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tomekkorbak

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[ "\n996 P.2d 788 (2000)\nIn re the Matter of O.R.L., a Minor Child, and Trudy Carra-deSalero, Respondent-Appellant,\nv.\nMichael R. SMITH, Petitioner-Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "99CA0293.", "\nColorado Court of Appeals, Div. ", "II.", "\nFebruary 3, 2000.", "\nCertiorari Denied May 30, 2000.", "\nMichael M. O'Brien, Fort Collins, Colorado; Kraemer & Golden, P.C., Randy Golden, Fort Collins, Colorado, for Respondent-Appellant.", "\nWilliam G. Kaufman, P.C., William G. Kaufman, Loveland, Colorado, for Petitioner-Appellee.", "\nLococo & Peterson, LLC, Randall C. Lococo, Fort Collins, Colorado, Guardian Ad Litem.", "\nOpinion by Judge RULAND.", "\nRespondent, Trudy Carra-deSalero, appeals from the order of the probate court appointing petitioner, Michael R. Smith, the guardian and conservator for her minor son *789 O.R.L. We affirm in part and remand for further proceedings.", "\nO.R.L. was born April 9, 1982, and lived with respondent until the events occurred that precipitated this proceeding. ", "O.R.L.'s father was never married to respondent. ", "However, he provided ample financial support for O.R.L. and respondent during the father's lifetime.", "\nO.R.L. met petitioner in December 1996. ", "Later, at respondent's request, petitioner became O.R.L.'s \"mentor.\" ", "Petitioner is a retired military officer and a member of the school board.", "\nThat summer, O.R.L. went to work for petitioner at an inn. ", "It was agreed that O.R.L. would reside at the inn with the other live-in employees. ", "O.R.L. remained in regular contact with respondent and returned to live at home that fall.", "\nO.R.L.'s father died in October 1997. ", "He named O.R.L. the sole beneficiary of both his estate and a trust. ", "The value of the decedent's assets was estimated at $490,000. ", "Shortly thereafter, the relationship between respondent and O.R.L. began to deteriorate primarily based on O.R.L.'s belief that respondent had misled him about his father's character and past financial support.", "\nDuring the next several months, respondent requested and received approximately $23,000 from the father's estate for rent and other living expenses. ", "The trust also provided $10,000 to O.R.L. for the purchase of a pick-up truck that was titled jointly in the names of respondent and O.R.L.\nIn the summer of 1998, O.R.L. again worked for petitioner, this time at an inn located across the street from a residence rented by respondent. ", "However, O.R.L. resided at the inn.", "\nThe personal representative of the father's estate began distributing trust funds directly to O.R.L. and petitioner based on the personal representative's concerns that respondent had misused previously disbursed funds. ", "At the end of the summer, O.R.L. refused to return to respondent's residence.", "\nA number of confrontations and disputes between the parties occurred thereafter and resulted in petitioner's request to be appointed guardian. ", "Respondent countered with a request for an injunction against petitioner to prevent him from having contact with O.R.L.\nThe Department of Social Services investigated two anonymous neglect complaints regarding O.R.L. and the relationship with respondent, and both complaints were deemed unsubstantiated. ", "After an unannounced home visit, a caseworker reported that the home was cluttered, but was a \"low-risk for neglect.\"", "\nThe court appointed a guardian ad litem to file a report with recommendations for resolution of the issues between the parties. ", "The guardian ad litem did so, and recommended that O.R.L. should reside with petitioner. ", "His initial position was that respondent should serve as the legal guardian. ", "On appeal, however, the guardian ad litem seeks to sustain the court's order.", "\nAfter an evidentiary hearing, the trial court entered extensive findings of fact and conclusions. ", "The court determined that respondent \"abandoned\" O.R.L. as that term is used in § 15-14-204(1)(c), C.R.S.1999, thus requiring appointment of a permanent guardian. ", "In the alternative, the court found that appointment of a guardian was in O.R.L.'s best interests without regard to whether any abandonment had occurred. ", "The court then appointed petitioner. ", "This appeal followed.", "\n\nI.\nIn its findings, the trial court recognized that no physical abandonment of O.R.L. had occurred. ", "However, it determined that an emotional abandonment had taken place based upon respondent's immaturity and failure to demonstrate the requisite parenting skills necessary to parent O.R.L.\nRespondent first contends that the trial court erred in finding that she had abandoned O.R.L. in any respect for purposes of § 15-14-204(1)(c). ", "She further contends that the court erred in finding that it was in O.R.L.'s best interests to appoint petitioner as a guardian. ", "We conclude that it is unnecessary to address the abandonment issue, and disagree with the remaining contention.", "\n*790 Section 15-14-207(3), C.R.S.1999, provides in effect that if appointment of a permanent guardian is not warranted a temporary guardian may be appointed for a term not to exceed nine months.", "\nIn our view, the record fully supports appointment of a temporary guardian under § 15-14-207(3).", "\n\nA.\nInitially, and relative to respondent's factual challenge to the court's ruling, we note that the credibility of witnesses, sufficiency, probative effect, and the weight of the evidence, as well as any inferences or conclusions to be drawn from that evidence, are issues for resolution by the trial court and not this court. ", "As a result, the trial court's findings and conclusions may not be disturbed on review if they are supported by competent evidence in the record or inferences from that evidence. ", "People in Interest of C.A.K., 652 P.2d 603 (Colo.1982).", "\nHere, the trial court applied the clear and convincing standard in assessing the evidence. ", "See § 15-14-102(3), C.R.S.1999. ", "As noted, the court found that respondent was immature and unable to parent effectively. ", "The court also found that respondent had failed to disclose to O.R.L. the actual financial assistance provided by his father, and that she had taken the pick-up truck from O.R.L. but failed to reveal its whereabouts or reimburse O.R.L.'s trust for its value. ", "Based upon this finding and other evidence, the court found that respondent was more concerned with the financial benefits she would receive from having O.R.L. as a member of her household than her parental responsibility to O.R.L. Because these findings have record support, as noted, we are bound by those findings.", "\nNext, it is undisputed that the relationship between O.R.L. and respondent had deteriorated greatly and that O.R.L. wanted to reside with petitioner and not respondent. ", "There is no suggestion that petitioner is unable to provide an appropriate home for O.R.L. while he completes the remainder of his high school education. ", "O.R.L. has excelled in both classroom work and athletics.", "\nUnder these circumstances, the record fully supports the court's conclusion that it was in O.R.L.'s best interest to have petitioner appointed as his guardian and for O.R.L. to reside with petitioner.", "\n\nB.\nContrary to the view of the parties, we agree with the trial court that § 15-14-207(3) authorizes appointment of a temporary guardian under the circumstances here.", "\nAfter outlining the procedure for giving notice of the proceeding, § 15-14-207, C.R.S.1999, provides:\n(2) Upon hearing, if the court finds that a qualified person seeks appointment, venue is proper, the required notices have been given, the requirements of section 15-14-204 have been met, and the welfare and best interests of the minor will be served by the requested appointment, it shall make the appointment. ", "In other cases the court may dismiss the proceedings or make any other disposition of the matter that will best serve the interest of the minor.", "\n(3) If necessary, the court may appoint a temporary guardian, with the status of an ordinary guardian of a minor, but the authority of a temporary guardian shall not last longer than nine months.", "\nIn our view, subsection 3 of § 15-14-207 stands alone and does not incorporate the requirements of § 15-14-204 for appointment of a permanent guardian. ", "The purpose of the General Assembly must have been to provide for the case where a guardian's services are necessary temporarily even though a parent has not abandoned a child.", "\nWe find further support for our conclusion in the fact that § 15-14-207 is part of the Colorado Probate Code. ", "See § 15-10-101, C.R.S.1999. ", "One of the purposes of the Code is to simplify the law concerning minors and other protected persons. ", "To that end, a further purpose is \"to provide a system of general and limited guardianships for minors.\" ", "Section 15-10-102(2)(d.2), C.R.S.1999. ", "And, to effectuate these policies and purposes of the Code, the trial court is granted *791 broad discretion in all cases involving protected persons. ", "See Sweeney v. Summers, 194 Colo. 149, 571 P.2d 1067 (1977).", "\nTo rule, as respondent argues, that abandonment must be shown to warrant appointment of any guardian reaches an unreasonable result. ", "See § 2-4-201(1)(c), C.R.S.1999 (in enacting a statute we must presume that a reasonable result was intended). ", "The court would be powerless to act even when a parent was physically incapacitated by accident or disease. ", "Such a construction would undermine a key policy of the Code. ", "See § 15-10-102(2)(d.2)(\"To provide a system of... guardianships ... concerned with management and protection of the estates of incapacitated persons\").", "\nTo the extent that In re Krystal S., 584 A.2d 672 (Me.1991) may be read to be inconsistent with the result we reach here, we disagree with that decision.", "\n\nII.", "\nFinally, respondent contends that the trial court erred by failing to award her parenting time. ", "Petitioner responds that this issue was not asserted in the trial court. ", "Even if we assume petitioner is correct, there is no reason why this issue should not be addressed on remand.", "\nBecause of the issuance of a supplemental order following the hearing, it is not clear from the record before us precisely when the nine-month period authorized by the statute for the service of a temporary guardian should be deemed to commence. ", "Accordingly, the order is affirmed and the cause is remanded to address the issue of parenting time and for a determination whether the nine-month period has expired and, if so, whether O.R.L. continues to require a guardian.", "\nJudge MARQUEZ concurs.", "\nJudge CRISWELL[*] dissents.", "\nJudge CRISWELL dissenting.", "\nMy view of this record convinces me that the evidence here failed to provide a proper basis for the appointment of a guardian for the minor. ", "Thus, I dissent from the majority's affirmance of the order of appointment.", "\nIt is conceded that the mother is not an unfit parent. ", "While the evidence would support the inference that she may have misused some of the funds provided by the minor's father for his support, all of the parties, including the mother, have agreed to the appointment of a financial institution as the guardian of the minor's property. ", "Hence, any past financial transgressions will not reoccur, and the remedy for any past actions is not the appointment of a guardian of the person of the minor.", "\nAlso, while it may well be that the mother responded with immaturity to her teenage son's efforts at independence, such immaturity as she may have exhibited has had little adverse effect upon her son. ", "He is well-adjusted and has had, over the years, an exemplary school record.", "\nSection 15-14-204(1), C.R.S.1999, provides that, if the court \"finds it will be in the best interests of the minor,\" a guardian may be appointed for that minor, providing the court also finds that: (a) \"the parent-child legal relationship has been terminated;\" (b) the legal custody of the minor has been suspended by court order; (c) the minor \"is found to have been abandoned by the parents;\" or (d) the parents request the appointment of such a guardian.", "\nSection 15-14-207(2), C.R.S.1999, then provides that, if \"the requirements of section 15-14-204 have been met, and the welfare and best interests of the minor will be served,\" the court may appoint such a guardian. (", "Emphasis added) This statute also provides that:\nIn other cases the court may dismiss the proceedings or make any other disposition of the matter that will best serve the interest of the minor. (", "Emphasis added)\nFinally, § 15-14-207(3), C.R.S.1999, authorizes the court to appoint a \"temporary *792 guardian\" for a period not to exceed nine months if such appointment is \"necessary.\"", "\nHere, except for the assertion that the mother has been guilty of \"emotional abandonment,\" there is no claim that any of the requirements of § 15-14-204(1) for the appointment of a guardian has been established by the evidence. ", "And, the majority has properly refused to interpret this statute to include this concept. ", "Not only is there no evidence of a legislative intent to include that concept within the otherwise well-accepted meaning of the term \"abandonment,\" but had there existed such an intent, the General Assembly has failed to promulgate sufficient standards to determine when such an \"emotional abandonment\" is to be deemed to have occurred. ", "The present statute, therefore, fails to place anyone on notice of when the appointment of a guardian on this basis is justified.", "\nFurther, I cannot conclude that § 15-14-207(2), in authorizing the court in \"other cases\" (i.e., when proof of the existence of the criteria established by § 15-14-204(1) has not been made) to make \"any other disposition,\" authorizes the appointment of a guardian whether or not the statutory criteria are found to exist. ", "While the statute does not specifically delineate the nature of such \"other disposition,\" I am convinced that it does not include the actions taken by the court here.", "\nFinally, while § 15-14-207(3), C.R.S.1999, authorizes the appointment of a temporary guardian \"if necessary,\" I would hold that this statute authorizes such an appointment only if there is no parent available to act as a natural guardian, or if an emergency exists and such a temporary guardian is required during the pendency of proceedings to determine whether any of the necessary requirements for the appointment of a guardian exist.", "\nWith respect to this latter subject, however, there is nothing in the court's order to suggest that the appointment here was only of a temporary guardian under § 15-14-207(3). ", "On the contrary, the court relied upon the theory of an \"emotional abandonment\" under § 15-14-204(1) and the provisions of § 15-14-207(2) to justify the order entered by it. ", "In addition, none of the parties before us has argued that the court's order can be justified based upon its authority to appoint a temporary guardian. ", "Such a theory is one that has been adopted by the majority on a wholly \"non parte\" basis.", "\nFor the foregoing reasons, I would reverse the trial court's order of appointment.", "\nNOTES\n[*] Sitting by assignment of the Chief Justice under provisions of the Colo. Const. ", "art. ", "VI, Sec. ", "5(3), and § 24-51-1105, C.R.S.1999.", "\n" ]

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[ "Festival Minibus Hire Manchester\n\nDon’t let the traffic and parking ruin your festival, a great night of live concert or any special event which you are planning to go with your friends or loved ones by hiring our special festival minibus transportation service in Manchester and its surrounding. ", "After hiring our professional transportation service, our veteran driver will pick you up from your house or your desired destination in order to take you to your festival in a luxurious and comfortable manner. ", "You can also certainly book our service on per day or hourly basis according to your desired requirements. ", "So, what are you waiting for, get in touch with us today to experience a luxurious mode of travel to the upcoming Parklife festival in Manchester by calling us at (+44) 781 555 2221 to book your ride in advance. ", "For questions and queries feel free to send us an email at skycoaches1@gmail.com." ]

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[ "/**\n * @license\n * Copyright Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.", "\n *\n * Use of this source code is governed by an MIT-style license that can be\n * found in the LICENSE file at https://angular.io/license\n */\n\ndeclare const _default: ((string[] | undefined)[] | (string | string[])[])[];\nexport default _default;\n" ]

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[ "Opening dynamics of 8-oxoguanine in DNA.", "\n8-oxoguanine is a major lesion of genomic DNA that results from oxidation of guanine by reactive oxygen species. ", "The repair of this lesion is initiated by 8-oxoguanine glycosylases, which excise the damaged base by \"flipping\" it outside the DNA double helix. ", "The molecular mechanisms involved in the specific recognition of the damaged base by the enzyme are not yet fully understood. ", "Several models have proposed that, in DNA, the base pair between 8-oxoguanine and cytosine may possess altered dynamic properties that could help the enzyme locate the lesion and could favor the selective extra-helical flipping of the damaged base. ", "To test this proposal, we have characterized the spontaneous opening of the base pair between 8-oxoguanine and cytosine in a DNA double helix using NMR spectroscopy and proton exchange. ", "The results show that the rate of spontaneous opening of 8-oxoguanine and the lifetime of the base in the extra-helical state are the same as those of a canonical guanine-cytosine base pair, in the same base sequence context. ", "This finding suggests that the opening dynamics of 8-oxoguanine, when paired with cytosine in DNA, does not play a significant role in the recognition of the lesion by glycosylases." ]

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[ "Mürsəlli, Sabirabad\n\nMürsəlli (also, Myursali and Myursally) is a village and municipality in the Sabirabad Rayon of Azerbaijan. ", " It has a population of 1,456.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Sabirabad District" ]

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[ "Carey Nelson\n\nCarey Nelson (born June 4, 1963 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan) is a former long-distance runner from Canada, who represented his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. ", "There the resident of Vancouver, British Columbia finished the men's marathon in 35th place (2:19:39).", "\n\nAchievements\n\nReferences\n Canadian Olympic Committee\n\nCategory:1963 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Canadian male long-distance runners\nCategory:Sportspeople from Saskatoon\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1987 Pan American Games\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Commonwealth Games\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Commonwealth Games\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic track and field athletes of Canada\nCategory:Pan American Games competitors for Canada\nCategory:Commonwealth Games competitors for Canada\nCategory:Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)\nCategory:Universiade silver medalists for Canada" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWas MH17 shot down?", "\n\nIt has been widely reported that the Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 crash was caused by the plane being shot down.", "\nExample sources:\n\nWired: Why Planes Still Flew Over Ukraine Until MH17 Was Shot Down\nThe Guardian: Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 shot down in Ukraine – video report\nArs Technica: How US satellites pinpointed source of missile that shot down airliner\nHandelsblatt: Flug MH17: Wer hat geschossen?", "\nDaily Telegraph: Malaysia Airlines crash: Who shot down MH17?", "\n\nIt seems to be treated as a given fact that the incident was caused by it being shot down, but I can't seem to find any published evidence of this - only things like \"without going into detail about the intelligence that was obtained...\"\nWhat evidence is there that the incident was caused by the plane being attacked?", "\n\nA:\n\nNote that the URIs of the reports by the Dutch Safety Board seem to change from time to time as apparently their website gets reorganised. ", "I'll try to keep the links in this answer up to date.", "\nFailing that, the main page on the investigation of the crash of Flight MH17 seems to be stable enough and the reports are all linked from there. ", "Another option is going to the main site of the Dutch Safety Board and searching for MH17.", "\n\nYes.", "\nOn Tuesday, October 13, 2015, the Dutch Safety Board released the final report on their investigation of the crash of Malaysian Airlines Flight MH17.", "\nIn the report, the Board states that the plane was struck by a 9N314M warhead carried on a 9M38-series missile fired from a Buk surface-to-air missile system. ", "The missile was fired from a region of about 320 square kilometres in the east of Ukraine.", "\n\nFindings\nThe combination of the recorded pressure wave, the damage pattern found on the wreckage caused by blast and the impact of fragments, the bow-tie shaped\n fragments found in the cockpit and in the body of one of the crew members in the cockpit, the injuries sustained by three crew members in the cockpit, the analysis of the in-flight break-up, the analysis of the explosive residues and paint found, and the size and distinct, bow-tie, shape of some the fragments, led the Dutch Safety Board to conclude that the aeroplane was struck by a 9N314M warhead as carried on a 9M38-series missile and launched by a Buk surface-to-air missile system.", "\n3.7 Source of the damage, page 137\n\nand\n\nFindings\n\nThe area from which the possible flight paths of a 9N314M warhead carried on a 9M38-series missile as installed on the Buk surface-to-air missile system could have commenced is about 320 square kilometres in the east of Ukraine.", "\nFurther forensic research is required to determine the launch location. ", "Such work falls outside the mandate of the Dutch Safety Board, both in terms of Annex 13 and the Kingdom Act ‘Dutch Safety Board’.", "\n\n3.8 Simulations to assess the origin of the damage, page 147\n\nand\n\nFindings\n\nSimulations showed that the observed damage and the modelled fragment\n pattern resulted in an estimated detonation location of the warhead to the left and above of the cockpit.", "\nSimulations demonstrated that the detonation of a 70 kg warhead best matched the damage observed on the wreckage of the aeroplane.", "\nThe simulations performed indicated that the detonation location of a 9N314M warhead was in a volume of space that is less than one cubic metre and about four metres above the tip of the aeroplane’s nose on the left side of the cockpit.", "\nThe damage to the wreckage recovered was consistent with the predictions made by the simulation of the blast caused by the detonation of a 70 kg warhead.", "\n\nThe above mentioned findings are consistent with the conclusion of the Dutch Safety Board that flight MH17 was struck by a 9N314M warhead as carried on a 9M38 series missile and launched by a Buk surface-to-air missile system.", "\n3.10 Summary of the results of the simulations into the causes of the crash, page 150\n\n \nAlso, in MH17 About the investigation, the Board states:\n\nThe Russian Federation indicated that the aeroplane was downed by a missile that could have been fired from either the ground or an aeroplane. ", "This standpoint deviated from what was jointly subscribed during the first and second meetings (also by the Russian Federation). ", "The third meeting was closed with the joint conclusion (thus by the Russian Federation as well) that the aeroplane was hit by high-energy objects of a missile that detonated in front of and to the left of the cockpit. ", "This joint conclusion is less far-reaching than the conclusions in the investigation report on the crash of flight MH17.", "\n1.4 Conducting the investigation, page 20\n\nSo even the least far-reaching conclusion that all parties to the investigation agree on, is that\nflight MH17 was shot down by a missile.", "\n\nAdditionally, the partial reconstruction of the plane was shown at the release of the report. ", "It was open to next of kin and journalists; I don't know if it is or has been open to the general public.", "\n\nMy original answer, based on the preliminary report:\n\nThe preliminary report on the crash by the Dutch Safety Board reads:\n\nBased on the preliminary findings to date, no indications of any technical or operational issues were found with the aircraft or crew prior to the ending of the CVR and FDR recording at 13.20:03 hrs.", "\nThe damage observed in the forward section of the aircraft appears to indicate that the aircraft was penetrated by a large number of high-energy objects from outside the aircraft. ", "It is likely that this damage resulted in a loss of structural integrity of the aircraft, leading to an in-flight break up.", "\nPreliminary report - Crash involving Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777-200 flight MH17, chapter 3, Summary of findings, page 30\n\nThis indicates that flight MH17 was indeed shot down.", "\n\nA:\n\nIs there any first hand evidence, accessible to the public, showing MH17 was shot down?", "\nNo, nor should we expect any.", "\nAs in almost all cases, the public do not have direct personal access to evidence of the causes of an aircraft loss. ", "For example, It is not possible for me to visit the site of the wreckage and I lack the forensic expertise to make an assessment of causes by examining marks, residues and deformation of the wreckage. ", "I do not have direct personal access to military surveillance systems. ", "I cannot organize my own team of trusted investigators to research the past movements and actions of individual members of various armed forces in the region.", "\nAll that we can do is make our own assessment of the likely causes. ", "Lacking expertise and access to the evidence, we have to rely on second or third hand reports. ", "In general, we place our trust in investigation teams and wait for their reports.", "\nIs there any evidence, accessible to investigators, showing MH17 was shot down?", "\nYes\nThe incident occurred on 17th July 2014. ", "In September 2014 the Dutch investigation team published a preliminary report which says\n\nThe damage observed in the forward section of the aircraft appears to indicate that the aircraft was penetrated by a large number of high-energy objects from outside the aircraft. ", "It is likely that this damage resulted in a loss of structural integrity of the aircraft, leading to an in-flight break up.", "\n\nand\n\nThe pattern of damage observed in the forward fuselage and cockpit section of the aircraft was not consistent with the damage that would be expected from any known failure mode of the aircraft, its engines or systems.", "\n\nSo there exists first-hand evidence showing MH17 was (probably) shot down. ", "However members of the general public do not have direct personal hands-on access to the recovered debris nor to the chain of evidence of custody of that debris that clearly ties it to the crash site, etc.", "\n\nAlleged evidence reported by news organisations\nPrior to these reports, (in this case, at the date the question was asked here,) we rely on reports from news organisations and we weigh what they say according to our personal assessment of their trustworthiness.", "\nIf you believe that CNN has reasonable journalistic integrity you might take into account what they report:\n\nA radar system saw a surface-to-air missile system turn on and track an aircraft right before the plane went down, a senior U.S. official told CNN's Barbara Starr. ", "And a second system saw a heat signature at the time the airliner was hit. ", "The United States is analyzing the trajectory of the missile to pinpoint where the attack came from, the official said.", "\n\nIt is of course possible that the quoted U.S. Officials are misinformed or lying to CNN. ", "We each have to use our own judgement to decide how probable we think that is given the circumstances.", "\nABC news in Australia report\n\nUkraine's Kyiv Post newspaper has posted what it says is a conversation between a separatist commander and Russian intelligence officer Vasili Geranin.", "\nIn the transcript, released by Ukraine's security service, the separatist, identified as Igor Bezler, says: \"We have just shot down a plane. ", "It fell down beyond Yenakievo (Donetsk Oblast).\"", "\n\nOf course, it would not be difficult for Ukraininan security services to make this recording using actors. ", "There would be risks for them in concocting a false account but this possibility's likelihood is something we have to assess ourselves.", "\n\nOther (unsubstantiated) reports - some are now behind a \"paywall\".", "\n\nthe social media profile of a separatist leader, Igor Girkin, said that separatists had just shot down a Ukrainian military plane. ", "The post has since been deleted.", "\n\nThe claims of rebel leader Igor Strelkov on Thursday – since hastily deleted – that his forces had shot down an Antonov An-26 at a location and time identical to the attack on MH17\n\nA YouTube video of a Buk-M1 uploaded later on Thursday can be definitively geo-located to the centre of Snizhne, for example, travelling down a wide boulevard which leaves the town and continues straight to the Russian border.", "\n\nBlogger captures footage ‘showing BUK missile launcher that shot down jet’ now back in Russia\n\nYou can never really prove such things to 100% certainty, you can only decide what is the most probable cause based on evidence available at any moment. ", "As new reports of evidence arrive we must reassess the probable cause.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage from a diverticulum of the appendix.", "\nA patient with massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage found to be bleeding from a diverticulum of the appendix is presented. ", "Appendectomy was curative and pathologic changes were those associated with colonic diverticular hemorrhage. ", "A review of the literature reveals this to be a previously unreported cause of gastrointestinal bleeding." ]

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[ "Mark Lennihan/Associated Press\n\nSo much for the idea that New York City is home to cranky, crotchety, chronically unhappy people who are never, ever O.K. with anything. ", "A new survey found that 84 percent are “satisfied” or “very satisfied” with the city as a place to live. ", "Only 4 percent said they were not at all satisfied.", "\n\nThe grins were almost as wide when they were asked if they liked the specific part of the city they call home: 82 percent said they were “satisfied” or “very satisfied” with their neighborhood. ", "Good addresses everywhere.", "\n\nVin Cipolla, the president of the Municipal Art Society of New York, which commissioned the Marist College Institute for Public Opinion to do the survey, sounded happy that everybody was happy. ", "And, at first, he also sounded surprised about the findings.", "\n\n\n\n“There’s a lot of dark reporting and dark news that comes out of New York,” he said, “but it’s the only place we would want to be, so in that way, we are satisfied, and maybe given the times we’re living in, there’s really no surprise. ", "Compared with other parts of the nation, unemployment is lower here. ", "In terms of the foreclosure rate nationally, we’re No. ", "72 out of 366 markets. ", "So relatively speaking, we’re faring a little better.”", "\n\nNo doubt there will be more happy talk on Thursday at a conference on the city’s livability that the society is sponsoring. ", "Mr. Cipolla plans to open the “Summit for New York City” by saying that as a Manhattanite, he is happy that Manhattan emerged as the friendliest borough in the survey, though not by much: 28 percent said it was friendliest, trailed by Brooklyn (24 percent) and Queens (23 percent). ", "The Bronx and Staten Island were tied with 7 percent each. ", "Eleven percent said they were not sure. (", "One of the panels at the conference, on the demographics of a changing city, will be moderated by Sam Roberts, a reporter for The New York Times.)", "\n\nOther borough-by-borough breakdowns? “", "You find out Brooklyn is the most activist borough, Manhattan is the most preservation oriented, Manhattanites are more inclined to support small business in their neighborhood, and Manhattanites and Queens residents are more inclined to buy things in made in New York City,” he said.", "\n\nThat last point referred to a question that asked, “When you see a ‘made in New York’ label, which comes closer to your view?” ", "There were three choices. “", "You are contributing to the local economy” got 57 percent, while 29 percent chose “You are paying too much for the product.” ", "Fourteen percent said they were unsure.", "\n\nThe survey did find some unhappiness among the 1,005 adults who were questioned (they were chosen at random and interviewed by telephone between Sept. 29 and Oct. 6). ", "Almost 40 percent of Bronx residents surveyed, and almost a quarter of those from Queens and Brooklyn, said they would move out of the city if they could.", "\n\nBrooklyn residents were the least happy with their parks, Mr. Cipolla said, and those in the Bronx were the least satisfied “right across the board — about schools, about safety, about what’s happening in their communities.” ", "The survey found, for example, that 47 percent of Bronx residents considered police protection fair or poor, and 43 percent said the quality of shopping in their neighborhoods was fair or poor.", "\n\nAll of that, he said, makes the Bronx “an extraordinary primer for more intensified, targeted investment.”", "\n\n“It suffers,” he said, “and I can’t help but think about how that correlates to national or federal policy as a whole. ", "We have encouraged sprawl development outside our cities, and we haven’t done well by our cities for decades.”", "\n\nEdwin Torres, associate director of the Rockefeller Foundation, which gave the society a $150,000 grant for the conference and the survey, said that disparities in happiness had to do with income and borough. ", "All in all, Staten Island was the happiest borough (95 percent of its residents said they were “happy” or “very happy”), followed by Queens (93 percent), Manhattan (91 percent), Brooklyn (89 percent) and the Bronx (86 percent).", "\n\nBut the survey found that 12 percent of Latinos and 10 percent of African-Americans described themselves as not very happy, compared with 5 percent of whites." ]

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[ "Film stacks including several layers are used with a thermal fluid ejector apparatus. ", "Such film stacks, for example, are used in thermal inkjet print heads in order to eject ink droplets through the collapse of bubbles formed by heating the ink." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nJava: Abstract Class Invocation via Main Method\n\nOkay, people are probably going to run to flag this as a duplicate, just by reading the title and without really reading the question. ", "So please know that I HAVE tried to look at other questions on this platform, but have not found something that clears my doubts exactly. ", "Kindly allow me to reach out and ask my question. ", "Thanks in advance.", "\n\nInterface is absolutely abstract and cannot be instantiated; A Java abstract class also cannot be instantiated, but can be invoked if a main() exists.", "\n\nI do not completely understand the latter part of the statement. ", "Is this talking about the main method being directly within the abstract class itself ? ", "Is it talking about invoking the abstract class via a child's main method ? ", "Or both ?", "\nSecondly, I have seen examples like the following.", "\nabstract class Printer\n{\n public void print() { … };\n}\n\npublic class TestPrinter\n{\n public static void main( String[] args )\n {\n // use of anonymous class\n final Printer p = new Printer()\n {\n @override\n public void print()\n {\n ...\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nAnd have been told that an anonymous class is at work. ", "But, I seriously do not understand how, since the variable 'p' is clearly being assigned to... and it's an abstract class variable!! ", "How is that even possible? ", "I thought abstract classes can not be instantiated or initialized.", "\nAny help would be appreciated.", "\n\nA:\n\n final Printer p = new Printer()\n {\n @override\n public void print()\n {\n ...\n }\n }\n\nThis means that an anonymous class is created which extends Printerand the variable p is referring to subclass instance.", "\nThis is simply polymorphism in action. ", "By creating anonymous class here, you are creating a subclass of Printer and using polymorphism you are using the superclass reference variable p to refer to object of subclass which is anonymous but extends Printer because of the syntax below \nPrinter p = new Printer(){...}\n\nand this is not only limited to abstract class, you can also create an anonymous class which implements and interface. ", "Consider below example. ", "\npackage com.test;\n\npublic interface SomeInterface {\n\n public void SomeMethod();\n\n}\n\nand a class below\npackage com.test;\npublic class TestAnonymous {\n\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n\n SomeInterface obj = new SomeInterface() {\n\n @Override\n public void SomeMethod() {\n\n System.out\n .println(\"Yaayy!!! ", "Creating an anonymous class which implements SomeInterface \");\n\n }\n };\n\n obj.", "SomeMethod();\n\n }\n\n}\n\nwhich prints out \n\nYaayy!!! ", "Creating an anonymous class which implements SomeInterface \n\nWhat is means that the syntax creates an anonymous class which either extends the abstract class or implements the interface of which reference variable is used to instantiate. ", "It calls method of the subclass. ", "\nYou can refer jsl.https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se7/html/jls-15.html#jls-15.9.1\nNow your question\n\nInterface is absolutely abstract and cannot be instantiated; A Java abstract class also cannot be instantiated, but can be invoked if a main() exists\n\nWhat I understand from your questions is whether you want to know whether main method can be run in abstract class without instantiating it, The answer is YES\npackage com.test;\n\npublic abstract class AbstractClass {\n\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n\n System.out.println(\"main method in abstract class\");\n\n }\n\n}\n\ncompile and invoke it using java AbstractClass and it should print\nmain method in abstract class\n\nIF you want to know whether the abstract class constructor is invoked when instantiating the anynomous class or not, then also the answer is YES. ", "\nWhenver a subclass constructor is called, it invokes super class constructor by making a super() call. ", "So abstract class constructor will also get called. ", "\nhttp://www.thejavageek.com/2013/07/21/initialization-blocks-constructors-and-their-order-of-execution/\n\n" ]

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[ "Assessment of the effect of cyclosporine-A 0.05% emulsion on the ocular surface and corneal sensation following cataract surgery.", "\nTo assess the effect of cyclosporine-A (CsA) 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion on corneal sensation and ocular surface problems following cataract surgery. ", "Prospective, randomized, double masked clinical trial. ", "Consecutive case series of patients attending for bilateral cataract surgery. ", "Subject's eyes were randomized to receive either topical CsA or carboxymethylcellulose 0.5% (CMC) eye drops twice daily for one month following routine cataract surgery. ", "Subjective and objective assessments were performed pre-operatively, one week, and one month after surgery. ", "Primary safety parameters included best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and incidence of adverse events. ", "Objective assessments included tests of tear film (osmolarity, tear break-up time, and Schirmer's type-I test), ocular surface staining, corneal sensitivity and a subjective assessment: ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire. ", "30 subjects (60 eyes) were recruited. ", "At one month following cataract surgery, osmolarity, ocular surface staining, TBUT, Schirmer's results showed a greater improvement after CsA drops compared to CMC and this was statistically significant for all measures (p<0.05). ", "All corneal sensation measurements were reduced after one week and one month. ", "Eyes receiving CsA had higher recovery of corneal sensation at both time points post operatively and this was statistically significant at one month. ", "OSDI questionnaire results did not show a statistically significant difference between the two eyes. ", "CsA is effective and safe in the management of ocular surface problems after cataract surgery and allows faster recovery of corneal sensation. ", "This recovery of sensation may be relevant to the improvement in ocular surface problems in all patients." ]

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[ "It turns out that much of the confidential personal information collected in social surveys by the Central Bureau of Statistics is publicly accessible. ", "Tel Aviv University students found a way to drill down into the statistical tables published by the bureau on its website to the level of individual responses and even glean the answer sets of specific survey participants.", "\n\nIn some cases the students were also able to identify the respondent despite assurances that the surveys are anonymous. ", "It should be noted that anyone approached by the bureau to respond to its surveys is required by law to cooperate. ", "Participants may be asked questions like: \"How many times have you been married?\", \"", "Have you been sexually molested in the past 12 months?\", ", "and \"What was your overall gross income last month?\"", "\n\nAccording to the university's Prof. Eran Tromer, the students made the discovery in a data security workshop at the university's school of computer sciences. ", "The workshop was led by Tromer and Prof. Kobbi Nissim of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, under the auspices of Check Point Software Technologies.", "\n\n\"We analyzed the 2011 survey,\" said Tromer. \"", "Out of the 7,064 respondents we reconstructed 1,005 response records.\" ", "Survey findings displayed on the statistics bureau's website allow viewers to break down the information in various ways.", "\n\n\"We showed that through sophisticated queries, the responses on questionnaires as given by the participants can be inferred and reconstructed to the point of obtaining a full profile,\" Tromer explained. \"", "The person can sometimes also be identified based on their answer profile. ", "Anyone possessing additional databases could cross-reference and easily identify respondents.\"", "\n\nThe bureau said in response that it is doing a thorough study of the report and its implications on methods used in the future. ", "It also stated that it vigorously adheres to the Statistics Ordinance to prevent the exposure or identification of individuals in its surveys and will continue to do so." ]

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[ "1999 American Le Mans Series\n\nThe 1999 American Le Mans Series season was the inaugural season of the IMSA American Le Mans Series, and is now recognised as the 29th season of the IMSA GT Championship. ", " It was a series for Le Mans Prototypes (LMP) and Grand Touring (GT) race cars divided into three classes: LMP, GTS, and GT. ", " It began March 20, 1999, and ended November 7, 1999, after eight races.", "\n\nThe American Le Mans Series officially replaced the dwindling IMSA GT Championship after the 1998 season. ", " The Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO), which organized the 24 Hours of Le Mans, allowed IMSA's owner Don Panoz to create a series closely modeled after the formula used at Le Mans. ", " The first official ACO-backed event had been held at the 1998 Petit Le Mans, which was part of the IMSA GT season but allowed ACO-spec cars to compete. ", " The success of the event allowed Panoz to form the American Le Mans Series, which continued until its merger with Grand-Am in 2013.", "\n\nSchedule\n\nSeason results\nOverall winner in bold.", "\n\nTeams Championship\nPoints are awarded to the top nineteen finishers in each class in the following order:\n 25-21-19-17-15-14-13-12-11-10-...\nException however for the 12 Hours of Sebring, which awarded in the following order:\n 30-26-24-22-20-19-18-17-16-15-...\n\nTeams only scored the points for their highest finishing entry in each race.", "\n\nLMP Standings\n\nGTS Standings\n\nGT Standings\n\nExternal links\n American Le Mans Series homepage\n IMSA Archived ALMS Results and Points\n\nAmerican Le Mans\nAmerican Le Mans\nCategory:American Le Mans Series seasons" ]

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[ "838 F.2d 469Unpublished Disposition\nNOTICE: Fourth Circuit I.O.P. 36.6 states that citation of unpublished dispositions is disfavored except for establishing res judicata, estoppel, or the law of the case and requires service of copies of cited unpublished dispositions of the Fourth Circuit.", "Dennis WISE, Plaintiff-Appellant,v.L. CARPENTER, Chief of Security, Maryland StatePenitentiary; S. Hansen, 8-4 Shift Commander; O. Hughes,Segregation Administrative Supervisor; L. Hopkins,Segregation Supervisor; J. McLean, Former SegregationOfficer-in- Charge; E. Thomas, Former SegregationOfficer-in-Charge, R. Brown, Segregation Officer-in-Charge,D. Hand, Segregation Officer-in-Charge, G. Collins, FormerWarden; L. Dorsey, Warden; M. Hawkins, Former AssistantWarden of Custody; M. Turner, Former Assistant Warden; P.Schupple, Assistand Warden; J. Galley, Commissioner ofCorrection; T. Schmidt, Former Secretary of Public Safety& Correctional Services; F.F. Hall, Secretary of PublicSafety & Correctional Services, Robert L. Burrell; HowardM. Lyles, Defendants-Appellees.", "\nNo. ", "86-7381.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.", "\nArgued: June 3, 1987.Decided: Jan. 19, 1988.", "\n\n1\nSheila Mosmiller Vidmar (Piper & Marbury, on brief), for appellant.", "\n\n\n2\nMark Disbrow McCurdy, Assistant Attorney General (J. Joseph Curran, Jr., Attorney General; Ronald M. Levitan, Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellees.", "\n\n\n3\nBefore SPROUSE and WILKINS, Circuit Judges, and MacKENZIE, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.", "\n\nMacKENZIE, District Judge:\n\n4\nDennis Wise, a prisoner in the Maryland Penitentiary, brought an action under 42 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1983 against two former officials of that institution alleging that he was deprived of his fourteenth amendment due process right to a fair disciplinary hearing on an assault charge when one of the officials did not volunteer at the Adjustment Board hearing that when first interviewed in the prison hospital the victim of the attack did not identify Wise as an assailant. ", " The case was dismissed by the trial court under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b). ", " We affirm.", "\n\nI.\n\n5\nOn February 1, 1982, Arthur Mack, an inmate at the Maryland Penitentiary, was assaulted by other prisoners and suffered severe head and face injuries. ", " No prison official witnessed the assault. ", " Immediately after the incident occurred, however, prison officials found broken pool sticks and blood on the floor of the building where the assault took place. ", " Later that day, inmate informants reported to Assistant Warden Mclindsay Hawkins that Dennis Wise, his brother, Bruce Wise, and an unrelated inmate, James Wise, had assaulted Mack with the pool sticks. ", " Hawkins investigated the incident. ", " He interviewed Mack at the prison hospital on the morning following the assault. ", " Mack stated that although he had been struck by inmates wielding pool sticks, he could not identify his assailants even when shown a photograph of Dennis Wise. ", " Hawkins forwarded a memorandum to Warden George Collins detailing the interview.", "\n\n\n6\nMack was released from the prison hospital a few hours after his initial interview with Hawkins. ", " Shortly after his release, he informed Hawkins that he now remembered that Dennis, Bruce and James Wise had assaulted him. ", " He explained that he was unable to identify them earlier because he was still dazed from the blows he had received. ", " The three accused inmates were individually brought before Mack for a \"show-up\" identification and Mack identified each as an assailant. ", " Mack then signed a written statement describing the incident and naming Dennis, Bruce and James Wise as the perpetrators. ", " Hawkins ordered the accused prisoners placed in administrative segregation and, for fear of Mack's safety arranged for Mack's transfer to another institution.", "\n\n\n7\nThe following day Dennis Wise received a written \"Notice of Infraction or Incident\" charging him with the assault on Mack. ", " The infraction notice was prepared by Hawkins. ", " It contained a copy of Mack's written statement. ", " It made no mention of the first interview at the hospital between Hawkins and Mack.", "\n\n\n8\nThe infraction notice served as the charging instrument and principal evidentiary basis for the convening of a hearing before a prison \"Adjustment Committee\" on February 4, 1982. ", " At the hearing Wise was given the opportunity to call witnesses on his behalf and to present evidence. ", " He attempted to call Arthur Mack because he had heard through the prison \"grapevine\" that Mack had attributed his injuries to a fall down a flight of stairs. ", " Mack was unavailable having been transferred to another institution for his own safety. ", " All three prisoners claimed that they did not know Mack, but their testimony demonstrated considerable knowledge of his background. ", " Their assertion was obviously false. ", " The Adjustment Committee was also informed that Mack had been friendly with a person who murdered Bruce Wise's girlfriend, a \"possible motive\" for the assault in the words of the Committee in reaching its conclusions.", "\n\n\n9\nAssistant Warden Hawkins testified at the hearing. ", " His testimony was short and perfunctory. ", " He remained present throughout the proceeding. ", " He was not asked about Mack's initial denial of Wise's participation in the assault.", "\n\n\n10\nThe Adjustment Committee found Dennis Wise guilty of the infraction and ordered one year in punitive segregation. ", " The evidence the Committee considered in making its findings consisted of Mack's written account and his one-on-one personal identification of Dennis Wise, both as reported in the infraction notice, Mack's injuries, the broken pool sticks and the blood found in the building where the assault occurred, the close relationship between Dennis and Bruce Wise, the inconsistent testimony by the three accused prisoners, and the prisoners' allegations of prior inconsistent statements by the victim. ", " The Committee reported that it \"believed the true statements to be the ones made to AWOC Hawkins,\" as reported in the infraction notice.", "\n\n\n11\nAfter unsuccessfully pursuing administrative appeals of the Adjustment Committee's decision and completing his time in punitive segregation, Dennis Wise filed this Section 1983 action in federal court. ", " He obtained Hawkins' first memorandum to Warden Collins detailing Mack's initial inconsistent or exculpatory statements through pre-trial discovery efforts and filed an amended complaint alleging, inter alia, that Hawkins and Collins violated his due process rights in the disciplinary hearing. ", " Wise requested declaratory and injunctive relief, and compensatory damages. ", " The district court referred the matter to the United States Magistrate, who conducted a trial.", "\n\n\n12\nWise testified at trial and also presented the testimony of hearing officer Murray, who had presided over the Adjustment Committee hearing. ", " Wise testified that Murray had asked Hawkins at the hearing whether Mack made inconsistent statements about the assault, and that Hawkins replied that the statement in the infraction notice was Mack's only version of the incident. ", " Murray, however, disputed Wise's assertion and testified that if Hawkins had denied there were inconsistent statements he would have written it down (and he had not done so). ", " Murray also testified that for the purposes of making its decision the Adjustment Committee assumed there were prior inconsistent statements, the denials of the knowledge of the identity of an assailant by the person assaulted was very common in prison incidents.", "\n\n\n13\nAt the close of Wise's case-in-chief, the trial court granted the defendants' motion for a Rule 41(b) dismissal. ", " The magistrate found that Hawkins failed to disclose Mack's early statement denying the Wises assaulted him. ", " He held, however, that \"the Plaintiff's contentions with regard to the inculpatory or exculpatory evidence do not amount to a constitutional violation.\" ", " The magistrate also questioned the materiality of Mack's inconsistent earlier statement under the disclosure standards of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), United States v. Aqurs, 427 U.S. 97 (1976) and United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667 (1985). ", " He concluded that \"there was sufficient other evidence to [sic] which the team based their finding.\"", "\n\nII.", "\n\n14\nThe principal issue on this appeal is whether Wise received a constitutionally adequate hearing before the prison Adjustment Committee. ", " For guidance, we need search no further that the Supreme Court's durable instructions in Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539 (1974). ", " In Wolff the Court held that although prison adjudicatory processes are subject to scrutiny under the due process clause, countervailing penological interests circumscribe the scope of the process due. ", " Confinement does not strip a prisoner of all constitutional protection, but the prisoner's interests must be balanced against the institution's legitimate interests in maintaining security and providing expeditious adjudicatory processes.", "\n\nA. Wise's Brady Contention\n\n15\nUnder the principles established in Wolff, we reject Wise's contention that the full panoply of criminal trial rights flowing from Brady and its progeny apply to prisoners in disciplinary settings. ", " See Ponte v. Real, 471 U.S. 491, 495 (1985); Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 315 (1976). ", " Brady's broad disclosure requirements simply cannot be reconciled with the needs and exigencies of the institutional environment. ", " See Wolff, 418 U.S. at 566 (\"Prison officials must have the necessary discretion ... to limit access to other inmates to collect statements or to compile other documentary evidence.\"). ", " The pre-trial discovery right that Brady commands would unduly interfere with prison officials' efforts to preserve safety and order by screening potentially disruptive information from inmate review. ", " Moreover, it would inject unnecessary delay into a process that must be expeditious to be effective.", "\n\nB. Wise's \"Fundamental Fairness\" Contention\n\n16\nThis is not a situation in which prison regulations prohibited an inmate from calling witnesses. ", " Dalton v. Hutto, 713 F.2d 75 (4th Cir.1983). ", " There is no claim in this case of misconduct by the Adjustment Committee. ", " Rather, the claim is made that Deputy Warden Hawkins' failure to volunteer the details of his first oral interview with Mack violated fundamental fairness as it is set forth under Wolff.", "\n\n\n17\nHawkins was a witness before the Adjustment Committee. ", " He was not questioned by the inmates when they had the opportunity to do so about alleged statements by Mack that he had not identified Wise at the outset and that he had received his injuries when he fell down the stairs. ", " The record clearly indicates that the Wise group, including Dennis, had full knowledge that Mack was alleged to have made such statements. ", " In testifying, and through their representative, they informed the Committee of Mack's statements.1 The Committee considered Mack's inconsistent statements. ", " As indicated we do not interpret Wolff to include a Brady-style right to exculpatory evidence, nor does it appear that Hawkins' role in the proceedings would warrant a reversal if such a right did exist. ", " Finally, based on Chairman Murray's testimony we find that Hawkins' failure to disclose the earlier statement of Mack did not prejudice Wise, for prior inconsistencies were assumed by the Committee in reaching its decision. ", " Under these circumstances, Wolff's requirements of fundamental fairness outlined in that decision on pages 563-566, i.e., advanced written notice of the claimed violation, a written statement from the fact finder detailing the evidence relied upon and the reasons for the disciplinary action, and a qualified right to call witnesses and present evidence not unduly hazardous to institutional safety or correctional goals, were satisfied.", "\n\n\n18\nAFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n19\nSPROUSE, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:\n\n\n20\nI agree with the majority that it would be unwise to extend the full panoply of Brady protection to the prison setting. ", " Such an unyielding rule would constrict the broad discretion prison administrators must exercise in operating their institutions on a day-to-day basis. ", " In my view, however, by withholding important defense information from Dennis Wise, the institution implicated specific constitutional rights, which the Supreme Court has recognized are essential to fair prison disciplinary procedures. ", " Not only do inmates have a right to present a defense in disciplinary hearings, Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 566 (1974),1 prison officials have a fourteenth amendment duty to provide reasons for their actions that impact negatively on the exercise of that right. ", " See Ponte v. Real, 472 U.S. 491 (1985).2 Here, the decision to withhold material, exculpatory evidence from Wise obviously hindered his defense,3 and there appears to have been no legitimate penological justification for that decision. ", " At the very least, I feel the Ponte rationale requires the prison officials to provide some explanation for their conduct that is capable of examination under the Wolff balancing test.4\n\n\n21\nA brief review of the facts clearly shows that Mack's exculpatory statement was material, and I cannot assume, as does the majority, that its disclosure would have had no impact on the outcome of Wise's disciplinary hearing.", "\n\n\n22\nAssistant Warden Hawkins questioned Mack about his injuries on the morning following the assault. ", " At the time, Mack was unable to name his attackers. ", " Hawkins suspected Dennis Wise's involvement, however, and he came to the interview armed with a photograph of Wise. ", " When shown the photograph, Mack expressly denied that Wise participated in the assault. ", " Hawkins documented Mack's exculpatory response in a memorandum. ", " He sent a copy of the memo to the Warden and placed other copies in his own investigatory file and in Mack's \"base\" file.", "\n\n\n23\nMack \"remembered\" who attacked him shortly after his initial interview with Hawkins. ", " He immediately gave Hawkins a second statement, recounting in explicit detail the events surrounding the assault and Dennis Wise's participation in it. ", " Hawkins then drafted Mack's statement into a formal infraction notice, and served it on Wise the next day. ", " The notice neglected to mention Mack's prior statement.", "\n\n\n24\nThe disciplinary hearing was held the following day. ", " Hawkins was present throughout it. ", " Although aware the accused inmates were attempting to impeach Mack's assertions as reported in the infraction notice, he did not reveal the existence of Mack's exculpatory statement--either to Wise or to the Adjustment Committee.", "\n\n\n25\nThe Committee determined Wise's guilt principally on the basis of the allegations in the infraction notice. ", " That notice provided the only direct evidence linking Wise to the assault. ", " Aside from it, there simply was no proof that Wise participated in the incident. ", " It is true that the Committee considered other evidence, e.g., broken pool sticks, inconsistent denials of knowledge about the victim, a possible motive for the assault, etc., ", "but none of it supported the critical identity link-up that presentation of Mack's first statement would have impeached. ", " In summary, the evidence Hawkins concealed directly contradicted the only evidence of Wise's participation available to the Committee.", "\n\n\n26\nThe majority, however, skirts the materiality question by relying on the fact that Wise was not precluded from testifying to a grapevine rumor that Mack had attributed his injuries to a fall. ", " I find this logic unpersuasive because it begs the critical question whether there is a reasonable probability that the outcome would have been different had Hawkins disclosed Mack's actual statement.5 See United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667 (1985); see also Barbee v. Warden, Maryland Penitentiary, 331 F.2d 842, 847 (4th Cir.1964) (\"we will not indulge in the speculation that the undisclosed evidence might not have influenced the fact finder\"). ", " Although the Committee assumed the existence of rumored inconsistencies, it could not have assumed that Mack, in no uncertain terms, expressly exonerated Wise to the Assistant Warden of the Institution--just a few short hours before he gave his incriminating statement.6 Absent any other evidence directly corroborating Wise's participation, I cannot conclude the nondisclosure of Mack's initial statement was harmless. ", " I would vacate the magistrate's dismissal and remand with instructions to allow presentation of further evidence.", "\n\n\n\n1\n Joint Appendix, pages A-15 and A-16. ", " Dennis Wise, plaintiff here, testified that the Wises told the Adjustment Committee that the reason they wanted Mack as a witness was to test which of his three versions were true, i.e., Mack had told the desk sergeant or someone at the hospital that he had fallen down the steps; that he had beaten in retaliation for a murder he supposedly committed in Hagerstown. ", " Wise did not then mention the third version, but see Joint Appendix, pages A-53 and A-54. ", " There Bruce Wise testified that the Wises' representative argued to the Adjustment Committee that Arthur Mack had said that the Wises were not the ones that attacked him\nWhether any of the three versions was necessarily the truth is not the point. ", " The point is that the Wises knew of three versions, advised the Adjustment Committee of the three versions, but did not seek to question Hawkins about them while he was on the witness stand.", "\n\n\n1\n In Wolff, the Court observed that \"[o]rdinarily, the right to present a defense is basic to a fair hearing,\" and held that inmates should be allowed to call witnesses and present documentary evidence in their defense if permitting them to do so will not jeopardize institutional safety or correctional goals\n\n\n2\n In Ponte, a prison disciplinary hearing board refused to allow an inmate accused of fighting to present witnesses on his behalf. ", " The board failed to provide a reason for its refusal either to the accused inmate or on the written record of the proceedings. ", " In review of the petitioner's petition for habeas corpus, the Court framed the issue as follows: \"whether the Federal due process requirements impose a duty on the board to explain, in any fashion, at the hearing or later, why witnesses were not allowed to testify.\" ", " Id. at 497. ", " The Court responded in the affirmative:\nWe think the answer to that question is that prison officials may be required to explain, in a limited manner, the reason why witnesses were not allowed to testify, but that they may do so either by making the explanation a part of the \"administrative record\" in the disciplinary proceeding, or by presenting testimony in court if the deprivation of a \"liberty\" interest is challenged because of that claimed defect in the hearing. ", " In other words, the prison officials may choose to explain their decision at the hearing, or they may choose to explain it \"later.\" ", " Explaining the decision at the hearing will of course not immunize prison officials from a subsequent court challenge to their decision, but so long as the reasons are logically related to preventing undue hazards to \"institutional safety or correctional goals,\" the explanation should meet the due process requirements as outlined in Wolff.", "\nId. at 497 (emphasis added).", "\n\n\n3\n See Clutchette v. Procunier, 497 F.2d 809, 818 (9th Cir.1974) (\"The fundamental guaranty of due process is the opportunity to be heard... The ability to produce evidence other than [the prisoner's] own testimony is necessary to assure that he will be heard 'in a meaningful manner.' ", " Without such a right, relevant exculpatory evidence, not within the personal knowledge of the accused but nonetheless essential to a fair and accurate fact finding determination, may not be heard at all\") (citations omitted), rev'd on other grounds, sub. ", "nom., ", "Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308 (1976)\n\n\n4\n In Ponte, the Court expressly declined to set a time frame for the disclosure of the hearing board's reasons for refusing an inmate's request for a witness. ", " It acknowledged that \"if prison security or similar paramount interests appear to require it, a court should allow at least in the first instance a prison official's justification for refusal to call witnesses to be presented to the court in camera.\" ", " Id. at 499. ", " I think the same rule should govern in the case of nondisclosure of material, exculpatory evidence\n\n\n5\n The majority also ambiguously asserts that Hawkins \"was not questioned by the inmates when they had the opportunity to do so about alleged statements by Mack that he had not identified Wise at the outset\" and that \"the record clearly indicates that the Wise group, including Dennis, had full knowledge that Mack was alleged to have made such statements.\" ", " Ante at 9. ", "In fact, the record discloses--and Hawkins does not dispute--that Dennis Wise was completely unaware of Mack's exculpatory statement throughout the entire adjustment process. ", " Under these circumstances, Wise's failure to cross-examine Hawkins concerning this statement at the adjustment hearing certainly cannot be considered a default\n\n\n6\n The Committee simply was not aware of any facts on which it could have based such an assumption\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Relationship between aided preferred listening level and long-term listening range.", "\nThe long-term listening range was defined as extending, at any frequency, from the threshold of audibility to the upper limit of the comfortable loudness range. ", "The relationship between the aided preferred listening level and the long-term listening range was investigated by analyzing data obtained from 16 hearing impaired subjects. ", "Results support a tentative conclusion that the aided preferred listening level is equal to the midpoint of the long-term listening range. ", "Application of this relationship to the specification of frequency/gain function is discussed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "First, you must check the previous article in this series to create new Angular6 Application.", "\n\nNow using the new ng add in Angular-CLI let's install the Angular Material . ", "In your application root directory run:\n\nng add @angular/material @angular/cdk\n\nIt updated the package.json and angular.json\n\nAdded BrowserAnimationsModule to your app.module.ts file\n\nAdded Material Icons,Roboto Font to index.html\n\nYou can generate a starter component including a toolbar and a side navigation.", "\n\nRun:\n\nng generate @angular/material:material-nav --name=navbar\n\nThis will generate a component named navbar and will add some material components to app.module.ts .", "\n\nLet’s add our navbar to app.component.html\n\nOpen /src/app/app.component.html and add the navbar tag, your code should look like\n\n<navbar></navbar>\n\n<router-outlet></router-outlet>\n\nIf you’re running a server for our app check your browser or run\n\nng serve --open\n\nto see the changes we made.", "\n\nBut I think there’s something wrong with our menu. ", "I fixed it and changed the links of the menu by adding our home and posts routes.", "\n\nHere’s the final code of /src/app/navbar/navbar.component.html\n\n<mat-sidenav-container class=\"sidenav-container\">\n\n<mat-sidenav\n\n#drawer\n\nclass=\"sidenav\"\n\nfixedInViewport=\"true\"\n\n[attr.role]=\"isHandset ? '", "dialog' : 'navigation'\"\n\n[mode]=\"(isHandset | async)!.matches ? '", "over' : 'side'\"\n\n[opened]=\"!(isHandset | async)!.matches\">\n\n<mat-toolbar color=\"primary\">Menu</mat-toolbar>\n\n<mat-nav-list>\n\n<a mat-list-item routerLink=\"/\">Home</a>\n\n<a mat-list-item routerLink=\"posts\">Posts</a>\n\n</mat-nav-list>\n\n</mat-sidenav>\n\n<mat-sidenav-content>\n\n<mat-toolbar color=\"primary\">\n\n<button\n\ntype=\"button\"\n\naria-label=\"Toggle sidenav\"\n\nmat-icon-button\n\n(click)=\"drawer.toggle()\"\n\n>\n\n<mat-icon aria-label=\"Side nav toggle icon\">menu</mat-icon>\n\n</button>\n\n<span>Application Title</span>\n\n</mat-toolbar>\n\n</mat-sidenav-content>\n\n</mat-sidenav-container>\n\nYou can also generate a starter dashboard component containing a dynamic grid list of cards.", "\n\nRun:\n\nng generate @angular/material:material-dashboard --name=dash\n\nYou can see the result by adding <dash></dash> tag to your app.component.html\n\nYour final /src/app/app.component.html should look like\n\n<navbar></navbar>\n\n<dash></dash>\n\n<router-outlet></router-outlet>\n\nYou can generate a starter data table component that is pre-configured with a datasource for sorting and pagination.", "\n\nRun:\n\nng generate @angular/material:material-table --name=data-table\n\nAnd add it like the previous one to see the results.", "\n\nThis new features of Angular 6 are cool but I prefer to put all the Material Modules in a separated file named material.module.ts and I prefer to import most of the modules once. ", "I don't like importing one by one. ", "I know that it's not the best practice\n\nSo Let's edit app.module.ts :\n\nimport { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';\n\nimport { NgModule } from '@angular/core'; import { AppRoutingModule } from './app-routing.module';\n\nimport { AppComponent } from './app.component';\n\nimport { HomeComponent } from './home/home.component';\n\nimport { PostsComponent } from './posts/posts.component';\n\nimport { BrowserAnimationsModule } from '@angular/platform-browser/animations';\n\nimport { MaterialModule } from './material.module'; import { NavbarComponent } from './navbar/navbar.component';\n\nimport { LayoutModule } from '@angular/cdk/layout';\n\nimport { DashComponent } from './dash/dash.component';\n\nimport { DataTableComponent } from './data-table/data-table.component'; @NgModule({\n\ndeclarations: [\n\nAppComponent,\n\nHomeComponent,\n\nPostsComponent,\n\nNavbarComponent,\n\nDashComponent,\n\nDataTableComponent\n\n],\n\nimports: [\n\nBrowserModule,\n\nAppRoutingModule,\n\nBrowserAnimationsModule,\n\nMaterialModule,\n\nLayoutModule\n\n],\n\nproviders: [],\n\nbootstrap: [AppComponent]\n\n})\n\nexport class AppModule { }\n\nand create a new file /src/app/material.module.ts and add the following code:\n\nimport { NgModule } from '@angular/core'; import {\n\nMatButtonModule,\n\nMatMenuModule,\n\nMatToolbarModule,\n\nMatIconModule,\n\nMatCardModule,\n\nMatGridListModule,\n\nMatSidenavModule,\n\nMatSortModule,\n\nMatTableModule,\n\nMatInputModule,\n\nMatSelectModule,\n\nMatSliderModule,\n\nMatRadioModule,\n\nMatListModule,\n\nMatProgressSpinnerModule,\n\nMatChipsModule,\n\nMatTooltipModule,\n\nMatExpansionModule,\n\nMatDialogModule,\n\nMatAutocompleteModule,\n\nMatTabsModule,\n\nMatSlideToggleModule,\n\nMatPaginatorModule } from '@angular/material'; @NgModule({\n\nimports: [\n\nMatButtonModule,\n\nMatMenuModule,\n\nMatToolbarModule,\n\nMatIconModule,\n\nMatCardModule,\n\nMatGridListModule,\n\nMatSidenavModule,\n\nMatSortModule,\n\nMatTableModule,\n\nMatInputModule,\n\nMatSelectModule,\n\nMatSliderModule,\n\nMatRadioModule,\n\nMatListModule,\n\nMatProgressSpinnerModule,\n\nMatChipsModule,\n\nMatTooltipModule,\n\nMatExpansionModule,\n\nMatDialogModule,\n\nMatAutocompleteModule,\n\nMatTabsModule,\n\nMatSlideToggleModule,\n\nMatPaginatorModule ],\n\nexports: [\n\nMatButtonModule,\n\nMatMenuModule,\n\nMatToolbarModule,\n\nMatIconModule,\n\nMatCardModule,\n\nMatGridListModule,\n\nMatSidenavModule,\n\nMatSortModule,\n\nMatTableModule,\n\nMatInputModule,\n\nMatSelectModule,\n\nMatSliderModule,\n\nMatRadioModule,\n\nMatListModule,\n\nMatProgressSpinnerModule,\n\nMatChipsModule,\n\nMatTooltipModule,\n\nMatExpansionModule,\n\nMatDialogModule,\n\nMatAutocompleteModule,\n\nMatTabsModule,\n\nMatSlideToggleModule,\n\nMatPaginatorModule ]\n\n})\n\nexport class MaterialModule {}\n\nNow, we need to include *HammerJS for gesture support.", "\n\nIn your terminal, type:\n\nnpm install --save hammerjs\n\nWe have to include it, open /src/main.ts\n\nimport { enableProdMode } from '@angular/core';\n\nimport { platformBrowserDynamic } from '@angular/platform-browser-dynamic'; import { AppModule } from './app/app.module';\n\nimport { environment } from './environments/environment';\n\nimport 'hammerjs'; if (environment.production) {\n\nenableProdMode();\n\n} platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule)\n\n.catch(err => console.log(err));\n\nNow I have to mention something as I know you might face a problem while using it.", "\n\nNow we have 2 modules in our application ( app.module.ts and material.module.ts ), so if you want to create a new component or service you have to mention where do you want to add your new component.", "\n\nLet's see a practical example. ", "If we want to create a new component named test\n\nin your terminal run( make sure you're in your root directory first):\n\nng g component test --module app.module.ts\n\nThis will create a new component named test and will add it to app.module.ts .", "\n\nIf you forgot to add the --module argument you'll get an error next time adding a new component.", "\n\nThat’s all for now\n\nNext: Deploy Angular 6 Application to Netlify\n\nIf you have any question comment it below or You can find me on Twitter @geeksamu" ]

