained a reddish brown filmlike polymer deprived of the dopant. EXAMPLE 6 In the same electrolytic cell as described in Example 3, 122 mg (0.5 m.mol) of 2,6-di(2-thienyl)pyridine, 82 mg (0.25 m.mol) of tetra-n-butyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate, and 5 ml of nitrobenzene were placed and dissolved. The resultant solution was blown with argon and then subjected to electrolytic polymerization at a current density of 1 mA/cm.sup.2 and a polymerization temperature of 25.degree. C. for 2 minutes. Consequently, a blackish brown filmlike polymer composition doped with tetrafluoroborate ion was obtained as deposited on the anode. This filmlike polymer composition had a thickness of about 1 .mu.m. When this polymer composition was further electrolyzed with the polarity reversed, there was obtained a brown polymer deprived of the dopant. In the infrared absorption spectrum of the brown filmlike polymer, a band at 800 cm.sup.-1 indicative of the presence of a 2,5-di-substituted thiophene ring was observed. The oands at 730 and 820 cm.sup.-1 indicative of the presence of a 2,4-di-substituted thiophene ring were not found. Thus, the polymer was identified to be the polymer of ##STR14## The film of this polymer had a very smooth surface. The surface smoothness of this film was higher than that of any other film obtained by electrolytic polymerization as reported in literature to date. Table 1 shows the results of thermogravimetric analysis of the polymer as compared with that of poly(3-methylthiophene). TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Gravimetric residual ratio of polymer (%) ______________________________________ Temperature (.degree.C.) 200 300 400 500 600 Poly[ 2,6-di(thienyl)pyridine] 100 100 99 99 94 Poly(3-methylthiophene) 100 98 96 90 73 ______________________________________ From this table, it can be clearly noted that the polymer showed better thermal stability than poly(3-methylthiophene), a substance heretofore accepted as possessing relatively high stability. EXAMPLE 7 In the same electrolytic cell as described in Example 1, 122 mg (0.5 m.mol) of 2,6-di(2-thienyl)pyridine, 82 mg (0.25 m.mol) of tetra-n-ammonium tetrafluoroborate, and 5 ml of nitrobenzene were placed and dissolved. The resultant solution was blown with argon for 15 minutes and then subjected to electrolytic polymerization at a current density of 1 mA/cm.sup.2 and a polymerization temperature of 25.degree. C. for 5 minutes. Consequently, a blackish brown filmlike polymer composition doped with tetrafluoroborate ion was obtained as deposited on the anode. When this polymer composition was further electrolyzed with the polarity reversed, there was obtained a brown filmlike polymer deprived of the dopant. When this polymer was exposed to the vapor of iodine, it was doped with iodine ion. This polymer had an electroconductivity of 1.3.times.10.sup.-2 S/cm. EXAMPLE 8 In the same electrolytic cell as described in Example 1, 122 mg (0.5 m.mol) of 2,6-di(2-thienyl)pyridine, 97 mg (0.25 m.mol) of tetra-n-butyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate, and 5 ml of nitrobenzene were placed and dissolved. The resultant solution was blown with argon for 15 minutes and then subjected to electrolytic polymerization at a current density of 1 mA/cm.sup.2 and a polymerization temperature of 25.degree. C. for 5 minutes. Consequently, a blackish brown filmlike polymer composition doped with hexafluorophosphate ion was obtained as deposited on the anode. When this polymer composition was further electrolyzed with the polarity reversed, there was obtained a brown filmlike polymer deprived of the dopant.

7H

01

B

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to the figures, and most particularly to FIGS. 1-3, a castor assembly 10 includes a pair of legs 12 and 14 from which is supported by a castor wheel 16. The legs extend from a rotatable member 18 which is rotatably supported from a mounting plate 20. The rotatable member 18 is secured by means of a rivet or bolt (not shown) to the mounting plate 20 with a bearing means such as ball bearing ring 22 therebetween. The rotatable member 18 may be rotated with respect to the mounting plate 20, with the rivet or bolt being the axis of rotation. A pair of apertures 24 and 26 are formed in the legs 12 and 14 for receiving an axle or bolt 28 for supporting the wheel 16 from the legs. The wheel 16 is formed with a ridged support member having an inner hub 32 and an outer rim 34 supported from the hub by an annular web 36. A tread or tire 38 is secured over the rim 34. A cylindrical sleeve 40 is received over the outer diameter of the bolt 28. The central bore of the hub 32 is supported on the sleeve 40 by a stepped cylindrical spacer 42 on the left side as viewed in FIG. 3 and a cylindrical spacer 44 on the right side. For the purpose of lubricating the castor, a bore 46 is provided in the axle 28. The bore 46 is closed at the left end by a grease zerk 48, and has a radially extending open end 50 at the center of the axle. The castor assembly so far described is generally in accordance with the prior art. The braking mechanism in accordance with this invention includes a cam member 52 and an operating member 54. The cam member 52 as shown in the figures is formed with a flat base or pressure surface 56, opposite edges of which are bent at essentially right angles to form outwardly projecting members 58 and 60. The outer edges of the members 58 and 60 form caming surfaces 62 and 64. As best seen in FIGS. 1, 3 and 4, the caming surface 62 and 64 each have the shape of a generally widespread V being of least height closest at the center and increasing in height toward both ends of the members. The base 56 of the cam member 52 is provided with a hole 66 to receive axle 28, and is shaped to receive the leg 14 between the outwardly projecting members 58 and 60. The base 56 is interposed between the end of the hub 13 of the wheel 16 and the inside surface of the leg 14. The operating member 54 is formed with two portions at essentially right angles to each other. A first portion includes a triangularly shaped embossed cam engaging portion 68. An aperture 70 is provided in the embossed cam engaging portion 68 to receive the axle or shaft 28, with enough clearance to also receive an inwardly projecting sleeve extending from a washer 72. The axle 28 is shown as a bolt having a head 74 at the left end as viewed in FIG. 3 and a threaded portion 76 at the right end. A locking nut 78 is threaded onto the threaded portion 76 and a predetermined torque applied thereto such that as will hereinafter be explained, with the operating member 54 in the unlocked position as shown in FIG. 3, the wheel will freely turn, but when the operating member is rotated to a locked position such as shown in FIG. 4, forces will be applied to the edges of the hub as shown in FIG. 4 to impede or prevent rotation of the wheel. Referring to FIG. 5, it will be noted that the widespread V-shaped caming surfaces 62 and 64 of the outwardly projecting members 58 and 60 are each provided with a recessed portion 80 at the center. The embossed cam engaging portion 68 of the operating member 54 is located in the recessed portions 80 when the brake is in the unlocked position as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. When the operating member 54 is pivoted clockwise or counter clockwise from the position shown in FIG. 2, the cam engaging portion 68 on each side of the axle 28 engage the cam surfaces on the outwardly projecting members 58 and 60 to develop the axially directed forces as shown in FIG. 4. When the operating member is rotated in the counter clockwise direction as viewed in FIG. 2, the cam engaging portion 68 will engage the lower portion of the caming surface 62 and the upper portion of the caming surface 64. It can thus be understood that with the wheel locking mechanism of this invention, the operating member 54 can be rotated either clockwise or counterclockwise, such as by stepping on surface 82 or 84 as shown in FIG. 2, to bring about engagement of the locking mechanism to impede or prevent turning of the wheel 16. To disengage the brake, it is only necessary to apply a force to the upwardly projecting one of the surfaces 82 or 84 to return operating member 54 to its horizontal position. In summary, using the brake mechanism of this invention, braking action is initiated by applying a force to either surface 82 or 84, whichever may be most accessible due to the position of the castor with respect to the body which it is supporting. Further, the unlocked position of the brake mechanism is easily determined by returning of the operating member 48 to the horizontal position. While one embodiment of the invention has been shown, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that what has been described is considered at the present to be the preferred embodiment of the braking mechanism of this invention. In accordance with the patent statutes, changes may be made in the braking mechanism without actually departing from the true spirit and scope of this invention. The appended claims are intended to cover all such changes and modifications which fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.

