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tomekkorbak

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[ "Effects of music therapy and guided visual imagery on chemotherapy-induced anxiety and nausea-vomiting.", "\nTo reveal the effects of music therapy and visual imagery on chemotherapy-induced anxiety and nausea-vomiting. ", "Behavioural techniques such as music therapy and visual imagery are becoming increasingly important in dealing with chemotherapy-induced anxiety, nausea and vomiting. ", "The study is an experimental and cross-sectional one and performed on a single sample group with the pre-post-test design consisting of 40 individuals. ", "The individuals in the sample group comprised both the control and the case group of the study. ", "To obtain the study data, the following forms were used: the Personal Information Form, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, The Visual Analogue Scale and Individual Evaluation Form for Nausea and Vomiting adapted from The Morrow Assessment of Nausea and Vomiting. ", "In the study, the participants' state and trait anxiety levels decreased significantly (p < 0·05). ", "Music therapy and visual imagery reduced the severity and duration of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting significantly (p < 0·05). ", "In our research, 40% of the patients did not have anticipatory nausea and 55% of the patients did not have anticipatory vomiting during the third chemotherapy cycle during which music therapy and guided visual imagery were implemented. ", "It was determined that complementary approaches comprising music therapy and visual imagery had positive effects on chemotherapy-induced anxiety, nausea and vomiting, which are suffered too often and affect the patients' whole lives adversely. ", "This study is worthy of interest as it has revealed that music therapy and visual imagery which have been proven to be effective in many health problems in different areas are also important, and practical complementary approaches that are effective in getting chemotherapy-induced anxiety, nausea and vomiting under control." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan the accessed website detect if i'm using a Virtualized like machine vmware, vbox, etc?", "\n\nIf i access an website, it can detect if im using a virtual machine ?", "\nMore specifically an Vmware image?", "\nAnd if the website is able to..\nHow can i prevent it?", "\nThankful, Chinchila\n\nA:\n\nThe accepted answer is not exactly correct.", "\nThis can sometimes be done even simply using JavaScript by detecting your screen resolution to detect a windowed operating system as explained here:\nhttp://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2009/04/detecting-vmware-with-javascript-or-how.html\nor by detecting your MAC address (VMware uses fixed MAC ranges) as explained here:\nhttp://jeremiahgrossman.blogspot.co.il/2009/08/web-pages-detecting-virtualized.html\nTo circumvent these problems, don't use re-sized windows and change your machine's MAC address. ", "There are other ways to detect you are in a VM using JAVA applets maybe ActiveX plugins and probably other things as well...\n\nA:\n\nWeb servers can only tell details about the web browsers through their user agent string. ", " Unless you're using a special web browser (unlikely) that detects that it's running in a VM, then the web server shouldn't know. ", " In any case, UA strings are easy to change to whatever you'd like them to be, so you can always pretend to be something you're not.", "\nCheck out this useful Wikipedia article.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "We carry the widest variety of swimming goggles and swim masks. ", "Choose from our top brands. ", "Speedo, TYR, Arena, Cressi, Hilco Vorgee and Aquasphere!", "\nWe also offer prescription swim goggles in various strengths by Speedo, TYR and Hilco goggles which are designed for the individual eye prescription.", "\nSwim masks available from TYR, and Aquasphere.", "\nAny size for the competitive swimmer, the leisure swimmer and the little swimmers. ", "Get into the Swim of things." ]

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[ " Cite as 2016 Ark. 307\n\n\n SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS\n No. ", "CV-16-167\n\n Opinion Delivered: September 15, 2016\n\n PRO SE APPEAL FROM THE LEE\n COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT [NO.", "\n 39CV-15-82]\nBILLY RAY SMITH\n APPELLANT\nV. HONORABLE CHALK S. MITCHELL,\n JUDGE\nWENDY KELLEY, DIRECTOR,\nARKANSAS DEPARTMENT OF REVERSED; WRIT ISSUED;\nCORRECTION REMANDED TO PIKE COUNTY\n APPELLEE CIRCUIT COURT IN CASE NO.", "\n 55CR-77-1 WITH INSTRUCTIONS.", "\n\n\n RHONDA K. WOOD, Associate Justice\n\n Appellant Billy Ray Smith filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in Lee County\n\nwhere he is incarcerated for rape and aggravated burglary offenses. ", "Smith appeals the denial\n\nof his petition. ", "On appeal, Smith contends that the circuit court erred in finding his claim\n\nthat he received an illegal sentence for rape under Graham v. Florida was without merit and\n\ndenying habeas relief. ", "560 U.S. 48 (2010). ", "As Smith was under the age of eighteen at the\n\ntime of the offense, his sentence of life without parole is illegal. ", "Accordingly, we reverse\n\nthe denial of Smith’s habeas petition, issue the writ, and remand to the sentencing court for\n\nentry of a sentence of fifty years on the rape charge in Pike County Circuit Court case\n\nnumber 55CR-77-1.", "\n\n In 1977, appellant Billy Ray Smith entered guilty pleas in Pike County Circuit Court\n\nto charges of rape and aggravated robbery. ", "In 1984, after the trial court granted a motion\n\f Cite as 2016 Ark. 307\n\nfor new trial, Smith was convicted, and he received a sentence of life imprisonment on the\n\nrape charge and a sentence of fifty years’ imprisonment on the robbery charge, with the\n\nsentences to run consecutively.1 This court affirmed the judgment. ", "Smith v. State, 286\n\nArk. 247, 691 S.W.2d 154 (1985).", "\n\n A writ of habeas corpus is proper when a judgment of conviction is invalid on its\n\nface or when a circuit court lacks jurisdiction over the cause. ", "Philyaw v. Kelley, 2015 Ark.\n\n465, 477 S.W.3d 503. ", "Under our statute, a petitioner for the writ who, as in this case, does\n\nnot allege his actual innocence and proceed under Act 1780 of 2001 Acts of Arkansas must\n\nplead either the facial invalidity of the judgment or the lack of jurisdiction by the trial court\n\nand make a showing by affidavit or other evidence of probable cause to believe that he is\n\nillegally detained. ", "Ark. Code Ann. § ", "16-112-103(a)(1) (Repl. ", "2006). ", "Unless the petitioner\n\nin proceedings for a writ of habeas corpus can show that the trial court lacked jurisdiction\n\nor that the commitment was invalid on its face, there is no basis for a finding that a writ of\n\nhabeas corpus should issue. ", "Fields v. Hobbs, 2013 Ark. 416. ", "Smith has made both such\n\nshowings because he demonstrated that his sentence was illegal.", "\n\n A circuit court’s grant or denial of habeas relief will not be reversed unless the court’s\n\nfindings are clearly erroneous. ", "Hobbs v. Gordon, 2014 Ark. 225, 434 S.W.3d 364. ", "A finding\n\nis clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the appellate court is\n\n\n\n\n 1\n It appears, from a copy of a corrected judgment appearing in the record as an exhibit\nto Smith’s habeas petition, that the trial court amended the judgment in 1988 to reflect a\nforty-year sentence for the aggravated-robbery charge. ", "The judgment as it concerns the\nrobbery charge is not at issue here.", "\n\n 2\n\f Cite as 2016 Ark. 307\n\nleft, after reviewing the entire evidence, with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake\n\nhas been committed. ", "Id.\n\n In Hobbs v. Turner, 2014 Ark. 19, 431 S.W.3d 283, this court acknowledged that,\n\nunder the holding in Graham, the Eighth Amendment forbids imposition of a sentence of\n\nlife without parole for a juvenile offender who did not commit homicide. ", "It is clear from\n\nthe record in the direct appeal that Smith was a juvenile when he committed the rape for\n\nwhich he was sentenced to life without parole. ", "The state does not contest this and in fact\n\nconcedes he is entitled to relief from the illegal sentence. ", "In denying Smith’s habeas petition,\n\nthe circuit court found that his sentence for the rape was not life without parole. ", "The State\n\nconcedes in its brief that this finding was reversible error.2\n\n In Arkansas, sentencing is entirely a matter of statute, and this court has consistently\n\nheld that sentencing shall not be other than in accordance with the statute in effect at the\n\ntime of the commission of the crime. ", "Hale v. Hobbs, 2014 Ark. 405. ", "In addition to the date\n\nthat was listed on the copy of the judgment attached to Smith’s habeas petition, the record\n\non appeal in CR-85-32 clearly establishes that December 31, 1976, was, as an adjudicated\n\nfact, the date that the crime was committed in the rape case at issue, 55CR-77-1. ", "Those\n\nrecords are appropriate for judicial notice. ", "See Bryant v. Hobbs, 2014 Ark. 287 (per curiam).", "\n\n Under the controlling statute, Arkansas Statutes Annotated section 43-2807(b) (Repl.", "\n\n1977), individuals who were sentenced to life imprisonment after the February 12, 1969\n\n\n\n 2\n As the State notes, it is not clear from the circuit court’s order if this mistake resulted\nfrom some confusion over the earlier order on Smith’s guilty plea, or whether the circuit\ncourt incorrectly determined that the sentence imposed following retrial was life with\neligibility for parole.", "\n\n 3\n\f Cite as 2016 Ark. 307\n\neffective date of the implementing act are not eligible for release on parole unless the\n\nsentence is commuted to a term of years by executive clemency. ", "Smith was sentenced to a\n\nterm of life imprisonment for the rape charge on September 18, 1984, and he was therefore\n\nnot eligible for parole.", "\n\n Lee County Circuit Court’s order denying Smith’s petition is accordingly reversed.", "\n\nThe State asks that we remand for the circuit court to issue the writ and allow a return\n\nunder the habeas procedure provided in our statutes, citing Hobbs v. Hodge, 2015 Ark. 207,\n\n461 S.W.3d 704. ", "This case is unlike Hodge, however, because all dispositive facts are not\n\nonly uncontested, but have been adjudicated, and this court is in a position to grant the\n\nrequested relief on the record before it without need for a return on the writ. ", "This court\n\nmay raise an issue of an illegal sentence sua sponte, and it is obligated to correct an apparent\n\nillegal sentence on review on appeal. ", "Barber v. State, 2016 Ark. 54, 482 S.W.3d 314 (per\n\ncuriam) (citing Harness v. State, 352 Ark. 335, 101 S.W.3d 235 (2003)).", "\n\n Smith has established that he was a juvenile who was sentenced to life without parole\n\nfor an offense other than homicide and therefore that his sentence on the rape charge was\n\nillegal under Graham. ", "The rule in Graham applies retroactively to cases such as Smith’s. ", "See\n\nMontgomery v. Louisiana, 136 S. Ct. ", "718 (2016). ", "This court has held that the proper remedy\n\nfor a Graham violation is reduction of the sentence from life to the maximum term-of-years\n\nsentence allowed by law. ", "Turner, 2014 Ark. 19, 431 S.W.3d 283; see also Proctor v. Hobbs,\n\n2015 Ark. 42. ", "Rape under the applicable statute was a class A felony. ", "Ark. Stat. ", "Ann. § ", "41-\n\n1803 (Repl. ", "1977). ", "As such, it was punishable by a term of imprisonment of not less than\n\nfive years, nor more than fifty years, or life. ", "Ark. Stat. ", "Ann. § ", "41-901(a) (Repl. ", "1977).", "\n\n\n 4\n\f Cite as 2016 Ark. 307\n\nTherefore Smith’s sentence on the rape charge in 55CR-77-1 must be reduced to a term\n\nof fifty years’ imprisonment. ", "We reverse the denial of the petition for habeas corpus and\n\nissue the writ of habeas corpus and remand to the Pike County Circuit Court with\n\ninstructions for the court to modify the judgment in 55CR-77-1 to reflect a sentence of\n\nfifty years’ imprisonment on Smith’s rape conviction.", "\n\n Reversed; writ issued; remanded to Pike County Circuit Court in case no. ", "55CR-\n\n77-1 with instructions.", "\n\n Billy Ray Smith, pro se appellant.", "\n\n Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Vada Berger, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee\n\n\n\n\n 5\n\f" ]

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[ "Switzerland’s mighty Aletsch may melt away by end of this century if global warming continues unabated, study says.", "\n\nThe mighty Aletsch – the largest glacier in the Alps – could completely disappear by the end of the century if efforts are not taken to rein in climate change, a study has showed.", "\n\nA team of researchers in Switzerland used cutting-edge simulation to show how the Aletsch Glacier will change as the planet gets warmer, the ETH technical university in Zurich said in a statement on Thursday.", "\n\nThe glacier, which covers 86 square kilometres in the Swiss Alps and holds about 11 billion tonnes of ice, has already seen its tongue recede by about a kilometre since the turn of the century.", "\n\nScientists predict that trend will continue even if the world is able to meet the 2015 Paris Agreement target of capping global warming at “well below” two degrees Celsius.", "\n\nThe ETH researchers said that even in the best-case scenario, the glacier would lose 50 percent of its volume and length by the year 2100, while in the worst-case scenario, “a couple patches of ice will be all that’s left.”", "\n\nAletsch is one of more than 4,000 glaciers – vast, ancient reserves of ice – dotted throughout the Alps, providing seasonal water to millions and forming some of Europe‘s most stunning landscapes.", "\n\nIn a study earlier this year, ETH researchers determined that more than 90 percent of those glaciers will disappear by 2100 if greenhouse gas emissions are left unchecked.", "\n\n‘Much more critical’\n\nGuillaume Jouvet and Matthias Huss at ETH’s Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology applied 3D glacier model simulations for the ice retreat, using different established climate scenarios for Switzerland.", "\n\nThey show the glacier seen from the Eggishorn and Jungfraujoch peaks, which tower 2,927 and 3,466 metres above sea level, as it rapidly recedes over the coming eight decades.", "\n\nThey focused on three scenarios determined by the different concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere.", "\n\nEven if warming is limited to below 2C and the climate is stabilised by 2040, “we have to assume that the Aletsch Glacier will keep retreating until the end of the century,” Jouvet said in the statement, pointing out that large glaciers are very slow to react to climate change.", "\n\nThis, he said, “means both ice volume and length will be reduced by more than half of what they are today”.", "\n\nIf the global community is unable to pull together and effectively limit the planet-warming gases emitted through burning fossil fuels, construction, aviation and mega-farming, the situation for the glacier will be “much more critical”, ETH said.", "\n\nIf Switzerland’s climate warms by 4-8C by 2100 – an “unfavourable but unfortunately fully realistic scenario” – only “a couple of measly patches of ice” will remain.", "\n\n“And Konkordiaplatz, which is directly below Jungfraujoch and still covered in about 800 metres of ice, will be completely ice-free,” Jouvet said." ]

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[ "Radiotherapeutic apparatus and techniques have now developed to the point where it is likely that some form of tracking or gating system to reduce the effects of tumour motion (primarily due to breathing) will soon be feasible. ", "Such techniques offer significant advantages in terms of the treatment of tumours in the chest and lung area. ", "They require, however, a source of information as to the current location of the tumour, during treatment, in real time. ", "As yet, this is not available, a factor which has the potential to delay their introduction.", "\nMost existing respiration correlation systems use some form of surrogate monitoring system which has a fast response time, in conjunction with a correlation to the internal tumour position. ", "In other words, rather than try to achieve the difficult task of monitoring the actual position of the tumour, either a feature in the patient is identified, or a marker is provided, whose position can more easily be tracked and is correlated with that of the tumour.", "\nCurrent surrogate monitoring systems include the Varian RPM system, in which an external marker on the surface of the patient is monitored by a camera, the VisionRT camera-based surface tracking system, the Accuray system using a marker vest and cameras, and our use of a pressure sensor in the abdominal compression plate (see WO2008/040379).", "\nVarious problems exist with certain of these systems. ", "One problem is how representative these surrogate monitoring systems are of the internal tumour position. ", "For example, some systems generate a correlation between the position of the external marker and the internal tumour position on the 4D planning CT. ", "Some studies show that this correlation is not stable and therefore not valid after a period of time. ", "The use of 4D CT is useful in that it allows the visualisation of soft tissue target and critical structures, but it can not be easily repeated to ensure the correlation continues to be valid. ", "Additionally, 4D CT generally only uses a few breathing cycles per slice, which gives a low statistical confidence in the result.", "\nThe Accuray system uses oblique kV planar imaging systems to generate the correlation between marker vest and internal tumour position. ", "The system then periodically checks the correlation and repeats this as required. ", "The change in correlation is particularly a problem for this technique due to the extended treatment time. ", "The use of kV planar imaging systems is good in that it can be easily repeated, but it does not easily allow the visualisation of soft tissue target and critical structures. ", "This system also tends to use very few breathing cycles to determine the correlation, which gives a low statistical confidence in the result." ]

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[ "Mercedes have admitted Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso's previous falling out will play a major role in the decision over whether the Spaniard will be recruited for the 2018 Formula One season. ", "With Valtteri Bottas having only agreed a one-year deal with the reigning constructors' champions there could be a vacant seat to fill for the new campaign, with Alonso among the contenders.", "\n\nAlonso was approached in the off-season following the retirement of world champion Nico Rosberg, but Mercedes eventually lured Bottas from Williams to fill the void. ", "The Fin has impressed in his first five races, winning the Russian Grand Prix having started on pole in Behrain.", "\n\nTrending: Conor McGregor and Floyd Mayweather fight draws closer\n\nBut Bottas' future beyond the end of the season is uncertain and could yet see Mercedes make another change to their line-up. ", "Alonso is out of contract at McLaren at the end of the year and is growing increasingly frustrated having failed to finish four times already this term.", "\n\nShould Hamilton and Alonso indeed be reunited it would see the drivers paired together for the first since the 2007 season which saw the pair regularly come to blows at McLaren during the Briton's first year in the sport. ", "Alonso would eventually go on to re-join Renault and Mercedes co-owner Toto Wolff admits the episode might play a role in the decision over whether to enlist the 35-year-old.", "\n\nDon't miss: Tottenham susceptible to losing key stars\n\nView photos Fernando Alonso and Lewis Hamilton More\n\n\"Lewis also plays a role, of course, we need two drivers working together for the team, two drivers that are equal in speed to pressure each other and pressure the entire team to improve,\" he told Marca. \"", "You have to look at everything before you reach a decision.", "\n\nMost popular: 'Physically, mentally, it's tough' says Nadal on Murray form\n\n\"I think the best drivers always accept the challenge and Fernando would clearly be a challenge, but it is much more than Lewis feeling at ease with Fernando, it is the whole dynamic of the team that plays its part and you have to look at the personalities and characters and how they'd fit in.", "\n\nView photos Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso More\n\n\"I think Fernando is a different person today than he was before. ", "The realistic situation is that there are probably other drivers who are would hold priority over Fernando, for the moment. ", "Valtteri and Lewis are the priority, and we look at our juniors, [Esteban] Ocon and the others. ", "He's part of the group, but nothing more.\"", "\n\nWolff however has no concerns over Alonso's ability to match Mercedes' expectations, despite having not won a race since 2013 and claimed just 62 world championship points in the last four seasons. \"", "I am a fan of Fernando [Alonso]'s driving, even if he's not the best then he's one of the best on track,\" he admitted.", "\n\n\"The pace is there and his motivation is the same... I do not think being 35 is a problem. ", "He's towards the end of his career, but that doesn't mean that he doesn't have three or four years left to win races or championships.", "\n\n\"But right now we have a setup in our team that works and the relationship between the drivers is good and if I could choose Fernando the individual, it would be much easier than choosing the Fernando who has all of this historical background. ", "That said, it's something which we would have to evaluate.", "\n\nView photos Toto Wolff More" ]

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[ "Computed tomography images of entrapped epidural catheter.", "\nKnotting and looping of catheters in the epidural space occur rarely. ", "Visualization of a catheter by radiograph or fluoroscopy is not always possible and often inaccurate in locating the knot and/or the loop with precision. ", "We report the case of an entrapped lumbar epidural catheter. ", "Computed tomography (CT) clearly showed a knotted and looped catheter. ", "A 27-year-old woman underwent epidural analgesia during labor. ", "The epidural catheter was inserted 7 cm into the epidural space. ", "After unsuccessful attempts at removing the catheter, a CT scan was performed, and it showed a catheter knot in the epidural space as well as a loop within the interlaminar ligamentum flavum between L3 and L4. ", "This explained why attempts to remove the catheter by manual traction failed. ", "Surgical removal of the catheter was subsequently performed. ", "CT is useful in showing an entrapped epidural catheter and the mechanisms of entrapment. ", "Surgery should be considered when gentle traction fails to retrieve the catheter. ", "CT allows the clinician to localize the catheter with accuracy, thus facilitating surgical follow-up." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nImplementations described herein relate generally to information retrieval and, more particularly, to the determination and processing of queries that include terms of little significance.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nThe World Wide Web (“web”) contains a vast amount of information. ", "Locating a desired portion of the information, however, can be challenging. ", "This problem is compounded because the amount of information on the web and the number of new users inexperienced at web searching are growing rapidly.", "\nSearch engines attempt to return hyperlinks to web pages in which a user is interested. ", "Generally, search engines base their determination of the user's interest on search terms (called a search query) entered by the user. ", "The goal of the search engine is to provide links to high quality, relevant results (e.g., web pages) to the user based on the search query. ", "Typically, the search engine accomplishes this by matching the terms in the search query to a corpus of pre-stored web pages. ", "Web pages that contain the user's search terms are considered “hits” and are returned to the user as links.", "\nSometimes users include more words (“extra words”) in their search queries than are required to identify the information they seek. ", "These extra words often degrade the quality of the search results. ", "Some search engines identify “stop words” (e.g., “a,” “the,” “of,” “is,” etc.) ", "and ignore the stop words when they are included in a search query. ", "Other search engines identify “common words” by analyzing a corpus based on term frequency (TF) or inverse document frequency (IDF) and ignore the common words when they are included in a search query. ", "Sometimes these techniques fail to lead to quality search results." ]