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nResuscitating critically ill patients from states of shock and cardiovascular compromise remains a challenge in intensive care medicine. ", "Procedures currently in place in guidelines mainly focus on the administration of fluids and on vasoactive medications targeting the normalization of systemic hemodynamic parameters such as cardiac output, blood pressure variables, and venous saturation. ", "In support of this approach, the blinded, randomized controlled trial (RCT) with large numbers of patients has been propagated as the method to provide evidence for the clinical benefit of targeting various systemic variables. ", "Such an approach precludes a mechanistic approach, which is explicitly excluded from the RCT design. ", "However, studies in critically ill patients comparing various interventions have shown either no or marginal differences between groups (e.g., \\[[@B1]-[@B7]\\]). ", "A major problem in the interpretation of these trials is that no distinction can be made between whether there is indeed no difference between the different interventions or whether the trial design has been ineffective in demonstrating a difference. ", "The latter is a likely possibility due to the heterogeneity of the patient population and lack of uniform and standardized protocolized treatments. ", "Unfortunately, the conclusions often drawn are that there is no difference between the investigated procedures or that the procedures are ineffective. ", "To make a distinction between two different interventions, a more physiological approach that emphasizes whether the investigated procedures were effective in accomplishing the mechanistic expectation is needed. ", "For example, in the context of fluid resuscitation, it is important to establish whether the resuscitation procedure under investigation effectively improves tissue perfusion and oxygenation because it is this improvement which must be considered as the ultimate purpose of resuscitation \\[[@B8]\\].", "\n\nShock in need of resuscitation is a condition in which oxygen delivery to the cells is insufficient to sustain cellular activity and support of organ function \\[[@B9]\\]. ", "Shock in this context is defined at a cellular level. ", "Resuscitation targets, if at all applied, are conventionally aimed at the normalization of systemic variables of circulation and oxygenation because it is expected that normalization of such systemic variables will result in a parallel improvement in the perfusion of the microcirculation and will achieve restoration of tissue oxygenation. ", "Hemodynamic coherence is what we have termed the condition in which this parallel improvement is in place. ", "However, in many conditions of resuscitation following an episode of shock, there is a loss of this coherence. ", "The microcirculation and its tissues can remain hypoperfused despite the correction of systemic variables by fluids and vasoactive compounds.", "\n\nWhat is hemodynamic coherence?", "\n==============================\n\nHemodynamic coherence between the macrocirculation and the microcirculation is the condition in which resuscitation procedures aimed at the correction of systemic hemodynamics variables are effective in correcting regional and microcirculatory perfusion and oxygen delivery to the parenchymal cells such that the cells are able to perform their functional activities in support of organ function. ", "Many studies in the literature have described conditions of a loss of hemodynamic coherence where resuscitation resulted in a normalization of systemic hemodynamic variables but did not lead to a parallel improvement in microcirculatory perfusion and oxygenation \\[[@B10]-[@B14]\\]. ", "The concept of a loss of hemodynamic coherence probably explains the negative results in the 1990s where several studies were conducted that targeted the normalization, or even the supranormalization, of systemic oxygen delivery variables \\[[@B15],[@B16]\\]. ", "Indeed, if there had been a loss of hemodynamic coherence in these patients, which is likely, then normalizing the systemic circulation without a parallel improvement in the peripheral and microcirculation of the various organ beds would indeed have been futile\n\nFor hemodynamic coherence to be effective, resuscitation based on the administration of fluids and blood, in combination with administered vasoactive compounds, must result in the effective delivery of oxygen-carrying blood in proportion to the various organ beds in a manner that matches oxygen supply to the heterogeneous oxygen demand of the various organs and their parenchymal cells. ", "For hemodynamic coherence to be effective, the compensatory mechanisms, including hormonal, neural, and biochemical and vascular regulatory control systems, must be intact and able to sense and regulate oxygen transport to the various tissues. ", "However, states of shock, reperfusion, inflammation, and infections can damage the cellular sensing mechanisms needed to regulate blood flow. ", "In these cases, simply restoring systemic hemodynamic abnormalities becomes ineffective in restoring the microcirculation and in correcting tissue hypoperfusion. ", "The pathogenic mechanisms underlying the loss of hemodynamic coherence include the generation of reactive nitrosative and oxidative species, which results in the loss of vascular regulation, in compromised endothelial cell function, and in compromised barrier function resulting in tissue hypoxemia. ", "In addition, the resuscitation procedures themselves can actually interfere with the ability of the cardiovascular system to ensure effective distribution of oxygenated blood to the various organ beds. ", "For example, fluid resuscitation due to hemodilution reduces blood viscosity, an essential physiological hemorheological variable needed for sheer stress-mediated vasotone regulation \\[[@B17]\\]. ", "Fluids can also induce oxidative and nitrosative stress as well reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood by hemodilution, both of which can contribute to reduced vascular regulatory capacity, loss of hemodynamic coherence, and reduced oxygen-carrying capacity to vulnerable organs such as the kidney (e.g., \\[[@B18]\\]). ", "In addition vasoactive medications such as vasopressors and dilators can overwhelm endogenous receptor-mediated vasoregulation, further contributing to loss of hemodynamic coherence.", "\n\nMetabolic demands and the matching of oxygen supply to demand heterogeneity occur not only between organs but also within organs, between different cells, and even at the subcellular level where there is a heterogeneity of oxygen consumption between mitochondria \\[[@B19]\\]. ", "It is obvious that the regulation of blood flow and oxygen transport is a highly complex and regulated system that integrates cellular needs with vascular regulation mechanisms. ", "Thus, for hemodynamic monitoring to be successful in guiding therapy, the monitoring of systemic parameters such as blood pressure and cardiac output need to be expanded by monitoring of the microcirculation \\[[@B20]\\].", "\n\nStates of shock can be accompanied by an intact hemodynamic coherence or a loss of hemodynamic coherence. ", "The condition of preserved hemodynamic coherence between the macrocirculation and the microcirculation of different organ systems, for example, was shown in a study by van Iterson et al. ", "using a hemorrhagic shock and blood resuscitation model in pigs. ", "In the study, some animals responded to resuscitation while others did not. ", "However, in both groups there was coherence between the behavior of the systemic hemodynamic variables and the regionally measured intestinal and heart microvascular oxygen pressures \\[[@B21]\\]. ", "In a cardiac tamponade model of obstructive shock in pigs, fluid resuscitation was applied to normalize cardiac output to baseline levels. ", "Van Genderen et al. ", "reported that coherence was found in the response of the regional microcirculatory perfusion of the gut, muscle, and sublingual microcirculation, thereby demonstrating coherence between the macrocirculation and the microcirculation. ", "In contrast, they found that fluid resuscitation applied following endotoxemic shock was not successful in restoring microcirculatory perfusion to baseline despite normalization of cardiac output and mean arterial pressure \\[[@B22]\\]. ", "Several other clinically relevant large animal studies in sepsis have investigated the presence of hemodynamic coherence between the microcirculation of different organ systems. ", "In a hyperdynamic model of cholangitis in pigs, Verdant et al. ", "\\[[@B23]\\] showed coherence between microcirculatory alterations in the gut and the sublingual microcirculation. ", "Dubin et al., ", "on the contrary, found in sheep in endotoxic shock that there was hemodynamic coherence between the different systemic and microcirculatory compartments where blood pressure, cardiac output, mesenteric blood flow, as well as sublingual and gut serosal and mucosal microcirculation were similarly affected. ", "Lack of coherence appeared during the resuscitation phase, however, where systemic and intestinal hemodynamics and sublingual and serosal microcirculation were restored but the intestinal villi remained hypoperfused \\[[@B24]\\].", "\n\nThe loss of coherence between different compartments in a single organ system can also occur, which was observed in a pig endotoxemia model by Siegemund et al. ", "The authors found that fluids were effective in restoring mucosal microcirculatory oxygenation but were ineffective in restoring the oxygenation of the intestinal serosa \\[[@B25]\\]. ", "Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that this lack of coherence was caused by the heterogeneous distribution of endotoxin-induced, inducible nitric oxide synthase enzyme between the mucosa and serosa of the intestines, and this caused abnormal flow regulation in the intestines \\[[@B26]\\].", "\n\nClinical studies monitoring sublingual microcirculation using hand-held videomicroscopy have identified the lack of hemodynamic coherence in several studies, a condition associated with increased morbidity and mortality \\[[@B10]-[@B13]\\]. ", "An early study by LeDoux et al. ", "\\[[@B27]\\] used laser Doppler measurements and other surrogates of microcirculatory perfusion in septic shock patients, and they found that while norepinephrine was successful in increasing blood pressure, it was ineffective in recruiting the microcirculation. ", "A multicenter survey in three countries found no relationship between altered sublingual microcirculation and systemic variables, but there was a strong correlation between microcirculatory alterations, lactate levels, and the use of vasopressor therapy \\[[@B28]\\]. ", "In the perioperative phase, the loss of coherence between mean arterial pressure and the microcirculation was found in cardiopulmonary bypass patients in whom arterial pressure was controlled using inotrope/vasopressor agents \\[[@B29]\\]. ", "In other studies, however, the therapeutic targeting of stroke volume, but not of venous pressure, resulted in coherence between the systemic and the microcirculations \\[[@B30]\\]. ", "den Uil et al. ", "\\[[@B31]\\] reported that some patients in cardiogenic shock being treated with various inotropic agents experienced a lack of normalization of the microcirculation despite treatment and normalization of the cardiac index, and they found this condition to be associated with increased mortality. ", "In traumatic hemorrhagic shock patients, Tachon et al. ", "were successful in restoring systemic hemodynamic parameters by applying fluids, blood, and vasoactive medication in the resuscitation phase. ", "However, despite the almost immediate correction of cardiac output and arterial pressure, the sublingual microcirculation took up to 4 days to recover, with the length of time to recover correlating with the occurrence of organ dysfunction \\[[@B13]\\].", "\n\nLoss of hemodynamic coherence is most frequently found in septic patients in whom a lack of microcirculatory recruitment is observed despite successful macrocirculatory resuscitation (e.g., \\[[@B11],[@B12],[@B32]\\]). ", "If there are also macrocirculatory abnormalities in addition to microcirculatory alterations, this can be a sign of extra risk for adverse outcomes. ", "This possibility was recently shown in a multicenter, international microcirculatory observational study carried out by Vellinga et al. ", "in 501 intensive care patients from 36 ICUs worldwide. ", "The authors found that a high heart rate was an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality, and also that if such a systemic abnormality was associated with microcirculatory alterations then the chance of in-hospital mortality almost doubled \\[[@B33]\\].", "\n\nClinical studies also have looked at the coherence between the microcirculation of different organ systems. ", "These studies have predominantly studied the relationship between sublingual and intestinal microcirculation measured in the ileostoma of patients. ", "Boerma et al. ", "identified in such a study that time is an important parameter in the establishment of coherences. ", "In the early stages of sepsis, there was no coherence between the intestinal and sublingual microcirculation, but after 3 days, when the septic insult generalized, there was coherence between the sublingual and intestinal microcirculation \\[[@B34]\\]. ", "Edul et al. ", "reported a heterogeneous response to a fluid challenge between the macrocirculation and intestinal and sublingual microcirculations in septic patients with ileostomies. ", "They found that while macrocirculatory parameters increased without exception (cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and abdominal pressure) to a fluid challenge, neither sublingual nor intestinal microcirculation responded in parallel, and there was no coherence between the sublingual and intestinal microcirculation changes. ", "The sublingual microcirculation was in coherence with increases in cardiac output and dependent on the initial state of the microcirculation, but the intestinal microcirculation remained completely unresponsive to fluid challenge \\[[@B35]\\].", "\n\nFour types of microcirculation alterations underlying the loss of hemodynamic coherence\n=======================================================================================\n\nVarious types of microcirculatory alterations associated with different states of cardiovascular compromise have been classified based on direct observation of the microcirculation in various organ beds \\[[@B36]\\]. ", "Each of these classes of microcirculatory alterations is associated with a reduced functional capillary density (FCD) and thereby a loss of the capacity of the microcirculation to transport oxygen to the tissues. ", "These losses can occur individually or in combination, especially in conditions with multiple resuscitation modalities. ", "Reduction in the FCD can promote functional shunting of oxygen transport to the tissues, which, unless explicitly monitored, cannot be detected by simply monitoring the macrocirculation \\[[@B37]\\]. ", "Four types of microcirculatory alterations underlying the loss of hemodynamic coherence can be identified (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}): type 1, heterogeneity in microcirculatory perfusion with obstructed capillaries next to capillaries with flowing red blood cells (RBCs); type 2, hemodilution, in which dilution of blood causes a loss of RBC-filled capillaries and results in increased diffusion distances between the oxygen-carrying RBCs and tissue cells; type 3, vasoconstriction/tamponade where vasoconstriction of arterial vessels results in microcirculatory ischemia or raised venous pressures inducing microcirculatory tamponade, both resulting in compromised tissue oxygenation; and type 4, tissue edema caused by capillary leak, resulting in increased diffusion distances between the RBCs and tissue cells.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nType 1 alterations typically can be observed in septic patients. ", "The persistence of this type in the presence of normalized systemic variables has been associated with organ dysfunction and mortality. ", "De Backer et al. ", "\\[[@B10],[@B32]\\] showed in several studies in septic patients that patients with such a type 1 loss of hemodynamic coherence between microcirculatory alterations and systemic hemodynamic variables were associated with adverse outcomes. ", "Top et al. ", "\\[[@B38]\\] reported that such alterations can also occur in pediatric patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenationsupport, and that these alterations were also associated with adverse outcomes. ", "Edul et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\] specifically identified the heterogeneous nature of type 1 microcirculatory alterations as a phenotype in septic patients as being associated with adverse outcome. ", "Trzeciak et al. ", "\\[[@B12]\\] identified type 1 alterations that persisted despite early goal-directed therapy to be associated with the development of organ dysfunction, and the authors introduced a heterogeneity index to describe such type 1 alterations. ", "Studies have shown that type 1 alterations result from microcirculatory distributive alterations caused by the action of various cellular insults, including RBC obstructions caused by endothelial cell dysfunction, and/or hemorheological alterations, and/or loss of or abnormal vasomotor tone due to, for example, nitrosative and or oxidative stress \\[[@B39]\\]. ", "Type 1 abnormalities signal the need for anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agents to protect the various components of the microcirculation and vasoactive medication (e.g., vasodilators) to promote patency.", "\n\nType 2 alterations, associated with hemodilution, have been described mainly in cardiac surgery patients in whom hemodilution, caused by priming solutions, cardioplegia, and fluid administration, results in a loss of RBC-filled capillaries. ", "This results in an increase in diffusion distance between the capillaries and the tissue cells (e.g., \\[[@B40]\\]). ", "This reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity can be considered iatrogenic and results in hospital anemia, a condition which has been found to be a risk factor for developing organ dysfunction, in particular renal failure \\[[@B41],[@B42]\\]. ", "Hemodilution also results in altered viscosity that leads to loss of sheer stress, which is one of the main physiological components needed for flow-dependent vasoregulation essential for establishing hemodynamic coherence \\[[@B43]\\]. ", "In experimental studies, we found that hemodilutional anemia can cause the loss of oxygen availability in an organ-dependent manner, with the kidney being the organ most vulnerable to hemodilution \\[[@B44]\\]. ", "Such a hemodilutional loss of coherence can be corrected by maintaining an adequate hematocrit and by the appropriate administration of quality blood (e.g., \\[[@B45],[@B46]\\]).", "\n\nType 3 loss of coherence has been demonstrated in several clinical studies and involves the sometimes unintentional and undetected manipulation of systemic variables that leads to stasis or tamponade of microcirculatory flow. ", "Vasopressor therapy is a standard of care in the treatment of sepsis and shock and is used to increase blood pressure, although such a maneuver can be associated with adverse outcomes \\[[@B47]\\]. ", "Several microcirculation studies in patients have shown a loss of coherence whereby blood pressure rises but microcirculatory RBCs fall (e.g., \\[[@B48]\\]). ", "Dubin et al. ", "\\[[@B49]\\] and Janji et al. ", "\\[[@B50]\\], in independent studies, showed this to be the case in septic patients treated with norepinephrine. ", "A similar loss of coherence was found by Hernandez et al., ", "who investigated the use of dobutamine in septic shock patients. ", "Despite an increase in cardiac index, heart rate, and left ventricular ejection caused by the dobutamine administration, no beneficial effect on sublingual microcirculation was found as observed by handheld microscopy \\[[@B51]\\]. ", "Hyperoxia also falls into the category of type 3 loss of hemodynmic coherence. ", "In this type alteration, therapeutic increases in inspired oxygen fraction are expected to improve the oxygen availability in the tissues can have deleterious effects on the microcirculation and also have adverse effects on patient outcomes \\[[@B52]\\]. ", "Cortés et al. ", "\\[[@B53]\\] demonstrated in volunteers that inhalation of raised fractions of oxygen causes a reduction in the FCD and flow in the sublingual microcirculation. ", "Guidelines recommend that resuscitation should be associated with an increase in venous pressure \\[[@B54]\\], although elevated venous pressures have been associated with adverse outcomes, specifically in terms of renal function \\[[@B55]\\]. ", "From a physiological point of view, raised venous pressure may reduce microcirculatory perfusion due to tamponade. ", "Evidence to support this etiology was demonstrated by Vellinga et al. ", "\\[[@B56]\\], who compared patients with venous pressure higher than 12 mmHg with those with lower pressures, and found that there was a significant reduction in microcirculatory perfusion in those patients with higher venous pressures.", "\n\nType 4 microcirculatory alteration is associated with tissue edema caused by capillary leak and edema due to endothelial cell damage, loss of glycocalcyx barriers, and/or compromise of adherens and tight junctions. ", "Tissue hypoxia in edema is fueled by increased diffusion distances between the RBC filled capillaries and tissues cells caused by an accumulation of tissue water in combination with the poor oxygen solubility and therefore transport in tissue water. ", "Because such a condition may be associated with systemic indicators of hypovolemia, it may invite further administration of fluids, which can cause even more tissue edema and organ dysfunction. ", "Such a condition may, in part, explain the adverse outcomes resulting from the liberal fluid administration in the Fluid Expansion as Supportive Therapy (FEAST) trial trial \\[[@B57]\\] that involved a mixed population of African children with sepsis and malaria. ", "The PRISM (PiCCO-guided Resuscitation in Severe Malaria) trial trial in malaria patients showed that guiding fluid therapy based on the correction of systemic hemodynamic using the PICCO technique in conditions of type 4 alterations occurring in malaria patients can result in adverse outcomes. ", "This approach resulted in marked generalized peripheral edema and did not reverse signs of hypovolemia and acidosis, whereby patients ultimately required renal replacement therapy \\[[@B58]\\]. ", "The central role of type 4 microcirculatory alterations in the setting of malaria patients was elegantly demonstrated by Hanson et al. ", "\\[[@B59]\\] in a rectal microcirculation study in malaria patients. ", "They showed that stroke volume-guided administration of fluids was successful in increasing the global end-diastolic volume index but had little effect on RBC sequestration. ", "This primary pathology in malaria was directly observed using hand-held microscopy. ", "Fluid administration based on systemic variables was also not able to correct acid-base alterations or lactate acidosis, but instead promoted tissue edema in the lungs and kidney \\[[@B59]\\].", "\n\nTargeting the microcirculation to resolve coherence\n===================================================\n\nEvaluation of the success of resuscitation based on the macrocirculation should be accompanied by a verification of the recruitment of the microcirculation. ", "Several studies have shown that the finding of an initial low microcirculatory flow independent of the value of systemic hemodynamic variables predicts the success of microcirculatory responsiveness to resuscitation procedures such as fluid therapy, blood transfusion, and vasopressor administration \\[[@B49],[@B60],[@B61]\\]. ", "Surrogates of organ perfusion, such as lactate, peripheral temperature, and capillary refill time, can be used to identify the loss of hemodynamic coherence. ", "Alterations in these variables have been found to identify organ dysfunction \\[[@B62]\\], and these alterations have been suggested for use as resuscitation end points \\[[@B63]\\]. ", "Although evaluation of peripheral circulation at the bedside is relatively easy, there may be some drawbacks. ", "For example, lactate represents a downstream metabolic product whose origin may not always reflect lack of organ perfusion \\[[@B64]\\]. ", "Many peripheral perfusion indicators, such as peripheral temperature and capillary refill, are based on the skin. ", "However, the function of microcirculatory perfusion in the skin is primarily related to functions other than tissue oxygenation, such as thermoregulation. ", "In a study in septic patients, a lack of coherence was found between abnormal peripheral temperature and alterations in sublingual microcirculation \\[[@B65]\\]. ", "Edul et al. ", "\\[[@B35]\\] also found no correlation between the finger to core temperature difference and the intestinal microcirculation, whereas abnormal intestinal microcirculation alterations correlated with increased mortality. ", "In a nitroglycerin resuscitation study in septic patients, Boerma et al. ", "\\[[@B66]\\] found that nitroglycerin affected skin temperature but had no effect on the sublingual microcirculation. ", "In addition to these drawbacks, peripheral perfusion abnormalities give little information about the origin of the loss of hemodynamic coherence. ", "Direct observation of the nature of microcirculatory alterations using hand-held microscopes, however, allows a more detailed insight into the nature of microcirculatory alterations and indicates which therapeutic strategies would best correct the type of alteration observed (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nFor the aforementioned reasons, direct visualization of flowing RBCs in the microcirculation using hand-held microcopy as method to assess the functional state of the microcirculation must be considered the gold standard for tissue perfusion. ", "The use of hand-held vital microscopy, clinically introduced by us, has gone through a number of technological developments with the ultimate aim of introducing these devices for routine clinical use. ", "In this way, three generations of bedside hand-held microscopes have been developed \\[[@B67]\\]. ", "The first-generation devices were based on a combination of orthogonal polarization spectral imaging and dark-field illumination and called the Cytoscan. ", "We introduced this technique clinically for the first-time observation of the microcirculation in internal organs during surgery (e.g., \\[[@B68]\\]). ", "These first-generation devices were initially used to identify the clinical significance of microcirculatory alterations in sepsis \\[[@B69]\\] as well as the response to therapy (e.g., \\[[@B70]\\]). ", "Based on the need to have battery-based devices, we developed a second-generation camera based on sidestream dark-field (SDF) illumination imaging called the Microscan \\[[@B71]\\]. ", "In addition, we developed and introduced a software platform called AVA for offline analysis of the obtained movies of the microcirculation \\[[@B72]\\]. ", "Scoring systems were developed to evaluate the microcirculation \\[[@B73]\\] and to assess the quality of the images obtained \\[[@B74]\\]. ", "Next a laptop-based device similar to the SDF device was developed called the Capiscope \\[[@B75]\\]. ", "The first-generation and second-generation devices had a number of shortcomings, however, which limited their applicability for routine clinical use, the most important of which was their inability to automatically analyze microcirculatory images \\[[@B76]\\]. ", "This inability was mainly due to the limitations of the hardware in these earlier devices, which among other shortcomings lacked direct computer control of the imaging modality needed for automatic analysis. ", "To address these shortcomings, a third-generation device called the Cytocam IDF device was recently introduced based on incident dark-field imaging \\[[@B77],[@B78]\\]. ", "This device consists of a computer-controlled high-resolution image sensor plus extra-short pulsed illumination needed for accurate measurement of RBC velocity. ", "In addition to these features, the hand-held microscope has a specialized designed microscope lens that produces high-resolution images showing approximately 30% more capillaries than the previous-generation devices \\[[@B78]\\]. ", "The hardware of this third-generation device meets the requirements for the development of an automated analysis system needed for direct identification of hemodynamic coherence, bedside clinical decision-making, and titrating therapy targeting the normalization of microcirculatory alterations shown in Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\nAlthough the impact of many therapeutic modalities on the microcirculation have been investigated (e.g., \\[[@B79]\\]), the therapeutic intervention most investigated and potentially ready for implementation of microcirculatory-guided therapy involves the administration of fluids. ", "The reason for this interest is that there is great controversy concerning the required composition of fluids, and there is a need for a physiological framework for administering an optimal amount of fluid based on a point-of-care basis taking the possibility of loss of hemodynamic coherence into account. ", "Several studies have shown a loss of hemodynamic coherence between the microcirculation and the macrocirculation following fluid administration. ", "In general, it seems that there is a benefit to the administration of fluids if microcirculatory flow is low, whereas no benefit of fluid therapy is observed if microcirculatory flow is normal or even high despite the presence of clinical surrogates of hypovolemia. ", "This hypothesis was demonstrated elegantly in the study of Pranskunas which showed that patients with surrogates of the presence of organ hypoperfusion (e.g., lactate, tachycardia, hypotension, oliguria) could either have normal or reduced microcirculatory flow. ", "However, only those patients with reduced microcirculatory flow benefitted from the administration of fluids, which caused an increase in microcirculatory flow and was associated with a reduction in the clinical surrogates of organ perfusion \\[[@B61]\\]. ", "In contrast, patients who had normal flow despite the presence of the clinical surrogates of organ hypoperfusion did not respond to fluids with a change in microcirculatory flow and did not benefit with improvement in the clinical surrogates of organ perfusion. ", "This effect was independent of the response of fluid administration on stroke volume.", "\n\nA study by Ospina-Tasconet al. ", "demonstrated the importance of the timing of fluid administration in the course of sepsis, and the authors found that early fluid resuscitation was effective in improving the microcirculation; however, giving fluids later in the course of sepsis was ineffective in improving microcirculatory hypoperfusion. ", "Again, these effects were independent of the effect of fluid administration on the cardiac index \\[[@B80]\\]. ", "In hypovolemic septic shock patients, Pottecheret al. ", "found that initial fluid resuscitation was effective in improving cardiac output in synchrony with the microcirculation but not in synchrony with changes in arterial pressure. ", "Subsequent fluid administration increased the cardiac output linearly but was associated with a much smaller response in the microcirculation, indicating that the administrated fluid volume had reached a plateau in advance of the macrocirculation \\[[@B81]\\]. ", "In the study, they also found a reduction in type 1 microcirculatory alterations where the reported effects were independent of the use of saline or hydroxyethyl starch as a resuscitation fluid \\[[@B81]\\].", "\n\nThe composition of fluids used for treating hypovolemia and dehydration is a topic of controversy and is referred to as the \\\"Great Fluid Debate\\\" (e.g., \\[[@B82]\\]). ", "This discussion has several components, all of which relate to the subject matter of the current article. ", "The first component concerns the composition of the fluids. ", "The excessive administration of 0.9% NaCl leading to chloride or dilutional acidosis being a potentially harmful procedure in the context of fluid therapy has been a primary focus of the debate \\[[@B83],[@B84]\\]. ", "A further matter for debate concerns the use of colloid solutions versus crystalloid solutions in the treatment of hypovolemia. ", "In both respects, there is a need for a more physiological approach and a monitoring platform for the choice and titration of fluids. ", "The physiological reason for choosing a colloid over a crystalloid solution is when there is a need for intravascular volume expansion such as can occur in hypovolemic shock. ", "Indeed, Ananne et al. ", "demonstrated this convincingly in the multicenter Colloids\n\nVersus Crystalloids for the Resuscitation of the Critically Ill (CRISTAL) trial resuscitation trial involving hypovolemic patients requiring intravascular volume expansion. ", "In comparison with the administration of crystalloids, the authors showed that colloid administration improved 90-day outcome and resulted in a higher 7-day survival without mechanical ventilation and vasopressor therapy \\[[@B85]\\]. ", "Dubin et al. ", "also showed that volume expansion is better achieved at the microcirculation level by the use of colloids (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (HES)) in septic shock patients. ", "Not only was less HES solution needed to reach the required arterial blood pressure target than 0.9% NaCl, but HES solution was also more effective in increasing the FCD as well as the microcirculatory flow \\[[@B86]\\]. ", "Observations using hand-held microscopy can be used to illustrate the efficacy of colloids as volume expanders. ", "Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows Cytocam IDF imaging of the sublingual microcirculation in cardiac surgery to compare a HES primed procedure (Figure [2b](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) with one primed with 0.9% NaCl (Figure [2a](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The volume expansive properties of HES expansion can be observed by the increased distance between the RBCs in the capillaries in comparison with 0.9% NaCl priming (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F2}\n\nTargeting tissue perfusion as a hemodynamic end point in fluid resuscitation can be considered an ultimate goal \\[[@B87]\\]. ", "Targeting only systemic hemodynamic variables may lead to fluid overload, a potentially harmful condition. ", "Xu et al. ", "\\[[@B88]\\] elegantly showed that targeting the microcirculation results in much less fluid administration than does targeting systemic variables with the same outcome. ", "In a pig hemorrhagic shock model, they withdrew 1 l of blood, followed by blood and fluid resuscitation that targeted the normalization of either the blood pressure or the sublingual microcirculation. ", "Both resuscitation procedures were equally effective in terms of outcome and even neurological function, but the correction of blood pressure to baseline required 300 ml blood and 700 ml Ringer\\'s lactate while targeting the microcirculation only required 174 ml Ringer\\'s lactate with no blood being needed. ", "This study showed that the amount of administered fluids is more dependent on the hemodynamic parameter chosen as the target than on the success of resuscitation.", "\n\nBased on the aforementioned background, we proposed a physiological rationale for targeting the microcirculation to administer optimal fluid volumes in a personalized setting \\[Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\] \\[[@B89]\\]. ", "In this view, hypovolemia is defined by low microcirculatory convective flow resulting in poor oxygen transport and in the need for fluid administration. ", "The success of fluid administration is identified as an improvement in convective flow, and this improvement defines the success of fluid administration \\[[@B61]\\]. ", "In conditions of low flow which defiens and identifies the presence of hypovolemia (left side of Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), fluids should be administered until there are optimal microcirculatory flowing RBCs filling the capillaries (center of Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, too much fluid will induce excessive dilution and a type 2 alteration will follow whereby there will be an insufficient number of RBCs to fill capillaries, resulting in a reduction in the diffusive capacity of oxygen transport to the tissues in the microcirculation (right side of Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This condition indicates a need to stop giving fluids to avoid fluid overload identifying the optimal microcirculatory response to fluid therapy. ", "It is proposed that this model, based on optimizing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the microcirculation using hand-held microscopy, may provide a physiological basis for administering an optimal volume of fluid to the individual patient \\[[@B89]\\].", "\n\n![**", "Microcirculatory-guided fluid therapy**. ", "To optimize the oxygen-carrying capacity of the microcirculation, optimization is required of the convective (sufficient flow) and diffusive capacity (optimal FCD to have short diffusion distances between the oxygen-carrying RBCs and the tissue cells). ", "Observation of sublingual microcirculation using hand-held microscopy in states of hypovolemia identifies low convective flow (*left*), indicating the need for fluid administration. ", "Microcirculatory fluid responsiveness indicates the success of fluid therapy by showing enhanced convective RBC flow. ", "A reduction in FCD signals the occurrence of a type 2 microcirculatory alteration (*right*) and this indicates that too much fluid has been administered, causing increased diffusion distance between the RBCs and tissue cells reducing the oxygen transport capacity of the microcirculation. ", "This approach provides a personalized physiological-based patient-centered fluid resuscitation strategy to optimize the oxygen-carrying capacity of the microcirculation. ", "Adapted from \\[[@B89]\\].](cc14726-3){#F3}\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nClearly the ultimate aim of resuscitation is the restoration of perfusion of vital organs and tissues where oxygen supply to the tissues is compromised due to shock \\[[@B63]\\]. ", "To accomplish this end point, oxygen-carrying RBCs must successfully enter the microcirculation and deliver oxygen to the tissues. ", "Conventional resuscitation procedures including fluids, vasoactive medication, and blood are clinically administered to accomplish this aim. ", "However, the physiological variables used to target resuscitation are based on correcting systemic hemodynamic variables of pressure, flow, and/or oxygen delivery. ", "Knowing whether these procedures are successful in achieving adequate perfusion and oxygen transport to the organ tissues is unknown at the bedside, and relies on the assumption that there is hemodynamic coherence between the macrocirculation and the microcirculation. ", "With the introduction of hand-held microscopy at the bedside, the nature of microcirculatory alterations has been elucidated. ", "These alterations have been found to have clinical significance in terms of morbidity and mortality, and hand-held microscopy can identify microcirculatory alterations that underlie the loss of hemodynamic coherence. ", "In this article, we identified four types of such microcirculatory alterations underlying the loss of hemodynamic coherence. ", "Studies have shown that microcirculatory alterations are associated with adverse outcomes in a manner that seems to be independent of systemic hemodynamic variables. ", "Fluid therapy can be effective in recruiting the microcirculation in states of hypovolemia, but the choice of composition and volume remains a source of debate. ", "In this article we propose a model for optimizing volume administration based on the microcirculation. ", "The introduction of a new generation of hand-held microscopy \\[[@B78]\\] with the potential of automatic analysis opens the way to enabling titration of fluids to optimally recruit the microcirculation in such a way as to optimize its oxygen transport capacity. ", "Future clinical trials will be needed to determine whether such procedures will translate into improved outcomes in comparison with fluid therapy based on systemic hemodynamic variables.", "\n\nAbbreviations\n=============\n\nFCD, Functional capillary density; HES, 6% Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4; RBC, Red blood cell; RCT, Randomized controlled trial; SDF, Sidestream dark field.", "\n\nCompeting interests\n===================\n\nIn the last period of 2 years CI has received honoraria and independent research grants from Fresenius-Kabi (Bad Homburg, Germany), Baxter Health Care (Deerfield, IL, USA), and AM-Pharma (Bunnik, the Netherlands). ", "CI has developed SDF imaging and is listed as inventor on related patents commercialized by MicroVision Medical (MVM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) under a license from the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ", "He has been a consultant for MVM in the past, but has not been involved with this company for more than 5 years now, except that he still holds shares. ", "Braedius Medical, a company owned by a relative of CI, has developed and designed the hand-held microscope called Cytocam IDF. ", "CI has no financial relation with Braedius Medical of any sort; that is, never owned shares, or received consultancy or speaker fees from Braedius Medical.", "\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nThe author thanks Marly van Assen and Prof. Fevzi Toroman for Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, which was taken as part of a trial comparing crystalloid with starch use in cardiac surgery patients at the Department of Anesthesiology, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey. ", "The author thanks Yasin Ince for drawing Figures [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\nThis article has been published as part of *Critical Care*Volume 19 Supplement 3, 2015: Future of Critical Care Medicine (FCCM) 2014. ", "The full contents of the supplement are available online at <http://www.ccforum.com/supplements/19/S3>. ", "Publication of this supplement was supported by Fresenius Kabi.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Parasarpa zayla\n\nParasarpa zayla, the bicolor commodore, is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia.", "\n\nCited references\n\nReferences\n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:Limenitidinae\nCategory:Fauna of Pakistan\nCategory:Butterflies of India\nCategory:Butterflies described in 1848" ]

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[ "Graduating From Developer to Entrepreneur\n\n8,841 reads\n\nA guide for software developers to stop writing beautiful code, and instead make interesting products people will use.", "\n\nDevelopers love making things. ", "However, more often than not, they get caught in a trap of building things nobody uses.", "\n\nThere is a critical difference between making products YOU care about, and products ONLY YOU care about. ", "For developers, this difference can be difficult to identify and understand.", "\n\nIf you’ve ever built a cool app that nobody cared about.", "\n\nThis guide is for you.", "\n\nI’ve said in the past, software developers have an entrepreneurial spirit. ", "Like entrepreneurs, they share the passion and ability to make things. ", "However the similarities pretty much end there.", "\n\nThere are valuable lessons developers should take from entrepreneurs when they become more serious about building useful software. ", "This guide will touch on the surface of a few of those critical keys.", "\n\n**You can and should go deeper into these keys in your own endeavors.", "\n\nStop Thinking It’s All About You\n\nLet’s add domain knowledge like market research, cost benefit analysis, product-market fit and market position as a few items on the “to do” list for future research.", "\n\nRight now, lets talk about the essence of making things.", "\n\nThere are basically two school of thoughts when it comes to making things.", "\n\nMake things for yourself and hope to get lucky, or make things for other people, and hope to get lucky.", "\n\nMost developers will identify with the former. ", "All engineers I know build passion projects to showcase their talents and learn new things. ", "The value of their product is to showcase their skills and execution for employment or personal glory.", "\n\nThis kind of thinking has a fatal trap: You built something that only has a value to YOU. ", "Building things for yourself is a logical step for engineers. ", "But it’s this kind of thinking that engineers must break out of to become better product developers.", "\n\nOn the other hand, entrepreneurs will identify with the second school of thought. ", "Because a big part of an entrepreneurs job is to find opportunities to solve other people’s problems.", "\n\nThe first change any developer must make is to adopt a larger, more market oriented thinking. ", "To start thinking about the whys and hows someone other than yourself would use your product.", "\n\nBut Don’t Think It’s All About Other People\n\nDo not mistake thinking about a market as a mandate to cater to that market. ", "Your product and your company will need a vision.", "\n\nYour vision is your reason for building what you’re building. ", "You must be willing to state it loudly and proudly into a market place. ", "Your vision is your opinion about how something should be, your product is the solution to be that difference.", "\n\nIf you find yourself struggling to say something meaningful, it’s a signal your product hasn’t developed it’s identity yet. ", "Do not be afraid to state your opinion and how your product serves its mission.", "\n\nYour customers aren’t going to fully describe their problems and possible solutions to you. ", "You cannot rely solely on focus groups and customer demands.", "\n\nHaving a core set of beliefs will help make it clear which requests and ideas to say yes or no to developing.", "\n\nStart Caring About Stuff\n\nWhether you are building something you want, or building things for other people, you need to care deeply about what you’re building.", "\n\nMore importantly, you need to care deeply about the problem your fixing, and not the solution you’re providing.", "\n\nWhether you choose to focus on the product or on the people, I cannot stress enough how important it is for you to care deeply about the problem you are solving.", "\n\nStop Caring About Technology.", "\n\nPeople don’t give a **** about technology or your technical achievements. ", "And nor should they. ", "That’s because they can’t tell the difference between you and a monkey hitting a keyboard with a rock.", "\n\nTechnology is much like wine. ", "For wine lovers, it takes knowledge & experience to appreciate the differences between a Chateau Margaux and a Château Saint-Sulpice.", "\n\nIf your an unsophisticated consumer like myself, “Do I like the taste?” ", "is your only metric. ", "I am unaware that the makers of Margaux individually hug each grape, and therefore cannot justify the $4,500 cost vs a $15 buck Saint Sulpice.", "\n\nPeople love using technology. ", "But the keyword there is “using” not “technology”.", "\n\nI’m sure your code is beautifully organized and documented app that has 100% code coverage. ", "And your optimized SQL backed varnish cache returns compound queries in under 30ms. ", "But it takes a seasoned engineer to appreciate your achievements.", "\n\nIf you want to build something to show off your tech muscles, by all means. ", "But understand just because you care about something doesn’t mean your users will.", "\n\nGood Ideas Aren’t Good Business\n\nThere is an uncomfortable process every developer must endure whenever they get excited about an idea. ", "The truth is, something can be a great idea without making it a great business.", "\n\nIf you’re not interested in making money on it, then go fourth and godspeed.", "\n\nBut if you are hoping to turn this idea into a income source, then there are some reality smacking gut checks every idea must survive to make it worthwhile.", "\n\nWhat Are You Doing?", "\n\nCan you describe the problem your product solves and how it will solve without being vague?", "\n\nIf you explained it to a 5 year old child would they understand it?", "\n\nSimply put, your app needs a clear purpose for use, and a clear reason why someone would use it. ", "This concept is as important to product development than it is to marketing and business. ", "This clear purpose is your “value proposition” and the problem it solves is your “mission statement”.", "\n\nYour value prop is the reason why someone would need something like your product, and would choose your product vs a competitors.", "\n\nIf you can’t explain your product’s value in a simple way, there is no way for your market to understand it’s value. ", "It would also be a clear signal you haven’t fully described and understood your product’s value.", "\n\nDONT: “It’s an app that aggregates all the upper case letters in a Medium post and then creates a word cloud that finds repetitive patterns in a trending topic using AI from Azure and the power of the Cloud to create synergistic flows that signal a paradigm shift for marketing trends.”", "\n\nDO: “We make and sell chocolate chip cookies”\n\nMessaging isn’t just a marketing ploy, having a clear cut product value and mission statement is fundamental for your customers and your employees.", "\n\nThis is the core basis from which decisions are judged. ", "Any decisions that subtract from your value or mission should be avoided, or your value/mission altered.", "\n\nRecap:\n\nWhat problem does your app solve? ", "How does it solve it?", "\n\nWho Are You Making This For?", "\n\nSay out loud and without using general language, who are you building this for?", "\n\nI’m serious, describe as detailed as possible people who you think your app can serve.", "\n\n“People with phones”, or “People with money” is not a good enough description.", "\n\nGive me a description would qualify only 10 people in a room full of 100.", "\n\nNow give me the name of 5 people that actually fit into that description.", "\n\nBetter yet, tell me how you would find someone in that group you DON’T know.", "\n\nFind me 10 of those people. ", "Then sit down with them face to face and ..\n\n… tell them about the problem your application solves.", "\n\n… ask if they have that problem.", "\n\n… ask how much of a problem is it.", "\n\n… ask what would they be willing to pay to solve that problem.", "\n\n… tell them about your solution.", "\n\n… ask them to give you 3 reasons why they would use your product.", "\n\n… ask them to give you 3 reasons why they wouldn’t use your product.", "\n\nDO NOT DEBATE OR JUDGE THEIR CRITIQUES.", "\n\nDon’t try to sell them the idea, instead open a dialog about the pains they feel with that problem, and what they do now (if anything) to solve it.", "\n\nRepeat this process with as many people as you can find, until you’re highly motivated by newfound insights or hopelessly discouraged and abandon your original idea.", "\n\nIdeas vs Execution\n\nOne of the biggest lies developers initially guard is the value of ideas.", "\n\nI can’t tell you how many times I’ve sat with great developers to come up with the next great idea. ", "Every single time, it was a huge waste of time.", "\n\nMany people will argue a good idea makes or breaks a company. ", "I use to believe that as well, but I no longer do.", "\n\nI believe that a poorly executed great idea will go no where, while a well executed Okay idea will do fine. ", "The reason I believe this is two fold.", "\n\nFirst, a brilliant idea will go no where if you don’t ever build it. ", "Second, if you’re worried that someone else can do your idea better than you — you’re already setting yourself up to fail.", "\n\nPart of your value prop is not just your solution, but why you’re the right person to solve it. ", "One of the core marketing concepts is that people don’t buy what you do, they buy who you are. ", "If someone can build it better than you, they will.", "\n\nI also argue trying to come with a good idea completely misses the point. ", "You should be trying to find a problem you care about deeply which YOU can provide a elegant solution for LOTS of people.", "\n\nThere are a lot of actual market concepts and strategies to learn which you can read on Josh Kaufman’s The Personal MBA. ", "But there is a simple popular rule of thumb to follow: Be first, better, or different.", "\n\nBuild Baby Build\n\nAnother major blunder well meaning developers make is overbuilding their products. ", "When we’re first inspired to build a product, we imagine all the possibilities the app can serve.", "\n\nPart of a good execution is in what you don’t build and saying NO to a lot of good ideas.", "\n\nOne of the sacred texts of startup culture is The Lean Startup by Eric Ries.", "\n\nI am no longer a huge fan of the words “startup” and “lean” as they’ve become loaded terms. ", "But I am a big practitioner of key lean principles.", "\n\nOne of the foundations of lean is to start small and learn quickly.", "\n\nYou can learn about the learning feedback loop from Eric Ries’s book. ", "But the heart of the lesson every developer must learn is this:\n\nThe quicker you can start learning from your customers, the more value you can build faster.", "\n\nStart small and launch early is uncomfortable for developers who want to build to impress. ", "But its a hurdle every developer must overcome.", "\n\nThis is a simple but major break in thinking. ", "Realize you are not building an app, you are building a product. ", "A product that must live in a market and be useful to people. ", "And people have a funny way of giving things value.", "\n\nSpeaking of People\n\nPeople suck.", "\n\nThey behave in all sort of counter intuitive and herd like ways.", "\n\nThat fail case you dismissed as “nobody would ever do that”.", "\n\nSome idiot is going to do that.", "\n\n“People are going to love this feature” — nobody will use it.", "\n\n“People will totally pay for this” — no they wont.", "\n\nA major shock to developers who build things is how building awesome things doesn’t automatically attract loads of users.", "\n\nFailing to connect with people is your fault, not theirs. ", "People are not out there right now waiting for you to launch your product. ", "They aren’t hopelessly looking for just the right solution you are going to provide.", "\n\nGetting people’s attention and getting them to buy your product is going to take a lot more work. ", "Trying to get someone to pay you $1 for something is actually a lot more difficult than you think.", "\n\nEven if someone is actually looking for your solution, getting their attention in a crowd is hard work. ", "Appreciate the work that marketers and sales people put into getting your attention and helping you make decisions.", "\n\nThere are hundreds of micro decisions that influence people to make decisions one way or another. ", "You don’t have to acquire a PHD in psychology, but you should familiarize yourself a bit with core marketing principles.", "\n\nI won’t go into details behind every concept, but get to know basic marketing and economic principles even if you’re still in product development. ", "They’ll help guide your business decisions to support your application.", "\n\nBusinesses Are People Too\n\nNot in a Citizens United sort of way, but in a ecological sense.", "\n\nA major flaw most people let alone developers think about business is a false analogy. ", "They tend to think of businesses like machines, with components who perform specific and isolated tasks.", "\n\nLie: “Developers build things, marketers find customers, sales people sell it”.", "\n\nIn reality businesses are more like living creatures, who’s organs all need to work in conjunction. ", "There is no major organ more critical than another, and a failure to one system can bring down all the others.", "\n\nA sales person’s job is made easier if the product has a better market fit. ", "That market fit is cozier if the the product developers understand the customer needs more. ", "The developers can build the product better if they understand the customer’s pain. ", "They will all build a better value if they all understand their mission.", "\n\nFor us outside the business and sales industry, we only experience being a consumer. ", "We tend to think we did all the work of finding the product and going out to buy it.", "\n\nWe fail to see the invisible forces at work that put that product in front of us. ", "We are oblivious to the emotional and automatic decisions that helped us choose that specific brand.", "\n\nNone of these things happen automatically. ", "Developers often don’t appreciate how much work it takes to stand out in even a small market.", "\n\nBuilding an app, and sending a tweet or putting it on reddit doesn’t cut it. ", "You are going to put a lot of work to get people onto your app, so you need to make sure your effort is worth it.", "\n\nA Little Knowledge Is A Terrible Thing\n\nOne of the first traps I personally fell into was overconfidence by little knowledge.", "\n\nI started my transition into business development by reading up on business theories and philosophy books such as The Lean Startup, The Pumpkin Plan and The Personal MBA.", "\n\nAlthough they are all great books, it took me a while to apply their lessons into larger contexts in which they are intended. ", "Instead I became hyper focused on issues that were irrelevant to me at the time.", "\n\nFor example, I lived LEAN startups and MVPs even though I had not defined a product to sell. ", "I became focused on developing customers like The Pumpkin Plan without a starting list of clients. ", "I learned how to run a business in The Personal MBA without having a product, a client, or a company.", "\n\nI literally LOL when I think about it now. ", "But in hindsight I was eager to build, but I used these philosophies and guides as a way to mask the fact I had no idea how to begin.", "\n\nThe biggest reason I started writing on Medium was no book helped me address the question of: Where do you being when you are at stage zero.", "\n\nBe Lean, Be Mean, Be Green, But Stay Focused\n\nSo long story short from that self centered drama above is simple. ", "Don’t get caught up theory. ", "Its easy to let philosophies stop or distract you from basic and simple concepts:\n\nFind a worthy a problem, Build an solution, Connect with people.", "\n\nTaking a more serious approach to making software means you are hopefully incorporating at least one if not all three of these basic principles.", "\n\nDon’t let practices, analytics and measuring stop you from building things and getting it in front of people. ", "The whole concept behind major publications like Lean Startup or Rework is do not get caught up in distractions from your core mission: to build value.", "\n\nWrapping Up\n\nI spent a lot of my time not knowing where to begin. ", "I found myself caught up in learning so much that I lost focus on doing. ", "Remember all of these theories and philosophies and practices are only there to guide you.", "\n\nThere are no guaranteed ways to succeed, but you guarantee failure doing nothing.", "\n\nIf in the end you want to build things for yourself, just have the courage to put it out there.", "\n\nThere is too much information out there for any one person to digest, but that shouldn’t stop you from trying.", "\n\nTo Be Continued..\n\nTags" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAngular checkbox hard-coded to [checked]=\"true\" isn't always true\n\nI'm troubleshooting a bigger issue, but I've boiled it down to this...\nIf I have a checkbox <input type=\"checkbox\"> in Angular, and I hard-code the [checked] property to true, shouldn't it always show as checked?", "\nHere's an example. ", "If you click the checkbox, it toggles to unchecked, even though the [checked] property is always true.", "\nimport { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';\n\n@Component({\n selector: 'my-app',\n template: '<input type=\"checkbox\" (change)=\"onChange()\" [checked]=\"isChecked()\"> Click me and I\\'ll uncheck (but I shouldn\\'t)',\n styleUrls: [ './app.component.css' ]\n})\nexport class AppComponent implements OnInit {\n\n ngOnInit() {\n }\n\n isChecked() {\n console.log('isChecked() was called');\n return true;\n }\n\n onChange() {\n console.log(\"changed.\")", "\n } \n}\n\nThe same code on Stackbiltz:\nhttps://stackblitz.com/edit/angular-checkbox-example-w8ujt7?file=app%2Fapp.component.ts\nThanks,\n-Doug\n\nA:\n\nPass an $event in onChange function <input type=\"checkbox\" (change)=\"onChange($event)\" [checked]=\"isChecked()\"> Click me and I\\'ll uncheck (but I shouldn\\'t) so that you can change the value of input.", "\nonChange(e) {\n console.log(\"changed.\")", "\n //here u are again setting the input value as true.", "\n e.target.checked = true;\n}\n\nAnother way of doing, add (click) event in your template like this \n(click)=\"onClick($event)\"\nand Define a onClick(e) function in your component,\nonClick(e){\n //here u are again setting the input value as true.", "\n e.target.checked = true;\n}\n\nBut (click) event is better than (change) for this situation.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "( Above Photo Credit: circlingthewagon .com )\n\nBy: Mark Allred Follow Me On Twitter @BlackAndGold277\n\nPer Providence Journal’s Bruins Beat writer Mark Divver and National Hockey League’s Washington Capitals organization, former Providence Bruins forward Wayne Simpson is heading to the Nations Capital as he’s agreed to a one-year two-way contract with the Caps.", "\n\nCongrats to @waynetrain2013 on first NHL contract. ", "Well-deserved after terrific season with @AHLBruins in ’16-17 https://t.co/sZBKzzz7sQ — Mark Divver (@MarkDivver) July 11, 2017\n\n//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\n\nBorn in Boxboro, Massachusetts the 27-year-old Simpson played four years at Union College (2009-10 to 2012-12) and had decent numbers posting 115 points in 159 games. ", "After graduating, he moved to the East Coast Hockey League where he’d start his professional career with the South Carolina Stingrays who at one time were an “AA” minor league affiliate of the Boston Bruins. ", "Providence got the best look at him as the Stingrays loaned him to the Baby B’s during the 2014-15 season and kept tabs on him ultimately signing him as a free agent after a one-year deal with the Portland Pirates in 2015-16.", "\n\n//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\n\nLast season with the Baby B’s, I thought Simpson was a good fit with many Bruins prospects and showed tremendous leadership as an older player in only one-year with the B’s. ", "In 76 games with Providence, the undrafted right winger posted 16-33-49 numbers during the 2016-17 regular season and added 14 points in 17 games in the Calder Cup Playoffs that the AHL Bruins team went to the Eastern Conference Finals losing the series to the Syracuse Crunch in the best of seven series 4-1.", "\n\nCongrats to former Stingray forward Wayne Simpson (@waynetrain2013), who signed his first NHL contract with the @Capitals! #", "ProudAffiliate pic.twitter.com/GkJesCXg8A — SC Stingrays (@SCStingrays) July 11, 2017\n\n//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\n\nThe Washington Capitals are getting a quality depth player in Simpson that can play in many situations and is an effective forechecker and a specialist either on the first or second power play units. ", "He’s quick on his feet for a player listed at 5′-11″ 194-pounds and has a knack for getting under the skin of opposing players trying to transition out of their own zone. ", "With a wave of talent eligible for the AHL this upcoming season, it seems logical that the Providence organization walked away from retaining him for another year even tho he earned his contract last fall with the Baby B’s coming off a professional tryout deal.", "\n\nFormer Bruins F Wayne Simpson has signed with the Washington Capitals. ", "He spent this past season in Providence #NHLBruins #NHLFreeAgency — Sports Spot (@SportsSpot_WMCK) July 11, 2017\n\n//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\n\nConfirmed: Wayne Simpson (F) | Providence Bruins -> Washington Capitals | https://t.co/BXr2KZt7ct #NHL — EP Transfers (@ep_transfers) July 11, 2017\n\n//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" ]