1B

62

B

It should be understood that the FIGS. of the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, there is shown a solid-state image sensor 10 in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 1 is a top view. To simplify FIG. 1, metal contacts are not shown and it assumed that dielectric layers thereof are transparent. FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along line 2--2 of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 1. Image sensor 10 comprises a substrate 12 of a semiconductor material, such as single crystalline silicon, of one conductivity type, such as p-type, having a major surface 14. In the substrate 12 and along the major surface 14 are a plurality of spaced photodetectors 16. The photodetectors 16 are arranged in lines, such as rows and columns, to form an area array. Along each column of the photodetectors 16 is a shift register 18, shown as a CCD shift register, which extends along a line of the photodetectors 16. Adjacent each photodetector 16 and between adjacent photodetectors 16 is a drain 20 with an anti-blooming barrier 22 being between each drain 20 and its adjacent photodetector 16. Between each photodetector 16 and the drain 20 of the adjacent photodetector 16 is a shutter gate 24 for controlling the potential barrier between the photodetector 16 and the drain 20 of the adjacent photodetector 16. Although not shown, there is a separate drain 20 adjacent and separated from the photodetector 16 at the bottom of each column and a shutter gate 24 between the drain 20 and the bottom most photodiode 16. A separate transfer gate 42 is shown between each of the photodiodes 16 and shift registers 18. As shown in FIG. 2, each photodetector 16 is a photodiode formed in a portion of substrate 12 and comprises a first region 26 of a conductivity type opposite that of the substrate 12, shown as n-type, and a second region 28 which is within a portion of region 26 and is of the same conductivity type as the substrate 12, shown as p/type, and which extends to the major surface 14. Typically, the conductivity of the first region 26 is about 10.sup.17 impurities/cm.sup.3. Typically, the conductivity of the second region 28 is about 10.sup.17 impurities/cm.sup.3. The second region 28 forms a pn junction 30 with the first region 26. The first region 26 extends under the drain 20 and the anti-blooming barrier 22, and the second region 28 extends under the anti-blooming barrier 34. The second region 28 is connected to ground through channel stop regions 21 (shown only in FIG. 1) which extend along the photodiodes 16. The substrate 12, first region 26 and second region 28 form a "pinned" diode. Although other types of photodiodes can be used, a "pinned" diode is preferable since it eliminates differences in reset levels resulting from the separate gates 24 and 42. The drain 20 comprises a region 32 of the same conductivity type as the first region 26 but of higher conductivity, shown as n+ type, in the substrate 12 and extending to the major surface 14 and within a portion of the first region 26. Typically, the conductivity of the drain region 32 is about 10.sup.19 impurities/cm.sup.3. The anti-blooming barrier 22 is a virtual gate and comprises a region 34 of the same conductivity type as the second region 28 but of higher conductivity, shown as p+ type, in the substrate 12 and extending to the major surface 14 and within a portion of the first region 26. Typically, the anti-blooming barrier region 34 is of a conductivity of about 10.sup.18 impurities/cm.sup.3. The anti-blooming barrier region 34 extends along an edge of the second region 28 between the second region 28 and the drain region 32. As shown in FIG. 3, each of the CCD shift registers 18 comprises a buried channel 36 comprising a region of a conductivity type opposite that of the substrate 12, shown as n-type, in the substrate 12 and extending to the major surface 14. The channel region 36 is typically of a conductivity of about 10.sup.17 impurities/cm.sup.3. The channel region 36 extends between two columns of the photodetectors 16 for the full length of the columns with the channel region 36 being spaced from the photodetectors 16 in both of the adjacent columns. A thin layer 38 of an insulating material, typically silicon dioxide, is on the major surface 14 over the channel region 36 and the areas of the major surface 14 between adjacent photodetectors 16 in each column. A first set of CCD gates 40 are on the silicon dioxide layer 38 and are spaced along the channel region 36. Each of the first gates 40 contacts one of the transfer gates 42 which extends across the space between the channel region 36 and the first region 26 of the photodetector 16 and serves as a transfer gate. A second set of CCD gates 44 are on the silicon dioxide layer 38 with each second gate 44 being between a pair of the first gates 40. Each of the first gates 40 overlaps a portion of each of its adjacent second gates 44 and is insulated therefrom by a layer of an insulating material 46, typically silicon dioxide. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,613,402 to David L. Losee et al, issued Sept. 23, 1986, entitled "Method of Making Edge-Aligned Implants and Electrodes Therefor", a transfer region, not shown, of a conductivity type opposite that of the channel region 36 may be provided in the channel region under an edge of each gate 40 and 44. The gates 24, 40, 42, 44 and 48 are of a conductive material, typically doped polycrystalline silicon. As shown in FIG. 2, the shutter gate 24 is an extension of one of the second gates 44 which is on the silicon dioxide layer 38 and extends across the space between the first regions 26 of adjacent photodetectors 16 in each column. Each of the first gates 42 has an extension 48 which extends over a shutter gate 24 and is insulated therefrom by a portion of the silicon dioxide layer 46. A thick layer 50 of an insulating material, typically silicon dioxide, extends over the photodetectors 16 and the CCD shift registers 18 to protect them. A conductive contact 52, which may be a film of a metal, extends through an opening 54 in the insulating layer 50 to make contact with each drain region 32 so as to allow each drain 20 to be connected to a voltage source. The contact layer 52 also extends over the adjacent shutter gate 24 and CCD shift registers 18 of FIG. 1 to shield these regions from the impinging light. As shown in FIG. 4, during the integration period of the image sensor 10, the potential 22P in the anti-blooming barrier region 34 is lower than the potentials 16P and 20P in the photodetector 16 and drain 20 respectively because of the higher doping level in the barrier region 34. Although not shown, the potential 22P is higher than the potential under the CCD transfer gate 42. Thus, if the amount of the charge carriers collected in the photodetector 16 reduces the photodetector potential to a level below the barrier potential 22P, additional carriers will be swept over into the drain 20 as indicated by the arrow 54. This provides for anti-blooming in the image sensor 10. To control the exposure time of the image sensor 10, at a time t during the integration period prior to the transfer period equal to the desired exposure time, the photodetectors 16 are reset. As shown in FIG. 5, the photodetectors 16 are reset by applying a voltage to the shutter gates 24 through the second gates 44 of the CCD shift register so as to raise the potential 24P under the shutter gates 24 to a level above the potential 16P in the photodetectors 16. This allows the charge carriers in the photodetectors 16 to flow across the area under the shutter gates 24 into the drain 20 as indicated by the arrow 56. Once the photodetectors 16 have been dumped of the charge carriers, the voltage on the shutter gate 24 is lowered to provide the potential barrier 24P shown in FIG. 4. After the desired exposure time t, the charge carriers collected in the photodetectors 16 during the exposure time are transferred to the CCD shift register 18. This is achieved by applying a potential to each of the first gates 40 so that the potential under each transfer gate 42 is raised above that in the photodetectors 16. The charge carriers will then flow across the space under the transfer gates 42 into the shift register channel 36. Although, the first gates 42 have an extension 48 over the area between each photodetector 16 and the drain 20 of the adjacent photodetector 16, the effect of the voltage on the gate extension 48 is shielded by the shutter gate 24. Thus, the voltage on the first gates 42 do not cause the charge carriers in the photodetectors 16 to flow into the drains 20 of the adjacent photodetectors 16. The CCD shift register 18 is then operated in the normal manner to transfer the charge carriers along the shift register 18 to a read-out of the imager 10. During the operation of the shift register 18, the voltages applied to the gates 40 and 44 to move the charge carriers along the channel region 32 is less than that applied to the gates during the reset and transfer periods so as not to reduce the barriers under transfer gate 42 and exposure gate 24. Thus, there is provided by present invention a solid-state image sensor 10 in which the drain 20 serves the dual purpose of an anti-blooming drain and a drain for resetting the photodetectors 16 to achieve a desired exposure control. Also, the exposure control shutter 24 is a part of the gates of the CCD shift registers 18 and merely extends across the necessary space between adjacent photodetectors 16 in each column. Thus, both exposure control and anti-blooming are achieved using a minimum number of elements and without taking up any substantial amount of additional space on the substrate 12 so that the fill factor of the imager is not substantially lowered. Although the solid-state image sensor 10 has been shown as having pn junction type photodiodes as the photodetectors 16, other types of photodetectors can be used. Also, although the shift registers 18 have been shown as being CCD shift registers, other types of shift register can be used which has a gate which can also be used as the shutter gate 24. It is to be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the spirit of the invention. Various modifications consistent with the spirit of the invention are possible.

7H

01

L

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT As seen in FIG. 1a, a deep bore hole 3 is driven into the bedrock 1 considerably deeper than 1,500 meters, preferably from 5,000 meters up to 10,000 meters. Then, as seen in FIG. 1b, the surrounding rock in the bottom zone 5 of the bore hole 3 is provided with penetrating passages 7, consisting of clefts, rifts, capillary cracks, etc., preferably by blasting or fluid pressure rock fracturing in bottom zone 5. The blasting may be performed by slow delayed blasting or, e.g., by the Bristar method. It is preferably followed by washing with chemicals, especially an acid. By such blasting, the ground is loosened in the bottom zone 5 and the desired rifts and clefts are formed. This loosening generally starts at the bottom of the bore holes, gradually advancing upward to a height of, e.g., 1,000 meters from the lower bore hole end. The rock material crumbling into the bore hole after blasting is flushed out from above by a pressurized agent, preferably water, as schematically depicted in FIG. 1b, or else the bore hole is repeatedly redrilled in its base zone. For the drilling of these deep bore holes it is necessary to resort to techniques known, e.g., from deep oil well drilling. When the roughly cylindrical bottom zone 5, as shown in FIG. 1c, has reached the necessary height, a highly heat-conducting substance S is injected into it, as shown schematically in FIG. 2. This substance S enters into the remaining open penetrating passages 7, filling them to a large extent. It hardens and forms a heat-conducting connection from a spongy exchange zone AF towards the axis of the bottom zone 5. At the same time, the interior wall of the bottom zone 5 of the bore hole, as shown in FIG. 2, is coated with the heat-conducting substance S. The heat conducting substance is injected as a fluid, preferably using water as a carrier. The substance is introduced from above into the penetrating passages 7, i.e, clefts, pores, etc. The substance preferably comprises a siliceous gel and metal powder in the form of finely divided silver, and/or aluminum, and/or copper. After evaporation or setting of the carrier fluid, the more-or-less solid, heat-conducting substance S remains in the connecting passages 7 and in the clearance between the wall surface of the bore hole's bottom zone 5 and the external face of the casing tube, spreading sponge-like into the bedrock. The contact surface AF between the bore hole and the surrounding ground is enlarged and the rate at which heat can be extracted is drastically increased. Referring to FIG. 3, a first, closed-end casing 9 is inserted into the bore hole 3 which, as previously discussed, is already treated with the heat-conducting substance S. This casing 9 has to be highly heat-conducting in its lower section, e.g., metallic. By introduction of an appropriate compound M, the exterior face of the casing 9, in bottom zone 5, is then brought into close contact thermally with the rock of bottom zone 5 and with the heat-conducting substance S. The compound M should contain mainly cement and/or a siliceous substance, interspersed with metal powder, metal fibers, etc. This substance M is injected under pressure along the exterior face of casing 9 as schematically depicted in FIG. 3. FIG. 4 shows the completed bore hole prepared according to the requirements of the invention. After having thermally joined the casing 9 to the surrounding rock by heat-conducting substance M, a return pipe 11 with an open bottom is inserted. This pipe 11 is insulated, especially in the upper zone (below the ground surface), so that a minimum of heat exchange occurs between the heat transmission medium W flowing down in the annular space between the casing 9 and the return pipe 11 on the one hand, and the medium ascending to the surface in the return pipe 11, on the other hand. To this end, the return pipe 11 is fabricated either of a special steel, of asbestos-cement and/or a synthetic resin, or insulated by it. The heat transmission medium W is driven down between the interior wall of the casing 9 and the exterior face of the return pipe 11, and rises again in return pipe 11 for the transportation of heat from the earth's interior to the surface of the earth, as depicted. Because of the large contact surface, enhanced by penetrating passages 7 spreading outwardly, a considerable quantity of heat is fed from natural rock, the heat-conducting substance S and the heat-conducting contact substance M to the heat transmission medium W. The recirculation of the heat transmission medium and the extraction of heat at the surface of the earth is performed by one of the well-known methods, e.g., in steam power plants, district heating, etc. The heat transmission medium consists of water or other low-boiling liquids that evaporate in the bottom zone 5, condense after extraction of the exploitable heat, and flow in closed circuit through the bore hole. The bore hole, prepared and fitted out according to the requirements of the invention with the aforedescribed devices, forms a geothermal "furnace", with a high efficiency. It is possible to extract a considerable quantity of heat from the earth, per unit of time, owing to a contact surface that is much larger than the cylindrical surface of the bore hole casing 9 itself, and the resulting greater heat inflow from the bedrock to the transmission fluid which carries heat to the surface. FIG. 5 illustrates a further alternate layout of a geothermal plant, according to the requirements of the invention. It comprises, e.g., three geothermal exploitation bore holes 13a-13c, each preferably constructed as depicted in FIGS. 1-4. These bore holes can be hydraulically connected or operated separately. In the event that natural, open cross-channels are formed in the rock between closely spaced bore holes, e.g., in Karstic formations, a circulation flow can be established between them by introduction of a heat-conducting liquid through one bore hole and withdrawal of the heated liquid, or steam, from a neighboring bore hole. This arrangement can result in a dramatic increase in heat extraction from the earth, in comparison to the embodiment forming the initial subject of this application, where heat is recovered from each bore hole separately. By means of preliminary geological studies bore holes may be situated in locations where Karstic formation is expected, at depths favorable for heat exploitation and/or preferably in rocks of high thermal conductivity, such as granite. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, heat transmission medium return pipes 15a-15c are linked, through control valves 17a-17c, to heat utilization units 19a and 19b, or are coupled in closed circuit to feed pipes 21a-21c for returning the heat transmission medium directly to bore holes 13a-13c. Valves 17a-17c are connected to a control unit 23 so that some of the born holes can be operated in closed circuit without being looped to extraction units 19b and 19c. In this case the temperature of the medium rises asymptotically to a high level corresponding to the rock temperature in the bottom zone 5 (FIG. 1b), whereas other bore holes, whose heat transport media have already attained the necessary exploitable temperature, are changed over to extraction units 19a and 19b by control unit 23 and valves 17a-17c. The control unit 23 can be temperature controlled and/or pressure controlled. The pressure, and/or the temperature, is sensed in the pipes conducting heated liquid from the respective bore holes and connection to extraction units 19a and 19b is established when the pressure and/or temperature, has risen to a predetermined level. The increase of thermal conductivity of the rock mass through injection of metals in natural openings intercepted by the bore holes, or created by blasting the rock in place, may be roughly determined by cursory calculations, depending on the kind of rock. The increase in natural conductance amounts to approximately 2-10 fold in basalt, and 2-6 fold in granite. The lower value corresponds to using aluminum as the metal for injections, the higher values for copper or silver. These multipliers can be achieved, or exceeded, near the bore hole walls, and diminish more or less rapidly with increasing distance from the bore hole, depending on ground conditions. The results of calculations depend essentially on the content of groutable clefts in the rock around the bore holes. By suitable choice of intensity and sequence of blasting in the bore holes, every effort can be made to create a high percentage of penetrating passages and their wide-ranging extent in a connected network. Where the kind of rock and the regard for environmental concerns allow it, a leaching, i.e., widening and smoothing of the rock surfaces of clefts, by flushing out with acids or other solutions of chemical compounds, is envisaged. It will be necessary to interpose separators 22a-22c in front of the heat extraction units in the heat-conducting conduits for separation of hot water and steam, as is normal in existing geothermal plants that exploit natural hot water (hot springs) and steam resources in the underground, e.g., geysers. The hot water is carried off directly for industrial use, heating of buildings, agricultural application, etc., or reintroduced into the bore holes. The steam eliminated in the separator arrives at the pressure equalizing and storage tank (boiler) and serves for electricity generation and/or use in industrial processes. With the depicted method for exploitation of thermal energy available in the earth's interior and the geothermal power plant based on it, it is possible to produce energy with high efficiency without significant environmental abuse. Geothermal plants built on this principle are as innocuous as existing hydroelectric or thermo-electric power stations, yet far more ecologically beneficial than the latter.