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[ "This invention relates generally to transdermal drug delivery systems, and more particularly, to a transdermal drug delivery composition wherein a blend of polymers is utilized to affect the rate of drug delivery from the composition. ", "More specifically, a plurality of polymers having differing solubility parameters, preferably immiscible with each other, adjusts the solubility of the drug in a polymeric adhesive system formed by the blend and modulates the delivery of the drug from the composition and through the dermis.", "\nThe use of a transdermal composition, for example a pressure-sensitive adhesive containing a medicament, namely, a drug, as a means of controlling drug delivery through the skin at essentially a constant rate, is well known. ", "Such known delivery systems involve incorporation of a medicament into a carrier such as a polymeric matrix and/or a pressure-sensitive adhesive formulation. ", "The pressure-sensitive adhesive must adhere effectively to the skin and permit migration of the medicament from the carrier through the skin and into the bloodstream of the patient.", "\nMany factors influence the design and performance of sustained or controlled release drug delivery products, and dermal delivery systems in general, including drug properties, optimum delivery rate, target site(s), type of therapy (short-term or chronic), patient compliance, etc. ", "Among the drug properties which are known to influence the rate of release or permeation, or both, into the skin are the physicochemical properties, including molecular size, shape, and volume; solubility (both in the delivery system and through the skin); partitioning characteristics; degree of ionization; charge; and protein binding propensity.", "\nWhen a drug is contained in a carrier, for example, a pressure-sensitive adhesive for transdermal delivery, the rate of administration may be affected by the rate of release of the drug from the carrier, as well as the rate of passage of the drug through the skin. ", "These rates vary from drug-to-drug and from carrier-to-carrier. ", "A variety of mathematical equations have been proposed in the prior art to describe theoretically the fundamentals of mass transfer phenomena involved in diffusion through a carrier and development of a flux across a membrane such as the skin.", "\nTransdermal drug delivery systems can be divided into two general groups: system-controlled and skin-controlled devices. ", "With skin-controlled devices, net drug delivery is controlled by the rate of drug permeation through the skin. ", "Skin-controlled systems can be further subdivided into monolithic devices and reservoir devices.", "\nGenerally, a monolithic system comprises a drug dispersed or dissolved in a matrix comprising a homogeneous polymeric material of, illustratively, silicone adhesive, silicone rubber, acrylic adhesive, polyethylene, polyisobutylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, or the like. ", "The drug is dissolved in the polymeric matrix until its saturation concentration is reached. ", "Any additional drug, remains dispersed within the matrix. ", "As drug is removed from the surface of the matrix, more of the drug diffuses out of the interior in response to the decreased concentration at the surface. ", "The release rate is therefore not constant over time, but instead gradually decreases as the drug concentration decreases.", "\nThe flux, or percutaneous absorption rate of drugs through the skin, is described by Fick's first law of diffusion: EQU J=-D(dC.sub.m /dx),\nwhere J is the flux in g/cm.sup.2 /sec, D is the diffusion coefficient of the drug through the skin in cm.sup.2 /sec, and dC.sub.m /dx is the concentration gradient of active agent across the skin.", "\nIn order to modify the rate of delivery from a monolithic transdermal device and into the dermis, the prior art has typically focused on selecting a specific single-polymer matrix or a blend of soluble (miscible) polymers. ", "Illustrative examples are the novel polymers described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,898,920 and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,751,087. ", "There is a need in the art to modify the rate of delivery while using commercially available polymer components.", "\nAnother common technique for modifying the rate of drug delivery is the addition of a vehicle or enhancer to the formulation to increase the solubility of the drug within the polymer matrix, such as by adding a co-solvent such as polyhydric alcohols; and/or to change the skin permeability, such as by adding enhancers such as ethanol. ", "There is a further need to be able to modulate the delivery of a drug from a polymer matrix without adding vehicles or enhancers.", "\nThere is no example in the prior art of using a simple blend of adhesive polymers to affect the rate of drug delivery from a monolithic adhesive-based transdermal composition. ", "However, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,814,168 granted Mar. 21, 1989 and a continuation-in-part thereof, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,994,267 issued on Feb. 19, 1991, both assigned to Noven Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Miami, Fla., disclose the use of a multipolymer, specifically an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer or an ethylene/vinyl acetate/acrylic terpolymer, a rubber and a tackifier in a carrier composition to improve the adhesive properties. ", "The composition of U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,994,267 further includes an acrylate polymer in the system for additional improvement to the adhesive properties.", "\nDrug concentration in a monolithic transdermal delivery device can vary widely depending on the drug and polymers used. ", "For example, certain drugs are effective in low doses and therefore the transdermal formulation may involve low concentrations, illustratively, 5% or less by weight of the medicament in an adhesive. ", "Other drugs, such as nitroglycerin, require large doses to be effective and the transdermal formulation therefore, may involve high drug concentrations, approximately between 5 to 40% or more by weight in an adhesive. ", "Low concentrations of medicament typically do not critically affect the adhesion, tack, and shear resistance properties of the adhesive. ", "However, low drug concentrations in the adhesive can result in difficulties in achieving an acceptable delivery rate of the medicament. ", "High concentrations, on the other hand, frequently affect the adhesion properties of the adhesives. ", "The deleterious effects are particularly exacerbated by drugs which also act as plasticizers, or solvents, for the polymeric adhesive material (e.g., nitroglycerin in polyacrylates).", "\nThere is a need in the art for an adhesive composition for transdermal delivery systems which can selectably incorporate low concentrations of drug and deliver same at an adequate and controlled rate or incorporate high concentrations of drugs while retaining good physical adhesive properties.", "\nIt is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide a transdermal drug delivery system wherein the rate of drug delivery from the transdermal composition may be selectably modulated.", "\nIt is another object of this invention to provide a transdermal drug delivery system wherein the rate of drug delivery from the transdermal composition may be selectably modulated by adjusting the solubility and/or diffusivity of the drug in the multiple polymer adhesive system.", "\nIt is also an object of this invention to provide a transdermal drug delivery system wherein the multiple polymer adhesive system is simple to manufacture.", "\nIt is a further object of this invention to provide a transdermal drug delivery system wherein drug-loading of a multiple polymer adhesive system may be selectably varied without adverse effects on drug delivery rate and adhesive properties, such as adhesion, tack, and shear resistance.", "\nIt is additionally an object of this invention to provide a transdermal drug delivery system wherein a novel multiple polymer adhesive system is provided which has desirable physical properties." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Q:\n\nIs there a hook before vim open a filename?", "\n\nI usually open code.h and code.cpp at the same time.", "\nAnd display them side by side vertically in a window.", "\nCurrently I use:\n$ vim -O code.{h,cpp}\n\nIf vim can run some commands(to manipulate filename) just before opening a file,\nI can simply use:\n$ vim code\n\nHow can I write this kind of vim-script?", "\n\nEdit:\nfile_line.vim is great.", "\n\nA:\n\nIn this case, a possible solution is to modify the argument list (see :help\narglist) on Vim startup. ", " It can be done using a VimEnter auto-command that\niterates over the argument list and replaces items not corresponding to\nexisting files with those items concatenated with certain suffixes, as\nfollows.", "\nautocmd VimEnter * call AddArgsSuffixes(['.h', '.cpp'])\nfunction! ", "AddArgsSuffixes(sfx)\n let args = []\n for f in argv()\n if filereadable(f)\n call add(args, f)\n else\n for s in a:sfx\n call add(args, f . ", "s)\n endfor\n endif\n endfor\n exe 'args' join(map(args, 'fnameescape(v:val)'))\nendfunction\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Inhibition of tau hyperphosphorylation and beta amyloid production in rat brain by oral administration of atorvastatin.", "\nAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. ", "The two hallmark lesions in AD brain are deposition of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). ", "Hypercholesteremia is one of the risk factors of AD. ", "But its role in the pathogenesis of AD is largely unknown. ", "The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between hypercholesteremia and tau phosphorylation or beta-amyloid (Abeta), and evaluate the effect of atorvastatin on the level of tau phosphorylation and Abeta in the brains of rats fed with high cholesterol diet. ", "Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normal diet control group, high cholesterol diet group, and high cholesterol diet plus atorvastatin (Lipitor, 15 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) treated group. ", "Blood from caudal vein was collected to measure total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) at the end of the 3rd and the 6th months by an enzymatic method. ", "The animals were sacrificed 6 months later and brains were removed. ", "All left brain hemispheres were fixed for immunohistochemistry. ", "Hippocampus and cerebral cortex were separated from right hemispheres and homogenized separately. ", "Tau phosphorylation and Abeta in the brain tissue were determined by Western blotting (using antibodies PHF-1 and Tau-1) and anti-Abeta40/anti-Abeta42, respectively. ", "We found that high cholesterol diet led to hypercholesteremia of rats as well as hyperphosphorylation of tau and increased Abeta level in the brains. ", "Treatment of the high cholesterol diet fed rats with atorvastatin prevented the changes of both tau phosphorylation and Abeta level induced by high cholesterol diet. ", "Hypercholesteremia could induce tau hyperphosphorylation and Abeta production in rat brain. ", "Atorvastatin could inhibit tau hyperphosphorylation and decrease Abeta generation. ", "It may play a protective role in the patho-process of hypercholesteremia-induced neurodegeneration in the brain." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nC# jitter improvements in future framework versions\n\nI noticed that C# jitter produces measurably slower code than C++ compiler, even if there are no \"managed overhead\" constructs used (such as arrays with checked indexing).", "\nTo quantify it, I timed the following simple loop:\npublic static int count = 1000000000;\npublic static int Main()\n{\n int j = 0;\n for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i)\n {\n j += (i % 2 == 0) ? ((", "i + 7) >> 3) : (i * 7);\n }\n return j;\n}\n\nThis loop takes 3.88s to execute (compiled with /o). ", "Equivalent loop compiled with VC 2010 (-O2) takes 2.95s.", "\nTo verify that inferior code was actually generated I compared machine codes: created a listing (/FAs) from VC compiler, and attached a debugger to C# program (after the loop was completed).", "\nIndeed, C++ version is using some clever tricks. ", "For example to avoid costly multiplication by 7, there is a separate register that is incremented by 7 every loop count. ", "C# version does the multiplication (imul) every time. ", "There are other differences as well.", "\nI understand that C# jitter has a lot less time to compile the code at runtime than VC at build time. ", "But e.g. Java jitter is dynamically optimizing frequently used methods. ", "C# doesn't seem to be doing it.", "\nMy question is: are there plans to improve C# jitter in the future framework versions?", "\n\nA:\n\nRelease builds, VS2008SP1, .NET 3.5SP1, average of 10 tests:\n.NET, x86: 2.646 seconds\nC++, x86: 2.652 seconds\n.NET, x64: 2.352 seconds\nC++, x64: 2.090 seconds\n\nClassic mistakes are assuming that /o is significant, measuring jitting time, running the debug build, testing with the debugger attached so the jitter optimizer is disabled.", "\nThe x64 jitter uses the same trick you mentioned, it isn't unique to the C++ code generator:\n00000030 xor r9d,r9d \n... \n00000059 add r9d,7\n\nA new feature for .NET 4.5 is Profile Guided Optimization.", "\nFuture plans are never shared by a company like Microsoft and there is no point in guessing at them.", "\n\nA:\n\nare there plans to improve C# jitter in the future framework versions?", "\n\nAre you asking if there was in fact a secret meeting last month between Microsoft and Xamarin where it was agreed that while they'd both spent the last decade improving their respective jitters, that from now on they were sick of making things better, and would not bother any more, and MS would re-assign everyone while Xamarin would reject any submitted patches that improved the jitter?", "\nI would say that this is unlikely, and that like every other actively-developed software project in the world, there are plans to improve it.", "\nBesides, if I really wanted to run the code you gave as quickly as possible, I'd hand-optimise it to return 161315136;. ", "Code like that can prove that implementation A is slower than implementation B in a given case, but says nothing about where the people behind either implementation should concentrate their efforts.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "/* Copyright 2015 Samsung Electronics Co., LTD\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\n\npackage org.gearvrf;\n\n/** A version of {@link GVRCamera} with a custom projection matrix. */", "\npublic class GVRCustomCamera extends GVRCamera {\n public GVRCustomCamera(GVRContext gvrContext) {\n super(gvrContext, NativeCustomCamera.ctor());\n }\n\n /**\n * Set the custom projection matrix with individual matrix elements.", "\n */\n public void setProjectionMatrix(float x1, float y1, float z1, float w1,\n float x2, float y2, float z2, float w2, float x3, float y3,\n float z3, float w3, float x4, float y4, float z4, float w4) {\n NativeCustomCamera.setProjectionMatrix(getNative(), x1, y1, z1, w1, x2,\n y2, z2, w2, x3, y3, z3, w3, x4, y4, z4, w4);\n }\n\n}\n\nclass NativeCustomCamera {\n static native long ctor();\n\n static native void setProjectionMatrix(long ptr, float x1, float y1,\n float z1, float w1, float x2, float y2, float z2, float w2,\n float x3, float y3, float z3, float w3, float x4, float y4,\n float z4, float w4);\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nBuild multiple artifacts with different classifiers at once\n\nW want my maven project to produce three artifacts with different classifiers at once. ", "I know that I can produce it with modules etc. ", "This is actually a resources project that I want to produce configuration for DEV, STAGE and PROD environment. ", "\nWhat I want to have is to run mvn:install once and have my.group:resources:1.0:dev, my.group:resources:1.0:stage and my.group:resources:1.0:prod in my repo.", "\n\nA:\n\nThis can be done without profiles if you specify multiple plugin executions and resource filtering.", "\nCreate a properties file for each version in ${basedir}/src/main/filters (e.g. prod.properties, dev.properties) holding appropriate values for each environment.", "\nTurn on filtering for your resources:\n\n<resources>\n <resource>\n <directory>src/main/resources</directory>\n <filtering>true</filtering>\n </resource>\n</resources>\n\nNow add the resource plugin executions. ", " Note the different filter file and output directory.", "\n<plugin>\n <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>\n <artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>\n <executions>\n <execution>\n <id>default-resources</id>\n <phase>process-resources</phase>\n <goals>\n <goal>resources</goal>\n </goals>\n <configuration>\n <outputDirectory>${project.build.outputDirectory}/dev</outputDirectory>\n <filters>\n <filter>${basedir}/src/main/filters/dev.properties</filter>\n </filters>\n </configuration>\n </execution>\n <execution>\n <id>prod</id>\n <phase>process-resources</phase>\n <goals>\n <goal>resources</goal>\n </goals>\n <configuration>\n <outputDirectory>${project.build.outputDirectory}/prod</outputDirectory>\n <filters>\n <filter>${basedir}/src/main/filters/prod.properties</filter>\n </filters>\n </configuration>\n </execution>\n </executions>\n</plugin>\n\nFinally, the jar plugin; note classifier and input directory:\n<plugin>\n <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>\n <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>\n <executions>\n <execution>\n <id>default-jar</id>\n <phase>package</phase>\n <goals>\n <goal>jar</goal>\n </goals>\n <configuration>\n <classifier>dev</classifier>\n <classesDirectory>${project.build.outputDirectory}/dev</classesDirectory>\n </configuration>\n </execution>\n <execution>\n <id>jar-prod</id>\n <phase>package</phase>\n <goals>\n <goal>jar</goal>\n </goals>\n <configuration>\n <classifier>prod</classifier>\n <classesDirectory>${project.build.outputDirectory}/prod</classesDirectory>\n </configuration>\n </execution>\n </executions>\n</plugin>\n\nRunning mvn clean install should produce the properly filtered resources in artifacts with dev and prod classifiers like you want.", "\nIn the example, I used execution IDs of default-resources and default-jar for the dev versions. ", " Without this you would also get an unclassified jar artifact when you build.", "\n\nA:\n\nJust an FYI - put the version number in there to make sure you have the version supporting custom filters. ", "In maven 3 I set mine up like this for example. ", "Without version it didn't work.", "\n<plugin>\n <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>\n <artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>\n <version>2.6</version>\n ...\n</plugin>\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Juice Ortiz\n\nJuan Carlos \"Juice\" Ortiz is a fictional character on the FX television series Sons of Anarchy, played by Theo Rossi. ", "Though Juice displays great technical prowess in some respects, he has also proven to be somewhat simple minded when it comes to other tasks, often garnering him hazing from the other members. ", "His storyline grows after law enforcement see him as the Club's weak link; in seasons 5-6 the Club becomes aware of his betrayals. ", "On his colours, he wears the \"Men of Mayhem\" patch. ", "He is one of three characters killed in the series' penultimate episode, \"Red Rose,\" along with Wayne Unser and Gemma Teller Morrow.", "\n\nBiography\nOrtiz is of Puerto Rican and African-American descent, and is from Queens, New York. ", "Ortiz's sponsor was Jax Teller (Season 2). ", "He was seen as unreliable by Clay Morrow, and is often given menial tasks, such as driving the transport truck. ", "He sports a short mohawk and has matching tribal designs tattooed on each side of his head. ", "According to Gemma Teller Morrow, Ortiz has a sister in Queens, although their relationship seems to be very distant.", "\n\nOn creator Kurt Sutter's official website, he states that Juice has Obsessive–compulsive disorder, and later he develops depression and anxiety which results in a suicide attempt.", "\n\nSeason 1\n\nSeason One began with the Sons of Anarchy finding their weapon storage warehouse being burned down by the Mayans, a rival motorcycle gang. ", "Juice found out that the Mayans own two heroin factories near Oakland and an industrial storage warehouse in San Leandro. ", "He also found out that Marcus Álvarez is the President of the Mayans' Oakland chapter and is most likely leading all of their Northern Californian charters. ", "This information allowed Clay, Jax Teller, Tig Trager and Chibs Telford to locate where the Mayans were storing their weapons and steal them back.", "\n\nTo distract the police from their activities, the burnt down warehouse in particular, Jax, Chibs, Kip \"Half-Sack\" Epps and Juice acquire two dead bodies from the local morgue and set them up in a fake shoot-out. ", "The set-up shooting is made to look like a racist murder involving the Nordics. ", "On the way back to town, they were cut off on the road by a man driving a muscle car. ", "They later caught up with the man at a gas station, and beat him up. ", "The driver then pulled out a pistol and attempted to shoot Jax, but was wrestled to the ground and then surprisingly killed by the station attendant. ", "who hit him with a fire axe. ", "They then stole the CCTV tapes and fled the scene.", "\n\nWhen a Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) agent arrived in Charming and began investigating the club, they moved their weapons to Indian Hills, Nevada, where their brother club the Devil's Tribe are based. ", "Tig and Juice were stuck with the task of stealing a truck to transport the guns in. ", "He drugged the guard dog of the truck yard with crystal meth and then broke in. ", "The drugs only made the dog more fierce, however, and Tig was pursued aggressively as he made his way to the truck. ", "Juice tried to bond with Tig on the journey to Nevada, but Tig, who was too angry that he had been bitten by the drug-crazed dog because of Juice's mistake, would barely talk to him. ", "When they arrived at the Devil's Tribe clubhouse, they were extremely disappointed that they had missed the party.", "\n\nSeason 2\n\nIn Season Two, Rossi went from a recurring guest role to a starring role with his name in the opening credits.", "\n\nWhile SAMCRO was locked up in county jail due to the botched raid on L.O.A.N. Clay bartered for protection. ", "Of the two tasks that needed to be completed, Juice was volunteered to draw out an inmate under protective custody by soliciting sexual favors. ", "Juice was punched in the ribs to fake an injury and sent to the infirmary, where the other inmate followed. ", "Left alone with him, Juice managed to get away long enough to open the secured door that allowed the other inmates in to exact revenge. ", "Shortly thereafter Juice returns to the yard but is shanked repeatedly in the back with a shiv. ", "It was said that the stabbing missed his internal organs and he will be okay in time.", "\n\nIn the episode \"The Culling\" he was released from the hospital and was seen with everyone else when the club went on lockdown.", "\n\nSeason 3\n\nIn the fifth episode of the third season, Juice is attempting to sell pharmaceuticals that SAMCRO received from Piney's dealer friend. ", " When trying to pawn off some stimulants to an eccentric friend named Chicken, Juice is severely beaten by the Calaveras MC and his kutte is stolen. ", "His kutte is returned in the episode \"The Push\" when SAMCRO makes a deal with the Mayans MC. ", " Juice exacts a revengeful beat-down on the leader of the Calaveras MC, who ordered his attack. ", "He went to Belfast to help find Jax's son Abel. ", "When SAMCRO goes on a protection run with SAMBEL in an attempt to get close to Jimmy, Jax tells Juice and Happy to keep an eye on O'Neill, SAMBEL Sergeant at Arms. ", "When they see that Jimmy's crew has locked the Sons in the barn they attempt to shoot the lock off but the truck holding the guns the Sons are protecting crash through the door and explodes killing members of the True IRA and SAMBEL. ", "The Sons suspect O'Neill and tortures him for information with the help of Sean Casey. ", "After a show down between the Sons and Jimmy's crew Juice watches along with the rest of SAMCRO as Clay kills McGee, SAMBEL President, for betraying the club. ", "When they finally get Abel back they head back to Charming and are now trying to find Salazar to get Tara back. ", "When they find a Mexican woman who doesn't speak English, it is revealed that Juice doesn't speak a word of Spanish. ", "In the season finale SAMCRO is trying to take care all business before they go to prison. ", "They are trying to locate Jimmy for both retaliation and a deal they have set up with the real IRA Council to expand SAMCRO's gun business when they find out that it will cost the club $2 million to get Jimmy from the Russians, which the club does not have. ", "When Chuck shows the club that he has $5 million in counterfeit currency they use it to pay the Russians, but before masking with $250,000 of real money which Jax managed to get. ", "After the club gets Jimmy there is a chase and shoot out between SAMCRO and the Russians, but SAMCRO manages to get away when the Russians spot ATF and decides to retreat. ", "While at the garage ATF shows up at the garage and demands Jimmy. ", "With orders from Clay, Juice and Tig take Jimmy out of the trunk of Tara's car. ", "When asked by Clay how ATF knew where to find Jimmy, Stahl reveals that Jax has been working with her. ", "Juice is upset along with the rest of the club about this information and he reminds Jax that Jimmy is responsible for the death of five of their Irish members. ", "While the club is being taken into custody for their weapons charges Juice and rest of the club is seen looking at Jax with hate in their eyes. ", "It later revealed the club's anger was all an act and Jax's deal was a plot to kill her and Jimmy the entire time. ", "When the plan is carried out and both targets are killed the prospects lets SAMCRO know by honking their horns. ", "Juice and the rest of SAMCRO celebrate by laughing in back of the van.", "\n\nSeason 4\n\nIn the beginning of episode 1, Juice is one of many SAMCRO members released from prison. ", "He also stated that he's getting Opie a 20-day pass to a colonic spa, of which he is a part owner. ", "Juice later accompanies Chibs, Bobby, and Happy to retrieve guns from the Russian Mob but only to turn on them and kill them, making this the first time he has killed someone during the series for SAMCRO. ", "Unknown to them, one of the people they killed turned out to be an undercover FBI agent.", "\n\nJuice is targeted by AUSA Potter and Sheriff Roosevelt as a potential weak link in the club, as they discover his father is African-American, making Juice half-black instead of Puerto Rican as he claimed. ", "Roosevelt confronts Juice with this fact, pointing out that if this became common knowledge Juice would be expelled from SAMCRO. ", "Because of this fear, Juice begins to work with Roosevelt. ", "Roosevelt tells Juice that he wants a sample of the cocaine that SAMCRO is trafficking so he can begin to build his case.", "\n\nWhile SAMCRO and the Mayans guarded some cocaine bricks for Romeo at Elliot's warehouse, Juice takes one of the bricks and hides it in the wooded area nearby so he can later take it to Roosevelt. ", "The next day, the club realizes that it is gone and suspect that prospects Filthy Phil and Ratboy know something. ", "After putting the prospects through several violent tests, Juice starts to feel guilty about the blame being put on the prospects. ", "Juice offers the prospects a chance to put the cocaine brick back and everyone separates to wait and see if the brick is put back. ", "Juice runs out to get the brick of cocaine and starts to bring it back to the warehouse when Miles catches him with it. ", "Juice and Miles fight, with Juice ultimately killing Miles. ", "Juice then frames Miles as the thief.", "\n\nSheriff Roosevelt is instructed by AUSA Potter to entrap Juice, then arrest him for possession of cocaine to further \"motivate\" him to assist the AUSA's investigation. ", "At first, Roosevelt refuses but is threatened by Potter and ends up arresting Juice. ", "Juice returns to the Clubhouse looking apprehensive, and Chibs tells Clay that he has noticed something wrong with Juice. ", "Clay meets with Juice and gives him a \"Men of Mayhem\" patch and tells Juice that he was impressed with the way he dealt with the Russians and Mayans. ", "Feeling guilty and realizing there is no way out of his predicament, Juice disappears for the remainder of the episode, and later attempts suicide by hanging himself from a tree. ", " He survives the attempt due to the tree branch breaking and saving his life.", "\n\nJuice continues to struggle with his devotion to the club and the predicament he is in with his father's heritage. ", "After suffering another conflict Juice finally admits to Chibs that his father is black before being imprisoned once again. ", "Juice later got exonerated due to the RICO case failing.", "\n\nSeason 5\n\nJuice tearfully admits to Clay about his involvement in the RICO case against the club, stealing the brick of coke and framing Miles for it. ", "Later, he admits this and his African-American heritage to Jax, who offers him a pardon in exchange for incriminating evidence against Clay for the Nomad home invasions. ", "Juice agrees and later goes to Clay's apartment looking for the papers that would prove his involvement, but before he could do so Clay arrives. ", "Clay, feeling helpless, says to Juice that he is proud of the way he is helping him, and asks him to watch his back. ", "Feeling guilt-ridden again, Juice goes to Jax and asks him what would happen to Clay if he found the documents. ", "Jax admits it would be the same thing that would happen to him if he didn't do what he was told. ", "In \"To Thine Own Self\" Juice is given a deadline to find the documents. ", "He rummages through Clay's house and manages to find them in an air vent. ", "Jax instructs him to put them back and make sure Clay is not left in the house alone, while he gets the others. ", "He is waiting with Clay, Tig, and Chibs when Bobby calls telling them that Jax has been kidnapped. ", "They leave, but Clay claims he has to take his medication. ", "When Jax returns he tells the Club he was picked up by Romeo to discuss a new deal allowing the Mayans and Triads to take over muling their cocaine and selling their big guns respectively. ", "Juice, like everyone, votes yes on the deal. ", "After the vote, Juice goes back to Clay's house with Jax, Chibs, and Bobby to find the documents gone. ", "Realising Clay moved them, he apologizes to Jax, but is merely punched and sent home. ", "When Clay is voted out of SAMCRO, Juice helps him move all his stuff out as he will be leaving Charming. ", "He rewards Juice for all his help by giving him a gun he greatly values. ", "At the season finale, it is shown Juice gave the gun to Jax, who then used it to frame Clay for the murder of Damon Pope. ", "He is shown saddened by Clay's arrest, but relieved that Jax will not out him.", "\n\nSeason 6\n\nJuice returns to Charming after being away at the Indian Hills charter with Bobby. ", "He is able to earn his way back into good graces of the Club, though he regrets turning on Clay. ", "Chibs knows he can not get rid of Juice but has to \"get right with it\". ", "Chibs beats Juice badly at TM, but is seen at the end of the first episode stitching him up. ", "He later helps Jax and Nero track down Darvany, the mother of a kid who committed a school shooting with one of their KG-9's. ", "They bring her to the cabin, but she grows nervous, grabs a shotgun and attempts to flee. ", "They bind her and gag her, and Jax has Juice smother her and make it look like she overdosed. ", "He later helps Tig and Rat find a group of Nazis who attacked Unser. ", "At the end of the episode, they use their KG-9's to wipe out the entire group of Nazis. ", "When hostilities with the IRA end with Galen killing Phil and V-Lin and blowing up the clubhouse, Jax sets up a meeting with all West Coast SOA. ", "When they are stopped by corrupt cops, Juice immediately begins insulting them and provokes a fight, that causes him to lose his bike. ", "He later takes a new one from the cop's impounded collection. ", "He is told by Jax he has nothing to prove to them, but Juice believes he does. ", "It is seen again when SAMCRO aids the Irish in freeing Clay, Juice runs over and kills one of the guards.", "\n\nA wounded Bobby suggests to an uneven Juice to go to the club and get laid. ", " Despite initial resistance, Juice finally agrees to go, but secretly takes all of Bobby's Oxycontin with him. ", " At the club, Juice takes all of the pills and nearly overdoses, but is saved by Nero and Gemma. ", " Juice has an emotional breakdown and reveals to Nero that Jax ordered him to murder Darvany. ", " Nero later reveals this knowledge to Jax. ", " After Jax makes an agreement with DA Tyne Patterson to turn himself in to save Tara and his sons, he hands leadership of the club over to Bobby and tells Chibs that Juice cannot be trusted. ", " After Gemma disappears, Juice offers to look for her. ", " When saying goodbye, Jax whispers in Juice's ear that he knows that Juice betrayed him, leaving Juice stunned.", "\n\nJuice goes to Jax and Tara's home where he finds Gemma and Roosevelt just moments after Gemma murdered Tara. ", " He shoots and kills Roosevelt before he can call for backup. ", " He is last seen disposing of key evidence from the murders into random dumpsters.", "\n\nSeason 7\n\nIn the first episode of the seventh season, Juice is seen hiding away from SAMCRO following his betrayal to the club, seeking refuge in Wendy's apartment while she is in rehab. ", "Gemma plans to smuggle him out of Charming once she gets the necessary cash together. ", "When Unser finds him, Juice ties him up and locks him in the bathroom. ", "Juice later lets Unser go and Unser decides to help him.", "\n\nUnser arranges for Juice to meet up with Chibs to ask for advice. ", "Chibs tells Juice, \"The best thing you can do now, is stick a gun in your mouth and pull the trigger.\"", "\n\nUnser and Gemma help Juice hide out in a motel outside of Charming until they can get him away permanently. ", "While getting some food from a vending machine on the street, Juice sees news of the massacre at Diosa. ", "He learns it was perpetrated by Henry Lin's crew in retaliation for the Jax and SAMCRO hitting their heroin and guns, which they did as payback for Tara's murder (which SAMCRO believes was done by Lin's order.) ", "As he heads back to his hotel room, he notices a Chinese man getting out of a car in the parking lot and following him up the stairs. ", "He locks himself in his room, and the man leaves.", "\n\nLater, the man returns again and opens the door to Juice's room. ", "He looks around as if trying to find someone. ", "Juice attacks him and shoots him as he tries to leave, believing that Lin's crew has found his hideout. ", "Later, when Gemma and Unser arrive, Juice picks up the newspaper story on Diosa and tells Gemma, \"We did this.\" ", "Unser finds a set of master keys in the Chinese man's pockets—he was an employee of the hotel, looking to see if the room had been vacated since it had only been paid for through the day before.", "\n\nGemma drives Juice out to the desert. ", "She knows he is becoming more and more unstable, and she is unsure of what to do with him. ", "She tells him Nero will help them get Juice to Mexico. ", "Juice, knowing Gemma is lying as Nero would never help him, then crashes the car and takes off.", "\n\nIn the episode \"Smoke 'em if You Got 'em\", Juice attempts to trade intel about SAMCRO to Marcus Alvarez in exchange for transport to Mexico. ", "But instead, Alvarez turns Juice over to SAMCRO in the end of the episode as \"He's a rat and we don't help rats\".", "\n\nThe next episode, Jax surprisingly gives Juice back his kutte. ", "After this Juice fires his gun upon California Highway Patrol and flees. ", "He then gave himself up a mile later when CHP had him roadblock. ", "This is to get Juice on the inside to kill Henry Lin, which he does in the episode \"Suits of Woe\" with the help of the Aryan Brotherhood leader Tully, who uses Juice for sex. ", "Juice is later seen in his cell with Tully snorting heroin as Tully is reading him love poetry. ", "Lin also tells him who gave up the guns in Stockton: Charles Barosky.", "\n\nJuice then meets Jax and relays the information, expecting his promised forgiveness. ", "Jax instead asks Juice for the truth about Tara's death as it is destroying Abel. ", "Full of regret, Juice tells Jax about what happened the night Tara died; Gemma killed Tara in a blind rage and he killed Eli to protect her. ", "The two then came up with the cover story of it being the Chinese as the murder was so brutal it appeared gangland. ", "After he finishes, Jax tells Juice, “Thank you for telling me the truth. ", "I’ll make sure it’s quick.”", "\n\nThe next episode \"Red Rose\", Juice is then offered the chance to kill Tully for the Chinese in exchange for protection. ", "Instead, Juice approaches Tully in the cafeteria and tells him everything before giving him a scalpel. ", "He merely asks \"Just let me finish my pie.\" ", "Tully's men then distract the guards, allowing Tully to stab Juice in the neck with the scalpel. ", "Juice bleeds out and dies.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Sons of Anarchy characters\nCategory:Fictional assassinated people\nCategory:Fictional hackers\nCategory:Fictional African-American people\nCategory:Fictional American people of Puerto Rican descent\nCategory:Fictional bikers\nCategory:Fictional cannabis users\nCategory:Fictional career criminals\nCategory:Fictional drug addicts\nCategory:Fictional characters from New York City\nCategory:Fictional gang members\nCategory:Fictional heroin users\nCategory:Fictional mechanics\nCategory:Fictional murderers\nCategory:Fictional smokers\nCategory:Television characters introduced in 2008\nCategory:Fictional outlaws\nCategory:Fictional sexual assault victims" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nangularjs accordion by default needs to open\n\non click on \"toggle\" i want to toggle the div\na) how to keep the div content by default open / show?", "\nb) onclick how to toggle the class to achieve icon change from down to up?", "\nPlease refer the below fiddle:\nhttp://jsfiddle.net/EhTZW/572/\nHTML:\n<h3>Toggle with AngularJS</h3>\n\n<div ng-app id=\"ng-app\">\n <hr />\n <a href=\"#\" ng-model=\"collapsed\" ng-click=\"collapsed=!collapsed\" class=\"glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-down\">Toggle</a>\n\n <div ng-show=\"collapsed\">I am description for the above title, which was collapsed by default</div>\n <hr />\n\n</div>\n\nA:\n\n<h3>Toggle with AngularJS</h3>\n\n<div ng-app id=\"ng-app\">\n<hr />\n<!", "--use ng-class for conditions-->\n<a href=\"#\" ng-model=\"collapsed\" ng-click=\"collapsed=!collapsed\" class=\"glyphicon\" ng-class=\"{'glyphicon-chevron-down':collapsed, 'otherIcon': !", "collapsed}\">Toggle</a>\n<!", "--ng-show to !", "collapsed for default open-->\n<div ng-show=\"!collapsed\">I am description for the above title, which was collapsed by default</div>\n<hr />\n\n</div>\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Prokaryotic responses to hydrostatic pressure in the ocean--a review.", "\nEffects of hydrostatic pressure on pure cultures of prokaryotes have been studied extensively but impacts at the community level in the ocean are less well defined. ", "Here we consider hydrostatic pressure effects on natural communities containing both unadapted (piezosensitive) prokaryotes originating from surface water and adapted (including piezophilic) prokaryotes from the deep sea. ", "Results from experiments mimicking pressure changes experienced by particle-associated prokaryotes during their descent through the water column show that rates of degradation of organic matter (OM) by surface-originating microorganisms decrease with sinking. ", "Analysis of a much larger data set shows that, under stratified conditions, deep-sea communities adapt to in situ conditions of high pressure, low temperature and low OM. ", "Measurements made using decompressed samples and atmospheric pressure thus underestimate in situ activity. ", "Exceptions leading to overestimates can be attributed to deep mixing events, large influxes of surface particles, or provision of excessive OM during experimentation. ", "The sediment-water interface, where sinking particles accumulate, will be populated by a mixture of piezosensitive, piezotolerant and piezophilic prokaryotes, with piezophilic activity prevailing deeper within sediment. ", "A schematic representation of how pressure shapes prokaryotic communities in the ocean is provided, allowing a reasonably accurate interpretation of the available activity measurements." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "A confirmatory factor analysis of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in coronary care patients following acute myocardial infarction.", "\nThe utility of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) as a screening instrument for coronary care patients following acute myocardial infarction (MI) was investigated. ", "A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the HADS to determine its psychometric properties in 335 MI patients over three observation points (1 week, 6 weeks and 6 months). ", "Internal and test-retest reliabilities of the HADS total and HADS sub-scale scores were generally found to be acceptable. ", "The underlying factor structure of the HADS comprised three distinct factors. ", "Support was found for the use of the HADS sub-scales to assess dimensions of anhedonia, psychic anxiety and psychomotor agitation. ", "The HADS may be a useful screening instrument to assess post-MI patients for symptoms of psychological distress. ", "Further research is required to determine the three-factor structure of the HADS in other clinical groups." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "An immunohistochemical study of centenarian brains: a comparison.", "\nTo evaluate the pathology of centenarian brains, which would reflect the ultimate stage of the aging process, 13 centenarians (M:F=1:12; mean+/-SD, 101.5+/-1.5 years) from the consecutive autopsy series were studied. ", "None had severe dementia compatible with Alzheimer's disease (AD). ", "As younger controls, 20 nondemented (ND) individuals (79.8+/-3.2 years) and 20 AD patients (80.8+/-3.0 years) were selected. ", "In addition to the routine examination including methenamine-Bodian staining, an immunohistochemical study was performed, using antibodies to amyloid beta protein, tau, ubiquitin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), synaptophysin, and Ki-MIP (a marker of the microglial and perivascular cells). ", "No centenarian subjects satisfied the neuropathological criteria for definite AD. ", "The densities of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) were significantly lower in almost all examined subdivisions than the AD patients, and tended to be higher than the ND subjects. ", "Cerebral amyloid angiopathy of the centenarian was less severe than the AD patients, as well as the proliterations of GFAP-positive astrocytes and Ki-MIP-positive microglial cells, and the loss of synaptic terminal density. ", "The relative mildness of the age-related morphological changes in the centenarians compared with the AD patients supports the idea that AD would not be the ultimate condition of the aging process, but would develop through the switching to the pathological process." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Free Syrian Army fighters man a checkpoint in Idlib, to stop members of the al Qaeda-affiliated Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) from entering Haas village, Idlib January 4, 2014. ", "Picture taken January 4, 2014.", "\n\nAt least 200 rebels surrendered to the Syrian government forces on Sunday in a suburb of the capital Damascus, media reported.", "Those rebels from the Free Syrian Army and the Al Qaeda-linked Nusra Front surrendered themselves as the army entered the Barzeh neighbourhood north of Damascus. ", "The army confiscated and dismantled the rebels' weapons and explosive devices, Xinhua reported citing media reports.", "\n\nThe reports, however, did not elaborate on the incident in Barzeh but said that the army killed scores of \"terrorists\" across the country.", "The Syrian troops have been fighting rebels for almost three years. ", "The international community is preparing for the Geneva II peace conference to seek a political solution to their protracted impasse." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Pizotifen Inhibits the Proliferation and Migration of Colon Cancer HCT116 Cells by Down-regulating Wnt Signaling Pathway.", "\nPizotifen, a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist is usually considered as a preventative drug to reduce the frequency of recurrent migraine headaches in previous research. ", "But it is not clear whether Pizotifen exerts therapeutic effect in colon cancer. ", "The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Pizotifen on the proliferation and migration of colon cancer HCT116 cells. ", "We performed cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay to evaluate the effects of Pizotifen on HCT116 cells proliferation, and transwell migration and invasion assays to assess cell motility. ", "Then, flow cytometry apoptosis assay was used to evaluate the effect of Pizotifen on cell apoptosis. ", "Finally, western blot assay was used to determine the changes of Wnt signaling pathway related proteins in HCT116 cells after Pizotifen treatment. ", "The results showed that Pizotifen could significantly inhibit HCT116 cells proliferation, migration, and invasion. ", "The results of flow cytometry apoptosis assay demonstrated that Pizotifen could promote the apoptosis of HCT116 cells. ", "The expression of Wnt3a and β-Catenin protein were significantly inhibited, while the expression of E-cadherin was significantly up-regulated in Pizotifen treated HCT116 cells. ", "Pizotifen may inhibit HCT116 cells proliferation and migration by suppressing Wnt signaling pathway and it may serve as a potential candidate drug for the treatment of colon cancer in the future." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Karl Durspekt\n\nKarl Franz Durspekt (23 November 1913 in Vienna, Austria – 14 February 1978 in Vienna, Austria) was an Austrian football player and manager.", "\n\nAs the son of an engine driver, Durspekt worked as a type setter at first. ", "Later he became a professional football player. ", "When he was a young man, he lived about five years in Rouen (France). ", "He spoke fluently in a French and in a Swedish manner. ", "Further, Sweden became his second home. ", "At the beginning of his career, he played for Admira Wien. ", "During this time he won repeatedly the Austrian championship and the Austrian cup.", "\n\nDurspekt participated in the Mitropa Cup 1934, losing the final to Bologna FC (3:2, 1:5). ", "After the Anschluss that united Germany and Austria in 1938 Admira played for several seasons in the Gauliga Ostmark, one of the top flight regional leagues created through the reorganization of German football under the Third Reich. ", "Durspekt contested with his club Germany's national final in 1939, losing 0:9 to Schalke 04.", "\n\nAfter his time at Admira, he played for Florisdorfer Athletic Club (FAC). ", "During the Second World War, he joined LSV Markersdorf an der Pielach. ", "The club was regarded as a centre d'accueil for draftee soccer players. ", "There are also other well-known German and Austrian soccer players like Max Merkel or Karl Sesta.", "\n\nAfter the War he returned to FAC and ended his career as a football player. ", "He played two international matches for Austria in 1935 (0:0 vers. ", "Czechoslovakia, 3:6 vers. ", "Hungary). ", "After he ended his career, he went on to become a coach. ", "He trained teams in Egypt, Greece, Sweden, Norway and in Switzerland among others. ", "The Lunds BK, FC Locarno (1953–54), Åtvidabergs FF (1956–1957), Grazer AK, IK Start Kristiansand (1970) were some of his stations as football coach.", "\n\nHe died at the age of 64 in 1978.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1913 births\nCategory:1978 deaths\nCategory:Sportspeople from Vienna\nCategory:Austrian footballers\nCategory:FC Rouen players\nCategory:Ligue 1 players\nCategory:Austrian football managers\nCategory:Austria international footballers\nCategory:Austrian expatriate footballers\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in France\nCategory:Lunds BK managers\nCategory:Åtvidabergs FF managers\nCategory:Grazer AK managers\nCategory:PAOK FC managers\nCategory:IK Start managers\nCategory:FC Locarno managers\nCategory:Association football forwards\nCategory:Expatriate football managers in Norway\nCategory:Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Norway" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWebmin - Setting up multiple virtual hosts - Subdomains\n\nCan someone please help me in using WEBMIN to setup virtual hosts.", "\n\nMy current domain www.MYDOMAINLOLFAKE.com currently functions.", "\n\nSettings are as follows -\nApache -\nHandles the name-based server www.MYDOMAINLOLFAKE.com on all addresses\nAddress Any\nPort 80 Server Name www.MYDOMAINLOLFAKE.com\nDocument Root /var/www/html\nBIND DNS Server -\nMaster Zone\nMYDOMAINLOLFAKE.com\nns1.mydomainlolfake.com IPHERE - works\nns2.mydomainlolfake.com IPHERE - works\nmydomainlolfake.com IPHERE - works\nwww.mydomainlolfake.com IPHERE -works\nmail.mydomainlolfake.com IPHERE - works\nftp.mydomainlolfake.com IPHERE - works\nWhat I need -\nsomething.mydomainlolfake.com -- CANT GET THIS TO WORK\nWhat I tried -\nCreate new virtual host\nHandles the name-based server something.mydomainlolfake.com on something.mydomainlolfake.com\nAddress Any\nPort 81\nDocument Root: /var/www/vhosts/something\nWhat happens - \nI create the new VHOST and then ALL address try to go to that new Document root. ", "I need different addresses to go to their respective folders. ", "Can someone please give me better instructions on how to set that up using webmin?", "\nTLDR#\nHow do I make a something.mydomainlolfake.com subdomain work in webmin on my CENTOS 6 web server?", "\n\nA:\n\nHandles all requests to the address seopanel.mydomainlolfake.com:.", "\nAddress seopanel.mydomainlolfake.com:\nPort Any Server Name seopanel.mydomainlolfake.com\nDocument Root /var/www/vhosts/seopanel\nThe above settings inside Apache Management in Webmin allowed me to accomplish what I needed. ", "I can now serve 2 separate virtual hosts.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Question: … Dear Sir, … If I am about to marry a woman from the West, how can I convince her to accept a dowry while she does not desire to take any money from me? ", "Would the marriage be deemed legal in Islam without a dowry? … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nWomen in the West traditionally accept expensive rings as a gift of marriage and you can convince her that this is her dowry and how dowries paid to wives are obligatory as per the Quran to make the marriage legal and valid as per sharia laws. ", "But if she refuse the ring and the idea of dowry in general, it is to be announced (when drawing the marriage contract) that she has ceded the dowry to her husband and the marriage is thus made legal and valid, of course,\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nHating to Engage into Self-Defense Fighting\n\nPublished in September 7, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … Does hating toengage into self-defense fighting mentioned in the verse 2:216 is a general rule or this is a special case in history? ", "What do you think? … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nGod says in the Quran: \"Fighting is ordained for you, even though you dislike it. ", "But it may be that you dislike something while it is good for you, and it may be that you like something while it is bad for you. ", "God knows, and you do not know.\" (", "2:216). ", "Most of early believers in Mecca who converted to Islam were among the weak ones and they naturally liked to adhere to peace and to avoid trouble and fighting; this is why they have put up patiently with persecution, as they used to bear harm and injustices before Islam. ", "When they immigrated to Yathreb, the aggressive Meccan polytheists of Qorayish sent troops to raid, siege, attack, and threaten Yathreb. ", "Early believers in Yathreb were commanded not to resist until military preparations would be at hand. ", "When the command to engage into self-defense fighting has descended in the verse 2:216, many of the immigrants protested and God tackles this stance also in this verse: \"Have you not considered those who were told, \"Restrain your hands, and perform your prayers, and spend in regular charity\"? ", "But when fighting was ordained for them, a faction of them feared the people as God is ought to be feared, or even more. ", "And they said, \"Our Lord, why did You ordain fighting for us? ", "If only You would postpone it for us for a short while.\" ", "Say, \"The enjoyments of this life are brief, but the Hereafter is better for the righteous, and you will not be wronged one bit.\"\" (", "4:77). ", "Thus, self-defense fighting was better for them even if they hated it; otherwise, polytheists would have annihilated and massacred them. ", "Many peaceful persons hate fighting because they fear death and prefer to live in humiliation and persecution instead of dying; they forget that death is inevitable anyway. ", "There are aggressive unjust ones who never hesitate to attack and kill the peaceful and innocent ones. ", "There are also real, pious believers who never fears death and are ready to engage into self-defense fighting for God's sake to stop religious persecution and they never commit injustices against anyone nor would they attack peaceful, innocent people. ", "Of course, Quranic stories mention good and bad examples of human beings that we see in everyday life in all eras and locations. ", "Within the countries of the Muhammadans, tyrants and their soldiers (policemen, security forces, the army, etc.) ", "open fire at armless citizens who in their turn fear to demand their rights because they fear torture, incarceration, and death. ", "Within such situations, there is few people who are ready to fight for their rights, but they are easily massacred or crushed, whereas the vast silent majority never interferes; yet, when the silent majority get encouraged and would not fear death (since it is inevitable and ordained for all human beings), they can face and depose aggressive tyrants. ", "Every person dies in the predestined time and location for his/her death; no mortals and no power could postpone or hasten the timing of one's death ordained by God.", "\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nMedicine with Alcohol!", "\n\nPublished in September 8, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … Is it OK in Quranism that I take medicine (for my kidney stones) than contain alcohol?! ", "It is prescribed to me as the best cure; what do you think?! … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nOf course it is OK; this is no wine at all; you are obliged to take this medicine and God will forgive you since you are not drinking alcohol intentionally nor indeed any alcoholic beverages. ", "Besides, such types of medicine do not make anyone drunk, of course.", "\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nCan I Marry a Jewish Woman\n\nPublished in September 8, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … I am an Iraqi man living now in Turkey, but I have fallen in love with a Jewish woman whose mother is Jewish and her father is an Arab Muslim man; she says she would convert to Islam to please me! ", "What do you think? ", "Does she have to convert in the first place to make our marriage legal?! … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nWe have answered similar questions like this one in many of our fatwas, articles, and videos. ", "Your marriage will remain legal even if she does not convert since both you and her are peaceful persons and NOT terrorists like ISIS disbelieve in peace (Islam in practice means peaceful behavior). ", "Congratulations to both of you in advance.", "\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nTimings of the Daily Prayers Azan\n\nPublished in September 9, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … Are the timings of Azan for each of the five daily prayers known to us exactly? ", "What if I by chance performed the afternoon prayers, for instance, before the Azan? ", "Am I to repeat the prayers, then? … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nThere were never strict timings specified for prayers and Azan; they are all relative timings, except for sunset prayers as one verifies it when one sees sunset; yet, sometimes, one might not be able to see sunsets. ", "Thus, it is OK if you perform the afternoon prayers, for instance, minutes before the Azan or shortly before it; what is of vital importance is to concentrate in prayers in piety and in the fear of our Lord God and to preserve piety for the rest of the day within times between each two of the daily prayers during all your lifetime.", "\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nIs It a Will of the Deceased?", "\n\nPublished in September 9, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … My late brother was also my partner in trade; before his death, he advised me to cede a certain sum which was a many-year debt of another nephew of ours, and this sum was originally the price of goods he took from us. ", "I am the only inheritor of my late brother who was childless; I dislike the idea of ceding the sum of the debt of this nephew and I feel that he must settle this debt and pay it to me; I have not demanded it from him as yet; I asked a clergyman and he told me to honor the wish of my late brother and consider it as its will, and therefore, I should cede the sum to my nephew and not to demand him to settle this debt… I dislike this idea; is it deemed a will of my late brother?! ", "I think not; what do you think? …", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nThis is not a written will, of course, and therefore, this was a viewpoint or opinion of your late brother. ", "You did not actually obey this wish of his while he was alive; if he insisted on it, he should have paid the sum from his own money into your trade/company, but he did not, as we understand from your message. ", "Therefore, you are free to choose between demanding your nephew to settle the debt or to cede this sum and forget about the whole matter once and for all.", "\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nAbout Aisha Again!", "\n\nPublished in September 10, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … As for Episode No. ", "103 of your great show \"Quranic Moments\" (subtitled into English on this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tDcCVi30EUE) about Aisha, wife of the Prophet Muhammad, could it be possible that the narratives of history about her and the Battle of the Camel are untrue? ", "Might these narratives be deemed as fabricated tales? ", "Sunnite authoritative books claim that God commanded Muhammad to marry Aisha! ", "Yet, you assert in your writings that her father, caliph Abou Bakr, was a terrorist tyrant who began the cursed aggressive Arab conquests that violate the Quranic teachings; could this be the reason that historians decided to vilify and insult Aisha because of her father? ", "When I cast doubt on history, we might undermine your views that the four pre-Umayyad caliphs were evil; their history might be fabricated as well, you know! ", "We cannot know the real doers or activators of historical events, but we can still judge the deeds/events using the Quran as a criterion… What do you think? … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nYou are extremely mistaken. ", "We cannot base our historical views (especially condemning deeds of historical figures) on mere guesses, as this contradicts Quranic/Islamic value of justice; besides, we cannot suppose any surmises and conjectures by imagining things related to the metaphysical realm of the past, known fully only by God the Omniscient. ", "In addition, your view contradicts the principles of researching history; we have nothing about Aisha except the Sunnite books of history whose authors deify and sanctify Aisha and the rest of the so-called companions, and we analyze such historical narratives in light of the Quran as the only criterion. ", "Because of the 14 centuries of deifying Aisha and the four pre-Umayyad caliphs, some hearts of people like you still have remnants of such polytheism, leading them to invent suppositions and theories to protect their ''deities'' and defend their honor and stances as they are still deifying such mortals among human creatures. ", "You should bear in mind that within real Islam (Quranism), sanctification and deification are only due to Almighty God. ", "Aisha was the daughter of Abou Bakr, the first one to launch the grave sin of Arab conquests, and she was the first historical figure (after the descent of Islam/Quran) to lead a civil war in Arabia. ", "No one but ignoramuses would deny these historical facts; thus, based on the Quran as the only criterion, we judge Abou Bakr and Aisha as per their deeds and declare both of them to be the arch-enemies of Islam.", "\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nA Comment from Mr. Zachariah Al-Maghraby (1)\n\nPublished in September 10, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … About Episodes Nos. ", "102 & 103 of your very important YouTube show \"Quranic Moments\" (No. ", "102 is subtitled into English on this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PcI6zh6Ous) about Aisha, we encourage and support you for your iconoclasm; real pious people must never sanctify or deify mortals like polytheists; God does not like those who deify Jesus and his mother, Mary, as they are mere mortals, let alone those who deify dozens of saints: Ali, Abou Bakr, Omar, etc. ", "We must not follow the ways of the vast majority of people concerning religion, as per this reminder addressed to Muhammad himself: \"Had We not given you stability, you might have inclined towards them a little. ", "Then We would have made you taste double in life, and double at death; then you would have found for yourself no helper against Us.\" (", "17:74-75). ", "Thus, any prophets/messengers are not holy or hallowed human beings and this applies also to historical figures; we must ponder deeply on this Quranic verse: \"These are nothing but names, which you have devised, you and your ancestors, for which God sent down no authority. ", "They follow nothing but assumptions, and what the ego desires, even though guidance has come to them from their Lord.\" (", "53:23) … Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nThank you for your insightful comment, Mr. Al-Maghraby; God bless and protect you. ", "Indeed, God does not approve of the deification of Jesus Christ, let alone those who deify the co-called companions who rejected the Quran and committed the heinous crimes of Arab conquests under the banner of Islam?! ", "Those human devils distorted the image of Islam to forcibly incorporate their aggression as part of it ; they have ascribed lies to Muhammad and to God and they are the arch-enemies of Islam.", "\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nSame-Sex Marriage, Again!", "\n\nPublished in September 11, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … The Quran does not approve at all of homosexual practices; but what do you think personally of West people who have laws now to legalize same-sex marriages, even in some churches? … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nLegalizing sins are ascribing lies and falsehoods to God. ", "The West people are not the first ones to allow homosexual activities; Sufis among the Muhammadans of the Mameluke Era considered homosexual relations as acts of worship! ", "We refer you to our articles and books about the relation between Sufism and sexual immorality within the Mameluke Egypt.", "\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nBy Your Life!", "\n\nPublished in September 11, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … God says in the Quran: \"By your life, they were blundering in their drunkenness.\" (", "15:72); this means that God swears by the life to Muhammad. ", "Could this be an indication that Muhammad is preferred by God in comparison to the previous prophets and messengers? … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nWe have answered this question before; but let us do this for the last time. ", "The answer is no; let us provide reasons for this answer. ", "God swears in the Quran by many things; and using Muhammad's life in this context NEVER refers to preferring him to the rest of prophets and messengers at all. ", "The Quran indicates that God prefers some prophets and messengers to others, without specifying certain names; this is God's affair not ours; i.e., we cannot possibly know names in this respect. ", "All prophets and messengers are the best human beings and they are above all the other human beings, and God prohibits that people would differentiate among prophets and messengers as per the Quranic Chapters 2, 3, and 4. ", "We refer you to our writings on that topic. ", "God has commanded Muhammad to declare that he is no different from other prophets and messengers; see 46:9. ", "We never know the exact number of prophets and messengers; thus, we cannot know if God swears by their lives or not. ", "God swears by other creatures: stars, figs, olives, and even the unseen minute creatures and galaxies we cannot see; yet, there is no preferring here to something over other things among God's creatures: \"Indeed, I swear by what you see. ", "And by what you do not see.\" (", "69:38-39).", "\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nAmmar and the Unjust Group!", "\n\nPublished in September 12, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … How could we refute the hadith about the companion Ammar being murdered by the unjust, aggressive group? … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nQuranists never believe in any hadiths; the only narrative/discourse we believe in is the Quran. ", "Muhammad never knew the future: \"Say, \"I am not different from the other messengers; and I do not know what will be done with me, or with you...\" (46:9). ", "The hadith you refer to was invented by Shiites who hate the first Umayyad caliph Mu'aweiya. ", "Of course, the Arab civil war led to the flourishing if the fabrications of hadiths by Sunnites and Shiites; this was an intellectual war on the margin of the military one at the time.", "\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nAttacking the Companions\n\nPublished in September 12, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … You are attacking the companions of Prophet Muhammad all the time! ", "Was not there any of them that could be deemed a good, reasonable person?! … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nWe never attacked all of them; within our Friday sermons on YouTube, we have asserted that the Quran talked about the categories of people around Muhammad in Yathreb: hypocrites, those adamant in hypocrisy and hide their disbelief, outspoken disbelievers, and professed believers. ", "We have written within many articles about how history narratives do NOT mention names of good ones during Muhammad lifetime and after his death, who never committed aggression etc. ", "History focuses only on those who perform (bad and negative) deeds and actions that cause radical changes in life. ", "Please read our entire archive (not just some recent articles) and watch all (not some) our YouTube videos before you level accusations at us or pose FAQs we have answered before.", "\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nSunnites and the Mu'tazala\n\nPublished in September 13, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … Could you explain to me why do you prefer the Mu'tazala group of thinkers, who existed in the Middle Ages, to Sunnites, although this group was not Quranists at all? … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nBecause Al-Mu'tazala thinkers (whose group-name literally means \"those who rejected the mainstream thinking\") ascribe their philosophical and religious views to themselves and NEVER to God, to Muhammad, or to Islam; theirs are human views that could be accepted to discarded. ", "Many of them declared rejection of hadiths altogether, because hadiths are never convincing to their minds and indeed to any reasonable minds. ", "In contrast, imams, clergymen, and leaders of the earthly, man-made religions of the Muhammadans ascribe their fiqh views and the hadiths they have fabricated either to God or to Muhammad as part of 'divine' revelation in Islam, and such a lie makes those who disagree with them be deemed as heretics or apostates (which means a death sentence in the Sunnite religion, as 'infidels' are put to death!). ", "Those Sunnites imams and authors who fabricated such hadiths are now deified for centuries as if they were infallible gods! ", "This makes Sunnites feel horrified when Quranists criticize and refute hadiths and fiqh views. ", "One of the chief Al-Mu'tazala thinkers, Al-Jahiz, died in 255 A.H., and Al-Bokhary died in 256 A.H., and this means they had lived within the same era. ", "Al-Jahiz has enriched Arab library with great works that indicate a great mind, and he ascribes his ijtihad / innovative views on religion and on life maters to his mind ONLY. ", "In contrast, the ignoramus Persian man, Al-Bokhary, had invented thousands of hadiths and ascribed his lies within false series of narrators (who were either dead before Al-Bokhary was born or are imaginary figures) to deceive the gullible readers by making them convinced that Muhammad would have said such and such nonsensical narratives. ", "The assumed narrators are long dead before Al-Bokhary existed in the Second Abbasid Era! ", "Yet, the Sunnite masses deify and sanctify Al-Bokhary and his book though they never read it to analyze the myths and balderdash he invented; rather, they hear only hadiths from it in sermons! ", "Even those few Sunnites who read the three-volume book of Al-Bokhary do not are to criticize it; \"...They are just like cattle, but even more errant in their way.\" (", "25:44).", "\n\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe Zamzam Well, Again\n\nPublished in September 13, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … Could the water of the centuries-old Zamzam Well in Mecca be deemed a holy water?! ", "Is it pure water that cures many diseases and it is never polluted, as Sunnites claim in their hadiths? … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nThere is nothing called 'holy' water in Islam; do not pay attention to Sunnite mythology. ", "God describes all water coming from clouds in the sky (and falling on rivers, lands, etc.) ", "as pure and one can drink it and wash things clean with it to purify them and to purify one's body. ", "Water of rivers, wells, seas, lakes, etc. ", "have but one source: clouds in the sky. ", "Nothing on earth, water included, does not contain minute microscopic organisms; we breathe them and they exist on our skin and in the air and on all items in life. ", "Some wells might get polluted for many reasons. ", "It is of course a miraculous act of God that the Zamzam Well goes on for thousands of years in such mountainous area; this is to provide water for pilgrims and sacrificial animals. ", "Yet, there is no such a thing as 'holy' water for cure. ", "Holiness in Islam pertains to God only.", "\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nA Comment from Mr. Zachariah Al-Maghraby (2)\n\nPublished in September 14, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … About Episode No. ", "106 of \"Quranic Moments\" (subtitled into English, on this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEM2-LCKgMs) … I thought deeply for nights and days about the origin and genealogy of the family of (But) till I sank into deep slumber one day and I dreamt that I phoned the \"waiting\" Mehdi, adored and sanctified by Shiites and Sunnites alike to come out of his hidden cave one day, to ask him about the family of (But), but he shouted at me that his name is the ''awaited\" Mehdi and not the \"waiting\"! ", "I ridiculed him that he is 'destined' to wait for centuries inside the hidden cave, never knowing when to get out to breathe some fresh air, as per Shiite myths, and the ''waiting'' Mehdi is an appellation that firs him! ", "This is the ideological myths propagated by clergy to intimidate their followers! ", "The Mehdi interrupted me impatiently in my dream and asked me about my question, and when I told him that I desire to know the origin of the family of (But), he told me that their forefathers are the Bedouins of Arabia who fabricated lies and falsehoods about religion and ascribed them to God and to Prophet Muhammad, and these lies and falsehoods are Satanist and devilish revelations of false and fancy tales and narratives. ", "When I thanked the waiting Mehdi, he yelled through the phone that his name is the awaited Mehdi and not the waiting! ", "He slammed the phone too hard that I woke up in horror! … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nAs usual, we admire very much your ingenious and funny comments; we would like you to write them in the form of articles on our website. ", "Thank you.", "\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nComments from Mr. Abdullah\n\nPublished in September 14, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … (1) I liked the way Dr. Othman Ali recited the Quranic Chapter without singing it, but he should not read too fast in the next video. (", "2) We must not feel saddened by the fact that most 'religious' people are polytheists whose faith is not acceptable; the only monotheists are Quranists who believe only in God's Word, and God says the following to Prophet Muhammad in the Quran: \"But most people, for all your eagerness, are not believers.\" (", "12:103). (", "3) as for the article (in English) found on this link http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=17176, I say that there are many billionaires who never spread corruption on Earth, unlike corrupt affluent ones among the Muhammadans who reject the Quran to adhere to Sunnite/Wahabi myth. (", "4) Some people who pose questions to you, Dr. Mansour, tend to forget that they must never question the divine will expressed in the Quran; some of them aim to cast doubt on the Quran by their strange queries phrased in a way that seek to take the Quran lightly! ", "In fact, questions must be posed to seek further understanding of the Quran by those who believe in it. ", "please do not pay much attention to dubious questions posed by disbelievers. (", "5) Unlike prophets who never asked for any rewards or fees/wages from people for guiding them \"I ask of you no payment for this. ", "My payment is only from the Lord of the Worlds. \" (", "26:109), the clergymen are evil ones who misguide people and seek to get their money! ", "I cannot thank you enough, Dr. Mansour, for guiding me to the Light of real Islam (Quranism) … Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nThank you for your useful comments, Mr. Abdullah; we would like you to write them under our YouTube videos within our channel and within comments on our website.", "\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nBeing Ungrateful for the Bounties of the Lord\n\nPublished in September 15, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … What do you think of some Saudis who throw tons of food items into the garbage on a daily basis? … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nThis is not mere waste and extravagance, prohibited in the Quran, but this is being ungrateful and unthankful to the Lord for His bounties. ", "They should eat moderately (i.e., barely filling their stomachs) and donate money and food for the poor inside and outside the KSA.", "\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nLow People\n\nPublished in September 15, 2017\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … Why in the Arab culture (based on silly hadiths) that people link the near coming of the Hour with low, base, mean people getting filthily rich and building towering edifices? ", "Why good people are poor and are humiliated, whereas the evil ones are on top of the upper-classes of a given society?! … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nAs per the Quran, Muhammad never knew the future and he consequently could not have talked about the Hour or signs of it drawing near. ", "God has commanded him I the Quran to declare he did NOT know the future nor about the metaphysical realm, apart from what is mentioned in the Quran. ", "Social mobility of those who climb the social ladder (whether they deserve it or not, by (dis)honest means, etc.) ", "is a social phenomenon in all eras and locations; some rich people are impoverished and some poor people get rich. ", "This change is reflected in palaces beside huts. ", "It is folkloric in Arab popular culture to link such changes to drawing near of the Hour; this is not Islamic at all. ", "Within the Umayyad Era, Persians were treated as low-class of poor servants, but during the Abbasid Era, they were wealthy masters and military leaders, and this drove Arab poets to feel sorry and to consider such change as part of the signs of the Hour! ", "The same occurred to Turkish leaders who controlled the Abbasid caliphs for a while. ", "Some Ayyubid sultans were submissive to their former slaves called the Mamelukes, when the latter grew too powerful as soldiers and military leaders. ", "The Mameluke sultan Beibars was a mere slave, and his former master became his servant in the palace years later. ", "Egyptians who were free became subjects to Mameluke sultans who ruled them though they were originally slaves bought with money by the Ayyubids. ", "Copts were second-class citizens during the Arab rule of Egypt, but once a Copt converts to 'Islam' during the Mameluke Era, he would ascend the social ladder and assume high-rank posts and he would persecute poor Egyptians of all creeds (even Copts!) ", "and would build palaces beside their huts and houses. ", "This social phenomenon occurs even in the modern era and will go on, we suppose, till the end of days. ", "In Egypt, Nasser allowed the sons of poor peasants to get educated and these sons reached high-rank positions and grew rich, while former landlords grew poor as Nasser nationalized their property and lands. ", "Those Egyptian men who worked in the Gulf monarchies in the 1970s and 1980s grew rich and built huge houses and apartments, etc. ", "upon their return to Egyptian villages, while rich land-owners in these villages grew poor. ", "The class of the nouveaux-riches of rich, uneducated, uncouth philistine people exists till today; this occurred also after WWII, as merchants in Egypt who engaged in trade with Great Britain grew filthily rich more than landlords in villages. ", "The same occurred when the small merchants among the corrupt class turned into millionaires because of the Open-Door policy of Sadat. ", "There are so many examples of what we refer to, and we cannot include all of them in this tiny space.", "\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nWho Are the Family of Imran?", "\n\nPublished in November 7, 2008\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, … I wonder who is Imran and who are the family of Imran mentioned in the Quran? ", "Is Imran the father of Mary? ", "Could a Quranist viewpoint explain this? ", "But how come that Mary is described in the Quran as the 'sister' of Aaron, then?! ", "Is Imran the father of Aaron and Moses as well?! ", "What do you think? … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\nYou are extremely mistaken; do not mix up Quranic stories. ", "If you trace Quranic stories in verses about Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, Aaron, Zachariah, Yahya (i.e., John), and Mary daughter of Imran, you will easily recognize that you are in the wrong. ", "There are centuries between the era of Jacob and the era of Moses and Aaron and centuries till we reach the era of Mary and Jesus. ", "Do not forget that between Moses and Jesus, there are eras of David, Solomon, and Job. ", "The Quranic expression addressing Mary as the sister of Aaron means that people around her protested the fact that she was carrying a baby to which she gave birth though she was not married. ", "This expression might mean that she belonged to tribe of Aaron or that they likened her to Aaron in terms of piety; Jews at the time used to prefer the lenient Aaron to the angry Moses. ", "In light of this, please contemplate these verses: \"Then she came to her people, carrying him. ", "They said, \"O Mary, you have done something terrible. ", "O sister of Aaron, your father was not an evil man, and your mother was not a whore.\"\" (", "19:27-28).", "\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nQueries We Have Answered Before\n\nPublished in March 9, 2013\n\nQuestion: … Dear Sir, (1) I am a Kurdish man living in Norway for 16 years; I cannot take a loan from banks there because of high interests assumed to be prohibited in Islam, but I need to buy a house to settle in it and I have to borrow money from banks! ", "What is your own view? … (", "2) Some people deny Barsakh and quote the verse 6:94 as evidence supporting their view! ", "What do you think? … (", "3) Will dead children enter into Paradise as children or adults? ", "Would they know their relatives? ", "Where do their souls go? … (", "4) Is polygamy ordained in the Quran only for the sake of caring for orphans who lost their father? … (", "5) What is your views regarding dress codes for Muslim women? ", "What is your Quranist view of divorce in Islam? ", "How Tayammum is to be performed?! … (", "6) How come that months of Hajj pilgrimage turned into few days?! … (", "7) Why pilgrimage to the Kaaba is not mentioned in the Bible? ", "Did Jesus, Moses, etc. ", "performed pilgrimage there as they followed the footsteps of Abraham? … ", "Thank you …\n\nAnswer:\n\n(1) Since you are in dire need, you are not committing a sin by doing this, since you are a victim, and sins here befall the moneylenders and usurers; for more details, please read our article (in English) titled \"The Usury Battle \", found on this link on our website: http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=6251\n\n(2) We have said that the Barsakh is a state of deep slumber and timelessness and that no souls in this metaphysical location and state feel anything at all; on the Day of Resurrection, people will feel that they have slept for a day or part of a day. ", "The verses 6:94 and 50:19 tackle the rebuke of angels of death addressed to sinners whose souls are taken from their bodies upon dying. ", "There is no torment in the grave or in Barsakh to dead sinners; read our book (in English) titled \"The Myth of the Torment Of the Grave\", found on this link: http://www.ahl-alquran.com/arabic/book_main.php?main_id=101\n\n(3) Please read our \"Book of Death\"; of course, we understand and infer from the Quran that children will live eternally in Paradise; but God knows best.", "\n\n(4) Polygamy is tackled by us in many subtitled videos and in our previous fatwas; we refer you to them.", "\n\n(5) Dress codes are tackled in detail in our videos of the YouTube show \"Exposing Salafism\" and in previous articles and fatwas. ", "We refer you to our previous fatwas about Tayammum. ", "As for divorce in Quranism, we refer you to our article (in English) titled \"Contradictions in Divorce Legislations between The Quran and The Sunnite Jurisprudence\", found on our Quranism website on this link: http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=15977\n\n(6) We refer you to our book (in English) titled \"Pilgrimage between Islam and the Muhammadans\" found on our website on this link: http://www.ahl-alquran.com/arabic/book_main.php?main_id=90\n\n(7) Jesus, Moses, and all prophets/messengers of God performed pilgrimage to the Kaaba; we have proven this in our book (in English) titled \"Pilgrimage between Islam and the Muhammadans\".", "\n\nA general note: please read our entire archive of previous articles & fatwas and all our books published on our Quranism website before posing repeated questions that we have answered many times before; this way, you will benefit a lot, find all answers you need, and save our time and effort. ", "Thank you.", "\n\nThe views and opinions of authors whose articles and comments are posted on this site\ndo not necessarily reflect the views of IQC." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nExpectation of a continuous random variable explained in terms of the CDF\n\nProblem:\nLet $F_X(x)$ be the CDF of a continuous random variable $X$. Show that:\n$$E[X]= \\int_0^\\infty(1-F_X(x)) \\, dx -\\int_{-\\infty}^0F_X(x) \\, dx.$$\nAttempt:\nA comprehensible explanation of the intuition regarding the expectation $E[X]$ and CDF for a non-negative random is found here: Intuition behind using complementary CDF to compute expectation for nonnegative random variables. ", "\nHowever, I am still at a loss about how to show the general case when $-\\infty < x < \\infty$.\nI am again solving this as an exercise in my probability course and any help is greatly appreciated!", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can also see it by interchanging the order of integrals. ", "We have\n\\begin{eqnarray*}\n\\int_{0}^{\\infty}(1-F_{X}(x))dx=\\int_{0}^{\\infty}P(X>x)dx & = & \\int_{0}^{\\infty}\\int_{x}^{\\infty}dF_{X}(t)dx\\\\\n & = & \\int_{0}^{\\infty}\\int_{0}^{t}dF_{X}(t)dx\\\\\n & = & \\int_{0}^{\\infty}t\\;dF_{X}(t)\n\\end{eqnarray*}\nand,\n\\begin{eqnarray*}\n\\int_{-\\infty}^{0}F_{X}(x)dx=\\int_{-\\infty}^{0}P(X\\leq x)dx & = & \\int_{-\\infty}^{0}\\int_{-\\infty}^{x}dF_{X}(t)dx\\\\\n & = & \\int_{-\\infty}^{0}\\int_{t}^{0}dF_{X}(t)dx\\\\\n & = & \\int_{-\\infty}^{0}-t\\;dF_{X}(t)\n\\end{eqnarray*}\nSince,\n$$\nE[X]=\\int_{-\\infty}^{0}t\\;dF_{X}(t)+\\int_{0}^{\\infty}t\\;dF_{X}(t)\n$$\nthe result follows.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nTar permissions transfer across machines\n\nI have files/folders on Server A, and the users that own them are root and user1. ", "If I pack them into a tar file and move them to Server B, will those permissions transfer correctly to Server B if I have two users named root and user1 on that server as well?", "\n\nA:\n\nOnly if Server A : root and Server B : root, and Server A : user1 and Server B : user1 have the same UIDs (the 3rd field in the /etc/passwd entry)\ntar does NOT store the username, just the UID. ", "UIDs are converted to usernames locally, for the convenience of humans.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "/*\n * Copyright (C) 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.", "\n * Copyright (C) 2006 James G. Speth (speth@end.com)\n * Copyright (C) 2006 Samuel Weinig (sam.weinig@gmail.com)\n *\n * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions\n * are met:\n * 1. ", "Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright\n * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\n * 2. ", "Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright\n * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the\n * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.", "\n *\n * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY APPLE INC. ", "``AS IS'' AND ANY\n * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE\n * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR\n * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. ", " IN NO EVENT SHALL APPLE INC. ", "OR\n * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,\n * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,\n * PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR\n * PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY\n * OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT\n * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE\n * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", "\n */\n\n#include \"JavaNodeFilterCondition.h\"\n\n#include \"DOMNodeFilter.h\"\n#include \"DOMNodeInternal.h\"\n#include <WebCore/NodeFilter.h>\n\nnamespace WebCore {\n\nshort ObjCNodeFilterCondition::acceptNode(Node* node) const\n{\n if (!", "node)\n return NodeFilter::FILTER_REJECT;\n return [m_filter.get() acceptNode:kit(node)];\n}\n\n} // namespace WebCore\n" ]