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[ "The present invention relates to vapor phase corrosion inhibiting compositions, and more particularly to dry powder inhibitors specifically formulated to provide corrosion protection of metal in recessed areas, e.g. post-tensioning cables inside tubes.", "\nVapor phase corrosion inhibiting materials are utilized in a variety of applications for protecting metal from corrosion. ", "One such application is a method of prestressing concrete structures, known as post-tensioning. ", "Post-tensioned concrete systems have been used for decades in the construction of bridges, elevated concrete slabs for parking ramps and garages, and in flooring, walls and columns of commercial buildings. ", "In this form of prestressing, cables, strands, bars, or other members of high strength steel are installed at a job site, usually housed in sheathing or tubes that prevent the steel from bonding to the concrete. ", "After the concrete cures, the steel members are stretched by hydraulic jacks. ", "The tensioned members act upon the concrete slab or other structure to place it in compression, considerably improving the capacity of the structure to withstand tensile and bending forces.", "\nA persistent problem with post-tensioned structures and systems is corrosion of the metal members, particularly in environments involving exposure to salts and other de-icing materials, acid rain, airborne salts in locations near the ocean, and high humidity. ", "If undetected or untreated, corrosion can weaken tensioned members to the point of breakage. ", "In typical post-tensioned structures where the cables or other members are not bonded to the surrounding concrete, breakage of a tensioned member can create a risk of serious injury and property damage.", "\nA variety of solutions have been directed to the corrosion problem. ", "For example, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,840,247 (Dubois et al.) ", "discloses a process for protecting the tendons embedded in housings by drilling holes in the housings and injecting a corrosion inhibiting liquid solution into the housings while applying a high power pulsating wave to enhance penetration.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,460,033 (VanderVelde) describes processes for corrosion evaluation and protection of unbonded cables. ", "Holes are drilled in the concrete to expose the tendons, and a dry non-corrosive gas is passed through the conduits enclosing the tendons. ", "The patent notes that if the evaluation of the gas indicates a humidity above sixty percent, corrosion will ensue. ", "The humidity preferably is maintained below forty-five percent, by injection of dry nitrogen gas as needed.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,513,609 (Lang) shows tendons coated with a polymeric material such as TEFLON (brand name) polymer or an epoxy resin containing up to twenty-five percent finely ground TEFLON polymer. ", "The tendons are coated with a lubricating grease before they are covered with the plastic.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,442,021 (Burge, et al.) ", "is drawn to a corrosion protection coating of cement containing up to ten percent corrosion inhibitors. ", "The mixture is applied onto the metallic tendons before their enclosure.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,770,286 (Sorkin) describes a corrosion resistant retaining seal for end caps. ", "The cap, formed of a polymeric material, contains corrosion resistant material inside the cap. ", "The cap is intended to create a water-tight seal. ", "The patent also describes an “ice pick” method of making a hole in the plastic sheath and injecting grease into the sleeve to displace water and prevent corrosion.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,540,030 (Morrow) describes injecting a polyurethane resin into the housing to displace water and air and prevent corrosion.", "\nWhile the foregoing approaches are acceptable for a variety of applications, none of them is particularly well suited for providing corrosion protection for large scale systems in which the reinforcement members may have considerable length, e.g. exceeding one hundred feet. ", "Drilling holes for injecting anti-corrosive grout or oil becomes prohibitively expensive and time consuming, and corrosion of longer lengths of tensioned members is not adequately addressed by end caps or similarly restricted features. ", "Coating tensioned members directly with anti-corrosive layers or films inhibits corrosion, but is not a practical approach for treating previously installed systems.", "\nAccordingly, the present invention concerns structures, systems, and processes directed to one or more of the following objects:\n(1) to facilitate corrosion protection of metal tension members having considerable length, without the need to drill multiple holes along the length of the members to be treated;\n(2) to provide a process for treating tensioned reinforcement members in situ in preexisting structures, at low cost and minimal disruption to the structures;\n(3) to provide a process particularly well suited for protecting reinforcement members (either before or after they are tensioned) enclosed in relatively tight tubes or sheaths, or having irregular or varying topographies or otherwise forming relatively small or deep voids where exposed metal surfaces are difficult to reach." ]

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[ "[Analysis of 16S rDNA sequence of Cronobacter spp].", "\nTo analyse the sequence of 16S rDNA of twenty-nine Cronobacter spp. ", "strains isolated from food as well as two type strains. ", "Using polymerase chain reaction to obtain the sequences of 16S rDNA of all strains. ", "The multiple cluster analysis and phylogenetic analysis of them were studied by BioNumerics software. ", "All strains, except ATCC51329 and ES 014, were clustered with the Cronobacter spp. ", "type strain ATCC29544. ", "The Cronobacter spp. ", "type strain ATCC51329 and ES 014 belonged to a different branch. ", "From the sequence analysis of 16S rDNA, all these isolates of Cronobacter spp. ", "except ES 014 could be identified accurately by gene analysis. ", "All Cronobacter spp. ", "strains isolated from food were identified on genetic level. ", "The phylogenetic relationships among related Cronobacter spp. ", "isolates were studied." ]

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[ "I have a question for you rom developers\n\nHow many of you are including the Rotting apple boot animation, or decepticon boot animation. ", "If you are please give credit where credit is due. ", "I had a issue not that long ago where someone took my rotting apple boot animation and turned it into a wallpaper then charged people for it on the market. ", "I dont have a issue with you guys using it, as long as you dont start to charge people for it, then i have a huge issue with it. ", "so please give credit where credit is due.", "\n\nYou do realize...\n1. ", "About three quarters of the \"devs\" really are just themers. ", "They offer nothing original in the ROM. ", "Just a theme.", "\n2. ", "If you released your boot animation pics without a copyright or other license, they can use it any way they like.", "\n3. \"", "Give credit where credit is due\" isn't a copyright term. ", "If you want to release it under a Creative Commons or GPL style license, you can. ", "But you didn't. ", "Others are free to use it.", "\n4. \"", "I dont[sic] have an issue with you guys using it\" means you've given up these rights.", "\n\nSo, to summarize, it's great that you want to start a new thread. ", "The \"rom devs\" really are mostly themers. ", "Your released boot animation is now out of your hands.", "\n\nbest regards,\n\nEhud\nP.S. Next time you create something, consider releasing it under the GPL or Creative Commons licenses... you will reserve and protect your rights. ", "Also don't confuse those who compile a ROM from source with people who just add themes and yell \"worship me, I'm a rom dev\"..." ]

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[ "So many races, so little timeMany columns have been written concerning the health of road racing in recent years. ", "To get a good handle on this situation, it is only necessary to consult the road race calendar in any running magazine, newspaper or web site across the USA. ", "Races are proliferating in general, but almost any race director will tell you they spend countless hours figuring out how to attract runners to their event.", "\n\nMany columns have been written concerning the health of\nroad racing in recent years. ", "To get a good handle on this\nsituation, it is only necessary to consult the road race\ncalendar in any running magazine, newspaper or web site\nacross the USA. ", "Races are proliferating in general, but\nalmost any race director will tell you they spend countless\nhours figuring out how to attract runners to their event.", "\n\nWe road racers are pretty lucky when it comes to\norganized events. ", "Take a look at our sister sports of cycling\nand swimming. ", "There are plenty of organized bike rides, but\nfew road races where a non-elite enthusiast can show up, pay\na fee and ride against other riders and the clock over a set\ndistance. ", "In fact, I don't know of a single event like this\nin New England. ", "In swimming, there are masters meets, but the\naverage swimmer would be far too intimidated to try one of\nthese events. ", "Open water swims are more friendly to the\naverage \"exercise\" swimmer, but it's difficult to know the\ndistance of any particular race. ", "The most comparable\nsituation is the sport of triathlon, but outside of the\nironman distance, it is difficult to compare times of races.", "\nWe all know what a three or four hour marathon means, but how\nabout a three hour \" international \" distance triathlon. ", "On\nany weekend however, a runner can find a number of accurately\nmeasured, organized road races over well known distances.", "\n\nThere are hundreds of races scheduled in New England\nalone for the summer of 1996. ", "Working under the assumption\nthat all of these are worthy events and given the fact that\neven the most fanatic of us can only allocate so much time to\ncompeting in races, a decision process is necessary in\nselecting an event in which to complete. ", "With a plethora of\nevents virtually every weekend of the year, the choices have\nnever been more plentiful.", "\n\nAs someone who has been on both sides of the starting\nline and heard countless post race comments, reviews, and\ncriticisms from runners through the years, I've been\nfascinated to learn just what is really important to the\nparticipants in selecting a road race.", "\n\nThus prompted, a while back I undertook a survey, asking\nrunners to rank in order of importance various factors they\ntake into consideration when choosing a race to run. ", "Race\nselection factors were ranked from 1 to 10, 10 being very\nimportant, 1 being least important.", "\n\nSo what did I learn from the responses? ", "That runners\nare more concerned with an efficiently organized event than\nreading about it in the paper the next day. ", "This hardly\nqualifies as earth shattering news, but there were some other\nmildly surprising responses. ", "On average, race amenities rate\nhighly with runners. ", "We all like to get something to remember\nthe race by, even if it is our 300th T-shirt. ", "A race's\nreputation rates highly, but there is nothing like having run\nthe race before to sell us on doing it again. ", "The nature of\nthe course is very important. ", "Hills aren't necessarily bad:\nas anyone who has attempted to enter Mt. Washington knows. ", "If\nyou advertise flat and fast however, it had better be that!", "\n\nFactors that ranked mid range were race tradition,\nrecommendation of friends, race location, the time of day the\nrace is held, and the size of the field. ", "Surely these last\nthree are taken into greater consideration in extreme cases.", "\nAfter all, when trying to balance running with other facets\nof life, it often comes down to convenience. ", "If there is a\nrace in your hometown, it will be easier to run than a\nmarathon in another country. ", "It is worth noting though, that\nrunners will put up with a bit of inconvenience to be part of\na great event. ", "We haven't forgotten the 100th boston yet!", "\n\nThe cost of a race is not critical for most runners,\nproving the adage that consumers are willing to pay for a\nquality product. ", "Surprisingly, whether the course is\ncertified seems not to be significant, proving the adage that\nrunners will believe themselves capable of any result that\nappears on the finish line clock. ", "Competition and prizes were\nranked very low, reflecting the trend towards participation\nand fun over racing to win. ", "Charity also rates very low;\nmost runners these days consider races mostly for the\nrunning. ", "There are many other ample opportunities to support\nworthy charities.", "\n\nOf course the most important consideration for runners\nin selecting a race is the organization of the event. ", "All the\nglitz in the world cannot overcome a poorly organized race.", "\nFrom the days of Clarence Demar to 1996, an efficient pre\nrace sign up, a clear and well marked course, and with fast\nand accurate results have been enough to make any road racer\nhappy." ]

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[ "A typical distributed computer system includes multiple interconnected nodes. ", "Each node in the distributed computer system may include a separate processor. ", "Accordingly, applications which execute in parallel on the distributed computer system are able to exploit the processing power provided by interconnection of the processors. ", "For example, by combining the processing power provided by the multiple interconnected nodes, a given computation may be executed faster by partitioning the computation into multiple sections and executing each section in parallel on several nodes rather than executing the application serially on a single node.", "\nApplications executing on several nodes may have synchronization barriers. ", "A synchronization barrier synchronizes nodes by halting execution on the nodes that have reached a specified instruction until the remaining nodes have reached the specified instruction. ", "For example, consider the scenario in which a dataset is divided into ten sections and each section is executed by a different node. ", "Further, every fifty steps, each node communicates the results of the execution with the other nodes. ", "Communicating the results may be performed using a send instruction and a corresponding receive instruction. ", "The execution results are then used during the next fifty steps. ", "When a node completes the execution of the fifty steps, the node executes the send instruction to send the result that the node calculates. ", "The node further executes a receive instruction to receive the results from another node. ", "The instruction to receive the execution results from other nodes forms a synchronization barrier. ", "Thus, the execution of the application by the nodes is synchronized at the receive instruction.", "\nSeveral reasons may exist for nodes to wait extended periods of time before the remaining nodes reach the synchronization barrier. ", "One reason is because the execution of the application is often not the only operation being performed by the node. ", "For example, an operating system on the node may perform management tasks for the node, such as input and output of data, scheduled maintenance tasks, etc. ", "In such scenario, all the nodes in the distributed computer system are often forced to wait until the operating system completes the management tasks or until control is switched back to the application.", "\nThe delay may be increased when the same management task is performed by different nodes at different synchronization barriers. ", "As an example, consider the scenario in which there are one thousand nodes, and each node has a one percent chance of performing a management task between any two synchronization barriers in the execution of the application. ", "Thus, an average of ten of the nodes will perform a management task between each two synchronization barriers. ", "Because all nodes must enter the barrier before any nodes leave the barrier, the nodes not performing the management task must wait for the ten nodes to complete the management task at each synchronization barrier. ", "Therefore, the total delay due to the management task is increased. ", "Specifically, rather than the delay being the sum of the amount of time to perform the management task on each node, the delay is the amount of time needed to perform the management task between each pair of barriers multiplied by the number of synchronization barriers." ]

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[ "I still didn't give any credit for brushes, didn't I?I just took it off 'cause some people found 'no brushes used' too confusingNaw, it's just obvious I didn't use brushes for these. ", "I just put that there for submissions with backgrounds (as those pattern brushes are often used for backgrounds) and I just copied the description even though I posted drawings without backgrounds... and at some point I remembered to remove that in the description." ]

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[ "Opry pays tribute to Little Jimmy Dickens\n\nThousands of fans were filtering into pews at the Ryman Auditorium for Friday night's Grand Ole Opry show when news broke that one of its biggest stars, Little Jimmy Dickens, had died.", "\n\nGasps rose from the capacity crowd when Opry vice president and general manager Pete Fisher announced the death. ", "Fisher dedicated the show to Dickens, whom Fisher called \"one of the most legendary, entertaining and beloved artists in country music history.\"", "\n\nSome of Dickens' famous friends, including Marty Stuart, Ricky Skaggs and Bill Anderson, stepped forward to pay tribute through songs and the same kind of wise-cracks the Country Music Hall of Famer was known to dole out.", "\n\nBackstage, there were tears, but there was also laughter.", "\n\n\"It just wouldn't be the Opry if there wasn't a Little Jimmy joke back there,\" Skaggs said after his performance.", "\n\nThe stars all agreed that Dickens stood for the best in the genre.", "\n\n\"He was the last remaining person that could reach back to Hank Williams and Roy Acuff,\" Stuart said. \"", "He was our link to the heart, soul and the altar of country music.\"", "\n\nAnd he was a dynamic performer in his own right, often stealing the spotlight from some of country's top hit-makers on the Opry stage.", "\n\n\"Overall, for 94 years, that little gentleman just walked out there every Friday and Saturday night and just sang and played and entertained,\" Larry Gatlin said of Dickens after performing with the Gatlin Brothers. \"", "Bring a notebook and pay attention when he's out there, because you will learn every single time.\"", "\n\nAnderson was driving on Second Avenue when he learned of his good friend's death. ", "During an interview Friday night in a tiny Ryman dressing room, Anderson was still struggling to accept the loss.", "\n\n\"I looked over to the side of the stage one time tonight when I was out there and almost expected to see him over there in his little blue rhinestone suit,\" Anderson said with a glint in his eye.", "\n\nAnderson introduced Dickens before his last Opry appearance on Dec. 20, a day after his 94th birthday. ", "The audience gave a standing ovation as Dickens walked on stage.", "\n\n\"They laughed at a couple jokes that I know he's told out there a million times,\" Anderson said with a chuckle. \"", "He just had a way with those old stories.\"", "\n\nWhen Dickens was done, the crowd again rose to its feet.", "\n\n\"The last time that he was on the stage, and the last time that he walked off over there into the wings, the audience was standing up,\" Anderson said, his voice cracking.", "\n\n\"And they should've been.\"", "\n\nReach Adam Tamburin at 615-726-5986 and on Twitter @tamburintweets." ]

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[ "DDT Polymorphism and the Lethality of Crystal Forms.", "\nDDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane), a contact insecticide with a rich and controversial history since its activity was discovered in 1939, has long been thought to be monomorphic. ", "Herein we report the discovery and characterization of a second polymorph, designated Form II, which can be isolated as single crystals, but converts very slowly at room temperature to the form reported previously, now designated as Form I. Computations based on an evolutionary algorithm for crystal structure prediction revealed that Forms I and II are among the four lowest energy crystal structures of fifty calculated. ", "A preliminary study of the contact insecticidal activity toward fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) indicates that Form II is more active, suggesting opportunities for more effective solid-state formulations that would allow reduced amounts of DDT, thereby minimizing environmental impact." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Rutgers Scoutcast - Chris Carlin Season Preview Special\n\nSam Hellman\n\n09/02/2016\n\nWelcome to the Rutgers Scoutcast, a Scarlet Knights podcast available free on the Scout Network. ", "This week, our longest episode to date includes a conversation with Chris Carlin, the voice of Rutgers football. ", "The Rutgers Scoutcast previews the 2016 season under Chris Ash with record predictions.", "\n\nThe Rutgers Scoutcast is a weekly podcast for Rutgers fans of all varieties. ", "In our latest episode, we break down the upcoming season and tomorrow's kickoff at Washington with special guest Chris Carlin. ", "Scout national recruiting analyst Brian Dohn visits the Rutgers Scoutcast to preview and predict the first season under coach Chris Ash." ]

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[ "The immunomodulatory role of esmolol in patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrectomy due to gastric cancer.", "\nEsmolol has a beneficial effect on the T helper 1/T helper 2 balance in patients with heart failure. ", "The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory role of esmolol during and after surgery. ", "Patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrectomy due to gastric cancer were enrolled. ", "Patients in the esmolol group (n = 15) received esmolol during surgery, and a saline-treated group (n = 14) served as a control. ", "Cytokines were quantified by sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassays before, during and after surgery. ", "The esmolol group was associated with higher ratios of interferon-γ/interleukin-4 (T helper 1/T helper 2 signature cytokines) than the saline group during (2.36 vs 0.57, respectively, p = 0.041) and after (5.79 vs 0.69, respectively, p = 0.033) surgery. ", "The postoperative increase in interleukin-6 was attenuated in the esmolol group, and the C-reactive protein level on postoperative day 1 was significantly lower in the esmolol group than in the saline group (mean (SD) 26.2 (18.3) mmol.l(-1) vs 56.8 (44.3) mmol.l(-1), p = 0.021). ", "Our findings suggest that esmolol played an immunomodulatory role and mitigated the postoperative inflammatory response in patients under surgical and anaesthetic stress." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Normative data on mineralization density distribution in iliac bone biopsies of children, adolescents and young adults.", "\nBone mineralization density distribution (BMDD) as assessed by quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI) in iliac crest bone biopsies has become in the last years a powerful diagnostic tool to evaluate the effect of metabolic bone diseases and/or therapeutic interventions on the mineralization status of the bone material. ", "However until now, normative reference data are only available for adults. ", "The aim of the present study is to close this gap and establish normative data from children and compare them with reference BMDD data of adults. ", "qBEI analyses were performed on bone samples from 54 individuals between 1.5 and 23 years without metabolic bone diseases, which were previously used as study population to establish normative histomorphometric standards. ", "In the trabecular compartment, none of the BMDD parameters showed a significant correlation with age. ", "The BMDD was shifted towards lower mineralization density (CaMean -5.6%, p<0.0001; CaPeak -5.6%, p<0.0001; CaLow +39.0% p<0.001; CaHigh -80.7%, p<0.001) and the inter-individual variation was higher compared to the adult population. ", "The cortices appeared to be markedly less mineralized (CaMean -3.1%, p<0.0001) than cancellous bone due to higher amounts of low mineralized secondary bone. ", "However, the cortical BMDD parameters showed a strong correlation (r=0.38 to 0.85, with p<0.001 to<0.0001) with cancellous BMDD parameters. ", "In conclusion, this study provides evidence that BMDD parameters in growing healthy subjects are relatively constant and that these data can be used as normative references in pediatrics osteology. ", "The larger inter-individual variability compared to adults is most likely related to alterations of the bone turnover rate during growth." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Robert Eziakor\n\nRobert Eziakor (born 19 October 1986 in Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria) is a Nigerian head coach and former footballer.", "\n\nCareer\nPlaying for a host of Singaporean minor league sides, Eziakor signed for Hougang United FC of Singapore's top division in 2013 and was handed the number 20. ", "Registering the most goals for his team in pre-season, he formed a good strike partnership with Guinean Mamadou Diallo, aiming to be on the top scorers charts by the end of the season. ", "During an interview, Eziakor maintained that it was difficult for him to get back into shape for professional football since he was less fit from plying his trade with semi-pro clubs.", "\n\nThe forward has stated that he has enjoyed the vehemence and support of the Hougang HOOLS, his teams fan club during his time there.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Nigerian footballers\nCategory:Nigerian expatriate footballers\nCategory:Nigerian football managers\nCategory:Association football forwards\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1986 births\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Singapore\nCategory:Singapore Premier League players\nCategory:Hougang United FC players" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Identification and fine mapping of rhm1 locus for resistance to Southern corn leaf blight in maize.", "\nrhm1 is a major recessive disease resistance locus for Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB). ", "To further narrow down its genetic position, F(2) population and BC(1) F(1) population derived from the cross between resistant (H95(rhm) ) and susceptible parents (H95) of maize (Zea mays) were constructed. ", "Using newly developed markers, rhm1 was initially delimited within an interval of 2.5 Mb, and then finally mapped to a 8.56 kb interval between InDel marker IDP961-503 and simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker A194149-1. ", "Three polymorphic markers IDP961-504, IDP B2-3 and A194149-2 were shown to be co-segregated with the rhm1 locus. ", "Sequence analysis of the 8.56 kb DNA fragment revealed that it contained only one putative gene with a predicted amino acid sequence identical to lysine histidine transporter 1 (LHT1). ", "Comparative sequence analysis indicated that the LHT1 in H95(rhm) harbors a 354 bp insertion in its third exon as compared with that of susceptible alleles in B73, H95 and Mo17. ", "The 354 bp insertion resulted in a truncation of the predicted protein of candidate resistance allele (LHT1-H95(rhm) ). ", "Our results strongly suggest LHT1 as the candidate gene for rhm1 against SCLB. ", "The tightly linked molecular markers developed in this study can be directly used for molecular breeding of resistance to Southern corn leaf blight in maize." ]

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[ "I saw both of them at Lake Placid Labor Day Weekend for the Jr GP and both looked fab! ", "They were in the stands watching a lot of the skating, and during some of the pairs, Oleg was in the K n C area watching.", "\n\nSorry for all the questions, does anyone know what the camera policy is likely to be? ", "I generally take pictures with no flash with a point and shoot camera, so nothing too fancy and no video. ", "Just wondering if I should expect to be able to do that or not.", "\n\nIntermission at Friday nights show. ", "Pretty good sized crowd here. ", "First half exhibitors did a wonderful job entertaining the audience. ", "Jason's program just has to be seen . ", "Looking forward to the second half and already have tickets to see the show again tomorrow!", "\n\nIntermission at Friday nights show. ", "Pretty good sized crowd here. ", "First half exhibitors did a wonderful job entertaining the audience. ", "Jason's program just has to be seen . ", "Looking forward to the second half and already have tickets to see the show again tomorrow!", "\n\nClick to expand...\n\nI'm so jealous! (", "Especially since I'm sitting at dull old work right now!)", "\n\nJust got home - great show. ", "I didn't take notes.", "\nSo true - Jason was so fun. ", "I saw him win the JGP last Dec, but did not stay for exhibition. ", "It was cool to see another side of him, very fun, you could tell he was enjoying himself. ", "Hammer Time!", "\nJeremy's program to Les Miz was beautiful, unfortunately he messed up some jumps that pulled me out of the moment. ", "When skated cleanly it will be mesmerizing.", "\nOther skaters:\nKimmie M - so nice to see her. ", "Not a difficult program, but she has grown as a skater.", "\nChristina Gao- lovely purple dress - lovely program\nNavBoms - so excited to see them again. ", "It just seems like they love being out on the ice and it shows.", "\nMelanie and Fred - great to see them, fun program, a little slow from the last time I saw them, but pure entertainers, great pairs moves.", "\nPaul had an iPad and announced that the Protopovs would not be there and he recorded the cheers for them. ", "Not sure if he said why they were not there, could not always understand what he or Emily were saying.", "\nRyan Bradley - skated to Footloose - fun program, definitely one of the crowds favorites. ", "Back flip of course.", "\nCastelli and Schanpir (sp?) ", "really lovely program, they have skated in this event for a few years now and they are really maturing and improving. ", "Nice to see.", "\nLots of other skaters, but can't remember all their names right now. ", "off to bed.", "\nBut if anyone can go on Sun - go - such a great show and a great cause.", "\n\nI'll post my pictures in a bit (hopefully later tonight but since I have yet to post my Skate Canada pictures, I make no promises) but here is my (in no teknic, not very informative) review. ", "Where I use the word \"nice\" too much.", "\n\nYasmin Siraj: GFB. ", "Really, very nice. ", "I enjoyed it a lot.", "Kylie Duarte & Colin Grafton: I remember really liking it but thinking their double twist was really low. ", "My mom really liked them as well.", "Jason Brown: He did \"Can't Touch This\" in a sequined vest. ", "Definitely not what I was expecting. ", "But it was great. ", "He's my mom's new favorite.", "Emily Hughes: A cover of Paint it Black sung by a woman but I don't know who. ", "It wasn't really a great song choice for her and I have a feeling she hadn't been planning on skating here for very long because there wasn't much choreography. ", "But it was nice to see her anyways.", "Douglas Razzano: He did the Jersey Boys versions of Rag Doll and Walk Like A Man. ", "Another one where I kind of felt like he was milling around and didn't have much choreography. ", "But I do like Jersey Boys.", "Anastasia Cannuscio & Coin McManus: Turning Tables. ", "Not that we needed another Adele program, but it was actually a great exhibition. ", "Lots of very nice choreographic details and I thought they sold it well. ", "He did have a big stumble, though.", "Kimmie Meissner: GFB. ", "She was beautiful. ", "She has become so much more expressive over the last few years. ", "I really enjoyed watching her. ", "She did doubles up to 2A. Emily and Paul talked to Kimmie and she said she started skating again last summer and that she was skating in Tokyo soon.", "\n\nIntermission\n\nBlake Rosenthall: Blake is apparently a junior at Harvard now. ", "She did a cute number to Let's Get Loud which was in clear violation of the \"no one may skate to anything that could have been used for the SD last season\" rule, but she did a nice job.", "Christina Gao: I think she was doing her SP. ", "She fell on a triple loop but I thought the program suited her. (", "Although I thought the dress was too weighed down with fabric, actually)Ross Miner: Frank Sinatra's version of Luck Be a Lady. ", "He was really fun to watch. ", "A lot of personality in this number. ", "Also he is far more attractive when not wearing things like last year's SP costume. ", "I volunteer to personally burn that.", "Kim and Brent: Amy Winehouse's Mercy. ", "A lot of fun, of course. ", "It ended with Kim getting dragged around on the ice while attached to Brent's foot. ", "I've always loved them. ", "But Brent has to shave. ", "Agnes Zawadzki: I Will Always Love You. ", "This was a surprising choice of music for her. ", "I actually really enjoyed it although I'm not sure a giant 80s ponytail was required (my mother says \"no wonder I was thinking I liked her hair\"). ", "She's improved so much since she left Tom Z. Ryan Bradley: Cut Loose. ", "Classic Ryan Bradly. ", "Lot's of fun, totally hammed it up, did a back flip, wore really tight pants, and took his shirt off. ", "The ladies definitely enjoyed it. ", "I was also very amused by his conversation with Paul and Emily. ", "Right after he finished skating Paul asked him what he'd been up to and Ryan said \"As of recently, trying to breathe.\" ", "Marissa Castelli and Simon Shnapir: Michael Buble's Feeling Good. ", "There are plenty of \"Feeling Good\" Exhibitions in the world but theirs was really great. ", "Lots of great choreographic moments. ", "Also I loved Marissa's dress.", "Jeremy Abbott: Bring Him Home free skate. ", "Okay, I enjoy Jeremy's skating and programs but I'm not an uber because I can't take the emotional turmoil. ", "I don't know about transitions and difficulty because I wasn't watching for that. ", "But he sells this program beautifully. ", "I loved it. ", "If he ever skates it clean, I'll probably cry. ", "For all Les Mis is overused, Bring Him Home is a perfect fit for Jeremy.", "\n\nOverall it was an absolutely great show. ", "If anyone in the area isn't planning to go, get tickets and go tomorrow. ", "There were very few performances that I didn't really enjoy. ", "The Harvard Students did a great job!", "\n\nHere are the pictures (it's a miracle!). ", "Not my best with the Hockey glass and the fact that I was sitting pretty close but whatever. ", "For the record, there are no pictures of falls. ", "Anyone on the ice decided to be there.", "\n\nHere are the pictures (it's a miracle!). ", "Not my best with the Hockey glass and the fact that I was sitting pretty close but whatever. ", "For the record, there are no pictures of falls. ", "Anyone on the ice decided to be there.", "\n\nThanks so much for the review, sounds like you had a great time. ", "I'm looking forward to seeing Kimmie skate at the Medal Winners Open. ", "I wonder she is going to skate to the same program at the upcoming competition? ", "As a rule, I usually prefer any type of music to the GFB, but it sounds like she did a nice job with the program.", "\n\nBack to back triple axels in show lights? ", "I guess Jeremy's allowed one fall here. ", "Loved the turning lunge. ", "Jeremy's webmaster posts that this did not include the first 40 seconds where the quad will appear. ", "Soo glad we get to see it at Skate America very very soon!", "\n\nBlake Rosenthall: Blake is apparently a junior at Harvard now. ", "She did a cute number to Let's Get Loud which was in clear violation of the \"no one may skate to anything that could have been used for the SD last season\" rule, but she did a nice job.", "\n\nClick to expand...\n\nAh, I actually saw her practicing this on a FS session and thought the program suited her. ", "Kept thinking she looked familiar, but couldn't figure out why or where from. ", "And, to think I really liked Blake's Adele program from last year's show . ", "Thanks for the review; looking forward to today's show!", "\n\nETA: Now sure about this EWC, but most years they are somewhere around 2-2:30 hours, with a 15 min intermission." ]

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[ "Q:\n\n'istanbul' is not recognized as an internal or external command\n\nI have just added the istanbul test coverage module to my node.js application, but when I run (from command prompt):\n> instanbul cover myTests.js\n\nas mentioned in the documentation, I get:\n'istanbul' is not recognized as an internal or external command\n\nI am under Windows 7. ", "The npm installation returned no error. ", "I see nothing in the documentation about extra installation steps.", "\nWhat am I missing?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe problem I see with this is when you move the project to a different server. ", "Istanbul will need to be installed again globally. ", "This defeats the npm model of package management. ", "Another way to achieve this is to:\nnpm install --save-dev istanbul\n\nModify package.json script entries:\nscripts: {\n\n \"coverage\": \"node ./node_modules/.bin/istanbul ....\"\n}\n\nThen call it using:\nnpm coverage\n\nA shortcut for your local machine is also to set your environment path to include node executables:\nexport PATH=$PATH:./node_modules/.bin\nIn which case, any executables installed to your package will be available on the command line automatically because of path checking.", "\n\nA:\n\nFor a module to be runnable from anywhere, you need to install it globally (with -g option).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Re: when to shut off ABS??", "\n\nIn a message dated 96-12-11 00:21:50 EST, you write:\n<< incidentally for those who tout their own braking skill over abs, it is\nsalutatory to see\nthat abs is loved by most pro drivers, and is banned in most major\nmotorsports.", "\n>>\nGood brakes and suspension first, then add abs, won't find me, eric, or\nanybody else disagreeing.... hardly the definition of audi cars, more the\ndefintion of say, an (new) M3, or a porcshe 951.... INDY cars had a go round\nwith it, that pretty much killed it..... Also, every team was tracking the\nlaps on the computer.... hmmmm, do that enough times, the driver only needs\nto steer.... The programs for traction control were snuck in there too....\nTrack is a little different than street remember.... If you take the\nskippy rule, all braking is done in a straight line, so abs has a different\nfunction on the track, full throttle, no brainer stamp on the brake then full\nthrottle, ad nauseum.... real world roads hardly mimic this action....\nAfter the cf gets low enough, the abs is a non entity in the audis, it starts\nwith wet snow and goes to ice.... Before that, I personally have no problem\nwith abs on... The theories on gravel, snow and sand are all valid tho, a\nplow will out brake antilock..... Can you leave ABS on all the time, you\nbet.... BTW, interesting statistic out regarding ABS from insurance\ncompanies yesterday.... It seems that more deaths associated with ABS car\naccidents than non abs.... They attribute it to driver education of abs...\nHello, wholly my point...... (First/last time I'll ever thank Geico for\nanything....)\nScott" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSetting private field on user control prevents changing 'Visible' from working\n\nIn a page, I have an event handler that sets 'Visible' to false on one control and true on another. ", "Stepping through debug, I see that these values get set properly, and the control marked visible goes through OnPreRender while the control I have set to invisible does not. ", "So all of that seems to be working as expected. ", "However, when the request completes, the visibility has not changed at all on the page. ", "I've tried setting the directly parent UpdatePanel to 'always' and have tried manually calling 'Update()' on it with no effect. ", "Any clue as to what is going on here?", "\nUPDATE:\nI have found that it is only setting a private property on my user control that causes this whole thing to not work. ", "I have included an example of that control and all of the places it references the private field.", "\nExample:\nprotected override void OnLoad(EventArgs e)\n{\n if (this.", "IsPostback)\n {\n return;\n }\n\n this.", "Control1.Visible = true;\n this.", "Control2.Visible = false;\n}\n\nprotected void OnButtonClicked (object sender, EventArgs e)\n{\n this.", "Control1.Visible = false;\n this.", "Control2.Visible = true;\n // this has desired results when it fires\n}\n\nprotected void OnUserControlEventThatFiresAfterRowCommand (object sender, EventArgs e)\n{\n this.", "Control2.SomeProp = this.", "GetSomeObject();\n\n this.", "Control1.Visible = false;\n this.", "Control2.Visible = true;\n // this does not have desired results, even though it does fire\n}\n\nAnd then in Control2:\nprivate SomeClass privatefield;\n\npublic SomeClass SomeProp\n{\n get\n {\n return this.privatefield;\n }\n set\n {\n this.", "PopulateFields(value);\n\n this.privatefield = value;\n // If I comment out this line it works!", "\n }\n}\n\nprotected override void LoadViewState(object savedState)\n{\n object[] state = savedState as object[];\n\n base.", "LoadViewState(state[0]);\n this.", "Enabled = state[1] as bool? ?? ", "true;\n this.", "SomeProp = state[2] as SomeClass;\n this.", "Visible = state[3] as bool? ?? ", "true;\n}\n\nprotected override object SaveViewState()\n{\n return new object[]\n {\n base.", "SaveViewState(),\n this.", "Enabled,\n this.", "SomeProp,\n this.", "Visible\n };\n}\n\nA:\n\nI finally found out why by looking at the actual response body.", "\n156|error|500|Error serializing value 'withheld class name' of type 'withheld class name'|\nWhy this error was not being thrown in debug is beyond me, but for anyone else reading this question looking for answers, look at your response bodies! ", "It is because I was trying to put my instance of a class into Viewstate but that class was not marked with the Serializable attribute.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Polymorphisms of COMT Val158Met and DAT1 3'-UTR VNTR in illicit drug use and drug-related psychiatric disorders.", "\nTo investigate the involvement of COMT Val158Met and DAT1 3'-UTR VNTR genotypes in the pathogenesis of illicit drug use and drug-induced psychotic disorders (DIP), 187 substance users and 386 normal controls were recruited from Northern Taiwan. ", "Substance users and normal controls significantly differed in allele frequencies of COMT Val158Met (p = 0.039) but not in allele frequencies of DAT1 3'-UTR VNTR (p = 0.879). ", "However, neither allele frequencies of COMT Val158Met nor allele frequencies of DAT1 3'-UTR VNTR were associated with DIP. ", "The findings should be confirmed in further studies of a larger sample size and a more homogenous patient group." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to do structural typing in scala that ALSO only accepts subclasses?", "\n\nInstead of describing the problem in words, let me just show you a Scala Interpreter session that shows what I want to do.", "\n scala> class A extends Parent{\n | def name = \"Alex\"\n | }\n defined class A\n\n scala> class B extends Parent{\n | def name = \"Bernardo\"\n | }\n defined class B\n\n scala> def addFamilyName[T <: Parent](fn:String, c:T{def name():String}) = c.name + \" \" + fn\n addFamilyName: [T <: Parent](fn: String, c: T{def name(): String})java.lang.", "String\n\n scala> addFamilyName( \"Martins\", new A())\n <console>:11: error: type mismatch;\n found : A\n required: ?{", "def name(): String}\n addFamilyName( \"Martins\", new A())\n ^\n\nSo basically I want to define a type in a parameter that is both a subclass of a certain type and also contains a method with the signature def name():String.", "\nNOTE: I'm trying to do it this way because my class hierarchy is already way to complicated. ", "Given this, I prefer to not add a ParentWithName abstract class or trait if it can be avoided. ", "\n\nA:\n\nBelieve it or not, the issue is in the parentheses in the method signature. ", "This works:\ndef addFamilyName[T <: Parent](fn:String, c:T{def name:String}) =\n c.name + \" \" + fn\n\nThough I should add you don't actually need a type parameter. ", "This is just as good:\ndef addFamilyName(fn:String, c:Parent{def name:String}) =\n c.name + \" \" + fn\n\n" ]

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[ "One of the many pleasures of the late Patrick O’Brian’s novels about the British navy during the age of sail is O’Brian’s sense of enchantment with the fascinatingly diverse world we inhabit. ", "Travel widely enough with him and you encounter sultans and pashas, geographical marvels and zoological specimens, bejeweled parasols, Hamlet’s grave, hussars, Cossacks — maybe even a unicorn. ", "Not to mention the vast blue sea and the splendid vessels that traverse it! ", "O’Brian’s twenty-volume Aubrey-Maturin series — published from 1970 to 1999 — is beloved by its many devotees because its wonders seem endless: its pages span the globe as they fill the heart. ", "It does not hurt that O’Brian has a finely wrought prose style that is as powerful in its way as Jane Austen’s or Henry James’s. ", "But with more cannon.", "\n\n\n\nO’Brian drew inspiration, as his novels’ charmingly fastidious prefaces suggest, from firsthand accounts: of naval actions, certainly, but also of leisurely travels. ", "A Book of Voyages is a collection of excerpts from his favorite civilian primary sources; it has just been published for the first time in the United States. ", "It is well worth having, and for much more than the sheer joy of finding a new book with O’Brian’s name on the cover. ", "Its main contents are travel diaries and correspondence from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. ", "O’Brian’s dry section titles — “Pleasant Voyages,” “Unpleasant Voyages” (most of these end in cannibalism), “Oriental Splendor,” “Inefficient Pirates” — give a sense of the delights within.", "\n\n\n\nEditing the volume for its British publication in 1947, O’Brian set out the ground rules. ", "These are half the fun. ", "The collection’s purpose is to give pleasure: “If the reader draws instruction or edification from it as well as pleasure that is his own affair, and beside the bargain.” ", "As in the Aubrey-Maturin novels, block quotes from the Latin or French are not translated; one must be cosmopolitan and lettered enough to muddle through. ", "As to footnotes: “There are no footnotes except those of the original authors. ", "Editor’s footnotes seem to me out of place in a work of this kind; they spoil the impression of reading the original text, they ruin the appearance of a page, and if they tell you anything new it is often annoyingly trivial.”", "\n\n\n\nDid you ever meet a curmudgeon so near to your own heart? ", "Ellipses — “the usual dots” — are to O’Brian “the scars of editing,” and also best avoided.", "\n\n\n\nFor the beginning of a voyage — and to rib his continental neighbors — O’Brian includes Philip Thicknesse’s “General Hints to Strangers who Travel through France.” ", "Staying in hotels is particularly perilous. “", "When fine cambric handkerchiefs, &c. are given to be washed,” Thicknesse writes in rule number ten, “take care they are not trimmed round two inches narrower, to make borders to Madame la Blanchisseuse‘s night caps.” ", "And stay on your guard: “Always carry a machine to secure the bedchamber doors at inns where you sleep, and see that there are no holes behind large pictures in the room, large enough for a man to creep through.”", "\n\n\n\nA Book of Voyages‘ loveliest contributor is the Right Honorable Elizabeth Lady Craven, who sent her brother a series of letters describing her journey from the Crimea to Constantinople in 1786. “", "Lady Craven managed to attract a great deal of ill-natured scandal,” O’Brian notes, for she was both beautiful and indiscreet. ", "Her letters are observant, funny, and acerbic. “", "The Russian peasant is a fine, stout, straight, well-looking man; some of the women, as I said before, are uncommonly pretty; but the general whiteness of their teeth is something that cannot be conceived.” ", "The Germans “are naturally musicians” — so said she, traveling through the very same Germany and Austria where Mozart and Haydn then lived and where Bach had lately died. ", "In her amusement with foreign customs and her intolerance of bureaucratic rites, she perhaps provided O’Brian material for the character Diana Villiers: raven-haired beauty, impetuous lover, wife to Stephen Maturin, and inspiration to men everywhere.", "\n\n\n\nThe Aubrey-Maturin novels feel thoroughly authentic, and some of O’Brian’s favorite eighteenth- and nineteenth-century tricks are on display here, ripe for stealing. ", "The words handsome and pretty are given their full meanings, rather than reduced to measurements of men’s and women’s attractiveness: the emperor’s hunting tents “made a very pretty appearance,” for example. ", "Correspondents, writing in longhand, would occasionally augment a description under the guise of self-correction: “she had a girdle, or rather hoop”; “the aforesaid vest, or upper-garment,” etc. ", "And Lady Craven herself would use a handful of disembodied impressions separated by dashes; this impatient, kaleidoscopic method was one of O’Brian’s favorite devices: “The Polish ladies seem to have much taste — magnificence — spirit and gaiety — they are polite and lively — excessively accomplished — partial to the English.” ", "But O’Brian’s writing style was all his own and featured many idiosyncrasies that make no appearance in A Book of Voyages, such as his fondness for a string of adjectives, unsullied by commas, like the “fine great monstrous sea pie” that Jack Aubrey planned to make from the contents of his larder.", "\n\n\n\nSome writings in the collection seem apocryphal. ", "A priest traveled to the Congo in 1666 and was attacked in the night by ants. ", "He lived with a fragrant monkey, whose skin smelled of musk. ", "After being saved by local Congolese, who burned the ants alive, “I was carried back into my chamber, where the stink was so great that I was forced to hold the monkey close to my face.” ", "And others yet contain prose of a strange beauty, like that of the member of a party of whalers stranded in the Arctic in 1630. “", "Even the glorious sun (as if unwilling to behold our miseries) mask[ed] his lovely face from us, under the sable veil of coal-black night.”", "\n\n\n\nA Book of Voyages is a wonderful companion to Aubrey and Maturin and belongs in every happy library that has an O’Brian shelf. ", "But the collection does lack one indispensable element of the novels: their tender and wise celebration of friendship, evoked through beautiful writing and indeed, if literature can be said to call upon this art, through music. ", "Sometimes the mysteries of a very old composition stir the imagination, in its ignorance of antiquity, to perceive for a moment the reassuring constancy of the human experience. ", "In O’Brian such magic is found in every volume, and stumbling across it, you realize that these special books are about much more than boats — as when Jack with his violin invites Stephen with his cello once again to play their beloved Corelli in C major:\n\n“With all my heart,” said Stephen, poising his bow. ", "He paused, and fixed Jack’s eye with his own: they both nodded: he brought the bow down and the ‘cello broke into its deep noble song, followed instantly by the piercing violin, dead true to the note. ", "The music filled the great cabin, the one speaking to the other, both twining into one, the fiddle soaring alone: they were in the very heart of the intricate sound, the close lovely reasoning, and the ship and her burdens faded far, far from their minds." ]

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[ "Support OneGreenPlanet\n\nBeing publicly-funded gives us a greater chance to continue providing you with high quality content. ", "Please support us!", "\n\nZucchini has become one of my favorite foods. ", "Since its flavor, texture and color are not particularly intense, you can turn it into so many different things. ", "Here we use them as a base for savory cakes, which pair wonderfully with a tangy salad and sauce. ", "Spinach is a great source of iron, vitamin K and carotenoids (vitamin A), which are necessary for blood health; and all the spices in this recipe have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties.", "\n\nCorn Salsa:\n\nAdd-ons:\n\nLime wedges\n\nChopped herbs, like cilantro and basil\n\nAdvertisement\n\nPreparation\n\nTo make the cakes, put all the ingredients in a food processor -- except the chickpea flour, nutritional yeast and olive oil -- and process until you have a chunky mush. ", "Add the chickpea flour and nutritional yeast, and then process once more so everything is evenly blended.", "\n\nHeat up a bit of olive oil in a large nonstick pan on medium or medium-low heat. ", "It should be hot enough that when you place in a cake, it immediately begins to sizzle.", "\n\nForm your batter into balls or cakes (I use an ice cream scoop and then pat them down into patties) and cook on medium-low heat, about 5 minutes for each side. ", "They should hold together and become a dark, crispy brown once done.", "\n\nTo make the smoky tomato sauce, blend all the ingredients until smooth.", "\n\nTo make the cheese, blend all the ingredients until smooth. ", "It’s ready right away, or let it sit out for 24 hours to develop some sharper notes.", "\n\nTo make the salsa, throw everything together and add salt and pepper to taste.", "\n\nTo assemble, scoop the salsa onto plates, top with your cakes and serve with your sauce and cheese. ", "This is excellent with lime wedges and extra chopped herbs; they take this dish to the next level.", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\nAdvertisement\n\nDiscover more recipes with these ingredients\n\nAbout The Author\n\nEmily von Euw, bestselling author of the Rawsome cookbook series, is back with a comprehensive collection of over 100 delicious recipes to help you eat your way to wellness. ", "Incorporate nutrient-rich superfoods into your diet with everyday staples like berries for antioxidants, cinnamon and turmeric for their anti-inflammatory benefits, and chia, acai and spirulina to improve energy and increase immunity―plus so much more! ", "Full of invigorating juices, immune-boosting smoothies, flavor-packed dressings and satisfying mains, this book has everything you need to enjoy the benefits of superfoods in easy, everyday meals.", "\nReprinted with permission from Rawsome Superfoods by Emily von Euw, Page Street Publishing Co. 2018. ", "Photo credit: Emily von Eu" ]