5F

25

D

DETAILED DESCRIPTION As shown inFIGS. 1-4, the subject disclosure presents a power tool1with an accessory clamping mechanism. Taking an oscillating power tool as an example embodiment, the power tool1comprises a housing2, a power source3connected to the housing2, a motor4and a driving shaft5accommodated in the housing2, a transmission mechanism6, a working mandrel7and an accessory clamping mechanism10. The power source3provides power to the motor4. It may be appreciated that the power source3may be any power source well known by the person skilled in the art, such as a battery pack, an AC power source, an air compressor or a mobile power pack. The driving shaft5is driven by the motor4and can rotate about its rotating axis X. The transmission mechanism6comprises an eccentric member61and a linkage member62. The eccentric member61has an axis offset from the rotating axis X of the driving shaft5, and the linkage member62is driven by the driving shaft5and operatively connected to the working mandrel7which is supported by a pair of bearings8. The linkage member62is configured to be a coupling fork. One end of the coupling fork is fixedly connected to the working mandrel7and the other end is provided with a pair of branched forks and coupled to the eccentric member61. The working mandrel7has a rotating axis Y that is substantially perpendicular to the rotating axis X of the driving shaft5. The rotation of the driving shaft5around its rotating axis X is converted into the pivoting motion of the linkage member62along the rotating axis Y of the working mandrel7so as to force the working mandrel7to move and drive the accessory9to swing. That is to say, the rotation of the motor4is converted into the oscillating motion of the working mandrel7around its rotating axis Y by the transmission mechanism6. The accessory9is clamped to a mandrel flange71of the working mandrel7by the accessory clamping mechanism10. The connecting relation of the mandrel flange71and the accessory9is further shown inFIG. 3, the mandrel flange71is provided with a form-fitting structure710having a plurality of bosses extending along the rotating axis Y of the working mandrel7. Preferably, the mandrel flange71is provided with four bosses. The accessory9comprises an end portion90, a stepped portion91and a workpiece processing area92. The end portion90is preferably configured as a close-ended aperture and provided with a corresponding form-fitting structure93, and the stepped portion91has a vertical height. Preferably, the form-fitting structure93is provided with eight grooves that each can be connected to one of the bosses in form-fitting manner. The reason that the number of the grooves is larger than that of the bosses is to facilitate the accessory9to rotate at various angles relative to the working mandrel7so as to meet different situations. It may be appreciated that the bosses of the mandrel flange71and the grooves of the accessory9may be arranged as needed, for example, the number of the bosses is four and the number of the grooves is twelve and so on, which is well known to the person skilled in the art. Certainly, the end portion90may also be configured as an open-ended aperture, which can also be clamped by the accessory clamping mechanism10. After being clamped by the accessory clamping mechanism10, the accessory9swings together with the working mandrel7. The oscillating frequency may be arranged to be 10000-25000 times per minute and the oscillating angle may be arranged between about 0.5° and 7°. With high-frequency oscillating motion, the accessory9can perform various operations for the workpiece. The user can perform various different operating functions by mounting different accessories to the working mandrel7. The common accessory9may include a straight saw blade, circular saw blade, triangle grinding plate or scraper, etc., thereby performing different operations, such as sawing, cutting, grinding or scraping. It may be appreciated that the person skilled in the art may use other functional accessories depending on the actual working situations. Further, referring toFIGS. 4-9, the accessory clamping mechanism10comprises a driving device, a pushing member13, a fastening flange14and a first elastic member15. The pushing member13is arranged on one side of the working mandrel7. Furthermore, the pushing member13is arranged between the eccentric member61and the working mandrel7. The pushing member13has a longitudinal axis Z parallel to the axis Y of the working mandrel. The transmission mechanism6is further provided with a supporting portion63for supporting and guiding the pushing member13. The pushing member13and the fastening flange14are fixedly connected with each other or arranged in one piece. The thickness of the fastening flange14is smaller than or equal to the vertical height of the stepped portion91of the accessory9so as to allow for operation of the accessory9in a narrow space. The mandrel flange71is provided with a supporting portion for facilitating the pushing member13to pass through and supporting the pushing member13. The mandrel flange71has an enlarged portion on one side facing the pushing member13. The enlarged portion, the fastening flange14and the pushing member13constitute the balance weight block having a center of gravity on one side of the working mandrel7, and the center of gravity of the accessory9is on the other side of the working mandrel7. During the oscillating process, the enlarged portion of the mandrel flange, the fastening flange14and the pushing member13swing in a direction opposite to the accessory9so as to counteract the oscillation caused by the accessory9, and then the pushing member13can transmit the force applied to the driving device by the user to the fastening flange14. When the end portion90of the accessory9is configured as a close-ended aperture, the accessory9can be clamped between the mandrel flange71and the fastening flange14without passing through the pushing member13. The driving device can force the fastening flange14to move between a released position and a clamped position. In the released position, the accessory9can be removed between the mandrel flange71and the fastening flange14; and in the clamped position, the accessory9is clamped between the mandrel flange71and the fastening flange14. Preferably, the first elastic member15may be configured as a compression spring with one end arranged on the mandrel flange71and the other end arranged on the boss130extending radially on the pushing member13. The boss130may be a single circular gasket or a step extending radially and integrated with the pushing member13. It may be appreciated that the first elastic member15may be configured as any other members well known to the person skilled in the art, such as an elastic rubber or leaf spring. The fastening flange14is biased towards the clamped position by the first elastic member15. The force applied to the driving device by the user may be transmitted to the fastening flange14, and then the fastening flange14overcomes the acting force of the first elastic member15to move to the released position, thereby removing the accessory9between the fastening flange14and the mandrel flange71. FIG. 10illustrates a second embodiment of the accessory clamping mechanism10′. Contrary to the first embodiment, the fastening flange14′ and the pushing member13′ are separated from the mandrel flange71′ so that the pushing member13′ and the fastening flange14′ do not swing with the working mandrel7′. Specifically, the mandrel flange71′ does not have an enlarged portion and is arranged symmetrically about the rotating axis Y′. The pushing member13′ is supported and guided by a first supporting portion131′ and a second supporting portion132′ arranged on the housing. One end of the elastic member15′ is arranged on the boss130′ of the pushing member13′ and the other end is arranged on the second supporting portion132′. The fastening flange14′ is provided with a plane bearing141′. The plane bearing141′ has a rolling pin which can rotate in the oscillating process of the accessory, but the end plate of the plane bearing141′ and the fastening flange14′ do not swing with the accessory and the working mandrel7′. With such arrangement, the friction between the working mandrel7′ and the accessory may be reduced. Next, the structure of the driving device of the accessory clamping mechanism10according to the first embodiment will be explained in details. Referring toFIGS. 4-9again, the driving device comprises an operating assembly11and a restoring assembly12. The operating assembly11comprises a pivoting shaft110, a second elastic member111and an operating member112. The pivoting shaft110is mounted to the housing2. Preferably, the second elastic member111may be configured as a torsion spring mounted to the pivoting shaft110. The torsion spring has one end arranged on the housing2and the other end arranged on the operating member112. The operating member112is biased towards the direction close to the housing2by the second elastic member111. It may be appreciated that the second elastic member111may be configured as any other members well known to the person skilled in the art, such as elastic rubber or leaf spring. Preferably, the operating member112may be configured as a spanner pivoting around the pivoting shaft110. The axis of the pivoting shaft110is perpendicular to the axis Y of the working mandrel7. As well known to the person skilled in the art, the operating member112may also be configured as any other structures for facilitating the operation, such as a pushing button or pressing button. The restoring assembly12comprises a pivoting shaft120, a thrusting member121, a pressing member122, a third elastic member123and a fourth elastic member124. The pivoting shaft120is mounted to the operating member112, and the thrusting member121and the pressing member122are arranged on the two sides of the pivoting shaft120respectively. The thrusting member121is arranged between the operating member112and the pivoting shaft110, and the thrusting member121and the operating member112are arranged on the same side of the working mandrel7. One end of the third elastic member123is mounted to the housing2and the other end may act on the thrusting member121. Preferably, the third elastic member123may be configured as a compression spring. The thrusting member121is biased towards the direction away from the pushing member13by the third elastic member123. It may be appreciated that the third elastic member123may also be configured as any other members well known to the person skilled in the art, such as an elastic rubber or leaf spring. The fourth elastic member124is mounted to the pivoting shaft120with two ends arranged on the operating assembly11and the pressing member122respectively. Preferably, the fourth elastic member124is configured as a torsion spring. The thrusting member121is biased towards the direction of mating with the pushing member13by the fourth elastic member124. It may be appreciated that the fourth elastic member124may also be configured as any other members well known to the person skilled in the art, such as an elastic rubber or leaf spring. The driving device may only comprise the operating assembly11and the thrusting member121, and other members in the restoring assembly12are omitted. With such arrangement, the operating assembly11only comprises the operating member112to move between a first position and a second position. In the first position, the thrusting member121is disengaged from the pushing member13, and the fastening flange14is in the clamped position; and in the second position, the thrusting member121forces the fastening flange14to the released position. Next, the operating process of the accessory clamping mechanism10of the first embodiment will be explained in details. The operating member112may be positioned in the engaged position, the first position and the second position. The operating member112can be moved among the engaged position, the first position and the second position. In the engaged position, the thrusting member121is disengaged from the pushing member13so that the operating member112can engage with the surface of the housing, and as shown inFIG. 4, the accessory9is still clamped between the fastening flange14and the mandrel flange71. The bottom surface of the operating member112may be engaged with a portion of the housing, and the top surface of the operating member112is flush with the handle portion of the housing so as to provide a wider handle portion for the user in the operating state. In the first position, the fastening flange14is restored to the clamped position under the acting force of the first elastic member15, and as shown inFIG. 5, the accessory9is clamped between the fastening flange14and the mandrel flange71, but the operating member112is neither engaged with the surface of the housing nor flush with the handle portion of the housing, thus the user can only handle the portion except the place where the operating member112is arranged. In the second position, the thrusting member121forces the fastening flange14to the released position, and as shown inFIG. 6, the accessory9can be removed between the fastening flange14and the mandrel flange71. The thrusting member121of the restoring assembly12has a pushing position and a restoring position. In the pushing position, the thrusting member121contacts the pushing member13so as to transmit the acting force applied to the operating member112by the user to the pushing member13. In the restoring position, the thrusting member121is disengaged from the pushing member13so as to restore the operating member112to the engaged position automatically. The operating member112is moved along the direction of the arrow as indicated inFIGS. 4 and 7from the engaged position to the first position as shown inFIGS. 5 and 8, and the thrusting member121of the restoring assembly12is biased to the pushing position under the action of the fourth elastic member124. Then, the operating member112is moved along the direction of the arrow as indicated inFIGS. 4 and 7from the first position to the second position as shown inFIGS. 6 and 9, and the thrusting member121transmits the acting force applied to the operating member112by the user to the pushing member13and overcomes the acting force of the first elastic member15to move the pushing member13and the fastening flange14downwards, then the fastening flange14is disengaged from the surface of the accessory9and leaves enough space to remove the accessory9between the fastening flange14and the mandrel flange71along the direction of the removing arrow as indicated inFIGS. 6 and 9. Once the user puts the accessory9between the fastening flange14and the mandrel flange71again along the direction of the putting arrow as indicated inFIGS. 6 and 9, the operating member112is released so that the pushing member13and the fastening flange14are restored to the clamped position under the action of the first elastic member15. At this moment, the operating position for the user is in the first position as shown inFIGS. 4 and 7, and the user operates the pressing member122in the restoring assembly12to move the thrusting member121from the pushing position to the restoring position so that the operating member is restored to the engaged position automatically. In order to ensure this process to be carried out effectively, it needs to be arranged such that the acting force of the second elastic member111is larger than that of the third elastic member123, and the acting force of the third elastic member123is larger than that of the fourth elastic member124. When the thrusting member121is moved from the pushing position to the restoring position, since the acting force of the third elastic member123is larger than that of the fourth elastic member124, the thrusting member121can not be restored to the biased position automatically, but biased to the restoring position under this acting force. Once the thrusting member121is disengaged from the pushing member13, since the acting force of the second elastic member111is larger than that of the third elastic member123, the operating member112is biased to the engaged position automatically. It may be appreciated that the directions of the putting and removing arrows are the lateral directions of the working mandrel7. Preferably, these directions may be arranged to be perpendicular to the rotating axis Y of the working mandrel7. FIGS. 3 and 4further illustrate that the fastening flange14is provided with an opening140. During the operation for clamping the accessory9, the user can exactly view the relative corresponding position of the form-fitting structure710of the mandrel flange71and the corresponding form-fitting structure93of the accessory9, thereby enabling the user to clamp the accessory9between the fastening flange14and the mandrel flange71quickly and accurately. It may be appreciated that the accessory clamping mechanism10may not only be used in oscillating power tools, but also in other manual tools, or power tools such as an angle grinder or an electric circular saw. When used in a manual tool, the accessory clamping mechanism10may comprise a housing2; a working mandrel7for driving a accessory9clamped between a mandrel flange71and a fastening flange14; a driving device for forcing the fastening flange14to move between a released position in which the accessory9can be removed between the mandrel flange71and the fastening flange14and a clamped position in which the accessory9is clamped between the mandrel flange71and the fastening flange14; a pushing member13connected to the fastening flange; and a first elastic member15by which the fastening flange14is biased towards the clamped position. In this way, the accessory clamping mechanism10may be used in manual tools. As well known to the person skilled in the art, as long as the transmission mechanism in the oscillating power tool is replaced by other transmission mechanisms as needed by other power tools, and the accessory can machine the workpiece under the action of the corresponding transmission mechanism, and then the accessory clamping mechanism can be used in other power tools. The accessory clamping mechanism and the power tool comprising the accessory clamping mechanism disclosed by the present invention are not limited to the contents in the above embodiments and the structures indicated by the drawings. The obvious changes, substitutions and modifications to the shapes and positions of the members based on the present invention are contained in the protection scope of the present invention.