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[ "Orange County Transportation\nAuthority bus ridership levels have been drastically reduced since\n2008. ", "However, the 2011-2012 year was the first annual period\nsince the recession to show ridership growth, up 1,225,000 riders\nsince 2010-2011. ", "So far, 2013 ridership rates hover just below\nthe previous year’s rates.", "\n\nMetrolink ridership rates have widely fluctuated since July 2008, but have reached\nfour-year highs in 2012 overall. ", "Though ridership decreased between\nNovember and December 2012, year-over-year ridership has greatly\nimproved.", "\n\nBoth Foothill and San Joaquin toll roads hit two-year lows in December 2012,\nthough both are beginning to trend upward, with sustained growth\nover the first four months of 2013." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nJavascript equivalent for Ruby's __LINE__ and __FILE__ constants\n\nI primarely code in Ruby but occasionally need javascript for the browser frontend and use the Chrome console to debug the javascript code.", "\nSometimes it is difficult to follow what code line produces the output, I have to crosscheck at the right end of the line to see the linenumber which is not easy if there is a lot of content, also this linenumber not always corresponds with the line in the sourcefile, there is often an offset when using a template.", "\nIn Ruby you have the __FILE__ constant which contains the sourcecode filepath and the __LINE__ constant with the linenumber of the code being executed.", "\nSo a p [__LINE__, \"what i want to view\"] gives me the linenumber followed by \"what i want to view\". ", "Is there a javascript/Chrome equivalent ?", "\nFor the moment I use \nconsole.log(20, \"what I want to view\")\n\nfor code on line 20 but you can imagine that has to be changed a lot.", "\n\nA:\n\nIs there a javascript/Chrome equivalent ?", "\n\nThere is no equivalent I'm afraid. ", "It just doesn't exist. ", "The line numbers you've referred to that are auto-logged by devtools when you use console.xyz are the closest you get I'm afraid.", "\n\nFor the moment I use\nconsole.log(20, \"what I want to view\")\n\nfor code on line 20 but you can imagine that has to be changed a lot.", "\n\nFWIW, rather than using a line number that (as you say) needs changing, consider using a marker that doesn't need changing but is easily found, e.g.:\nconsole.log(\"*A*\", \"what I want to view\");\n\nThat won't need updating so much.", "\nThere may well be logging frameworks that do a better job, of course. ", "Or it would be trivial to write a pre-processor for your JavaScript files that replaced __FILE__ and __LINE__ with the name of the file and the line number... (Or perhaps a Babel plugin, although __FILE__ may be tricky; the parsing stage retains line number, but since it may well not even know what file the source is coming from or even if it came from a file [as opposed to output of another tool]...)\n\n" ]