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[ "{\n \"word\": \"Venerate\",\n \"definitions\": [\n \"Regard with great respect; revere.\"", "\n ],\n \"parts-of-speech\": \"Verb\"\n}" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSSIS: How to filter rows with 1 or more null columns and identify which are the columns?", "\n\nI hope someone can help me with this. ", "I am doing an extraction from excel and load into ole database using SSIS. ", "Before, it enters the database, I have to filter out rows with invalid and null columns and store these rows with errors in another database for errors.", "\nThis is the data in my TransactionRecord Excel:\nCustID TransactionDate TransactionTime AmountSpent\n123 1/2/2011 10:30 $1 \n(null) 3/4/2012 (null) $8 \n789 3/4/2011 12:00 $7 \n698 (null) 11:23 $5 \n\n*(null) represents empty fields in excel.", "\nCurrently, this is what I have done in SSIS \nTransactionRecord.xlsx ---> Conditional Split --(Case 1:filter rows with null)--> ErrorDB\n                                                                      --(default output)---> TransactionDB\nI am only able to filter out rows with null values with this condition: \nISNULL(CustID) || ISNULL(TransactionDate) || ISNULL(TransactionTime) || ISNULL(AmountSpent)\nHowever, with this method, I am unable to identify which are the columns with null values. ", "I am thinking of having a ErrorMsg column in ErrorDB which will state which are the columns that needed to be changed. ", "\nErrorDB:\nCustID TransactionDate TransactionTime AmountSpent ErrorMsg\nnull 3/4/2012 null $8 CustIDNull, TimeNull\n698 null 11:23 $5 DateNull\n\nI have tried to used \"Derived Column\" transformation to add a new ErrorMsg column, however, I am unable to pinpoint which columns have the errors.", "\nIs there any better way of extracting out these error columns and store them in a database?", "\n(can't post image as I am new to stackoverflow, thus do not have enough reputation points)\n\nA:\n\nIf you want your ErrorMsg column to contain the first column error found then add the following to your derived column:\nISNULL(CustID) ? \"", "CustID Error\" : \n ISNULL(TransactionDate) ? \"", "TransactionDate Error\" :\n ISNULL(TransactionTime) ? \"", "TransactionTime Error\" : \n ISNULL(AmountSpent) ? \"", "AmountSpent Error\" : \"Unknown Error\" \n\nIf you want to have a list of column errors then use something like this:\nLTRIM((ISNULL(CustID) ? \"", "CustID \" : \"\") +\n(ISNULL(TransactionDate) ? \"", "TransactionDate \" : \"\") +\n(ISNULL(TransactionTime) ? \"", "TransactionTime \" : \"\") +\n(ISNULL(AmountSpent) ? \"", "AmountSpent\" : \"\"))\n\nAlternatively send your errors through a script component transformation, you could then set it write out one row for every error column.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe invention relates to driver circuits, and in particular to features of driver circuits directed to the control of harmonic content, common-mode noise, and reflective losses in the driver output. ", "More particularly, the invention relates to controlling transient aberrations and reflections in data pulses transmitted by a current-switch/driver to a data-transmission line. ", "Even more particularly, the invention relates to minimizing transient aberrations and signal reflections as part of and in addition to the minimization of electromagnetic-interference (EMI) arising from high-frequency (&gt;50 Mhz) data transmission over unshielded metal conductors.", "\n2. ", "Prior Art\nGreat advantages attach to high-frequency data transmission and in particular to such transmission on unshielded transmission lines such as the twisted pairs of copper wires often used to couple local area computer networks. ", "Unfortunately, the high-frequency pulses making up the data give rise to unacceptable levels of EMI and also suffer impedance-mismatch losses--problems which worsen as the transmission frequency increases. ", "Major sources of EMI are: (a) common-mode noise on the transmission line arising from (i) capacitive coupling of the transmitter output to its input and intermediate nodes and (ii) noise on the power rail forming the common reference for the output signals, (b) ringing and overshoot (collectively, \"transient aberrations\") of the pulses, and (c) asymmetries between the pulses' rising and falling edges. ", "Generally stated, the condition for having no EMI from the transmission line requires that the line not give rise to any alternating (ac) electromagnetic field at a distance. ", "Since the transmission line is supposed to carry both a signal and the complement of that signal, in theory the problem does not exist; the field at a distance arising from the signal should be equal in magnitude and opposite in phase to the field at a distance arising from the signal complement and hence the superposition of these two fields should lead to an ac nullity. ", "Stated differently, at a distance from a twisted pair of conductors carrying a signal and a signal complement, respectively, the ac electromagnetic field of the two conductors will appear to be zero because of cancellation of two equal-magnitude/opposite-phase ac signals. ", "Now, anything that breaks the signal/signal-complement anti-symmetry will lead to a non-vanishing ac electromagnetic field at a distance and hence to EMI at a frequency comparable to the signal frequency. ", "This occurs, for example, if both signals are referenced to a source that is itself time-varying. ", "It also occurs if, through capacitive coupling or other means, a time-varying signal is fed onto one or both conductors of the transmission line pair. ", "It occurs in an especially detrimental fashion if there is ringing and/or overshoot at the pulse edges. (", "These transient aberrations cannot cancel out and they provide a net signal which is both of high amplitude and of extremely high frequency.) ", "Non-vanishing ac fields-at-a-distance also occur if the falling edge of the pulse is not symmetric with the rising edge. ", "E.g., if the rising edge is steeper than the falling edge, then the rising pulse on the signal line added to the corresponding falling pulse on the complement signal line yields a non-zero signal which varies with time. ", "These various signal problems giving rise to EMI are inherent in the prior-art drivers; attempts to minimize them generally have been limited to introducing LRC filters on the transmission line near where it couples with the transmitter and receiver. (", "In addition, choke coils and isolator transformers typically are used at both ends of the transmission line.)", "\nUnfortunately, the LRC filters introduced in the prior art to address the EMI and impedance mismatch problems associated with high-frequency transmission introduce problems of their own. ", "These include but are not limited to signal dispersion and ringing. ", "Because the LRC filters employed with the prior art are of limited band width, they are unable to adequately reduce EMI and reflective losses across the entire signal bandwidth no matter how well they are tuned to do the job at the fundamental carrier frequency. ", "Frequencies of interest at the present level of development are on the order of 62.5 MHz; rise and fall times of the pulses making up the data trains of interest are on the order of 600 picoseconds. ", "It is this very fast rise/fall time that leads to the EMI-generating transient aberrations. ", "The LRC filters are particularly ineffective in addressing the transient aberration problems at these high frequencies and can in fact exacerbate them. ", "A final consideration is that circuitry conveying pulses with extremely fast rise- and fall-times is very unforgiving--in the sense that a junction adequate for lower frequencies can be the site of significant ringing at the high frequencies implicit in such short rise/fall times. ", "A high premium attaches to the care with which intra-circuit connections are made if the circuit is going to be carrying such signals. ", "This need can be relaxed somewhat if the rise/fall time can be lengthened (within the constraints implicit in the underlying transmission frequency, on the order of 62.5 MHz and higher).", "\nFIG. ", "1 shows a typical prior-art system incorporating an ECL switch/driver as the transmitter--with output V.sub.o and complementary output V.sub.o B. (The inset FIG. ", "1a shows the ECL switch/driver in detail.) ", "LRC filters--F1 and F2--are placed on the transmission line to reduce the EMI and to provide impedance matching. ", "In addition, choke coils T2 and T4 are shown, along with isolation transformers T1 and T3. ", "The choke coils are used to reduce common-mode noise. ", "It can be seen from the ECL circuit constituting the switch/driver that any noise picked up by the high-potential power rail V.sub.cc will be imposed on both members of the transmission-line pair, V.sub.o and V.sub.o B. In general this will be high-frequency noise and so will contribute to the EMI problem. ", "It would be preferable to have the output and the output complement referenced to the low-potential power rail GND rather than to V.sub.cc ; it is the nature of the GND rail to be more tightly coupled to the external reference and consequently less susceptible to pick-up than is the V.sub.cc rail. ", "It is, however, in the nature of the ECL drivers that the output signals are referenced to V.sub.cc.", "\nBy shifting to a MOS-based switch/driver, it is possible to generate current pulses referenced to the low-potential power rail GND. ", "FIG. ", "2a depicts a prior-art MOS switch/driver analogous to the ECL circuit of FIG. ", "1. ", "The current I.sub.", "M to be switched between the two branches is fixed by some known means represented by the current regulator/generator symbol in the line running from the high-potential power rail V.sub.cc to the common source nodes of the PMOS output transistors QA and QB. ", "The output transistors QA and QB are switched by the CMOS inverter stages coupled between V.sub.cc and GND and controlled by the input and complementary input signals, E and EB, respectively. ", "These are standard CMOS inverters with the relative sizes of the PMOS and NMOS devices skewed so as to provide symmetric output signals to the gates of QA and QB in response to symmetric input signals at E and EB, respectively. (", "The skewing involves making the PMOS channel wider than the NMOS channel. ", "The degree to which this must be done depends on the particular process used to fabricate the device; for a typical prior art process, symmetric CMOS input signals generate symmetric CMOS output signals if the P-Channel is three times the width of the N-Channel.) ", "With this arrangement, the control gate of each driver transistor is pulled to either V.sub.cc --which cuts the driver transistor completely off--or to GND, which turns it fully on. ", "Thus, the entire current I.sub.", "M either passes through QA and to ground through the resistor coupling the QA drain to GND--making V.sub.o =I.sub.", "M (R.sub.o /2) and V.sub.o B=GND--or it passes through QB to GND resulting in the opposite signals to the transmission lines. ", "This circuit has the advantage from the standpoint of common-mode noise reduction that V.sub.o and V.sub.o B are referenced to the more stable power rail, GND.", "\nIn addition to V.sub.cc fluctuation, another major source of common-mode noise is capacitive coupling of the input signal to other nodes of the switch/driver. ", "With reference to FIG. ", "1, such coupling between the base nodes of transistors QX and QY, respectively, and the outputs V.sub.o and V.sub.o B will generate common-mode noise of the same high frequency as the input. ", "Regardless of the particular driver circuit involved, there is a certain minimum input/output capacitive coupling which cannot be eliminated. ", "Once that level is approached, efforts at further reduction in this component of common-mode noise must look to minimizing the voltage swing of the input signals themselves. ", "With the ECL switch circuit depicted in FIG. ", "1, the minimum swing must be enough to turn the npn transistors on and off completely. ", "I.e., for a good on/off ratio at the driver output, the constant tail current I.sub.f must pass completely through QX or completely through QY. ", "This requires a minimum input swing at E and EB of about 0.3 V, though the swing used in actual practice is more like 0.8 V.\nWith respect to minimization of the input swing, the MOS-based driver is not as good as the ECL unit; frequently a full rail-to-rail swing is used for switching MOS transistors. ", "This can be seen to be the case with the circuit of FIG. ", "2a. ", "It can also be seen from FIG. ", "2a that it is overkill to use a full rail-to-rail voltage swing to switch QA and QB on and off. ", "All that is really necessary for QA shut-off is that its gate be at a voltage greater than V.sub.s -V.sub.", "T, where V.sub.s is the common source voltage in this circuit and V.sub.", "T --is the threshold source--gate voltage for turning on the MOS transistor QA. ", "The specific value of the common source voltage depends on the exact nature of the circuit sourcing I.sub.", "M and the gain of the member of the QA, QB pair which is conducting. ", "In any event, this means that biasing the gate of QA, for example, to the common source voltage--i.e., making V.sub.gs =0 for QA--will certainly ensure that QA is non-conducting. ", "Similar remarks follow for QB.", "\nFIG. ", "2b shows the prior-art switch/driver of FIG. ", "2a with a particular current-sourcing mechanism selected, namely a PMOS transistor Q7 operating in its saturation mode and with its gate biased by an off-chip-generated V.sub.", "BIAS so as to establish by known means a mirrored current I.sub.", "M independent of operating temperature, power supply voltage, and vagaries in the process by which the chip was manufactured. ", "With this particular means for regulating the current to be switched, it is possible and desirable to interpose PMOS transistors (QC and QD) between the CMOS stages and V.sub.cc. ", "This ensures that the \"turn-off\" voltage applied to the QA and QB control nodes makes V.sub.gs approximately zero, and that the voltage swing is reduced by the drop across QC (or QD) when it is conducting. ", "This reduction in input swing voltage significantly reduces the high frequency noise capacitively coupled onto the transmission line. (", "The ringing and overshoot problems, however, still remain, since they are associated with the fast rise/fall time, which exists for the MOS-based circuit as for the ECL circuit.)", "\nAnother problem needs to be overcome in order to reap the common-mode noise advantages of the MOS-based switch/driver; it relates to signal shape and the complicated way in which the conduction current of a MOS transistor varies in response to the voltage applied at its gate node, particularly in contrast to the simple response curve of bipolar transistors. ", "That is, unlike the simple transfer function--Ktanh(V.sub.", "IN /V.sub.", "T)--describing the switching of the bipolar pair of FIG. ", "1 as a function of control node voltage V.sub.", "IN, the transfer function describing the MOS differential pair is quite complicated, involving as it does several modes of transistor operation. ", "For example, the \"turning-on\" device may be in its saturation region while the \"turning-off\" device is in its subthreshold--weak inversion--region. ", "This means that the incremental current-changes in the MOS device turning on will not match in magnitude the simultaneous current changes in the device turning off. ", "The result is that for symmetric input pulses at E and EB (and consequently, by design, symmetric pulses at the control nodes of QA and QB in accordance with FIG. ", "2a and FIG. ", "2b ), the output current pulses through the resistors Ro/2 in the circuits depicted in FIG. ", "2a and FIG. ", "2b will not be symmetric; in particular, the rising edge of the turning-on current pulse will be qualitatively different from the falling edge of the turning-off current pulse. ", "This is a problem which must be resolved in any MOS-based switch/driver to be used in a situation where EMI is a concern.", "\nAs noted above, going to the MOS-based switch/driver does not resolve the transient aberration problem. ", "It arises in both the ECL-based and MOS-based prior art from the extremely short switching time of these circuits--a switching time, as indicated, on the order of 0.6 nsec. ", "Fortunately, it is only necessary to lengthen this time by a factor of three or so to practically eliminate the transient aberrations. (", "Since, at the transmission frequencies in question--about 62.5 MHz--the pulse length itself is on the order of 8 nsec, lengthening the rise/fall time to 2 nsec leaves a sufficient \"eye\" for the pulses to be processed by the receiver.) ", "Unfortunately, lengthening the rise/fall time turns out to be a fix more easily prescribed than done. ", "For example, extending the rise/fall time by placing an RC time constant (capacitive low-pass filter) at the output of the switch/driver is unacceptable because of the resulting changes in the transmitter's output impedance--a serious concern because of the reflective losses which result from impedance mismatch at these frequencies.", "\nTherefore, what is needed is a high-frequency switch/driver which generates current pulses referenced to the low-potential power rail, a switch/driver that can transmit current pulses symmetric in their rising and falling edges in response to symmetric input voltages at E and EB. ", "What is also needed is that such a switch/driver be able to produce output pulses with a good \"on\" to \"off\" ratio in response to a minimal input voltage swing. ", "Finally, what is needed is a means of increasing the rise- and fall-times of the generated pulses without degrading the output impedance of the switch/drivers producing the pulses." ]

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[ "SUPER SPECIALITIES\n\nNeurosurgery\n\nOverview\n\nDepartment of Neurosurgery started on 01-01-07 we have state of art Neuro Surgical ICU and steel OT for Neurosurgery. ", "We perform all kinds of Brain and Spinal tumors, we handle Head and Spinal injuries regularly. ", "All kinds of Spinal fixation procedure being done.", "\n\n\n\nOur Neuro ICU at our hospital covers 24 X 7 by well trained intensivist and anesthetist has 6 ventilators with advanced monitors. ", "Neuro OT has advanced Operative Neuro Microscope and instruments for better care of patients.", "\n\n\n\nWe do not compromise in patients quality care. ", "Our services are very much affordable to all kinds of patients. ", "We have 1.5 Tesla MRI and Helical / Spiral C.T. Scan, Digital X-rays etc.", "\n\n\n\nEvery patient will be given individual attention by well trained staff nurses. ", "Our surgical results and Hospital care is all most equal to any good Hospital.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n500th Neurosurgery Operation at Vydehi\n\n\n\nThe Neurosurgery Department of Vydehi Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre has completed 500 major neurosurgical operations successfully in as many operating days. ", "The Department boasts of state-of-the-art neurosurgical equipments, is now capable of treating all kinds of neurosurgical ailments at an affordabe cost. ", "Micro neurosurgery, neurocritical care, stereostatic surgery, intra-operative nerve monitoring and treatent of all complex brain and spine surgeries are carried out." ]

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[ "Ween Plays Ween CD2\n\n\n\n01 - Frank (1998-01-30)\n\n02 - If You Could Save Yourself (You'd Save Us All) (2002-02-07)\n\n03 - Put The Coke On My Dick (2017-04-23)\n\n04 - Touch My Tooter (2016-08-26)\n\n05 - Take Me Away (2016-08-26)\n\n06 - Buckingham Green (2000-08-27)\n\n07 - Freedom of '76 (1992-10-29)\n\n08 - Get A Little Taste of You (1994-04-14)\n\n09 - It's Gonna Be A Long Night (2002-02-07)\n\n10 - Mister, Would You Please Help My Pony? (", "1995-04-18)\n\n11 - The Grobe (2016-08-25)\n\n12 - The Stallion Pt. ", "3 (2016-06-12)\n\n13 - Pork Roll Egg and Cheese (2002-02-07)\n\n14 - She's Your Baby (2002-02-21)\n\nAddeddate 2018-01-31 21:35:24 External_metadata_update 2019-04-04T19:16:27Z Identifier WeenPlaysWeen-CD2 Ocr ABBYY FineReader 11.0 (Extended OCR) Ppi 300 Scanner Internet Archive HTML5 Uploader 1.6.3 Year 2018" ]

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[ "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2018 - Manifold Systems LLC\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\n\npackage manifold.api.type;\n\npublic enum ClassType\n{\n Enhancement,\n Program,\n Template,\n Eval,\n Class,\n Interface,\n Structure,\n Annotation,\n Enum,\n JavaClass,\n Unknown;\n\n public boolean isJava()\n {\n return this == JavaClass;\n }\n\n public boolean isOther()\n {\n return\n this == Enhancement ||\n this == Program ||\n this == Template ||\n this == Eval ||\n this == Class ||\n this == Interface ||\n this == Structure ||\n this == Annotation ||\n this == Enum;\n }\n\n public static ClassType getFromFileName( String name )\n {\n if( name.endsWith( \".java\" ) )\n {\n return JavaClass;\n }\n if( name.endsWith( \".gsx\" ) )\n {\n return Enhancement;\n }\n if( name.endsWith( \".gsp\" ) )\n {\n return Program;\n }\n if( name.endsWith( \".gst\" ) )\n {\n return Template;\n }\n if( name.endsWith( \".gs\" ) || name.endsWith( \".gr\" ) || name.endsWith( \".grs\" ) )\n {\n return Class;\n }\n return Unknown;\n }\n\n public String getExt()\n {\n switch( this )\n {\n case Class:\n case Enum:\n case Interface:\n case Structure:\n case Annotation:\n return \".gs\";\n case Program:\n return \".gsp\";\n case Enhancement:\n return \".gsx\";\n case Template:\n return \"*.gst\";\n case JavaClass:\n return \".java\";\n default:\n return \"\";\n }\n }\n\n public String keyword()\n {\n switch( this )\n {\n case Enhancement:\n return \"enhancement\";\n case Interface:\n return \"interface\";\n case Structure:\n return \"structure\";\n case Annotation:\n return \"annotation\";\n case Enum:\n return \"enum\";\n case Class:\n case Program:\n case Template:\n case Eval:\n case JavaClass:\n return \"class\";\n default:\n return \"<unknown>\";\n }\n }\n\n}\n" ]

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[ "How to get here\n\nThe Apple Store is located at the entrance of Rundle Place at 77-90 Rundle Mall, Adelaide. ", "If driving, follow the signs to the Adelaide CBD and the closest parking is in the Rundle Place multi-storey car park on Grenfell Street. ", "On public transport, multiple Adelaide Metro bus lines stop on Grenfell Street, or take the red tram line and stop at Rundle Mall station." ]

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[ "[Contribution of Th-1, Th-2, Th-17 or regulatory T cells to connective tissue diseases].", "\nConnective tissue diseases (or systemic autoimmune diseases), such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, are characterized by B cell hyperactivity and production of various autoantibodies. ", "T cells help B cell activation in the germinal center by enhancing somatic hypermutation and generation of high affinity pathogenic autoantibodies. ", "Previously helper T cells were divided into Th-1 and Th-2 cells. ", "Recently, Th-17 cells and regulatory T cells have been identified as distinct T cell lineages and their roles in inflammation or immune regulation are under intensive investigation. ", "In this review, we discuss the contribution of each T cell subset to autoantibody production and systemic autoimmune diseases." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer dramatically exited the White House press briefing on Tuesday, his first day back at the podium since the president returned from his overseas trip, as reporters hurled questions at him about the administration's assault on anonymous sourcing and fake news.", "\n\nSpicer abruptly ended his Tuesday afternoon briefing after three news outlets the president has called 'fake news' and 'the enemy of the American people' pressed the Trump spokesman on his claims and demanded he provide a list of stories the White House believes to be false.", "\n\n'What I'm telling you is that the reason the president is frustrated is the perpetration of false narratives, the use of unnamed sources over and over again about things that are happening that don't ultimately happen and I think that is troubling,' Spicer said in his final word on the topic.", "\n\nPacking up, Spicer told the room, 'thank you, guys, very much,' and left amid yelling, and some booing.", "\n\nSCROLL DOWN FOR VIDEO\n\nWhite House Press Secretary Sean Spicer dramatically exited the White House press briefing on Tuesday, his first day back at the podium since the president returned from his overseas trip, as reporters hurled questions at about the administration's assault on anonymous sourcing and so-called fake news\n\nThe dispute began at the top of the 20 minute question and answer session that centered on an article that said Jared Kushner, the president's son-in-law, had attempted to set up a back channel with Russia, and reports that have claimed the White House is on the verge of a staff shake up\n\nThe dispute began at the top of the 20 minute question and answer session that centered on a Washington Post article that said Jared Kushner, the president's son-in-law, had attempted to set up a back channel with Russia, and reports that have claimed the White House is on the verge of a staff shake up.", "\n\nGiving the Post the first crack of the bat on Tuesday, a reporter for the outlet asked Spicer if the president knew about the effort to set up a back channel when it was happening.", "\n\nSpicer told the Post's Phil Rucker, 'I'm not going to get into what the president did or did not discuss. ", "What your question assumes is a lot of facts that are not substantiated with anything but anonymous sources that are so far being leaked out.", "\n\n'You're asking if he approves of an action that is not a confirmed action,' Spicer added...Your question presupposes facts that have not been confirmed.'", "\n\nWhite House officials cast a back channel like the one Kushner was said to have floated to the Russians as normal in weekend appearances - but they did not confirm that an exchange of that nature had happened.", "\n\nThe president suggested that the conversation had occurred when he retweeted a Fox News story Tuesday morning on the incident.", "\n\nThe Fox story leaned on an anonymous source who said that the topic did come up, but it was the Russians, not Kushner, who suggested a back channel. ", "The purpose of a private line would have been to talk about Syria, Fox's source said.", "\n\nTrump on Sunday said the stories that use anonymous sources are 'fake' and it's 'very possible' the people journalists say they are quoting do not exist. ", "His tweet on Tuesday endorsing the Fox article flew in the face of that claim.", "\n\nSpicer suggested during a back and forth with DailyMail.com, immediately after he rebuffed the Post, that Fox's anonymous source was more reliable than the Washington Post's the latter's report was based on a dossier that most news outlets refused to print when it contents could not be verified.", "\n\n'The dossier that is largely the basis of this has been largely discredited in the first place. ", "Most of the publications here even refused to publish it in the first place. ", "So I'm not going to get into confirming stuff, there's an ongoing investigation,' he rebutted.", "\n\nSpicer abruptly ended his Tuesday afternoon briefing after three news outlets the president has called 'fake news' and 'the enemy of the American people' demanded that he provide a list of stories the White House believes to be false\n\nThe Post said in its original report that the information it received came in the form of a letter. ", "It sat on it for months as it worked to confirm the details of Kushner's meetings with the Russian ambassador at Trump Tower in December.", "\n\nAs the briefing unfolded, Spicer continued to hammer anonymous sources that have appeared in numerous unflattering articles on the White House and its operations.", "\n\n'I think he is very pleased with the work of his staff. ", "I think that he is frustrated, like I am, and some of the others, to see stories come out that are patently false. ", "To see narratives that are wrong,' Spicer told the AP's Catherine Lucey. '", "To see \"fake news.\" ", "When you see stories get perpetrated that are absolutely false, that are not based on fact, that is troubling and he's rightly concerned.'", "\n\nIt was then that CNN's Jim Acosta jumped in to ask for an example.", "\n\nSpicer brought up the case of a BBC reporter who claimed that Trump was not wearing his earpiece during a discussion with the Italian prime minister.", "\n\n'Someone from the BBC and ultimately an incoming reporter from the New York Times retweeted that the president was being rude by disrespecting the Italian prime minister,' Spicer said, 'when in fact you all and everyone in the meetings that we sit in watched the president with the one earpiece that's been used by other presidents.'", "\n\nDO AS I SAY NOT AS I DO: Trump on Sunday said the stories that use anonymous sources are 'fake' and it's 'very possible' the people journalists say they are quoting do not exist. ", "His tweet on Tuesday endorsing a Fox article that used one defending Jared Kushner flew in the face of that claim\n\nSpicer said he saw the reporter 'who is now joining the New York Times push out and perpetuate, with no apology' fake news.", "\n\nAt that point, the New York Times' Peter Baker interjected to say that Spicer was blowing up one tweet from the widely-covered trip.", "\n\n'With all due respect I was asked to give an example and I did. ", "I gave an answer to Jim,' Spicer said. '", "I didn't come here with a list of things.'", "\n\nA moment later CBS News' Chip Reed joined in, turning the conversation back reports on the White House's staffing and messaging problems.", "\n\n'And now you want to go back to that,' Spicer replied testily.", "\n\nTrump has called the Times, CBS and CNN 'fake news' and 'the enemy of the people' in the past. ", "He decried the anonymous sourcing news outlets have used in reports on his administration as 'fake news' in a set of tweets on Sunday.", "\n\n'Whenever you see the words 'sources say' in the fake news media, and they don't mention names....,' he said, '...it is very possible that those sources don't exist but are made up by fake news writers. #", "FakeNews is the enemy!'", "\n\nWith the room of reporters in revolt over the White House's claims, Spicer ended his briefing and dashed on Tuesday afternoon as reporters groaned and shouted at him to come back.", "\n\n'Sean, come on!' ", "one journalist hollered at him at the end." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to query sqlalchemy object with \"IN\" in python?", "\n\nI have a model like\nclass User(db.", "Model):\n id = db.", "Column(db.", "Integer, primary_key=True)\n username = db.", "Column(db.", "String(32), unique=True, nullable=False)\n character = db.", "Column(db.", "String(10), nullable=False)\n\nI also have a list of characters chars = [char1, char2, ...]\nIn SQL I can say\nselect * from User\nwhere character in ('char1', 'char2',...)\n\nHow can I write this is python?", "\nBased on similar questions asked here I tried:\nfoo = User.query.filter_by(User.character.in_(chars)).all()\n\nbut this gives me the error filter_by() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given.", "\nWhat am I doing wrong?", "\n\nA:\n\nSomething like this maybe:\nsession.query(User).filter(User. ", "character.in_(chars)).all()\n\n" ]

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[ "Growing Uneasiness EU Preparing for a Possible Brexit\n\nSPIEGEL has learned that the foreign ministers of six EU countries have met to discuss the implications of Britain's possible departure from the European Union. ", "They fear that difficult negotiations over the course of two years could result." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nStoring text file data in variable\n\nIs it possible to store a text file data in a variable knowing only its extension?I was thinking something like \nstring path = @\"D:\\MyTest\";\n var txt = File.", "ReadAllLines(path + \"*.txt\");\n\nA:\n\nIf you want to look for files with .txt extension and if any of them has been found, load the content: \n string path = @\"D:\\MyTest\";\n\n // Please, notice that you'll have an array string[] txt\n // If you want just String txt output (not array) change ReadAllLines to ReadAllText \n var txt = Directory\n .EnumerateFiles(path, \"*.txt\")\n // If you can have many text files you may want to add a filter here:\n // .Where(file => ...)\n .Select(file => File.", "ReadAllLines(file))\n .FirstOrDefault();\n\n" ]

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[ "Cortisol administration acutely reduces threat-selective spatial attention in healthy young men.", "\nThere is mounting evidence that single administrations of glucocorticoids may acutely reduce human fear. ", "We previously reported that administration of cortisol acutely reduced non-spatial selective attention to fearful faces and likewise reduced preferential processing of fearful faces in a spatial working memory task. ", "Here we report the acute effects of 40 mg cortisol (administered in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design) on a different experimental task for measuring threat-selective attention. ", "Twenty healthy young males had to localize a target which was presented in a peripheral location that was either gazed at or not by a preceding dynamic happy or fearful face. ", "This reliable method has been used repeatedly to demonstrate fear-driven selective attention. ", "Present results showed that after placebo, as usual, the fearful gaze cues caused stronger orienting of attention than happy faces. ", "Cortisol abolished this typical anxious response pattern, but only in low anxious participants. ", "These data provide evidence that cortisol acutely influences also spatial threat-selective attention. ", "Possible neuroendocrine mechanisms are discussed." ]

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[ "\n// Copyright Oliver Kowalke 2014.", "\n// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.", "\n// (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at\n// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\n\n#ifndef BOOST_COROUTINES2_DETAIL_FORCED_UNWIND_HPP\n#define BOOST_COROUTINES2_DETAIL_FORCED_UNWIND_HPP\n\n#include <exception>\n\n#include <boost/assert.hpp>\n#include <boost/config.hpp>\n\n#include <boost/context/execution_context.hpp>\n\n#ifdef BOOST_HAS_ABI_HEADERS\n# include BOOST_ABI_PREFIX\n#endif\n\nnamespace boost {\nnamespace coroutines2 {\nnamespace detail {\n\nstruct forced_unwind {};\n\n}}}\n\n#ifdef BOOST_HAS_ABI_HEADERS\n# include BOOST_ABI_SUFFIX\n#endif\n\n#endif // BOOST_COROUTINES2_DETAIL_FORCED_UNWIND_HPP\n" ]

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[ "\"but we don't know where that power comes from.\" \" ", "What is it?\" \" ", "I didn't want to put it back.\" \" ", "Why?\" \" ", "I felt like I needed it.\" \" ", "Do you?\" \" ", "Well, it saved my life.\" \"", "And mine.\" \"", "I suppose you want your old job back.\" \" ", "Wu and Hank, too.\" \" ", "Sure, anything else.\" \" ", "I raise my son.\" \" ", "I raise my daughter.\" \"", "And adalind comes with me.\" \"", "You're not my daddy.\" \"", "I tried to tell you.\" \"", "You chose the wrong side, Sean.\" \"", "You're not real.\" \"", "Real enough that you're talking to me.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "No, you're dead.\" \"", "Does that really matter?\" \"", "What do you want?\" \"", "What do you want?\" \"", "I want you to get the hell out of here.\" \"", "I'm not gonna make it that easy for you.\" \"", "I'm here.\" \"", "You sure you wanna do this so soon after your little tussle with Nick?\" \"[", "Phone rings]\" \"Go ahead, take it.\" \"", "I'm in no hurry.\" \" ", "What?\" \" ", "I saw what you did\" \" on the news.\" \" ", "That wasn't me.\" \"", "Do you know how much time and blood it took to get you elected mayor?\" \"", "That was the grimm.\" \" ", "How?\" \" ", "If you really want to know, it's an ancient hexenbiest shapeshifting spell called the verfluchte zwillingsschwester.\" \"", "You're a zauberbiest.\" \"", "You should have known\" \" this would happen.\" \" ", "Really?\" \"", "You have a lot of experience with the verfluchte zwillingsschwester?\" \"", "If Bonaparte was still alive, you wouldn't be.\" \"", "Your mistake has cost us more than you know.\" \"", "No, my mistake was thinking that you knew what you were doing.\" \"", "Why did Nick look like daddy?\" \"", "It's complicated.\" \"", "Daddy was in trouble, and...\" \"We were trying to help.\" \"", "Why didn't you help him?\" \" ", "I did.\" \" ", "We all did.\" \"", "But...\" \"Nick was the one who had to become him so that he could do what your daddy couldn't do when he needed to...\" \"To...\" \"Do something he couldn't really do.\" \"", "Because, well, you know...\" \"Nick.\" \"", "Nick's here.\" \"", "Okay, glad you got those clothes changed so quickly.\" \"", "Those are my daddy's clothes.\" \"", "Yeah, I had to borrow them.\" \" ", "Is daddy okay?\" \" ", "He's better now.\" \" ", "Are you okay?\" \" ", "I want to see my daddy.\" \"", "We'll see daddy soon, honey, but, right now, we are gonna go and live with Nick and Kelly.\" \"", "It's Kelly's turn to be with his daddy now, okay?\" \"", "You have a baby in you.\" \"", "No, not a baby.\" \" ", "What?\" \" ", "God.\" \"", "More than one.\" \"", "I'm guessing we didn't know this.\" \"", "How many more?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "Just more.\" \"", "Well, congratulations.\" \"", "I think we should be going now.\" \"", "Yeah, I'll...\" \"I'll get Kelly.\" \"", "Come on, honey.\" \" ", "What kind of look was that?\" \" ", "I don't know... that was a look.\" \"", "Yeah, that was a look.\" \"", "That was a creepy look.\" \"", "I mean, am I the only one who thinks that was a creepy look?\" \" ", "Don't go there.\" \" ", "I've already gone there.\" \"\"", "More than one.\"\" \"", "smile.\" \"", "Okay, we're done.\" \"", "No, no, just a couple more.\" \"", "No, no, no, no, please.\" \"", "No more.\" \"", "You have enough to choose from, don't you?\" \"", "You've got a hundred you took yesterday, and the day before that and the day before that.\" \"", "Get that little head down.\" \"", "I think he feels a little warm.\" \"", "Yeah?\" \" ", "Maybe it's a fever?\" \" ", "I don't know.\" \"", "I was holding him for a long time.\" \"", "I'm taking his temperature.\" \"", "Just don't take any pictures of him.\" \"", "One day, you'll thank me for recording our son's young life.\" \"", "I don't think I'll live long enough to go through all the pictures.\" \"", "99.3.\" \"", "If it gets any higher, you should take him to the doctor in the morning.\" \"", "Okay.\" \" ", "Going to bed.\" \" ", "Yup, I'll be right there.\" \"", "I'm just gonna upload these photos.\" \"", "Yeah, I know.\" \"", "Is it my turn?\" \" ", "I'll go.\" \" ", "Thank you.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "My god, what are you doing?\" \"", "What are you doing?\" \"", "Put him down!\" \"", "Put him down!\" \"", "Put him down!\" \"", "Haley?\" \"", "Haley, Haley.\" \" ", "It took our baby.\" \" ", "What?\" \"", "It took our baby!\" \" ", "Home sweet home.\" \" ", "Welcome back.\" \"", "I've been here before.\" \"", "Right.\" \"", "So I guess you don't need a tour.\" \"", "Where's my room?\" \"", "It's not like daddy's place, honey.\" \"", "We've got a little less space here.\" \"", "What's wrong?\" \"", "A lot of people died here.\" \"", "I wanna see daddy.\" \"", "I'll take you to see him tomorrow, okay?\" \"", "I know it's hard moving around this much, but I'm just trying to keep us together and safe.\" \"", "I'm so proud of the way you're handling all of this.\" \" ", "Diana's asleep.\" \" ", "You sure?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "She knew rosalee was gonna have a kid.\" \"", "She could sense that people died here.\" \"", "She has amazing abilities, ones I don't understand, and I don't know where they came from.\" \"", "And Sean doesn't know either.\" \"", "We have to protect her.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "I'm so happy to be back here with you.\" \"", "Yeah, me too.\" \"", "I thought I was gonna go crazy without you.\" \"", "All right, hey!\" \" ", "Hey.\" \" ", "Welcome back, guys.\" \"", "Good to see you.\" \" ", "Good to see you.\" \" ", "Thank you so much.\" \"", "Whoo!\" \" ", "Thank you.\" \" ", "Hey.\" \" ", "Look at that.\" \" ", "Thank you.\" \"", "How's the captain taking it so far?\" \"", "He hasn't come out of his office.\" \"", "Well, he's probably waiting for us.\" \"", "Well, let's not rest on our laurels too long.\" \"", "Aw, can't we bask in our glory a little longer?\" \"", "Nope.\" \"", "We got work to do.\" \"", "We have an attack and kidnapping.\" \"", "You three.\" \"", "My office.\" \"", "I'm guessing this will be the presentation of medals.\" \"", "Why don't you close the door?\" \"", "Well, we've all made mistakes.\" \"", "That was one hell of an undercover operation that \"we\" pulled off.\" \"", "Yeah, you looked pretty good on TV.\" \"", "Yeah, well, you didn't.\" \"", "People really seemed to like it.\" \"", "I know I did.\" \"", "Sometimes, captain, you have to sacrifice for the good of the pe...\" \"shut up.\" \"", "Let's get one thing straight here:\" \"I'm in charge of this precinct.\" \"", "Any of you get out of line again, you will be outta here.\" \"", "So...\" \"No medals, then?\" \"", "Get out.\" \"", "Well, I don't think that was in the spirit of reconciliation.\" \"", "You can get out too.\" \"", "I would, if I was here.\" \"", "You think I'm scared of you just 'cause you're... 'cause you're dead?\" \"", "Is he talking to himself?\" \"", "It looks like it.\" \"", "Maybe he's on speaker phone.\" \"", "Aren't you worried about the fact that you're talking to someone who isn't even here?\" \"", "Let's see how here you really are.\" \"", "Whoa, now wait a minute, Sean, that's hot coffee.\" \"", "Well, whoever he was talking to got him hotter than his coffee.\" \"", "Not our problem.\" \"", "Let's go.\" \"", "Talk about coffee going right through ya.\" \"", "Why are you doing this?\" \"", "Well, my calendar's pretty open, seeing as how I'm dead.\" \"", "Look, if this is some kind of revenge haunting, don't forget I shot you to put you out of your misery.\" \"", "Thank you for that.\" \"", "Really.\" \"", "But don't forget you betrayed us all.\" \"", "It's the real reason I'm dead.\" \"", "No, I gave you an opportunity to join me.\" \"", "Don't think you cleared that with your friend Bonaparte.\" \"", "All right, I don't have to listen to any of this.\" \"", "And, by the way, Bonaparte says hi.\" \"", "Parents were asleep\" \"Mom got up and went to the nursery to find her son auggie in the arms of a monster.\" \" ", "She said \"monster.\"\" \" ", "According to first officer on scene she said, quoting now, \"monster.\"\" \" ", "So we're thinking wesen.\" \" ", "Yes, we are.\" \"", "What else is new?\" \" ", "Mrs. and Mr. maler?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "Detective Burkhardt.\" \"", "This is detective Griffin.\" \" ", "Thank god.\" \" ", "Please, you have to do something, my baby... we're doing everything we can.\" \"", "First, just tell us what happened.\" \"", "Um, we were... we were asleep, and auggie started crying.\" \" ", "About what time was this?\" \" ", "I don't know... what?\" \" ", "We went to bed.\" \" ", "About 10:00, 10:30.\" \"", "I heard auggie crying about 1:30 in the morning.\" \"", "We called 911.\" \"", "I mean, don't you have\" \" this information?\" \" ", "Ma'am.\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "Just walk us through what happened.\" \"", "Okay, sorry.\" \"", "Um, like I said, auggie was crying, and I went up to go get him.\" \"", "I thought maybe he had a fever, but when I walked into his room, there was this...\" \"This man standing over his crib, reaching in.\" \"", "And when he turned around, he had auggie, but he wasn't a man...\" \" Haley...\" \" He wasn't a man, Paul.\" \"", "He wasn't a man!\" \"", "Haley, stop it!\" \" ", "I know what I saw.\" \" ", "You didn't see this, sir?\" \" ", "It was some kind of monster.\" \" ", "She doesn't know what she's saying right now.\" \"", "With three arms and three eyes.\" \"", "She hit her head.\" \"", "When I came into the nursery, she was on the ground.\" \"", "She clearly hit her head, and when she woke up, auggie was gone, okay?\" \"", "And that's what we know.\" \"", "So can we please find the person that took my son?\" \"", "Paul, I am not making this up.\" \"", "Please, you have to believe me.\" \" ", "Can you draw what you saw?\" \" ", "Yes, yes I can.\" \"", "No, we don't have time to be drawing pic...\" \"sir, it's okay.\" \"", "Can you show us where this happened?\" \"", "Yes, of course.\" \"", "It's... it's upstairs.\" \"", "This way, please.\" \"", "So, this is where he was taken.\" \"", "I found Haley on the ground right here.\" \"", "Look, my wife's not thinking straight right now.\" \"", "And I'm sure you guys understand she's freaking out.\" \"", "We're both freaking out, but she hasn't been sleeping well, and...\" \"Listen, I love my son, all right?\" \"", "But she's obsessed with him.\" \"", "She spends all day glued to her phone, posting pictures of him on the Internet.\" \"", "A lot of new moms do stuff like that.\" \"", "Not like this.\" \"", "She hasn't been herself.\" \"", "What she saw isn't real...\" \"stop saying that, Paul.\" \"", "Just because you don't believe me doesn't mean it didn't happen.\" \"", "Haley, that is not helping us find our son.\" \"", "Please, you've gotta help me find my baby.\" \"", "He was not exaggerating when he said Haley posts their entire lives on the Internet.\" \"", "Clearly she thinks there's no such thing as tmi.\" \"", "And every photo is tagged with a location, usually their house.\" \"", "Could be how our monster found them.\" \"", "Well, her account isn't private, so that's a possibility.\" \"", "I dug through some old case files and found three other kidnappings with the same m.O.\" \"Baby taken straight from the cradle by a supposed monster.\" \" ", "In Portland?\" \" ", "Nope, all over.\" \"", "One in Nova Scotia 2 years ago, another in chiapas 5 years ago, and the third in Idaho falls 18 years ago.\" \"", "The parents in Nova Scotia are Trevor and Darla shabtai.\" \"", "Take a look at dad's profile.\" \"", "Their social media addiction sure made them easy targets.\" \"", "We're gonna need some book time.\" \"", "Something wrong?\" \"", "I don't know, I...\" \"Got light-headed.\" \"", "I must've stood up too fast.\" \"", "Aah!\" \"", "Three eyes and three arms?\" \"", "You sure it wasn't a one-eyed, one-horned flying purple people eater?\" \"", "Well, I've got one with two heads.\" \"", "Maybe it isn't wesen.\" \"", "What do you mean, like a real monster?\" \"", "Please don't don't me you think they exist.\" \"", "Wait, I think I found it.\" \" ", "You don't need to see that.\" \" ", "Why not?\" \" ", "We're pregnant.\" \" ", "My god, don't tell me it's another baby eater.\" \"", "Well...\" \"\"I've had the good fortune to never encounter\" \"\"this wesen personally.\" \"", "However, I knew of a woman\" \"\"who was not so lucky.\" \"\"", "She was preyed upon\" \"\"by the savage three-eyed, three-armed beast\" \"\"in the mountainous region of cantabria,\" \"\"a part of Spain where this notorious wesen is known as El cuegle.\"\" \"", "Okay, so, at least we know it's wesen.\" \"\"", "The evil El cuegle stalks mothers\" \"\"and kidnaps their newborn babes.\" \"", "He keeps them for the hours of dread.\"\" \" ", "What are the hours of dread?\" \" ", "And how many are there?\" \"", "I don't know, it just says\" \"\"until El cuegle is certain.\" ", "Certain of what?\" \"", "Something called \"abortar mal futuro.\"\" \"", "Even I hablo enough español to know what that means.\" \"\"", "Abort the bad future.\"\" \" ", "Abort?\" \"", "How does he do that if the baby's already born?\" \"", "You know, he gets rid of them.\" \"", "You mean he eats them.\" \"", "Yeah, something like that.\" \"", "This is just wrong...\" \"And we have gotta stop this baby-eating bastard.\" \"", "No, no, no, no, no!\" \"", "Sir?\" \"", "Sir, are you okay?\" \"", "Could somebody call 911, please?\" \"", "Sir?\" \"", "Nova Scotia, chiapas, Idaho falls... the description of the kidnapping monster is the same in all the cases.\" \"", "Then El cuegle has broadened his hunting ground outside of Spain.\" \"", "Yeah, and these are the only cases where we have a description of him.\" \"", "Could be more babies he took without being seen.\" \"", "Or the ones that saw him and didn't want to say anything 'cause they didn't want to sound crazy.\" \"", "Paul wasn't exactly supportive of Haley's side of the story.\" \"", "There's a lot more unsolved cases involving abducted newborns.\" \"", "El cuegle has to be responsible for some of those.\" \"", "Well, how many babies can one guy eat?\" \"", "Is that a real question or a riddle?\" \"", "It's wesen.\" \" ", "Three arms, three eyes?\" \" ", "Yep.\" \"", "We got a name on this baby-munching wesen?\" \" ", "El cuegle.\" \" ", "Well, you can tell me on the way, 'cause we got a call reporting a monster in a mini-mart.\" \" ", "How are we gonna do this?\" \" ", "What, catch El cuegle?\" \"", "I don't know, but Nick and Hank better think of something, or I'm go rogue on this creep.\" \"", "No, stay here in Portland.\" \" ", "Wait, what?\" \" ", "I mean, after everything that's happened around Nick and us, he doesn't exactly attract family types.\" \"", "I mean, he's a cop.\" \"", "And a grimm.\" \"", "Yeah, and a close friend, but now you and I are starting a family.\" \"", "No, I know.\" \"", "I've been thinking about that too.\" \"", "I mean, I never, I mean, honestly never cared about having kids or getting married.\" \"", "It wasn't a priority to me.\" \"", "I couldn't imagine putting anybody's needs before my own.\" \"", "But you changed all that.\" \"", "And you changed all that for me.\" \"", "But listen, Monroe, I am\" \"I am... i am scared, I am, like, heart-racing, pit in my stomach,\" \"I can't breathe type of scared because now that\" \"I have everything that I never even knew I wanted,\" \"I feel like it's all going to get taken away from me.\" \"", "And I can't...\" \"I will not live like this.\" \"", "I can't be this vulnerable all the time.\" \"", "I know, I know.\" \"", "It's exhausting.\" \"", "You know that saying, \"waiting for the other shoe to drop\"?\" \"", "I do.\" \"", "It surfaced in the late 19th century when people started moving to big cities and living on top of each other in these massive apartment buildings, where night after night after night they had this shared experience where the tenants would hear their neighbors, like,\" \"by the thousands, come home after work, sit down, take off one shoe, drop it on the floor, right?\" \"", "Then there'd be this pause between the first shoe and the second, where the downstairs neighbor would cover their ears...\" \"Waiting...\" \"For the other shoe to drop.\" \"", "Right?\" \"", "I mean, we live in a world full of, you know, people with shoes.\" \"", "I mean, several pairs each, and so we can't go through life with our ears covered or our eyes.\" \"", "We have to just be prepared for that...\" \"Other shoe.\" \"", "No matter where we are.\" \"", "I just want to live in a place without shoes, okay?\" \"", "You told the officer he stole something?\" \"", "Infant cold medicine.\" \"", "There, that's him.\" \"", "Looks like he's in some kind of pain.\" \"", "Can't really see his face.\" \"", "Any more cameras?\" \"", "No, it's just these two on the inside and one outside for the parking lot.\" \"", "You can see how freaked I was.\" \"", "If that was a mask, it looked way real.\" \"", "I mean, I hope he wasn't a disabled person or something.\" \"", "I mean, that wouldn't really explain the third eye, but maybe he was disfigured in a nuclear accident somewhere.\" \"", "Here's the parking lot stuff.\" \"", "There he goes.\" \"", "Stop it.\" \"", "Well, we got a plate.\" \"", "It's a little blurry.\" \" ", "No, we can clear that.\" \" ", "Then run it, put out an apb.\" \" ", "Daddy.\" \" ", "Hey, honey.\" \"", "I'm so happy to see you.\" \"", "I missed you.\" \" ", "I missed you, too.\" \" ", "I will be ready to pick you up tomorrow, or before, if you change your mind.\" \"", "I'll be okay.\" \"", "I love you.\" \"", "I love you too.\" \"", "Listen, there's something you both need to know.\" \"", "Um, we're gonna be moving.\" \" ", "Why?\" \" ", "Because I'm not gonna be the mayor anymore.\" \"", "Where are you going?\" \"", "I'll send you the address.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Bye.\" \"", "So what do you feel like doing?\" \"", "Do you, wanna watch a movie, or are you hungry?\" \"", "Why don't you love mommy?\" \"", "Well, um...\" \"Your mommy and I just haven't had a chance to really get to know each other.\" \"", "Is it because of Nick?\" \"", "Yeah, it is.\" \"", "Mommy said you'd say so and that I shouldn't believe you.\" \"", "Well, maybe you shouldn't listen to everything mommy has to say either.\" \"", "Mommy loves Nick.\" \"", "And I love you.\" \"", "I guess we all love each other, then.\" \" ", "Come on, I'm hungry.\" \" ", "Let's go.\" \"", "Why woge inside a store just to steal some medicine?\" \" ", "Built-in mask.\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "He fell to the floor.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "He didn't slip, he didn't trip, nobody was around him, he wasn't pushed, and he's holding his head like it was about to explode.\" \" ", "Okay, he had a migraine.\" \" ", "Before he has the migraine, he takes infant medicine off the shelf, not adult, and it's not for migraines.\" \"", "Well, Paul and Haley said baby auggie was coming down with a fever.\" \"", "But why would El cuegle take a chance stealing baby medicine?\" \"", "Maybe he is keeping auggie healthy until, you know, he...\" \"Dines.\" \"", "Maybe, but this guy's got a car.\" \"", "You're telling me he can't afford 10 bucks for some medicine, he's gonna risk getting caught for that?\" \" ", "Maybe he didn't mean to woge.\" \" ", "I got a feeling something's really off with this cuegle dude.\" \"", "Got a good read on the license plate.\" \"", "It's a rental... address given on the rental contract is an apartment in santo domingo pueblo, new Mexico.\" \"", "I ran that address.\" \"", "The apartment building's owned by Mr. de la torre, but Mr. de la torre doesn't live there.\" \"", "He rents the apartment out, most recently to one isidoro malpica, who has a new Mexico driver's license.\" \"", "Doesn't say anything about a third eye or a third arm.\" \"", "Makes you wonder which hands they printed.\" \"", "Hold on.\" \"", "They got the rental car.\" \"", "Apartment building in St. Johns.\" \"", "Where's the car?\" \"", "Parking lot of the building.\" \"", "Third spot from the entrance on the right.\" \" ", "Anyone approach the car?\" \" ", "Not since I've been here.\" \" ", "We know which unit it is?\" \" ", "It's parked in the spot for unit 64.\" \"", "Now you stay here, we'll check it out.\" \"", "Confirming the address, 3710 south.\" \" ", "Wu, get the baby.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Baby's fine.\" \"", "Hey...\" \"I got three arms and two cuffs.\" \"", "You don't see this every day.\" \"", "Grimm.\" \"", "Settle down.\" \" ", "That was really weird.\" \" ", "Baby seems okay.\" \"", "No, no, no, no, no, you can't take him!\" \"", "You don't understand.\" \"", "You have the right to remain silent.\" \" ", "No, don't take him!\" \" ", "Anything you say or eat will be used against you in the court of law.\" \"", "No, honey, you have to wait till the water boils\" \" until you pour that in.\" \" ", "It is.\" \"", "Sweetie, the stove's not even...\" \"On.\" \"", "It must be fun being you, isn't it?\" \"", "Honey, do you know what happened to daddy's friend, Bonaparte?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "You wanna tell me?\" \" ", "He died.\" \" ", "Really?\" \"", "Do you know how he died?\" \"", "You killed him, daddy.\" \"", "Did I?\" \"", "Do you know why I did?\" \"", "Because he hurt mommy.\" \"", "Men shouldn't hurt mommies.\" \"", "Well, that's very true, they shouldn't.\" \"", "You know, honey, you don't always have to protect everybody.\" \"", "You can always come to me.\" \"", "But if you ever do see something when I'm not around, like...\" \"Well, for example, if...\" \"If Nick was ever to hurt mommy.\" \"", "He'd be very sorry.\" \"", "Yes, he would.\" \"", "My god, my god, my god!\" \"", "My baby.\" \"", "Can't tell you how grateful we are.\" \"", "You have no idea what this means to us.\" \"", "Actually, I do.\" \"", "I have a son.\" \"", "How did you find that monster?\" \"", "Honey, it's just a man.\" \"", "Give it a rest, okay?\" \"", "I know what I saw, Paul.\" \"", "Auggie's safe, that's all that matters now.\" \"", "Hi...\" \"Where's the baby?\" \"", "That's not how this works.\" \"", "We ask the questions.\" \"", "You can't let him live with his parents.\" \"", "You don't understand.\" \"", "Yes, we do understand.\" \"", "El cuegle.\" \"", "Hope that's how you pronounce it.\" \"", "You may be a grimm, but you don't understand this.\" \"", "Why don't you tell us how many kids you kidnapped?\" \" ", "It's complicated.\" \" ", "It's not complicated.\" \"", "It's cannibalism.\" \"", "If I wasn't a cop, you'd be holding your head in your hands right now.\" \" ", "All three of them.\" \" ", "I don't do this because I want to.\" \"", "I have to.\" \"", "What, do you get a headache if you don't?\" \" ", "I get visions.\" \" ", "And these visions tell you to do what?\" \"", "Stop the evil.\" \"", "You grimms think you know El cuegle, but you don't.\" \"", "You never have.\" \"", "You don't know the horror of why we have to do this terrible thing.\" \"", "If you think it's so terrible, why don't you just stop?\" \"", "Because I can see the past with one eye and the present with the other, and the third...\" \"With that eye, the future can be seen.\" \"", "So you're some dickens character in \"a Christmas Carol.\" ", "I am not a monster.\" \" ", "No, you're wesen.\" \" ", "My visions tell me about children who will do monstrous things.\" \"", "That is why I have to take them.\" \"", "That is why I have to eat them.\" \"", "That's your reason for kidnapping auggie?\" \"", "You might wanna rethink that if you're gonna use that as your defense.\" \"", "When auggie turns 19, he will do something terrible.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "His parents' marriage will continue to fall apart.\" \"", "It will become violent.\" \"", "Auggie will grow up isolated and unstable.\" \"", "That is not a crime worthy of your punishment.\" \"", "On his 19th birthday, he will murder his parents.\" \"", "And that is only the beginning.\" \"", "How do you know that?\" \"", "I know when the hours of dread have run their course.\" \"", "And how many hours of dread are there?\" \"", "They're never the same.\" \"", "It's never more than two days, never less than one.\" \"", "So let me get this straight.\" \"", "You want us to let you go so you can chomp down on auggie?\" \"", "That's pretty damn bold.\" \"", "Look up Kenneth slater.\" \"", "See what happens when I don't do what I must.\" \"", "Kenneth slater?\" \"", "He's one of the victims that was kidnapped on the case I was looking into.\" \"", "But he was returned alive.\" \"", "This has nothing to do with you.\" \"", "It has everything to do with me.\" \"", "You know what Kenneth did when he grew up?\" \"", "What?\" \"", "He killed 10 innocent people in Idaho last year.\" \"", "And I could've stopped him.\" \"", "But I was weak.\" \"", "I couldn't do it.\" \"", "I took him back, I failed.\" \"", "Please, you have to let me go.\" \"", "I can't afford to make the same mistake again.\" \"", "If you could stop Ted Bundy, wouldn't you want me to?\" \"", "Please!\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "Kenneth slater.\" \"", "Kidnapped in Idaho falls 18 years ago.\" \"", "Missing for two days, found on his own front porch on the third day.\" \"", "Baby was in good health, suspect never found.\" \"", "Look at this.\" \"", "Kenneth slater was arrested for killing 10 people in a local diner in Idaho falls last year.\" \"", "What, so El cuegle wants us to believe he knew slater would grow up to do that?\" \"", "That's what he's saying.\" \"", "He's screwing with us.\" \"", "He could've looked that up in the newspaper.\" \"", "Unless that explains the migraines, which could be the visions.\" \"", "Hank, you said something is off with this El cuegle dude.\" \"", "Maybe he is telling us the truth.\" \" ", "How do we find that out?\" \" ", "Dig deeper.\" \"", "See if he was anywhere near Idaho falls 18 years ago.\" \"", "Son, son, don't do this.\" \"", "Auggie, please, listen to me.\" \"", "Please don't do this.\" \"", "I'm sorry, okay?\" \"", "Auggie, please, baby, listen.\" \" ", "Why are you doing this?\" \" ", "Auggie, please, listen.\" \" ", "We're your parents.\" \" ", "We love you, auggie.\" \"", "What do you think you're...\" \"I'm your...\" \"We have a medical emergency.\" \"", "We need paramedics in interrogation room 2.\" \"", "Even if he is telling the truth, what are we supposed to do, let him eat... crap.\" \"", "He got a dui.\" \"", "Idaho, 19 years ago.\" \"", "Isidoro was in the state.\" \"", "We need to talk to him again.\" \"", "That doesn't look good.\" \"", "He's going after auggie.\" \"", "My baby boy.\" \"", "I was so worried about you.\" \"", "This is the best day of my life.\" \"", "Haley...\" \"Yeah?\" \"", "Honey, I'm...\" \"I'm concerned.\" \"", "Paul, auggie's back.\" \"", "We have nothing to worry about.\" \"", "No, I'm talking about you.\" \"", "You're gonna have to deal with what you think happened here.\" \" ", "With what I think happened?\" \" ", "I need you to go see a psychiatrist.\" \"", "I can't believe you.\" \"", "I really think that you need to cons...\" \"Hello?\" \"", "Yes, this is...\" \"Wait, what?\" \"", "Yes, yes, it...\" \"What are we supposed to do?\" \"", "I...\" \"I'm locking all the doors and windows right now.\" \" ", "Paul, what...\" \" It was detective Burkhardt.\" \"", "The man who kidnapped auggie just broke out.\" \"", "My god.\" \"", "My god, no.\" \"", "Paul!\" \"", "No, no, please, please, no!\" \"", "No!\" \"", "Aah!\" \"", "The bears.\" \"", "The bears.\" \"", "What do you think he meant... \"the bears\"?\" \"", "What's that supposed to mean?\" \"", "People say a lot of weird things when they're dying.\" \"", "Never heard \"the bears\" before.\" \"", "Just because you didn't see it doesn't mean I'm wrong.\" \"", "Do you have any idea what you sound like right now?\" \"", "Do you have any idea what you sound like?\" \"", "I'm not the one telling everybody I see monsters!\" \" ", "Go to hell, Paul.\" \" ", "Haley, Haley, do not walk away from me.\" \"", "Don't touch me.\" \"", "Haley, would you listen to me for a second?\" \"", "Paul, auggie needs that blanket.\" \"", "Forget this damn blanket and talk to me.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Let's tone this down.\" \"", "I think you guys need to leave our house right now.\" \"", "No, you need to cool it.\" \"", "Unless you want to leave this house with us.\" \"", "Maybe you don't care if everybody thinks my wife's crazy, but I do.\" \" ", "I'm not crazy.\" \" ", "Yeah?\" \"", "Haley, Haley... listen, you probably don't want to hear this right now, but your wife is not crazy.\" \"", "Wow, I guess you would know?\" \"", "Haley...\" \"Haley...\" \"no, no, I'm done talking to you, Paul!\" \"", "I'm not done talking to you!\" \"", "Paul, I know what I saw!\" \"", "Nick.\" \"", "Haley, wait... my god, don't you trust me?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "You're not thinking right!\" \"", "Paul, look at me!\" \"", "I'm not lying!\" \"", "The bears.\" \"", "Why can't you just believe me?\" \"", "Because, Haley, I live in the real world!\"" ]