1B

27

B

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to the drawings,FIGS. 1 to 4show various views of a clothes airer according to the invention. The general form of the airer is known. The airer comprises three pivotally mounted pairs of generally rectangular frames1. The two frames of each pair are pivotally connected together at points2spaced along their longer sides. Generally parallel rails or wires3extend between the longer sides of the frames1to provide support for items to be aired. The outer parts of the illustrated frames are formed from mild steel tubing but any other suitable material could be used. Each of the three pairs of pivotally connected frames1is pivotally connected to an adjacent pair of frames such that the central pair of frames is connected to two outer pairs of frames. The pairs of frames are pivotally connected together by pivotal connections4between the free ends of respective frames of each pair. The airer further comprises four legs5formed by two generally inverted U-shaped frames5aeach having two substantially parallel tubular sides which form the legs. Substantially parallel spaced apart wires6extend between the legs of each inverted U-shaped frame to provide further support for items on the airer. The lower of the pivots4between the pairs of substantially rectangular frames are pivotally connected to respective legs5. The upper pivotal connections4are pivotally connected to sliding fittings7which are mounted for sliding movement along the legs5as shown by arrows8. The fittings7are arranged so that the pivot4is disposed to one side of the leg5. Wheels9are fitted to the lower ends of the legs5formed by one inverted U-shaped frame. The wheels are only shown inFIG. 1. A net10extends between wires6of the two pairs of legs4. The airer may be moved between an open and closed state. The open state is shown inFIGS. 1 and 4. In the open state the generally rectangular frames1of each connected pair lie generally at right angles to each other. The two inverted U-shaped frames5aare separated and the two pivot points4on each leg5are at their closest separation. The net10is generally taut between the two inverted U-shaped frames5a. To move the airer into its closed position, in which it occupies less space, for example for storage, the two U-shaped frames5aare moved towards each other. Conveniently, the frame equipped with wheels8is moved toward the other frame. As the inverted U-shaped frames approach the frames of each pivotally connected pairs of frames1pivot relative to each other and adopt a position in which they lie in substantially the same plane. To accommodate this movement the sliding fittings7slide upwards on the inverted U-shaped frames and the pivot points4on each frame adopt a position of maximum separation. The netting10becomes slack between the two inverted U-shaped frames5a. Provision of sliding fittings7is a convenient, cost effective and easy to assemble way to construct the airer. The overall length of the U-shaped frames remains constant throughout all positions between the open and closed positions. The sliding fittings7are shown in greater detail inFIGS. 5 to 7. Referring to those figures the fitting7comprises a moulded plastics material component formed in a single piece comprising two halves connected by a flexible (live) hinge11. This enables the fitting to adopt open and closed positions shown inFIGS. 6 and 7, and5respectively. In the closed position the fitting defines a generally cylindrical passage12. Radially to the side of that passage is a formation defining an aperture13the axis of which extends substantially at right angles to that of the cylindrical passage12. The cylindrical passage12receives a leg5of the frame with a sliding fit. The aperture13receives a pin or fastener to form a pivot with the rectangular frames. The fastener or pin serves to hold the sliding fitting in its closed position although engageable fittings14are also provided on the two halves of the fitting which cooperate to secure the fitting in the closed position. As the fitting can be opened and closed this enables it to be mounted on a leg5of the frame without having to pass over the end of the leg. As such, the fitting can be fitted onto a leg after the cross-wires6have been connected between two legs of an inverted U-shaped frame5a. FIGS. 8 and 9show an alternative embodiment of a sliding fitting7. This embodiment comprises two separable moulded plastics material components. The first component15is of a generally U-shaped cross-section. The second component16engages with the first component15with a sliding fit. In its assembled state the fitting defines a cylindrical passage12and aperture13similar to the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 5. The two-part structure of the fitting also enables it to be laterally fitted to a leg of an airer without having to pass over a free end of the leg. The above embodiments are described by way of example only. Many variations are possible without departing from the invention as defined by the appended claims.