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[ "Legendary golfer Ben Hogan had it right: \"The most important shot\nin golf is the next one.\" ", "It's as true in the golf apparel business as in\nthe game. ", "The line is styled, designed and infused with the top-notch\nperformance he demanded. ", "He prided himself on the idea that \"there\nare no shortcuts in the quest for perfection.\" ", "This has become the\nbrand's mantra. ", "The Ben Hogan® collection is reflective of the legend\nhimself - exceptional style sense with a passion for excellence." ]

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[ "If the polls are to be believed, United Conservative Party (UCP) Leader Jason Kenney is poised to be the next premier of Alberta at a time when politics in the province has become increasingly divisive.", "\n\nKenney spoke on Global News Radio with veteran broadcaster Charles Adler on Wednesday and said he has no plans on dropping Mark Smith, a candidate who has come under fire for past remarks that have been labelled homophobic and anti-abortion.", "\n\nAdler acknowledged he has known Jason Kenney for many years and considers him a friend. ", "That said, Adler did not hold back the tough questions. ", "Kenney was grilled about controversies that have ensnared the UCP, including the party’s diversity.", "\n\nBelow is a transcript of Kenney’s interview. ", "Of note, at some points Adler and Kenney talked over and interrupted each other, therefore some parts of the transcription are cut off.", "\n\nStory continues below advertisement\n\nImmediately following Kenney’s half-hour interview, Alberta NDP leader Rachel Notley joined Adler on the program to react and share her views. (", "Audio from that interview is at the bottom of this story.)", "\n\nTranscript of Jason Kenney on Charles Adler\n\nADLER: Mr. Kenney, welcome.", "\n\nKENNEY: Hi there Charles, good to be on the program.", "\n\nADLER: This is a show that I never wanted to do, Mr. Kenney and I think you understand why. ", "We’ve been very good friends for a number of years. ", "I’ve got to ask some uncomfortable questions tonight, but before we do anything else I just want to thank you, knowing that it’s been a tough week at the office for you, a tough couple of weeks. ", "The safest thing to do, especially the night before the debate that’s scheduled for tomorrow, is to just stay away from this conversation tonight. ", "Across the country, most politicians would have stayed away. ", "You’re a standup guy, you’re here and I want to thank you for that.", "\n\nKENNEY: Always happy to be on your show, Charles.", "\n\nADLER: So let’s get right to. ", "We’re going to run a piece of tape here, it’s a minute and 10 seconds and this is the controversial MLA who Jason Kenney has decided to keep. ", "I’ll give him a chance and just a few moments to see if he wants to change his mind about that, but in the meantime this particular MLA has Jason Kenney’s blessing, this was from a sermon that Mark Smith did six years ago:\n\n(Runs clip from Mark Smith’s sermon.)", "\n\nStory continues below advertisement\n\nWhat is love? ", "You know, it’s all around you. ", "I think there’s a real misguided sense of when we try to understand what love is. ", "And we were just at the pro-life conference here, and there are some people that would argue that it is a more loving thing to abort your child into bring it in, unloved, into the world. ", "That’s love. ", "It’s loving to abort your child, to kill your child rather than to have it born and maybe not have perfect life. ", "I mean, Robert Latimer — murdered his daughter and called it love. ", "You don’t have to watch any TV for any length of time today, where you don’t see on the TV programs, them trying to tell you that homosexuality and homosexual love is good love. ", "Heck, there are even people out there, I could take you I could take you to places on the website, I’m sure, where you can find out that there’s uh, where pedophilia is love.", "\n\nADLER: Jason Kenney, when I first heard the piece on abortion and women wanting to kill, and loving the idea of killing — the first person I thought of was Laureen Harper. ", "What would Laureen Harper say, if she heard that and if she heard that the Conservative Party of Canada — which you were a member of, for all I know you’re still a member of it, a senior official in it — if Jason Kenney, who recruited some fabulous talent, if Laureen Harper heard that this was someone that Jason Kenney had recruited: What would Laureen Harper think? ", "Maybe you want to channel that one, maybe you don’t, but I thought I’d start with that.", "\n\nKENNEY: First of all Charles, let me be clear: I find what you just played — and I hadn’t heard this audio tape before — offensive and I condemn Mark Smith’s remarks that he made in his church several years ago. ", "I did not recruit Mr. Smith — he was elected to the legislature four years ago for a different party, the Wildrose party — and so I make no bones about saying that what he said is deeply offensive to many people, and I think objectively so. ", "Charles, I’ve known this person as an MLA, as leader for the past sixteen months and I’ve observed him somewhat distantly for the three years he was in the Legislature before that. ", "I’ve never seen him or heard him, privately or publicly, in that capacity express disrespect a towards anybody or any group of people. ", "To the contrary, he voted in the Legislature for the inclusion of rights within the Alberta Human Rights Act for transgendered people and for sexual minorities. ", "He has supported the right of students to create gay-straight alliances in the schools. ", "He’s written that he believes the Education Act should comply with the Charter of Rights and ensure that students feel safe. ", "So in my interface with Mr. Smith as an MLA, he has demonstrated respect, civility, and he has apologized without reservation for the remarks that he made in his church several years ago. ", "So, uh, Charles, I guess you and I have a difference of view on this. ", "I think that people should not be condemned for life because they’ve said something that is offensive or at some point in the past. ", "He’s, I think, acted as a responsible legislator, he’s apologized for those remarks, acknowledge that they were wrong, and that’s why I think he should ultimately be accountable to his constituents.", "\n\nREAD MORE: Jason Kenney doubles down — still says he’ll keep candidate Mark Smith, who made homophobic remarks\n\nADLER: Let’s just find out what Jason Kenney is made of. ", "What is offensive about those remarks? ", "And we’ll start out with the piece about abortion and women loving the idea of killing children. ", "What is offensive about that?", "\n\nKENNEY: Well I think it’s self-evidently offensive. ", "People do have different views about that issue, Charles, but that’s immaterial …\n\nADLER: That’s not — what’s most important to me tonight isn’t Mark Smith. ", "What’s most important tonight, what’s most important to Albertans tonight, is Jason Kenney. ", "That is the only reason to have this conversation-\n\nKENNEY: Well I don’t, on that, Charles, I don’t believe there’s any woman who chooses to have an abortion with that kind of intent. ", "That’s … deeply offensive. ", "I think women who make that choice do so with a heavy heart, and these are incredibly difficult decisions.", "\n\nADLER: Do you see a woman’s choice to have an abortion — her reproductive choice — is that a choice to murder a baby?", "\n\nKENNEY: I don’t think any woman goes and has an abortion with that intention, with a bad intention. ", "They make choices for lots of …\n\nADLER: But how do you see it, Jason Kenney?", "\n\nKENNEY: I see it as a difficult choice that women make, and that we should not judge. ", "You know, I’ll quote Pope Francis on this: “Who am I to judge?”", "\n\nADLER: So if you were the father of a child, and the child was aborted: Would you say that the person who is the mother of the child, murdered your baby?", "\n\nKENNEY: I wouldn’t offend women who’ve made such a difficult decision, and that’s why I think this language is-\n\nADLER: I’m using this, I’m using this language because several of the far-right, pro-life organizations that are supporting you, Mr. Kenney, that’s how they talk and that’s how they talk to me about why they’re supporting you. ", "That’s why I’m asking.", "\n\nKENNEY: Well again Charles, the law on this question in Canada is settled. ", "There hasn’t been a debate in Parliament since, I think, 1988 on restricting access to abortion. ", "Most of those groups that you’re referring to are focused on things like ensuring that there’s palliative care for people facing end-of-life decisions. ", "But I think the language Mr. Smith used here was over-the-top and deeply offensive.", "\n\nADLER: Alright. ", "On the business of gay love and whether it’s real, whether homosexual love is really love: why is that offensive to you, Mr Kenney?", "\n\nKENNEY: I think the question there got turned around: first of all, let me be clear that I’ve always said that we should never judge people based on who they love or how they pray. ", "We should respect the dignity of all people, regardless of their sexual orientation or sexual identity and … love is love. ", "That people with diverse sexual orientations and identities are people who seek love and relationships, that we should honour and respect. ", "And I’ve been clear, Charles, since I was in Parliament in the mid-2000s and supporting domestic partner legislation that would allow legal recognition of that love and those supportive relationships. ", "It’s true Charles, as I’ve said to you before, that 15 and 20 years ago I supported the traditional definition of marriage, as did pretty much everybody in democratic politics in the western world until pretty recently, from Barack Obama to Pierre Trudeau, to Tommy Douglas and Bill Clinton …\n\nADLER: Well you did more than that, Mr. Kenney. ", "Everyone now knows what some of your activity was about in San Francisco. ", "I mean, you actively participated in an initiative to take away rights from people with AIDS and their spouses, you actively participated in — and were gleeful about — not allowing lovers to visit their dying lovers, dying of AIDS. ", "They couldn’t visit them in hospitals — some of them couldn’t even attend their funerals. ", "And this was something that you were proud of, so that’s beyond what you’re talking about, well beyond …\n\nKENNEY: No, I don’t agree with you, your characterization. ", "It’s true that I put up some posters on campus and handed out some brochures that an initiative campaign that was supported by the majority of voters in the very progressive city of San Francisco, a position that was supported by then-mayor Dianne Feinstein …\n\nADLER: What was the consequence of your action, Mr. Kenney? ", "What was the consequence?", "\n\nKENNEY: So Charles, The reason I took that position is because I was concerned at that time — when I was 20 years of age, 21 years of age in the 1980s — I was concerned that that legislation would lead to change in the definition of marriage, which ultimately, one would argue, it did. ", "And now I acknowledge that the political and social mores has changed on those questions.", "\n\nADLER: In the meantime, AIDs patients were dying alone. ", "No visitors, no visitation allowed and in many cases, they couldn’t even visit them at funerals and of course (interrupted briefly by Kenney, audio garbled) And I could go on here. ", "Mr. Kenney, we could put this to bed immediately if you could only offer a genuine, fulsome apology — I’ll move on from San Francisco — have you ever offered a genuine, remorseful apology for the many people that you and your colleagues hurt with that initiative?", "\n\nKENNEY: Charles, I’ve said that I regret many things I did when I was a young man and I wouldn’t take the same position-\n\nADLER: That’s not an apology, Mr. Kenney, that’s not an apology.", "\n\nKENNEY: If I could just finish, Charles.", "\n\nADLER: Alright.", "\n\nKENNEY: I wouldn’t take the same position today. ", "I don’t take the same position today. ", "I can tell you that what motivated me was not a desire to separate people, that never occurred to me. ", "To the contrary, Charles, at that time, exactly that time I was volunteering periodically on weekends at the Missionaries of Charity Gift of Love AIDS Hospice in San Francisco, and I’m quite sure they didn’t restrict who visited that place, never should have-\n\nADLER: Jason Kenney, you’re on tape saying, in a gleeful way — and I realize you were highly immature at the time — but you’re calling San Francisco “Babylon on the Bay,” you’re calling it “Sodom on the Sea” and you’re giggling about it.", "\n\nKENNEY: Charles, again, I regret the position I took then, and I’ve said I was wrong to do so.", "\n\nADLER: It’s not a position piece, Jason Kenney. ", "It’s a moral compass piece. ", "That’s what we’re talking about here. ", "That’s why I’m asking you questions about ‘why this offends you, or that offends you. ", "How do you really see the choice to abort, how do you really see gay love — that’s why I’m asking these questions, because at the moment — unlike for many years, while you were doing your business with the federal Conservatives, where you were recruiting stars; people that other Conservatives were proud to call Conservative — you’re surrounded now with what I guess is generally called “bozo eruptions.” ", "Ryan Jespersen was on yesterday. ", "He was counting dozens of them, for instance, dozens of “bozo eruptions” and so people, naturally ask the question: Is this the real Jason Kenney? ", "It’s like knock-knock, what did you do with my friend Jason Kenney? ", "That’s what it’s feeling like right now.", "\n\nKENNEY: So Charles, first of all, we have a team of 87 candidates: one of the most diverse teams that’s ever been presented to the people of Alberta in an election. ", "We have Muslims and Sikhs, Hindus and Jews, Aboriginal Albertans, a huge number of new Canadians in what is the largest provincial political party in Canada — that I truly believe does represent the diversity of today’s Alberta. ", "A party I’ve always been clear must respect the dignity of all people. ", "To talk about positions I took over 30 years ago in university… is not what we’re focused on. ", "I expressed my regret for positions I took …\n\nADLER: Alright, well I haven’t gotten an apology yet, so I guess I’ve given it three tries and I’ll quit on that. ", "I was in shock, as many people were, when they heard Mark Smith’s sermon: the misogynistic crap, the homophobic sewage, was shocked. ", "And I was saying that my friend Ryan Jesperson, “All Kenney has to do with this is simply say to Mark Smith, ‘This does not represent Alberta values, this does not represent United Conservative Party values, this does not represent Jason Kenney’s values,’” and Ryan said:\n\n(Plays clip from Tuesday night’s heated conversation with 630 CHED commentator Ryan Jespersen)\n\nStory continues below advertisement\n\nJESPERSEN: “It does represent Jason Kenney’s values and that’s why Jason Kenney’s not doing a damn thing about it, Charles. ", "Jason Kenney is beholden to the Wilberforce Project, he’s beholden to Right Now, he’s beholden to Parents for Choice in Education, he’s beholden to the Justice Center for Constitutional Freedoms, he’s beholden to Ezra Levant and Rebel Media.”", "\n\nADLER: Jason Kenney, I want to give you time for an answer, I just had to reset it for people tuning in now. ", "What’s your answer to the charge — and I think you’ll agree, it’s a serious charge — that you’re not your own person; that all this business about the United Conservative Party is a joke: it isn’t about a union of Conservatives, it’s about Jason Kenney paying his bills; his political bills to far-right groups and their owning Jason Kenney’s mind right now?", "\n\nKENNEY: First of all, that’s completely ridiculous Charles. ", "Secondly, what Mark Smith said in his sermon six years ago does not represent Alberta values, or United Conservative values, or my values — which is why I have condemned them, said that they were hurtful and offensive. ", "You quoted Mr. Jespersen’s, what Ryan Jespersen is saying there — it’s ridiculous. ", "I get attacked, often viciously, on almost a daily basis, by Rebel Media. ", "I have basically no contact with most of those organizations he just mentioned. ", "I am my own person. ", "I am accountable to the members of my party, to my constituents, I’ve been elected in this province, I think eight times with an average 72 per cent of the vote, and I’m leading what is the largest provincial political party in Canada with 160,000 members, with one of the most diverse teams ever assembled in Alberta politics — that is well within the mainstream values of this province.", "\n\nADLER: By the way, you keep talking about how diverse the team is. ", "OK, one group that you haven’t mentioned — and it’s kind of relevant, considering everything else we’ve been talking about — would be openly gay, openly LGBT people. ", "How many of those have you recruited for the United Conservative Party roster?", "\n\nKENNEY: Well, we had openly gay candidates running for nominations. ", "None of them succeeded, and I hope they will next time and I certainly encourage that. ", "We had a LGBTory presence at our founding convention that is very active in our party, we’ve sponsored Pride parades. ", "We’ve made it clear that ours is a party that judges people on the basis of how they treat others-\n\nADLER: I’m just, Mr, Kenney, I’m not trying to be rude, I just want the arithmetic: did you say none?", "\n\nKENNEY: Yeah …\n\nADLER: None? ", "Zero?", "\n\nKENNEY: I’m not aware of any openly gay candidates that got nominated, but I am aware of at least two; two or three I think, who sought nominations. ", "We had very competitive nominations, and a lot of folks from diverse backgrounds, including gay Albertans didn’t succeed in winning the nominations this time, and I hope they will in the future.", "\n\nADLER: What’s the message to openly gay, openly LGBT people in Alberta that there’s not a single one of them on the roster right now for the United Conservative Party, which means not a single one of them will be in government or caucus — if you, assuming you win — I’m just going with the polls right now.", "\n\nKENNEY: The message is, this is a party that believes in equality of opportunity, and we welcomed — and in fact, I actively encouraged openly gay Albertans to seek our nominations, including people who work in my office and I’m proud of the effort that they made. ", "I hope that they’ll win nominations, competitive nominations next time; will continue to have an active presence, an organized presence of gay Conservatives …\n\nADLER: Jason Kenney, do you — I know I sound like I’m in your grill. ", "But I’ve considered you a friend for a long time and I know you’re an intelligent person and you’re politically astute. ", "Don’t you realize that right now, people are screaming back at the radio and they’re saying, “People who hate LGBT people are highly attracted to the party and running for the party, but the people who are LGBT people — the targets of the hatred — they’re not running for the party.”", "\n\nKENNEY: That’s not tr- I’m sorry Charles, maybe you didn’t hear what I just said, which is that we had openly gay Albertans seeking UCP nominations …\n\nADLER: But none of them — none of them — are up for election right now as members of the UCP. ", "Not a single one.", "\n\nKENNEY: Charles, Not everybody who ran for — we had over 340 people running for nominations and only 87 of them were nominated. ", "But here’s the point: I actively, proactively reached out to gay Albertans to encourage them to seek nominations and I know least three who did, including a member of my staff. ", "And I only want to continue to encourage that active participation, including through LGBTory, which is very active in our party. ", "But Charles, coming back to Mr. Smith, to be clear: I condemned his remarks, I find them offensive …\n\nADLER: But he’s running for you, Mr. Kenney.", "\n\nKENNEY: So Charles …\n\nADLER: Condemnation doesn’t mean anything because he’s running for you.", "\n\nKENNEY: Charles, since he was elected I have not been privy to him having said anything offensive to Albertans. ", "On the contrary, He voted for the inclusion of transgender rights in the Alberta Human Rights Act, he openly supported the right of students to create gay-straight alliances in our schools, he’s openly said that the Education Act and system in Alberta must comply with the Charter of Rights-\n\nADLER: Well no doubt, he’s also agreed with peeling back the gay-straight alliance business to what it was a number of years ago. ", "That’s one of the reasons this was extremely controversial last week when you made the announcement. ", "Clearly, there won’t be the same protection for LGBT people and clearly, as far as the private schools, the religious schools are concerned, there won’t be any pressure on them to have gay-straight alliance — not like they did under the law beforehand. ", "I know you’ll say that’s not true, that’s some kind of media spin or NDP spin or whatever, but if that wasn’t the case, LGBT people would not be reacting as they have been for the last week or so.", "\n\nKENNEY: Charles, it’s not spin. ", "In 2014, the Wildrose and PC caucuses — and all of the parties in Alberta’s legislature — voted to create the right of students to have peer-support groups in both public and private independent schools called gay-straight alliances. ", "That law is the strongest legal protection for GSAs of any province in Canada. ", "Your province, British Columbia, has no such laws. ", "There’s only Manitoba and Ontario …\n\nADLER: But if you get in, it’ll be weaker than the law that the NDP passed.", "\n\nKENNEY: Charles, what we’re proposing is the same law the NDP supported and had in place for their first two and a half years …\n\nADLER: But it’s not the law that’s in place right now, Mr. Kenney. ", "Math is math.", "\n\nKENNEY: Charles, once again, we’ll have the strongest legal protection for gay-straight alliances of any province in Canada. ", "You don’t even have in British Columbia under an NDP government …\n\nADLER: This isn’t about B.C. and Alberta. ", "It’s about modern societies don’t go backwards, they go forwards. ", "LGBT people will, under your government, have less protection than they have at this moment.", "\n\nKENNEY: That’s not true. ", "Charles, I suggested that you speak to the parents of a 12-year-old autistic girl who say they’re afraid their daughter wouldn’t be alive today if the NDP amendments had been in place when she needed parental support while she was going through a crisis of her identity around gender dysphoria. ", "I encourage you to speak to the parents whose child was taken out of school …\n\nADLER: I’m not going to argue with parents, I’m not going to say that the story is not true. ", "It’s a story, it’s an interesting anecdote …\n\nKENNEY: They’re before the courts Charles, these are cases …\n\nADLER: I understand that, but many people in the LGBT community feel that you’re using this family that’s going through its own struggles — and we all root for them — many people in the LGBT community right now, Mr. Kenney, feel you’re using this family as a campaign prop.", "\n\nKENNEY: Charles, that’s offensive. ", "This family filed their objections in court to the secrecy that jeopardize their autistic daughter. ", "Charles, all we’re proposing is the strongest legal protections for gay-straight alliances in Canada, but we don’t think Alberta should be the only jurisdiction in North America — perhaps I think the democratic world — that takes a completely adversarial approach to parents in every instance. ", "We do believe there can be some unique circumstances, particularly involving young kids who might be facing emotional and mental health challenges, when a school will determine it’s in the best interest of the child health and safety to seek the loving support of caring (sic) patients [parents.] ", "Now you can try to shout me down about this …\n\nStory continues below advertisement\n\nADLER: I’m not shouting at all. ", "Look Mr. Kenney, we had a bunch of calls last night, we only took a couple of them, because every one of them wanted to gay bash. ", "Every one of them. ", "They were all people who are supporters of yours, and they wanted to gay bash. ", "And all I could think — most of these who were guys — all I could think about was, “I hope they don’t have kids.” ", "But they probably do. ", "But what if some of those kids are gay? ", "Are these the kinds of guys that these kids can talk to? ", "And if they get outed, those kids are in big trouble — I don’t want them to be outed.", "\n\nKENNEY: Charles, nobody is proposing that anybody be outed. ", "A teacher has a professional, ethical responsibility to maintain, in confidence, information that if a child confides in the teacher, about their sexual orientation or troubles they are going through at home, they have a professional obligation to maintain that. ", "That is secret and confidential, personal information. ", "Charles, all we’re suggesting is that Alberta should not be the only jurisdiction in North America that puts into law a completely adversarial relationship with all parents, in all instances.", "\n\nADLER: Why do the LGBT people, the openly LGBT people, why do all of them believe that these kids will have less protection if you’re elected than they have right now?", "\n\nKENNEY: Charles, I don’t accept that. ", "I know gay Albertans who believe there should be a moderate position here. ", "That sometimes — especially with young children — it is in their interest to be able to engage the loving support of caring parents. ", "That’s the position taken here in Alberta by the LGBTory group, for example, and so Charles — not all of these issues are simply black and white we should acknowledge that.", "\n\nADLER: I have no trouble understanding why partisan Conservatives who happen to be gay are on your side on this, but nobody else seems to be. ", "That’s the issue.", "\n\nKENNEY: Well actually, the polling suggests that most Albertans are …\n\nADLER: I’m talking about the members of the LGBT community who are most affected, Mr. Kenney. ", "You know what I’m talking about.", "\n\nKENNEY: Charles, I think most people understand that having the, using the blunt instrument of the law is not always the right way to deal with complex circumstances. ", "Like the case of the child — this is now before the courts — the child who was taken out of school without the knowledge or consent of their parents, taken to a conference in a stranger’s car — who is not a teacher or licensed with the school — those parents are saying, “How could that happen?” ", "That is a reasonable question for parents to answer and parents like that, Charles, will not be called names and shouted down.", "\n\nADLER: I’m not calling anybody names. ", "You’re not hearing me call them names. ", "You’re not hearing anyone called them names.", "\n\nKENNEY: Well there’s been a lot of name-calling on this show, Charles. ", "We can condemn homophobia, we can defend the dignity of all people, we can respect the right of people to love one another, under our current law to marry people regardless of their gender or sexual orientation, we can — as Mr. Smith did — vote for the recognition of transgender rights in law. ", "We can do all of those things while still saying, surely a child should not be taken out of a school by a stranger …\n\nADLER: Why are so many people who bash gays and bash women, why are so many people who bash Muslims, attracted to the United Conservative Party?", "\n\nKENNEY: Charles, I reject that. ", "You know who are attracted to this party, amongst the groups you just mentioned? ", "Thousands and thousands of Muslim Albertans. ", "We have, I believe, four Muslim candidates — and many more that ran for nominations unsuccessfully. ", "As I said before, we have Sikh, Jewish and Muslim and African and Hindu candidates, and yes, we have Christian candidates too, Charles. ", "This is a broad tent coalition that respects, that reflects the diversity of today’s Alberta.", "\n\nADLER: Why are the knuckle-draggers attracted to your party?", "\n\nKENNEY: Charles I’m sorry, you’re just throwing around insults and I regret that.", "\n\n(Plays another clip from Tuesday night’s heated conversation with 630 CHED commentator Ryan Jespersen)\n\nStory continues below advertisement\n\nJESPERSEN: Todd Beasley, who was forced to resign as a candidate for calling of those that would follow Islam ‘Satan worshipers,’ the followers of a pedophile warrior; there’s Randy Kerr who was not removed as a candidate when he called global warming, climate change a hoax — but was removed when he was tied to the scandal around the Jeff Calloway kamikaze campaign; there was Jerry Molnar, who is blocked from running because of his comments about ‘so-called trannies,’ there was Del Shupenia, who is blocked from running because of his comments around anti-Islam; John Carpay remains a member of the party; there was Jeremy Wong — a candidate in Calgary who preached that wives should submit to their husbands —\n\nADLER: Ryan, let me just ask, no I understand, just let me ask a question here because people are listening across the country, I don’t want to be overly parochial — I get what you are saying, but …\n\nJESPERSEN: Don’t you think this is important to point out Charles? ", "That the list is 25 deep?", "\n\nADLER: Twenty-five deep, Mr. Kenney. ", "Once again, I can’t believe when you were helping to recruit people for the Conservative Party of Canada with Mr. Harper and Mr. Baird and all of those other mainstream Conservatives, that you would have had 25 Bozo eruptions in just weeks.", "\n\nKENNEY: That’s rubbish, Charles. ", "You know what, this is just going too far. ", "There’s a list of people, some of whom never actually filed as applicants for Conservative nominations, some of whom were disqualified as candidates months ago, not weeks ago, were never allowed to run. ", "This is a smear job. ", "Listen, I am proud of the candidates who are representing our party, that represents the most diverse slate, certainly ever, of a free-enterprise party in Alberta politics. ", "People of great achievement — I just came from a news comment earlier today with Leila Houle: an Alberta Cree woman who grew up in extraordinarily adverse circumstances, has managed to get ahead and is now a respected member of the public service; with Kara Barker, who grew up, ended up as a single mom, was briefly homeless, but has become a Crown prosecutor from an Aboriginal background. ", "With over a quarter of our candidates who self-identify as coming from visible minority backgrounds, from every faith community in the province, and these people who represent the largest provincial political party in Canada, are not going to continue to be called names in this campaign of defamation. ", "We’ve been clear: the people will not run as candidates, we’ve removed the handful of people — like, three or four out of 160,000 members who have been identified with groups that promote hatred — and I remind you, Charles, my own record is that of the minister of immigration, who welcomed more newcomers to Canada than any immigration minister in Canadian history.", "\n\nADLER: Is Mark Smith your education minister?", "\n\nKENNEY: I am the only immigration minister in history to create a specific refugee program for persecuted gay refugees who have thanked me for saving their lives …\n\nADLER: Is Mark Smith your education minister?", "\n\nKENNEY: Charles, you can go to the comments board of Rebel Media or my own Facebook page, and see me being attacked every single day, supposedly because I support immigration, they call me a globalist, they attack me every single day. ", "Charles, this is a mainstream party and we will not accept this kind of smear campaign.", "\n\nADLER: Would a mainstream Conservative party have Mark Smith as the education minister? ", "The one who preached that sermon six years ago? ", "Would any mainstream conservative party anywhere have that man as the education minister, especially considering how controversial education is right now?", "\n\nKENNEY: Charles, I’m not appointing a cabinet right now, I can tell you this …\n\nADLER: He was your education critic so it’s something I need to ask you. ", "Is he going to be your education minister? ", "Let me ask it in a simple way: Is he eligible to be your education minister?", "\n\nKENNEY: The answer is no, Charles. ", "But Charles, once again while I condemn without equivocation the comments he made in his church six years ago — for which he has unequivocally apologized — I also acknowledge in his four years in elected office, he’s conducted himself with respect for others, voting for the recognition of transgender rights, of guidelines for positive guidelines for gay-straight alliances, and I believe this is somebody who’s also grown in his time in public life, in public service. ", "Now Charles, maybe you like to throw around permanent condemnations of people based on things they’ve said in the past-\n\nADLER: It wasn’t the distant past, it wasn’t 10 years old.", "\n\nKENNEY: I do believe that people deserve a second chance. ", "This is a man who has apologized for what he said without equivocation, and who is not reflected an attitude of disrespect towards fellow Albertans as an elected member of the legislature.", "\n\nADLER: Mr. Kenney, good luck into the debate tomorrow night and in the election. ", "Thank you once again for being a stand-up person, showing up for a tough night at the office, appreciate that very much.", "\n\nKENNEY: Thanks for the opportunity, Charles, all the best.", "\n\nCOMMENTARY: Jason Kenney just won’t put the Mark Smith issue behind him. ", "Why?", "\n\nStory continues below advertisement\n\nInterview with Rachel Notley on Charles Adler" ]