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[ "****\\\n\\\nAniket Biswas^a^ , Subrata Chakraborty^b^ andMeghna Mukherjee^c^\\\n^a,b^Department of Statistics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India.\\\n^c^ Department of Community Medicine, IPGME&R & SSKM Hospitals, Kolkata-700020, India.\\\nEmail:^a^*biswasaniket44@gmail.com* ^b^*subrata\\_stats@dibru.ac.in* ^c^*meghnastat@gmail.com*\n\nAbstract {#abstract .unnumbered}\n========\n\nThe log-Lindley distribution was recently introduced in the literature as a viable alternative to the Beta distribution. ", "This distribution has a simple structure and possesses useful theoretical properties relevant in insurance. ", "Classical estimation methods have been well studied. ", "We introduce estimation of parameters from Bayesian point of view for this distribution. ", "Explicit structure of stress-strength reliability and its inference under both classical and Bayesian set-up is addressed. ", "Extensive simulation studies show marked improvement with Bayesian approach over classical given reasonable prior information. ", "An application of a useful metric of discrepancy derived from stress-strength reliability is considered and computed for two categories of firm with respect to a certain financial indicator.\\\n\\\n**Keywords**: log-Lindley, stress-strength reliability, risk management, Bayesian estimation, captive insurance, exponential integral.", "\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nRelevance of distribution with bounded support especially in unit interval is well established for modelling proportions, rates, scores and indices etc. ", "A number of distributions have been introduced and applied in different areas like econometrics, finance, public health among others. ", "The log-Lindley distribution, recently introduced by Gomez-deniz et al.(2014) is simple and enjoys many properties useful in insurance and inventory management applications. ", "Jodra and Jimenez-Gamero(2016) pointed out a crucial issue with the maximum likelihood estimation for the parameters of log-Lindley distribution and presented the following re-parametrized structure of the density function to resolve the same: $$f(x|\\sigma,\\pi)=\\sigma[\\pi+\\sigma(\\pi-1)\\log(x)]x^{\\sigma-1},\\quad\\quad 0<x<1,\\,\\,\\sigma>0,\\,\\, 0\\leq\\pi\\leq1$$ From Table 1 and Table 3 in Jodra and Jimenez-Gamero(2016), ML estimates for (1.1) outperforms the same for the earlier introduced distribution in terms of MSE and bias. ", "Moreover, providing close starting values for the parameters in optimization routine failed to yield acceptable estimates for the original version as mentioned in Jodra and Jimenez-Gamero(2016). ", "In this article, we work with the above re-parametrized version and refer the same as $LL(\\sigma,\\pi)$. If $X\\sim LL(\\sigma,\\pi)$, then distribution function of $X$ is given by: $$F(x|\\sigma,\\pi)=[1+\\sigma(\\pi-1)\\log(x)]x^{\\sigma},\\quad\\quad 0<x<1, \\,\\, \\sigma>0,\\,\\, 0\\leq \\pi\\leq 1$$ Closed form expression of quantile function involving Lambert’s $W$-function (see, Corless et al., ", "1996) and moments are available. ", "Exact solution of likelihood equations are inconvenient. ", "However, numerical optimization routine for ML estimates is available and provides satisfactory result. ", "To the best of our knowledge, no attempts have been made so far to obtain the Bayes’ estimate for the parameters when adequate prior information is available. ", "In this article, a closed form Bayes’ estimate is reported which performs very well in varied situations.\\\n\\\nStress-strength reliability is a stochastic measure generally applied in the the fields of engineering, medicine, econometrics, public health and allied branches. ", "Let $X$ be strength of a system subjected to a random stress $Y$. For $X\\sim LL(\\sigma_1,\\pi_1)$ and $Y\\sim LL(\\sigma_2,\\pi_2)$, assuming independence between $X$ and $Y$, stress-strength reliability is defined as: $$\\mathcal{R}=\\int_0^{1} f_X(x|\\sigma_1,\\pi_1) F_Y(x|\\sigma_2,\\pi_2)\\,dx$$ A large amount of literature on stress-strength reliability estimation is available. ", "Readers may see Krishna et al.(2017) for details. ", "For distributions with support in unit interval, only a handful of notable works that we encounter are Kumaraswamy distribution (see Nadar et al., ", "2014) and Topp-Leone distribution (see Genc, 2013). ", "Recently, Biswas and Chakraborty (2019) studied inferential issues of stress-strength reliability for unit-Lindley distribution (see, Mazucheli et al., ", "2019) and presented an offbeat application in public health domain. ", "For log-Lindley distribution, expression of $\\mathcal{R}$ is derived here and its inferential issues are studied in detail from classical as well as Bayesian perspective.\\\n\\\nGomez-Deniz et al. (", "2014) and Jodra and Jimenez-Gamero (2016) analysed the risk survey data of Schmit and Roth (1990) to show that, the response variable is better modelled by log-Lindley as compared to Beta, considering the same data-set with and without covariates. ", "Here, we provide an innovative application of stress-strength reliability to measure discrepancy between two naturally existing groups of organizations induced by owning captive insurance company with respect to cost-effectiveness of risk management. ", "Consider two groups: $A$ comprising of $n$ entities and $B$ with $m$ entities on which iid measurements on a certain indicator is available. ", "Biswas and Chakraborty (2019) presented a discrepancy measure between $A$ and $B$ as $$\\mathcal{D}(A,B)=\\mathcal{R}(B,A)-\\mathcal{R}(A,B)$$ where, $\\mathcal{R}(A,B)=P(Y<X)$. For properties and interpretation of this measure see Biswas and Chakraborty (2019).\\\n\\\nRest of the article is organized as follows: In section 2, we provide a short recap on maximum likelihood estimation of parameters $\\sigma$ and $\\pi$ though the principal focus will be on Bayes’ estimation of the parameters along with computational routine for the same. ", "In section 3, we derive the exact expression of $\\mathcal{R}$ and address corresponding inferential issues. ", "In the next section, we evaluate performance of the estimators through simulation study and interpret the findings. ", "In section 5, an application of the metric $\\mathcal{D}$ is furnished by considering the cost effectiveness of risk management data-set considered by Gomez-Deniz et al. (", "2014). ", "In the last section, we provide a discussion with future direction. ", "An appendix of relevant tables and figures is also provided.", "\n\nEstimation of $(\\sigma,\\pi)$\n============================\n\nHere we first discuss maximum likelihood estimation of $(\\sigma,\\pi)$ following Jodra and Jimenez-Gamero (2016) and additionally we derive the asymptotic covariance matrix for the estimators. ", "Then, we derive posterior densities of $\\sigma$ and $\\pi$ as finite mixtures of Gamma and Beta densities, respectively. ", "Closed form analytical expressions of Bayes’ estimators of both the parameters are obtained. ", "Issues related to calculation of exact estimates and use of statistical software is also outlined.", "\n\nMaximum likelihood estimation\n-----------------------------\n\nLet $\\bm{X}=(X_1, X_2,..., X_m)$ be a random sample of size $m$ from $LL(\\sigma,\\pi)$ with pdf given in (1.1). ", "Then, for observed $\\bm{X}:=\\bm{x}=(x_1, x_2, ..., x_m)$, the likelihood and log-likelihood functions of $(\\sigma,\\pi)$ are given respectively by: $$L(\\sigma,\\pi|\\bm{x})=\\sigma^m\\,\\prod_{i=1}^m[\\pi+\\sigma(\\pi-1)\\log x_i]\\,(\\prod_{i=1}^m x_i)^{\\sigma-1}$$ $$\\textrm{and}\\quad\\quad\\mathcal{L}(\\sigma,\\pi)= m\\log\\sigma+(\\sigma-1)\\sum_{i=1}^m\\log x_i +\\sum_{i=1}^m \\log[\\pi+\\sigma(\\pi-1)\\log x_i]$$ The corresponding score functions are: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{\\delta}{\\delta \\sigma}\\mathcal{L}(\\sigma,\\pi)&=&\\frac{m}{\\sigma}+\\sum_{i=1}^m\\log x_i +\\sum_{i=1}^m \\frac{(\\pi-1)\\log x_i}{\\pi+\\sigma(\\pi-1)\\log x_i}\\\\\n\\frac{\\delta}{\\delta \\pi}\\mathcal{L}(\\sigma,\\pi)&=&\\sum_{i=1}^m\\frac{1+\\sigma\\log x_i}{\\pi+\\sigma(\\pi-1)\\log x_i}\\end{aligned}$$ Exact maximum likelihood estimates cannot be obtained solving the above maximum likelihood equations. ", "Thus, log-likelihood function given in (2.4) needs to be numerically maximized with respect to $\\sigma$ and $\\pi$ to get the estimates $\\hat{\\sigma}_M$ and $\\hat{\\pi}_M$, respectively. ", "Jodra and Jimenez-Gamero (2016) provides data-driven starting values of the parameters for carrying out available optimization routines. ", "For different combinations of $(\\sigma,\\pi)$ with only three large choices of $m$, performance of the estimator is reported therein. ", "Therefore, it is important to investigate further for assessing performance of the same estimator for small and moderate sample sizes. ", "Additionally, asymptotic confidence interval is reported for both the parameters. ", "Now from (2.5) and (2.6), $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{\\delta^2}{\\delta\\sigma\\delta\\pi}\\mathcal{L}(\\sigma,\\pi)&=&\\sum_{i=1}^m\\frac{\\log x_i}{[\\pi+\\sigma(\\pi-1)\\log x_i]^2}\\\\\n\\frac{\\delta^2}{\\delta\\sigma^2}\\mathcal{L}(\\sigma,\\pi)&=& -\\left[\\frac{m}{\\sigma^2}+\\sum_{i=1}^m\\left[\\frac{(\\pi-1)\\log x_i}{\\pi+\\sigma(\\pi-1)\\log x_i}\\right]^2\\right]\\\\\n\\frac{\\delta^2}{\\delta\\pi^2}\\mathcal{L}(\\sigma,\\pi)&=&-\\sum_{i=1}^m\\left[\\frac{1+\\sigma\\log x_i}{\\pi+\\sigma(\\pi-1)\\log x_i}\\right]^2\\end{aligned}$$ Construct a matrix $J=((J_{ij}))$ of order $2\\times 2$, where $J_{11}$, $J_{12}=J_{21}$ and $J_{22}$ are respectively given in (2.8), (2.7) and (2.9). ", "Hence, the Fisher’s information matrix is $I=((I_{ij}))_{2\\times2}$, where $I_{ij}=-E(J_{ij})$. Derivation of $E(J_{ij})$ involves the integral: $$\\int_{0}^{\\infty} \\frac{v^k\\,\\exp(-\\sigma v)}{\\pi+\\sigma(1-\\pi)v}\\,\\,dv\\quad\\quad \\textrm{for}\\quad\\quad \\sigma>0,\\,0<\\pi<1,\\, k=0,1,2.$$ This can be given in a closed form expression $g$ by using two popular special functions viz. ", "Exponential Integral and Gamma function (see Abramowitz and Stegun, 1965) as follows : $$g(\\sigma,\\pi,k)=\\exp\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{1-\\pi}\\right)\\,\\sigma^{-(k+1)}\\, EI\\left(1+k,\\frac{\\pi}{1-\\pi}\\right)\\, \\Gamma(1+k)$$ where, $$\\begin{aligned}\nEI(m,z)&=&\\int_1^{\\infty}\\frac{\\exp(-tz)}{t^m}\\,dt\\\\\n\\textrm{and}\\quad\\quad\\Gamma(z)&=&\\int_{0}^{\\infty} t^{z-1}\\,\\exp(-t)\\,dt.\\end{aligned}$$ Using $g$, $E(J_{11})=-\\frac{m}{\\sigma^2}-\\sigma(1-\\pi)^2\\,g(\\sigma,\\pi,2)$, $E(J_{12})=-m\\sigma\\, g(\\sigma,\\pi,1)=E(J_{21})$ and $E(J_{22})=-m\\sigma\\,\\left[ g(\\sigma,\\pi,0)-2\\sigma\\,g(\\sigma,\\pi,1)+\\sigma^2\\,g(\\sigma,\\pi,2)\\right]$. Thus, $I$ can easily be found, from which we get covariance matrix of the vector of estimators $(\\hat{\\sigma}_M,\\hat{\\pi}_M)^\\prime$, $\\Sigma\n=\\Sigma_m(\\sigma,\\pi)$ by inverting $I$. Now, we provide the exact expression of asymptotic covariance and variances: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\Sigma_{11}&=& var_m(\\hat{\\sigma}_M)= I_{22}\\, /G(\\sigma,\\pi)\\\\\n \\Sigma_{12}&=&\\Sigma_{21}=cov_m(\\hat{\\sigma}_M,\\hat{\\pi}_M)= -I_{12}\\, /G(\\sigma,\\pi)\\\\\n \\textrm{and}\\quad\\quad\\Sigma_{22}&=& var_m(\\hat{\\pi}_M)= I_{11}\\, /G(\\sigma,\\pi)\\, ,\n \\end{aligned}$$ where, $$G(\\sigma,\\pi)=I_{11}(\\sigma,\\pi)\\,I_{22}(\\sigma,\\pi)-[I_{12}(\\sigma,\\pi)]^2.$$ Under regularity conditions, the joint asymptotic distribution of the estimators: $$(\\hat{\\sigma}_M\\,,\\,\\hat{\\pi}_M)^\\prime\\sim N_2((\\sigma\\,,\\,\\pi)^\\prime,\\Sigma_m(\\sigma,\\pi))$$ Evidently, the asymptotic marginal distributions of both $\\hat{\\sigma}_M$ and $\\hat{\\pi}_M$ are both Gaussian. ", "Based on this fact, marginal $100(1-\\alpha)\\%$ confidence intervals (CI) can be constructed for $\\sigma$ and $\\pi$ as given below: $$\\begin{aligned}\nCI(\\sigma)&=&\\left[\\hat{\\sigma}_M-Z_{\\alpha/2}\\sqrt{\\hat{var}_m(\\hat{\\sigma}_M)}\\,\\, ,\\,\\, \\hat{\\sigma}_M+Z_{\\alpha/2}\\sqrt{\\hat{var}_m(\\hat{\\sigma}_M)}\\right]\\\\\nCI(\\pi)&=&\\left[\\hat{\\pi}_M-Z_{\\alpha/2}\\sqrt{\\hat{var}_m(\\hat{\\pi}_M)}\\,\\, ,\\,\\, \\hat{\\pi}_M+Z_{\\alpha/2}\\sqrt{\\hat{var}_m(\\hat{\\pi}_M)}\\right]\\end{aligned}$$ where, $Z_\\alpha$ denotes $(1-\\alpha)$-th quantile of standard normal variate. ", "By the invariance property, $\\widehat{\\Sigma}_m(\\sigma,\\pi)=\\Sigma_m(\\hat{\\sigma}_M,\\hat{\\pi}_M)$. In view of the above desirable properties viz. ", "invariance, consistency, asymptotic normality, maximum likelihood estimates are convenient for our subsequent inferential works on $\\mathcal{R}$.\n\nBayes’ estimation\n-----------------\n\nHere we first provide an equivalent expression of the likelihood function in (2.3) convenient for derivation of closed form marginal posterior densities. ", "The following result is obtained by expanding the product in (2.3) as a weighted sum of $m+1$ different statistics using algebraic patchwork.\\\n\\\n**Result 1.** ", "$L(\\sigma,\\pi|\\bm{x})=e^{-(\\sigma-1)V_1}\\sum_{i=0}^m \\pi^{m-i}(1-\\pi)^i \\sigma^{m+i} V_i$\\\nwhere, $$V_i=\n\\begin{cases}\n1,\\quad\\quad &i=0\\\\\n\\\\\n(-1)^i\\sum_{k_1=1}^m\\sum_{k_2=k_1+1}^m...\\sum_{k_i=k_{i-1}+1}^m \\left[\\prod_{j=1}^i \\log(x_{k_j})\\right], \\quad\\quad &i=1, 2,..., (m-1)\\\\\n\\\\\n(-1)^m \\prod_{k=1}^m \\log(x_k), \\quad\\quad &i=m\\hspace{2cm}\\blacksquare\n\\end{cases}$$ Now, we take up selection of prior on both $\\sigma$ and $\\pi$. As the parameter space of $\\sigma$ is $(0,\\infty)$, a popular choice for expressing subjective prior belief through stochastic model would be Gamma distribution. ", "Similarly, subjective belief on $\\pi$ having parameter space $(0,1)$ can be elaborated through Beta distribution. ", "Thus we consider following independent prior distributions on the parameters. ", "$$\\begin{aligned}\np(\\sigma|\\tau,\\delta)&=&\\frac{\\tau^\\delta}{\\Gamma\\delta} \\sigma^{\\delta-1} \\exp(-\\sigma\\tau),\\quad\\tau\\geq 0\\quad\\textrm{and}\\quad\\delta>0\\\\\np(\\pi|\\alpha,\\beta)&=&\\frac{\\Gamma(\\alpha+\\beta)}{\\Gamma\\alpha\\,\\Gamma\\beta}\\,\\pi^{\\alpha-1}\\,(1-\\pi)^{\\beta-1},\\quad\\alpha>0\\quad\\textrm{and}\\quad\\beta>0\\end{aligned}$$ The joint posterior density of $(\\sigma,\\pi)$ is $$p(\\sigma,\\pi|\\bm{x})\\propto L(\\sigma,\\pi|\\bm{x})\\,p(\\sigma|\\tau,\\delta)\\,p(\\pi|\\alpha,\\beta).$$ Now using Result 1 along with (2.16) and (2.17), the following form is obtained $$p(\\sigma,\\pi|\\bm{x})\\propto \\sum_{i=0}^m V_i \\left[\\pi^{\\alpha+m-i-1}(1-\\pi)^{\\beta+i-1}\\right]\\left[e^{-\\sigma(\\tau+V_1)}\\sigma^{m+\\tau+i-1}\\right].$$ From the structure in (2.18), it is obvious that, only some simple algebraic manipulations will turn the expressions in brackets to proper densities. ", "We present the posterior marginals in the following result.\\\n\\\n**Result 2.** ", "The marginal posterior densities of $\\sigma$ and $\\pi$ are respectively given by $$\\begin{aligned}\np(\\sigma|\\bm{x})&=&\\int_0^1 p(\\sigma,\\pi|\\bm{x})\\,d\\pi=\\sum_{i=0}^m w_i\\,q(\\sigma|\\tau,\\delta,\\bm{x})\\\\\np(\\pi|\\bm{x})&=&\\int_0^\\infty p(\\sigma,\\pi|\\bm{x})\\,d\\sigma=\\sum_{i=0}^m w_i\\,q(\\pi|\\alpha,\\beta,\\bm{x}) \\end{aligned}$$ where, $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&q(\\sigma|\\tau,\\delta,\\bm{x})=\\frac{(\\tau+V_1)^{m+\\delta+i}}{\\Gamma(m+\\delta+i)} \\sigma^{m+\\delta+i-1} \\exp(-\\sigma(\\tau+V_1))\\\\\n\\\\\n&&q(\\pi|\\alpha,\\beta,\\bm{x})=\\frac{\\Gamma(\\alpha+\\beta+m)}{\\Gamma(\\alpha+m-i)\\Gamma(\\beta+i)} \\pi^{\\alpha+m-i-1}(1-\\pi)^{\\beta}\\\\\n\\\\\n&&w_i=W_i/\\sum_{i=0}^m W_i\\,,\\quad\\quad \\textrm{for}\\quad\\quad i=0, 1, ..., m.\\\\\n\\\\\n&&W_i=V_i\\,\\,\\frac{\\Gamma(\\alpha+m-i)\\Gamma(\\beta+i)}{\\Gamma(\\alpha+\\beta+m)}\\,\\,\\frac{\\Gamma(m+\\delta+i)}{(\\tau+V_1)^{m+\\delta+i}}\\,,\\quad \\textrm{for}\\quad i=0, 1, ..., m.\\hspace{3cm}\\blacksquare \\end{aligned}$$ Posterior density of $\\sigma$ is $(m+1)$-mixture of Gamma densities with different parameters while that of $\\pi$ is $(m+1)$-mixture of different Beta densities since data and hyper-parameter dependent mixing proportions have unit sum. ", "Posterior mean is the Bayes’ estimator under squared error loss function. ", "Hence from Result 2, we obtain the Bayes’ estimators of $\\sigma$ and $\\pi$ respectively as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\hat{\\sigma}_B&=&E(\\sigma|\\bm{x})=\\sum_{i=0}^m w_i\\,\\frac{m+\\delta+i}{\\tau+V_1}\\\\\n\\textrm{and}\\quad\\hat{\\pi}_B&=&E(\\pi|\\bm{x})=\\sum_{i=0}^m w_i\\, \\frac{\\alpha+m-i}{\\alpha+\\beta+m}.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nComputational issues\n--------------------\n\nAs mention in subsection 2.1, log-likelihood needs to be maximized numerically for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates. ", "In numerical studies we used $optim$ function in **R** software with appropriate constrains.\\\nUnder Bayesian approach, computation of $\\hat{\\sigma}_B$ and $\\hat{\\pi}_B$ is of prime interest as long as we work with squared error loss. ", "For other loss functions, estimators will obviously change but deducing such estimator is very trivial in our case as the posterior densities are mixture of Gamma and Beta distributions. ", "However, numerical computation of the innocent looking estimators do involve computation of $V_i$’s through the $w_i$’s. ", "$V_i$’s involve computation of ordered sum of real numbers (see Result 1) and number of terms present in summation, $m\\choose i$ explodes with sample size $m$ making exact computation of estimators beyond moderate choices of $m$, rendering it impractical. ", "We have done numerical studies for $m$ upto $20$ and same algorithm can be followed for higher values of $m$ but we refrain from doing so due to the reason stated above.\\\nHowever, approximate Bayesian computation through STAN is practical in this kind of situation since we are sure about properness, stability and stationarity of the posteriors from Result 2. ", "STAN applies Hamiltonian Markov chain for sampling from posterior densities and provides diagnostic measure of convergence and other details regarding the approximate Bayesian computation performed. ", "We use STAN for drawing samples of size 10000 (after burn in 10000) for calculation of posterior means and other diagnostic measures. ", "In simulation study, results are obtained using STAN and it is quite satisfying that the approximate computations are quite in line with the exact ones verified for small choices of $m$. Numerical and visual diagnostic outputs from STAN will be illustrated in the course real data analysis in section 5.", "\n\nEstimation of $\\mathcal{R}$\n===========================\n\nLet us consider independent random samples $\\bm{X}= (X_1, X_2, ..., X_m)$ from $LL(\\sigma_1,\\pi_1)$ and $\\bm{Y}= (Y_1, Y_2, ..., Y_n)$ from $LL(\\sigma_2,\\pi_2)$ where $m\\geq n$ such that, $$\\frac{n}{m}=r\\in (0,1]\\quad\\quad\\textrm{for} \\quad \\quad m, n \\rightarrow\\infty$$ Here the stress-strength reliability parameter can be expressed as, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\mathcal{R}&=&\\frac{\\sigma_1}{(\\sigma_1+\\sigma_2)^3}\\left[\\sigma_1(\\sigma_1+3\\sigma_2)+2\\pi_1\\sigma_2^2-2\\pi_2\\sigma_1\\sigma_2+\\pi_1\\pi_2(\\sigma_1\\sigma_2-\\sigma_2^2)\\right] \\nonumber \\\\ \n&=& f(\\sigma_1,\\pi_1,\\sigma_2,\\pi_2),\\quad \\textrm{say}\\end{aligned}$$ The denominator of (3.22) is non-zero for any fixed but unknown choice of $(\\sigma_1,\\pi_1,\\sigma_2,\\pi_2)$ and $f(\\sigma_1,\\pi_1,\\sigma_2,\\pi_2)$ is continuous over $(0,1)$. In the following subsection, we present maximum likelihood estimator for $\\mathcal{R}$ with asymptotic confidence interval for the same. ", "Then we approach the estimation problem from Bayesian perspective.", "\n\nMaximum likelihood estimation\n-----------------------------\n\nApplying functional invariance property, the maximum likelihood estimator for $\\mathcal{R}$ is given by, $$\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M=f(\\hat{\\sigma}_{1M}, \\hat{\\pi}_{1M}, \\hat{\\sigma}_{2M}, \\hat{\\pi}_{1M})$$ As in (2.13), the following asymptotic results are obvious: $$\\begin{aligned}\n(\\hat{\\sigma}_{1M}, \\hat{\\pi}_{1M})^\\prime&\\sim& N_2((\\sigma_1, \\pi_1)^\\prime,\\Sigma_m(\\sigma_1,\\pi_1)\\\\\n(\\hat{\\sigma}_{2M}, \\hat{\\pi}_{2M})^\\prime &\\sim& N_2((\\sigma_2, \\pi_2)^\\prime ,\\Sigma_n(\\sigma_2,\\pi_2)\\end{aligned}$$\\\n**Result 3** Under the assumption in (3.21), $\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M\\sim N(\\mathcal{R},\\sigma_*^2),\\quad \\sigma_*^2=\\sigma_{m,n}^2(\\sigma_1,\\pi_1,\\sigma_2,\\pi_2)= h_1+h_2+h_3+h_4$, where $$\\begin{aligned}\nh_1&=&a\\,\\frac{\\sigma_1}{(\\sigma_1+\\sigma_2)^4}\\,\\left[b\\,cov_n(\\hat{\\sigma}_{2M},\\hat{\\pi}_{2M})+c\\,var_n(\\hat{\\sigma}_{2M})\\right]\\\\\nh_2&=&\\frac{\\sigma_1\\sigma_2}{(\\sigma_1+\\sigma_2)^3}\\,\\left[(-2+\\pi_1)\\sigma_1-\\pi_1\\sigma_2\\right]\\,\\left[b\\,var_n(\\hat{\\pi}_{2M})+ c\\,cov_n(\\hat{\\sigma}_{2M},\\hat{\\pi}_{2M}) \\right]\\\\\nh_3&=&a\\,\\frac{\\sigma_2}{(\\sigma_1+\\sigma_2)^4}\\,\\left[d\\,cov_m(\\hat{\\sigma}_{1M},\\hat{\\pi}_{1M})-e\\,var_m(\\hat{\\sigma}_{1M})\\right]\\\\\nh_4&=&\\frac{\\sigma_1\\sigma_2}{(\\sigma_1+\\sigma_2)^3}\\,\\left[-(-2+\\pi_2)\\sigma_2 +\\pi_2\\sigma_1\\right]\\,\\left[d\\,var_m(\\hat{\\pi}_{1M})- e\\,cov_m(\\hat{\\sigma}_{1M},\\hat{\\pi}_{1M}) \\right]\\\\\\end{aligned}$$ wherein, $$\\begin{aligned}\na&=&((-2+\\pi_1)\\pi2\\sigma_1^2+2(-3-2\\pi_1(-1+\\pi_2)+2\\pi_2)\\sigma_1\\sigma_2+\\pi_1(-2+\\pi_2)\\sigma_2^2)\\\\\nb&=&\\frac{\\sigma_1\\sigma_2((-2+\\pi_1)\\sigma_1-\\pi_1\\sigma_2)}{(\\sigma_1+\\sigma_2)^3}\\\\\nc&=&a\\,\\frac{\\sigma_1}{(\\sigma_1+\\sigma_2)^4}\\\\\nd&=&\\frac{\\sigma_1\\sigma_2(\\pi_2\\sigma_1-(-2+\\pi_2)\\sigma_1)}{(\\sigma_1+\\sigma_2)^3}\\\\\ne&=&a\\,\\frac{\\sigma_2}{(\\sigma_1+\\sigma_2)^4}\\hspace{10cm}\\blacksquare\\end{aligned}$$\n\nResult 3, though messy, can easily be proved using delta method as follows:\\\nAs mentioned earlier, $f$ is continuous. ", "Thus, applying delta method we get $$f(\\hat{\\sigma}_{1M}, \\hat{\\pi}_{1M}, \\hat{\\sigma}_{2M}, \\hat{\\pi}_{1M})\\sim\nN((\\sigma_1,\\pi_1,\\sigma_2,\\pi_2),\\sigma_*^2),\\quad \\textrm{asymptotically}$$ where, $$\\sigma_*^2=\\left[\\frac{\\delta f}{\\delta\\sigma_1}\\,\\,\\frac{\\delta f}{\\delta\\pi_1}\\,\\,\\frac{\\delta f}{\\delta\\sigma_2}\\,\\,\\frac{\\delta f}{\\delta\\pi_2}\\right]\\Sigma_{m,n}(\\sigma_1,\\pi_1,\\sigma_2,\\pi_2)\\left[\\frac{\\delta f}{\\delta\\sigma_1}\\,\\,\\frac{\\delta f}{\\delta\\pi_1}\\,\\,\\frac{\\delta f}{\\delta\\sigma_2}\\,\\,\\frac{\\delta f}{\\delta\\pi_2}\\right]^\\prime$$ with $\\frac{\\delta f}{\\delta\\sigma_1}=-a\\,\\frac{\\sigma_2}{(\\sigma_1+\\sigma_2)^4}$, $\\frac{\\delta f}{\\delta\\pi_1}=d$, $\\frac{\\delta f}{\\delta\\sigma_2}=a\\,\\frac{\\sigma_1}{(\\sigma_1+\\sigma_2)^4}$ , $\\frac{\\delta f}{\\delta\\pi_2}=b$ and\n\n$$\\Sigma_{m,n}=\n\\begin{bmatrix}\nvar_m(\\hat{\\sigma}_{1M})& cov_m(\\hat{\\sigma}_{1M},\\hat{\\pi}_{1M}) &0&0\\\\\ncov_m(\\hat{\\sigma}_{1M},\\hat{\\pi}_{1M}) & var_m(\\hat{\\pi}_{1M}) &0&0\\\\\n0&0&var_n(\\hat{\\sigma}_{2M})& cov_n(\\hat{\\sigma}_{2M},\\hat{\\pi}_{2M})\\\\\n0&0&cov_n(\\hat{\\sigma}_{2M},\\hat{\\pi}_{2M}) & var_n(\\hat{\\pi}_{1M})\n\\end{bmatrix}$$\n\nResult follows immediately by putting these in (3.27). ", "Substituting the parameters with corresponding maximum likelihood estimates, we obtain $$\\hat{\\sigma}_*^2=\\hat{\\sigma}_{m,n}^2(\\sigma_1,\\pi_1,\\sigma_2,\\pi_2)=\\sigma_{m,n}^2(\\hat{\\sigma}_1,\\hat{\\pi}_1,\\hat{\\sigma}_2,\\hat{\\pi}_2)$$ Thus, using Result 3, a $100(1-\\alpha)\\%$ asymptotic confidence interval is given by $$CI(\\mathcal{R})=\\left[\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M-Z_{\\alpha/2}\\hat{\\sigma}_*\\quad,\\quad\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M+Z_{\\alpha/2}\\hat{\\sigma}_* \\right]$$\n\nBayes’ Estimation\n-----------------\n\nPrior on $\\mathcal{R}$ can sufficiently be described by prior beliefs on $(\\sigma_1,\\pi_1)$ and $(\\sigma_2,\\pi_2)$. We therefore consider same family of prior distributions with different choices of hyper-parameters for both vector of parameters as in (2.16) and (2.17). ", "$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\sigma_1&\\sim& Gamma(\\tau_1,\\delta_1)\\,,\\,\\,\\pi_1\\sim Beta(\\alpha_1,\\beta_1)\\hspace{0.5cm}\\textrm{and}\\\\\n\\sigma_2&\\sim& Gamma(\\tau_2,\\delta_2)\\, ,\\,\\,\\pi_2\\sim Beta(\\alpha_2,\\beta_2).\\\\\\end{aligned}$$ By plugging-in corresponding hyper-parameters in Result 2, we obtain posterior densities of $\\sigma_1$, $\\pi_1$, $\\sigma_2$ and $\\pi_2$ as $p(\\sigma_1|\\bm{x})$, $p(\\pi_1|\\bm{x})$, $p(\\sigma_2|\\bm{y})$ and $p(\\pi_2|\\bm{y})$, respectively.\\\nThe computational issue raised in subsection 2.3 persists here. ", "For moderately small sample size the mixing proportions can be computed and thus the problem of drawing sample from posterior densities reduces to that of drawing random observations from finite Gamma and Beta mixtures. ", "In situation where at least one of the samples is large enough to the extent of inhibiting exact computation of mixing proportions, STAN is used to get four different arrays of size 10000 comprising samples from the posterior distribution of the parameters.\\\nFrom the expression of $\\mathcal{R}$ in (3.22), deducing the posterior distribution of $\\mathcal{R}$ and hence its mean is near impossible. ", "Therefore a sensible way-out is to draw observations from posterior distribution of $\\mathcal{R}$ to compute empirical mean based on a large sample as an approximation to the true posterior mean. ", "This is a common practice in Bayesian approach when the parametric function of interest is complicated. ", "An algorithm for the same is presented below:\\\n**Algorithm 1**\n\nSimulation study\n================\n\nAs discussed in subsection 2.1, first we validate performance of maximum likelihood estimators for both the parameters through detailed simulation study. ", "The motivation behind extending the previously done studies has already been mentioned. ", "The experiment is carried out through the following steps:\\\n**Algorithm 2** The results of this simulation experiment reported in Table 1 reveals the following:\n\n- Bias and MSE for both the parameters reduces with increasing sample size as expected.", "\n\n- $CI(\\sigma)$ shrinks with larger $m$, as desired.", "\n\n- For obvious reasons, lower limit of $CI(\\pi)$ less than $0$ and upper limit of the same greater than $1$ need to be treated as $0$ and $1$, respectively. ", "However, we reported the limits as it is to exhibit the shrinkage of $CI(\\pi)$ towards the true value with growing sample size.", "\n\n- Marginal asymptotic confidence interval for both the parameters are not performing up to the mark possibly due to the correlation between the estimators.", "\n\n- Bias in $\\hat{\\sigma}_M$ is increasing with $\\sigma$, a quite common phenomenon for unbounded parameters.", "\n\nThe results in Table 2 is produced using the following Algorithm 3.\\\n**Algorithm 3** Note that, for Step 2 in Algorithm 3, reasonable choices of hyper-parameters are needed. ", "For synthetically generated data, we take hyper-parameters in such a manner that the prior mean turns out to be the fixed value of parameter. ", "For different values of $(\\sigma,\\pi)$ in our study, the hyper-parameter values are listed below:\n\n $\\sigma$ $\\tau_0$ $\\delta_0$ $\\pi$ $\\alpha_0$ $\\beta_0$\n ---------- ---------- ------------ ------- ------------ -----------\n 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.2 1.0 4.0\n 2.5 2.0 5.0 0.5 1.0 1.0\n 3.5 2.0 7.0 0.7 3.5 1.5\n\nFindings from Table 2:\n\n- For small and moderate sample size ($\\leq 100$), Bayes’ estimators for both the parameters have strictly lower bias and MSE compared to maximum likelihood estimators.", "\n\n- Credible interval is more crisp than confidence intervals.", "\n\n- MSE of $\\hat{\\sigma}_B$ is decreasing with increasing $m$.\n\n- MSE of $\\hat{\\pi}_B$ increases with $m$ upto $m=75$ then decreases with increasing $m$. This may be attributed to the fact that, for smaller sample sizes, precise prior belief makes the estimator more efficient and for moderate sample sizes, the prior though perfect looses importance in the posterior inference. ", "The decreasing trend towards larger sample sizes is mainly due to adequate information in sample to make the estimator efficient even when prior is not too precise.", "\n\nResults in Table 3 are generated using Algorithm 1, 2 and 3 with necessary adjustments. ", "Findings from Table 3:\n\n- Bias and MSE of both the estimators for $\\mathcal{R}$ decreases with sample sizes implying consistency.", "\n\n- It is observed that biases in $\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M$ and $\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B$ are more or less comparable.", "\n\n- $\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B$ beats $\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M$ uniformly with respect to MSE.", "\n\n- Credible intervals are much concentrated around the true value as compared to confidence intervals.", "\n\n- For fixed total sample size, maximum precision of both the estimators is attained for equal allocation (Note the cases for $(m,n)=(125,125)$ and $(m,n)=(150,100)$).", "\n\nData analysis\n=============\n\nAs mentioned in section 1, we consider the risk management data-set in which observations on $7$ variables are given for $73$ organizations. ", "We do not delve into the aspects of modelling the response variable with or without covariates as the same has been adequately addressed in Gomez-Deniz et al. (", "2014) and Jodra and Jimenez-Gamero (2016). ", "Out of $7$ variables, viz. ", "FIRMCOST, CAP, ASSUME, SIZELOG, INDCOST, CENTRAL and SOPH, consider the first two variables:\n\n- **FIRMCOST**: A measure of a firm’s risk management cost effectiveness.", "\n\n- **CAP**: An indicator variable. ", "$CAP=1$ if the firm owns a captive insurance company and $CAP=0$ if it currently does not.", "\n\nThere exists a natural categorization in the 73 firms which is clear when we consider $A$ to be the group comprising 25 firms owning a captive insurance company (CAP=1) and $B$ to be the same comprising 48 firms not owning a captive insurance company (CAP=0). ", "As in the previous studies with this data, the response variable is taken to be FIRMCOST/100 for adaptation to log-Lindley model. ", "Our main interest lies in applying the metric $\\mathcal{D}(A,B)$ with related inference for standardized probabilistic quantification of the discrepancy between $A$ and $B$ with respect to cost effectiveness, an important financial indicator. ", "In accordance with our discussion in section 3, $X$ stands for the random response for firms in group $A$ and $Y$ stands for the same for group $B$. Estimate of the relevant parameters along with variances and confidence intervals are presented below:\n\n Parameter ML Estimate Variance 95%CI\n -------------------- ------------- ---------- ------------------\n $\\sigma_1$ 0.7282 0.0055 (0.5728,0.8635)\n $\\pi_1$ 0.0000 0.0012 (0.0000,0.0679)\n $\\sigma_2$ 0.6301 0.0127 (0.4092,0.8510)\n $\\pi_2$ 0.1029 0.0444 (0.0000,0.5159)\n $\\mathcal{R}(A,B)$ 0.5216 0.0125 (0.3025,0.7407)\n $\\mathcal{D}(A,B)$ -0.0432 0.0500 (-0.4815,0.3951)\n\nFrom definition of $\\mathcal{D}(A,B)$, it is obvious that $\\mathcal{D}(A,B)=0$ indicates almost similar situation for the two groups. ", "In our context of study, a negative value of the same indicates a better situation in $B$ than in $A$ as the response is defined as total property and casualty premiums and uninsured losses as a proportion of total losses, an indicator whose reduction is every manager’s priority. ", "In fact, from estimated $\\mathcal{D}(A,B)$, we can say that firms owning captive insurance company is in a slightly better situation with respect to cost effectiveness of its risk management. ", "Though the discrepancy turns out be statistically insignificant in this case, it may become significant in other similar situations with same or different choice of financial indicator.\\\nAs observed in simulation studies, the Bayes’ estimator out-performs the maximum likelihood estimator when the experimenter can provide a reasonable choice of hyper-parameters for depiction of the true picture. ", "With the notations in subsection 3.2, we choose $\\alpha_1=0.001$, $\\beta_1=5.5$, $\\tau_1=5.0$, $\\delta_1=3.5$, $\\alpha_2=0.5$, $\\beta_2=5.5$, $\\tau_2=5.0$ and $\\delta_2=3.5$. Under the above setting, Bayes’ estimate of the relevant parameters along with credible intervals are presented below:\n\n Parameter Bayes’ Estimate 95%Cr.", "I\n -------------------- ----------------- ------------------\n $\\sigma_1$ 0.7165 (0.5837,0.8632)\n $\\pi_1$ 0.0014 (0.0000,0.0184)\n $\\sigma_2$ 0.6395 (0.4699,0.8304)\n $\\pi_2$ 0.0866 (0.0003,0.3000)\n $\\mathcal{R}(A,B)$ 0.5213 (0.3985,0.6440)\n $\\mathcal{D}(A,B)$ -0.0425 (-0.2880,0.2030)\n\nThere is no convergence issue as indicated by $Rhat=1$, provided by STAN. ", "Trace-plots for posterior sampling from $(\\sigma_1,\\pi_1)$ is given in Figure 1 and the same for $(\\sigma_2,\\pi_2)$ in Figure 2, given in Appendix.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThe cost effectiveness or performance risk management of a large organization depend on variety of factors both financial and non-financial. ", "One of the major factor is the use (or otherwise) of a captive insurer by the concerned organization. ", "A general intuition tells us that, employing a captive ensurer is expected to yield lower per unit risk management cost. ", "Thus, the investigation of the problem of measuring the discrepancy between these categories considered in this work is well justified and useful.\\\nThere are some technical limitations in this paper. ", "Exact computation of Bayes’ estimator from supplied closed form expression remains a computational challenge for large sample size. ", "Using improper prior $p(\\sigma,\\pi)\\propto 1$, Bayes’ estimators were derived but not reported due to poor performance whereas, implementing Jeffrey’s prior is found to be practically inconvenient due to computational complexities. ", "Thus, we recommend the practitioners to go the Bayesian way only when informative prior knowledge is available. ", "Resolving these issues may pave ways for future investigations. ", "Moreover, consideration of dependence between two groups will necessitate a fresh look into the inferential aspects of stress-strength reliability.", "\n\nReference {#reference .unnumbered}\n=========\n\nAbramowitz, M., & Stegun, I. A. (1965). *", "Handbook of mathematical functions: with formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables (Vol. ", "55)*. ", "Courier Corporation.\\\n\\\nBiswas, A., & Chakraborty, S. (2019). ", "$\\mathcal{R}=P(Y<X)$ for unit-Lindley distribution: inference with an application in public health. *", "https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06181*\\\n\\\nCorless, R. M., Gonnet, G. H., Hare, D. E., Jeffrey, D. J., & Knuth, D. E. (1996). ", "On the LambertW function. *", "Advances in Computational mathematics*, 5(1), 329-359.\\\n\\\nGenç,A.I. (2013). ", "Estimation of $P(X>Y)$ with Topp–Leone distribution, *Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation*, 83:2, 326-339.\\\n\\\nGómez-Déniz, E., Sordo, M. A., & Calderín-Ojeda, E. (2014). ", "The Log–Lindley distribution as an alternative to the beta regression model with applications in insurance. *", "Insurance: Mathematics and Economics*, 54, 49-57.\\\n\\\nJodrá, P., & Jiménez-Gamero, M. D. (2016). ", "A note on the Log-Lindley distribution. *", "Insurance: Mathematics and Economics*, 71, 189-194.\\\n\\\nKrishna, H., Dube, M., & Garg, R. (2017). ", "Estimation of $P(Y< X)$ for progressively first-failure-censored generalized inverted exponential distribution.*Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation*, 87(11), 2274-2289.\\\n\\\nMazucheli, J., Menezes, A. F. B., & Chakraborty, S. (2019). ", "On the one parameter unit-Lindley distribution and its associated regression model for proportion data. *", "Journal of Applied Statistics*, 46(4), 700-714.\\\n\\\nNadar, M., Kızılaslan, F., & Papadopoulos, A. (2014). ", "Classical and Bayesian estimation of $P (Y<X)$ for Kumaraswamy’s distribution. *", "Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation*, 84(7), 1505-1529.\\\n\\\nSchmit, J. T., & Roth, K. (1990). ", "Cost effectiveness of risk management practices. *", "Journal of Risk and Insurance*, 455-470.\\\n\nAppendix {#appendix .unnumbered}\n========\n\n[ccccccc]{}\n\n\\\n\\\n$m$&Bias$(\\hat{\\sigma}_M)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\sigma}_M)$& CI$(\\sigma)$&Bias$(\\hat{\\pi}_M)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\pi}_M)$& CI$(\\pi)$\\\n5&0.1600&0.2991&(0.3370,2.0228)&-0.0150&0.0921&(-0.7029,1.0086)\\\n10&0.0405 &0.0979 &(0.4973,1.6330) &0.0315 &0.0980&(-0.4400,0.8067)\\\n15&0.0330&0.0708&(0.5843,1.5144)&0.0137&0.0773&(-0.3476,0.7146)\\\n20&0.0102&0.0545&(0.6204,1.4291)&0.0235&0.0696&(-0.2927,0.6884)\\\n25&0.0203&0.0447&(0.6687,1.3948)&0.0044&0.0583&(-0.2456,0.6120)\\\n50&0.0007&0.0214&(0.7400,1.2676)&0.0099&0.0331&(-0.1354,0.5457)\\\n75&0.0089&0.0137&(0.7908,1.2270)&-0.0032&0.0210&(-0.0839,0.4774)\\\n100&0.0032&0.0113&(0.8150,1.1961)&0.0026&0.0194&(-0.0508,0.4480)\\\n125&0.0035&0.0090&(0.8350,1.1760)&-0.0032&0.0158&(-0.0293,0.4164)\\\n150&0.0024&0.0078&(0.8468,1.1600)&-0.0011&0.0119&(-0.0105,0.4050)\\\n\\\n$m$&Bias$(\\hat{\\sigma}_M)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\sigma}_M)$& CI$(\\sigma)$&Bias$(\\hat{\\pi}_M)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\pi}_M)$& CI$(\\pi)$\\\n5&0.3218&1.5206&(0.8120,4.9486)&-0.0041&0.0994&(-0.6276,0.9419)\\\n10&0.1251&0.7436&(1.2457,4.1141)&0.0242&0.0907&(-0.4439,0.8119)\\\n15&0.0741&0.4162&(1.4543,3.7639)&0.0122&0.0771&(-0.3295,0.6984)\\\n20&0.0493&0.3307&(1.5681,3.6109)&0.0169&0.0653&(-0.2801,0.6554)\\\n25&0.0532&0.2958&(1.6685,3.4986)&0.0116&0.0587&(-0.2370,0.6165)\\\n50&0.0273&1.1279&(1.8721,3.1940)&0.0033&0.0335&(-0.1352,0.5322)\\\n75&0.0098&0.0897&(1.9643,3.0574)&0.0048&0.0221&(-0.0819,0.4900)\\\n100&0.0190&0.0629&(2.0425,2.9977)&-0.0019&0.0162&(-0.0523,0.4469)\\\n125&0.0066&0.0545&(2.0806,2.9350)&-0.0022&0.0131&(-0.0280,0.4221)\\\n150&0.0104&0.0452&(2.1183,2.9025)&-0.0007&0.0118&(-0.0087,0.4075)\\\n\\\n$m$&Bias$(\\hat{\\sigma}_M)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\sigma}_M)$& CI$(\\sigma)$&Bias$(\\hat{\\pi}_M)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\pi}_M)$& CI$(\\pi)$\\\n5&1.1770&7.1055&(1.2168,8.5988)&-0.1856&0.1773&(-0.8420,1.3066)\\\n10&0.5288&2.6140&(1.8128,6.6643)&-0.1092&0.1475&(-0.6925,1.2906)\\\n15&0.3538&1.8329&(2.0634,6.0427)&-0.0721&0.1275&(-0.5215.1.2063)\\\n20&0.3037&1.3957&(2.2507,5.7335)&-0.0618&0.1148&(-0.3687,1.0832)\\\n25&0.1307&0.8987&(2.2716,5.3193)&-0.0282&0.1047&(-0.3152,1.1052)\\\n50&0.0795&0.5522&(2.5690,4.7834)&-0.0067&0.0669&(-0.1015,1.0012)\\\n75&0.0278&0.3811&(2.6980,4.5063)&0.0000&0.0518&(0.0121,0.9230)\\\n100&-0.0119&0.3129&(2.7640,4.3295)&0.0187&0.0423&(0.0841,0.9027)\\\n125&-0.0032&0.2481&(2.8312,4.2347)&0.0092&0.0334&(0.1296,0.8564)\\\n150&-0.0050&0.1983&(2.8766,4.1579)&0.0052&0.0276&(0.1656,0.8245)\\\n\\\n$m$&Bias$(\\hat{\\sigma}_M)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\sigma}_M)$& CI$(\\sigma)$&Bias$(\\hat{\\pi}_M)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\pi}_M)$& CI$(\\pi)$\\\n5&0.5305&1.0990&(0.3639,2.8512)&-0.3164&0.2577&(-0.9279,1.4895)\\\n10&0.2495&0.3223&(0.5348,2.1654)&-0.1947&0.17644&(-0.7645,1.5301)\\\n15&0.2172&0.2684&(0.6624,1.9871)&-0.1648&0.1604&(-0.5405,1.3426)\\\n20&0.1196&0.1439&(0.6616,1.7670)&-0.1093&0.1265&(-0.4721,1.4007)\\\n25&0.1073&0.1274&(0.7026,1.6994)&-0.0846&0.1101&(-0.3999,1.3893)\\\n50&0.0473&0.0633&(0.7793,1.4760)&-0.0419&0.0731&(-0.0920,1.2028)\\\n75&0.0281&0.0473&(0.8100,1.3668)&-0.0251&0.0568&(0.0430,1.1442)\\\n100&0.0268&0.0373&(0.8384,1.3195)&-0.0161&0.0477&(0.1317,1.0964)\\\n125&0.0141&0.0305&(0.8444,1.2658)&-0.0176&0.0417&(0.1917,1.0627)\\\n150&0.0053&0.0272&(0.8565,1.2398)&-0.0009&0.0370&(0.2424,1.0411)\\\n\\\n$m$&Bias$(\\hat{\\sigma}_M)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\sigma}_M)$& CI$(\\sigma)$&Bias$(\\hat{\\pi}_M)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\pi}_M)$& CI$(\\pi)$\\\n5&1.2139&5.5828&(0.9046,6.9976)&-0.3213&0.2590&(-0.9252,1.4702)\\\n10&0.6797&2.3966&(1.4275,5.4695)&-0.2058&0.1938&(-0.7510,1.4577)\\\n15&0.4870&1.3092&(1.5953,4.8675)&-0.1592&0.1551&(-0.5716,1.3958)\\\n20&0.3783&0.9708&(1.6886,4.5067)&-0.1158&0.1265&(-0.4920,1.4300)\\\n25&0.3403&0.8110&(1.7848,4.2971)&-0.1177&0.1183&(-0.3641,1.3161)\\\n50&0.1142&0.3940&(1.9287,3.6555)&-0.0431&0.0717&(-0.1043,1.2213)\\\n75&0.0812&0.2746&(2.0316,3.4261)&-0.0283&0.0577&(0.0408,1.1436)\\\n100&0.0379&0.3326&(2.0818,3.2727)&-0.0087&0.0491&(0.1241,1.1119)\\\n125&0.0207&1.1979&(2.1149,3.1701)&-0.0058&0.0436&(0.1745,1.0852)\\\n150&0.0022&0.1788&(2.1372,3.0925)&-0.0038&0.0382&(0.2105,1.0794)\\\n\n[ccccccc]{}\n\n\\\n\\\n$m$&Bias$(\\hat{\\sigma}_B)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\sigma}_B)$& Cr.", "I$(\\sigma)$&Bias$(\\hat{\\pi}_B)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\pi}_B)$& Cr.", "I$(\\pi)$\\\n5&0.0991&0.1500&(0.4864,1.9176)&0.0006&0.0016&(0.0084,0.5855)\\\n10&0.0751&0.0733&(0.6045,1.6457)&-0.0026&0.0029&(0.0101,0.5652)\\\n15&0.0450&0.0457&(0.6495,1.5018)&-0.0029&0.0039&(0.0019,0.5517)\\\n20&0.0261&0.0316&(0.6756,1.4187)&0.0021&0.0052&(0.0155,0.5446)\\\n25&0.0252&0.0271&(0.7034,1.3775)&-0.0020&0.0053&(0.0159,0.5294)\\\n50&0.0130&0.0152&(0.7658,1.2676)&0.0046&0.0074&(0.0278,0.4948)\\\n75&0.0058&0.0106&(0.7961,1.2163)&0.0058&0.0082&(0.0376,0.4658)\\\n100&0.0039&0.0084&(0.8188,1.1876)&0.0016&0.0085&(0.0442,0.4363)\\\n125&0.0026&0.0068&(0.8343,1.1686)&0.0023&0.0075&(0.0510,0.4195)\\\n150&0.0014&0.0059&(0.8459,1.1540)&0.0013&0.0073&(0.0561,0.4040)\\\n\\\n$m$&Bias$(\\hat{\\sigma}_B)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\sigma}_B)$& Cr.", "I$(\\sigma)$&Bias$(\\hat{\\pi}_B)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\pi}_B)$& Cr.", "I$(\\pi)$\\\n5&0.1140&0.2989&(1.3721,4.2073)&0.0018&0.0019&(0.0088,0.5812)\\\n10&0.0878&0.2288&(1.5632,3.8160)&0.0008&0.0032&(0.0108,0.5632)\\\n15&0.0748&0.1899&(1.6719,3.6141)&-0.0001&0.0039&(0.0124,0.5498)\\\n20&0.0613&0.1599&(1.7422,3.4794)&-0.0009&0.0049&(0.0149,0.5352)\\\n25&0.0678&0.1347&(1.8054,3.4044)&-0.0016&0.0055&(0.0171,0.5233)\\\n50&0.0160&0.0806&(1.9260,3.1267)&-0.0007&0.0071&(0.0261,0.4835)\\\n75&0.0201&0.0596&(2.0079,3.0364)&0.0046&0.0074&(0.0375,0.4620)\\\n100&0.0131&0.0469&(2.0581,2.9657)&0.0001&0.0070&(0.0429,0.4333)\\\n125&0.0088&0.0393&(2.0967,2.9162)&-0.0024&0.0064&(0.0486,0.4115)\\\n150&0.0102&0.0328&(2.1271,2.8872)&-0.0001&0.0064&(0.0556,0.4002)\\\n\\\n$m$&Bias$(\\hat{\\sigma}_B)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\sigma}_B)$& Cr.", "I$(\\sigma)$&Bias$(\\hat{\\pi}_B)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\pi}_B)$& Cr.", "I$(\\pi)$\\\n5&0.1162&0.3712&(1.8741,5.8674)&0.0069&0.0100&(0.0530,0.9651)\\\n10&0.0711&0.3516&(2.0286,5.4618)&0.0120&0.0147&(0.0745,0.9587)\\\n15&0.0305&0.3034&(2.1119,5.2104)&0.0174&0.0172&(0.0944,0.9540)\\\n20&0.0248&0.2782&(2.1795,5.0786)&0.0222&0.0178&(0.1078,0.9510)\\\n25&0.0352&0.2499&(2.2425,4.9943)&0.0197&0.0197&(0.1184,0.9455)\\\n50&-0.0246&0.2036&(2.3721,4.6503)&0.0331&0.0230&(0.1747,0.9256)\\\n75&-0.0686&0.1865&(2.4324,4.4437)&0.0412&0.0238&(0.2115,0.9110)\\\n100&-0.0769&0.1627&(2.4906,4.3317)&0.0361&0.0215&(0.2316,0.8930)\\\n125&-0.0809&0.1508&(2.5386,4.2588)&0.0414&0.0214&(0.2555,0.8812)\\\n150&-0.1080&0.1315&(2.5558,4.1726)&0.0476&0.0200&(0.2768,0.8751)\\\n\\\n$m$&Bias$(\\hat{\\sigma}_B)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\sigma}_B)$& Cr.", "I$(\\sigma)$&Bias$(\\hat{\\pi}_B)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\pi}_B)$& Cr.", "I$(\\pi)$\\\n5&0.1327&0.2127&(0.4161,2.1822)&0.0017&0.0008&(0.2970,0.9711)\\\n10&0.0744&0.1045&(0.5234,1.8130)&0.0067&0.0014&(0.3151,0.9711)\\\n15&0.0536&0.0712&(0.5770,1.6671)&0.0008&0.0021&(0.3152,0.9699)\\\n20&0.0415&0.0506&(0.6121,1.5829)&0.0052&0.0026&(0.3300,0.9700)\\\n25&0.0227&0.0397&(0.6286,1.5108)&0.0032&0.0035&(0.3351,0.9692)\\\n50&0.0119&0.0209&(0.6955,1.3894)&0.0823&0.0053&(0.3764,0.9680)\\\n75&-0.0035&0.0150&(0.7182,1.3211)&0.0174&0.0068&(0.4048,0.9659)\\\n100&-0.0053&0.0131&(0.7363,1.2893)&0.0164&0.0082&(0.4208,0.9624)\\\n125&-0.0115&0.0103&(0.7463,1.2620)&0.0247&0.0070&(0.4417,0.9635)\\\n150&-0.0169&0.0094&(0.7528,1.2388)&0.0257&0.0079&(0.4553,0.9614)\\\n\\\n$m$&Bias$(\\hat{\\sigma}_B)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\sigma}_B)$& Cr.", "I$(\\sigma)$&Bias$(\\hat{\\pi}_B)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\pi}_B)$& Cr.", "I$(\\pi)$\\\n5&0.0991&0.2987&(1.2475,4.4230)&0.0056&0.0015&(0.3100,0.9703)\\\n10&0.0906&0.2520&(1.4273,4.0883)&0.0043&0.0019&(0.3177,0.9696)\\\n15&0.0928&0.2227&(1.5373,3.9169)&0.0051&0.0026&(0.3284,0.9691)\\\n20&0.0498&0.1753&(1.5866,3.7383)&0.0082&0.0029&(0.3414,0.9687)\\\n25&0.0527&0.1700&(1.6418,3.6644)&0.0065&0.0035&(0.3459,0.9687)\\\n50&0.0052&0.0981&(1.7582,3.3883)&0.0120&0.0052&(0.3823,0.9662)\\\n75&-0.0192&0.0757&(1.8122,3.2562)&0.0176&0.1160&(0.4087,0.9648)\\\n100&-0.0281&0.0638&(1.8533,3.1807)&0.0256&0.0069&(0.4346,0.9639)\\\n125&-0.0307&0.0619&(1.8800,3.1343)&0.0260&0.0068&(0.4459,0.9625)\\\n150&-0.0315&0.0561&(1.9001,3.0964)&0.0206&0.0072&(0.4509,0.9583)\\\n\n[ccccccc]{}\n\n\\\n\\\n$m,n$&Bias$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M)$& CI$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M)$&Bias$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B)$& Cr.", "I$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B)$\\\n5,5&-0.0021&0.0241&(-0.0219,1.0161)&-0.0040&0.0166&(0.2322,0.7614)\\\n10,5&-0.0026&0.0195&(0.0551,0.9420)&-0.0004&0.0140&(0.2677,0.7446)\\\n15,10&-0.0038&0.0116&(0.1477,0.8475)&-0.0010&0.0086&(0.3111,0.6921)\\\n15,15&-0.0024&0.0093&(0.1934,0.8064)&-0.0011&0.0073&(0.3253,0.6726)\\\n25,25&0.0004&0.0058&(0.2457,0.7543)&-0.0023&0.0053&(0.3588,0.6368)\\\n50,25&-0.0010&0.0043&(0.2741,0.7245)&-0.0007&0.0038&(0.3797,0.6234)\\\n100,75&-0.0031&0.0018&(0.3559,0.6380)&-0.0004&0.0016&(0.4203,0.5793)\\\n125,125&-0.0005&0.0012&(0.3857,0.6138)&-0.0016&0.0010&(0.4349,0.5683)\\\n150,100&0.0002&0.0013&(0.3769,0.6236)&-0.0003&0.0011&(0.4319,0.5677)\\\n150,150&0.0003&0.0010&(0.3952,0.6053)&-0.0011&0.0009&(0.4399,0.5622)\\\n\\\n$m,n$&Bias$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M)$& CI$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M)$&Bias$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B)$& Cr.", "I$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B)$\\\n5,5&0.0037&0.0152&(-0.1469,0.6081)&0.0262&0.0087&(0.0890,0.4875)\\\n10,5&0.0013&0.0109&(-0.1204,0.5750)&0.0174&0.0058&(0.1028,0.4496)\\\n15,10&0.0046&0.0075&(-0.0362,0.4983)&0.0122&0.0045&(0.1203,0.4011)\\\n15,15&0.0073&0.0064&(-0.0054,0.4735)&0.0101&0.0039&(0.1253,0.3850)\\\n25,25&0.0003&0.0038&(0.0476,0.4121)&0.0059&0.0028&(0.1409,0.3506)\\\n50,25&0.0028&0.0026&(0.0691,0.3952)&0.0060&0.0018&(0.1524,0.3361)\\\n100,75&0.0005&0.0012&(0.1305,0.3300)&0.0010&0.0009&(0.1728,0.2961)\\\n125,125&0.0004&0.0009&(0.1467,0.3126)&0.0015&0.0008&(0.1796,0.2901)\\\n150,100&0.0000&0.0008&(0.1437,0.3158)&0.0017&0.0007&(0.1813,0.2872)\\\n150,150&0.0003&0.0007&(0.1545,0.3052)&0.0008&0.0006&(0.1841,0.2818)\\\n\\\n$m,n$&Bias$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M)$& CI$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M)$&Bias$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B)$& Cr.", "I$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B)$\\\n5,5&0.0102&0.0188&(0.3071,1.2381)&-0.0199&0.0072&(0.5238,0.8983)\\\n10,5&0.0176&0.0157&(0.3458,1.2285)&-0.0090&0.0064&(0.5568,0.8981)\\\n15,10&0.0193&0.0086&(0.4175,1.1614)&-0.0084&0.0044&(0.5990,0.8707)\\\n15,15&0.0146&0.0061&(0.4342,1.1253)&-0.0076&0.0032&(0.6145,0.8600)\\\n25,25&0.0088&0.0039&(0.4915,1.0590)&-0.0022&0.0023&(0.6488,0.8547)\\\n50,25&0.0128&0.0032&(0.5068,1.0464)&-0.0011&0.0018&(0.6623,0.8396)\\\n100,75&0.0052&0.0011&(0.6013,0.9333)&0.0005&0.0008&(0.6977,0.8146)\\\n125,125&0.0034&0.0008&(0.6345,0.8957)&-0.0007&0.0005&(0.7065,0.8048)\\\n150,100&0.0041&0.0009&(0.6250,0.9080)&0.0011&0.0006&(0.7069,0.8083)\\\n150,150&0.0039&0.0006&(0.6466,0.8835)&0.0004&0.0005&(0.7117,0.8024)\\\n\\\n$m,n$&Bias$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M)$& CI$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M)$&Bias$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B)$& Cr.", "I$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B)$\\\n5,5&-0.0105&0.0208&(-0.268,0.7790)&0.0180&0.0079&(0.1188,0.5223)\\\n10,5&-0.0186&0.0144&(-0.2027,0.7080)&0.0151&0.0064&(0.1409,0.4919)\\\n15,10&-0.0112&0.0087&(-0.1347,0.6528)&0.0079&0.0043&(0.1578,0.44453)\\\n15,15&-0.0103&0.0072&(-0.0893,0.6088)&0.0063&0.0046&(0.1634,0.4294)\\\n25,25&-0.0108&0.0044&(-0.0195,0.5358)&0.0051&0.0026&(0.1827,0.3991)\\\n50,25&-0.0062&0.0030&(-0.0103,0.5271)&0.0016&0.0019&(0.1928,0.3804)\\\n100,75&-0.0031&0.0012&(0.0993,0.4431)&0.0002&0.0009&(0.2178,0.3429)\\\n125,125&-0.0035&0.0008&(0.1339,0.4101)&-0.0008&0.0007&(0.2257,0.3322)\\\n150,100&-0.0004&0.0009&(0.1315,0.4199)&0.0015&0.0007&(0.2272,0.3347)\\\n150,150&-0.0015&0.0007&(0.1449,0.4013)&0.0005&0.0006&(0.2303,0.3283)\\\n\\\n$m,n$&Bias$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M)$& CI$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_M)$&Bias$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B)$&MSE$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B)$& Cr.", "I$(\\hat{\\mathcal{R}}_B)$\\\n5,5&-0.0112&0.0123&(0.4508,1.2008)&-0.0274&0.0060&(0.6088,0.9407)\\\n10,5&-0.0123&0.0096&(0.4972,1.1622)&-0.0218&0.0052&(0.6394,0.9374)\\\n15,10&-0.0053&0.0054&(0.5595,1.1111)&-0.0121&0.0032&(0.6891,0.9236)\\\n15,15&-0.0013&0.0041&(0.5981,1.0755)&0.0122&0.0025&(0.6995,0.9168)\\\n25,25&-0.0008&0.0026&(0.6454,1.0278)&-0.0056&0.0018&(0.7331,0.9076)\\\n50,25&-0.0002&0.0021&(0.6657,1.0099)&-0.0040&0.0013&(0.7479,0.9018)\\\n100,75&-0.0010&0.0010&(0.7211,0.9513)&-0.0005&0.0006&(0.7799,0.8850)\\\n125,125&0.0002&0.0006&(0.7406,0.9343)&-0.0008&0.0005&(0.7886,0.8781)\\\n150,100&0.0009&0.0007&(0.7387,0.9365)&0.0006&0.0005&(0.7888,0.8802)\\\n150,150&-0.0003&0.0005&(0.7512,0.9228)&0.0003&0.0004&(0.7936,0.8760)\\\n\n{height=\"3.5in\" width=\"7in\"}\n\n{height=\"3.5in\" width=\"7in\"}\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCost of using params in C#\n\nDoes anyone have advice for using the params in C# for method argument passing. ", "I'm contemplating making overloads for the first 6 arguments and then a 7th using the params feature. ", "My reasoning is to avoid the extra array allocation the params feature require. ", "This is for some high performant utility methods. ", "Any advice? ", "Is it a waste of code to create all the overloads?", "\n\nA:\n\nHonestly, I'm a little bothered by everyone shouting \"premature optimization!\" ", "Here's why.", "\n\nWhat you say makes perfect sense, particularly as you have already indicated you are working on a high-performance library.", "\nEven BCL classes follow this pattern. ", "Consider all the overloads of string.", "Format or Console.", "WriteLine.", "\nThis is very easy to get right. ", "The whole premise behind the movement against premature optimization is that when you do something tricky for the purposes of optimizing performance, you're liable to break something by accident and make your code less maintainable. ", "I don't see how that's a danger here; it should be very straightforward what you're doing, to yourself as well as any future developer who may deal with your code.", "\n\nAlso, even if you profiled the results of both approaches and saw only a very small difference in speed, there's still the issue of memory allocation. ", "Creating a new array for every method call entails allocating more memory that will need to be garbage collected later. ", "And in some scenarios where \"nearly\" real-time behavior is desired (such as algorithmic trading, the field I'm in), minimizing garbage collections is just as important as maximizing execution speed.", "\nSo, even if it earns me some downvotes: I say go for it.", "\n(And to those who claim \"the compiler surely already does something like this\"--I wouldn't be so sure. ", "Firstly, if that were the case, I fail to see why BCL classes would follow this pattern, as I've already mentioned. ", "But more importantly, there is a very big semantic difference between a method that accepts multiple arguments and one that accepts an array. ", "Just because one can be used as a substitute for the other doesn't mean the compiler would, or should, attempt such a substitution).", "\n\nA:\n\nYes, that's the strategy that the .NET framework uses. ", " String.", "Concat() would be a good example. ", " It has overloads for up to 4 strings, plus a fallback one that takes a params string[]. ", " Pretty important here, Concat needs to be fast and is there to help the user fall in the pit of success when he uses the + operator instead of a StringBuilder.", "\nThe code duplication you'll get is the price. ", " You'd profile them to see if the speedup is worth the maintenance headache.", "\nFwiw: there are plenty of micro-optimizations like this in the .NET framework. ", " Somewhat necessary because the designers could not really predict how their classes were going to be used. ", " String.", "Concat() is just as likely to be used in a tight inner loop that is critical to program perf as, say, a config reader that only runs once at startup. ", " As the end-user of your own code, you typically have the luxury of not having to worry about that. ", " The reverse is also true, the .NET framework code is remarkably free of micro-optimizations when it is unlikely that their benefit would be measurable. ", " Like providing overloads when the core code is slow anyway. ", " \n\nA:\n\nYou can always pass Tuple as a parameter, or if the types of the parameters are always the same, an IList<T>.", "\nAs other answers and comments have said, you should only optimize after:\n\nEnsuring correct behavior.", "\nDetermining the need to optimize.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "No charges for IMPD officers in fatal shooting of Aaron Bailey\n\nNov. 6 update: The two officers involved in the fatal shooting of Aaron Bailey have been suspended, and IMPD Chief Bryan Roach have recommended their termination.", "\n\nINDIANAPOLIS -- A special prosecutor has decided not to file charges against two IMPD officers in the fatal shooting of Aaron Bailey in June.", "\n\nIn a written statement released Tuesday afternoon, St. Joseph County Prosecutor Kenneth P. Cotter, who was assigned as special prosecutor in the case, said there was “insufficient evidence to refute either the officer’s claim of subjective fear or the objective reasonableness of that fear.”", "\n\n“This decision was not taken lightly and was made after extensively reviewing the investigatory materials, re-interviewing witnesses and assigning an investigator within [Cotter’s] office to conduct a supplemental investigation,” Cotter’s office said in the statement.", "\n\nCotter also released a 16-page report outlining the reasons behind the decision not to charge the officers.", "\n\n«\n\nPage1of 16\n\n»\n\nBailey was driving just before 2 a.m. on June 29 when police pulled him over for a traffic violation near the intersection of Burdsal Parkway and Riverside Drive. ", "For still-unknown reasons, Bailey sped from the scene and crashed into a tree near the intersection of 23rd and Aqueduct streets.", "\n\nMoments after the crash, two IMPD officers who had pursued Bailey exited their vehicle and fired multiple rounds, striking Bailey four times.", "\n\nTimeline of the Aaron Bailey Shooting\n\n1:45 a.m.: Officers initiated a traffic stop at Burdsal Parkway and Riverside Drive for a traffic violation (9 minutes long) During that stop the man fled from officers.", "\n\n1:54 a.m.: Officers announced over their radio that they were chasing the man\n\n1:54 a.m.: Less than a minute later, the vehicle they were chasing crashed into a tree at 23rd Street and Aqueduct Street\n\n1:55 a.m.: Officers announced on radio they were involved in a police action shooting\n\n2:02 a.m.: EMS arrived on scene\n\n2:05 a.m.: Driver was taken to Eskenazi Hospital\n\n2:24 a.m.: Driver was pronounced deceased at Eskenazi Hospital\n\n3:00 a.m.: Female passenger was arrested on a narcotics charge\n\nAn autopsy determined Bailey suffered gunshot wounds to his back, chest and upper shoulder areas. ", "His family said they counted at least 11 bullet holes in his vehicle.", "\n\nShiwanda Ward, 26, who was in the passenger seat of Bailey's vehicle at the time of the shooting was not injured. ", "She was arrested at the scene and charged with possession of drug paraphernalia.", "\n\nPolice say no weapon was found inside Bailey’s car or in his possession.", "\n\nIn July, the FBI announced it had opened an investigation into potential civil rights violations in Bailey’s death after IMPD Chief Bryan Roach requested the agency conduct a parallel investigation.", "\n\nThen in August, the Marion County Prosecutor’s Office announced it had requested and been granted a special prosecutor in the case over concerns about trying the shootings of Bailey and Southport Police Lt. ", "Aaron Allan.", "\n\nShortly after the shooting, Mayor Joe Hogsett promised there would be an administrative review of the shooting after the criminal investigation completed. ", "On Tuesday, after the special prosecutor's decision was announced, Hogsett released a statement saying that review would still take place.", "\n\n“My thoughts and prayers go out to all those impacted by the death of Mr. Bailey, including his family and those who called him a friend. ", "At the outset of this process, I made a commitment to the community that immediately upon conclusion of the criminal investigation, IMPD would launch a full administrative review into the actions that led to this police action shooting. ", "I intend to follow through with that commitment.", "\n\nEffective immediately, I have asked Chief Bryan Roach to gather all evidence from the Special Prosecutor’s investigation along with any other available materials to begin that process. ", "I have also asked that the review be expedited so that an administrative decision can be rendered as quickly as is responsible.", "\n\nI offer my heartfelt thanks to faith and community leaders for their patience and leadership over the last four months, and I urge those who have been moved to action by these events to continue to challenge our city to do more to earn and sustain trust between Indianapolis neighborhoods and our police department.”", "\n\nRev. Charles Harrison of the Indianapolis Ten Point Coalition said he was disappointed, but not surprised by the decision.", "\n\n\"There is this fear out here that black men can be shot by police and no one is holding them accountable so you're going to hear that in the community... that well here we go again,\" said Harrison.", "\n\nThe officers themselves were never named publicly until September, when Bailey’s family filed a wrongful death lawsuit naming them as defendants in the case. ", "The officers, Carlton Howard and Michael Dinnsen, have never made a public statement about the case.", "\n\nCall 6 Investigates found that neither officer has any previous reports of discipline in his file.", "\n\nIn the lawsuit filed by attorney Craig R. Karpe, the family claims the two officers fired at Bailey's stopped vehicle \"without prior verbal command or warning.\"", "\n\nThe lawsuit also claims that Bailey never tried to exit his vehicle, face the officers or threaten them after he crashed his car.", "\n\nThe family is suing the city on the claim that a \"culture of indifference\" has permeated the department. ", "The lawsuit claims IMPD and Indianapolis failed to train its officers on the use of force and implicit bias. ", "The lawsuit also charges the city with failing to hold its officers accountable for not using body cameras.", "\n\nThe family is requesting repayment for medical expenses, burial fees, attorney fees and loss of love and companionship. ", "The lawsuit requests a jury trial.", "\n\nMembers of the Indianapolis Congregation Action Network said they were deeply saddened by the decision.", "\n\n\"This does not seem like justice,\" said Rev. Stephen Carlsen. \"", "The African American men that I know fear for their lives in encounters with police. ", "This will increase those tensions. ", "These problems cannot go unresolved.\"", "\n\nIMPD said more implicit bias training will take place.", "\n\n\"It is amazing that a black man can be shot in the back that many times and people can walk away from it free,\" said Rev. Juard Barnes. \"", "We are just blown away by this.\"", "\n\n“The FBI will review all available evidence and facts and will conduct additional investigative steps where appropriate,” Abbott said. “", "We are coordinating with the United States Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of Indiana and the Department of Justice to determine whether a violation of federal civil rights has occurred. ", "As this is an ongoing investigation, we are not able to comment further at this time.”", "\n\nIndyCAN on the Web\n\nIndianapolis Congregation Action Network and PICO National Network are nonpartisan and are not aligned explicitly or implicitly with any candidate or party. ", "We do not endorse or support candidates for office." ]