0A

47

B

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIGS. 1-5illustrate a rod to rod connector100in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention.FIG. 1is a perspective view of the rod to rod connector100for rigidly connecting two spinal rods12,12, to each other in an assembled state. The two rods may, for instance, be positioned substantially parallel with each other on opposite sides of the spine.FIG. 2is an exploded view of the elements of the same rod to rod connector. The cross connector100comprises two rod clamps101, a cross bar103, and two fasteners in the form of set screws105in this particular embodiment. The cross bar103comprises a transverse beam portion125connecting two connecting portions127,127at opposite ends of the cross bar. The connecting portions127,127include holes128,128. The cross bar may be curved or angled, such as in the shape of a V as shown in the Figures to better accommodate the space requirements when crossing the centerline of the spine. Each rod clamp101comprises a main body portion107, a rod receiving channel109, and a tang (or tulip) portion111. The rod clamp101includes a hole123. Preferably, the wall of the rod receiving channel has the same radius as the spinal rod with which the apparatus is to be used. The lateral opening131into the rod receiving channel109is larger than the diameter of the spinal rod12so that a spinal rod may be introduced into the channel through opening131. A pivot body such as cam clamp117is disposed within the main body portion and is supported on a pivot pin121disposed within a transverse hole119in the main body portion. The cam clamp includes a curved surface117athat faces into the rod receiving channel109and generally matches the arc of the rod receiving channel109. It also includes a lever portion117bextending in the opposite direction from the pivot pin from the curved surface117aand a transverse hole117dfor accepting the pivot pin121. The lever portion117bincludes a slot117c. When the cam clamp117is rotated about the pivot pin121to cause the curved surface117ato enter the rod receiving channel and engage the rod in the channel, it effectively prevents the rod from escaping from the rod receiving channel. The tulip portion comprises a plurality of tangs113extending upwardly from the main body portion107defining an extension of the hole123. The tangs include outwardly extending flanges or barbs113aat their tops. The holes123preferably extend completely through the main body portion107. The bottom portion of the hole123that is within the main body portion107of the rod clamp101is threaded to accept mating threads of the corresponding set screw105to couple the cross bar105to the rod clamp101. The cylinder that is defined by the outer surfaces of the tangs113on the rod clamp101when they are in an unstressed condition is smaller than the cylinder defined by through holes128of the connecting portions127of the cross bar103. The set screws105include a threaded shank portion143and a head portion141having a diameter larger than the diameter of the threaded shaft portion. More specifically, the head portion141has a diameter wider than the cylindrical space defined between the tangs of the rod clamp and the shank143has a diameter equal to or smaller than the cylindrical space defined between the tangs113on the rod clamp101. The threaded shank is designed to mate with internal threads in the bottom portion of the hole128in the main body portion107of the rod clamp101. The head portion141of the set screw105includes a feature145for accepting a torque-applying tool for rotating the screw. In the exemplary embodiment it is shown as a hexagonally shaped blind aperture for accepting a hex wrench or hex screw driver. A locking mechanism147comprising a thin post147aextends longitudinally from the bottom of the threaded shank143of the set screw105and has an enlarged button or head147bat its end. In one embodiment, the head is pre-formed such as by machining or casting. In another embodiment, the post147ais first formed without the head and the end of the post is peened to form the head147beither before assembly of the cross connector or, as described below, after assembly. In the assembled state, the thin post147aextends through the slot117cin the cam clamp117with the enlarged head147bextending from the bottom of the slot. The enlarged head147bhas a diameter (or other profile) larger than the width of the slot117cso that the head cannot pass through the slot. Also, the threaded shank143of the set screw105also has a diameter larger than the width of the slot117cso that it also cannot pass through the slot in the longitudinal direction of the screw, but is trapped in the slot. However, the screw105can rotate about its longitudinal axis freely relative to the cam clamp117. This is best seen inFIGS. 4 and 5, which are cross sectional views taken along lines4-4and5-5, respectively inFIG. 3. Therefore, when the device is assembled, the set screw105will be positively connected with the cam clamp117(i.e., the post147ais trapped in the slot117csuch that longitudinal movement of the screw105in either longitudinal direction will translate into pivoting of the cam clamp117in one or the other direction). Therefore, the screw105, not only can force the cam clamp117to clamp the rod12when the screw is advanced into the hole128, but can also hold the cam clamp117out of the rod receiving channel109when the screw is withdrawn to permit the rod12to freely slip into the rod receiving channel. Also, the screw105cannot accidentally fall out of or otherwise be removed from the cross connector100even if its threads become disengaged from the threads in the hole. In fact, the length of the thread run on the screw105can be selected so that the threads could not become disengaged after the apparatus is assembled and the post147ais trapped in the slot117cof the cam clamp. Preferably, the length of the thin post147abetween the bottom of the threaded shank143of the screw and the head147bis slightly greater than the depth of the slot117cso that there is some “play” or flexibility in the connection between the cam clamp117and the set screw105. Particularly, the cam clamp117must rotate about the pivot axis of the pivot pin121in response to linear movement of the set screw105. Therefore, the connection cannot be so tight as to interfere with the free rotation of the cam clamp and must be at least somewhat flexible. In alternative embodiments, the pivot body117can be replaced with a translatable body disposed in the main body101. The translatable body may be captured within a channel in the main body so that it cannot fall out inadvertently during surgery. For instance, a translatable body may be slidable in the channel under the urging of the set screw105(or other fastener) between a locking position, in which it partially closes the opening131and engages the rod so as to lock it rigidly in the channel, and an open position, in which it is substantially out of the opening131, permitting the rod to freely pass through the opening131. The movement of the translatable body may be substantially linear or curved. Like the pivot body117, the translatable body may be attached to the fastener, such as through a flexible connection, so that movement of the fastener in either direction causes movement of the translatable body. Alternately, the translatable body (or pivot body) may butt up against the translatable body (or pivot body) such that it can only push the body, rather than push and pull it. To assemble the cross connector in a loose, pre-operative state, first the cross bar103is dropped onto the clamping bodies101so that the through holes128in the connecting portions127of the cross bar surround the tangs113of the clamping bodies and align with the holes123in the clamping bodies. At this point, the clamping bodies101can rotate relative to the cross bar103around the axis defined by the aligned through holes128and holes127because, as previously mentioned, the through holes128in the cross bar103have a larger diameter than the cylinder defined by the outer surfaces of the tangs113when the tangs are in an unstressed condition. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the connecting portions have a height that approximately matches the height of the tangs113. The connecting portions127may have a height that is greater than the height of the transverse beam portion125, which can be much thinner while still providing more than adequate strength. Next, the set screws105are inserted into the through holes128in the connecting portions127of the cross bar103and screwed partially into the holes123in the rod clamp101so that the post147aextending from the bottom of the set screw105is disposed in the lower portion of the rod clamp101, but the head141is above the tangs. The cam clamp117can then be inserted into position in the main body107until the transverse hole117din the cam clamp117aligns with the transverse hole119in the main body107and, simultaneously, the thin post147aof the locking mechanism147of the set screw105fits within the slot117cin the cam clamp. If the head147bis not pre-formed, the cam clamp117can be installed before or after the set screw105is inserted. If after, the cam clamp117slid essentially straight upwardly into the main body portion so that the slot117cslides over the thin post147auntil the end of the post extends through the bottom of the slot117c. Then the distal end of the post147aextending from the bottom of the slot can be peened to enlarge it into the head147b. If the head is pre-formed then, depending on the particular design of the opening within which the cam clamp fits, the cam clamp may need to be inserted via a more complicated maneuver (since the head itself cannot fit through the slot). The pivot pin can then be installed through the aligned holes119and117d. The pivot pin, for example, may be affixed in the aligned holes by an interference fit with either the hole119in the main body or the hole117dof the cam clamp (but not both). Hence, the pivot pin will be fixed in the main body and incapable of accidentally falling out or otherwise being removed unintentionally, but the cam clamp can rotate about the pivot pin121relative to the main body portion101. At this point, the cross connector is fully assembled in the loose, pre-operative state. In this condition, the clamping bodies101can rotate relative to the cross bar103about the longitudinal axes of the set screws105so as to accommodate different orientations between the two spinal rods12in the saggital plane. Also, the cam clamp117is pivoted to an open position (i.e., with the cam clamp not extending into the rod receiving channel109) so that the cross connector100can be dropped onto the spinal rods12and the spinal rods will slide easily into the rod receiving channels109. After the surgeon has placed the cross connector100onto the two rods12as just described, the entire assembly can be tightened and locked by tightening the two set screws105to lock the spinal rods12rigidly in the rod receiving channels109and simultaneously lock the orientations of the clamping bodies101relative to the cross bar103. Particularly, rotating each set screw105so as to advance it into the hole123by means of the mutual engagement of the internal threads of the holes123in the main body portion107with the external threads of the shank143of the set screw will cause the head141of the set screw105to engage the tangs113and force them to resiliently bend radially outwardly, whereupon the outer surfaces of the flanges113awill squeeze against the inner wall of the through holes128of the cross bar101. In one embodiment as shown in the Figures, the bottom of the head forms a wedge tapered down to the shank diameter so that, as the head moves downwardly after engaging the tangs, the tangs will be increasingly bent outwardly. In one embodiment, the flanges or barbs113aon the tangs have relatively sharp edges to bite into the internal walls of the through holes128to provide an even stronger resistance to rotation. Simultaneously, as the set screw105advances into the hole123in the main body107, the locking mechanism147forces the cam clamp117to rotate forwardly into the rod receiving channel109so that the curved surface117aengages the rod12in the rod receiving channel rigidly locking the rod therein. In alternate embodiments of the invention, the set screw105may connect to the main body portion in other ways than a threaded engagement. For instance, it may connect by means of a bayonet connection wherein the shank of the set screw has a pin other protrusion extending radially from it that mates with a slot, groove or other recess on the wall of the hole123. Merely as one example, a slot on the wall of the hole123would have one open end at the top of the hole123and could be contoured to have a portion extending in the longitudinal direction of the screw starting at the opening followed by a portion that is substantially, but not perfectly perpendicular thereto that terminates in a locking recess at its closed end essentially just large enough to fit the pin. Therefore, when the screw is advanced into the hole so the pin reaches the end of the longitudinal portion of the slot, rotation of the screw would cause the head to slide in the substantially perpendicular portion of the slot causing the screw to longitudinally advance slightly further into the hole. When the head reaches the recess, it will be tightly locked in its final position. Other connection mechanisms also are possible. Preferably, both of the main clamping bodies101are the same. However, it is possible to use rod connecting assemblies of two different designs at the opposite ends of the cross bar103. All of the components preferably are made of a biocompatible, resilient material such as titanium, stainless steel, or any number of biocompatible polymers. The afore-described embodiment of the invention shown inFIGS. 1-5has a substantially fixed span between the rods.FIGS. 6 and 7illustrate an alternative embodiment of a cross connector600that is variable in length.FIG. 6is a perspective view of a cross connector in accordance with this embodiment andFIG. 7is a cross sectional view taken along line7-7inFIG. 6.FIG. 6shows the cross connector600set to its minimum length in solid line and also shows the cross connector set to its maximum length in phantom. It also can be set to any length therebetween, as will become clear from the following discussion. The clamping bodies101and set screws105(and all of their sub-components) are essentially identical to those described above in connection with the first embodiment. The cross bar603essentially comprises three components, a first cross beam603a, a second cross beam603band a locking screw610. The locking screw comprises a head610aand a threaded shank610b. The head includes a feature610bfor accepting a torque applying tool such as a screw driver, hex driver, wrench, etc for rotating the screw. In a preferred embodiment, the feature is the same as the corresponding feature in the heads141of the set screws105so that the locking screw610can be tightened by the same tool as the set screws. Each cross beam comprises a connecting portion650,652similar to the connecting portions127described in connection with the first embodiment. The cross beam603aincludes an elongate slot654having a width slightly greater than the diameter of the threaded shank of the locking screw610, but smaller than the diameter of the head610aof the locking screw so that the shank610bcan pass freely through, but the head cannot. The slot610has a length greater than its width. The length of the slot610essentially defines the variable length range of the cross connector600. The cross beam603bcomprises an internally threaded hole661near its medial end designed to matingly engage with the external threads of the locking screw610. To assemble the cross connector of this embodiment in a loose, pre-operative state, in addition to the procedures discussed above in connection with the first embodiment, the locking screw610is inserted through the elongate slot654on cross beam603aand loosely threaded into the threaded aperture661in cross beam603b. The two cross beams603a,603b, therefore, are coupled together and inseparable unless the locking screw610is removed. However, the two cross beams can slide relative to each other the length of the slot654. In order to lock the length, the surgeon tightens the locking screw. Having thus described a few particular embodiments of the invention, various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications and improvements as are made obvious by this disclosure are intended to be part of this description though not expressly stated herein, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only, and not limiting. The invention is limited only as defined in the following claims and equivalents thereto.