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[ "Paddy Henderson (footballer)\n\nPatrick Henderson (born 1937) is an Irish former footballer who played as a goalkeeper.", "\n\nFootball career\nHenderson began his career at Holyhead Town in Wales before signing for League of Ireland side Shamrock Rovers in 1961. ", "He was key first team player and made two appearances in the European Champion Clubs' Cup while at Glenmalure Park against SK Rapid Wien. ", "Henderson signed for Drogheda United, in 1965 before retiring with a back injury in 1967.", "\n\nFamily\n\nHenderson has three sons involved in football. ", "Eldest son, Dave was a goalkeeper who had two spells with the Hoops in the 1970s and 1990s, he is best known for his long term association with Bohemian F.C. The middle son, Stephen managed Cobh Ramblers F.C. to the Eircom First Division title and later Waterford United. ", "Youngest son, Wayne, is a talented goalkeeper he has played for Aston Villa, Brighton and is currently contracted to Preston North End. ", "Wayne has also represented then Republic of Ireland national football team at Senior level.", "\n\nHonours\nFAI Cup\n Shamrock Rovers - 1962\nLeague of Ireland Shield\n Shamrock Rovers - 1962/63\n\nSources\n Paul Doolan and Robert Goggins, The Hoops, Gill & Macmillan Ltd (October 1993); /\n\nCategory:Republic of Ireland association footballers\nCategory:Association football goalkeepers\nCategory:Shamrock Rovers F.C. players\nCategory:Drogheda United F.C. players\nCategory:League of Ireland players\nCategory:Association footballers from Dublin (city)\nCategory:1938 births\nCategory:Living people\nPaddy" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan I access Azure AppFabric Cache from development emulator?", "\n\nI am getting below exception when I access Azure cache from my dev azure application.", "\n\nErrorCode:SubStatus:There is a temporary failure.", "\n Please retry later. (", "One or more specified cache servers are\n unavailable, which could be caused by busy network or servers. ", "For\n on-premises cache clusters, also verify the following conditions.", "\n Ensure that security permission has been granted for this client\n account, and check that the AppFabric Caching Service is allowed\n through the firewall on all cache hosts. ", "Also the MaxBufferSize on the\n server must be greater than or equal to the serialized object size\n sent from the client.)", "\n\nIs there any restriction that the Azure cache can only be accessed from hosted Azure application?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou should have no issue accessing AppFabric Cache from the emulator. ", "Just note that the cache is only in Windows Azure itself; there's no emulated cache running locally.", "\nDo you have any further detail on the error message? ", "Also, are you accessing it directly in code? ", "Using it as a session state provider?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWiring HTML and JavaScript and CSS in a Rails Application\n\nSo in the Assets folder there are two folders for javascripts and stylesheets.", "\nSo I added a spike.js and a CSS file of spikecss.css to those folders and wrote some Javascript and CSS code fin them.", "\nNow I am in the index.html page and writing something like this? ", " Which doesn't work. ", "How do I wire all these thing together to work?", "\nThis is a test app mostly for the javascript side of the deal so I really don't have models, controllers,views at this point. ", "I am drawing D3 chart in the JavaScript file so I just want to show them when I hit the webpage \nJavascript file:\nvar data = [4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42];\n\nvar chart = d3.select(\"body\").append(\"div\")\n .attr(\"class\", \"chart\");\n\nchart.selectAll(chart)\n .data(data)\n .enter().append(\"div\")\n .style(\"width\", function(d){return d*5 +\"px\";});\n\nIndex.html file:\n<!", "DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n <title>Here we go</title>\n</head>\n<body>\n\njavascript_include_tag :defaults, \"spike\"\n\n</body>\n</html>\n\nA:\n\nUPDATE\nBased on Ryan's method used in this railscast, you can have a dynamic index.html.erb page with just these 2 steps (the original, slightly more complex answer can be seen below):\nFirst, set your routes.rb file to look like this:\nMyApplication::Application.routes.draw do\n root to: 'application#index'\nend\n\nNext, move your /public/index.html file to /app/views/application/index.html.erb. ", " Don't just copy it - move it. ", " This means you should not have an index.html file in your /public directory.", "\nCongratulations, you now have a dynamic index page that can handle ERB markup.", "\nORIGINAL ANSWER\nThe /public/index.html file is statically served, so you'll need to write it as if you weren't using Rails. ", " Add your css and javascript locations to the <head> section, using <link> and <script> respectively as you would for any vanilla HTML page.", "\nIf you prefer to do this the Rails way, you'll need at the very minimum: \n\nan entry in routes.rb\na corresponding empty controller\nand an index.html file (or index.html.erb, index.html.haml, etc) at /app/views/some_name/ where some_name is the same as your controller name (minus the word 'controller'). ", " \n\nYou can then add your custom file names to your /app/assets/javascript/application.js and /app/assets/stylesheets/application.css manifests to have them pulled into the page.", "\nAlternatively, you can edit your /app/views/layouts/application.html.erb template manually using embedded ruby. ", " See here and here for documentation for how to do this.", "\nOh, one other thing - the javascript you wrote will execute before the DOM has loaded as it stands right now. ", " To avoid this, you'll need to wrap it with something like:\n$(function(){ /* your code here */ });\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention generally relates to spinal fixation systems and the like. ", "More particularly, the present invention generally relates to a spinal plate system that includes a mechanism for fixably attaching screws to a plate.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nThe use of spinal fixation plates for correction of spinal deformities and for fusion of vertebrae is well known. ", "Typically, a rigid plate is positioned to span bones or bone segments that need to be immobilized with respect to one another. ", "Bone screws may be used to fasten the plate to the bones. ", "Spinal plating systems are commonly used to correct problems in the lumbar and cervical portions of the spine, and are often installed posterior or anterior to the spine.", "\nSpinal plate fixation to the cervical portion of the spine can be risky because complications during surgery can cause injury to vital organs, such as the brain stem or the spinal cord. ", "When attaching a fixation plate to a bone, bone screws are placed either bi-cortically (i.e., entirely through the vertebrae such that a portion of the screw extends into the spinal cord region) or uni-cortically (i.e., the screw extends into but not through the vertebrae). ", "Uni-cortical positioning of bone screws has grown in popularity because it is generally safer to use. ", "Bi-cortical screws are intended to breach the distal cortex for maximum anchorage into the bone; however, this placement of the screws may place distal soft tissue structures at risk. ", "Screw placement is of particular importance in anterior cervical plate procedures because of the presence of the spinal cord opposite the distal cortex. ", "Unfortunately, because of the soft texture of the bone marrow, uni-cortical screws may undergo movement from their desired positions. ", "In fact, the portion of the bone surrounding such screws may fail to maintain the screws in their proper positions, resulting in screw backout.", "\nScrew backout is particularly a problem when a pair of screws are implanted perpendicular to the plate. ", "When the screws are placed in such a manner, screw backout may occur as a result of bone failure over a region that is the size of the outer diameter of the screw threads. ", "To overcome this problem, a different configuration of the screws has been developed in which two screws are angled in converging or diverging directions within the bone. ", "Advantageously, the amount of bone that is required to fail before screw backout can occur is increased by this configuration as compared to screws which are implanted in parallel. ", "Although positioning screws angled toward or away from each other in a bone reduces the risk of a screw backout, such backouts can still happen. ", "The result of a screw backout can be damaging to internal tissue structures such as the esophagus because a dislocated screw may penetrate the surface of such structures.", "\nIn an attempt to reduce the risk of damage to internal tissue structures, some cervical screw plate systems have been devised in which uni-cortical screws are attached to the plate and not just the bone. ", "It is intended that if screw backout occurs, the screw will remain connected to the plate so that it cannot easily contact internal tissue structures. ", "One such system is described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,364,399 to Lowery et al. ", "and is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. ", "This plating system includes a locking screw at each end of the plate which engages the heads of the bone screws to trap them within recesses of the plate. ", "Since the locking screw is positioned over portions of the bone screws, it may extend above the upper surface of the plate. ", "Thus, the locking screw may come into contact with internal tissue structures, such as the esophagus. ", "Unfortunately, breaches to the esophageal wall may permit bacterial contamination of surrounding tissues, including the critical nerves in and around the spinal cord, which can be fatal.", "\nAnother plating system that includes a screw to plate locking mechanism is the Aline(trademark) Anterior Cervical Plating System sold by Smith and Nephew Richards Inc. in Memphis, Tenn. A description of this system can be found in the Aline(trademark) Anterior Cervical Plating System Surgical Technique Manual by Foley, K. T. et al., ", "available from Smith and Nephew Richards Inc., September 1996, pp. ", "1-16 and is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. ", "The bone screws of this system have openings within each bone screw head for receiving a lock screw coaxially therein. ", "Each bone screw may be inserted into a bone such that the head of the screw is positioned within a borehole of a plate placed adjacent to the bone. ", "The head of each bone screw is slotted such that portions of the head may be deflected toward the plate during insertion of the lock screw within the opening of the bone screw. ", "The bone screw may be thusly locked against the plate. ", "Inserting the lock screw into and fixably positioning the lock screw within the opening may be difficult since the lock screw is very small. ", "The surgeon may be unable to hold onto the lock screw without dropping it. ", "Unfortunately, once such a screw falls into the surgical wound, it is typically difficult to retrieve. ", "In some instances it may be unretrievable.", "\nAn embodiment of the invention relates to an implant system for fixation of the human spine that includes a plate having end boreholes, midline boreholes, screws, and expandable/contractible rings.", "\nThe end boreholes preferably extend from the upper surface to the lower surface of the plate. ", "The end boreholes may be disposed in pairs at opposite ends of the plate. ", "Each end borehole is preferably sized to receive at least a portion of a head of a screw therein. ", "Herein, xe2x80x9cscrewxe2x80x9d is taken to mean any elongated member, threaded or non-threaded which is securable within a bone. ", "Each end borehole is also preferably spherical shaped to permit the screw to be xe2x80x9cobliquely angulatedxe2x80x9d relative to the plate. ", "Herein, xe2x80x9cobliquely angulatedxe2x80x9d is taken to mean that the screw may be positioned at a wide range of angles relative to the plate, wherein the range of angles is preferably from 0 degrees to about 15 degrees from an imaginary axis that is perpendicular to the plate. ", "Since the screws may be obliquely angulated with respect to the plate, the occurrence of screw backout from a bone may be significantly reduced.", "\nThe expandable/contractible rings are preferably sized so that they may be positioned within each borehole between the plate and each of the screw heads. ", "The inner surface of each ring is preferably shaped to mate with a screw head while the outer surface is preferably shaped to mate with the plate. ", "The outer surface of each screw head may be tapered such that an upper portion of the head is larger than a lower portion of the head. ", "Each ring may also have a gap that extends vertically through the ring to render it expandable/contractible. ", "Thus, during insertion of a screw head within a bone, the ring preferably exerts a compressive force on the screw head to fixably connect the screw to the plate. ", "The screw may be prevented from contacting tissue structures that are protected by the spine even when screw backout occurs since the screw is attached to the plate.", "\nThe midline boreholes may be formed through the plate at various locations along a midline axis extending across the plate. ", "The surface of the plate that surrounds each midline borehole is preferably tapered. ", "Further, the heads of screws that may be positioned within the plates preferably have tapered outer surfaces that are shaped to mate with the tapered surface of the plate. ", "Thus, when such a screw head is inserted into a midline borehole, the shape of the plate causes the screw to become fixably attached to the plate in a position that is substantially perpendicular to the plate. ", "Since the midline boreholes may be used when inserting screws into bone graft, oblique angulation of screws positioned within the midline boreholes is not required.", "\nPrior to surgical implantation of the spinal plate system, the expandable/contractible rings may be placed within the end boreholes of the plate. ", "The plate may then be positioned adjacent to a portion of the spine that requires spinal fixation. ", "Holes may be drilled and tapped into a portion of the bone underlying each end borehole at the desired angle. ", "Screws may be inserted through the end boreholes into the holes, and the heads of the screws may be positioned within the boreholes such that the rings surround at least a portion of the heads. ", "Advantageously, during insertion of the screws, the rings preferably lock the screws in place without occupying regions outside of the boreholes. ", "Further, since the rings are pre-positioned within the end boreholes, surgeons do not have to worry that they may drop the rings during insertion of the screws.", "\nIn another embodiment, the head is preferably screwed into the ring to create a fixed connection between bone screw and plate at a selected angle. ", "The screw head preferably contains head threading on its outer surface that is complementary to ring threading contained on the inner surface of the ring. ", "The head threading preferably mates with the ring threading to enhance the connection between the bone screw and the ring. ", "The head preferably has a cavity formed on its upper surface for receiving a driving tool such as a screw driver or an alien wrench.", "\nThe outer surface of the head is preferably tapered so that screwing the head into the ring causes a change in width of the ring to fix the bone screw in position relative to the plate. ", "The inner surface of the ring may also be tapered to substantially match the taper on the outer surface of the head. ", "At least a portion of the head preferably has a width greater than the inner width of the ring. ", "As the screw head is screwed into the ring, the ring preferably expands outwardly from its inner surface to accommodate the increasing width of the screw head. ", "The ring may contain one or more slots or gaps as previously described to facilitate expansion of the ring against the inner surface of the borehole.", "\nIt is believed that using a threading engagement between the head and ring increases the hoop stress exerted on the head, resulting in a stronger connection between the bone screw and the plate. ", "Moreover, if bone threading becomes loose within a bone, screw backout from plate will tend to be resisted by the threaded connection between the screw head and the ring. ", "Thus, even if the shank loosens within the bone, the head will tend to remain within the borehole of the plate so as not to protrude from the plate into surrounding body tissue." ]

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[ "However, later on Thursday, AFL general manager of football operations Mark Evans moved to quell some of the disquiet surrounding free agency.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I think most people would think that the delisted free agency has worked well – that if you can find a home then good on you,\" Evans told SEN.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\"But I would say that out of the other two modes (unrestricted and restricted free agency), restricted free agents we've had eight and they've gone to eight separate clubs.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Unrestricted free agents, we've had nine, and they've gone to eight separate clubs, six of those being different (to the clubs that lured) restricted free agents.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\"So they've certainly been spread out in the first two years, but the challenge is for us to get enough years of data to see whether it's having the right impact or not.\"", "\n\nTHE AFL'S free agency system unfairly benefits clubs in premiership contention at the expense of struggling teams, according to Melbourne coach Paul Roos and St Kilda coach Alan Richardson.", "Their criticism comes after Melbourne's unrestricted free agent James Frawley was believed to have settled on reigning premier Hawthorn as his preferred club ahead of the free agency period opening on Friday.", "Roos, a long-time detractor of free agency in the AFL, was particularly scathing after losing his key defender.", "\"Free agency is the greatest de-equalisation policy we've had in the last 100 years of footy,\" Roos said at the NAB AFL Draft Combine on Thursday.", "\"The players wanted it and the clubs have just got to deal with it.", "\"Probably about five years ago we had as even a competition as what we'd ever seen.", "\"Now we've got another factor that's been introduced which is clearly going to benefit the top clubs and we're already seeing that.", "\"Roos has raised his concerns with then acting AFL Players Association boss Ian Prendergast, while he believes one other senior coach had also spoken to the AFL and AFLPA at the start of this season about an alternative proposal.", "The idea involves the League controlling all player contracts and taking the retention of players out of the clubs' hands.", "This model works successfully in other leagues around the world, particularly in the US, and paves the way for players to move to the club of their choice.", "Richardson said free agency was currently serving a different purpose to that originally touted when the system was introduced.", "\"It's pretty obvious who the players are picking these days,\" Richardson said.", "\"They're looking for opportunities to win a flag.", "\"That's not really what it was designed for. ", "My understanding is that it was for blokes who weren't getting an opportunity, and had given great service over eight years and perhaps could move on.\"" ]

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[ "/*\nCopyright The Kubernetes Authors.", "\n\nLicensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\nyou may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\nYou may obtain a copy of the License at\n\n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n\nUnless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\ndistributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\nWITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\nSee the License for the specific language governing permissions and\nlimitations under the License.", "\n*/\n\n// Code generated by client-gen. ", "DO NOT EDIT.", "\n\n// Package fake has the automatically generated clients.", "\npackage fake\n" ]

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[ "Start Date: 4/22/01; HourAhead hour: 18; HourAhead schedule download failed. ", "\nManual intervention required.", "\n\n LOG MESSAGES:\n\nPARSING FILE -->> O:\\Portland\\WestDesk\\California Scheduling\\ISO Final \nSchedules\\2001042218.txt\nError: dbCaps97Data: Cannot perform this operation on a closed database\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\nError: dbCaps97Data: Cannot perform this operation on a closed database\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\nError: dbCaps97Data: Cannot perform this operation on a closed database\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\nError: dbCaps97Data: Cannot perform this operation on a closed database\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for 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dbCaps97Data: Cannot perform this operation on a closed database\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\nError: dbCaps97Data: Cannot perform this operation on a closed database\nError: dbCaps97Data: Cannot perform this operation on a closed database\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\nError: dbCaps97Data: Cannot perform this operation on a closed database\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\nError: dbCaps97Data: Cannot perform this operation on a closed database\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\nError: dbCaps97Data: Cannot perform this operation on a closed database\nError: dbCaps97Data: Cannot perform this operation on a closed database\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this 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"Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\nError: dbCaps97Data: Cannot perform this operation on a closed database\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data\nError: dbCaps97Data: Cannot perform this operation on a closed database\nError: dbCaps97Data: Cannot perform this operation on a closed database\n!!!", "Insufficient memory for this operation.", "\nAlias: dbCaps97Data" ]

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[ "The Force is strong this year, since, well, we get another “Star Wars” movie. ", "But there are also lots of other sequels and reboots that fans are eagerly awaiting.", "\n\n▪ “Star Wars Episode VII: The Force Awakens”: This is quite possibly the most anticipated film of 2015, even if it doesn’t come out until far, far away (December). ", "J.J. Abrams (“Lost,” the “Star Trek” reboot) is at the helm of this next installment in the most successful franchise of all time. ", "So, y..." ]

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[ "Arrests in West Papua 2016\n\nSignup to ICP E-News\n\nThe Biak Massacre Citizens Tribunal\n\n2504 (XXIV). ", "Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands concerning West New Guinea (West Irian)\n\nThe General Assembly,\n\nRecalling its resolution 1752 (XVII) of 21 September 1962, in which it took note of the Agreement of 15 August 1962 between the Republic of Indonesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands concerning West New Guinea (West Irian),[1] acknowledged the role conferred upon the Secretary-General in the Agreement and authorized him to carry out the tasks entrusted to him therein,\n\nAgreement Between the Republic of Indonesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands Concerning West New Guinea (West Irian)(Signed at the Headquarters of the United Nations, New York, on 15 August 1962)\n\nThe Republic of Indonesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands,Having in mind the interests and welfare of the people of the territory of West New Guinea (West Irian) herinafter referred to as “the territory”,Desirous of settling their dispute regarding the territory,Now, therefore, agree as follows:" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSwiftでのISO8601 duration の変換について\n\nSwiftでのYoutube Data APIを利用しており、動画の再生時間を取得したのですが値が\n\"duration\": \"PT6M33S\",\n\nとISO8601形式で返ってきます。", "\nこれをString 06:33に変換して Labelに用いたいのですが、適切な書き方がわかりません。", "\n\nA:\n\nApple提供のフレームワークにはISO-8601のDurations形式(なぜか日本語版のWikiにはDurationsの記述がごっそり抜けています)をパースするためのメソッド等は用意されておらず、自分で書かないといけないようです。", "\nObjective-Cですが、本家のstackoverflowでも多数の回答が寄せられていて、百花繚乱状態ですね。", "\nHow to parse an ISO-8601 duration in Objective C?", "\nこの中から一番良さそうなもの(NSScannerかsscanfのどちらかでしょう)を選んでSwiftに直しても良いのですが、ここでは正規表現(NSRegularExpression)を使うやり方を紹介しておきます。", "\nlet iso8601DurationPattern = \"^PT(?:(\\\\d+)H)?(?:(\\\\d+)M)?(?:(\\\\d+)S)?$\"\nlet iso8601DurationRegex = try! ", "NSRegularExpression(pattern: iso8601DurationPattern, options: [])\n\nlet duration = \"PT1H6M33S\"\n\nif let match = iso8601DurationRegex.firstMatchInString(duration, options: [], range: NSRange(0..<duration.utf16.count)) {\n let hRange = match.rangeAtIndex(1)\n let hStr = (hRange.location !", "= NSNotFound) ? (", "duration as NSString).substringWithRange(hRange) : \"\"\n let hInt = Int(hStr) ?? ", "0\n let mRange = match.rangeAtIndex(2)\n let mStr = (mRange.location !", "= NSNotFound) ? (", "duration as NSString).substringWithRange(mRange) : \"\"\n let mInt = Int(mStr) ?? ", "0\n let sRange = match.rangeAtIndex(3)\n let sStr = (sRange.location !", "= NSNotFound) ? (", "duration as NSString).substringWithRange(sRange) : \"\"\n let sInt = Int(sStr) ?? ", "0\n let durationFormatted =\n (hInt == 0)\n ? ", "String(format: \"%02d:%02d\", mInt, sInt)\n : String(format: \"%02d:%02d:%02d\", hInt, mInt, sInt)\n} else {\n print(\"bad format\")\n}\n\nYoutube Video APIの解説では「PT#M#Sの形式」と明記してあるのですが、ほんの少しだけ一般化して、「時間」\"H\"までは入れられるようにしてあります。と言うわけで返ってくる文字列は\"PTnHnMnS\"の形式(nは10進数、\"nH\", \"nM\", \"nS\"はn=0なら省略可能)と言うのを正規表現にしたのがiso8601DurationPatternになります。", "\nもし実際にこのコードを利用されるなら、NSRegularExpressionのインスタンス作成はかなり重い処理なので、iso8601DurationRegexのようにNSRegularExpressionのインスタンスを保持する変数は、グローバル変数かstaticプロパティにしておいた方が良いでしょう。", "\n上に書いたように、正規表現はこの程度の文字列を解析するだけに使うには少し重いので、必ずしもお勧めできる手段とは言えないのですが、文字列処理をする際の道具の一つとして使えるようになっておくと、色々な場面で役に立つ時がでてくると思います。", "\n\n" ]