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[ "How's everyone's week so far?", "\n\nIt's been a busy one for us with the Draft Box being released, and now the Set 8 booster box pic was leaked! ", "I had a look and manipulated the image to see what details I could find out.", "\n\nThe Original Leaked Image\n\nThe original image came from an Italian website. ", "It was taken down shortly after it was discovered by eagle eyed DBS fans. ", "We can see that the set will include Android support, which is a godsend, and this also confirms what we know - that the set will be largely based on movie and game content. ", "Super Baby 2 will make his debut, along with other villains new to the game, Hatchiyack , Dr Kochin , and Dr Wheelo .", "\n\nThe booster packs are clearly visible. ", "Although we know that they tend to just be placeholder images.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nThere are two types of Campaign Rares this set. ", "The good guys are the \"Noble Hero Rares\" and the bad guys are the poorly titled \"Ignoble Villain Rares\". ", "Let's start with the heroes. ", "I apologise for the quality, but this is the best we could do.", "\n\nBeerus, Destructive Villain is the red IVR (I'm just going to call them this, we don't actually know their rarity). ", "As is with all these cards, we cant make out much of the text at all other than the name. ", "It's a 2 specified red 2 cost card with a permanent. ", "It has 0+5000 combo.", "\n\nThe Ultimate Waifu has arrived! ", "Android 21, Destructive Villain is the Blue IVR. ", "It's a 2 Blue specified 4 cost battle card with what could possibly be EX Evolve, or possibly a new Keyword Skill, and an Auto. ", "It has 20k power and 0+5000 combo.", "\n\nThis card is more difficult to make out, although from the picture I think it's Dr. Wheelo, Destructive Villain. ", "A 2 Green specified 4 cost card with what is likely a new Keyword skill, an Auto and an Activate skill of some sort. ", "It has 20k battle power and 0+5000 combo.", "\n\nSuper Baby 2, Destructive Villain. ", "A 1 Yellow specified cost 3 drop yellow IVR. ", "It again seems to have a new keyword skill, and also an auto that looks like it may affect Awaken & Wish skills! ", "It has 15k battle power and 0+5000 combo.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nEdit: Mason Dellucky wrote to us to point out that \"it looks like it’ll gain dual attack when the opponent’s leader awakens, or possibly de-awakens, for the duration of the turn.\"", "\n\nIt could also go off possibly when you awaken or wish during your turn.", "\n\nThe final IVR is an extra card. ", "Villainous Counterstrike. ", "It has a permanent that looks like it makes the card gain a special trait in all areas. ", "The Activate skill looks like it says \"Your leader card is ???:\" ", "and continues on, so it could be an activate battle.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nOkay, now on to the Noble Hero Rares.", "\n\nVegeta, Prideful Hero is the first of the NHR cards. ", "A 2 specified red 4 cost card. ", "It has 15k battle power and 0+5000 combo. ", "I'm sensing a theme here, it looks like this card has a new Keyword skill, simply by how much text is after the red skill box. ", "It also has an activate skill.", "\n\nThere are two Goku cards in the NHR pool, which is really annoying when there are so many other heroes they could have tapped. ", "This is Son Goku, Prideful Hero, a 2 specified Blue cost 3 drop card. ", "It has 10k battle power and 0+5000 combo. ", "It has a keyword skill and two Activate skills.", "\n\nPiccolo, Prideful Hero is the Green NHR. ", "Piccolo 4 drops seem to be a theme over the last few sets. ", "This one is a specified 2 Green 4 cost battle card. ", "It has 0+5000 combo and 20k battle power. ", "It looks like it has Critical or possibly Barrier, plus a new Keyword Skill and an Activate once pwer turn skill.", "\n\nAnother SS4 Goku for the GT Fans! ", "This time in Yellow, SS4 Son Goku, Prideful Hero is a 1 specified Yellow 3 cost card with 15k battle power and 0+5000 combo. ", "It looks to have Barrier, and a new keyword skill. ", "It also has a permanent which reads \"Permanent: Only 1 {SS4 Son Goku, Prideful Hero} can be played in your battle area\". ", "The Auto skill seems to effect Awaken and Wish skills.", "\n\nHeroic Strike is the 5th and final NHR, and the final card we are talking about today. ", "It's an extra card, and let me just say, that card art is some of the most beautiful I've seen in this game to date, and that's looking at the potato version of the card! ", "It has a permanent that gives it a special trait, and an activate skill similar to Villainous Counterstrike. ", "Important to note that both this and Villainous Counterstrike are black one cost extra cards, which points to them supporting multiple leaders in a Hero vs Villain archetype of sorts.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nWe will keep working on deciphering the text and report back if we find anything more out. ", "Hit us up on Facebook if you find anything more out and we will add it to this post and credit you!", "\n\n\n\n\n\nIn addition to the above, the below is a previous leak showing the new Starter and Expert deck details and more set 8 details.", "\n\nAs always, keep an eye on our Youtube , Facebook and Twitch for more content!", "\n\nAustralians, jump on The Midian Guard for all your DBS singles!", "\n\n~Sam Russell" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs there an app to automatically format CSS files?", "\n\nI have a compressed CSS file (all whitespace removed) that I want to inspect, but it's a huge pain inspecting it as-is. ", " Is there any utility (preferably linux command line) that I can run the file through to format it nicely?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe online service that Dave Newman mentioned has been converted into a Node.js script, which you can run on the command-line. ", "If you have NPM installed you can just do:\nnpm install -g cssunminifier\n\nAnd it’s pretty versatile how you can use it. ", "Here are 3 different examples:\ncssunminifier style.min.css style.css\ncssunminifier --width=8 style.min.css\ncurl http://cdn.sstatic.net/stackoverflow/all.css | cssunminifier - | less\n\nHere’s more info on the command-line css unminifier\n\nA:\n\nTry this online service.", "\nYou can also inspect any compressed file in Firebug.", "\n\nA:\n\nThese programs are called 'beautifiers'. ", "You should be able to google one that fits for you.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMagento 1.8.1 database ON DUPLICATE KEY not doing UPDATE in catalog_product_entity_varchar\n\nI think this this may be more of a MySQL problem rather than a Magento problem, but it is the Magento database I'm dealing with. ", "Here's what I have done.", "\nI got MySQL to log queries and found a query similar to the one I'm about to post. ", " This query updates the catalog_product_entity_varchar table. ", " I took out the other varchar attributes being updated and just left the one in question, just to make it more simple to read (there are a lot of attributes).", "\nINSERT INTO `catalog_product_entity_varchar`\n (`entity_type_id`,`attribute_id`,`store_id`,`entity_id`,`value`) VALUES \n ('4', '187', '0', '352203', 'asdf')\n ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE `value` = VALUES(`value`)\n\nThis query, whether I put the entire query original with a whole bunch more attribute updates, or if I just throw in the query exactly as above, does not update the row. ", " The exact query above actually says that two rows were inserted. ", " No values in the database change. ", "This is isolated to this table only in the database. ", " There are no errors given. ", " It simply says that x number of rows were inserted.", "\nI decided to pull out a query from another similar entity table. ", " I chose the text table. ", " That query was as follows:\n INSERT INTO `catalog_product_entity_text` (`entity_type_id`,`attribute_id`,`store_id`,`entity_id`,`value`)\n VALUES ('4', '83', '0', '352203', 'test'), ('4', '106', '0', '352203', 'test')\n ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE `value` = VALUES(`value`)\n\nThat worked as expected. ", " So, I don't think it's an issue with ON DUPLICATE KEY working database wide -- it's isolated to the catalog_product_entity_varchar table.", "\nI checked all tables, and no tables are locked or in use. ", " I thought maybe I would have to commit the transaction, but I don't think that's the case here. ", "Autocommit is on. ", " I don't believe I can change that based on the table, but I'm not using START TRANSACTION, so I shouldn't have to commit anyway, right? ", " I tested with a COMMIT after the statement, even thought I'm 99% certain that shouldn't do anything, but the results didn't change.", "\nmysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE \"%autocommit%\";\n\n+---------------+-------+\n| Variable_name | Value |\n+---------------+-------+\n| autocommit | ON |\n+---------------+-------+\n\nI decided to check my development server (yes, this is happening in production) and the query works perfectly fine. ", " So, this is isolated to the catalog_product_entity_varchar table AND this specific database.", "\nI checked structure between the two databases, they are the same. ", " See below\nDEVELOPMENT STRUCTURE DUMP\nCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `catalog_product_entity_varchar` (\n `value_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT 'Value ID',\n `entity_type_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT 'Entity Type ID',\n `attribute_id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT 'Attribute ID',\n `store_id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT 'Store ID',\n `entity_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT 'Entity ID',\n `value` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Value',\n PRIMARY KEY (`value_id`),\n UNIQUE KEY `UNQ_CAT_PRD_ENTT_VCHR_ENTT_ID_ATTR_ID_STORE_ID` (`entity_id`,`attribute_id`,`store_id`),\n KEY `IDX_CATALOG_PRODUCT_ENTITY_VARCHAR_ATTRIBUTE_ID` (`attribute_id`),\n KEY `IDX_CATALOG_PRODUCT_ENTITY_VARCHAR_STORE_ID` (`store_id`),\n KEY `IDX_CATALOG_PRODUCT_ENTITY_VARCHAR_ENTITY_ID` (`entity_id`)\n) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='Catalog Product Varchar Attribute Backend Table' AUTO_INCREMENT=211079 ;\n\n--\n-- Constraints for dumped tables\n--\n\n--\n-- Constraints for table `catalog_product_entity_varchar`\n--\nALTER TABLE `catalog_product_entity_varchar`\n ADD CONSTRAINT `FK_CATALOG_PRODUCT_ENTITY_VARCHAR_STORE_ID_CORE_STORE_STORE_ID` FOREIGN KEY (`store_id`) REFERENCES `core_store` (`store_id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,\n ADD CONSTRAINT `FK_CAT_PRD_ENTT_VCHR_ATTR_ID_EAV_ATTR_ATTR_ID` FOREIGN KEY (`attribute_id`) REFERENCES `eav_attribute` (`attribute_id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,\n ADD CONSTRAINT `FK_CAT_PRD_ENTT_VCHR_ENTT_ID_CAT_PRD_ENTT_ENTT_ID` FOREIGN KEY (`entity_id`) REFERENCES `catalog_product_entity` (`entity_id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;\n\nPRODUCTION STRUCTURE DUMP\n CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `catalog_product_entity_varchar` (\n `value_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT 'Value ID',\n `entity_type_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT 'Entity Type ID',\n `attribute_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL COMMENT 'Attribute ID',\n `store_id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT 'Store ID',\n `entity_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT 'Entity ID',\n `value` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Value',\n PRIMARY KEY (`value_id`),\n UNIQUE KEY `UNQ_CAT_PRD_ENTT_VCHR_ENTT_ID_ATTR_ID_STORE_ID` (`entity_id`,`attribute_id`,`store_id`),\n KEY `IDX_CATALOG_PRODUCT_ENTITY_VARCHAR_ATTRIBUTE_ID` (`attribute_id`),\n KEY `IDX_CATALOG_PRODUCT_ENTITY_VARCHAR_STORE_ID` (`store_id`),\n KEY `IDX_CATALOG_PRODUCT_ENTITY_VARCHAR_ENTITY_ID` (`entity_id`)\n ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='Catalog Product Varchar Attribute Backend Table' AUTO_INCREMENT=2147483647 ;\n\n --\n -- Constraints for dumped tables\n --\n\n --\n -- Constraints for table `catalog_product_entity_varchar`\n --\n ALTER TABLE `catalog_product_entity_varchar`\n ADD CONSTRAINT `FK_CATALOG_PRODUCT_ENTITY_VARCHAR_STORE_ID_CORE_STORE_STORE_ID` FOREIGN KEY (`store_id`) REFERENCES `core_store` (`store_id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,\n ADD CONSTRAINT `FK_CAT_PRD_ENTT_VCHR_ATTR_ID_EAV_ATTR_ATTR_ID` FOREIGN KEY (`attribute_id`) REFERENCES `eav_attribute` (`attribute_id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,\n ADD CONSTRAINT `FK_CAT_PRD_ENTT_VCHR_ENTT_ID_CAT_PRD_ENTT_ENTT_ID` FOREIGN KEY (`entity_id`) REFERENCES `catalog_product_entity` (`entity_id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;\n\nI have no idea why this is happening. ", " I'm so confused.", "\nAlso, I did just recently restore this database from a backup, but it was happening prior to that restoration. ", " I am using Percona -- the latest version. ", " Settings for the database were lost, so I set it up from scratch. ", " Here are all the settings I think might help.", "\nmysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE \"%version%\";\n+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------- -+\n| Variable_name | Value |\n+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------- -+\n| innodb_version | 5.6.23-72.1 |\n| protocol_version | 10 |\n| slave_type_conversions | |\n| version | 5.6.23-72.1 |\n| version_comment | Percona Server (GPL), Release 72.1, Revision 0503478 |\n| version_compile_machine | x86_64 |\n| version_compile_os | Linux |\n+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------- -+\n7 rows in set (0.00 sec)\n\nmy.cnf\n [mysqld]\n datadir=/var/lib/mysql\n socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock\n user=mysql\n # Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks\n symbolic-links=0\n\n # Skip reverse DNS lookup of clients\n skip-name-resolve\n\n # optimisations for Magento\n # changed open_files_limit to 65535\n open_files_limit = 65535\n max_allowed_packet = 16M\n wait_timeout = 360\n # changed kbs from 128M to 32M\n key_buffer_size = 32M\n # changed query_cache_type = 0 and size to 0\n query_cache_type = 1\n query_cache_size = 16M\n sort_buffer_size = 1M\n thread_cache_size = 50\n # changed innodb bps to 36G from 20G after RAM upgrade 24GB-48GB\n innodb_buffer_pool_size = 39G\n # innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 8\n innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 20M\n innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M\n innodb_file_per_table = 1\n innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 1200\n\n ft_min_word_len=2\n\n # Added July 29, 2014\n myisam_recover = FORCE,BACKUP\n max_connect_errors = 1000000\n expire_logs_days = 14\n max_connections = 500\n table_definition_cache = 4096\n table_open_cache = 4096\n\n innodb_flush_method = O_DIRECT\n innodb_log_files_in_group = 2\n innodb_log_file_size = 512M\n innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1\n\n general_log_file=/var/log/general_log.log\n\n [mysqld_safe]\n log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log\n pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid\n\nA:\n\nAll right, I solve this myself.", "\nThe issue was the auto increment on the table. ", " It reached its maximum. ", " It was using an int(11), so a signed integer of 32 bits. ", " Maximum value would be 2147483647.", "\nI changed it to bigint(12) - So, the maximum number would be 999,999,999,999 I believe.", "\nALTER TABLE `catalog_product_entity_varchar` \nCHANGE `value_id` `value_id` BIGINT( 12 ) \nNOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT 'Value ID';\n\nThis should be fine, since no foreign keys use this field. ", " I think if there were foreign keys using it, you may need to change those as well to reflect the same data type.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The changing face of venous thromboembolism management in England.", "\nAim: Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which comprises deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, poses a global disease burden. ", "Vitamin K antagonists have traditionally been the mainstay of treatment; however, the non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are emerging as an alternative. ", "The relative use of these treatment classes in the real world is unknown. ", "Patients & methods: We performed a retrospective study using data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink to understand VTE treatment patterns. ", "Results: NOACs have unseated vitamin K antagonist as the main form of VTE patient treatment in England. ", "Conclusion: The data highlight how comfortable physicians have become in using NOACs to treat VTE in England and it is likely that the increasing use of NOACs will continue." ]

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[ "London 2 South\n\nLondon 2 South is an English league of Rugby Union teams, representing the second level in the Rugby Football Union's London & South East Division, making it a Level 6 league in the RFU's league hierarchy. ", "The clubs come mainly from Hampshire, Kent, South London, Surrey and Sussex.", "\n\nPromoted teams move up to London 1.", "\n\nTeams 2008-2009\n\nPrevious league and season in brackets\n\n Basingstoke (L1 - Relegated)\n Beckenham (L2S - 7th)\n Chobham RFC (L2S - 3rd)\n Cobham RFC (L3SW - Promoted)\n Dorking RFC (L2S - 5th)\n Dover RFC (L3SE - Promoted)\n Gravesend RFC (L3SE - Promoted)\n Sidcup RFC (L2S - 6th)\n Maidstone FC (L2S - 8th)\n Old Colfeians (former pupils of Colfe's School) (L2S - 9th)\n Thanet Wanderers (L1 - Relegated)\n Tunbridge Wells RFC (L2S - 4th)\n\n6\n2" ]

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[ "Tag Archives: African Union RFP\n\nThe ReporterEthiopia is reporting on the ethical issues surrounding the handling of the dotafrica (.africa) RFP by the African Union at the Addis Ababa HQ, which has impacted DotConnectAfrica’s application at ICANN regarding Governmental Support.", "\n\nPRLog (Press Release) – Oct. 24, 2013 – A.A, Ethiopia — DotConnectAfrica (DCA) Trust has written to the new AU leadership raising ethical and accountability issues on how the endorsement process was handled from its inception within the African Union institution.", "\n\nIn the letter dated August 2, 2013 the Company asks the AU leadership to “review and investigate the role that the AU has played in directly supporting one particular bid and campaigning against another, in the .Africa internet domain.”", "\n\nThe letter requests a through ‘dig’ into the procedure that led to Uniforum ZACR to be selected by the African Union and its application to ICANN. ", "This letter is similar to the one sent to the US Congress on February 20, 2013, stating,\n\n“There is preponderant evidence to now suggest that UniForum ZA Central Registry was not appointed by the African Union Commission based on the outcome of a truly transparent and accountable RFP-based tender process” and continues to say “The subsequent appointment received by UniForum through a process that we believe was corrupted provided UniForum with further advantages that also allowed it to obtain additional letters of endorsement from different African Countries to enable it satisfy the requirement of governmental support necessary for applying for a geographical TLD”\n\nThe company, DCA Trust, has also requested the authority for an interrogation into activities of lack of transparency and accountability that have unfortunately ‘legitimized’\n\nan organization that did not do its due diligence to the African public by all means. ", "In the letter DCA faults the AU for not upholding the Endorsement given in 2009 and in an attempt to “own” .africa, has created an RFP process that was flawed.", "\n\nThe letter also explains how the AU got interested in the name after endorsing DCA initially saying: “AU wanted to “own” the .Africa gTLD. ", "However, ICANN explained to them that this was not possible as all gTLD would be administered under a specific program that was being independently administered under their supervision.”", "\n\nFollowing that response from ICANN, the AU then decided that an RFP would be issued to select a partner to bid on behalf of the African Community. ", "The Company explains in the letter why it could not participate in RFP process by saying:\n\n“Unfortunately this RFP process was so problematic that we could not participate. ", "This decision was taken in light of the original endorsement by your AU predecessor (Jean Ping), the ICANN requirements versus RFP and the need to keep our business plan confidential. ", "Our view was that ICANN had a process to follow and the AU RFP represented a conflicting parallel process. ", "Recognizing the highly technical nature of the bid and the 18 month assessment that ICANN provides indicates that a one month AU process would be a challenge to succeed. ", "This is further complicated by a review panel which may have drawn from a limited pool of internet experts, who have vested interest in the context of the bidding process and outcome of .africa.”", "\n\nThe three main issues raised by the Company include: a) that the AU originally endorsed DotConnectAfrica, however a lobby group of vested interested parties encouraged AU to first engage directly with ICANN to take ownership of .Africa – a situation that ICANN would not accept. ", "b) they Issued an RFP to identify a partner would submit on behalf of the “African Community”, where the .africa is designated as a generic TLD and not a community – and c) although the AU Press Releases gave an appearance of transparency it is clear that the RFP process did not follow the basic tendering rules needed in a competitive bid.", "\n\nIn its response to ICANN Governmental Committee who try to raise issues on behalf of the AU, the Company demanded an accountability, requesting full disclosure of the same listing over 10 items:\n\n1. ", "which firms and organizations participated in the EOI,\n2. ", "what they had each proposed;\n3. ", "how they were evaluated,\n4. ", "what merit-based system was employed in the evaluation of the respective proposals,\n5. ", "the relative scores obtained by each evaluated participant,\n6. ", "the final rankings and how the decision was arrived at to select UniForum South Africa as ‘an African-based registry’;\n7. ", "the final evaluation committee minutes that were taken during the meeting to decide on the selection,\n8. ", "the names of those who assented to those minutes;\n9. ", "the decision of the AU Tenders Board to approve the selection of UniForum S.A.\n10. ", "and the official signatories to that decision\n11. ", "and finally make a full disclosure of all these through a public media announcement.", "\n\nThe questions above however were never responded to. ", "In its letter to the AU, the Company therefore has requested that the pertinent issues be sorted out, stating the AU leadership to 1) Investigate the circumstances surrounding the issuance and conduct of the RFP. ", "2) Review subsequent award to Uniforum. ", "This review should reference AU’s own procurement policies and internationally accepted practice. ", "3) Review Uniforum’s Private Application to ICANN versus a “Community” clearly envisaged by the wider African groupings. ", "4) Propose any necessary actions to be taken by AU to correct ICANN GAC advisory that may have been given on the basis of incomplete information.", "\n\nThese requests will hopefully be investigated this time and provide concrete answers to the African public, not only on the issue of accountability of the process, but how the AU even got to be involved in the .africa bid process.", "\n\nAUC Not Authorized to Endorse:\nAccording to the ICANN guidebook, there is nothing that states that AUC or an African Intergovernmental organization has the authority to endorse a company intending to apply for a geographic string to get governmental approval. ", "Rather it states that regions listed as a UNESCO region or appearing on the “Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings” list. ", "In this case DotConnectAfrica has in its custody the endorsement of UNECA, however approving authorities within ICANN stopped the process before DCA would even be evaluated by the Geographic Review Panel. ", "It’s understood that all applications ought to pass through all the panels irrespective of their status.", "\n\nThe .africa applicant, DCA Trust has in many cases asserted that ICANN’s actions have all been made and informed by the fear of AU reacting negatively rather than following the due process as interpreted in the ICANN Applicant Guidebook. “", "Regretfully this GAC objection advice to ICANN for our .Africa application was has been subjected to a clearly orchestrated campaign by members of GAC including the Africa Union (a GAC observer) against our application.”, ", "the company has said." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nProblems parsing Spanish characters (á, é, í, ó, ú) from XML response\n\nI'm developing a Java app, that calls a PHP from internet that it's giving me a XML response.", "\nIn the response is contained this word: \"Próximo\", but when i parse the nodes of the XML and obtain the response into a String variable, I'm receiving the word like this: \"Pr&oacute;ximo\".", "\nHow can i solve this?", "\n\nA:\n\nStringEscapeUtils.unescapeHTML()\n\n" ]

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[ "PPARs in the central nervous system: roles in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation.", "\nOver 25 years have passed since peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors (PPARs), were first described. ", "Like other members of the nuclear receptors superfamily, PPARs have been defined as critical sensors and master regulators of cellular metabolism. ", "Recognized as ligand-activated transcription factors, they are involved in lipid, glucose and amino acid metabolism, taking part in different cellular processes, including cellular differentiation and apoptosis, inflammatory modulation and attenuation of acute and chronic neurological damage in vivo and in vitro. ", "Interestingly, PPAR activation can simultaneously reprogram the immune response, stimulate metabolic and mitochondrial functions, promote axonal growth, induce progenitor cells to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes, and improve brain clearance of toxic molecules such as β-amyloid peptide. ", "Although the molecular mechanisms and cross-talk with different molecular pathways are still the focus of intense research, PPARs are considered potential therapeutic targets for several neuropathological conditions, including degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. ", "This review considers recent advances regarding PPARs, as well as new PPAR agonists. ", "We focus on the mechanisms behind the neuroprotective effects exerted by PPARs and summarise the roles of PPARs in different pathologies of the central nervous system, especially those associated with degenerative and inflammatory mechanisms." ]

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[ "Top 4 most common issues while Upgrading your Joomla website to PHP 7.2\n\n2018 marked the \"End of Life\" for PHP 5.6 and 7.0. ", "In the very near future, PHP 7.1 will come to it's \"End of Life\". ", "You may have seen the big red warning on your Joomla administrator panel regarding the upgrade and may have even attempted at upgrading PHP yourself only to have your Joomla site crash (blank page).", "\n\nLately we’ve dealt with multiple sites, some of them not even running the latest Joomla, that required specific fixes to have PHP 7.2 running. ", "Although each site is unique when customizations are present, we were able at IDL Web to narrow some of the causes for a failed PHP Upgrade.", "\n\n1. ", "Up-to-date Extensions\n\nThis sounds already like a cliché for CMS and their extensions, but yes, since PHP 5 to 7 presented substantial modifications to some syntax and code properties. ", "Often time developers committed to maintain their extensions keep their code up to date and you will need to grab latest updates of all 3rd party extensions installed on your Joomla website. ", "Keep in mind, not all of your extensions may be using the Joomla Update system. ", "You may not see them on the “update” section of your administrator, and you will have to review/debug which extension can be causing the issue and check if there is any available update.", "\n\n2. ", ".htaccess File\n\nThis PHP upgrade has become a common request from customer to their hosting providers. ", "Even as close to the \"End of Life\", some hosting providers didn’t have the option installed to make the switch to a newer PHP version. ", "This resulted in customers moving to other hosting providers or companies refreshing their OS/Compilations. ", "We’ve seen when moving sites and trying to upgrade others that handlers placed in the htaccess file intended to work for previous versions of PHP causes errors when PHP 7.2 is enabled. ", "Since these handlers were placed for previous PHP versions. ", "You will need to check with your hosting provider, but you can try removing any handlers (don’t forget to make a backup), or just placing a fresh Joomla htaccess version to check if it works with PHP 7.2\n\n3. ", "Fatal Error: 0 Using $this when not in object context\n\nThis error may have multiple causes, but we found 90% of the time is due to an old way of getting the menu object by templates or extensions.", "\n\nSearch in your template or your old extensions with issues for something like:\n\nJSite::getMenu() or Joomla\\CMS\\Application\\SiteApplication::getMenu()\n\nThis calls the getMenu in a static context, which is the incorrect way of calling that method.", "\n\nThe code should be\n\nJFactory::getApplication()->getMenu()\n\n4. ", "Error: [] operator not supported for strings.", "\n\nAnother PHP error with multiple possible sources, but usually found in Joomla templates and extensions assigning values. ", "Previously, it didn’t throw an error, which it does now on PHP 7.2 Search for any array not declared but set later to [] like:\n\n$css = ''; and then later used like: $css[] = ' style=\"width:'.trim($column_widths[$i]).'px;\"';\n\n(Very common in old Gantry framework templates)\n\nFirst line should be changed to\n\n$css = array();\n\nYou will need to locate all instances of variables with issues like this and adjust the code.", "\n\nYou may just be getting a blank page or a 500 Internal Server error after your upgrade, don’t forget to enable all error reporting, Joomla debug system and PHP error reporting in your configuration so you can trace back the source of the error and check if any of the causes above may help. ", "Joomla Core is 100% PHP 7.2 compatible. ", "Rest assured the issue is not a core extension and invest your time to look on your 3rd party addons.", "\n\nIf you are not comfortable modifying the code or can't upgrade any of your Joomla extensions, leave the work to the professional Joomla developers with more than 100+ sites upgraded successfully to PHP 7.2. ", "At IDL Web Inc, we will help you so you have your Joomla website running with the latest and greatest software." ]

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[ "// CSS image replacement\n//\n// Heads up! ", "v3 launched with only `.hide-text()`, but per our pattern for\n// mixins being reused as classes with the same name, this doesn't hold up. ", "As\n// of v3.0.1 we have added `.text-hide()` and deprecated `.hide-text()`.", "\n//\n// Source: https://github.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate/commit/aa0396eae757\n\n// Deprecated as of v3.0.1 (has been removed in v4)\n@mixin hide-text() {\n font: 0/0 a;\n color: transparent;\n text-shadow: none;\n background-color: transparent;\n border: 0;\n}\n\n// New mixin to use as of v3.0.1\n@mixin text-hide() {\n @include hide-text;\n}\n" ]

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[ "EGONCONSOLE\n\nWALNUT\n\nHGNE122\n\nA refined example of contemporary design the Egon console combines lightness of form with an elegant modern aesthetic. ", "A smart wrap around steel frame gracefully envelopes soft close walnut veneer drawers presenting a unique minimalist appeal." ]

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[ "Yusuke Hashiba\n\nwas a Japanese archaeologist, historian and anthropologist.", "\n\nBiography\nHe was an expert in the Edo period of the samurai, and was also particularly knowledgeable about Japanese folklore, in which he has been referenced in several publications. ", "From the 1880s he was much involved with the Anthropological Association in Tokyo, publishing a number of works, and was one of the founders of the Ou Anthropological Association in November 1890.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Japanese archaeologists\nCategory:Japanese historians\nCategory:Japanese anthropologists\nCategory:Japanese folklorists\nCategory:1851 births\nCategory:1921 deaths" ]