0A

61

B

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION Without limiting the scope of the invention, the preferred features of the invention are set forth. The fiber finish composition of the present invention contains a polyalphaolefin lubricant and an emulsifier. The composition may be applied to a textile fiber neat or as an oil in water emulsion. Emulsions may be prepared by any conventional technique, for example high speed mixing, using approximately 3 to 25 wt. % of the finish in the aqueous emulsion, preferably 10 to 20 wt. % of the finish in the aqueous emulsion. Preferred polyalphaolefines include trimers, tetramers, pentamers and hexamers of alpha olefins, especially octene-1, decene-1, dodecene-1 and tetradecene-1. Commercially available polyalphaolefins typically contain a distribution of oligomers--those predominantly comprised of trimers are preferred. Polyalphaolefines having utility herein may be characterized by a viscosity of 2 to 10 centistokes at 100.degree. C., preferably 4 to 8 centistokes at 100.degree. C., a smoke point greater than 300.degree. F. Examples of suitable polyalphaolefins include Ethylflo 162, 164, 166, 168 and 170, manufactured and distributed by Ethyl Corporation, Baton Rouge, La. The polyalphaolefin lubricant comprises from 50 to 95 wt. % of the finish composition. It is desirable to maximize the concentration of lubricant in the finish composition, provided that a sufficient level of an emulsifier is present to facilitate removal of the lubricant from the textile fiber when so desired, and when the finish is applied as an emulsion, a sufficient level of emulsifier to maintain a stable emulsion. Thus, ranges of polyalphaolefin i the finish composition of from 70 to 95 wt. % are preferred, with ranges of 75 to 90 wt. % being most preferred. An emulsifier is present in the finish composition in ranges from 5 to 50 wt. %, preferably from 5 to 30 wt. %, and more preferably from 10 to 25 wt. %. It has been found that these relatively low levels of emulsifiers may be used in the finish composition without sacrificing the performance of the finish by selecting relatively high molecular weight, nonionic emulsifiers having a plurality of hydrocarbon chains or branches. Without being bound to a particular theory, it is hypothesized that the multiple hydrocarbon chains or branches of the hydrophobic component of the emulsifier (1) provide a site for enhanced interaction with the branched hydrocarbon functionality of the polyalphaolefins to form a stable emulsion in an aqueous solution and to facilitate removal of the lubricant from the textile fiber during scouring; and (2) minimize absorption of the emulsifier into the textile fiber. The following emulsifiers have been found to meet the performance criteria of the present fiber finish composition: (A) branched alcohols having at least two aliphatic chains of C.sub.4 -C.sub.32 and from 12 to 36 total carbon atoms, which have been alkoxylated with from 3 to 20 moles of alkylene oxides selected from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and glycidol, preferred features include from 3 to 12 moles of alkylene oxides and at least 50% of the moles of alkylene oxide being ethylene oxide. More preferably, at least 75 mole % of the alkylene oxides are ethylene oxide. Especially useful are branched alcohols having C.sub.6 -C.sub.24 alkyl chains and a total of 12 to 28 carbon atoms, notably C.sub.12 -C.sub.28 Guerbet alcohols such as octyldodecanol and isoeicosyl alcohol; (B) C.sub.3 -C.sub.90 polyhydric alcohols, including long chain alcohols and oligomers of the same, having at least three hydroxyl sites, which have been alkoxylated with from 5 to 200 moles of alkylene oxides selected from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide and glycidol, followed by esterification in an acidic medium with 1 to 6 moles of a C.sub.12 -C.sub.36 fatty acid; preferably the fatty acids are branched and have a total of 12 to 28 carbon atoms, for example to iso-stearic acid. Decreased absorption of the emulsifier may be achieved by first reacting a secondary hydroxyl forming alkylene oxide such as propylene oxide or butylene oxide with any primary hydroxyl groups of the polyhydric alcohol, followed by alkoxylation as described above. Preferred features include C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 polyhydric alcohols, alkoxylation with 5 to 40 moles of alkylene oxides, and at least 50% of the moles of alkylene oxide being ethylene oxide, more preferably at least 75 mole % are ethylene oxide; and (C) glyceryl esters of C.sub.12 -C.sub.36 fatty acids wherein the fatty acids have at least one hydroxyl functionality, and the hydroxyl functionalities have been alkoxylated with a total of from 50 to 250 moles of alkylene oxides selected from the ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and glycidol, preferred features include alkoxylation with 150 to 250 moles of alkylene oxides and at least 50% of the moles of alkylene oxide being ethylene oxide. More preferably at least 75 mole % of the alkylene oxides are ethylene oxide. Glyceryl esters of C.sub.12 -C.sub.24 fatty acids are preferred, for example, castor oil may be alkoxylated as described above to provide an emulsifier. The nonionic emulsifiers may be employed alone or in combination. The above emulsifiers may be synthesized by base-catalyzed alkoxylation with, for example, a potassium hydroxide catalyst. Comparable results may be achieved by other techniques known to those with skill in the art. Ethylene oxide and propylene oxide are generally preferred alkylene oxides. Emulsifiers having an HLB value of between 6 and 13 are recommended, with those having an HLB between 7 and 12 being preferred. HLB values of between 8.5 and 10.5 are most preferred. In addition to the non-ionic emulsifiers described above, up to 10 wt. % of the finish composition may be a cationic or anionic emulsifier, preferably from 3 to 7 wt. % of an ionic emulsifier. By way of example, the ionic emulsifiers may be selected from phosphated C.sub.10 -C.sub.15 monohydric alcohol alkoxylates, having from 4 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide residues and ethoxylated quaternary amine compounds such as Cordex AT-172, manufactured by Finetex, Inc., Spencer, N.C. Minor amounts of additives may constitute up to 15 wt. % of the finish composition. For example, viscosity modifiers, low sling additives such as polyisobutylene (up to 5 wt. %), antistatic agents (up to 5 wt %) and water may be added to the finish composition without deviating from the scope of the invention. The finish composition is applied to a textile fiber by any number of known methods, such as from a kiss roll, pad, bath or spray nozzle, to provide a lubricated fiber comprising approximately 0.4 to 7 wt. % of the finish composition. Typically, the finish composition comprises from 0.7 to 3 wt. % of the lubricated fiber. The finish composition may be used neat, with the addition of minor amounts of water or as an emulsion containing from 3 to 25 wt. % of the composition in water. For most applications, emulsions which are stable for 8 hours will be adequate. If it is desirable to operate with the maximum level of polyalphaolefins, emulsions which are stable for less than 8 hours may be employed, provided the emulsion is used relatively quickly or is agitated. The finish composition herein is useful on a wide range of textile fibers, particularly synthetic textile particularly synthetic textile fibers such as polyurethanes, especially elastomeric polyurethanes (spandex), polyesters, polyamides, especially Nylon 6 and Nylon 66, polyolefins, especially polypropylene, polyethylene and block and random copolymers thereof, and acrylics. The finish composition is particularly useful whenever there is a tendency of the fiber to absorb the finish, as is the case with several of the synthetic fibers. In the past, spandex fibers have proven difficult to lubricate during finishing operations without the finish absorbing into the fiber or otherwise causing fiber degradation. As used throughout, the terms "spandex" or "elastomeric polyurethanes" are intended to refer to block copolymers made by reaction of diisocyanates with hydroxylpterminates, low molecular weight polymers (macroglycols) and diamines or glycols (chain extenders) which creates relatively soft and hard segments in the copolymer. See Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Volume 6, pp. 718-19, 733-55 (1986). Preferably, the finish composition has the following properties: 1. A neat viscosity of less than 200 centipoise @25.degree. C. 2. A polyurethane absorption of less than 3 percent by weight of elastomeric polyurethane. 3. An emulsification effectiveness as measured by the presence of a stable emulsion at 25.degree. C. lasting for at least 8 hours. 4. Fiber to metal hydrodynamic friction on polyester and nylon of less than 1.06 and 0.99, respectively. 5. Fiber to fiber boundary friction on polyester and nylon of less than 0.27 and 0.37, respectively. The invention may be further understood by reference to the following examples, but the invention is not intended to be unduly limited thereby. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight. The abbreviations EO and PO represent ethylene oxide and propylene oxide residues respectively. Examples 1-4 demonstrate preferred formulations of the finish composition for application to a textile fiber as an emulsion. EXAMPLE 1 In a typical experiment, 80 grams of a 4 centistoke poly alpha olefin, provided by the Ethyl Corporation, was placed in a 250 ml beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 20 grams of 2-octyldodecanol 7EO was then added to the beaker. The mixture was then agitated to provide a uniform mixture. To this mixture, 5.3 grams of C12-C15 SEO phosphate, and 4.5 grams castor oil 200EO was added respectively. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 5 minutes. 2.9 grams of water was then added to provide a clear stable mixture. EXAMPLE 2 In a typical experiment, 80 grams of a 6 centistoke poly alpha olefin, provided by the Ethyl Corporation, was placed in a 250 ml beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar, 20 grams of 2-octyldodecanol 7EO was then added to the beaker. The mixture was then added to the beaker. The mixture was then agitated to provide a uniform mixture. To this mixture, 5.3 grams of C12-C15 SEO phosphate, and 4.5 grams castor oil 200EO was added respectively. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 5 minutes. 