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[ "/*\nCopyright 2017 The Kubernetes Authors.", "\n\nLicensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\nyou may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\nYou may obtain a copy of the License at\n\n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n\nUnless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\ndistributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\nWITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\nSee the License for the specific language governing permissions and\nlimitations under the License.", "\n*/\n\npackage mergepatch\n\nimport (\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"reflect\"\n\n\t\"github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew\"\n\t\"sigs.k8s.io/yaml\"\n)\n\n// PreconditionFunc asserts that an incompatible change is not present within a patch.", "\ntype PreconditionFunc func(interface{}) bool\n\n// RequireKeyUnchanged returns a precondition function that fails if the provided key\n// is present in the patch (indicating that its value has changed).", "\nfunc RequireKeyUnchanged(key string) PreconditionFunc {\n\treturn func(patch interface{}) bool {\n\t\tpatchMap, ok := patch.(map[string]interface{})\n\t\tif !", "ok {\n\t\t\treturn true\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t// The presence of key means that its value has been changed, so the test fails.", "\n\t\t_, ok = patchMap[key]\n\t\treturn !", "ok\n\t}\n}\n\n// RequireMetadataKeyUnchanged creates a precondition function that fails\n// if the metadata.key is present in the patch (indicating its value\n// has changed).", "\nfunc RequireMetadataKeyUnchanged(key string) PreconditionFunc {\n\treturn func(patch interface{}) bool {\n\t\tpatchMap, ok := patch.(map[string]interface{})\n\t\tif !", "ok {\n\t\t\treturn true\n\t\t}\n\t\tpatchMap1, ok := patchMap[\"metadata\"]\n\t\tif !", "ok {\n\t\t\treturn true\n\t\t}\n\t\tpatchMap2, ok := patchMap1.(map[string]interface{})\n\t\tif !", "ok {\n\t\t\treturn true\n\t\t}\n\t\t_, ok = patchMap2[key]\n\t\treturn !", "ok\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc ToYAMLOrError(v interface{}) string {\n\ty, err := toYAML(v)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn err.", "Error()\n\t}\n\n\treturn y\n}\n\nfunc toYAML(v interface{}) (string, error) {\n\ty, err := yaml.", "Marshal(v)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn \"\", fmt.", "Errorf(\"yaml marshal failed:%v\\n%v\\n\", err, spew.", "Sdump(v))\n\t}\n\n\treturn string(y), nil\n}\n\n// HasConflicts returns true if the left and right JSON interface objects overlap with\n// different values in any key. ", "All keys are required to be strings. ", "Since patches of the\n// same Type have congruent keys, this is valid for multiple patch types. ", "This method\n// supports JSON merge patch semantics.", "\n//\n// NOTE: Numbers with different types (e.g. int(0) vs int64(0)) will be detected as conflicts.", "\n// Make sure the unmarshaling of left and right are consistent (e.g. use the same library).", "\nfunc HasConflicts(left, right interface{}) (bool, error) {\n\tswitch typedLeft := left.(type) {\n\tcase map[string]interface{}:\n\t\tswitch typedRight := right.(type) {\n\t\tcase map[string]interface{}:\n\t\t\tfor key, leftValue := range typedLeft {\n\t\t\t\trightValue, ok := typedRight[key]\n\t\t\t\tif !", "ok {\n\t\t\t\t\tcontinue\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\tif conflict, err := HasConflicts(leftValue, rightValue); err !", "= nil || conflict {\n\t\t\t\t\treturn conflict, err\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\treturn false, nil\n\t\tdefault:\n\t\t\treturn true, nil\n\t\t}\n\tcase []interface{}:\n\t\tswitch typedRight := right.(type) {\n\t\tcase []interface{}:\n\t\t\tif len(typedLeft) !", "= len(typedRight) {\n\t\t\t\treturn true, nil\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\tfor i := range typedLeft {\n\t\t\t\tif conflict, err := HasConflicts(typedLeft[i], typedRight[i]); err !", "= nil || conflict {\n\t\t\t\t\treturn conflict, err\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\treturn false, nil\n\t\tdefault:\n\t\t\treturn true, nil\n\t\t}\n\tcase string, float64, bool, int64, nil:\n\t\treturn !", "reflect.", "DeepEqual(left, right), nil\n\tdefault:\n\t\treturn true, fmt.", "Errorf(\"unknown type: %v\", reflect.", "TypeOf(left))\n\t}\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nDjango: form validation errors on form creation\n\nLet's say I have a Django form with ChoiceField:\nclass MyForm(forms.", "Form):\n name = forms.", "CharField(label=\"Name\", required=True)\n some_object = forms.", "ChoiceField(label=\"Object\", choices=[(0, '-----')] + [(x.id, x.name) for x in Obj.objects.all()])\n\nChoisefield is being initialized with list of objects headed by 'empty choice'. ", "There is no object with pk=0.", "\nIn that form I have a clean() method:\ndef clean(self):\n if not Obj.objects.filter(self.cleaned.data['some_object'].exists():\n self.errors.update({'some_object': ['Invalid choice']})\n\nIt works well when I'm sending a form to a server, if data in it doesn't match conditions, field.is_valid returns False and I render form with error messages. ", "But, when I create an empty form like this:\nif request.method == 'GET':\n data = {'name': 'Untitled',\n 'some_object': 0}\n form = MyForm(data)\n return render(request, 'app\\template.html', {'form': form})\n\nDjango renders form with error message ('Invalid choice') even though form was just created and 'Object' select was intended to be set in empty position. ", "Is it possible to disable form clean() method in specific cases? ", "Or maybe I'm doing this all wrong? ", "What is the best practice to create an empty form?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe problem is that a form with any data dictionary passed to it counts as a \"bound\" form, against which Django will perform data validation. ", "See here for details: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/forms/api/#bound-and-unbound-forms\nYou want an \"unbound\" form - to have default initial values in here, just set the initial property on your form fields. ", "See full details here: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/forms/fields/#initial\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Please Subscribe To The Veg\n\nveg\n\ncpbb\n\nVeg Views\n\nPages\n\nWHAT WE' RE ABOUT\n\nThe VEG will offer the Little Rock area with the only totally vegan café/restaurant. ", "Creating exciting and innovative vegan cuisine (no dairy, eggs. ", "or any animal food products) pushing the limits of what is traditionally vegan. ", "Dishes ranging from cheese cake, Lasagna, ice cream, soul food as well as but not limited to delicious handmade burgers, wraps, cupcakes, snacks, smoothies, cookies. ", "An alternate focus will be on Allergen free dishes and catering. ", "Buying a majority of produce from local growers." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Upcoming event: On the path to freedom and prosperity? ", "Launch of the Economic Freedom of the World Report 2014\n\nCountries whose institutions promote economic freedom enjoy higher investment rates, more rapid economic growth, higher income levels, and a more rapid reduction in poverty rates. ", "Open markets allow nations to specialize in the production of goods that they have a comparative advantage in, resulting in welfare gains for all involved parties. ", "Only if property rights are secured, countries can attract foreign investment they need to diversify and develop their economies. ", "All in all, the preservation and expansion of the liberal trade regime is necessary to ensure rising living standards in all parts of the world. ", "Hence, monitoring the development of economic institutions and conditions worldwide is of vital importance.", "\n\nThe Economic Freedom of the World Report, annually published by the Fraser Institute and its partners, compiles data from over 150 countries and enjoys worldwide reputation. ", "The Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom invites you to the launch of this year’s edition, which will take place in Brussels for the very first time. ", "Is the world moving towards free trade or protectionism? ", "How can property rights be secured in times of political unrest in large parts of the world? ", "What are the repercussions of the financial crisis 2007/2008? ", "How is the EU member states’ performance evaluated? ", "Does the European Union rather facilitate or inhibit liberalization and economic freedom? ", "Join us for a lively discussion of the findings.", "\n\nProgramme\n\nWelcome and Keynote\n\nOlli Rehn, MEP Vice President of the European Parliament and former European Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro\n\nSpeakers\n\nDr. Robert Lawson\n\nProfessor of economics at Cox School of Business and Co-author of the Economic Freedom of the World Report\n\nDr. James Gwartney\n\nProfessor of economics and Political Science at Florida State University and Co-author of the Economic Freedom of the World Report\n\nDr. Michael Walker\n\nFounder of the Fraser Institute\n\nAndrei Illarionov (tbc)\n\nSenior fellow at the Cato Institute’s Center for Global Liberty and Prosperity and former chief economic adviser of Russian President Vladimir Putin\n\nModerator\n\nSilke Wettach\n\nEU Correspondent, WirtschaftsWoche\n\nClosing Remarks\n\nHans H. Stein\n\nDirector of the International Political Dialogue European Institutions and North America at the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom\n\nThe Launch of the Economic Freedom of the World Report 2014 is the culmination of a three-day conference. ", "The panels on Monday are open to the public.", "\n\n09.00 – 11.00 Does the EU enhance Economic Freedom in Europe?Would a new structure serve better? ", "What overall economic stance should the EU adopt? ", "What is the future of the EU considering discontent in many nations, especially Britain?Pierre Bessard “Tax Competition and the Swiss-EU clash”Steffen Hentrich “Economic Freedom in the European Union – a brief country-by-country overview”Andrew Young“Does the European Union promote Convergence in Economic Freedom?”", "\n\n11.30 – 14.30Is the Euro crisis over?What are the continuing dangers? ", "What more needs to be done? ", "Have the needed structural reforms in crisis (or potential crisis) nations been undertaken?Annette Godart-van der Kroon “Europe after the Crisis, its Regulations, its Leaders, its Citizens”Emmanuel Martin “Is the EU crisis behind us? ", "Maybe not…”Mike Walker“Some Observations on Economic Developments in the European Union\n\n15.00 – 17.00 How should Europe deal with Russia?Can Europe successfully pressure Russia – is Russia vulnerable? ", "Can Europe survive economically without Russian energy? ", "What are the larger economic consequences of a Russia-EU split? ", "What are the energy alternatives to Russia?Andrew Kondratowicz “Institutional difference between countries – causes and consequences. ", "The case of the EU, Russia and Ukraine”Andrei Illarionov, Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute’s Center for Global Liberty and Prosperity and former Chief Economic Advisor of Russian President Vladimir Putin (tbc)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Traumatic intracranial aneurysm due to arterial injury at surgery. ", "Case report.", "\nA case is presented of false intracranial aneurysm of traumatic origin which developed following direct surgical attack on a congenital anterior communicating artery aneurysm. ", "The secondary aneurysm was discovered on the 25th postoperative day and was clipped at a subsequent procedure. ", "The possible pathophysiology is discussed with respect to other direct vessel injuries." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0002227667631989307, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "<?", "php\n/*+********************************************************************************\n * The contents of this file are subject to the vtiger CRM Public License Version 1.0\n * (\"License\"); You may not use this file except in compliance with the License\n * The Original Code is: vtiger CRM Open Source\n * The Initial Developer of the Original Code is vtiger.", "\n * Portions created by vtiger are Copyright (C) vtiger.", "\n * All Rights Reserved.", "\n *********************************************************************************/\nsession_start();\n\nif(empty($_SESSION['authentication_key'])) {\n\tdie($installationStrings['ERR_NOT_AUTHORIZED_TO_PERFORM_THE_OPERATION']);\n}\nif($_REQUEST['ajax'] == true) {\n\tif($_SESSION['authentication_key'] !", "= $_REQUEST['auth_key']) {\n\t\tdie($installationStrings['ERR_NOT_AUTHORIZED_TO_PERFORM_THE_OPERATION']);\n\t}\t\n}\n\n$configFileInfo = $_SESSION['config_file_info'];\n\nrequire_once('adodb/adodb.inc.php');\n\n$db = &NewADOConnection($configFileInfo['db_type']);\n$db->NConnect($configFileInfo['db_hostname'], $configFileInfo['db_username'], $configFileInfo['db_password'], $configFileInfo['db_name']);\n\nrequire_once('include/utils/DBHealthCheck.php');\n$dbHealthCheck = new DBHealthCheck($db);\n$dbHostName = $dbHealthCheck->dbHostName;\n$dbName = $dbHealthCheck->dbName;\nif(!empty($_REQUEST['forceDbCheck']) || $_SESSION[$dbName.", "'_'.$dbHostName.", "'_HealthApproved'] !", "= true) {\n\t\n\tif($_REQUEST['updateTableEngine'] == true) {\n\t\t if(!empty($_REQUEST['updateEngineForTable'])) {\n\t\t \t$dbHealthCheck->updateTableEngineType(htmlentities($_REQUEST['updateEngineForTable']));\n\t\t }\n\t\t elseif($_REQUEST['updateEngineForAllTables'] == true) {\n\t\t \t$dbHealthCheck->updateAllTablesEngineType();\n\t\t }\n\t}\n\n\t$unHealthyTablesList = $dbHealthCheck->getUnhealthyTablesList();\n\t$noOfTables = count($unHealthyTablesList);\n\tif ($noOfTables <= 0) {\n\t\t$_SESSION[$dbName.", "'_'.$dbHostName.", "'_HealthApproved'] = true;\n\t\tif($_REQUEST['ajax'] == true) {\n\t\t\techo \"TABLE_TYPE_FIXED\";\n\t\t}\n\t} else {\t\t\n\t\t$_SESSION[$dbName.", "'_'.$dbHostName.", "'_HealthApproved'] = false;\n\t}\n}\n\nif ($_REQUEST['viewDBReport'] == true) {\n\tif($_SESSION['authentication_key'] !", "= $_REQUEST['auth_key']) {\n\t\tdie($installationStrings['ERR_NOT_AUTHORIZED_TO_PERFORM_THE_OPERATION']);\n\t}\n\t$auth_key = $_REQUEST['auth_key'];\n?", ">\n\n<!", "DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd\">\n<html>\n<head>\n\t<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=UTF-8\">\n\t<title><?php echo $installationStrings['LBL_VTIGER_CRM_5']. ' - ' . ", "$installationStrings['LBL_DATABASE_CHECK']; ?", "></title>\n\t<link href=\"include/install/install.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\">\n\t<link href=\"themes/softed/style.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\">\n\t<script type='text/javascript'>\n\tfunction correctTableEngineType(tableName) {\n\t\tvar form = document.updateForm;\n\t\tform.updateEngineForTable.value = tableName;\n\t\tform.submit();\n\t}\n\t</script>\n</head>\n<body class=\"small cwPageBg\">\n\t<div style=\"height: 30em\">\n\t\t<table width=\"99%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" border=\"0\" align=\"center\">\n\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t<td align=\"left\" class=\"cwHeadBg heading2\">&nbsp;<?php echo $installationStrings['LBL_DATABASE_CHECK']; ?", "></td>\n\t\t\t\t<td align=\"right\" class=\"cwHeadBg1\"><img src=\"include/install/images/vtigercrm5.gif\" alt=\"<?php echo $installationStrings['LBL_VTIGER_CRM_5']; ?", ">\" title=\"<?php echo $installationStrings['LBL_VTIGER_CRM_5']; ?", ">\"></td>\n\t\t\t\t<td width=\"2%\" class=\"cwHeadBg1\"/>\n\t\t\t</tr>\n\t\t</table>\n\t\t<table cellpadding=\"10\" cellspacing=\"0\" border=\"0\" width=\"99%\" height=\"45%\" align=\"center\">\n\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t<td bgcolor=\"#4572be\" align=\"center\" class=\"small\">\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<?", "php if($_SESSION[$dbName.", "'_'.$dbHostName.", "'_HealthApproved'] == true) { ?", ">\n\t\t\t\t\t<table class=\"cwContentDisplay\" cellpadding=\"10\" cellspacing=\"10\" border=\"0\" width=\"97%\" style=\"height: 100%\" align=\"center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"contentDisplay\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"textCenter higherLineHeight\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<?", "php echo $installationStrings['MSG_TABLES_IN_INNODB']; ?", ">.<br />\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<?", "php echo $installationStrings['MSG_CLOSE_WINDOW_TO_PROCEED']; ?", ">.<br />\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"button\" class=\"small edit\" value=\"<?php echo $installationStrings['LBL_CLOSE']; ?", ">\" name=\"Close\" onClick=\"window.close()\" />\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t</table>\n\t\t\t\t\t<?", "php } else { ?", ">\n\t\t\t\t\t<table class=\"cwContentDisplay\" cellpadding=\"10\" cellspacing=\"10\" border=\"0\" width=\"97%\" align=\"center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"contentDisplay\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<?", "php echo $installationStrings['LBL_RECOMMENDATION_FOR_PROPERLY_WORKING_CRM']; ?", ">:\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t<li><?php echo $installationStrings['LBL_TABLES_SHOULD_BE_INNODB']; ?", ">. ( ", "<a href=\"http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/innodb.html\" target=\"_about\"><?php echo $installationStrings['QUESTION_WHAT_IS_INNODB']; ?", ">?", "</a>).<br/></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t<li><?php echo $installationStrings['LBL_TABLES_CHARSET_TO_BE_UTF8']; ?", ">.<br/></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t</table>\t \n\t\t\t\t\t<table class=\"cwContentDisplay\" cellpadding=\"10\" cellspacing=\"0\" border=\"0\" width=\"97%\" align=\"center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" border=\"0\" width=\"95%\" align=\"center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td align=\"right\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form action=\"install.php\" name=\"submitForm\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"file\" value=\"VerifyDBHealth.php\" />\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"viewDBReport\" value=\"true\" />\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"auth_key\" value=\"<?php echo $auth_key; ?", ">\" />\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"updateTableEngine\" value=\"true\" />\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"updateEngineForAllTables\" value=\"true\" />\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input align=\"right\" class=\"small edit\" type=\"button\" name=\"fix\" title=\"<?php echo $installationStrings['LBL_FIX_ENGINE_FOR_ALL_TABLES']; ?", ">\" value=\"<?php echo $installationStrings['LBL_FIX_ENGINE_FOR_ALL_TABLES']; ?", ">\" onclick=\"document.submitForm.submit();\" />\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form action='install.php' name='updateForm'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='file' value='VerifyDBHealth.php' />\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"viewDBReport\" value=\"true\" />\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='auth_key' value='<?php echo $auth_key; ?", ">' />\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='updateTableEngine' value='true' />\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='updateEngineForTable' value='' />\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</table>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table id=\"unhealthyTablesList\" width=\"95%\" border=\"0px\" cellpadding=\"3\" cellspacing=\"0\" align=\"center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"fontBold small\"><?php echo $installationStrings['LBL_TABLE']; ?", "></td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"fontBold small\"><?php echo $installationStrings['LBL_CHARACTER_SET']; ?", "></td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"fontBold small\"><?php echo $installationStrings['LBL_TYPE']; ?", "></td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<?", "php for($i=0; $i<$noOfTables; ++$i) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t$tableName = $unHealthyTablesList[$i]['name'];\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t$engineType = $unHealthyTablesList[$i]['engine'];\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t$characterSet = $unHealthyTablesList[$i]['characterset'];\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t?", ">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td><?php echo $tableName; ?", "></td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td><?php echo $characterSet; ?", "></td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td><font style='color:red;'><?php echo $engineType; ?", "></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href='javascript:correctTableEngineType(\"<?php echo $tableName; ?", ">\");' title='<?php echo $installationStrings['LBL_CORRECT_ENGINE_TYPE']; ?", ">' style='cursor:pointer;'><?php echo $installationStrings['LBL_FIX_NOW']; ?", "></a>)</td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<?", "php } ?", ">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</table>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<?", "php } ?", ">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t</table>\n\t\t\t\t</td>\n\t\t\t</tr>\n\t\t</table>\n\t</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n<?", "php } ?", ">" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Whitefish Lake is a 7 mile long glacial lake located in Whitefish, Montana. ", "One of the most popular public accesses is CIty Beach located near the lake’s outflow. ", "The park has a sandy beach, designated swimmng area, docks, gazebos, and picnic tables. ", "In the summer, lifeguards are provided during the day and boat rentals are available The Parks and Recreation department provides a refreshment stand also. ", "A public boat dock is available with docking fee.", "\n\nFlyboard on Flathead Lake, Lakeside, Bigfork, The Raven, or Polson\n\nFlathead Lake is the largest natural freshwater lake west of the Mississippi in the lower 48 states, with over 200 square miles of water and 185 miles of shoreline. ", "The southern half of Flathead Lake is within the boundary of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes Flathead Reservation. ", "Re-creationists must purchase a tribal recreation permit. ", "Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks maintains thirteen public access sites around the lake. ", "These sites include: Sportsmans Bridge, Somers, Big Fork, and Juniper Beach fishing access sites; Wayfarers, Woods Bay, Yellow Bay, Finely Point, Walstad Memorial, Big Arm, and Elmo state recreation areas, which have toilets, boat launch, camping, swimming and picnic facilities; and West Shore State Park, located twenty miles south of Kalispell on Highway 93. ", "Also located along the west shore near the Big Arm is Wildhorse Island, a 2,165-acre state park. ", "The park is accessible only by boat and is a public day use and picnic area only, no overnight camping. ", "Recreation on and around the lake includes: sailing, power boating, waterskiing, swimming, fishing, picnicking, and camping. ", "In the summer, roadside stands along the east shore offer a variety of locally grown cherries, apples, plums, and other fruits. ", "There are numerous motels and rental cabins in addition to public campgrounds scattered all around the shoreline. ", "The major population centers around the lake are Kalispell, Bigfork, and Polson, all of which offer a complete variety of groceries, supplies, and information." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "NADPH-NAD+ transhydrogenase\n\nNADPH-NAD+ transhydrogenase may stand for\n NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (Re/Si-specific)\n NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (Si-specific)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "(Brief) Thoughts on The Incredibles 2\n\nAfter what seems like an eternity (roughly a month after it made its debut in the US) The Incredibles 2 has finally opened in the UK – hurrah! ", "I didn’t get chance to see The Incredibles 2 over the weekend, as I was too busy with a double-bill of The Secret of Marrowbone and Skyscraper, so tonight I finally got to watch this long-awaiting Disney/Pixar sequel.", "\n\nNow ordinarily I would feel compelled to write down my thoughts in some kind of detail, highlighting what I did and didn’t like about the movie. ", "However, as The Incredibles 2 has been on release across the world for sometime now and I have nothing negative to say about the movie, I’m just going to jot down a few key points to get to the nitty-gritty.", "\n\nBelow are my very, very brief thoughts on The Incredibles 2. ", "For ease, I’ve listed them!", "\n\nElastigirl – I loved the fact that Elastigirl was given the lion’s share of the story. ", "Elastigirl is visually a more interesting character than Mr. Incredible so it made sense to place her front-and-centre. ", "Plus, we got to see a great action scene with the train sequence.", "\n\nJack-Jack – The youngest member of the Parr family stole every scene he was in. ", "Great stuff!", "\n\nEdna Mode – Another scene-stealing character. ", "Edna might have had limited screentime, but she certainly made up for it.", "\n\nFrozone – Frozone was cool. ", "I have nothing much to add other than to say I just love how cool Frozone was. ", "No pun intended. ", "He was simply badass!", "\n\nVisually stunning – The 14-year gap between The Incredibles and The Incredibles 2 allowed for an upgrade in animation quality and it really showed.", "\n\nAction-a-plenty – The great thing about The Incredibles movies is the way that director Brad Bird manages to juggle story with super heroics. ", "As with the original movie, the sequel was loaded with action scenes that offered drama and spectacle, while never stifling the story.", "\n\nFresh – When The Incredibles first hit cinema screens in 2004, the world was more than familiar with super hero stories, but we hadn’t hit peak saturation. ", "With The Incredibles 2 opening in 2018 it’s fair to say everyone and their mum knows a thing or two about super heroes, so The Incredibles 2 could have easily felt like it was treading water – yet, it didn’t! ", "The Incredibles 2 felt fresh, with a story that offered something fun and accessible for all.", "\n\nThe music – Michael Giacchino’s bombastic score was the PERFECT accompaniment to The Incredibles 2. ", "At times it reminded me of Elliot Goldenthal’s score to the Joel Schumacher Batman movies. ", "I realise that not everyone is a fan of the Schumacher Batman movies, but I really like them and they sound great. ", "The Incredibles 2 sounded great.", "\n\nMore – At the conclusion of The Incredibles 2 I was left feeling as though I wanted more. ", "Whether that’s another movie or a spin-off TV series, there’s a lot more scope for The Incredibles/Parr family. ", "A lot more. ", "Come on Disney/Pixar, make it happen.", "\n\nOh and a special mention must also go to Bao – the animated short that accompanied The Incredibles 2. ", "Bao was delightful.", "\n\nAll-in-all, I loved The Incredibles 2. ", "It was certainly worth the wait." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Carolina Panthers CBs Josh Thomas and James Dockery started at cornerback in Week 14 in favor of struggling CB Josh Norman. \"", "We wanted to see what Josh Thomas could do in a starting role,\" head coach Ron Rivera said. \"", "And then also (Sunday) we wanted to find an opportunity to play Dockery. ", "I figured half a game would be a pretty good opportunity to see what Dockery could do.\" ", "Thomas had two tackles and played 64 of the 65 defensive snaps and Dockery had six tackles while playing 47 snaps. ", "Norman played on only nine defensive plays.", "\n\nCleveland Browns CB James Dockery likely will need to make the final roster based on his special teams play. ", "The team did like Dockey's aggressiveness at cornerback last preseason but did not see much time with the defensive in 2011." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Research\n\nResearch is one of the cornerstones of our organization. ", "Our goal is simple…..every patient, every clinician, every teacher should have access to well studied, scientifically sound clinical knowledge of Restorative, Reproductive Medicine, including cutting edge research results. ", "We know this research is difficult to do and not always easy to find. ", "That’s where we can help! ", "The IIRRM sponsors and endorses research that is being conducted in accordance with the principals of RRM, research that seeks to cooperate with and restore normal reproductive function or anatomy. ", "In doing so, it does not bypass, destroy or suppress normal healthy functioning of the reproductive system." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ " + 13*h**2) + (-3*h - 4*h + 5*h)*(5*h**2 - 5*h**2 + 2*h**3) + 0*h**4 - 2*h**4 + 3*h**4 + h**3 - h**4 - h**3.", "\n-22*h**4 + 12*h**3\nExpand -t + t + t**3 + t**2 + 2*t**3 - t**2 + (-3*t**2 + 3*t**2 - t**2)*(0*t + 3*t - t) - 2*t**3 - 4*t**3 + 4*t**3 - 33*t**3 + 914*t**2 - 914*t**2.", "\n-34*t**3\nExpand -2*b - 5*b + 0*b + (0 + 0 + b)*(4 + 2 - 5) - 5*b + b + 5*b.", "\n-5*b\nExpand (-166 - 17*m**2 + 166)*(2*m - m + m) + 4*m**3 - 5*m**3 - m**3.", "\n-36*m**3\nExpand (-3*v + 3*v + 2*v)*(-2 + 5 - 4)*(2 - 2 - 1)*(-3 + 2 - 1).", "\n-4*v\nExpand (-4 - t + 3 + 0*t)*(1 - 4 - 15*t**4 + 12*t**4).", "\n3*t**5 + 3*t**4 + 3*t + 3\nExpand -3*n**4 - 2*n**4 + 3*n**4 + (3*n + 3*n + 4*n)*(-n**3 + 0*n**3 + 0*n**3) + 2*n**4 + 2 - 2.", "\n-10*n**4\nExpand (-4*k**4 + 0*k**4 + 3*k**4)*(4*k - 4*k - k).", "\nk**5\nExpand (9*l + 5*l - 5*l)*(3*l - 3*l - 9*l**2).", "\n-81*l**3\nExpand -24 + 3*i + 24 + (-3 + 2 - 1)*(2*i + 0*i - i) + 0 + 0 - 6*i.", "\n-5*i\nExpand (-4*j**3 - j**3 + 6*j**3)*(-3*j - 3*j + 2*j) - 5*j**4 + 10*j**3 - 10*j**3.", "\n-9*j**4\nExpand (-2*b**2 + 2*b**2 - b**2)*(-87*b**3 - 71*b**3 + 218*b**3).", "\n-60*b**5\nExpand (k + 3 - 3)*(0*k - 3*k + 4 + 4*k).", "\nk**2 + 4*k\nExpand (59 - 59 + 27*q)*(-2 + 2 - 2*q + (3*q - 4*q + 0*q)*(1 + 5 - 4) + 1 - q - 1 - 4*q + 2*q + 0*q - 3 + 3 - q - 4 - 2*q + 4 - 1 + 1 + 2*q).", "\n-216*q**2\nExpand (-42 + 42 - 14*n)*(-1 + 4 - 4) - 2*n - 2*n + 2*n.", "\n12*n\nExpand ((r + r - r)*(0*r - 4*r + 5*r) - 4*r**2 + 3*r**2 + 3*r**2 + 0*r**2 - 2*r**2 + 0*r**2)*(3*r + 0*r - 11*r).", "\n-8*r**3\nExpand (4*z - z - 2*z)*(-2 + 1 + 3)*(1 - 2*z - 1).", "\n-4*z**2\nExpand (3*j + j - 2*j)*(6*j**4 - 3*j**4 - 4*j**4 + (-3 + 0 + 1)*(-3*j**4 + 5*j**4 - 4*j**4)).", "\n6*j**5\nExpand (-4 - i + 4)*(-4 - 2*i**4 + 4) - i**5 + 5*i**5 - 5*i**5 + 0*i**5 + 0*i**5 - 3*i**5 - 2*i - 3*i**5 + 2*i + 2*i**5 + 5*i**4 + 0*i**5 - 3*i**5.", "\n-6*i**5 + 5*i**4\nExpand ((-7 - 2 + 4)*(0 + 0 + 2) - 5 - 1 + 4)*(0 - 2*u + 0).", "\n24*u\nExpand (-2 + 3 - 3)*(0 + v + 0) - 8 + 8 - v - 2*v + 3*v + 4*v.", "\n2*v\nExpand (4*q + 0*q + q)*((-2*q + 3*q + 3*q)*(2 - 2 - 2) + 2*q - q + 0*q).", "\n-35*q**2\nExpand (-9*s + 2*s - 3 + 4)*(-5*s + 3*s + 7*s + 2).", "\n-35*s**2 - 9*s + 2\nExpand (0*o + 0*o + 2*o)*(-2*o + 2*o - 5*o**3) + (-2*o**2 + o**2 - o**2)*(3*o**2 - 4*o**2 + 3*o**2).", "\n-14*o**4\nExpand 2*i**4 + 3*i**4 - i**4 - i**4 + 4*i**4 - 5*i**4 - 2*i**4 + i**2 - i**2 + (1 - 1 + 2*i**2)*(-3*i**2 - 3*i**2 + 4*i**2).", "\n-4*i**4\nExpand (2 + 1 - 5)*(-3*c - c + 38*c).", "\n-68*c\nExpand (-51 - 41 + 50 - 68)*(2*f + f - f).", "\n-220*f\nExpand (-1 - 4 + 6)*(v**5 + 0*v**5 - 2*v**5).", "\n-v**5\nExpand ((-3 + 2 + 2)*(0 + 1 + 0) + 1 - 2 - 1 - 2 + 1 + 0 + 0 - 4 + 3 + (-3 - 5 + 4)*(-3 - 3 + 4))*(-1 + g + 1).", "\n5*g\nExpand 3*w**5 + 4*w**5 - 6*w**5 + (-2*w - 1 + 1)*(-2*w**4 + 4*w - 4*w) + w**5 + 5*w - 5*w + 4*w**5 + w**5 - 4*w**5.", "\n7*w**5\nExpand (0 + 0 + 2 + (3 + 0 + 5)*(4 + 4 - 4))*(3*z**4 - 5*z**4 + 3*z**4).", "\n34*z**4\nExpand (j**2 + 2*j + 0*j - 3*j**2)*(2*j**3 - 4*j**3 + 0*j**3).", "\n4*j**5 - 4*j**4\nExpand (2 - 1 + 2)*(-4 + 2 - 6*q + 0).", "\n-18*q - 6\nExpand -3*v**3 + v**3 + v**3 + (-5*v + v**3 + 5*v)*((1 - 2 + 0)*(0 - 1 + 0) + 5 + 1 - 4).", "\n2*v**3\nExpand n + 2*n**2 - n + (6*n - 10*n + 5 + n)*(3*n + n - 2*n).", "\n-4*n**2 + 10*n\nExpand u - u**5 - u + (2*u + 0 + 0)*(2*u**4 - 5*u**3 + 5*u**3) + (3*u**2 - 3*u + 3*u)*(-u**2 + u**3 + u**2) + u**5 - 2*u**5 + 5*u**5.", "\n10*u**5\nExpand (3*l**4 - 5*l**4 - l**4)*(-6*l + 2*l + 2*l) + (-3*l + l + 3*l)*(-3*l**4 + 4*l**4 - 4*l**4) - 3*l**2 + 3*l**2 - l**5.", "\n2*l**5\nExpand -10 - 4*d**2 + 10 + (-2*d - 4*d + 5*d)*(2*d + 0*d - 4*d).", "\n-2*d**2\nExpand (0 + 2*d + 0)*(-2*d**2 + 4*d**2 + 7*d**2)*(-1 - 3 + 2) - 6*d**3 + 3*d**3 + 4*d**3.", "\n-35*d**3\nExpand (-1 + 3 + 0)*(0 - 2 - 1)*(a**2 + a**2 + 0*a**2).", "\n-12*a**2\nExpand (4*i**2 - 22*i + 22*i)*(2*i + 6*i - 2*i) - i**3 - 1 + 1.", "\n23*i**3\nExpand (b**3 + b**3 - b**3)*(-3 + 3 - 2*b) + b**3 + b**4 - b**3 + 16*b**4 - 16*b**2 + 13*b**2 + 4*b**2.", "\n15*b**4 + b**2\nExpand (2*j + 2*j**4 - 2*j)*(7 - 8 + j + 0*j).", "\n2*j**5 - 2*j**4\nExpand (0*t - t - t - 3 - t + 3 + 4*t - 2*t - t + (3*t - 2*t + t)*(0 + 4 - 6) - 2*t + 2*t + 2*t + 0*t - 6*t - 6*t)*(2*t - 6*t + 3*t).", "\n16*t**2\nExpand (0*i**4 - 6*i**4 + 4*i**4)*(3 - 5 + 4) - 4*i**4 + 5*i**4 - 3*i**4 + (0*i + 4*i - 2*i)*(-2*i**3 - 2 + 2).", "\n-10*i**4\nExpand (-20*r + 20*r - 19*r**2)*(0*r**2 - 4*r**2 + 3*r**2) + (5 - 2 - 1)*(0*r**3 - r**4 + 0*r**3).", "\n17*r**4\nExpand 3*z**5 - 3*z**5 - z**5 + (0*z**2 + z**4 + 0*z**2)*(-3*z + 3*z - 2*z) + 10 - 10 - 7*z**5.", "\n-10*z**5\nExpand ((-2*k + 0 + 0)*(0 + 1 - 2) - 2*k + 0*k - 3*k)*(2 - 8*k - 2).", "\n24*k**2\nExpand -3*c**4 + 5*c**4 - 8*c**5 - 2*c**5 + (3 - 3 - 3*c)*(0*c**4 - 3*c**4 + 4*c**4).", "\n-13*c**5 + 2*c**4\nExpand (-b - b**4 + b)*(-b - 2*b + b)*(-2 + 3 - 7)*(-1 + 4 - 4).", "\n12*b**5\nExpand (3 - 2*q**3 - 3)*(-36 + 18 + 13) + (3*q + 0*q - q)*(q**2 + 0 + 0).", "\n12*q**3\nExpand (0 - 4 + 2)*(3*y - 4*y + 3*y) - y - 2*y + 6*y + (2 - 2 - 2*y)*(2 + 2 - 2) + 2*y - 10*y + y.\n-12*y\nExpand (2*f**2 - 4*f**2 + f**2)*(2 + 0 - 1) + f**2 + 3*f**2 - 5*f**2 - 3*f**2 - 3*f**2 + 4*f**2 + ((f + 2*f - 7*f)*(0 + 5 - 4) + 0 + 0 - 2*f)*(3*f - 5*f + 0*f).", "\n8*f**2\nExpand (-5 + 5 + 4)*(0 + 2 + 1)*(-y + 0*y + 3*y).", "\n24*y\nExpand (0 + 0 - 1)*(1 + 2 - 5)*(-16 + 3*h**2 + 16).", "\n6*h**2\nExpand (-3*w + 3*w - w**2)*(2 - 2 - w) - 70 + 70 + 65*w**3.", "\n66*w**3\nExpand (-2 - 3 + 2)*(4*b - b + b).", "\n-12*b\nExpand -3*o**4 + 11*o - 11*o + 5*o**4 - 2*o**4 - 2*o**4 - 5*o - 2*o**4 + 5*o + (2*o - 3 + 3)*(2*o**3 - o**3 - 3*o**3) + 2*o**4 - 5*o**4 + 2*o**4.", "\n-9*o**4\nExpand (-6*i**2 + 3*i**2 + i**2)*(2 + 4 - 2)*(-7*i**2 - 3 + 3).", "\n56*i**4\nExpand 0*w**2 + 4*w**2 - 4*w**2 + 143*w**3 + (w**2 + 5*w**2 - 5*w**2)*(2*w - 2*w + w).", "\n144*w**3\nExpand (-1 - 5 + 5)*(-2*x - 5*x + 5*x)*(2 - 4 + 12).", "\n20*x\nExpand -2*b - 21*b**2 + 21*b**2 - 2*b**3 + (-2*b - 1 + 1)*(-4 + b + 4)*(3*b + 2 - 2).", "\n-8*b**3 - 2*b\nExpand -2*y**2 - 3*y + y + 13*y**2 - 3*y**2 + 2*y**2 + 3*y**2 + (-y**2 - 4*y + 4*y)*(-5 + 2 + 2).", "\n14*y**2 - 2*y\nExpand 2*m**2 + 2*m**3 - 6 + 6 + (-2 - m + 2 + (-2*m + 4*m + 0*m)*(-1 + 0 - 1))*(-m**2 + 3*m**2 - 10*m**2).", "\n42*m**3 + 2*m**2\nExpand (3 + 17 - 1)*(5 + s - 1 - 6).", "\n19*s - 38\nExpand q**5 + 0*q**3 + 0*q**3 - q**5 - q**5 + 0*q**5 + (3*q**2 - 2*q**2 + q**2)*(2*q**3 + 4*q**2 - 4*q**2) - 2*q**5 + 0*q**5 + 5*q**5.", "\n6*q**5\nExpand (s**2 + s**2 + 0*s**2)*(-2*s + 5*s - 2*s) - 12*s**2 + 3*s**2 - s**3 - s**2.", "\ns**3 - 10*s**2\nExpand 20 - 20 + 3*s + (3 - 4 - 2)*(-3*s - s + 2*s) + (-3 - s + 3)*(3 - 5 + 3).", "\n8*s\nExpand 0*b - b - b + 3*b - 2*b - 3*b + (6*b - 3*b - 2*b)*(-3 + 4 - 3) - b - 3*b + b - 4 + 4 - 2*b.", "\n-11*b\nExpand (0*z + z**2 + 0*z)*((-1 + 1 + 2)*(-z + 3*z - z) - 3 - 6*z + 3 - 5*z + 3*z + 0*z).", "\n-6*z**3\nExpand (4*q**3 + 0*q**3 - q**3)*(-2*q - q - 18 + 19).", "\n-9*q**4 + 3*q**3\nExpand (5 + 2*w**2 - 5)*(86 - 46 + 2*w - 39).", "\n4*w**3 + 2*w**2\nExpand ((-2 + 7 - 4)*(-1 + 1 - 1) - 4 + 4 - 2 - 3 - 1 + 3)*(4*y**5 + 34 - 34 + (2*y**3 - 3*y**3 - y**3)*(0*y - y**2 + 0*y)).", "\n-24*y**5\nExpand i + 8*i - 2*i + (5*i - 5*i - 2*i)*(2 + 2 - 2) - 3*i - 5*i + 2*i.", "\n-3*i\nExpand (-3*b + b - b)*(2*b + 5 - 3 - b).", "\n-3*b**2 - 6*b\nExpand (23 - 23 + 2*f)*(-2 + 2 + 2*f)*(3*f - f + 0*f).", "\n8*f**3\nExpand (-13*s**4 + 4*s**4 + 5*s**4)*(s - 5*s + 3*s) + s**5 + 3*s**3 - 3*s**3.", "\n5*s**5\nExpand (5*z - z - 2*z + (1 + z - 1)*(-3 + 1 + 3))*(-3 - 4 + 1)*(-7 + 4 + 0)*(-z + 3*z - 3*z).", "\n-54*z**2\nExpand (-4*g + 2*g + 3*g)*(-19 - 24 - 1) + 2*g - 1 + 1.", "\n-42*g\nExpand (0*x**2 + 5*x**2 - 3*x**2)*(-5*x**2 + 30*x**3 + 5*x**2).", "\n60*x**5\nExpand (2 - 4*r + 8*r + 2*r)*(r**3 + 2*r**3 - 2*r**3).", "\n6*r**4 + 2*r**3\nExpand (6 - 5 - 18)*(-4*b - b + 6*b).", "\n-17*b\nExpand -2*x**4 - x**5 + 2*x**4 + (2*x**4 + 4*x**3 - 4*x**3)*(-3*x - x + 2*x).", "\n-5*x**5\nExpand (h - 3*h + 0*h)*(3 - 3 - 1) + (18*h - 22 + 22)*(4 - 5 + 0).", "\n-16*h\nExpand (4 - 4 - 2)*(4*l - 9 + 9)*(-1 + 3 - 4).", "\n16*l\nExpand (a**3 + 3*a**3 - 6*a**3)*(3*a - a - a + 0*a + 0*a - a + (-61 + 61 - 7*a)*(-2 - 5 + 3)).", "\n-56*a**4\nExpand (t**2 + 6*t**2 - t**2)*(-t**2 - 2*t**2 + t**2).", "\n-12*t**4\nExpand 0*b - 2*b + b + (-2 + 1 - 3)*(-5*b - 10 + 10).", "\n19*b\nExpand -n - 3*n**2 + n + (0*n + 6*n - 4*n)*(-n - 3*n + 2*n) + 0*n**2 + n**2 - 3*n**2 - 2*n**2 - 2*n**2 + 3*n**2.", "\n-10*n**2\nExpand (z + 2 + 3*z - 2*z)*(-8 + 1 + 6).", "\n-2*z - 2\nExpand (-2*t**2 + 0*t**2 + t**2)*(-3*t - 3*t + 7*t) + (4*t**2 - 2*t**2 - t**2)*(2*t + 6*t + 0*t).", "\n7*t**3\nExpand (2*o**3 - 4*o**3 + 5*o**3)*(6*o - 3*o - 4*o)*(-3*o + 3*o - 3*o).", "\n9*o**5\nExpand (-3 + 4 + 0)*((-t + 2*t - 3*t)*(4 - 4 + 2*t) - t**2 + 6 - 6).", "\n-5*t**2\nExpand (-" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "---\nauthor:\n- 'Qi Jia, Xin Fan,  Zhongxuan Luo, Lianbo Song, and Tie Qiu'\nbibliography:\n- 'A\\_Fast\\_Ellipse\\_Detector\\_Using\\_Projective\\_Invariant\\_Pruning.bib'\ntitle: A Fast Ellipse Detector Using Projective Invariant Pruning\n---\n\n[Shell : Bare Demo of IEEEtran.cls for Journals]{}\n\nare quite common in natural or artificial scenes. ", "The detection of ellipses in a fast and reliable manner from real world images provides a powerful analysis tool for many computer vision applications such as wheels detection [@cooke2010fast], biological cell division [@zafari2015segmentation], and object segmentation for industrial applications [@teutsch2006real]. ", "Ellipse detection still remains unresolved as one of the classical tasks with long history. ", "Most existing methods perform far from real time, which hinder their applications in reality.", "\n\nThe earliest ellipse detection algorithm dates back to the classical Hough transform (HT) that fits the parametric form of an ellipse using a voting scheme [@Illingworth1988]. ", "The standard HT approach extracts ellipses by finding the clusters in a five-dimensional (5D) parametric space, consuming a great deal of memory and time. ", "The randomized HT (RHT) improves the performance by reducing the number of false alarms [@mclaughlin1998randomized]. ", "The iterative RHT (IRHT) speeds up RHT so significant by focusing on the candidates likely to be an ellipse that it only needs 1-D accumulators [@lu2008detection]. ", "However, both RHT and IRHT are still quite slow attributing to the voting processing among numerous candidates, and the geometry relationships between points are also neglected during voting.", "\n\nResearchers introduce algebraic or geometric constraints on *points* of an ellipse to screening candidates. ", "Liang *et al.*", " [@liang2015robust] introduce the maximum correntropy criterion into the constrained least-square fitting to alleviate the influence of outliers. ", "Mulleti *et al.*", " [@mulletiellipse] use the finite rate of innovation sampling principle to fit noisy or partial ellipse. ", "Both methods produce ellipses with less bias. ", "However, they can only work on the image with one single ellipse. ", "Xie and Ji exploit the symmetry of two points on ellipse, reducing the voting parameter to one [@xie2002new]. ", "However, it is time-prohibitive to enumerate every point pairs as elliptical candidates. ", "Basca  *et al.*", " [@bascca2005randomized] accelerate Xie *et al.*", "’s method with RHT by considering only a small random subset of initial point pairs. ", "Zhang and Liu [@zhang2005robust] use edge directional properties to reduce point combinations that lie out of the same ellipse boundary.", "\n\nMany methods take into account the geometric constraints on *arc* segments as the symmetry between points brings too many candidate pairs. ", "Kim *et al.*", " [@kim2002fast] extract arc segments approximated by short straight lines. ", "Libuda *et al.*", " [@libuda2007ellipse] and Prasad *et al.*", " [@prasad2013ellifit] improve Kim *et al.*", "’s method with less memory usage. ", "However, these candidate arcs connecting short line segments may merge intersected arcs from different ellipses, resulting in lower precisions [@kim2002fast; @libuda2007ellipse]. ", "Nguyen *et al.*", " [@nguyen2009real] detect ellipses upon arcs by edge grouping. ", "Their method is able to handle incomplete ellipses, but fails to detect ellipses splitting into many short arcs. ", "Some other works formulate the mergence of elliptical arcs as an assignment problem, and iteratively correct the detection results [@mai2008hierarchical; @chia2011split; @lu2015effective]. ", "These methods have high detection rates, but suffer from heavy computational costs. ", "Prasad *et al.*", " [@prasad2010clustering] merge elliptical arcs with the relationship score given by the center of the ellipse fitting the arcs. ", "Recently, Fornaciari *et al.*", " [@fornaciari2014fast] develop an ellipse detector that classifies elliptical arcs into four groups and estimates the ellipse parameters using the decomposed parameter space. ", "There are still a number of candidate arcs in each group while their method renders a relatively faster detection than previous methods. ", "Especially, it is quite time consuming to calculate every possible combinations of arcs from each group, not to mention that many of them are wrong combinations.", "\n\nAll aforementioned methods start the estimation from points or arcs with their positional constraints. ", "Actually, there exist more constraints whether points or arcs are amenable to the analytical ellipse equation. ", "In [@sugaya2010ellipse], RANSAC is used to randomly choose five points repeatedly until the ellipse determined by these five points closely passes through a maximum number of edge points. ", "This method is inefficient as there exist so many combinations of five points and one has to calculate ellipse parameters for each five-point combination. ", "Instead of directly calculating the ellipse parameters, Liu and Hu [@liu2013effective] use geometric distances of points to a conic in order to evaluate the similarity between any two of selected arcs. ", "There are still a large number of wrong arcs combinations, and the computation of distances between points and arcs lower down its efficiency.", "\n\nIn this paper, we circumvent the high computational load by pruning and picking candidates using a projective invariant, named characteristic number (CN) [@luo2014projective]. ", "The projective invariance of CN is introduced in [@fan2015fiducial] acting as geometric constraints for fiducial point localization under face pose changes. ", "Later, Jia *et al.* ", "employ this invariant property to construct a shape descriptor robust to perspective deformations [@jia2016hierarchical]. ", "For the first time, we explicitly take the advantage of the CN property giving the characterization of the intrinsic geometry of an underlying planar curve of points. ", "The invariant gives the value of $-1$ on any three collinear points and $+1$ for any six points on a conic (ellipse or other conic curves). ", "We are able to efficiently pruning straight lines and to determine whether non-collinear six points belong to the same conic without need of analytically fitting nor voting. ", "The calculation of CN is also quite fast since the determinants of $3\\times3$ matrices constitute the primitives of CN.", "\n\nFigure \\[fig:process2\\] illustrates the pruning and picking on an input image with a bunches of ellipses in . ", "Candidate arc segments appear different colors, and we are able to prune those line segments having the CN value $-1$. We use six points on two arc segments, three on each, to calculate a CN value. ", "The points on the bold arcs in pink and blue form the light brown triangle, while those on blue and green bold arcs generate the light green triangle. ", "These triangles (closed loops) formed by auxiliary lines connecting arc points are necessary for CN calculation. ", "The six points on the arc pairs from the same ellipse, e.g., the blue and green pair in , give the CN value $+1$. Thus, the arcs belonging to one ellipse easily pop out by CN values, and  shows the ellipse candidates formed by these picked arc segments. ", "Figure \\[fig:process4\\] presents the final detection results by further ellipse fitting and validation. ", "The proposed method is robust with high efficiency, suitable for real-time applications as validated in experiments.", "\n\nThe rest of this paper is organized as follows. ", "Section 2 introduces the characteristic number (CN) and its property on lines and conic curves. ", "Section 3 elaborates our fast ellipse detection algorithm with line pruning and arc picking using CN. ", "Section 4 demonstrates experimental evaluations on accuracy and efficiency. ", "Section 5 concludes the paper.", "\n\nCharacteristic number on line and conic\n=======================================\n\nIn this section, we first introduce the general definition of the characteristic number (CN), and give its computation on three collinear points (CNL) and six points in a conic curve (CNC), respectively. ", "Also, we present the CN properties for these two configurations, the key to efficiently pruning line segments and picking candidates for elliptical arcs.", "\n\nCharacteristic number\n---------------------\n\nThe characteristic number extends the classical cross ratio in various respects, and reflects the intrinsic geometry underlying given points. ", "The CN value of three collinear points is $-1$, while six points lying on a conic curve have a common CN value $+1$. We give the definition of $CN$ below [@luo2014projective].", "\n\n**Definition 1** Let $\\mathbb{P}^{m}$ be $m$-dimension projective space over $\\mathbb{K}$, and $P_1,P_2,\\ldots, P_r$ be $r$ distinct points in $\\mathbb{P}^{m}$ that construct a closed loop ($P_{r+1}=P_1$). ", "There are $n$ distinct points $Q_i^{(1)},\\ldots Q_i^{(n)}$ on the line segment $P_iP_{i+1}, i = 1,\\ldots,r.$ Each point $Q_i^{(j)}$ can be linearly represented by $P_i$ and $P_{i+1}$ as $$Q_i^{(j)} = a_i^{(j)}{P_i} + b_i^{(j)}{P_{i + 1}}.$$ Let ${\\cal P} = \\{ {P_i}\\} _{i = 1}^r$ and ${\\cal Q} {\\rm{ = \\{ }}Q_i^{(j)}\\} _{i = 1,...,r}^{j = 1,...,n}$, the quantity $$\\label{eq:CN}\nCN({\\cal P},{\\cal Q}{\\rm{) = }}\\prod\\limits_{i = 1}^r {\\left( {\\prod\\limits_{j = 1}^n {\\frac{{b_i^{(j)}}}{{a_i^{(j)}}}} } \\right)},$$ is defined as the **characteristic number** of ${\\cal P}$ and ${\\cal Q}$.