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[ "The Surgical Skill of a Novice Trainee Manifests in Time-Consuming Exercises of a Virtual Simulator Rather Than a Quick-Finishing Counterpart: A Concurrent Validity Study Using an Urethrovesical Anastomosis Model.", "\nThe purpose of this study is to determine an optimal training curriculum using a robotic virtual simulator (RVS) that enables unexperienced trainees to perform a complex task in a hands-on setting. ", "This study was conducted in 2 phases. ", "In the RVS phase, 43 participants sequentially completed 12 exercises consistent with all primary exercises in the EndoWrist manipulation and advanced needle-driving category, until the overall score reached more than 80% by repeated practice. ", "In the hands-on phase using a robotic surgical system, 10 randomly selected trainees performed 8 sutures once, simulating urethrovesical anastomosis, and the console time was recorded. ", "The median total time and total attempts for the RVS phase was 195.2 minutes and 54 times, respectively. ", "The trainees were divided by median total time, and times to accomplish each RVS exercise were then compared between the early- and the late-completion groups; among 12 exercises trained, 6 exercises (prolonged course) requiring significantly more time in the late-completion group were identified. ", "The prolonged course occupied 88.18% of the total time and 77.61% of the total attempts. ", "For participants the in hands-on phase, a multiple linear regression model showed that the time to accomplish the prolonged course was a single independent predictor of the console time (R(2) = 0.524, B = 0.05; p = 0.018). ", "After establishment of a high standard cutoff score, the time spent for the prolonged course showed a significant association with console time in hands-on training simulating urethrovesical anastomosis, implying educational efficacy of training involving time-consuming exercise in performance of a complex task." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Search on our website\n\nTake Off Conference\n\nOf exceptionally high quality, the Take Off Conference collection by Artopex offers user-friendly office furniture that promotes collaborative and productive meetings. ", "The furniture in this collection is designed for conference rooms, meeting rooms and classrooms. ", "This collection also includes complementary furniture such as storage, occasional tables and innovative technology options." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to take screenshot of map in CesiumJS?", "\n\nI'm using CesuimJS (http://cesiumjs.org/) to present map.", "\nI want to take a screenshot of part of the map.", "\nI tried using Three.js (http://learningthreejs.com/blog/2011/09/03/screenshot-in-javascript/) but failed to take a screenshot\nAny ideas?", "\n\nA:\n\nThere is no need to use ThreeJS.", "\nYou can use the canvas function toDataUrl.", "\nviewer.render();\nviewer.canvas.toDataUrl();\n\ntoDataUrl returns url that can be used to get the screenshot.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1}\n===============\n\nIndividuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) have a higher burden of vascular and neurological damage than healthy individuals, potentially explaining increased rates of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline in DM patients \\[[@B1]--[@B4]\\]. ", "Physical activity is associated with the prevention and better management of DM complications \\[[@B5]\\]. ", "Increasing physical activity through exercise training programs has also been shown to improve vascular, peripheral nerve, and cognitive function through vascular remodeling, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis \\[[@B6]--[@B10]\\]. ", "Therefore, exercise interventions may be especially important for the prevention of complications of DM.", "\n\nGrowth factors with angiogenic and neurotrophic properties (such as insulin-like growth factor- (IGF-) 1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)) are implicated in vascular and neurological repair in both animal and human studies \\[[@B11]--[@B13]\\]. ", "Animal models suggest that an imbalance or impaired responsiveness of these factors may partially explain higher vascular burden and neuropathy in old age and DM \\[[@B14], [@B15]\\]. ", "Moreover, human exercise intervention studies have demonstrated an increase in circulating levels of IGF-1, VEGF, and BDNF \\[[@B7], [@B16]--[@B18]\\], although more consistently in older adults \\[[@B7], [@B19]\\] compared to younger populations \\[[@B8], [@B19]--[@B21]\\]. ", "It will be important to understand whether the association of exercise and physical activity with growth and neurotrophic factors may be higher in other populations with high vascular or neurological dysfunction, such as in persons with DM.", "\n\nIn the present investigation, we examined the associations of physical activity with circulating concentrations of IGF-1, VEGF, and BDNF in a community-based sample and explored these relations in subsets of our study population, such as individuals with and without DM. ", "We hypothesized that greater physical activity would be associated with higher circulating IGF-1, VEGF, and BDNF levels especially in older adults and those with DM. ", "We also hypothesized that ambulatory activity is positively associated with circulating levels of growth and neurotrophic factors because previous studies have shown the importance of walking in the prevention of DM complications \\[[@B6], [@B22]\\].", "\n\n2. ", "Materials and Methods {#sec2}\n========================\n\nThe Framingham Offspring Study is a prospective cohort study that began recruitment in 1971, in Framingham, Massachusetts \\[[@B23]\\]. ", "Participants have been assessed once every four to eight years. ", "These participants are the offspring and offspring\\'s spouses of the Original Framingham Heart Study cohort. ", "Framingham Offspring Study participants who attended examination cycle 7 (1998-2001, *n* = 3539, [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) were included if they had completed physical activity questionnaires and had blood IGF-1, VEGF, and BDNF measurements at cycle 7 (*n* = 2881). ", "Participants with prevalent cardiovascular disease, stroke, or dementia, conditions that could affect physical activity or the accuracy of self-reported physical activity assessments (*n* = 371), were excluded. ", "Others were excluded for being on estrogen replacement therapy, steroids, or thyroid hormones at cycle 7 (*n* = 740) because these treatments could impact circulating growth factor levels. ", "DM status was defined as a fasting glucose of ≥126 mg/dl or self-reported use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents at cycle 7. ", "Persons whose DM status was uncertain were also excluded (*n* = 40). ", "The final study sample included 1730 participants. ", "All participants provided written informed consent. ", "The study protocols were approved by the institutional review board at Boston University Medical Center.", "\n\n2.1. ", "Laboratory Measurements of Growth and Neurotrophic Factors {#sec2.1}\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n\nBlood samples were collected in 1998-2001 from fasting participants during examination cycle 7 and stored frozen at −80°C. ", "Serum BDNF (pg/ml), VEGF (pg/ml), and IGF-1 (ng/ml) concentrations were measured using commercial ELISA assays (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) in 2010-2011. ", "In our laboratory\\'s quality control tests, intra- and interassay coefficients of variation (CVs) for BDNF were 4.8 and 7.6%, for VEGF were 3.9 and 8.4%, and for IGF-1 were 3.4 and 4.5%, respectively \\[[@B24], [@B25]\\].", "\n\n2.2. ", "Physical Activity Questionnaires {#sec2.2}\n-------------------------------------\n\nThe physical activity index (PAI) was a composite score of total physical activity, constructed for each subject by weighting each hour in a typical day based on their activity level. ", "The PAI has previously been used in predicting risk of cardiovascular disease mortality and dementia in the Framingham Heart Study \\[[@B26], [@B27]\\]. ", "Participants were asked to report the number of hours in a typical day spent sleeping (weighting factor (WF) = 1) and in sedentary (WF = 1.1), slight (WF = 1.5), moderate (WF = 2.4), and heavy activities (WF = 5) \\[[@B26]\\]. ", "For example, a completely sedentary person could receive a PAI score as low as 26 and a laborer involved in heavy physical activity could receive a score of 42. ", "We also used the number of hours reported as sedentary time as a separate variable. ", "Finally, participants were asked to report the number of flights of stairs and city blocks walked each day, which were added together to quantify the total amount of ambulatory (walking) physical activity performed, because walking is the most common form of physical activity performed by older adults.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Statistical Analysis {#sec2.3}\n-------------------------\n\nIn order to normalize the distributions of the physical activity measures, a negative inverse transformation was used for PAI, a square root transformation for sedentary time, and a natural logarithmic transformation for the ambulatory activity reported. ", "We standardized each of these independent variables to a mean of 0 and a standard deviation (SD) of 1 to facilitate comparison across various physical activity variables. ", "In addition, VEGF was natural log transformed because of its skewed distribution. ", "All outcome variables were also standardized to a mean of 0 and a SD of 1.", "\n\nWe used multivariable linear regression Model 1, adjusting for age and sex, to assess associations between each of the three physical activity predictors (total physical activity \\[PAI\\], sedentary time, and total ambulatory physical activity) and each of IGF-1, VEGF, and BDNF (dependent variables). ", "In Model 2, we additionally adjusted for body mass index (BMI, which we natural log transformed to normalize the skewed distribution), current smoking, total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid medication, and APOE-*ε*4 status (ε4− vs. ε4+). ", "We observed significant interactions by DM status, which further justified our *a priori* decision to stratify all analyses by DM status (interaction *p* = 0.024 for sedentary time to VEGF; interaction *p* = 0.076 for total physical activity to BDNF; and interaction *p* = 0.081 for ambulatory activity to IGF-1; Supplemental [Table 1](#supplementary-material-1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Because we observed a strong relation between age and DM, we also tested whether interactions with DM were present independent of age. ", "Furthermore, we performed sensitivity analysis without excluding individuals taking hormone replacement therapy to assess the possibility that we are introducing more bias by excluding this set of older women. ", "Significance was set at *p* \\< 0.10 for tests of interactions and *p* \\< 0.05 for all other tests. ", "All analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).", "\n\n3. ", "Results {#sec3}\n==========\n\nFramingham Offspring Study participants without DM (*n* = 1551) self-reported climbing a median of 6 flights of stairs, walking 12 blocks, and sitting for a median of 6 hours per day ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Participants with DM (types 1 and 2, *n* = 179) reported similar total physical activity but reported climbing fewer flights of stairs (*p* = 0.031, adjusted for age) and walking a median of only 6 blocks, just half as many blocks as reported by participants without DM (*p* \\< 0.0001, adjusted for age). ", "After adjusting for age, time spent in sedentary activities also differed between people with DM and without DM (*p* = 0.027).", "\n\nCirculating IGF-1 levels were significantly lower in participants with DM compared to those without DM, after adjusting for age (*p* = 0.014, [Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}), but there were no significant differences in serum VEGF or BDNF by DM status. ", "In participants with DM, more ambulatory activity was associated with having higher blood IGF-1 levels (*β* ± standard error (SE) = 0.22 ± 0.08, *p* = 0.009; [Table 3](#tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}, Model 2), after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking, total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid medication, and APOE4 genotype. ", "Walking the equivalent of 50% more city blocks or flights of stairs was associated with having 0.1 standard deviation unit higher IGF-1 concentration. ", "In the same subset of participants with DM, total physical activity was associated with higher serum BDNF concentrations (*β* ± SE = 0.18 ± 0.08, *p* = 0.035; [Table 3](#tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "In participants without DM, we observed no significant associations of physical activity with either serum IGF-1 or BDNF ([Table 4](#tab4){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "No associations were observed between physical activity and circulating VEGF in participants with or without DM.", "\n\nIn order to determine whether the observed associations of physical activity measures with growth and neurotrophic factors in DM participants were due to their older ages, we performed a secondary analysis. ", "We identified that, in the subgroup of participants \\< 60 years, the interactions by DM remained statistically significant for the relation of total physical activity to serum BDNF (interaction *p* = 0.077, Supplemental [Table 1](#supplementary-material-1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Conversely, in participants ≥ 60 years, the interaction by DM was significant for the relation of both total and ambulatory physical activity to serum IGF-1 levels (interaction *p* = 0.032 and *p* = 0.025, respectively). ", "For the relation of total physical activity to circulating BDNF concentrations in participants with DM ([Table 3](#tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}), there did not appear to be any differences in the significance of the association by age strata (Supplemental [Table 2](#supplementary-material-1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "However, for the relation of ambulatory activity to serum IGF-1 levels in DM ([Table 3](#tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}), the size of the association was stronger and only significant for participants with DM ≥ 60 years (*β* ± SE = 0.23 ± 0.11, *p* = 0.042, Supplemental [Table 2](#supplementary-material-1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Therefore, it does appear that both age and DM status influenced the relation of physical activity to serum IGF-1 levels, although three-way interactions were not tested.", "\n\nTo further elucidate the interactions by age and DM status, we reported that older age was associated with lower IGF-1 concentrations (only significant in participants without DM, *p* \\< 0.0001, Supplemental [Table 3](#supplementary-material-1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "One possible explanation of our results is that the association of ambulatory activity with IGF-1 only in those ≥60 years may be due to both age and DM status driving down IGF-1 (as presented in [Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"} and Supplemental [Table 3](#supplementary-material-1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), allowing for a more pronounced effect of physical activity on IGF-1.", "\n\nFinally, in order to confirm the appropriateness of excluding women receiving hormone replacement therapy, we performed sensitivity analysis where we removed this exclusion (*n* = 2098) and observed similar results (data not shown).", "\n\n4. ", "Discussion {#sec4}\n=============\n\nIn our Framingham Offspring Study, in a community setting, our findings were threefold: firstly, in persons with DM, we observed that greater physical activity was associated with higher circulating IGF-1 and BDNF levels; secondly, the association with IGF-1 was only significant in older adults (≥60 years) with DM; and finally, no significant relations were observed in adults without DM. ", "Previous studies have reported inconsistent associations of physical activity with levels of growth and neurotrophic factors \\[[@B7], [@B8], [@B16]--[@B21]\\], with the most consistent effects in animal and human studies suggesting elevations in levels of IGF1 and BDNF on walking or running. ", "But there have been limited efforts to distinguish among these relations in different subsets of the population, such as individuals with DM and by age categories.", "\n\nStudies revealing positive relations of physical activity to growth and neurotrophic factors have typically been in older adults \\[[@B19], [@B21]\\]. ", "During later decades, aging of the vascular and neurological systems leads to a greater risk for cardiovascular disease and cognitive impairment as well as peripheral vascular disease and peripheral neuropathy \\[[@B28], [@B29]\\]. ", "IGF-1, VEGF, and BDNF have been termed *angioneurins* \\[[@B30]\\], influencing both the vascular and neurological domains \\[[@B11]--[@B13]\\]. ", "Thus, the relation of physical activity to these factors may have specific implications for preventing complications in older adults and for individuals with diseases, such as DM, that also cause vascular and neurological dysfunction.", "\n\nIn the United States, it has been reported that individuals with DM are less active than individuals without this disease \\[[@B5]\\]. ", "Inactivity may be particularly harmful in individuals with DM because exercise programs are one of the major lifestyle interventions available to reduce DM complications \\[[@B6], [@B9]\\]. ", "It is unclear whether growth and neurotrophic factors modulate the beneficial effect of physical activity in individuals with DM, but we present evidence to suggest that physical activity was more strongly related to circulating IGF-1 and BDNF levels in individuals with DM, even after adjusting for covariates and potential confounders.", "\n\n4.1. ", "Physical Activity, Growth/Neurotrophic Factors, and Angiogenesis/Neurogenesis {#sec4.1}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nOne mechanism by which physical activity may improve vascular and neurological systems, especially in older individuals or those with DM, is through the impact of growth and neurotrophic factors on angiogenesis and neurogenesis. ", "Evidence from cell culture experiments suggests that much of the angiogenic effect of exercise is dependent on VEGF \\[[@B31]\\], although we did not observe associations of self-reported physical activity with VEGF levels. ", "Moreover, IGF-1 indirectly stimulates both angiogenesis and neurogenesis through the induction of muscle hypertrophy \\[[@B32], [@B33]\\]. ", "The larger tissues require more rapid oxygen and nutrient supply and innervation, so there are extensions of capillary and nerve networks necessary for function.", "\n\nThe neurogenic effect of physical activity may also be due to increased BDNF levels. ", "In rats, acute exercise increases proBDNF and cleaves and activates mature BDNF in the brain, promoting synthesis of synapsis I and other factors, involved in axonal elongation, maintenance of synaptic contacts, and the release of neurotransmitters \\[[@B34]\\]. ", "Although acute exercise increases circulating BDNF, chronic exercise programs have not reliably demonstrated an increase in BDNF \\[[@B8], [@B35], [@B36]\\]. ", "It is possible that these negative results are due to confounding factors that remain unaccounted for. ", "Therefore, large observational studies that effectively adjust for confounding may be especially important. ", "Additionally, between-study differences in study population characteristics, exercise intensities, and methods of BDNF measurement (plasma vs. serum, the various BDNF isoforms measured by the different assays) may also influence results.", "\n\nThe angiogenic and neurogenic properties of growth and neurotrophic factors may be especially important in older age and in DM. ", "One debilitating complication of DM involves peripheral neuropathy, a painful condition that impacts mobility and motor function \\[[@B6]\\]. ", "Glycemic control, initiated through exercise, weight loss, or medication, is often the only treatment offered to reduce this pain and prevent progression of the disorder \\[[@B6], [@B37]\\]. ", "Exercise can have a positive impact on peripheral neuropathy, decreasing symptoms or even decreasing the risk of developing this disease \\[[@B6]\\].", "\n\nIn our Framingham Offspring Study, we observed a significant relation of total physical activity to higher BDNF levels in participants with DM. ", "Our observations are relevant because BDNF may play a role in the prevention of DM complications through maintaining peripheral nerve regeneration or synaptic connectivity \\[[@B34]\\]. ", "Previous studies have also reported a stronger effect of the relation of physical activity to BDNF in older age \\[[@B7]\\], although we did not observe this relation in our study. ", "One potential reason for these discrepant results may be that in our sample, BDNF levels were not significantly different in older participants compared to younger participants, perhaps because the Framingham Offspring Study has a mean age in the 60s and only a small percentage of elderly participants. ", "Previous studies have typically reported a decrease in circulating BDNF levels with age \\[[@B38], [@B39]\\], which may impact the variability of BDNF levels within a population and may partially explain neurological dysfunction in older age.", "\n\n4.2. ", "Physical Activity, Growth/Neurotrophic Factors, and Vascular Remodeling {#sec4.2}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nHuman exercise interventions result in vascular remodeling \\[[@B10]\\]. ", "Exercise stimulates increased blood flow, which puts tension and shear stress on the arterial wall and initiates a cascade of growth and neurotrophic factor upregulation, in turn assisting in remodeling the arterial wall \\[[@B40]\\]. ", "Mechanical forces on the vasculature also set off a growth hormone response cascade inducing secretion of IGF-1. ", "Limited data from animal and cell culture experiments suggest that elevated IGF-1 and BDNF levels may also induce dilation of arteries via upregulation of elastin \\[[@B41]\\] and prostaglandin synthesis \\[[@B42]\\], respectively. ", "However, IGF-1 is not strictly stimulated by hemodynamic forces. ", "Despite greater arterial stiffness in older adults \\[[@B29]\\] or those with DM \\[[@B43]\\], an inverse association has been reported between circulating IGF-1 and arterial stiffness \\[[@B44]\\]. ", "Moreover, circulating IGF-1 appears to be lower in older age and in individuals with DM, as previously demonstrated \\[[@B45]\\] and replicated in this investigation. ", "These lower IGF-1 levels in older adults with DM may account for our results, possibly allowing for a greater effect of ambulatory physical activity on IGF-1 levels only in older adults with DM where IGF-1 levels are lower to begin with.", "\n\n4.3. ", "Physical Activity, Growth/Neurotrophic Factors, and Cerebral Plasticity {#sec4.3}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn addition to the role of growth and neurotrophic factors in the maintenance of vascular and nerve function at older ages and in DM, growth and neurotrophic factor stimulation may also be partially responsible for the cognitive benefit from physical activity observed in older adults \\[[@B19]\\] and possibly those with DM. ", "There is evidence suggesting that IGF-1, VEGF, and BDNF can each cross the blood-brain barrier \\[[@B17], [@B46]--[@B48]\\], and in animal studies, when IGF-1, VEGF, and BDNF activities were experimentally suppressed or their access to the brain was blocked, the beneficial effect of exercise effect on neurogenesis was suppressed \\[[@B46], [@B47], [@B49]\\]. ", "There have been promising human studies demonstrating the magnitude of exercise-induced increases in BDNF related to changes in hippocampal volume and brain connectivity in older adults \\[[@B8], [@B19]\\]. ", "Our study provides supporting evidence for the role of growth and neurotrophic factors in physically active older adults with DM, which have possible implications for vascular remodeling, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis.", "\n\n4.4. ", "Strengths and Limitations {#sec4.4}\n------------------------------\n\nDue to the cross-sectional study design, we are unable to draw causal inferences or to detect transient influences of exercise on growth and neurotrophic factors. ", "Another consideration is that our results rely on self-reported physical activity, known to introduce measurement error \\[[@B50]\\]. ", "Thus, our results may actually underestimate the associations of physical activity with growth and neurotrophic factors. ", "As true for any epidemiological study, blood samples were collected over a period of a few years. ", "Thus, storage time of samples varied, potentially biasing growth and neurotrophic factor measurements. ", "However, because storage times varied randomly, it would only serve to attenuate potential associations.", "\n\nObservations in our Framingham Offspring Study sample were also predominantly on white individuals of European ancestry, limiting our ability to generalize results to other ethnicities. ", "However, because of the large sample size of our main study, we were able to test for interactions by age and DM status among potential associations. ", "We were also able to adjust for many sociodemographic variables that may be covariates or confounders in our statistical models, such as age, sex, BMI, smoking, total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid medication, and APOE4 genotype. ", "However, we acknowledge the limitation that there may be residual confounding by sociodemographic variables that cannot be measured with precision or were not included in our final models (such as diet, somatic diseases, or depressive symptoms). ", "We were also unable to account for the potential influence of platelet counts, which are reported to correlate with BDNF levels \\[[@B51]\\]. ", "Future studies should be designed to test the influence of these potential confounders.", "\n\nOne important confounder that we were able to consider was age, which is notable because many growth factors have been reported to decrease with age \\[[@B20], [@B52]\\]. ", "The resulting low circulating growth/neurotrophic factors in older adults may provide an opportunity for physical activity to influence brain structure and function through the induction of growth or neurotrophic factors \\[[@B7]\\].", "\n\n5. ", "Conclusions {#sec5}\n==============\n\nOur results suggest that physical activity is positively related to growth and neurotrophic factors, especially in subgroups of the population at risk for higher vascular and neurological dysfunction, such as in older adults and participants with DM. ", "We also reported potential differences in the stimulation of growth and neurotrophic factors by different intensities of activity in subsets of the population. ", "For example, in DM patients, ambulatory activity may be especially important for stimulating IGF-1, whereas light activity may play a role in stimulating BDNF. ", "These data may be useful in a deeper understanding of how specific types of exercise interventions may differentially stimulate vascular remodeling, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and cerebral plasticity to prevent or treat complications of DM.", "\n\nThis investigation was supported by the Framingham Heart Study\\'s National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute contracts (N01-HC25195, HHSN268201500001I) with additional support from the following National Institutes of Health grants (R01 AG031287, R01 AG054076, R01 AG033040, R01 AG049607, R01 NS017950, UH2 NS100605, R01 AG047645, R01 HL131029, R01 DK080739, and R56 AG029451) and American Heart Association Awards (15GPSGC24800006 and 16MCPRP30310001). ", "Dr. Vasan is supported in part by the Evans Medical Foundation and the Jay and Louis Coffman Endowment, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine.", "\n\nData Availability\n=================\n\nThe data supporting the results of this study have been deposited in dbGaP.\n\nConflicts of Interest\n=====================\n\nThe authors report no conflicts of interest associated with this manuscript.", "\n\nSupplementary Materials {#supplementary-material-1}\n=======================\n\n###### \n\nSupplemental Table 1: interactions by DM status in the relation of physical activity to IGF-1, VEGF, and BDNF. ", "In this table, the study population was stratified by age group (\\< or ≥60 years). ", "We present interactions for the relation of physical activity to IGF-1, VEGF, and BDNF by DM status in each stratum and in the total study population. ", "Supplemental Table 2: relations of physical activity variables to IGF-1 and BDNF, stratified by age and DM status. ", "In this table, the study population was stratified by DM status, then participants with or without DM were further stratified by age (\\< or ≥60 years). ", "Relations of ambulatory activity to IGF-1 levels and total physical activity to BDNF levels were explored in these strata. ", "Only those analyses were explored because we observed significant relations between only those variables in the main study results (among participants with DM). ", "Supplemental Table 3: relations of age and DM status to circulating BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF levels. ", "In this table, the study population was stratified by DM status, then participants with or without DM were further stratified by age (\\< or ≥60 years). ", "The mean (±SD) or median (Q1, Q3) for IGF-1, VEGF, and BDNF levels was presented for each strata.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n{#fig1}\n\n###### \n\nStudy characteristics of participants at Framingham Offspring examination cycle 7.", "\n\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Demographic variables Participants without DM\\ Participants with DM\\ Age-adjusted *p*\n *N* = 1551 *N* = 179 \n -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- ----------------------- ------------------\n Age, years, mean ± std (at examination 7) 60 ± 10 64 ± 8 \\<0.0001^∗^\n\n Women, *n* (%) 712 (46) 69 (39) 0.044\n\n BMI, kg/m^2^, median (Q1, Q3) 27 (25, 30) 31 (28, 36) \\<0.0001\n\n Current smoking, *n* (%) 191 (12) 18 (10) 0.911\n\n Hypertension, *n* (%) 573 (37) 123 (69) \\<0.0001\n\n Triglycerides, mg/dl, mean ± std 127 ± 83 171 ± 100 \\<0.0001\n\n Total cholesterol, mg/dl, mean ± std 201 ± 36 192 ± 37 0.0009\n\n HDL cholesterol, mg/dl, mean ± std 53 ± 16 45 ± 14 \\<0.0001\n\n Lipid med use, *n* (%) 215 (14) 60 (34) \\<0.0001\n\n Hypertension med use, *n* (%) 379 (24) 100 (56) \\<0.0001\n\n APOE *ε*4+, *n* (%) 310 (20) 41 (23) 0.342\n\n Physical activity measures \n\n *Total physical activity* (PAI), median (Q1, Q3) 37 (33, 41) 37 (33, 42) 0.393\n\n *Sedentary time*, hours/day, median (Q1, Q3) 6 (4, 8) 6 (4, 8) 0.027\n\n Flights walked, median (Q1, Q3) 6 (3, 10) 5 (2, 10) 0.031\n\n Blocks walked, median (Q1, Q3) 12 (3, 24) 6 (1, 12) \\<0.0001\n\n *Total ambulatory physical activity*\\ 17 (9, 30) 12 (6, 22) \\<0.0001\n Flights + blocks walked, median (Q1, Q3) \n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAbbreviations: DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; APOE: apolipoprotein E; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; PAI: physical activity index; Q: quartile. ", "^∗^This *p* value was not age-adjusted.", "\n\n###### \n\nRelations of DM status to circulating BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF levels adjusted for age.", "\n\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Participants without DM\\ Participants with DM\\ Age-adjusted *p*\n *N* = 1551 *N* = 179 \n ------------------------------- -------------------------- ----------------------- ------------------\n *IGF-1, ng/ml*mean ± SE 120 ± 0.89 113 ± 2.64 **0.014**\n\n *VEGF, pg/ml* median (Q1, Q3) 267 (159, 452) 276 (152, 428) 0.58\n\n *BDNF, pg/ml*mean ± SE 23881 ± 210 24343 ± 623 0.48\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAbbreviations: IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; DM: diabetes mellitus. *", "p* values were calculated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). ", "For variables not normally distributed, a transformation was applied to make the distribution more normal. ", "Significant *p* values (*p* \\< 0.05) were set in bold for emphasis.", "\n\n###### \n\nThe relations of physical activity variables to IGF-1, VEGF, and BDNF levels in participants with DM (*n* = 179).", "\n\n Per SD of factor Model IGF-1 VEGF BDNF \n --------------------------- -------------- -------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------\n *Sedentary time* 1 −0.01 ± 0.08 0.853 0.14 ± 0.08 0.085 −0.04 ± 0.09 0.655\n 2 0.03 ± 0.08 0.678 0.14 ± 0.08 0.088 −0.03 ± 0.09 0.747 \n *Total physical activity* 1 −0.05 ± 0.08 0.493 −0.01 ± 0.08 0.854 0.15 ± 0.08 0.061\n 2 −0.07 ± 0.08 0.342 −0.003 ± 0.08 0.971 0.18 ± 0.08 **0.035** \n *Ambulatory activity* 1 0.21 ± 0.08 **0.007** −0.08 ± 0.08 0.333 −0.06 ± 0.09 0.510\n 2 0.22 ± 0.08 **0.009** −0.06 ± 0.09 0.522 −0.03 ± 0.10 0.736 \n\nAbbreviations: APOE4: apolipoprotein E4; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factors; SE: standard error; DM: diabetes mellitus. ", "Model 1: adjusted for age and sex; Model 2: additionally adjusted for body mass index, smoking, total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid medication, and APOE4. ", "Ambulatory activity = number of flights of stairs and city blocks walked each day, which were added together to quantify the total amount of ambulatory (walking) physical activity. ", "Ambulatory activity was natural log transformed, sedentary time was square root transformed, and total physical activity (PAI) was inverse transformed, but we reversed the sign for total physical activity to make higher values consistent with more physical activity. ", "VEGF was also natural log transformed. ", "All variables were standardized to a mean of 0 and SD of 1 to facilitate comparison. ", "Significant *p* values (*p* \\< 0.05) were set in bold for emphasis.", "\n\n###### \n\nThe relations of physical activity variables to IGF-1, VEGF, and BDNF levels in participants without DM (*n* = 1551).", "\n\n Per SD of factor Model IGF-1 VEGF BDNF \n --------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------\n *Sedentary time* 1 0.02 ± 0.02 0.474 −0.04 ± 0.03 0.128 0.02 ± 0.02 0.539\n 2 0.02 ± 0.02 0.341 −0.04 ± 0.03 0.088 0.02 ± 0.02 0.388 \n *Total physical activity* 1 0.01 ± 0.02 0.695 0.04 ± 0.03 0.101 0.006 ± 0.03 0.819\n 2 0.01 ± 0.02 0.797 0.05 ± 0.03 0.082 0.002 ± 0.03 0.938 \n *Ambulatory activity* 1 0.04 ± 0.03 0.113 0.03 ± 0.03 0.311 −0.02 ± 0.03 0.371\n 2 0.03 ± 0.03 0.286 0.04 ± 0.03 0.207 −0.02 ± 0.03 0.567 \n\nAbbreviations: APOE4: apolipoprotein E4; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factors; SE: standard error; DM: diabetes mellitus. ", "Model 1: adjusted for age and sex. ", "Model 2: additionally adjusted for body mass index, smoking, total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid medication, and APOE4. ", "Ambulatory activity = number of flights of stairs and city blocks walked each day, which were added together to quantify the total amount of ambulatory (walking) physical activity. ", "Ambulatory activity was natural log transformed, sedentary time was square root transformed, and total physical activity (PAI) was inverse transformed, but we reversed the sign for total physical activity to make higher values consistent with more physical activity. ", "VEGF was also natural log transformed. ", "All variables were standardized to a mean of 0 and SD of 1 to facilitate comparison.", "\n\n[^1]: Academic Editor: Bernard Portha\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nLibrosa's fft and Scipy's fft are different?", "\n\nBoth Librosa and Scipy have the fft function, however, they give me a different spectrogram output even with the same signal input.", "\nScipy\nI am trying to get the spectrogram with the following code\nimport numpy as np # fast vectors and matrices\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt # plotting\nfrom scipy import fft \n\nX = np.sin(np.linspace(0,1e10,5*44100))\n\nfs = 44100 # assumed sample frequency in Hz\nwindow_size = 2048 # 2048-sample fourier windows\nstride = 512 # 512 samples between windows\nwps = fs/float(512) # ~86 windows/second\nXs = np.empty([int(2*wps),2048])\n\nfor i in range(Xs.shape[0]):\n Xs[i] = np.abs(fft(X[i*stride:i*stride+window_size]))\n\nfig = plt.figure(figsize=(20,7))\nplt.imshow(Xs.", "T[0:150],aspect='auto')\nplt.gca().invert_yaxis()\nfig.axes[0].set_xlabel('windows (~86Hz)')\nfig.axes[0].set_ylabel('frequency')\nplt.show()\n\nThen I get the following spectrogram\n\nLibrosa\nNow I try to get the same spectrogram with Librosa\nfrom librosa import stft\n\nX_libs = stft(X, n_fft=window_size, hop_length=stride)\nX_libs = np.abs(X_libs)[:,:int(2*wps)]\n\nfig = plt.figure(figsize=(20,7))\nplt.imshow(X_libs[0:150],aspect='auto')\nplt.gca().invert_yaxis()\nfig.axes[0].set_xlabel('windows (~86Hz)')\nfig.axes[0].set_ylabel('frequency')\nplt.show()\n\nQuestion\nThe two spectrogram are obviously different, specifically, the Librosa version has an attack at the very beginning.", "\nWhat causes the difference? ", "I don't see many parameters that I can tune in the documentation for Scipy and Librosa.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe reason for this is the argument center for librosa's stft. ", "By default it's True (along with pad_mode = 'reflect').", "\nFrom the docs:\n\nlibrosa.core.stft(y, n_fft=2048, hop_length=None, win_length=None, window='hann', center=True, dtype=, pad_mode='reflect')\ncenter:boolean\nIf True, the signal y is padded so that frame D[:, t] is centered at y[t * hop_length].", "\nIf False, then D[:, t] begins at y[t * hop_length]\npad_mode:string\nIf center=True, the padding mode to use at the edges of the signal. ", "By default, STFT uses reflection padding.", "\n\nCalling the STFT like this\nX_libs = stft(X, n_fft=window_size, hop_length=stride,\n center=False)\n\ndoes lead to a straight line:\n\nNote that librosa's stft also uses the Hann window function by default. ", "If you want to avoid this and make it more like your Scipy stft implementation, call the stft with a window consisting only of ones:\nX_libs = stft(X, n_fft=window_size, hop_length=stride,\n window=np.ones(window_size),\n center=False)\n\nYou'll notice that the line is thinner.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Due to inclement weather, Oklahoma City Community College will be closed Thursday, February 22, 2018. ", "This includes classes and activities at the main campus, Professional Development Institute (PDI), Capitol Hill Center, and the Family and Community Education (FACE) Center.", "\n\nUnless notified otherwise, all classes and activities will resume Friday, February 23, at their regularly scheduled times. ", "Campus closings and delayed openings will be announced through local radio and television stations and posted on the college’s website, Facebook and Twitter pages. ", "They will also be announced through the college’s Campus Alert Notification (CAN) System. ", "For information about how to sign up to receive text messages and add email addresses via the CAN system, please visit www.occc.edu/can.", "\n\nHow you will be notified\n\nOklahoma City Community College's communication approach is based on redundancy, using multiple methods to reach members of the college community with information as quickly and accurately as is possible.", "\n\nOCCC will issue primary alerts using the college's alarm system, the phones located in classrooms, offices, stairwells and other public locations, and the internal and external speaker system.", "\n\nText Messaging\n\nAn OCCC alert message may also be sent to the mobile devices of OCCC students, faculty and staff who register their mobile numbers to receive OCCC alerts through the Campus Alert Notification system.", "\n\nMedia\n\nRegular updates regarding campus closing and other emergency information will be provided to the news media. ", "Students, faculty and staff are encouraged to consult local media broadcasts particularly during inclement weather.", "\n\nWeb Alerts\n\nOCCC will post alert messages on the college home page and the employee web site. ", "The college might also choose to activate its emergency website, which will serve as a source of information updates.", "\n\nSocial Networks\n\nCollege Voice Mail\n\nOCCC will post a message on the college's main number at 405-682-1611.", "\n\nEmail\n\nDepending on the nature and location of an emergency situation, OCCC may send an alert message to all students, faculty and staff at their OCCC email accounts using the Campus Alert Notification System." ]

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[ "BIG PINE, California (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - When the first white settlers arrived in California’s remote eastern Owens Valley, the name given to its indigenous tribes was Paiute, or “land of flowing water” in the local language.", "\n\nBut for more than a century, the water in the valley has flowed in just one direction: toward Los Angeles, nearly 300 miles (480 km) away.", "\n\nIn the early 1900s, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) quietly bought up broad swathes of ranchland and its associated water rights in the once-lush valley, fringed by snow-capped peaks.", "\n\nToday, Los Angeles owns more than a quarter million acres in Inyo County, at the valley’s heart - more than half of all land that doesn’t belong to the state or national government.", "\n\nThe snowmelt that once fed pear orchards and alfalfa fields gushes through an aqueduct into Los Angeles taps and swimming pools.", "\n\nThe aqueduct paved the way for the city’s expansion from a middling city of just over 300,000 people in 1910 to a still-mushrooming metropolis of 4 million today, historians say.", "\n\nBut the Owens Valley, now studded with sagebrush, “has been transformed into a desert”, said Alan Bacock, water program coordinator for the valley’s Big Pine Paiute tribe, which is struggling to access enough water to keep its economy alive.", "\n\n“We’re a resource colony for Los Angeles,” he said. “", "We are impacted by the decisions made in Los Angeles, and really have no ability to influence those decisions.”", "\n\nMeanwhile, as climate change brings harsher, more frequent droughts in California, it is bringing new threats to families on both ends of the controversial aqueduct.", "\n\nThe Sierra Nevada snowpack today provides 60% of California’s fresh water, serving 23 million people, according to researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles.", "\n\nBut the snowpack is expected to shrink more than 60% by the turn of the century if global warming continues at its current pace, they said in a 2018 report.", "\n\nAlready California has seen less snowmelt than average for six of the past 10 years - with unusually heavy snows in the other years, said Rich Harasick, the LADWP’s senior assistant general manager.", "\n\n“It’s a real phenomenon that’s happening here, in the near term,” he said.", "\n\nAs the state braces for drier times, that suggests it - like much of the U.S. West - may need a rethink both of how scarce water is managed, and of the historic water rights system that gives those holding “senior” rights as much water as they like.", "\n\nThe American West needs rules “reflective of modern needs and desires, rather than the rules we’ve had for 150 years and have had to stick by”, said Bob Anderson, director of the Native American Law Center at the University of Washington.", "\n\n“That’s the wave of the future,” he added.", "\n\nWATER WEALTH\n\nMore than 150 years after losing their land to ranchers, who in turn lost it to Los Angeles, several thousand Paiute tribal members still live on a handful of reservations strung along Highway 395, the main artery through the Owens Valley.", "\n\nMost - like the Big Pine tribe - effectively ceded their water rights in a 1930s land swap that gave Los Angeles the access it wanted to upstream creeks and forced the tribes to rely on an annual water allocation from the LADWP.", "\n\nJust one tribe in Fort Independence refused and retained a clear water right of its own - a 14% share of Oak Creek.", "\n\nToday that creek water gushes into old irrigation canals that feed the tribe’s blooming peach and pomegranate orchard.", "\n\nBut in a parched valley where water is effectively wealth, the flow also has kept economic development efforts afloat.", "\n\nNear Oak Creek, the tribe operates a roadside travel plaza with gas pumps, a shop, casino and restaurant, and a campground.", "\n\nNearby, a small backhoe and white work trucks sit parked near the concrete foundation for a new venture - a planned drive-through cannabis shop, as well as a larger travel plaza.", "\n\nJust 20 minutes up Highway 395, at the Big Pine reservation, water is much scarcer. ", "There the tribe is getting by, economically, on little more than membership fees from a gym it runs and rent from a few billboards it owns along the highway.", "\n\n“We don’t really have any serious economic development for this tribe right now, and none that would keep us sustainable as a tribe,” said Jesse Archer, the Big Pine tribal secretary and former chair of its economic development corporation.", "\n\nWith more water, the tribe would think about opening its own water bottling plant, like the Crystal Geyser factory that sits on private land with water rights near now-dry Owens Lake.", "\n\nThe tribe also has ideas to draw in tourists, from climbers looking to test their skills on California’s highest peak Mt. Whitney to movie buffs visiting the Alabama Hills, where films including “Captain Marvel” and “Django Unchained” were made.", "\n\nBut as the tribe’s water rights “are not established, we are not able to lean on those water rights as an asset”, Archer said.", "\n\nThat means tribal members in Big Pine get checks from tribal business profits only about a fifth the size of those in Ft. ", "Independence, said Cheyenne Stone of Big Pine, who works as environmental director for the Ft. ", "Independence tribe.", "\n\nBig Pine also struggles to raise matching funds for federal development grants.", "\n\nWhile Ft. ", "Independence secured federal backing to build a new water-retention reservoir, using more than $100,000 in matching funds, “our tribe doesn’t even have enough money to fix a leaky roof”, Stone said.", "\n\nLEGAL BATTLES\n\nSince it began shipping mountain runoff south more than a century ago - and particularly since it began tapping groundwater as well - Los Angeles has faced growing resistance as the Owens Valley and adjoining valleys have dried.", "\n\nA landmark lawsuit in the 1980s forced the LADWP to restore water flows to fast-disappearing Mono Lake, a major stopover for migrating birds, in the interest of upholding the “public trust” in keeping natural water flowing.", "\n\nLos Angeles also has been forced to sprinkle a share of what once went down its aqueduct on the dry basin of Owens Lake, to cut dust storms whirling from the lakebed, which was once fed by the Owens River and covered more than 100 square miles.", "\n\n“The right (to water) didn’t change, but the ability to actually exercise that has changed,” said the LADWP’s Harasick.", "\n\nOther pressures may be coming too.", "\n\nIn 2017, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a decision to grant California’s Agua Caliente tribe rights to the groundwater below their reservation - water being heavily pumped by others to supply resorts, farms and homes in nearby Palm Springs.", "\n\nThe ruling, which is likely to spur new court challenges, could set a precedent for tribal groundwater claims across the United States, legal experts say.", "\n\nIt also opens the door for tribes to prosper from their water, including potentially by charging existing users or harnessing it to restore ecosystems - a priority for many tribes who see natural flows as sacred.", "\n\n“The courts are beginning to restore Native American water rights. ", "They’re beginning to restore ecosystem water rights,” said Peter Gleick, a leading water and climate change scientist with the Pacific Institute, based in Oakland.", "\n\n“That’s putting more and more pressure on the water rights held by agriculture or farmers or cities in California and in the West - and it’s contributing to the effort to think about how to do things differently,” he said.", "\n\nSAVING WATER\n\nLos Angeles is already rethinking its water future, in response to pressures ranging from predictions of a declining Sierra Nevada snowpack to growing competition for Colorado River water, another major city source.", "\n\nBy 2040, the still-growing city aims to get nearly a quarter of the water it needs by channeling stormwater runoff into huge storage basins to recharge its groundwater supplies.", "\n\nThe basins will also give the city the ability to catch and store more water during heavy rains as rainfall becomes more unpredictable.", "\n\nThe city aims as well to recycle far more wastewater and it is pushing water conservation efforts.", "\n\nThose started with more efficient appliances and toilets, and now include paying families $3 per square foot to shrink their lawns, said Harasick, of the LADWP.", "\n\n“As we looked at the future and where we were going to get water reliably, sustainably, we were really looking within,” said Harasick at LADWP’s high-rise headquarters, where pebble gardens filled with succulents border a reflective pool.", "\n\nGleick said Los Angeles, like a growing number of water-pressed cities, including Singapore, “is beginning to think they can get closer to (being) independent about water resources”.", "\n\nBut by LADWP’s estimates, 42 percent of its water in 2040 will still come from the Owens Valley aqueduct.", "\n\nCULTURAL COST\n\nHow tightly the valley’s water belongs to Los Angeles is evident off Highway 395 where the Owens River takes a hard right from its old riverbed and heads in a concrete culvert towards the city.", "\n\nSince 1991, the LADWP has been required to allow a share of the Owens River to run in its natural bed, to keep the river ecosystem alive - though the flow was restored only in 2007 and is pumped back into the city’s aqueduct further downstream.", "\n\nNear the sandy soil where the river and aqueduct channels separate, the roiling gray-green water rushing to Los Angeles faces no barrier - but the channel to the Owens River is set with metal gates that can be closed with cog-wheel cranks.", "\n\nFor LADWP, “any (water) mitigation project they do, they want to make sure that it’s not going to impact their operations at all,” said Bacock, the Big Pine water program coordinator, walking near the diversion.", "\n\n“Their focus is to make sure water goes to Los Angeles and it’s high-quality water. ", "It’s not about longevity here, but about longevity for Los Angeles.”", "\n\nSally Manning, a botanist and environmental director for the Big Pine tribe, said the impact of water extraction on the valley is painfully clear.", "\n\nIts endemic star-tulip is now endangered, for instance, and some oak trees and pinion pines the tribes once turned to for food are dead or dying, she said.", "\n\n“It’s terrible. ", "It’s obvious. ", "You take water away from plants and they die,” she said.", "\n\nAfter nearly two decades of legal wrangling, the LADWP and Inyo County in 1991 put in place a long-term water agreement designed to protect the valley’s natural environment and set limits on groundwater pumping.", "\n\nSince then, the habitat “really has remained the same”, said Harasick of the LADWP. ", "But residents believe that after 20 years of pumping, the damage had already been done by the time that deal was signed.", "\n\nStone, of the Big Pine tribe, said many of the areas where she gathered willow shoots with her mother to make baskets are now gone, making it harder to pass the skill to her daughters.", "\n\nWater extraction “is coming at the cost of our culture, of our traditional lifestyle”, she said.", "\n\nGerald Lewis, a Paiute tribal elder, worries that as the valley threatens to dry further, with climate change bringing harsher weather, his community - living on a reserve owned by the federal government - has nowhere else to go.", "\n\n“Whenever it dries up here, I imagine white people will move away at one point. ", "But you know, us guys, we don’t have anywhere else to go,” he said, perched on a chunk of volcanic rock near now-dry Fish Springs, his face shaded by a cowboy hat.", "\n\n‘A BROKEN SYSTEM’\n\nBacock said efforts to restore tribal water rights are encouraging, but ignore the bigger problem: that the West’s first-takes-all water rights system makes no sense in an era of ever-greater shortages and fiercer competition for water.", "\n\n“(Winning more) water rights is not a concept that actually helps us to be able to move forward in a positive manner,” he said. “", "In the long run, it’s still based off a broken system and so I think we need to fix the system.”", "\n\nThat probably involves preserving a share of water to support nature, figuring out smarter ways to use the limited water available, and trying to ensure residents of both Los Angeles and the Owens Valley have what they need to thrive.", "\n\n“I love the people of L.A. just as I love the people that I am part of here in my own community,” said Bacock, who grew up in Los Angeles.", "\n\n“It’s really trying to help maneuver things so that all of us can have a future.”" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nLaravel Query Builder Select with empty Input\n\nI'm building up a filterable list with Laravel 5.0 and I'm crashing on following Problem.", "\nI get the filter parameters from a HTML form and pass them to the Query Builder, but if a form input stays empty all rows of the table filtered by the other filters should be returned.", "\nExample code:\n$collection = Model::withTrashed()\n ->where('attr1', 'LIKE', \\Request::input('attr1', '%'))\n ->where('attr2', 'LIKE', \\Request::input('attr2', '%'))\n ->where('attr3', 'LIKE', \\Request::input('attr3', '%'))\n ->get();\n\nThis seems to be most correct code for me, but it doesn't work as expected. ", "Do you know a good solution for my Problem? ", "I don't want to integrate a messy switch/case statement for proofing for existence and building the collection up manually. :(", "\nThanks for your help.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt seems that your problem is that you are always passing the filters to the query and you should only pass them if they are not empty.", "\nMaybe somethig like this would work for you:\n$results = Model::withTrashed();\nif (\\Request::input('attr1')) {\n $results->where('attr1', 'LIKE', \\Request::input('attr1', '%'));\n}\nif (\\Request::input('attr2')) {\n $results->where('attr2', 'LIKE', \\Request::input('attr2', '%'))\n}\nif (\\Request::input('attr3')) {\n $results->where('attr3', 'LIKE', \\Request::input('attr3', '%'))\n}\n$collection = $results->get();\n\n" ]

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[ "villa la estancia residences\n\nPerhaps the most obvious short-term benefit of buying Banderas Bay real estate is the potential rental income you can get. ", "Aside from gaining other benefits like having a dream vacation home to experience personal enjoyment, […]\n\nWhen looking for better job opportunities or a major life change, you will have to consider several things. ", "The experience can be very daunting and adjusting to several aspects of your new life can be […]\n\nAre you retirement years approaching soon? ", "Have you been thinking about your retirement options and how and where you would like to spend your retirement years? ", "You are in luck, because Nuevo Vallarta is one […]\n\nVilla Group Real Estate can be found in one of the most sought after Mexican destinations, and offers, whether you’re staying for a week or a month, luxury and comfort. ", "The exclusive options on offer […]\n\nThe respected Annual Retirement Abroad Index has come up with findings affirming Puerto Vallarta as one of the best places to retire worldwide. ", "The list of the top retirement destinations was published by the website […]" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'Radio relics in galaxy clusters are believed to trace merger shock fronts. ", "If cosmological structure formation determines the luminosity, size and shape distributions of radio relics then merger shocks need to be lighted up in a homogeneous way. ", "We investigate if a mock relic sample, obtained from zoomed galaxy cluster simulations, is able to match the properties of relics measured in the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS). ", "We compile a list of all radio relics known to date and homogeneously measure their parameters in all NVSS images and apply the same procedure to relics in our simulations. ", "Number counts in the mock relic sample increase more steeply towards lower relic flux densities, suggesting an incompleteness of NVSS in this regime. ", "Overall, we find that NVSS and mock samples show similar properties. ", "However, large simulated relics tend to be somewhat smaller and closer to the cluster centre than observed ones. ", "Besides this, the mock sample reproduces very well-known correlations for radio relics, in particular those relating the radio luminosity with the largest linear size and the X-ray luminosity. ", "We show that these correlations are largely governed by the sensitivity of the NVSS observations. ", "Mock relics show a similar orientation with respect to the direction to the cluster centre as the NVSS sample. ", "Moreover, we find that their [*maximum*]{} radio luminosity roughly correlates with cluster mass, although displaying a large scatter. ", "The overall good agreement between NVSS and the mock sample suggests that properties of radio relics are indeed governed by merger shock fronts, emitting in a homogeneous fashion. ", "Our study demonstrates that the combination of mock observations and data from upcoming radio surveys will allow to shed light on both the origin of radio relics and the nature of the intracluster medium.'", "\nauthor:\n- |\n SebastiánE.Nuza$^{1,2,3}$[^1], JakobGelszinnis$^{4}$, MatthiasHoeft$^{4}$, and GustavoYepes$^{5}$\\\n $^1$Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam, An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany\\\n $^2$Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), CC 67, Suc. ", "28, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina\\\n $^3$Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina\\\n $^4$Thüringer Landessternwarte, Sternwarte 5, 07778 Tautenburg, Germany\\\n $^5$Grupo de Astrofísica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28039 Madrid, Spain\nbibliography:\n- 'references.bib'\ntitle: 'Can cluster merger shocks reproduce the luminosity and shape distribution of radio relics?'", "\n---\n\nradiation mechanisms: non-thermal – shock waves – methods: numerical – galaxies: clusters: general – large-scale structure of Universe\n\nIntroduction {#sec:intro}\n============\n\nRadio relics in the NVSS {#sec:NVSS}\n========================\n\nRadio relics in a cosmological simulation {#sec:MockRelics}\n=========================================\n\nProperties of the samples {#sec:Compare}\n=========================\n\nDiscussion {#sec:Discussion}\n==========\n\nSummary {#sec:Summary}\n=======\n\nAcknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n================\n\nThe authors thank the anonymous referee for his/her constructive comments. ", "The MUSIC simulations have been performed in the MareNostrum supercomputer at the Barcelona Supercomputing Centre thanks to the computing time awarded by the Red Española de Supercomputación. ", "SEN, JG and MH acknowledge support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under grant NU 332/2-1 and research group FOR 1254. ", "GY acknowledges support from MINECO/FEDER under grants AYA2012-31101 and AYA2015-63810-P.\n\n[^1]: E-mail: snuza@aip.de\n" ]

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[ "/**\n * Big Screens Week 4 \n * Reads sound level from microphone and broadcasts sound events to all clients\n * @author Shiffman\n */\n\npackage fourthclient;\n\nimport java.util.", "ArrayList;\nimport mpe.client.", "TCPClient;\nimport processing.core.", "PApplet;\n\npublic class Throwing extends PApplet {\n\n\tfinal int ID = 0;\n\n\tTCPClient client;\n\n\tArrayList<Ball> balls;\n\n\t// --------------------------------------\n\tstatic public void main(String args[]) {\n\t\tPApplet.main(new String[] { \"fourthclient.", "Throwing\" });\n\t}\n\n\t// --------------------------------------\n\tpublic void setup() {\n\t\t// make a new Client using an XML file\n\t\tclient = new TCPClient(this, \"mpe\" + ID + \".xml\");\n\n\t\t// the size is determined by the client's local width and height\n\t\tsize(client.getLWidth(), client.getLHeight());\n\n\t\tsmooth();\n\t\tbackground(255);\n\n\t\t// IMPORTANT, YOU MUST START THE CLIENT!", "\n\t\tclient.start();\n\t}\n\n\t// --------------------------------------\n\t// Start over\n\tpublic void resetEvent(TCPClient c) {\n\t\t// the random seed must be identical for all clients\n\t\trandomSeed(1);\n\t\tballs = new ArrayList<Ball>();\n\t}\n\n\t// --------------------------------------\n\t// Keep the motor running... draw() needs to be added in auto mode, even if\n\t// it is empty to keep things rolling.", "\n\tpublic void draw() {\n\t}\n\n\t// --------------------------------------\n\t// Separate data event\n\tpublic void dataEvent(TCPClient c) {\n\t\tString[] msg = c.getDataMessage();\n\t\t// If the message C comes in, then make a new Ball object\n\t\t// and add to ArrayList\n\t\tif (msg[0].equals(\"C\")) {\n\t\t\tballs.add(new Ball(this, client, 0, height / 2));\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\t// --------------------------------------\n\t// Triggered by the client whenever a new frame should be rendered.", "\n\t// All synchronized drawing should be done here when in auto mode.", "\n\tpublic void frameEvent(TCPClient c) {\n\t\tbackground(255);\n\t\tif (c.messageAvailable()) {\n\t\t\tString[] msg = c.getDataMessage();\n\t\t\t// If the message C comes in, then make a new Ball object\n\t\t\t// and add to ArrayList\n\t\t\tif (msg[0].equals(\"C\")) {\n\t\t\t\tballs.add(new Ball(this, client, 0, height / 2));\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t// Deal with all balls\n\t\tfor (int i = 0; i < balls.size(); i++) {\n\t\t\tBall b = (Ball) balls.get(i);\n\t\t\tb.calc();\n\t\t\tb.draw();\n\t\t}\n\n\t}\n\n}\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nfindByIdAndUpdate keeps being caught in .catch\n\nSo when I am executing my findByIdAndUpdate it doesn't execute my promise as expected and goes into my catch. ", "I sent responses to postman and using res.json(req.user.id) and res.json(profileFields) . ", "This is the response I get when I use\nprofileFields \n{\n \"user\": \"5b3134a0e2543b06d130a5d7\",\n \"handle\": \"wadeaston1\",\n \"status\": \"Developer\",\n \"skills\": [\n \"HTML\",\n \" CSS\",\n \" Javascipt\"\n ],\n \"social\": {}\n}\n\ni'm at a loss here because all my fields are passing in the values as expected into user and $set. ", "I don't understand why its going to my catch\n Profile.findByIdAndUpdate(\n { user: req.user.id },\n { $set: profileFields },\n { new: true }\n )\n .then(profile => res.json(profile))\n .catch(err => {\n res.json(\"Timeout\");\n console.log(\"HI\");\n });\n\nHere is my Profile Schema\nconst mongoose = require(\"mongoose\");\nconst Schema = mongoose.", "Schema;\n\n//Create Scheme\nconst ProfileSchema = new Schema({\n user: {\n //this will associate user by their ID\n type: Schema.", "Types.", "ObjectId,\n ref: \"users\"\n },\n handle: {\n type: String,\n required: true,\n max: 40\n },\n company: {\n type: String\n },\n website: {\n type: String\n },\n location: {\n type: String\n },\n status: {\n type: String,\n required: true\n },\n skills: {\n //Array of strings\n type: [String],\n required: true\n },\n bio: {\n type: String\n },\n githubusername: {\n type: String\n },\n experience: [\n {\n title: {\n type: String,\n required: true\n },\n company: {\n type: String,\n required: true\n },\n location: {\n type: String\n },\n from: {\n type: Date,\n required: true\n },\n to: {\n type: Date,\n required: true\n },\n current: {\n type: Boolean,\n default: false\n },\n description: {\n type: String\n }\n }\n ],\n education: [\n {\n school: {\n type: String,\n required: true\n },\n degree: {\n type: String,\n required: true\n },\n fieldofstudy: {\n type: String,\n required: true\n },\n from: {\n type: Date,\n required: true\n },\n to: {\n type: Date,\n required: true\n },\n current: {\n type: Boolean,\n default: false\n },\n description: {\n type: String\n }\n }\n ],\n social: {\n youtube: {\n type: String\n },\n twitter: {\n type: String\n },\n facebook: {\n type: String\n },\n linkedin: {\n type: String\n },\n instagram: {\n type: String\n }\n },\n date: {\n type: Date,\n default: Date.now\n }\n});\n\nmodule.exports = Profile = mongoose.model(\"profile\", ProfileSchema);\n\nA:\n\nfindByIdAndUpdate is for finding the document to update by its _id value, but you need to find the document by its user field, so you should be using findOneAndUpdate instead:\nProfile.findOneAndUpdate(\n { user: req.user.id },\n { $set: profileFields },\n { new: true }\n )\n .then(...\n\nNo need to manually cast req.user.id to an ObjectId as Mongoose will do that for you based on the way user is defined in your schema.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "536 U.S. 963\nHERTZv.", "FLORIDA.", "\nNo. ", "01-9154.", "\nSupreme Court of the United States.", "\nJune 28, 2002.", "\n\n1\nSup. ", "Ct. ", "Fla. Certiorari denied. ", "Reported below: 803 So. ", "2d 629.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "This is what affirmative actions results in." ]

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[ "/*\nCopyright 2015 The Kubernetes Authors All rights reserved.", "\n\nLicensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\nyou may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\nYou may obtain a copy of the License at\n\n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n\nUnless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\ndistributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\nWITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\nSee the License for the specific language governing permissions and\nlimitations under the License.", "\n*/\n\n// Package scheduler implements the Kubernetes Mesos scheduler.", "\npackage scheduler\n\n// Created from contrib/mesos/docs/scheduler.monopic:\n//\n// ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐\n// │ ┌───────────────────────────────────────┐ ┌─┴──────────────────────┐ ┌───────────────┐\n// ┌────────▼─────────┐ │Queuer │ Await() │ podUpdates │ │ │\n// │ podUpdatesBypass │ │- Yield() *api.", "Pod ├──pod CRUD ─▶ (queue.", "HistoricalFIFO) ◀──reflector──▶pods ListWatch ├──apiserver──▶\n// └────────▲─────────┘ │- Requeue(pod)/Dequeue(id)/Reoffer(pod)│ events │ │ │ │\n// │ └───────────────────▲───────────────────┘ └───────────┬────────────┘ └───────────────┘\n// │ │ │\n// │ │ │\n// └───────────────┐┌───────────────────▲────────────────────▲─────────────────────┐ └───────────────────────┐\n// ││ │ │ ┌────────────────────┼─────────────────┐\n// ┌───────────────────┼┼──────────────────────────────────────┐ │ ┌───────────────────┼────┼───────────┐ │ │\n// ┌───────────▼──────────┐┌───────┴┴───────┐ ┌───────────────────┐ ┌──┴─┴─┴──────┐ ┌────────┴────┴───┐ ┌────▼────────▼─────────────┐ │\n// │Binder (task launcher)││Deleter │ │PodReconciler │ │Controller │ │ ErrorHandler │ │SchedulerAlgorithm │ │\n// │- Bind(binding) ││- DeleteOne(pod)│ │- Reconcile(pod) │ │- Run() │ │- Error(pod, err)│ │- Schedule(pod) -> NodeName│ │\n// │ ││ │◀──│ │ │ │──▶│ │ │ │ │\n// │ ┌─────┐││ ┌─────┐ │ │ ┌─────┐ │ │ ┌─────┐ │ │ ┌─────┐ │ │┌─────┐ │ │\n// └───────────────┤sched├┘└────┤sched├─────┘ └──────┤sched├───▲──┘ └───┤sched├───┘ └────┤sched├──────┘ └┤sched├──────────────┬─────┘ │\n// ├-│││-┴──────┴--││-┴────────────────┴--│--┴───┼──────────┴--│--┴────────────┴-│---┴──────────┴-│││-┤ ┌────────────▼─────────▼─────────┐\n// │ │││ ││ │ │ │ │ │││ │ │ podScheduler │\n// │ ││└───────────▼┼─────────────────────▼──────┼─────────────▼─────────────────▼────────────────┘││ │ │ (e.g. fcfsPodScheduler) │\n// │ │└─────────────┼────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────────▼────────────────┘│ │ │ │\n// │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ scheduleOne(pod, offers ...) │\n// │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌──────────────────────────┤\n// │ │ │ ╲ │ │ │ ╱ │ │ │ ▼ │ │ │ allocationStrategy │\n// │ │ │ ╲ └┐ │ ┌┘ ╱ │ │ │ │ │ │ - FitPredicate │\n// │ │ │ ╲ │ │ │ ╱ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Procurement │\n// │ │ │ ╲ └┐ │ ┌┘ ╱ │ │ │ │ └─────┴──────────────────────────┘\n// │┌▼────────────┐┌▼──────────┐┌─▼─▼─▼─▼─▼─┐┌───┴────────┐┌───▼───┐ ┌────▼───┐ │\n// ││LaunchTask(t)││KillTask(t)││sync.", "Mutex ││reconcile(t)││Tasks()│ │Offers()│ │\n// │└──────┬──────┘└─────┬─────┘└───────────┘└────────▲───┘└───┬───┘ └────┬───┘ │\n// │ │ │ │ │ │ │\n// │ │ └──────────────────┐ │ ┌───▼────────────┐ │ │\n// │ └──────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │podtask.", "Registry│ │ │\n// │ │ │ │ └────────────────┘ │ │ ┌──────────────────────┐\n// │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │\n// │Scheduler │ └──────┐ │ │ │ │ A ──────────▶ B │\n// └──────────────────────────────────────┼────────┼─┬│----┬──────────────────────┼───────────────────┘ │ │\n// ┌──────────────────────────────────────┼────────┼─┤sched├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┐ │ A has a reference │\n// │Framework │ │ └─────┘ ┌────▼───┐ │ │ on B and calls B │\n// │ ┌──────▼──────┐┌▼──────────┐ │Offers()│ │ │ │\n// │ │LaunchTask(t)││KillTask(t)│ └────┬───┘ │ └──────────────────────┘\n// │ └─────────┬───┘└──────┬────┘ ┌────────▼───────┐ │\n// │implements: mesos-go/scheduler.", "Scheduler └───────────▼ │offers.", "Registry │ │\n// │ │ └────────────────┘ │\n// │ ┌─────────────────┐ ┌──▼─────────────┐ │\n// └────────────────────────┤ ├───────┤ Mesos ├────────────────────────────────────┘\n// │ TasksReconciler │ │ Scheduler │\n// │ ├───────▶ Driver │\n// └─────────────────┘ └────────┬───────┘\n// │\n// │\n// ▼\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWrite Serialized XML String to XML File\n\nI have a decrypted XML string which was sent over the wire to the receiving box where my code resides. ", "Now, I want to write this XML string to an XML file. ", "\nHere's the Decrypt method which my code calls to generate this XML string... maybe this needs to be changed?", "\n[Update]: My problem is that I can't see a way to write/create an XML file from a string of XML... I can see samples using a stream, a URL, but that doesn't help me here.", "\nprotected string DecryptForm(byte[] encryptedString, byte[] key, byte[] vector) \n{\n rijndael = new RijndaelManaged();\n rijndael.", "Mode = CipherMode.", "CBC;\n\n // Create a decryptor to perform the stream transform\n ICryptoTransform decryptor = rijndael.", "CreateDecryptor(key, vector);\n\n string plainText = null;\n try\n {\n //Create the streams used for decryption\n using (MemoryStream msStream = new MemoryStream(encryptedString))\n {\n using (CryptoStream csStream = new CryptoStream(msStream,\n decryptor, CryptoStreamMode.", "Read))\n {\n using (StreamReader readerStream = new StreamReader(csStream))\n {\n // Read the decrypted bytes from the decrypting stream\n plainText = readerStream.", "ReadToEnd();\n }\n } \n }\n finally\n {\n // Clear the RijndaelManaged object\n if(rijndael !", "= null)\n rijndael.", "Clear();\n } \n // Return the decrypted string\n return plainText;\n }\n\n}\n\nA:\n\nxmlDoc = new XmlDocument();\nxmlDoc.", "LoadXML(MyXMLString);\nxmlDoc.", "Save(MyFilePath)\n\n" ]