2.9 grams of water was then added to provide a clear stable mixture. EXAMPLE 3 In a typical experiment, 80 grams of a 4 centistoke polyalpha olefin, provided by the Ethyl Corporation, was placed in a 250 ml beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 10 grams of 2-octyldodecanol 7EO and 10 grams of Sorbitol 2PO 28EP penta-isostearate was then added to the beaker. The mixture was then agitated to provide a uniform mixture. To this mixture, 5.3 grams of C12-C15 5EO phosphate, and 4.5 grams castor oil 200EO was added respectively. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 5 minutes. 2.9 grams of water was then added to provide a clear stable mixture. EXAMPLE 4 In a typical experiment, 80 grams of a 6 centistoke poly alpha olefin, provided by the Ethyl Corporation, was placed in a 250 ml beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 10 grams of 2-octyldodecanol 7EO and 10 grams of Sorbitol 2PO 28EO penta-isostearate was then added to the beaker. The mixture was then agitated to provide a uniform mixture. To this mixture, 5.3 grams of C12-C15 5EO phosphate, and 4.5 grams castor oil 200EO was added respectively. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 5 minutes. 2.9 grams of water was then added to provide a clear stable mixture. Examples 5-8 demonstrate preferred formulations of the finish composition for application to a textile fiber neat. EXAMPLE 5 In a typical experiment, 90 grams of 4 centistoke poly alpha olefin, provided by the Ethyl Corporation, was placed in a 250 ml beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 10 grams of Sorbitol 2PO 28EO penta-isostearate was then added to the beaker. The mixture was then agitated to provide a uniform mixture. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 5 minutes. EXAMPLE 6 In a typical experiment, 90 grams of 6 centistoke poly alpha olefin, provided by the Ethyl Corporation, was placed in a 250 ml beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 10 grams of Sorbitol 2PO 28EO penta-isostearate was then added to the beaker. The mixture was then agitated to provide a uniform mixture. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 5 minutes. EXAMPLE 7 In a typical experiment, 90 grams of a 50/50 blend of 4 centistoke and 6 centistoke poly alpha olefin, both provided by the Ethyl Corporation, was placed in a 250 ml beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 10 grams of Sorbitol 2PO 28EO penta-isostearate was then added to the beaker. The mixture was then agitated to provide a uniform mixture. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 5 minutes. EXAMPLE 8 In a typical experiment, 90 grams of a 80/20 blend of a 4 centistoke and 6 centistoke poly alpha olefin, both provided by the Ethyl Corporation, was placed in a 250 ml beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 10 grams Sorbitol 2PO 28EO penta-isostearate was then added to the beaker. The mixture was then agitated to provide a uniform mixture. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 5 minutes. Examples 9-12 demonstrate preferred formulations of the finish composition for application to a textile fiber neat with a low sling additive, Tebeflex 200, a polyisobutylene mixture. EXAMPLE 9 In a typical experiment, 90 grams of 4 centistoke poly alpha olefin, provided by the Ethyl Corporation, was placed in a 250 ml beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 10 grams of Sorbitol 2PO 28EO penta-isostearate and 2 grams of Tebeflex 200, purchased from Boehme Filatex, was then added to the beaker. The mixture was then agitated to provide a uniform mixture. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 5 minutes. EXAMPLE 10 In a typical experiment, 90 grams of 6 centistoke poly alpha olefin, provided by the Ethyl Corporation, was placed in a 250 ml beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 10 grams of Sorbitol 2PO 28EO penta-isostearate and 2 grams of Tebeflex 200 was then added to the beaker. The mixture was then agitated to provide a uniform mixture. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 5 minutes. EXAMPLE 11 In a typical experiment, 90 grams of a 50/50 blend of a 4 centistoke and 6 centistoke poly alpha olefin, both provided by the Ethyl Corporation, was placed in a 250 ml beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 10 grams of Sorbitol 2PO 28EO penta-isostearate and 2 grams Tebeflex 200 was then added to the beaker. The mixture was then agitated to provide a uniform mixture. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 5 minutes. EXAMPLE 12 In a typical experiment, 90 grams of a 80/20 blend of a 4 centistoke and 6 centistoke poly alpha olefin, both provided by the Ethyl Corporation, was placed in a 250 ml beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 10 rams of Sortibol 2PO 28EO penta-isostearate and 2 grams Tebeflex 200 was then added to the beaker. The mixture was then agitated to provide a uniform mixture. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 5 minutes. EVALUATION OF THE PRODUCT The following tests were run on the spin finish to evaluate frictional characteristics versus polysiloxanes and also compatibility with polyurethane fiber. Hydrodynamic Friction was evaluated using a Rothschild frictometer. The finish was applied to 70/34 polyester and 70/34 Nylon 6 at 0.75 percent on weight of fiber (OWF) and allowed to condition for at least 24 hours at 72.degree. F. and 63 percent relative humidity. After conditioning, the hydrodynamic fiber to metal friction was obtained on the Rothschild frictometer at fiber speeds of 100 meters/minute and pretensions of 20 grams. Boundary friction were performed likewise, except that the yarn speed was 0.0071 meters/minute and the pretension set at 50 grams. The compositions or Examples 1-12 were applied to the fiber tested with an Atlab Finish Applicator, at a level of 0.75 OWF. Polyurethane absorption was measured according to the following procedure: An elastomeric polyurethane film (2-3 grams) was weighed on an analytical balance, placed in 100 mls. of a 20 wt. % emulsion of the finish composition in water and the mixture stirred for 6 minutes. The polyurethane film was then removed, rinsed with water, and allowed to dry. The resulting weight increase of the polyurethane film was then calculated and expressed as the percent absorption. Viscosity Measurements were performed using a Brookfield Viscometer operating at either 30 or 60 rpm's and employing a number 1 spindle. All measurements were taken at 25.degree. C. Smoke points were determined using the Cleveland Open Cup method. One hundred grams of the product was placed in the cup and heated. Using a thermometer immersed in the product, the smoke point was recorded at the temperature at which the first smoke became evident. Table 1 represents various polyurethane absorption data as measured by the described procedure, for the preceding examples. TABLE 1 ______________________________________ POLYURETHANE ABSORPTIONS PERCENT PRODUCT ABSORPTION ______________________________________ EXAMPLE 1 0.62 EXAMPLE 2 0.22 EXAMPLE 3 0.10 EXAMPLE 4 0.26 EXAMPLE 5 0.67 EXAMPLE 6 0.82 EXAMPLE 7 0.06 EXAMPLE 8 0.49 EXAMPLE 9 0.68 EXAMPLE 10 0.86 EXAMPLE 11 1.00 EXAMPLE 12 0.43 ______________________________________ Table 2 lists the viscosity as measured by the described procedures for the examples of this invention. TABLE 2 ______________________________________ VISCOSITY DATA FINISH VISCOSITY, cps ______________________________________ EXAMPLE 1 109.6 EXAMPLE 2 152.0 EXAMPLE 3 84.8 EXAMPLE 4 163.0 EXAMPLE 5 38.0 EXAMPLE 6 62.5 EXAMPLE 7 52.0 EXAMPLE 8 44.0 EXAMPLE 9 48.5 EXAMPLE 10 78.0 EXAMPLE 11 56.0 EXAMPLE 12 48.5 ______________________________________ Tables 3 and 4 lists the hydrodynamic and boundary frictions on nylon and polyester, respectively, as measured by the described procedure, for the examples of the invention. The silicone finish tested was a 20 centistoke, polydimethylsiloxane. TABLE 3 __________________________________________________________________________ BOUNDARY AND HYDRODYNAMIC FRICTIONS ON 70/34 NYLON BOUNDARY HYDRODYNAMIC F/M F/M F/F F/F CHEMICAL F/M F/F KINETIC STATIC KINETIC STATIC __________________________________________________________________________ SILICONE 0.28 0.20 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.35 EXAMPLE 1 0.74 0.39 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.19 EXAMPLE 2 0.89 0.46 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.19 EXAMPLE 3 0.75 0.39 0.08 0.12 0.15 0.18 EXAMPLE 4 0.91 0.49 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 EXAMPLE 5 0.74 0.41 0.07 0.08 0.16 0.20 EXAMPLE 6 0.92 0.49 0.08 0.09 0.17 0.21 EXAMPLE 7 0.92 0.43 0.08 0.09 0.18 0.22 EXAMPLE 8 0.79 0.43 0.07 0.08 0.16 0.20 EXAMPLE 9 0.72 0.39 0.09 0.12 0.18 0.23 EXAMPLE 10 0.98 0.46 0.09 0.12 0.17 0.21 EXAMPLE 11 0.88 0.43 0.09 0.12 0.18 0.22 EXAMPLE 12 0.84 0.43 0.10 0.12 0.18 0.23 __________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 4 __________________________________________________________________________ BOUNDARY AND HYDRODYNAMIC FRICTIONS ON 70/34 POLYESTER BOUNDARY HYDRODYNAMIC F/M F/M F/F F/F PRODUCT F/M F/F KINETIC STATIC KINETIC STATIC __________________________________________________________________________ SILICONE 0.57 0.28 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.21 EXAMPLE 1 0.89 0.43 0.06 0.10 0.11 0.17 EXAMPLE 2 1.04 0.49 0.08 0.12 0.11 0.16 EXAMPLE 3 0.91 0.43 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.18 EXAMPLE 4 1.05 0.50 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.14 EXAMPLE 5 0.86 0.49 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.14 EXAMPLE 6 1.04 0.49 0.06 0.08 0.12 0.16 EXAMPLE 7 0.93 0.46 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.14 EXAMPLE 8 0.93 0.44 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.14 EXAMPLE 9 0.86 0.41 0.06 0.07 0.11 0.14 EXAMPLE 10 1.04 0.47 0.06 0.07 0.11 0.14 EXAMPLE 11 0.96 0.46 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.14 EXAMPLE 12 0.91 0.43 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.14 __________________________________________________________________________ There are, of course, many alternate embodiments and modifications which are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to the drawings the numeral 10 generally designates a clothes washer using a lid assembly 68 having the fluid dispenser of the present invention. Washer 10 includes a cabinet 12 having side walls 14, a front wall 16 and a top wall 18. Top wall 18 includes a horizontal portion 20 and an inclined portion 22 which extends downwardly and forwardly from the front edge of the horizontal portion 20. The top wall 18 is provided by a top cover 24 having a rear edge 26, side edges 28, 30, and a front edge 32. A juncture or bend 34 divides the horizontal portion 20 from the inclined portion 22 of the top surface of the top cover 24. Provided within top cover 24 is a door depression 36 having a rear edge 38, side edges 40, 42 and a front edge 43. Extending upwardly and rearwardly from the front edge 43 is a lip flange 44 having a lower front edge 46 which extends upwardly and rearwardly to a ridge 48. Ridge 48 includes opposite ends 50, 52 and an intermediate portion 54. Intermediate portion 54 is slightly below the ends 50, 52 and is also positioned forwardly from ends 50, 52. Extending downwardly and inwardly from ridge 48 is a generally circular skirt 56 having a front drain surface 58, side drain surfaces 60, 62, and a rear drain surface 64 all of which surround an access opening 66. Top lid assembly 68 is comprised of a metal lid frame 70 and a plastic dispenser housing 72 which are detachably secured together. Plastic dispenser housing 72 includes a gasket seal 74 (FIG. 1), and a fluid chamber formed by a reservoir chamber wall 76 and a dispensing chamber wall 78. Gasket seal 74 is elongated and includes a left end 96 and a right end 98. As best shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, gasket seal 74 extends across the front of the washer door depression 36 and generally across the ridge 48. The gasket seal 74 retains condensation in the area of the door depression 36 and also provides a reduction in agitation noise that otherwise might escape from the access opening 66 of the washer 10. A reservoir viewing window 80 is provided in reservoir chamber wall 76 and a dispensing viewing window 82 is provided in dispenser chamber wall 78. A sliding indicator or gage 84 is mounted on a track associated with window 82 and is operable for movement along the length of the dispenser viewing window 82. The sliding indicator 84 can be manually set as a marker at any of a plurality of positions along the length of the window 82. Plastic dispenser housing 72 also includes a fill cap 86 which is detachably mounted over a fill opening 87 and a dispenser button 88 for dispensing fluid 90 from the dispensing chamber in a manner to be described in more detail hereafter. Metal lid frame 70 includes a horizontal surface 92 (when the lid is in its closed position) and an inclined surface 94. Behind reservoir chamber wall 76 is a reservoir chamber 100 (FIG. 4), and behind dispenser wall 78 is a dispensing chamber 102 (FIG. 7). Dispensing chamber 102 is contained within reservoir chamber 100 and includes side walls 104, a rear wall 106, and a dispenser spout 108 which provides a dispenser opening for permitting fluid to exit from dispenser chamber 102. The portion of the dispensing chamber 102 formed by walls 104 and 106 is attached to front wall 76 by an interference fit and a slight amount of fluid can leak by the attachment point. Within reservoir chamber 100 are several stand offs 110, 112 which provide structural support to the walls within the reservoir chamber 100. Referring now to FIG. 15, the fill opening 87 is shown without fill cap 86 in place. With the lid assembly 68 in the generally vertical posture of FIGS. 1 and 5, the fill opening 87 is formed with a downwardly angled entry portion 89 through wall 76 and a substantially horizontally disposed cylindrical exit portion 91. The back edge 93 of the exit portion 91 is in close proximity to and generally parallel to the back wall 99 of the reservoir chamber 100. When fluid is poured into the fill opening 87, it will flow into the exit portion 91 and will enter the reservoir chamber 100. The fill can continue until fluid is observed at the lower lip of exit portion 91 at which point the reservoir chamber 100 is full. When the lid assembly 68 is in the closed horizontal posture of FIG. 4, the fluid in the reservoir chamber 100 will always be below the back edge 93 of the exit portion 91. Thus, if the operator should forget to replace the fill cap 86, there would not be any spilling of fluid out the fill opening 87. In fact, fill cap 86 could be left off if desired. Further shown in FIG. 15 is a vent opening 101 that allows the reservoir chamber 100 to breath freely preventing any airlock condition. Plastic housing 72 is nested within the metal lid frame 70 and is fitted beneath the curled front edge 114. The peripheral edges of the housing 72 rest on the side edges 144, 146 (FIG. 13) and rear edge 148 of the metal lid frame 70. The front edge 116 of the plastic housing 72 nests under the front curled edge 114 of the lid frame 70. Referring to FIGS. 10 and 11, a valve assembly 117 comprises a valve stem 118 having an upper end 120. Dispenser button 88 is fitted over the upper end 120 and includes a sealing flange 122 thereon. Valve stem 118 includes a valving flange 124 and a retaining flange 126. A coil spring 128 is fitted over the lower end of the valve stem 118. The valve assembly 117 is fitted within a valve receiving bore 130 in the housing 72. A retaining clip 132 is fitted within a retaining clip slot 134 and includes clip fingers 136 (FIG. 12) which retentively engage the retaining flange 126 to hold the valve assembly 117 within valve receiving bore 130. The clip fingers 136 of retaining clip 132 are yieldably movable toward one another to permit the clip 132 to be removed so as to permit removal of the valve assembly 117. This permits the easy removal of the valve assembly 117 for cleaning. Referring to FIG. 11 a dispenser port 138 provides communication from dispensing chamber 102 to the valve receiving bore 130. Fluid is permitted to enter the axial space between the valving flange 124 and the sealing flange 122. Depression of button 88 causes the valving flange 124 to move to the left of the dispenser spout 108 as viewed in FIG. 11 thereby permitting fluid to flow out of the dispenser spout 108. Removal of pressure from the button 88 permits the spring 128 to return the valve flange 124 to its original position, thereby cutting off the flow of fluid from the dispenser chamber 102. FIGS. 7, 8, and 9 illustrate the method of using the dispenser chamber 102 and the reservoir chamber 100 of the present invention. Initially the lid assembly 68 is moved to its up-standing position shown in FIG. 7. The fill cap 86 is removed and fluid such as liquid detergent is poured into the reservoir chamber 100 until fluid is observed at the lower lip or exit portion 91 of the fill opening 87. As can be seen in FIG. 6, the front walls 76, 78 of the chambers 100, 102 are inclined toward the dispensing chamber 102 thereby causing any fluid within chamber 100 to move toward the dispensing chamber 102 when the lid assembly 68 is lowered. As can be seen in FIG. 7 the initial filling of the reservoir chamber 100 does not cause any substantial amount of fluid to be within the dispensing chamber 102. However, when the lid assembly 68 is moved to its closed position (FIG. 8) the fluid within chamber 100 flows around the rear wall 106 and both of the side walls 104 of chamber 102 and enters chamber 102 through a charging opening 107 adjacent the rear wall 106. Returning the lid assembly 68 to its upright position as shown in FIG. 9 causes the dispenser chamber 102 to be full and ready for dispensing fluid through spout 108. The operator then depresses the button 88 and observes through window 82 as the fluid level lowers within dispenser chamber 102. The operator can determine, by dispensing a predetermined quantity of fluid into a measuring container, what the level of the fluid within the dispensing chamber should be after the proper amount has been dispensed. The operator can then move the sliding indicator 84 to mark that position and thereafter can release the button 88 when the level of fluid reaches the level of the sliding indicator 84. Thus, the sliding indicator 84 is set to the proper level for a particular brand or concentration of detergent. On occasion the detergent may clog or foul the valve assembly 117. This can easily be remedied by pulling out clip 132 and removing the valve assembly for cleaning. The valve assembly 117 can then be reinserted, and the clip 132 is inserted to retain the valve assembly 117 in position for operation. Referring to FIGS. 13 and 14, the present invention utilizes a novel means for attaching the plastic housing 72 to the metal lid frame 70. Two L-shaped brackets 140, 142 are fitted in the rear corners of the metal lid frame 70 under the edges 144, 146, 148 as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14. L-shaped brackets 140, 142 are each provided with elongated slots 150 and are also provided with a bushing 170 which fits within a spring hole 172 of the metal lid frame 70. Bushing 170 includes a cylindrical bore extending therethrough and a torsion rod spring 152 is fitted through the bore in bushing 170. Torsion rod spring 152 includes a first end 154 and a second end 156 (FIG. 13). The second end 156 engages the L-shaped bracket 140, and the first end 154 is outside the top lid assembly 68 and is adapted to engage the underside of top cover 24 to provide a counter balance to the lid assembly, counter balancing the weight provided by the fluid in the reservoir and dispensing chambers 100 and 102. A center link clamp 158 is clamped over the torsion rod spring 152 between the two L-shaped brackets 140, 142 so as to lock the L-shaped brackets beneath the curled lip flanges 144, 146 on the sides of metal lid frame 70. The spring 152 is held to the L-shaped brackets 140, 142 and the center link clamp 158 by spring finger clamps 174. Four retainer pegs 160 each include a slot 162, a shank 164 and an elongated tab 166. These pegs 160 are fitted within holes 168 in housing 72 and the elongated tabs 166 fit within the elongated slots 150 of the L-shaped brackets 140, 142. Rotation of the pegs 160 causes the elongated tabs 166 to turn below the slots 150 so as to retentively attach the housing 72 within the metal lid frame 70. This attachment of the housing 72 to the frame 70 allows quick removal of the housing 72 so that it may be taken to a sink for flushing or cleaning should it become clogged by liquid detergents or their residue. Further, the unique system for attachment of the housing 72 to the lid frame 70 allows the housing 72 to be easily installed as an accessory since the same lid frame is used with or without the housing 72 In the drawings and specification there has been set forth a preferred embodiment of the invention, and although specific terms are employed, these are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Changes in the form and the proportion of parts as well as in the substitution of equivalents are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as further defined in the following claims.

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