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[ "K Callan\n\nK Callan (born Katherine Elizabeth Borman; January 9, 1936) is an American author and actress known for playing Clark Kent's mother Martha in the ABC television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman.", "\n\nCareer\nBorn in Dallas, Texas she first appeared on television in an episode of Route 66 that happened to be shooting in Dallas. ", "She resumed her on-camera career in 1970, guest-starring in roles on One Day at a Time, St. Elsewhere, Carnivàle, JAG, Coach and King of the Hill. ", "She played a key role in the Emmy Award-winning episode \"Cousin Liz\" of All in the Family and portrayed the mother of April Stevens Ewing in several episodes of the penultimate season of Dallas. ", "She played Daisy LaRue in the TV show Meet the Browns and appeared as Mrs. Monroe, Gabe Duncan's teacher, in Good Luck Charlie. ", "She also appeared in the third-season finale of Desperate Housewives as Ilene Britt, the mother of Edie Britt (Nicollette Sheridan), and has portrayed Lily's maternal grandmother on several episodes of How I Met Your Mother. ", "She played the part of Charlie (as an elderly woman) in Heroes for one episode.", "\n\nShe appeared in the films Joe (1970), The Onion Field, (1979), A Touch of Class (1973), American Gigolo (1980), A Change of Seasons (1980) and Fast-Walking (1982), as well as the television adaptation of the Lanford Wilson play The Rimers of Eldritch.", "\n\nShe has written several books, including The Script Is Finished, Now What Do I Do?, ", "Directing your directing career, and How to Sell Yourself as an Actor. ", "She received her acting training at HB Studio in New York City.", "\n\nPersonal life\nCallan was married to and divorced from author James Ruskin Callan. ", "The couple had three children, Jamie Callan, Kelly Callan, and Kristi Callan.", "\n\nFilmography\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1936 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American film actresses\nCategory:American television actresses\nCategory:Writers from Texas\nCategory:Actresses from Dallas\nCategory:20th-century American actresses\nCategory:21st-century American actresses" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "The school's 'all hands on deck' effort to lure Arthur Toga and Paul Thompson from UCLA included money and the prospect of new collaborations, as well as less tangible personal perks.", "\n\nThe courtship that has riveted the neuroscience world blossomed at a Saturday night dinner in a tony Brentwood restaurant.", "\n\nUSC provost Elizabeth Garrett and executive vice provost Michael Quick kept the conversation light. ", "Over chicken with braised leeks, onions, mustard bread crumbs and white wine at Tavern, they talked to UCLA neuroscientist Arthur Toga about his life. ", "Not the brain imaging research for which his lab is renowned but about \"the things that get you excited in the morning,\" Toga recalled. \"", "What's really important to you. ", "Fun conversation.\"", "\n\nIn the end, USC's recipe turned out to be a winner. ", "Driving home that February evening, Toga said, \"I knew I really wanted to work for these people.\"", "\n\nHe and his UCLA colleague Paul Thompson, along with what they anticipate will be dozens of other staff and graduate students in their Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, will make the crosstown move in the fall. ", "They'll bring with them millions of dollars in annual research funding — not to mention considerable prestige for USC, which is trying to solidify a leadership role in the cutting-edge fields of neuroscience and informatics.", "\n\nLike other high-stakes recruitment at the top of the academic world, the wooing involved an \"all hands on deck\" push from high-level administrators and scientists. ", "Enticements included money, promises of prime real estate and the prospect of new research collaborations.", "\n\nBut beyond that were the squishier factors common to any job search: commute time, family impact and just how much change the scientists wanted in their lives.", "\n\n\"It was a move that was professionally terrific but didn't involve forgoing any of the lifestyle factors in Southern California we all live here for,\" Thompson said.", "\n\nCrosstown USC was new enough but familiar enough too, the two men said.", "\n\n::\n\nIt wasn't the first time USC had tried to lure Toga and Thompson's celebrated lab, which uses powerful computers to analyze huge quantities of brain imaging, medical and genetic data to help understand such diseases as Alzheimer's and autism. ", "The university has a policy to hire away big names from other schools and had tried unsuccessfully to attract the UCLA team three years ago.", "\n\nAt that time, UCLA made a strong offer to keep the lab, adding space and other resources, both sides said.", "\n\nBut on Dec. 15, the Trojan camp realized it was time to restart its overtures. ", "A USC faculty member who knew Toga tipped off Quick, the executive vice provost, that the UCLA professors were in talks to move to the University of Pennsylvania.", "\n\n\"That meant they had to be movable,\" said Quick, who is also a neuroscientist.", "\n\nQuick enlisted another recent USC recruit, biological imaging expert and former Caltech professor Scott Fraser, to call Toga and \"see if there was an opening.\"", "\n\nThere was. ", "On Dec. 19, Toga and Fraser met in Quick's office. ", "By Christmas Eve, Dr. Carmen Puliafito, dean of USC's Keck School of Medicine, had joined the effort.", "\n\nBy Jan. 1, the process was fully in motion.", "\n\n\"This was a fast recruitment,\" Quick said.", "\n\nOver the next two months, Toga and Thompson spoke with many people at USC. \"", "I wanted to hear the dirt, what are the problems there,\" Toga said. \"", "I needed to know this because I was about to make a big life decision.\"", "\n\nHe said he heard very few complaints — a rarity in academia.", "\n\nDuring one of several tours of campus, Thompson noted how Puliafito acted in a friendly way both to top doctors and to janitors, remembering personal things about them.", "\n\nWhile contract details are crucial, so are \"trust and compatible visions\" and a sense that the people will be pleasant, Toga said. ", "He felt he'd have more latitude to get things done at the private university than he had at the public UC campus.", "\n\nThe process of \"getting a feel for each other\" culminated with the dinner in Brentwood, Quick said.", "\n\nToga and Thompson insist nothing in particular pushed them out of UCLA and that, since most of their funding comes from federal and private grants, state budget cuts to UC mostly didn't affect them. ", "But USC could sweeten the deal in various ways made possible by its significant success in fundraising.", "\n\nThe parties began hashing out details in March. ", "No one would say whether raises were involved; according to a UC website, Toga earned $1.06 million and Thompson $421,150 in 2011.", "\n\nBut sources confirmed that USC did offer additional staffing and several options for a new, larger space. ", "The university centered its pitch on the idea of a new USC Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics featuring Toga and Thompson, who would be able to work closely with faculty from the medical and engineering schools.", "\n\nToga and Thompson wanted to make sure that their graduate students and postdoctoral fellows would benefit from the move. ", "Among other things, it will be easier for them to stay with the research group as their careers progress." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to run nmake in one bat file\n\nWhen I run the following commands one by one in windows command prompt, they work fine.", "\n%comspec% /k \"\"C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio 11.0\\Common7\\Tools\\VsDevCmd.bat\"\"\ncd C:\\\\Program Files (x86)\\\\Jenkins\\\\jobs\\\\gdal_win32_develop\\\\workspace\\\\codes\\\\deps\\\\gdal\\\\gdal_1.8_rtc\nnmake -f makefile.vc clean\nnmake -f makefile.vc\n\nWhen I write them into one bat file and try to execute the bat file in windows command prompt, it only output the first command, the left three commands are not executed.", "\nHow to do this? ", "I need this because I want to run it in one Jenkins build project.", "\n\nA:\n\nReplace line %comspec% /k \"\"C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio 11.0\\Common7\\Tools\\VsDevCmd.bat\"\" with\nCALL \"C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio 11.0\\Common7\\Tools\\VsDevCmd.bat\"\n\nYou are not aware of it but while typing commands in command line, after first, you got a new instance of cmd.exe and next commands are typed in this new instance. ", "You will need two EXIT commands to exit command prompt.", "\nTyping commands, you could just type \"C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio 11.0\\Common7\\Tools\\VsDevCmd.bat\" instead of %COMSPEC% ..., but in batch it would break batch execution, so you have to prepend CALL.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "1992 CFL season\n\nThe 1992 Canadian Football League season is considered to be the 39th season in modern-day Canadian football, although it is officially the 35th Canadian Football League season.", "\n\nCFL News in 1992\nThe CFL celebrated 100 years of football in Canada, commemorating the formation of the Canadian Rugby Union in 1892, the forerunner of Football Canada and the CFL. ", "Former Alouette running back/tight end, Larry Smith was named as the ninth CFL Commissioner in history on Thursday, February 27.", "\n\nThe Calgary Stampeders then owned by Larry Ryckman, signed free agent quarterback, Doug Flutie in March. ", "The CFL revoked the franchise of BC Lions owner Murray Pezim and assumed control of the team, when Pezim refused to pay off club bills, on August 27. ", "After one month, Bill Comrie purchased the BC Lions franchise from the CFL on September 23.", "\n\nAt the CFL Awards, Doug Flutie was named as the CFL's Most Outstanding Player for the second straight season, only becoming the third player to do so. ", "Toronto played host to the Grey Cup for the 45th time, which is more than any other city. ", "In addition, the Calgary Stampeders won their first Grey Cup championship in 21 years; ending the longest drought at that time of any CFL city, by defeating the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, 24–10.", "\n\nIn June 1992, the CFL played a preseason game between Toronto and Calgary in Portland, Oregon. ", "It was a predecessor to the CFL USA expansion that would begin the next year.", "\n\nRegular season standings\n\nFinal regular season standings\nNote: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points\n\nBold text means that they have clinched the playoffs.", "\nCalgary and Winnipeg get first round byes.", "\n\nGrey Cup playoffs\n\nThe Calgary Stampeders are the 1992 Grey Cup champions, defeating the Winnipeg Blue Bombers 24–10, at Toronto's SkyDome. ", " This was the first championship for the Stampeders in 21 years, ending the longest existing drought at the time, having previously won the 1971 Grey Cup Game over the Toronto Argonauts. ", "Incidentally, the Saskatchewan Roughriders ended a 23-year drought several years earlier with a win in the 1989 Grey Cup Game, which was played at the same venue as the 1992 game. ", "The Stampeders' Doug Flutie (QB) was named the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Player and Dave Sapunjis (SB) was the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Canadian.", "\n\nPlayoff bracket\n\nCFL Leaders\n CFL Passing Leaders\n CFL Rushing Leaders\n CFL Receiving Leaders\n\n1992 CFL All-Stars\n\nOffence\nQB – Doug Flutie, Calgary Stampeders\nFB – Blake Marshall, Edmonton Eskimos\nRB – Mike Richardson, Winnipeg Blue Bombers\nSB – Ray Elgaard, Saskatchewan Roughriders\nSB – Allen Pitts, Calgary Stampeders\nWR – Stephen Jones, Ottawa Rough Riders\nWR – Jim Sandusky, Edmonton Eskimos\nC – Rod Connop, Edmonton Eskimos\nOG – Pierre Vercheval, Edmonton Eskimos\nOG – Rocco Romano, Calgary Stampeders\nOT – Robert Smith, Ottawa Rough Riders\nOT – Vic Stevenson, Saskatchewan Roughriders\n\nDefence\nDT – Rodney Harding, Toronto Argonauts\nDT – Jearld Baylis, Saskatchewan Roughriders\nDE – Will Johnson, Calgary Stampeders\nDE – Bobby Jurasin, Saskatchewan Roughriders\nLB – Angelo Snipes, Ottawa Rough Riders\nLB – Willie Pless, Edmonton Eskimos\nLB – John Motton, Hamilton Tiger-Cats\nCB – Less Browne, Ottawa Rough Riders\nCB – Junior Thurman, Calgary Stampeders\nDB – Anthony Drawhorn, Ottawa Rough Riders\nDB – Darryl Hall, Calgary Stampeders\nDS – Glen Suitor, Saskatchewan Roughriders\n\nSpecial teams\nP – Hank Ilesic, Toronto Argonauts\nK – Troy Westwood, Winnipeg Blue Bombers\nST – Henry \"Gizmo\" Williams, Edmonton Eskimos\n\n1992 Eastern All-Stars\n\nOffence\nQB – Tom Burgess, Ottawa Rough Riders\nFB – Warren Hudson, Winnipeg Blue Bombers\nRB – Mike Richardson, Winnipeg Blue Bombers\nSB – Rob Crifo, Winnipeg Blue Bombers\nSB – Ken Evraire, Hamilton Tiger-Cats\nWR – Stephen Jones, Ottawa Rough Riders\nWR – Larry Thompson, Winnipeg Blue Bombers\nC – Irv Daymond, Ottawa Rough Riders\nOG – Dan Ferrone, Toronto Argonauts\nOG – Jason Riley, Hamilton Tiger-Cats\nOT – Robert Smith, Ottawa Rough Riders\nOT – Chris Walby, Winnipeg Blue Bombers\n\nDefence\nDT – Rodney Harding, Toronto Argonauts\nDT – Jeff Fields, Hamilton Tiger-Cats\nDE – John Kropke, Ottawa Rough Riders\nDE – Mike Campbell, Toronto Argonauts\nLB – Angelo Snipes, Ottawa Rough Riders\nLB – Greg Stumon, Ottawa Rough Riders\nLB – John Motton, Hamilton Tiger-Cats\nCB – Less Browne, Ottawa Rough Riders\nCB – Rod Hill, Winnipeg Blue Bombers\nDB – Anthony Drawhorn, Ottawa Rough Riders\nDB – Don Wilson, Toronto Argonauts\nDS – Todd Wiseman, Hamilton Tiger-Cats\n\nSpecial teams\nP – Hank Ilesic, Toronto Argonauts\nK – Troy Westwood, Winnipeg Blue Bombers\nST – Raghib Ismail, Toronto Argonauts\n\n1992 Western All-Stars\n\nOffence\nQB – Doug Flutie, Calgary Stampeders\nFB – Blake Marshall, Edmonton Eskimos\nRB – Jon Volpe, BC Lions\nSB – Ray Elgaard, Saskatchewan Roughriders\nSB – Allen Pitts, Calgary Stampeders\nWR – Darren Flutie, BC Lions\nWR – Jim Sandusky, Edmonton Eskimos\nC – Rod Connop, Edmonton Eskimos\nOG – Pierre Vercheval, Edmonton Eskimos\nOG – Rocco Romano, Calgary Stampeders\nOT – Jim Mills, BC Lions\nOT – Vic Stevenson, Saskatchewan Roughriders\n\nDefence\nDT – Jerald Baylis, Saskatchewan Roughriders\nDT – Lloyd Lewis, Edmonton Eskimos\nDE – Will Johnson, Calgary Stampeders\nDE – Bobby Jurasin, Saskatchewan Roughriders\nLB – Alondra Johnson, Calgary Stampeders\nLB – Willie Pless, Edmonton Eskimos\nLB – Matt Finlay, Calgary Stampeders\nCB – Damion Lyons, Edmonton Eskimos\nCB – Junior Thurman, Calgary Stampeders\nDB – Enis Jackson, Edmonton Eskimos\nDB – Darryl Hall, Calgary Stampeders\nDS – Glen Suitor, Saskatchewan Roughriders\n\nSpecial teams\nP – Lui Passaglia, BC Lions\nK – Mark McLoughlin, Calgary Stampeders\nST – Henry \"Gizmo\" Williams, Edmonton Eskimos\n\n1992 CFL Awards\nCFL's Most Outstanding Player Award – Doug Flutie (QB), Calgary Stampeders\nCFL's Most Outstanding Canadian Award – Ray Elgaard (SB), Saskatchewan Roughriders\nCFL's Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award – Willie Pless (LB), Edmonton Eskimos\nCFL's Most Outstanding Offensive Lineman Award – Robert Smith (OT), Ottawa Rough Riders\nCFL's Most Outstanding Rookie Award – Mike Richardson (RB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers\nCFLPA's Outstanding Community Service Award – Danny Barrett (QB), BC Lions\nCFL's Coach of the Year – Wally Buono, Calgary Stampeders\nCommissioner's Award - Tom Shepherd, Saskatchewan Roughriders\n\nReferences \n\nCFL\nCategory:Canadian Football League seasons" ]

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[ "Sequential changes in the splanchnic circulation during continuous endotoxin infusion in sedated sheep: evidence for a selective increase of hepatic artery blood flow and loss of the hepatic arterial buffer response.", "\nOn-line recording of the sequential changes in systemic, pulmonary, mesenteric, hepatic and renal circulations during onset of endotoxaemia and at 24 h of established hyperdynamic sepsis were evaluated in seven chronically instrumented and sedated sheep receiving a continuous intravenous infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin (20 ng min-1 kg-1). ", "A transient and significant (P < 0.05) pulmonary arterial vaso-constriction was noted after 13 +/- 4 min, and was followed immediately by a simultaneous significant decrease of coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and portal vein blood flow to below 50% of baseline values. ", "The superior mesenteric artery and portal vein blood flows partially recovered pre-endotoxin levels to 69 and 75% of baseline, respectively, after 70 min of endotoxin infusion. ", "In contrast, the coeliac trunk blood flow remained reduced for a more prolonged period of time, but then completely recovered baseline values at 100 min. ", "The response of the hepatic artery was biphasic, and consisted of a transient (5-10 min) vasoconstriction at 40 min followed by transitory increase of hepatic artery blood flow reaching a maximum of 921% of baseline values at 102 min. ", "Contrasting with the early changes observed in mesenteric vascular resistances mostly unrelated to systemic haemodynamics, the response of the renal vasculature appeared to be more dependent on changes of renal perfusion pressure. ", "A follow-up at 24 h revealed that the continuous intravenous infusion of endotoxin reproduced some of the most characteristic features of human sepsis with increased cardiac output and decreased vascular resistances of all vascular beds. ", "We conclude that hepatic artery blood flow is selectively and considerably increased in early endotoxaemia in sheep independently of changes in portal vein blood flow, suggesting a disregulation of the physiologic hepatic arterial buffer response, most probably secondary to an increased liver oxygen demand required for phagocytosis, transport, and digestion of the the sudden overload of bacterial endotoxins." ]

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[ "g = n - 25. ", "Is 0.1 at most as big as g?", "\nFalse\nLet y = 408 - 407.044. ", "Let n = y - -0.044. ", "Which is smaller: -0.23 or n?", "\n-0.23\nLet u be 3408/20 + ((-12)/(-10))/(-3). ", "Let t = u - 4249/25. ", "Is 1 bigger than t?", "\nTrue\nLet n be -1 - -1 - (-10 - -12). ", "Let q be (-152)/(-12)*(7/5 + n). ", "Are -8 and q non-equal?", "\nTrue\nLet u = -238.9 + 239. ", "Which is smaller: -125 or u?", "\n-125\nLet o = -5 + 4. ", "Let h(q) = 20*q**3 + q**2 - 1. ", "Let l be h(o). ", "Let j = 27 + l. Which is greater: 6 or j?", "\nj\nLet o = 2/673 - -17488/3365. ", "Suppose 5*a + 2*w = w + 15, 0 = a + w + 1. ", "Is o at least a?", "\nTrue\nLet s be (-7)/(-49) + 3/(-21). ", "Let v(i) = i**3 - i**2 - i - 16. ", "Let z be v(s). ", "Suppose -p + 3*d = -0*d + 30, 3*p = -4*d - 25. ", "Which is smaller: z or p?", "\nz\nLet s = 207 - 980. ", "Is s < -771?", "\nTrue\nLet k be (-4)/((-10)/15*-3). ", "Let h be (k - 0) + 15/5. ", "Which is smaller: h or 5/4?", "\nh\nLet w = 1.6 - 1.71. ", "Let j = -24.11 - w. Let o = j + 24.2. ", "Are o and -4 unequal?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -6*y - 2*g - 18 = -y, 4*g - 4 = 0. ", "Let b(d) be the second derivative of -d**5/20 - d**4/2 - 2*d**3/3 + d**2 + 4*d. ", "Let k be b(y). ", "Is k <= -15?", "\nFalse\nLet p(l) = -57*l**3 - 1. ", "Let t be ((-25)/125)/((-2)/(-10)). ", "Let v be p(t). ", "Is 55 less than or equal to v?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 4*i + 114 = 10. ", "Let p = i - -13. ", "Which is bigger: -12 or p?", "\n-12\nLet s be -5*12/3 + 0. ", "Let u(i) = 2*i**2 - 27*i + 6. ", "Let w be u(14). ", "Let h = w + s. Are -4 and h non-equal?", "\nTrue\nLet m = 18 - 27. ", "Let y = -11 + 19. ", "Let x = y + m. Which is greater: 1 or x?", "\n1\nLet w be (15/(-4) + 4)/(4/16). ", "Which is smaller: w or -2/381?", "\n-2/381\nSuppose 9*x = 12*x - 1977. ", "Let j = x - 19113/29. ", "Does 0 = j?", "\nFalse\nLet k(y) = -y**3 + 4*y**2 + y - 2. ", "Let o = 11 + -7. ", "Let w be k(o). ", "Let c be (-88)/(-46) - 4/w. Which is smaller: 1/3 or c?", "\nc\nLet o = -11 + 13. ", "Let i be 432/214 + (0 - o). ", "Which is smaller: i or 1?", "\ni\nLet u be (4/4 - 3) + (-1 - -3). ", "Suppose -5*l - 50 - 15 = u. Which is smaller: l or -67/5?", "\n-67/5\nLet p = -21 - -23. ", "Let q = -538 - -550. ", "Is q equal to p?", "\nFalse\nLet t(c) = c**3 - 7*c**2 + 7*c - 6. ", "Let n be t(6). ", "Suppose n = -4*z - 111 - 917. ", "Let l = z - -3339/13. ", "Is l <= 0?", "\nTrue\nLet d = 420 + -366. ", "Are d and 54 unequal?", "\nFalse\nLet z be 3/3*(-2)/8. ", "Let b be 22*(-2)/(-8)*-2. ", "Let m = 11 + b. Which is smaller: z or m?", "\nz\nLet y(b) = -b**2 - 11*b + 26. ", "Let o be y(-13). ", "Suppose 6*x + 68 + 40 = o. Do x and -19 have different values?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -6*a + 79 = -65. ", "Is 17 at most a?", "\nTrue\nLet w(j) = -5*j**2 - 15*j + 4. ", "Let k(r) = 14*r**2 + 46*r - 13. ", "Let l(p) = 6*k(p) + 17*w(p). ", "Let t be l(21). ", "Is t greater than or equal to -11?", "\nTrue\nLet x = 1276/323 + -84/19. ", "Which is greater: 1 or x?", "\n1\nSuppose 0 = -4*t - 10*t - 126. ", "Which is greater: t or -64/7?", "\nt\nLet j be -2*(1 - 0) - -4. ", "Let i be (-216)/(-15) + j/(-5)*1. ", "Is i at most 15?", "\nTrue\nLet v be (-42)/5 - 8/(-20). ", "Suppose 5*z = z - 96. ", "Let w = z - -15. ", "Is w > v?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -3*p = -4*p - t - 75, -5*p - 357 = -t. ", "Is p greater than -1?", "\nFalse\nLet j be (4/((-8)/3))/(68 - 9). ", "Which is greater: j or 1?", "\n1\nLet q be 5/25 - (-1 + (-41)/(-5)). ", "Let v(p) = p**2 + 9*p - 4. ", "Let k be v(q). ", "Which is bigger: -19 or k?", "\nk\nLet a be 7 + (-1)/(-2) + -31 + 23. ", "Is 66 at least a?", "\nTrue\nLet j(g) be the third derivative of 9*g**4/8 + g**3/2 - 5*g**2. ", "Let l be j(-5). ", "Let s be 2/(-8) + 111/l. Is -1 equal to s?", "\nFalse\nLet x(o) = 4*o**2 + 11*o**2 - 8*o - 2 - 16*o**2. ", "Let h be x(-8). ", "Let w = 1 + h. Is -2 <= w?", "\nTrue\nLet n(t) = -t**2 - 47*t - 120. ", "Let k be n(-44). ", "Which is bigger: 14 or k?", "\n14\nLet b be (1/2)/((-4)/(-16)). ", "Let w be 6 - 1*(-4)/b. ", "Which is smaller: w or 51/7?", "\n51/7\nSuppose -5*g - 32 = -9*g. ", "Let u(k) = -k - 5. ", "Let o be u(-5). ", "Suppose 4*h - 54 + 18 = o. Which is smaller: h or g?", "\ng\nLet j = 58 - -51. ", "Let i = j - 431/4. ", "Is 0.1 greater than i?", "\nFalse\nLet m = -784/2717 + -4/209. ", "Let w(o) = 3*o - 14. ", "Let x be w(5). ", "Which is greater: x or m?", "\nx\nSuppose -230*y = -224*y + 678. ", "Is -116 smaller than y?", "\nTrue\nSuppose s - 2 = -9. ", "Let w be s/(-42) - 34/60. ", "Which is smaller: w or -2/9?", "\nw\nLet y = 327 - 326.95. ", "Is y smaller than -1/19?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 0 = -m + x, 4*x = -0*m - m. Which is smaller: 4/209 or m?", "\nm\nSuppose 23*l - 21*l = 158. ", "Is 81 <= l?", "\nFalse\nLet d(a) be the first derivative of -a**3/3 - 7*a**2/2 - 2*a - 1. ", "Let t be d(-6). ", "Let k be 6 + (98/(-21))/2. ", "Is k greater than t?", "\nFalse\nLet r = 21 - -48. ", "Let w = r - 113. ", "Let q be w/(-60) - 6/(-10). ", "Which is bigger: 0.1 or q?", "\nq\nLet u = 68 + -67. ", "Let m be -4 - ((-309)/75 + u)*-5. ", "Is -21 smaller than m?", "\nTrue\nSuppose s + 4*x + 17 = -1, 2*x = -4*s - 86. ", "Is -22 at most s?", "\nTrue\nLet n(p) = 7*p + 134. ", "Let m be n(-19). ", "Which is smaller: -2/1147 or m?", "\n-2/1147\nSuppose 0*d - 2*d + 2 = 0. ", "Let j = 30 + -26. ", "Suppose -2*p + 4*i + 8 = 0, -i + j = 5*p - 3*i. ", "Is d greater than p?", "\nTrue\nLet d be 729/(-99) + 8 + (-2 - -1). ", "Suppose 0 = m - j + 28, -m - 21 = -2*j + 8. ", "Let q be m/21 - 2/(-7). ", "Are q and d equal?", "\nFalse\nLet h(i) = 2*i + 2. ", "Let c be h(-4). ", "Let s(l) be the third derivative of -l**4/6 - 5*l**3/2 - 157*l**2. ", "Let a be s(c). ", "Is 9 greater than or equal to a?", "\nTrue\nLet t = -137/36 - 35/18. ", "Are t and -0.8 unequal?", "\nTrue\nLet x = -3.34 + 3.27. ", "Which is greater: 1 or x?", "\n1\nLet c = -82/3 - -25. ", "Is c <= 257?", "\nTrue\nLet q = 30.37 + 194.63. ", "Which is greater: q or -4?", "\nq\nLet n(s) = s**3 - 3*s**2 - 4*s - 2. ", "Let i be n(4). ", "Let t(x) = x**2 + 4*x + 4. ", "Let v be t(i). ", "Is v at least 2/131?", "\nFalse\nLet k(x) be the first derivative of -x**4/4 + 7*x**3/3 - 11*x**2/2 + 5*x - 5. ", "Let b be k(4). ", "Let o = -26 + 34. ", "Is o equal to b?", "\nFalse\nLet b = 22.025 - 0.025. ", "Let i = b + -28. ", "Let g = 97/30 - 23/6. ", "Which is smaller: i or g?", "\ni\nLet u = 0.2 - 0.2. ", "Let y = 8 + -8.8. ", "Let k = y - -1. ", "Is k greater than or equal to u?", "\nTrue\nLet m = 260 + -1304/5. ", "Suppose -17 = 3*j + 22. ", "Let l = j + 12. ", "Is l less than or equal to m?", "\nTrue\nLet j = -3127694/15081255 - 2/111713. ", "Let m = 2/135 - j. Suppose x = -0*x - 1. ", "Which is bigger: x or m?", "\nm\nSuppose -3*s + 144 = -s. ", "Let l be (0 + -7)*s/84. ", "Let j be 8/(-6) - (l + 9). ", "Which is smaller: j or -2/7?", "\nj\nSuppose n - 323 = -0*j + 3*j, -3*j = -2*n + 319. ", "Let l = 115 + j. Which is smaller: 9 or l?", "\nl\nLet m(l) = l**2 - 2*l + 28. ", "Let j be m(0). ", "Suppose -j = -2*h - 52. ", "Which is smaller: h or -11?", "\nh\nLet g = 20/59 + 7492/177. ", "Which is bigger: g or 43?", "\n43\nLet a(t) = 2*t**2 + 34*t + 33. ", "Let d be a(-16). ", "Which is greater: d or -1/140?", "\nd\nLet v = 71 + -55. ", "Suppose m = -2*f + 5*f - 6, 4*m + v = 4*f. ", "Which is smaller: 1/4 or f?", "\n1/4\nLet k = 4 - 12. ", "Let i be k + 0 + -5 + 5. ", "Let h be (-65)/9 + (-12)/(-54). ", "Is i > h?", "\nFalse\nLet i be ((-3)/63)/(1*126/(-27)). ", "Which is greater: -0.03 or i?", "\ni\nLet j be (-2 + 3 + -8)/1. ", "Let w be (-5)/4*48/12. ", "Is j < w?", "\nTrue\nLet g be 6*7/(-546) - 21500/26. ", "Which is smaller: -825 or g?", "\ng\nLet i be 10/(-4)*(0 - -2). ", "Let j be (-5)/1*(2 - 1). ", "Is j at least i?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -68*y = -70*y + 78. ", "Do 36 and y have different values?", "\nTrue\nLet u be (-5 + 1)*(3 + 14550/24). ", "Is -2437 <= u?", "\nTrue\nLet p = 1.253 - 0.153. ", "Is p less than -0.47?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 2*u - 105 = 5*u. ", "Let c = -35 - u. Let y be 8/6*(-18)/(-44). ", "Which is smaller: y or c?", "\nc\nLet t = 146 + -146.63. ", "Let k = 0.17 - t. Do k and 0 have different values?", "\nTrue\nLet f(g) = -12*g - 23. ", "Let x be f(-5). ", "Let j = x - 17. ", "Which is smaller: 22 or j?", "\nj\nLet j = -10.4 + 6.71. ", "Let u = -0.31 + j. Which is greater: u or 2?", "\n2\nLet v(j) = -j**3 - 9*j**2 - 4. ", "Let z be v(-9). ", "Let r be (-10)/15*(-156)/(-40). ", "Which is bigger: r or z?", "\nr\nLet w = 74.7 + 21.3. ", "Let o = -87 + w. Which is smaller: -2/5 or o?", "\n-2/5\nSuppose 0 = -4*d + 14 - 2. ", "Let u = d - -2. ", "Suppose -5*w + 4 = -t + 2*t, 0 = -u*w + 3*t - 12. ", "Is w equal to 0?", "\nTrue\nLet m = -24724/3 - -8168. ", "Is m less than -73?", "\nTrue\nLet c = -21 - 43. ", "Let s = 63 + c. Let w be (-7)/72 - (-4)/18. ", "Which is greater: s or w?", "\nw\nLet t be 10*(-21)/(-1722)*(1 - 0). ", "Is 0.1 at most t?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -188*c - 184*c + 376*c + 28 = 0. ", "Let m be (-4)/18 - (-1016)/(-126). ", "Which is bigger: m or c?", "\nc\nLet q = -102.9 - -103. ", "Let o be ((-1)/(7/(-4)))/38. ", "Are o and q unequal?", "\nTrue\nLet z = 1271/306 + -187/45. ", "Which is smaller: z or 0?", "\nz\nLet d be ((-4074)/35)/2 - (-1)/5. ", "Let t = 44 + d. Suppose -j - 4 = -2*n, 2*n = -j - 1 - 23. ", "Is t at least j?", "\nTrue\nLet z be (26/6)/(1/3). ", "Let q = 42 - 41. ", "Suppose 43 + q = 4*o. ", "Is o bigger than z?", "\nFalse\nLet x(j) = -2*j**3 + 3*j**2 - 6*j + 11. ", "Let n be x(2). ", "Is n > -3?", "\nFalse\nLet r(z) = z**2 - 29*z + 49. ", "Let g be r(11). ", "Which i" ]

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[ "SANTIAGO, Chile -- A team of international scientists said Friday that Nobel Prize-winning poet Pablo Neruda did not die of cancer or malnutrition, rejecting the official cause of death but not laying to rest one of the great mysteries of post-coup Chile.", "\n\nWhile saying what the poet and Communist Party politician did not die of, the forensic experts didn't say what he did die of or end the debate over whether he was murdered by agents of Gen. Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship shortly after the country's 1973 military takeover.", "\n\nPanel members said they will continue to identify pathogenic bacteria that might have caused Neruda's death to determine if a third party was involved.", "\n\nGet Breaking News Delivered to Your Inbox\n\nThe poet, who was 69 years old and suffering from prostate cancer, died in Chile's post-coup chaos. ", "The official version was that he died of cachexia, or weakness and wasting of the body due to chronic illness - in this case cancer.", "\n\n\"The fundamental conclusions are the invalidity of the death certificate when it comes to cachexia as a cause of death,\" said Aurelio Luna, one of the panel's experts. \"", "We still can't exclude nor affirm the natural or violent cause of Pablo Neruda's death.\"", "\n\nNeruda's body was exhumed in 2013 to determine the cause of his death but those tests showed no toxic agents or poisons in his bone. ", "His family and driver demanded further investigation.", "\n\nIn 2015, Chile's government said that it's \"highly probable that a third party\" was responsible for his death. ", "Neruda was reburied in his favorite home overlooking the Pacific Coast last year.", "\n\nNeruda was best known for his love poems. ", "But he was also a friend of socialist President Salvador Allende, who killed himself rather than surrender to troops during the Sept. 11, 1973, right-wing coup led by Pinochet.", "\n\nNeruda was traumatized by the military takeover and the persecution and killing of his friends. ", "He planned to go into exile, where he would have been an influential voice against the dictatorship.", "\n\nBut a day before his planned departure, he was taken by ambulance to a clinic in Santiago where he had been treated for cancer and other ailments. ", "Neruda officially died there Sept. 23 from natural causes. ", "But suspicions that the dictatorship had a hand in the death remained long after Chile returned to democracy in 1990." ]

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[ "With two weeks remaining in our condensed and partially mutilated 2011-12 NBA season, we’re juggling more plots, subplots and characters than a vintage episode of the show that we’re no longer allowed to mention on Grantland because David Simon is a condescending, humorless blowhard. ", "Did these storylines emerge because we crammed 66 games into four months? ", "Did we just get lucky? ", "Or am I fudging this because I desperately needed a Friday column? ", "Probably all three. ", "But here are 33 reasons to be excited for the last two weeks of the NBA season.", "\n\n1. ", "Do you realize Charlotte has a chance to finish with the NBA’s worst winning percentage ever? ", "The ’73 Sixers own the worst 82-game record (9-73); the ’99 Grizzlies own the worst strike-shortened record (8-42); and the ’48 Providence Steamers set the records for fewest wins (they went 6-42) and most times someone said, “They put a team THERE?” (", "215,563 times and counting). ", "The Bobcats have blown 50 of their 57 games for a remarkable winning percentage of … (wait for it) … .123.", "\n\n.123!!!!!!", "\n\nThey could win one more game and still set the record (.121), but if they blow their last nine and finish 7-59, that drops them to an unfathomable (and record-setting) .108. ", "Even better, that means Michael Jordan would have direct ties to the best regular-season team ever (the ’96 Bulls) and the worst regular-season team ever (the ’12 Bobcats). ", "Stay classy, MJ.", "\n\n2. ", "Sorry, we have to run the Bobcats back because you won’t ever witness a more worthless professional basketball team. ", "You can’t even call them shitty because it’s an insult to shit. ", "It seems impossible that an NBA team could finish with a point differential of negative double digits (even the 8-42 Grizzlies finished -8.94 in 1999), but Charlotte’s opponents have outscored them by a staggering 13.3 points per game. ", "The Bobcats have lost 31 games by 10 points or more. ", "They’re 2-30 against teams .500 or better. ", "They’re 4-23 at home. ", "They’ve had losing streaks of 15 and 14 (the current one). ", "They tied a record this week by losing their third straight home game by 20 points or more. ", "They don’t have a single player averaging more than 15 points, 6.5 assists or 5.6 rebounds. ", "Their three best players (Kemba Walker, Gerald Henderson and Byron Mullens) wouldn’t play a lick for ANY of the league’s 10 best teams.", "\n\nDid I mention that the most homicidally competitive athlete of our lifetime owns this franchise? ", "What the hell? ", "How can Michael Jordan live with himself? ", "And how can we reward this putridity (is that even a word?) ", "by giving them the ‘Brow in two months? ", "That reminds me …\n\n3. ", "The Unibrow Sweepstakes are heating up! ", "Even if the wretched Bobcats secured Ping-Pong pole position weeks ago, 44-loss Washington and 42-loss New Orleans are fighting for the second spot; 40-loss Sacramento and 39-loss Toronto are fighting for the fourth spot; and Golden State, Cleveland, Toronto, Detroit and New Jersey are jockeying for the sixth spot. ", "That’s why, just a few days ago, you probably heard a booming voice say, “Gentlemen, start your Tankapalooza engines!!!!!!!!!!!!!”", "\n\nFor the record: I fully support tanking when a blue-chipper like Anthony Davis is waiting at the end of the tanking rainbow. ", "He’s on that rarefied Kevin Durant/Chris Webber/Tim Duncan/Patrick Ewing “Can’t Miss” level. ", "You do whatever it takes to get Davis, short of committing murder or signing Javaris Crittenton, especially when the league refuses to make easy tweaks to ensure that non-playoff teams won’t shut down their best players for dubious reasons. (", "For instance, if they ever adopted my Entertaining As Hell Tournament and held a 16-team, single-game elimination battle for both 8-seeds right after the season, Portland probably doesn’t shut down LaMarcus Aldridge, right?) ", "But since the league moves slower than Eddy Curry, the following Tankapalooza subplots are in play …\n\n4. ", "After guaranteeing they’d make the playoffs, Golden State subtly went into tank mode a few games ago. ", "Remember, if the Warriors’ pick doesn’t land in the top seven, they lose it to Utah … which is why you can expect David Lee to get shut down any day with “knee tendinitis” or some equally bogus injury. ", "Feel free to start gambling against them if gambling were legal. ", "If teams are going to crap on their fans, we may as well profit from it.", "\n\n5. ", "The Hornets can’t tank because, you know, they’re owned by David Stern. (", "At least for a few more weeks.) ", "Even if they’re better off losing, they can’t. ", "And you thought that massive conflict of interest of the NBA running the Hornets had run out of ways to screw over Hornets fans and embarrass the league. ", "Hah! ", "Think again. ", "Wait, it gets better.", "\n\n6. ", "You might remember New Orleans getting Minnesota’s unprotected pick in the Chris Paul trade … a pick that suddenly became interesting after Kobe so callously blew out Ricky Rubio’s knee and sent the T-Wolves into a free fall. ", "Right now, Minnesota is 25-35 and threatening to drop into the bottom seven; along with New Orleans’s own pick, it suddenly looks like the Hornets might have a bunch of Ping-Pong balls. ", "That’s right, we’re inching closer and closer to the single funniest sports scenario of 2012 … David Stern selling the Hornets to an ownership group that will assume control of the team, and just a few days later, coincidentally win David Stern’s lottery! ", "This doesn’t feel like a massive scandal at all!", "\n\n7. ", "Shifting the other way, you might remember New Jersey stupidly trading its top-three protected no. ", "1 pick for Gerald Wallace last month because he gives them a better chance to acquire Dwight Howard this summer (because Howard likes Wallace or something). ", "I’d argue that they would have had a better chance getting Howard had they (a) parlayed that pick into Paul Pierce or Joe Johnson, or (b) shut down Deron Williams, tanked the rest of the season, and increased their odds to get Davis or Michael Kidd-Gilchrist, rather than (c), you know, giving that asset away for the third-best guy on a lottery team when Portland would have happily made the same trade two months from now. ", "But what do I know?", "\n\nAnyway, the 21-38 Nets find themselves in a funny spot — it might be in their best interests to untank (keep winning so that pick ends up in the 10-12 range instead of the 4-6 range) instead of tank (and hope to get lucky with a top-three pick). ", "And by the way? ", "If the Nets somehow won the Unibrow Sweepstakes (and got to keep that pick), that would be even fishier than the Hornets winning the lottery. ", "Hmmmmm … things “work out” so the Nets move to their fancy new building in Brooklyn with Deron Williams, Jay-Z and the ‘Brow? ", "If there was ever a season for the league to put live cameras in the Ping-Pong room so we could see with our own eyes what happens, it’s this season.", "\n\n(FYI: We’ll be launching “Tankonia” on Grantland next week — basically, following the daily proceedings of this seedy process so you don’t have to. ", "Enough about tanking; let’s get to the good stuff.)", "\n\n8. ", "With Steve Novak leading the league in 3-point shooting — right now, he’s sitting at 46.2 percent, just a hair above Stephen Curry (45.5 percent), Ersan Ilyasova (45.5 percent) and Ray Allen (45.3 percent) — a white dude might bring that title home for the third straight year. ", "Can Novak follow the plodding, Caucasiantastic footsteps of Kyle Korver (2010) and Matt Bonner (2011)? ", "And could there be a bigger cliché than Korver, Bonner and Novak going back-to-back-to-back?", "\n\n9. ", "Carmelo Anthony … he’s back! ", "And looming as “The Guy You Definitely Don’t Want to See in a Seven-Game Series If You’re a 1-Seed.” ", "And ready to (belatedly) own the Big Apple if something good happens! ", "Especially if … (well, I don’t want to step on no. ", "23 yet).", "\n\n10. ", "Speaking of the Knicks, did you know Tyson Chandler has a chance to finish with the second-highest field goal percentage of all time? ", "The Dipper owns the best mark (72.7 percent in ’72) and second-best mark (68.3 percent in ’67), but Chandler is currently sitting at 68.0 percent. ", "Oh, and did we mention he’s been the league’s best defensive player? ", "I continue to believe that the Mavericks left the 2012 title on the table by outsmarting themselves and allowing Chandler to leave. ", "On the bright side …\n\n11. ", "You know those unflattering Lamar Odom/Dallas stories are going to start trickling out — I can’t wait. ", "That reminds me …\n\nWhy did so many media people (including Charles Barkley, which amazed me) temper their recent Odom criticisms by telling us what a good guy he is? ", "As in, “Look, I like Lamar a lot, but … ” What’s to like? ", "He stole $8.9 million from the Mavericks this season, openly mailed in games, crapped on his teammates and waved a giant middle finger to their entire fan base while FILMING A REALITY SHOW AS IT WAS HAPPENING. ", "This wasn’t one of the most egregious cases of player malpractice in recent sports history? ", "I know he was going through some personal issues, but if that’s the case, take an unpaid leave of absence and get yourself together. ", "Don’t keep cashing the checks! ", "You know things are bad when even Vince Carter thinks you’re quitting on the team — that’s like Lindsay Lohan looking down on Amanda Bynes’s latest DUI.", "\n\nWhy would any Laker fan ever say the words, “Maybe we can get Lamar back next season?” ", "Did you not just see what happened? ", "Why would anyone want this guy? ", "The Mavericks have one of the best four or five organizations in the entire league and Lamar spent three solid months hurling his own feces at them. ", "You want him back? ", "Really?", "\n\nHave we ever seen a non-NBA family wreak havoc on the NBA like the Kardashians just did? ", "Not only did Lamar’s career fall apart once he married Khloe, but Kris Humphries’s career nearly fell apart when he married Kim (at the very least, that entire saga cost him a lucrative free agent deal). ", "It’s just too bad the Kardashians didn’t buy the Hornets; they may have finished -6 and 88 next season.", "\n\n12. ", "I know I just wrote a gushy column about them, but man, after watching that bizarre Bulls-Heat game last night, am I wrong to think the Creaky But Lovable Celtics could sneak into the Finals?", "\n\n13. [", "Furiously knocking on wood.]", "\n\n14. ", "When was the last time we had four legitimate candidates for the three All-NBA center spots? ", "You have the Coach Killer (Dwight Howard: 20.6 PPG, 14.5 RPG, 2.1 BPG, 24.3 PER); the Unsung Stopper (Chandler: 11.2 PPG, 10.0 RPG, 1.5 BPG, 18.8 PER); the Up-and-Comer (Andrew Bynum: 18.4 PPG, 12.2 RPG, 2.0 BPG, 23.1 PER, and most important, he stayed on the court this season); and the Wily Old Veteran (Kevin Garnett: since the All-Star Break, 17.5 PPG, 8.7 RPG, 52% FG). ", "Howard has the best stats; Chandler means the most defensively; Bynum was probably the most consistent; and Garnett is having a significant impact on the team that’s playing the best right now.", "\n\nAnd look, I know it’s probably unfolding Dwight (first team), Bynum (second team) and Chandler or Garnett (third team), but man … rewarding Howard for what happened this season just seems wrong. ", "Really, we’re giving first-team All-NBA honors to someone who absolutely might roll over on his team in Round 1? ", "Would Garnett or Chandler ever, in a million years, do that? ", "An interesting moral dilemma for everyone with an awards ballot.", "\n\n15. ", "As you know, the worst signing of the 2011-12 season wasn’t Kwame Brown, Caron Butler or Nene … it was Shaquille O’Neal. ", "Maybe it wasn’t shocking that someone who mumbled his way through interviews for 20 years and rarely said anything interesting would negatively impact the best studio show in the history of sports television, but this will become a major problem in the playoffs when everyone just wants to hear Chuck and Kenny. ", "Can TNT use these next two weeks to teach Shaq to basically do a lot of nodding? ", "We don’t need him to be Chris Bosh, we need him to be Joel Anthony. ", "Just sit there and smile, Shaq. ", "Let the other guys do their thing. ", "Come playoff time, I need me some Chuck and I need me some Kenny.", "\n\n(On the bright side, at least Shaq opens the door for jokes like this one, from Jerzan in San Antonio: “Don’t complain about Shaq on TNT — he’s just rounding himself into shape and mailing it in until the playoffs.”)", "\n\n16. ", "We only have two weeks left of the New Jersey Nets, giving us plenty of time to celebrate some of our favorite Nets-in-Jersey memories. ", "Like the time they used the no. ", "6 and no. ", "7 picks of the 1980 draft for two white guys named Mike (O’Koren and Gminski). ", "Like the time Larry Brown ditched them. ", "Like that one fun Micheal Ray Richardson season before Micheal Ray, um, got banned from the league for life. ", "Like G-Mo’s incomparable beard that made him look like the dad in about 14 different ’80s sitcoms. ", "Like the time they spent back-to-back top-four picks on Dennis Hopson and Chris Morris. ", "Like that one fun Coleman/Drazen/Kenny season. ", "Like that two-month stretch when it seemed like Keith Van Horn was going to be good. ", "Like the time they landed the no. ", "1 overall draft pick during the single worst NBA draft ever (2000). ", "Like two straight NBA Finals appearances that doubled as the worst-rated Finals of the past 30 years. ", "Like the time Vince Carter was stuck playing there. ", "Like the time Lawrence Frank started out went 0-16. ", "Like the time they gutted their future for the CHANCE at teaming up Deron Williams and Dwight Howard. ", "It’s a credit to the Clippers and Warriors that we don’t think of the New Jersey Nets as the NBA’s most screwed up franchise. ", "Let’s hope they have better luck in Brooklyn.", "\n\n17. ", "Even if Rajon Rondo (11.4 APG) is starting to pull away from Steve Nash (11.1 APG) for the assist title, can we have one of those prolonged, respectful standing O’s — you know, like the one Miami’s WrestleMania 28 crowd had for Triple H, Undertaker and Shawn Michaels after their unforgettable “Hell in a Cell” match — for Nashie being in the mix for the title at the tender age of 38? ", "And on a mediocre team that doesn’t have a single perimeter player who can create his own shot, no less?", "\n\n18. ", "Speaking of old guys, Jason Kidd has two weeks left to extend one of the league’s most randomly incredible streaks: For 17 straight seasons, he’s had at least one triple double. ", "Given that he’s only averaging 7.1 points, 5.4 assists and 3.8 rebounds since the All-Star break, I’d say the odds look slim … you know, unless Kobe can bring him to Germany for a quick, um, recharge of their batteries. ", "By the way, I might go for a triple double of Kobe/Germany jokes just in this column.", "\n\n19. ", "I don’t want to jinx it, but Bosh’s Pit has a chance to average fewer than eight rebounds a game. ", "He’s sitting at 7.7 right now that’s not even two per quarter. ", "If he pulls it off, can the Miami fans chant “YES WE DID”?", "\n\n20. ", "That reminds me:\n\n21. ", "One more time, just for fun:\n\n22. ", "I mean … have you been watching Miami???? ", "Their supporting cast might be worse than it was last year. ", "How is that possible? ", "They played Ronny Turiaf 30 minutes last night. ", "Not a typo. ", "Shane Battier, Mike Miller and Udonis Haslem are sharing one fork for three backs. ", "Chris Bosh has turned into a taller Brandon Bass. ", "And the LeBron/Wade dynamic has never been icier or more dueling banjos-ey; last night in Chicago, they did everything but scream “MY TURN!” ", "like my kids do when they’re fighting over the same iPad game. ", "El Heat couldn’t look more vulnerable. ", "Which leads me to …\n\n23. ", "Right now, the Knicks are trailing Philly by one game for the seventh playoff spot. ", "They feature a suddenly hot scorer (Carmelo’s last 10 games: 28.5 PPG) who truly believes he’s on the same level as Wade and LeBron, as well as a defensive stopper who knows how to beat them (Chandler), an elite perimeter defender who can defend both Wade and LeBron (Iman Shumpert), and a bloodthirsty crowd that will absolutely, unequivocally show up in full force for Games 3, 4 and 6 (the Knicks fans). ", "It’s giving me goose bumps just thinking about it. ", "Imagine the Knicks improbably taking a 3-2 lead home for Game 6, and imagine THAT crowd. ", "On a scale of 1 to the “Boom Goes the Dynamite” Guy, how terrified do you think LeBron will be during crunch time of that game? ", "Even the chance this might happen has me fired up. ", "Let’s see it once and for all, LeBron … do you have “it” or not?", "\n\n24. ", "In case you were wondering, here are my dream Round 1 matchups (and the ones I think you should root for, although it’s a free country and you should do whatever you want):\n\nChicago (1) vs. Milwaukee (8): This won’t happen because Philly is getting in, but still … the Whatever Highway That Is series would have been fun.", "\n\nMiami (2) vs. New York (7): Cross your fingers.", "\n\nBoston (3) vs. Orlando (6): What better way to send Howard packing?", "\n\nIndiana (4) vs. Atlanta (5): Atlanta keeps alive its streak of having the majority of its playoff games appear on NBA TV (one of my favorite spring traditions, right up there with the hockey playoffs, Halter Top Day and getting drunk while on hay fever meds). ", "More important, this sets up Indy-Chicago and Miami-Boston for Round 2. ", "Trust me, those are the matchups we want. ", "Bad blood all the way around.", "\n\nOklahoma City (1) vs. Denver (8): Up and down, run and gun, get the F out of the way. ", "Durant and Westbrook could average 70 combined, and also, we might have the Greatest Block That Ever Happened with Serge Ibaka and JaVale McGee involved. ", "This is another “cross your fingers” matchup.", "\n\nSan Antonio (2) vs. Dallas (7): Texas in the house!!! ", "One last Nowitzki-Duncan battle for old times’ sake.", "\n\nL.A. Lakers (3) vs. Houston (6): An interesting one because you’d have The Team That Isn’t Going to Beat Itself (Houston) playing The Volatile and Aging Contender That Could End Up Beating Itself at Any Time (the Lakers). ", "I live in Los Angeles and have yet to meet a Lakers fan who’d trust Mike Brown to place a Starbucks order, much less coach their team for an entire playoff series.", "\n\nL.A. Clippers (4) vs. Memphis (5): As a Clippers season-ticket holder, this is my worst-case scenario because (a) Memphis has a better team, (b) Memphis doesn’t have Vinny Del Negro, and (c) if the Clips blow this series, they’ll really be blowing our chance to see a Clippers-Lakers Big Brother/Little Brother chippy slugfest in Round 2 3. ", "But this would be an incredibly entertaining series, wouldn’t it?", "\n\n25. ", "Again, Lakers-Clippers is in play. ", "Let’s dust off the checkers board for Del Negro and Brown to be safe.", "\n\n26. ", "You realize Memphis is “The Team Absolutely No One Wants to Play in the West” despite the fact that they (a) spent the second pick in 2009 on Hasheem Thabeet, (b) traded Kevin Love for O.J. Mayo in 2008, and (c) teamed up Zach Randolph and Gilbert Arenas, a move that would have violated the Geneva Convention as recently as 18 months ago? ", "If they rig this correctly, they could draw the super-beatable Clips in Round 1 and Oklahoma City (a team they should have beaten last spring) in Round 2. ", "I thought they would make the Finals in December; I feel even more strongly about that in April. ", "Just sayin’.", "\n\n27. ", "I can’t believe I haven’t mentioned Goran Dragic’s epic free agency run yet! ", "Thrust into Houston’s starting lineup with Kyle Lowry sidelined, Dragic morphed into a delightful cross between Steve Nash, Manu Ginobili and Tiny Archibald and helped keep Houston’s playoff hopes glimmering. ", "In 20 games as a starter, he’s averaging 18.2 points and 8.7 assists with 50/42/84 shooting splits, and that doesn’t even tell the whole story because he’s a killer at the end of games. ", "According to 82games.com, he’s shooting a sizzling 70 percent in crunch time. ", "Seventy percent!!!!", "\n\nGiven that he’s only 25, what’s Dragic worth on the open market to a team with cap space like Portland, Indiana, Toronto or Dallas? ", "Or would Houston be better off re-signing Dragic, then dealing Lowry with their two first-rounders (theirs and New York’s) and/or Kevin Martin/Luis Scola for a proven All-Star like LaMarcus Aldridge, Chris Bosh or (in the irony of ironies) Pau Gasol? ", "And by the way, shouldn’t we mention that Dragic (a throw-in for the vetoed L.A./N.O./Houston three-teamer) is now more valuable than anyone in that trade except for Chris Paul and Eric Gordon (the prize of New Orleans’s eventual haul for Chris Paul)? ", "You gotta love the NBA! ", "There can’t be a weirder sport. ", "There just can’t.", "\n\n28. ", "Lest we forget the poor man’s version of Dragic, there’s Chris Kaman’s less-than-epic free agency run for a forgettable Hornets team. ", "The K-Man quietly averaged 16 points and nine rebounds in February and March before tailing off in April (12.5 PPG, 6.7 RPG), but still, if you don’t think he’s earning an absolutely atrocious contract from some dimwitted NBA GM in July, you’re kidding yourself.", "\n\n29. ", "There’s a halfhearted scoring race going on right now between Kevin Durant (27.5 PPG) and Kobe Bryant (28.1 PPG) that’s always a 55-point Durant game or a six-point Kobe-Limping-Around game away from heating up. ", "Has to be mentioned.", "\n\n30. ", "Much more interesting: It looks like Howard might lock down his first Montresor Award, presented annually to the league’s worst free throw shooter. ", "After finishing in the top four for the last five years, Howard finally got over the hump this season by shooting a sizzling 49.1 percent. ", "Poor Blake Griffin (52.4 percent) never had a chance. ", "Congratulations, Dwight. ", "You quit on your team AND the charity stripe this season.", "\n\n31. ", "Most interesting: We’re two weeks away from Shawne Williams officially becoming the first player in five years to play 20-plus minutes a game while submitting a PER under 5. ", "The last guy to do it? ", "Jason Collins in his historic 2007 season: 23.1 minutes per game, an astonishing 3.02 PER. ", "To put that doozy in perspective, John Hollinger rigged his PER engine so that you get a 3.5 just for breathing. ", "Anyway, Williams signed an inexplicably lucrative contract with New Jersey ($6.15 million for two years), then stunk the joint out (20.6 MPG, 28.6% FG, 4.96 PER) for 25 games before getting hurt (he had foot surgery), then got traded (to Portland in the Wallace deal), and yes, he’s out for the season. ", "Pour some skunked beer on your own head, Shawne Williams. ", "You made history.", "\n\n32. ", "You know what’s in total flux? ", "The 2012 MVP race. ", "Since I wrote that column about weighting the MVP trophies 10 days ago, LeBron’s campaign took a hit with Miami struggling, and it’s not like Durant (the consensus no. ", "2 choice), Chris Paul (probably no. ", "3 right now), Kobe (injured) or Kevin Love (just got concussed) seized the reins. ", "It’s starting to look like a Wimbledon platter of an MVP season; the winner will be winning for the always loathsome reason that “somebody had to win.” ", "Unless one of the candidates turns it up these last two weeks.", "\n\n33. ", "You know why you should really enjoy these last two weeks? ", "Because they’ll have an enormous impact on the momentum of the playoffs, if only because this kooky regular season suddenly has no momentum whatsoever. ", "In the East, Derrick Rose’s injuries and Miami’s bizarre identity crisis have left everything wide open. ", "In the West, Oklahoma City responded to everyone making it the alpha dog by promptly blowing four of its next six — to four playoff teams, no less — and then San Antonio jumped in by giving up an unfathomable 30 rebounds to Andrew Bynum in an embarrassing defeat to the Kobe-less Lakers.", "\n\nBy my count, nine teams could win the title: Chicago, Miami, Boston, San Antonio, Oklahoma City, Memphis, the Lakers … and I guess we have to include the Clippers (just in case Chris Paul kicks it up a notch) and Mavericks (just because of Carlisle and Dirk), even if I can’t imagine those teams winning four straight playoff series without major help (and I mean MAJOR help, along the lines of injuries, kidnappings and failed drug tests). ", "Who’s playing the best right now, at this exact moment? ", "Probably … (big gulp) …\n\n[Thinking.]", "\n\n[No way I’m jinxing this.]", "\n\n[Enjoy the weekend.]" ]

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[ "Synergistic effect of age and body mass index on mortality and morbidity in general surgery.", "\nThe elderly population (aged 65 y and older) is expected to be the dominant age group in the United States by 2030. ", "In addition, the prevalence of obesity in the United States is growing exponentially. ", "Obese elderly patients are increasingly undergoing elective or emergent general surgery. ", "There are few, if any, studies highlighting the combined effect of age and body mass index (BMI) on surgical outcomes. ", "We hypothesize that increasing age and BMI synergistically impact morbidity and mortality in general surgery. ", "We collected individual-level, de-identified patient data from the Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative. ", "Subjects underwent general surgery with general anesthetic, were >18 y, and had a BMI between 19 and 60. ", "Primary and secondary outcomes were 30-d \"Any morbidity\" and mortality (from wound, respiratory, genitourinary, central nervous system, and cardiac systems), respectively. ", "Preoperative risk variables included diabetes, dialysis, steroid use, cardiac risk, wound classification, American Society of Anesthesiology class, emergent cases, and 13 other variables. ", "We conducted binary logistic regression models for 30-d morbidity and mortality to determine independent effects of age, BMI, interaction between both age and BMI, and a saturated model for all independent variables. ", "We identified 149,853 patients. ", "The average age was 54.6 y, and the average BMI was 30.9. ", "Overall 30-d mortality was 2%, and morbidity was 6.7%. ", "Age was a positive predictor for mortality and morbidity, and BMI was negatively associated with mortality and not significantly associated with morbidity. ", "Age combined with higher BMI was positively associated with morbidity and mortality when the higher age groups were analyzed. ", "Saturated models revealed age and American Society of Anesthesiology class as highest predictors of poor outcomes. ", "Although BMI itself was not a major independent factor predicting 30-d major morbidity or mortality, the morbidly obese, elderly (>50 and 70 y, respectively) subgroup may have an increased morbidity and mortality after general surgery. ", "This information, along with patient-specific factors and their comorbidities, may allow us to better take care of our patients perioperatively and better inform our patients about their risk of surgical procedures." ]

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