\n\nThe classical cross ratio is a special case of CN when $r=2$ and $n=2$. The characteristic number is proven to be a projective invariant, meaning that CN values keep unchanged under projective/perspective transformations.", "\n\nThe definition of CN requires a closed loop with $r$ sides, and the number of points $Q^{(j)}$ at every side has to be identical. ", "Subsequently, we draw auxiliary lines to set up this geometric configuration required for calculating CN on three collinear points and six points on a conic curve (ellipse).", "\n\nCharacteristic number on three collinear points\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nThree pairwise intersecting lines $a$, $b$ and $c$ intersect at three points $P_1$, $P_2$ and $P_3$, forming a closed loop. ", "These three lines intersect another line $l$ at three points $Q_1^{(1)}$, $Q_2^{(1)}$ and $Q_3^{(1)}$, as shown in . ", "According to Definition 1, $Q_1^{(1)}$, $Q_2^{(1)}$ and $Q_3^{(1)}$ can be linearly represented by $P_1$, $P_2$ and $P_3$ as:\n\n![", "Characteristic number on three collinear points (CNL), $Q_1^{(1)}$, $Q_2^{(1)}$ and $Q_3^{(1)}$. Three pairwise intersecting lines $a$, $b$ and $c$ form a closed loop $\\triangle P_1P_2P_3$. []{data-label=\"fig:threeCN\"}](threeCN){height=\"6.5cm\"}\n\n$$\\label{eq:CNL_coef}\n\\left\\{ \\begin{gathered}\n {Q_1}^{(1)} = {a_1}^{(1)}P_1 + {b_1}^{(1)}P_2, \\hfill \\\\\n {Q_2}^{(1)} = {a_2}^{(1)}P_2 + {b_2}^{(1)}P_3, \\hfill \\\\\n {Q_3}^{(1)} = {a_3}^{(1)}P_3 + {b_3}^{(1)}P_1, \\hfill \\\\\n\\end{gathered} \\right.$$\n\nSubstituting the coefficients into [(\\[eq:CN\\])]{}, we calculate CN on three collinear points (CNL) as [(\\[eq:CNL\\])]{}. ", "It can be proved that the CN value equals to $-1$ if $Q_1^{(1)}$, $Q_2^{(1)}$ and $Q_3^{(1)}$ are collinear [@fan2015fiducial]. ", "$$\\label{eq:CNL}\nCNL({\\cal P},{\\cal Q}) = CN({\\cal P},{\\cal Q}) = \\prod\\limits_{i = 1}^3 {\\frac{{{b_i}^{(1)}}}{{{a_i}^{(1)}}}} = - 1,$$ The proof process also implies that the calculation of CNL is achieved by the determinant of a $3 \\times 3$ matrix. ", "In this study, we use this property to prune line segments in ellipse detection.", "\n\nCharacteristic number on six points of a conic\n----------------------------------------------\n\n![", "Characteristic number on six points of a conic (CNC). ", "The closed loop $\\triangle P_1P_2P_3$ intersects a conic (ellipse) at two points on each side as $\\{{Q_i}^{(j)}|i=1,2,3;j=1,2\\}$. The points $R_i(i=1,2,3)$ are auxiliary points to prove $CNC=+1$. []{data-label=\"fig:ProveCNC\"}](ProveCNC){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nWe denote the line through two points ${{Q_1}^{(1)}}$ and ${{Q_1}^{(2)}}$ as ${{Q_1}^{(1)}}{{Q_1}^{(2)}}$, and the intersection of two lines as $<{{Q_1}^{(1)}}{{Q_1}^{(2)}}, {{Q_2}^{(1)}}{{Q_2}^{(2)}}>$. Let $\\{{Q_i}^{(j)}|i=1,2,3;j=1,2\\}$ be six distinct points on a conic (ellipse) as shown in , and $P_1$, $P_2$ and $P_3$ be three intersection points of the lines connecting some pairs of the six points on the conic:\n\n$$\\label{eq:p13q16}\n\\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}\n {{P_1} = < {Q_3}^{(1)}{Q_3}^{(2)} ,{Q_1}^{(1)}{Q_1}^{(2)} > ,} \\\\\n {{P_2} = < {Q_1}^{(1)}{Q_1}^{(2)} ,{Q_2}^{(1)}{Q_2}^{(2)} > ,} \\\\\n {{P_3} = < {Q_2}^{(1)}{Q_2}^{(2)} ,{Q_3}^{(1)}{Q_3}^{(2)} > .}", "\n\\end{array}$$\n\nSimilar to [(\\[eq:CNL\\_coef\\])]{}, each point of $\\{{Q_i}^{(j)}|i=1,2,3;j=1,2\\}$ can be linearly represented by a pair of points from $\\{P_1,P_2,P_3\\}$. $$\\label{eq:p}\n\\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}\n {{Q_1}^{(1)} = {a_1}^{(1)}P_1 + {b_1}^{(1)}P_2,} \\\\\n {{Q_1}^{(2)} = {a_1}^{(2)}P_1 + {b_1}^{(2)}P_2,} \\\\\n {{Q_2}^{(1)} = {a_2}^{(1)}P_2 + {b_2}^{(1)}P_3,} \\\\\n {{Q_2}^{(2)} = {a_2}^{(2)}P_2 + {b_2}^{(2)}P_3,} \\\\\n {{Q_3}^{(1)} = {a_3}^{(1)}P_3 + {b_3}^{(1)}P_1,} \\\\\n {{Q_3}^{(2)} = {a_3}^{(2)}P_3 + {b_3}^{(2)}P_1.}", "\n\\end{array}$$ We have the characteristic number on six points of a conic (CNC) as [(\\[eq:CNC\\])]{} by substituting the representation coefficients $a_i^{(j)}$ and $b_i^{(j)}$ into [(\\[eq:CN\\])]{}, and the CNC value equals $+1$. We apply this property of CN to pick arc segments likely lying on an ellipse. ", "$$\\label{eq:CNC}\nCNC({\\cal P},{\\cal Q}) = \\prod\\limits_{i = 1}^3 {\\prod\\limits_{j = 1}^2 {\\frac{b_i^{(j)}}{a_i^{(j)}}} } = 1.$$\n\nWe provide a simple proof to $CNC({\\cal P},{\\cal Q})=+1$ based on Pascal’s hexagon theorem [@stefanovic2010very] as below.", "\n\n**Proof** Let $\\{{Q_i}^{(j)}|i=1,2,3;j=1,2\\}$ be six points on a conic. ", "As shown in , we can obtain three more intersections as $$\\label{eq:defineR3}\n\\left\\{ \\begin{gathered}\n {R_1} = < Q_2^{(2)}Q_3^{(1)},P_1P_2 > , \\hfill \\\\\n {R_2} = < Q_1^{(1)}Q_3^{(2)},P_2P_3 > , \\hfill \\\\\n {R_3} = < Q_1^{(2)}Q_2^{(1)},P_1P_3 > . ", "\\hfill \\\\\n\\end{gathered} \\right.$$\n\nThen $R_1$, $R_2$, and $R_3$ can be represented by $\\{{Q_i}^{(j)}|i=1,2,3;j=1,2\\}$ and $\\{P_1,P_2,P_3\\}$ through simple calculations as $$\\label{eq:eq2}\n\\left\\{ \\begin{gathered}\n {R_1} = - |{Q_2}^{(2)},{Q_3}^{(1)},{P_2}|{P_1} + |{Q_2}^{(2)},{Q_3}^{(1)},{P_1}|{P_2},\\\\\n {R_2} = - |{Q_1}^{(1)},{Q_3}^{(2)},{P_3}|{P_2} + |{Q_1}^{(1)},{Q_3}^{(2)},{P_2}|{P_3},\\\\\n {R_3} = - |{Q_1}^{(2)},{Q_2}^{(1)},{P_3}|{P_1} + |{Q_1}^{(2)},{Q_2}^{(1)},{P_1}|{P_3},\\\\\n\\end{gathered} \\right.$$ where we use homogeneous coordination to represent a planar point as $A=[A(x),A(y),A(z)]^T$, and $|A,B,C|$ denotes the determinant of the $3\\times3$ matrix given by the homogeneous coordinates of the three points $A$, $B$ and $C$ as $$|A,B,C| = \\left| {\\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}\n {A(x)}&{B(x)}&{C(x)} \\\\\n {A(y)}&{B(y)}&{C(y)} \\\\\n {A(z)}&{B(z)}&{C(z)}\n\\end{array}} \\right|.$$\n\nAs the homogeneous coordinate of a point in a projective plane is independent on the initial points constructing the plane, we specify $P_1=(1,0,0)^T, P_2=(0,1,0)^T$, and $P_3=(0,0,1)^T$. Consequently, the points $R_1$,$R_2$ and $R_3$ can be represented by $P_i$, $a_i^{(j)}$ and $b_i^{(j)} (i=1,2,3;j=1,2)$ by substituting [(\\[eq:p\\])]{} into [(\\[eq:eq2\\])]{} as $$\\label{eq:q}\n\\left\\{ {\\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}\n {{R_1} = ( b_2^{(2)}b_3^{(1)},- a_2^{(2)}a_3^{(1)},0)^T,} \\\\\n {{R_2} = (0, - b_1^{(1)}b_3^{(2)},a_1^{(1)}a_3^{(2)})^T,} \\\\\n {{R_3} = ( a_1^{(2)}a_2^{(1)},0,- b_1^{(2)}b_2^{(1)})^T.}\n\\end{array}} \\right.$$\n\nAccording to Pascal’s hexagon theorem [@stefanovic2010very], $R_1$,$R_2$, and $R_3$ are collinear, i.e., $$\\label{eq:sameline}\n |R_1,R_2,R_3|=0.$$ The proof of [(\\[eq:sameline\\])]{} is provided in Appendix A.\n\nFinally, we can obtain [(\\[eq:CNC\\])]{} by substituting [(\\[eq:q\\])]{} into [(\\[eq:sameline\\])]{}. ", "The proof is completed. ", "Again, as seen from [(\\[eq:eq2\\])]{}, the ratios of several determinants of $3\\times3$ matrices generate CNC.", "\n\nFast ellipse detection\n======================\n\nIn this section, we present our ellipse detector using the characteristic number to prune non-elliptical line segments and pick arc segments lying on an ellipse. ", "These pruning and picking processes significantly reduce the number of arc candidates for final fitting, rendering fast detection. ", "The complete detection procedure includes preprocessing, line pruning, arc selection, and parameter fitting and ellipse validation.", "\n\nAt the preprocessing step, edge points are detected and linked to generate arc segments, where short segments are removed as noise. ", "We delete those arc segments likely to be lines detected by CNL values at the line pruning step. ", "This step reduces the number of arc segments that are not parts of any ellipses. ", "However, the possible arc combinations are still too many to efficiently fit elliptical parameters. ", "At the following arc selection step, we firstly divide arc segments into four groups, and remove some impossible arc combinations across these groups according to their relatively positional relationships. ", "Subsequently, we apply CNC to pick the arc combinations belonging to one ellipse. ", "Only those picked arc segments are used to fit elliptic parameters in the last fitting and validation step. ", "The pruning and picking with CNL and CNC significantly reduce the number of possible arc combinations that determine the computational load of the fitting. ", "Also, these pruning and picking steps run fast so that the overall detector is quite efficient.", "\n\nPreprocessing\n-------------\n\nGiven an image, we firstly smooth the image to partially suppress noise, and apply the Canny edge detector [@canny1986computational] with default thresholds in Matlab to extract consecutive edge points. ", "The edge detector outputs both the position ${x_i}$ and ${y_i}$, and gradient ${\\tau _i}$ on each edge point as ${e_i} = ({x_i},{y_i},{\\tau _i})$, where $i=1,2,...,N$, ${\\tau _i}$ = $dy/dx$, $N$ is the number of edge points.", "\n\nIt is possible to apply the CN constraint on any three or six edge points to determine whether they lie in a line or ellipse. ", "However, we have to calculate $C_{N}^{3}$ and $C_{N}^{6}$ point combinations for $N$ edge points, resulting in high computational complexity. ", "Moreover, most of these combinations come from noise, or different ellipses and lines, spending a large amount time on invalid CN calculations. ", "Instead, we apply the constraints on *arc* segments.", "\n\nIn order to efficiently shear invalid arc combinations for later processing, we group arc segments into four sets corresponding to the arcs from one ellipse distributing in four quadrants as $Arc_\n{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}}$, $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}}$, $Arc_\n{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}$, and $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral4}}$, named *quadrant sets*. ", "In the preprocessing step, we separate edge points $e_i (i=1,2,...,N)$ into two groups $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}} \\cup Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral4}}$ and $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}} \\cup Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}$ by the signs of edge gradients ${\\tau_i}$ as the first stage of this arc grouping:\n\n$$\\label{eq:fourParts1}\n\\left\\{ \\begin{array}{l}\n\\tau_i > 0,{e_i} \\in Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}} \\cup Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral4}},\\\\\n\\tau_i < 0,{e_i} \\in Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}} \\cup Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}.", "\n\\end{array} \\right.$$\n\nWe link each edge point with the other edge points in its eight neighborhood from the same group with a breadth-first strategy until no edge point exists in the neighborhoods. ", "Consequently, we separately generate a series of arc segments in two groups shown in . ", "Figure \\[fig:selectarc2\\] demonstrates the arcs by linking edge points from the Canny detector (shown in ) of the group $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}} \\cup Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral4}}$, and  shows the arc segments of $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}} \\cup Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}$.\n\nAs the second stage of arc grouping, we divide each group into two sets, eventually producing four sets. ", "As shown in , the vertices $(e_1(x), e_1(y))$, $(e_1(x), e_t(y))$, $(e_t(x), e_1(y))$, and $(e_t(x), e_t(y))$ constitute the bounding box of an arc with the length of $t$, where the starting and ending edge points of the arc are $e_1$ and $e_t$, respectively. ", "Denoting the difference between the numbers of pixels above and below (slashed and solid white blocks in ) as $\\delta$, we split each group into two by the sign of $\\delta$. Taking an arc segment in the $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}} \\cup Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}$ group for example, the arc falls in the $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}$ set if the pixel number above the arc is greater than the below ($\\delta > 0$) otherwise ($\\delta < 0$) falls in the $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}}$ set. ", "The last plot in  illustrates this splitting processing. ", "We preform this stage of grouping after line pruning, and hence the cases of $\\delta=0$ are quite rare. ", "Finally, every arc segment in each of these four sets comes from one unique ellipse so that only arc combinations from different sets are necessary for the arc picking process. ", "Therefore, this preprocessing is also designated for an efficient ellipse detector.", "\n\n![", "Grouping arcs into four sets. ", "The first two figures are two arcs in $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}} \\cup Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}$. The difference between the numbers of pixels above and below (slashed and solid white blocks) can split the sets into two sets further. ", "The last figure shows the splitting process.[]{data-label=\"fig:aboveBelow\"}](back \"fig:\"){height=\"1.2in\"} ![", "Grouping arcs into four sets. ", "The first two figures are two arcs in $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}} \\cup Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}$. The difference between the numbers of pixels above and below (slashed and solid white blocks) can split the sets into two sets further. ", "The last figure shows the splitting process.[]{data-label=\"fig:aboveBelow\"}](4parts \"fig:\"){height=\"1.2in\"}\n\nLine pruning {#sec:line_pruning}\n------------\n\nAs a typical treatment to noise in literature, we simply set a threshold $Th_{length}$ ($Th_{length}=16$ in all experiments of this study) to remove short segments. ", "Following the noise attenuation, we employ CNL to prune line segments unlikely to come from an ellipse. ", "The determinant of three edge points, the starting, midpoint, and ending of an arc segment ($e_1, e_i$ and $e_t$) is taken as the fast calculation of the CNL value for the segment given in [(\\[eq:sameline\\])]{}. ", "The geometric interpretation of the determinant is the area of $\\triangle e_1e_ie_t$. We use the ratio of the area to the length of the arc ($CNL/t$) to robustly estimate whether these three points are collinear. ", "The ratio close to zero indicates a line segment to be removed. ", "Figures \\[fig:selectarc4\\] and \\[fig:linePruning\\] presents the segments after removing noise and lines. ", "The top row of  gives the arc segments with edge linking, and the bottom provides those after noise and line pruning. ", "Many segments from noise and lines disappear, significantly reducing the number of arc candidates.", "\n\n![", "The segments after removing noise and lines. ", "The top row gives the arc segments with edge linking, and the bottom provides those after noise and line pruning.[]{data-label=\"fig:linePruning\"}](linePruning){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nArc selection {#sec:arc_selection}\n-------------\n\nIn this step, we pick candidate arcs, that are likely to assemble an ellipse, across the four sets where noise and line segments have been removed. ", "Specifically, two arcs, each with three edge points, are taken from two different sets (one arc per set) in order to construct CNC. ", "As shown in , there are two arcs $ \\stackrel \\frown{arc_1}$ and $\\stackrel \\frown{arc_2}$, where $Q_1^{(2)}$, $Q_1^{(1)}$ and $Q_2^{(1)}$ are the mid and two endpoints of $\\stackrel \\frown{arc_1}$, respectively. ", "Similarly, $Q_3^{(1)}$, $Q_2^{(2)}$ and $Q_3^{(2)}$ are the points in $\\stackrel \\frown{arc_2}$. We intersect $Q_1^{(1)}Q_1^{(2)}$ and $Q_3^{(1)}Q_3^{(2)}$ at $P_1$, $Q_2^{(1)}Q_2^{(2)}$ and $Q_1^{(1)}Q_1^{(2)}$ at $P_2$, and $Q_2^{(1)}Q_2^{(2)}$ and $Q_3^{(1)}Q_3^{(2)}$ at $P_3$. Given these points in $\\mathcal{P}$ and $\\mathcal{Q}$, we are able to have the representation coefficients $a_i^{(j)}$ and $b_i^{(j)}$ ($i=1,2,3$ and $j=1,2$), and calculate the CNC value for this arc combination by substituting these coefficients into [(\\[eq:CNC\\])]{}. ", "Equation \\[eq:CNC\\] also tells that the CNC value equals $+1$ if these two arc segments with six points come from one identical ellipse. ", "Therefore, picking two arc candidates from one ellipse turns out to simply comparing the CNC value of the arc combination with the value $+1$. Similar to line pruning, we can also use a threshold ($Th_{CNC}$) that determines false negative for this process. ", "The arc pair belonging the same ellipse obtains the value of CNC close to $+1$, and the absolute difference of CNC value and $+1$, represented as $Dis_{CNC}$, is close to 0, as shown in  where the triangle constructed by the six points from the pair is labeled in light green. ", "The red-brown triangle indicates the arc pair having the CNC value greater than $Th_{CNC}$, where the two arc segments of this pair lie on different ellipses.", "\n\n![", "Construction of CNC based on two arcs. ", "$Q_1^{(2)}$ is the mid points of $\\stackrel \\frown{arc_1}$, while $Q_1^{(1)}$ and $Q_2^{(1)}$ are two endpoints of $\\stackrel \\frown{arc_1}$. Similarly, $Q_3^{(1)}$, $Q_2^{(2)}$ and $Q_3^{(2)}$ are three points on $\\stackrel \\frown{arc_2}$.[]{data-label=\"fig:howToUse\"}](howToUse){width=\"40.00000%\"}\n\n![", "Threshold ($Th_{CNC}$) is used to determine false negative for arc selection. ", "The arc pair (labeled in green and blue) belonging the same ellipse obtains the value of CNC, $Dis_{CNC}$, close to +1, and the triangle is labeled in light green. ", "The red-brown triangle indicates the arc pair (labeled in blue and pink) having the CNC value greater than $Th_{CNC}$. Points on arcs are labeled in purple, and vertices of triangles are labeled in grey.[]{data-label=\"fig:CNC_Performance\"}](whyItFast){width=\"40.00000%\"}\n\nWe only consider the combinations with arc segments from two adjacent quadrant sets, e.g., $\\{Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}}, Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}}\\}$ and $\\{Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}}, Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}\\}$, but leave out those two-arc combinations from diagonal sets $\\{Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}}, Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}\\}$ and $\\{Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}}, Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral4}}\\}$. This choice further lowers down possible combinations, and more importantly improves the robustness to calculate CNC values. ", "As shown in , the lines $Q_1^{(1)}Q_1^{(2)}$ and $Q_3^{(1)}Q_3^{(2)}$ are likely to be parallel for arcs from diagonal quadrant sets so that the intersection $P_1$ does not exit, or lies quite far from the edge points. ", "The calculation of CNC value is so instable that the determination of ellipse is no more effective. ", "We exclude the combinations with arcs from two diagonal quadrant sets, avoiding this instability.", "\n\nThe combinations with more arc segments are also able to yield more accurate parameter estimation in the later step. ", "Unfortunately, noise and/or occlusions are likely to bring the absence of arc segments from one quadrant set. ", "Hence, we constitute the combinations with *three* arcs from three different quadrant sets upon the arc pairs picked by CNC for later parameter fitting. ", "There are four kinds of valid arc combinations from three quadrant sets for an ellipse, as shown in the first row of . ", "We pick out these combinations in each kind by using both coordinate and CNC constraints together, where the coordinate constraint takes relative locations of arcs to remove invalidate combinations. ", "The second and third rows of  list the picking rules for valid combinations using CNC and coordinate constraints, respectively. ", "The symbols $e_1^1$ and $e_t^1$ denote the starting and end points of $\\stackrel \\frown{arc_1}$. Figure \\[fig:errorPosition\\] illustrates two examples of invalid three-arc combinations that form one ellipse, removed by the constraints in .", "\n\n[m[0.1]{}&lt; m[0.2]{}&lt;m[0.2]{}&lt; m[0.2]{}&lt;m[0.2]{}&lt;]{} Valid arc combinations &[{width=\"20.00000%\"}]{}&[{width=\"20.00000%\"}]{}&[{width=\"20.00000%\"}]{}&[{width=\"20.00000%\"}]{}\\\n\\\nSets constraints & $\\left\\{ \\begin{array}{l}{\n \\wideparen{arc}}_{1} \\in {Arc}_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}}\\\\\n {\\wideparen{arc}}_{2} \\in {Arc}_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}}\\\\\n {\\wideparen{arc}}_{3} \\in {Arc}_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}\n \\end{array} \\right.$ & $\\left\\{ \\begin{array}{l}{\n \\wideparen{arc}}_{1} \\in {Arc}_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}\\\\\n {\\wideparen{arc}}_{2} \\in {Arc}_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}}\\\\\n {\\wideparen{arc}}_{3} \\in {Arc}_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral4}}\n \\end{array} \\right.$ & $\\left\\{ \\begin{array}{l}{\n \\wideparen{arc}}_{1} \\in {Arc}_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral4}}\\\\\n {\\wideparen{arc}}_{2} \\in {Arc}_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}\\\\\n {\\wideparen{arc}}_{3} \\in {Arc}_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}}\n \\end{array} \\right.$ & $\\left\\{ \\begin{array}{l}{\n \\wideparen{arc}}_{1} \\in {Arc}_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}}\\\\\n {\\wideparen{arc}}_{2} \\in {Arc}_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral4}}\\\\\n {\\wideparen{arc}}_{3} \\in {Arc}_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}}\n \\end{array} \\right.$\\\n\\\n\\\nCoordinate constraints &$\\left\\{ \\begin{array}{l}\n {e_t^1(x)} < {e_1^2(x)}\\\\\n {e_1^1(y)} < {e_1^3(y)}\\end{array} \\right.$ & $\\left\\{ \\begin{array}{l}{e_t^1(x)} < {e_1^3(x)}\\\\\n {e_1^1(y)} > {e_1^2(y)}\\end{array} \\right.$ & $\\left\\{ \\begin{array}{l}{e_1^1(x)} > {e_t^2(x)}\\\\\n {e_t^1(y)} > {e_t^3(y)}\\end{array} \\right.$ & $\\left\\{ \\begin{array}{l}{e_1^1(x)} > {e_t^3(x)}\\\\\n {e_t^1(y)} < {e_t^2(y)}\\end{array} \\right.$\\\n\\\n\n\\[tab:position\\]\n\nSpecifically, the picking process for a three-arc combination begins with an arc segment in the middle quadrant set, and then proceed to those in the other two sets. ", "We find an arc pair first, and then the third arc to form the combination by alternatively applying the coordinate and CNC constraints. ", "We take the set combination $\\{Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}}, Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}}, Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}\\}$ in  as an example to illustrate the picking process. ", "We starts with one arc in $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}}$, and test the pair of the arc of $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}}$ and every arc segments in $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}}$ with the coordinate constraint. ", "If one pair meet the coordinate constraint, the CNC constraint is applied to this pair further. ", "Subsequently, we search the set $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}$ to find the third arc segments forming a pair with the arc in $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}}$ that follow the coordinate constraint. ", "Herein, the CNC constraint runs only once in order to balance the speed and accuracy. ", "We repeatedly run the picking process for every arc segments in $Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}}$, and find all valid three-arc combinations for $\\{Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}}, Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}}, Arc_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}\\}$. Algorithm 1 details the picking process for this set combination. ", "The similar process applies to the other three-set combinations in the first row of , and finally we have all valid three-arc combinations ready for parameter fitting given in the next section.", "\n\n${Arc}_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral1}}$ ${Arc}_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral2}}$ ${Arc}_{\\uppercase\\expandafter{\\romannumeral3}}$ valid arc combinations set Continue. ", "Continue. ", "Continue. ", "Add $\\{{\\wideparen{arc}}_{i} {\\wideparen{arc}}_{j} {\\wideparen{arc}}_{k}\\} $ to valid arc combinations set valid arc combinations set\n\nParameter fitting\n-----------------\n\nThere are five parameters to determine an ellipse, including its center (two), orientation (one), and major and minor semi-axes (two). ", "We follow the procedure in [@fornaciari2014fast] to estimate all these parameters but the center whose calculation we provide below.", "\n\nWe estimate the center as the intersection of auxiliary lines generated from any two-point pairs on the three arcs picked by the previous procedure. ", "As illustrated in the top figure of  , $S_1$ and $E_1$ are two points on an arc segment, $T_{1}$ is the intersection of the two tangent lines from $S_1$ and $E_1$, and $M_{1}$ is the middle point of the line segment $S_1E_1$. It is proved that the line $M_{1}T_{1}$ passes through the ellipse center $O$. For practical images, it is unnecessary that all such auxiliary line segments like $M_{1}T_{1}$ given by any point pairs on the elliptical arcs, but we are able to locate the center as the point closest to those lines by the least square fitting. ", "In this study, we find that the accuracy of this fitting (estimation) also depends on the tangents of the points along the ellipse.", "\n\n[![", "Computing the center of the ellipse. ", "The top figure shows the ellipse center calculated by two arcs. ", "The bottom figure shows the ellipse center calculated by a series of parallel chords.[]{data-label=\"fig:ellipseFit1\"}](ellipseFit1 \"fig:\"){width=\"35.00000%\"}]{} [![", "Computing the center of the ellipse. ", "The top figure shows the ellipse center calculated by two arcs. ", "The bottom figure shows the ellipse center calculated by a series of parallel chords.[]{data-label=\"fig:ellipseFit1\"}](robustMethod \"fig:\"){width=\"35.00000%\"}]{}\n\nWe use $n_d$ ($n_d=16$ for our experiments) parallel chords instead of tangent lines in order to minimize the effects from tangent deviations, as shown in the bottom figure of  . ", "The points $F_1$ and $F_2$ are the mid points of the arcs $\\wideparen{S_1E_1}$ and $\\wideparen{S_2E_2}$, respectively. ", "We generate $n_d$ chords parallel to $S_1F_2$, and so we do to the chord $S_2F_1$. The points $M_{1_s}$ and $M_{2_s}$ ($s=1,2,...,{n_d}$) are the mid-points of the two series of parallel chords to $S_1F_2$ and $S_2F_1$, respectively. ", "The points of $M_{1_s}$ are collinear at $m_1$, $M_{2_s}$ lying on the line $m_2$, and the intersection of $m_1$ and $m_2$ determines the ellipse center $O$. We estimate $m_1$ and $m_2$ using a fast variant of the robust Theil-Sen estimator [@matouvsek1991randomized] with two arcs in adjacent quadrant sets. ", "Consequently, we obtain four lines through the ellipse center generated from a three-arc combination, yielding at most six pairwise intersections. ", "The algebraic average of the coordinates of these six intersections is taken as the output ellipse center $(x_0,y_0)$.\n\nEllipses validation\n-------------------\n\nCandidate ellipses are available after the parameter fitting step. ", "There may exist false positives or duplicated ones in these candidates so that a validate step is necessary.", "\n\nWe provide two indices to validate the candidates. ", "The first one measures how many edge points fitting the corresponding ellipse. ", "The more edge points fit, the more likely the ellipse exists. ", "We substitute every edge points into the correspondence ellipse equation to calculate how it fits the equation. ", "We count the number of the fitting edge points, and calculate the ratio to the total points that generate the ellipse by fitting arc combinations.", "\n\nThe second index accounts for arc lengths of three-arc combinations giving ellipse parameters. ", "Ideally, the length of an arc combination is larger than the sum of two semi-axes. ", "We use the ratio between the total length of one three-arc combination and three times of the semi-axes summation as the index. ", "Larger values indicate more stable detection of the ellipse.", "\n\nThe validation in [@prasad2010clustering] is able to discover duplicated ellipses, which allows to assess the similarity of two ellipses by comparing the differences of ellipse parameters. ", "A voting strategy is adopted to pick up the center of a given cluster, removing duplicate ellipses.", "\n\nExperimental results and analysis\n=================================\n\nWe perform a series of experiments on data sets with both synthetic and real images to evaluate the performance of our fast detector by comparing with other state-of-the-art methods [^1].", "\n\nEvaluation metrics and data sets\n--------------------------------\n\nAll the experiments in this paper are executed on a desktop with Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-6700 CPU whose clock frequency is $3.40$ GHz. ", "The performance of ellipse detectors is evaluated in terms of running time and F-measure. ", "The most time-consuming step in many existing methods lie in parameter fitting because too many arc or point candidates are fed to the step. ", "In addition to executing time, we count candidate combinations of arcs (CC) for ellipse fitting, and use CC as a direct index to demonstrate the impacts of CNC and CNL.", "\n\nF-measure is defined as: $$\\label{fmeasure}\n{\\rm{F-measure}} = \\frac{{2 \\times {\\rm{Precision}} \\times {\\rm{Recall}}}}{{{\\rm{Precision + Recall}}}},$$ where $$\\label{pr}\n{\\rm{Precision}} = \\frac{\\Psi}{\\Omega}, {\\rm{Recall}} =\\frac{\\Psi}{\\Gamma}.$$ The symbol $\\Omega$ denotes the number of detected ellipses, and $\\Gamma$ indicates the number of ground-truth ellipses. ", "$\\Psi$ is the number of correctly detected ellipses. ", "The overlapping ratio of a detected ellipse ${\\cal{E}}_d$ to the ground truth ${\\cal{E}}_g$ is defined as: $${\\cal{M}}({{\\cal{E}}_d},{{\\cal{E}}_g}) = \\frac{{area({{\\cal{E}}_d}) \\cap area({{\\cal{E}}_g})}}{{area({{\\cal{E}}_d}) \\cup area({{\\cal{E}}_g})}},$$ where $area(\\cal{E})$ is the number of pixels inside the ellipse ${\\cal{E}}$. The detected ellipse ${\\cal{E}}_d$ is considered as a correct detection if ${\\cal{M}}({{\\cal{E}}_d},{{\\cal{E}}_g})>Th_{o}$. The threshold $Th_{o}$ is set to 0.8 throughout our experiments, as did in [@prasad2012edge].", "\n\nExperimental data contain both real world and synthetic images. ", "We use data sets with real world images to validate efficiency and accuracy, while synthetic ones are designated to demonstrate robustness to noise and ellipse variations. ", "Real world images are those from Dataset \\#1 and Dataset Prasad, the same as [@fornaciari2014fast], for fair comparisons. ", "Dataset \\#1 is composed of 400 images having elliptic shapes, collected from MIRFlickr and LabelMe repositories [@hartley2003multiple]. ", "Those MIRFlickr images are of high quality, and most of them contain only one object (ellipse), while those from LabelM are noisy images of low resolution, containing multiple objects. ", "Dataset Prasad contains 198 real images from [@prasad2012edge], where objects of oval shapes like human faces are regarded as ellipses. ", "Besides evaluations on the original Dataset Prasad, we also construct Dataset \\#2 by selecting 50 images with rigorous ellipses in order to show the accuracy of our method on detecting ellipses. ", "These rigorously elliptical shapes are quite common in industrial inspection and diagnosis.", "\n\nPerformance analysis\n--------------------\n\nThe effectiveness of line pruning and arc selection steps are illustrated by comparisons on detection results with and without these steps. ", "We also provide empirical studies on the hyper-parameters involved in these steps. ", "The parameters for ellipse fitting and validation are taken the same values as those in [@fornaciari2014fast].", "\n\n### Performance analysis of line pruning\n\nWe remove short and straight line segments using CNL as discussed in Section \\[sec:line\\_pruning\\]. ", "Our goal is to prune noise effects and lines in input images as much as possible but preserve arcs of ellipses. ", "We perform line pruning on Dataset \\#1 by tuning $Th_{CNL}$ from $0$ to $5.0$. Intuitively, the threshold $Th_{CNL}$ limits the height of the triangle formed by the three edge points for CNL calculation. ", "Therefore, the larger $Th_{CNL}$ is, the more arcs are to be removed. ", "The zero threshold, $Th_{CNL}=0$, indicates no line pruning step included.", "\n\nTable \\[tab:addlabel\\] lists the values of arc numbers, running time, and F-measure with varying $Th_{CNL}$ values. ", "There are averagely $181$ arc segments without line pruning ($Th_{CNL}=0$), and more segments are removed when increasing $Th_{CNL}$ values. ", "The computing time is $28.86$ms, and F-measure is $0.4313$ without line pruning. ", "When noise and line segments are removed by CNL, the computing time is becoming lower and F-measure increases. ", "We obtain the best performance, $8.52$ms for computation and $0.4692$ for F-measure when $Th_{CNL}=3.0$. The computing time is still decreasing when more arc segments are pruned by the thresholds larger than $3.0$. The values of F-measure slightly decrease due to increased false negative. ", "These results show that the line pruning step using CNL is effective to remove noise and lines, and also alleviate the computational load for later steps. ", "We set $Th_{CNL}=3.0$ to balance the accuracy and computing time in all comparisons with the others.", "\n\n arc num avg. ", "time(ms) F-measure\n ------- --------- --------------- ------------\n 0 181 28.86 0.4313\n 1 170 26.52 0.4338\n 2 108 13.75 0.4576\n **3** **65** **8.52** **0.4692**\n 4 40 6.79 0.4499\n 5 26 6.17 0.4226\n\n : The performance of line pruning step.", "\n\n\\[tab:addlabel\\]\n\n### Performance analysis of arc selection\n\nWe use the geometric constraint of six points on arcs derived from CNC to pick up arc segments belonging to one ellipse. ", "Theoretically, the CNC value of six points lying on an ellipse equals $+1$, but various imaging conditions (e.g., thermal noise and lens distortions) in practical applications may cause the value deviating from $+1$. As discussed in Section \\[sec:arc\\_selection\\], we relax this hard constraint to a range in the vicinity of $+1$ determined by $Th_{CNC}$. Herein, we perform experimental analysis on the relationship between point coordinates and CNC values. ", "This analysis does not only give arise to an appropriate threshold, but also validates the effectiveness of the arc selection based on CNC.", "\n\nSupposing an ellipse centering at the coordinate origin, we fix five distinct points $P_1,...,P_5$ on the ellipse, and vary the sixth point around the ellipse to show the distribution of CNC values in . ", "Different colors indicate various CNC values given by the color bar on the right most of . ", "All the CNC values higher than $1.4$ are colored in red-brown, while all those lower than $0.6$ in blue. ", "Figure \\[fig:BOEperformance\\] illustrates that most of CNC values with the sixth point close to the ellipse fall within the range from $0.6$ to $1.4$. There exist several regions where CNC values lie in the range while the sixth point locates far from the ellipse. ", "These regions include the star-shaped area out of the ellipse between $P_2$ and $P_3$, and the bottom left and top right ends of the line stretching out of $P_5$. This observation can be explained by the fact that the CNC value of $+1$ indicates the points lying on a conic curve not only an ellipse. ", "However, these ’outliers’ have few effects on our detector, because other types of conic curves, e.g., hyperbola and parabola, seldom appear in practical industrial images, and the majority can be also removed by the coordinate constraint even if a few of them appear.", "\n\n![", "Relationship between point coordinates and CNC values. ", "Different colors indicate various CNC values given by the color bar on the right most. ", "Five distinct points $P_1,...,P_5$ on the ellipse are fixed, and the sixth point around the ellipse are varied to show the distribution of CNC values.[]{data-label=\"fig:BOEperformance\"}](performance){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nWe further apply our detector on dataset \\#1 by varying $Th_{CNC}$, the absolute deviation from $+1$, from $0$ to $50$, giving seventeen values in total. ", "Figure \\[fig:CNCTime\\] illustrates the values of computing time with varying thresholds. ", "The blue line in  demonstrates the seventeen values of $Th_{CNC}$ in an ascending order, also listed in the third row below the plot. ", "The step values vary with the value ranges of $Th_{CNC}$, i.e., $0.1$ for the range from $0$ to $0.6$, $1.0$ for $1$ to $5$, and $10$ for values larger than $10$. The orange and grey bars show the computing time with and without the arc selection step, whose values are listed in the first and second rows below, respectively. ", "The average computing time is $6.96$ ms for each image, one half of the detection time without CNC, $13.4$ms, when we use the hard constraint $Th_{CNC}=0$ picking only a small fraction of arc segments. ", "More arc segments are included for parameter fitting, demanding more computing time, when increasing the threshold values. ", "When $Th_{CNC}$ is larger than $20$, the detector spends more time than that without the selection step since the calculation of CNC takes more time than what the constraint can save. ", "As a result, the orange bars are higher than the grey ones for these $Th_{CNC}$ values in .", "\n\nFigure \\[fig:CNCFm\\] shows the values of F-measure (F-m) with varying threshold values. ", "The F-measure for the detector without the CNC constraint is $0.4385$ labeled in the gray bar, while ours in orange bars. ", "The hard constraint yields a very low F-m $0.0033$ since the choice excludes many arc segments slightly deviating from an ellipse, resulting in significant false negatives. ", "The threshold $0.2$ outputs the best F-m $0.4641$, even higher than the detector without this constraint. ", "This improvement shows that the CNC constraint is also able to exclude false positives in addition to decreasing the computing time from $13.40$ms to $8.58$ms. ", "As expected, the values of F-m given by the thresholds larger than $20$ are quite close to that without the selection step. ", "In these cases, the selection step takes no effect on lowering down false positives. ", "Therefore, the arc selection step using CNC is quite crucial to both efficiency and accuracy. ", "We choose the threshold as $Th_{CNC}=0.2$ to generate the best performance in the following experiments.", "\n\n{width=\"90.00000%\"}\n\n{width=\"90.00000%\"}\n\nComparisons with the state of the art\n-------------------------------------\n\nFirstly, we compare our detector with three recent arc-based methods, i.e., Zhang [@zhang2005robust], Libuda [@libuda2007ellipse], and Fornaciari [@fornaciari2014fast], on Dataset \\#1. ", "The set consists of images with different qualities and various numbers of target ellipses. ", "The latest works of [@liang2015robust] and [@mulletiellipse] are not so relevant as these three because both are point-based and applicable to sceneries where only one ellipse appear. ", "The execution program of [@fornaciari2014fast] is provided by the authors, and we take the results of [@zhang2005robust] and [@libuda2007ellipse] reported in [@fornaciari2014fast]. ", "Table \\[tab:compareOthers\\] lists the comparisons on average running time and F-measure. ", "The method of Zhang [@zhang2005robust] performs the worst: the fitting on a large number of pixel combinations takes much time over $4$s for an image; its F-measure is the lowest as $0.3421$. Libuda [@libuda2007ellipse] and Fornaciari [@fornaciari2014fast] output the similar efficiency with the average execution time for each image $14.38$ ms and $12.79$ ms, respectively. ", "The values of their F-measure are also quite close. ", "Our detector achieves the best in terms of both efficiency($8.54$ms) and accuracy (F-measure about $0.47$). ", "Specifically, we buy 7% higher accuracy with 33% less execution time than the fastest method [@fornaciari2014fast].", "\n\n Method F-measure avg.time(ms)\n --------------------------------- ------------ --------------\n Libuda[@libuda2007ellipse] 0.4258 14.38\n Prasad[@prasad2012edge] 0.4512 823.38\n Zhang[@zhang2005robust] 0.3421 4243.86\n Fornaciari[@fornaciari2014fast] 0.4385 12.79\n Our **0.4692** **8.54**\n\n : F-measure and runtime compared with the state of the art on Dataset \\#1\n\n\\[tab:compareOthers\\]\n\nSeveral examples of the above methods on Dataset \\#1 are shown in  where the first column is the input images, and the second one lists the ground truth (GT). ", "False negatives occur in all the results of Libuda [@libuda2007ellipse] except for the fifth row. ", "The method of Fornaciari [@fornaciari2014fast] works quite close to ours that correctly detects almost all the ellipses in these images. ", "It is worth noting that only our method successfully picks out the middle wheel partially occluded by the lady in the third image, while the other three fail. ", "Compared with the ground truth, our detector outputs one extra ellipse out of the bottom right tray. ", "Actually, one can find a dim elliptical trail along the tray, but the ground truth neglects it.", "\n\n{width=\"83.00000%\"}\n\nSecondly, we compare the execution time on each processing step with the-state-of-the-art on Dataset \\#1, as shown in . ", "The method of Zhang [@zhang2005robust] spends about $4243$ ms on estimating the parameters due to huge numbers of possible point combinations. ", "The method of Prasad [@prasad2012edge] reduces the time on parameter estimation via grouping arcs with curvature and convexity, but the grouping spends additional $278$ms. ", "The method of Libuda [@libuda2007ellipse] uses an iterative strategy, and the time spent on each of the first three steps equals about $4.5$ms. ", "Fornaciari’s detector [@fornaciari2014fast], the fastest one among the existing, spends the most time $4.9$ms on grouping arcs with their relative locations against the other steps. ", "In contrast, our method only uses about half of the execution time of [@fornaciari2014fast] on the grouping step, and the total execution time is less than two third of [@fornaciari2014fast]. ", "Thus, our detector reduces the time for the grouping step, the bottleneck for efficient detectors.", "\n\n Libuda [@libuda2007ellipse] Prasad [@prasad2012edge] Zhang [@zhang2005robust] Fornaciari [@fornaciari2014fast] Our \n --------------------------- ----------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------- --\n Edage detection 4.49 3.54 3.97 3.45 3.43 \n Pre-processing 4.15 78.03 3.55 1.94 1.90 \n Grouping 4.89 278.01 0.25 4.90 **2.53** \n Estimation 0.84 3.40 4236.06 2.30 **0.63** \n Validation and Clustering 0.00 460.39 0.03 0.21 **0.06** \n Total 14.38 823.38 4243.86 12.79 **8.54** \n\n\\[tab:stepTime\\]\n\nFurther, we peer into the proposed detector to analyze how line pruning and arc selection accelerate detection. ", "Table \\[tab:pruningAndArcSelection\\] illustrates the effects of CNL and CNC by listing the averaged values of arc numbers, arc combination numbers (CC) for parameter fitting, execution time and F-measure on Dataset \\#1. ", "Without any processing using CNL nor CNC, possible averaged arcs and arc combinations (CC) are $181$ and $2619$, respectively. ", "After line pruning, the arc number reduces to $65$, about one third of of the original, and the CC value significantly decreases to 196, $6\\%$ of the original. ", "Only $40$ arc combinations remain for parameter fitting, shearing $98.5\\%$ combinations from the original. ", "Naturally, the execution time drops down $93\\%$ from $129.33$ms to $8.52$ms. ", "The value of F-measure also increases from $0.3163$ to $0.4692$ since many false positives are removed by these two steps using CNL and CNC. ", "Green curves in the first and second rows of  present possible ellipses to be fitted without and with our pruning/selection steps, respectively. ", "It is evident that the green curves in the second row are much less than those in the first row, intuitively showing the effectiveness of our CNL/CNC based processing to save time and improve accuracy.", "\n\n[m[0.1]{} m[0.08]{}&lt;m[0.08]{}&lt; m[0.08]{}&lt;]{} & After arc detection & After line pruning & After arc selection\\\narc Num & 181 & 65 & **65**\\\nCC & 2619 & 196 & **40**\\\navg.time (ms) & 129.33 & 12.73 & **8.52**\\\nF-measure & 0.3163 & 0.4090 & **0.4692**\\\n\n\\[tab:pruningAndArcSelection\\]\n\n![", "Ellipses needed to be fitted with or without line pruning and arc selection. ", "Green curves in the first and second rows present possible ellipses to be fitted without and with our pruning/selection steps, respectively. []{", "data-label=\"fig:withCNC\"}](withCNC){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nFinally, we compare our detector with [@fornaciari2014fast], giving the best performance among the existing, in terms of CC, F-measure, and execution time on three data sets including Datast \\#1, Dataset \\#2, and Dataset Prasad. ", "As shown in , our method outperforms [@fornaciari2014fast] on all the three data sets. ", "The last column shows the improvement percentage both on efficiency and accuracy. ", "The accuracy of the proposed detector increases about 6.6% in average over [@fornaciari2014fast], and more significantly our detector averagely runs about 31.0% faster than [@fornaciari2014fast] on all the three data sets. ", "These results show that our detector is applicable to real time scenarios in practice.", "\n\n ------------------------- ----------------------- ---------- ----------------------- ------------ ----------------------- ------ -------- ---------- -- --\n \\[3\\][\\*]{}[DataBase]{} \n [@fornaciari2014fast] Ours [@fornaciari2014fast] Ours [@fornaciari2014fast] Ours speed accuracy \n Dataset Prasad 4.34 **3.35** 0.2874 **0.3059** 82 19 22.70% 6.44% \n Dataset \\#1 13.58 **8.55** 0.4385 **0.4692** 267 40 37.05% 7.00% \n Dataset \\#2 5.26 **4.09** 0.5893 **0.6271** 117 34 22.27% 6.41% \n ------------------------- ----------------------- ---------- ----------------------- ------------ ----------------------- ------ -------- ---------- -- --\n\n\\[tab:CNCPerformance\\]\n\nRobustness to ellipse variations and noise\n------------------------------------------\n\nIn order to investigate the robustness to ellipse variations and noise, we use two synthetic data sets with different orientations and ratios of two semi-axes of ellipses, and also apply salt-and-pepper noise to real world images. ", "The noise break arcs into several small fragments, which may affect the accuracy and efficiency.", "\n\nThe first synthetic data set consists of $9100$ ellipses with various semi-axes ratios and orientations. ", "One semi-axis is fixed as $100$, and the other one varies so that the ratios range from $0.01$ to $1$ at the step of $0.01$. Orientations vary from $1^\\circ$ to $90^\\circ$ at the step of $1^\\circ$. The second data set contains $10000$ images with a fixed center and orientation, showing changes on ratios and lengths of semi-axes. ", "One semi-axis varies from $1$ to $100$ at the step of $1$, and the other one changes accordingly so that axes ratios range from $0.01$ to $1$ at the step of $0.01$. Both data sets come from [@fornaciari2014fast] that generates synthetic $400\\times400$ images, each containing one single ellipse without noise.", "\n\nFigure \\[fig:ABRchange\\] illustrates comparisons with [@fornaciari2014fast], where black points indicate failures of detection. ", "The results on the first data set are given in and . ", "The horizontal axis gives ratios of two semi-axes, and the vertical one shows orientations. ", "Both methods are robust to orientation changes as long as axes ratios are larger than 0.25, but they fail in the cases of small axes ratios when ellipses degenerate into straight lines. ", "The results on the second data set are shown in and , where the vertical axis indicates lengths of major axes. ", "The robustness of both methods is quite similar, working well on ellipses whose major axis is longer than $10$ and axes ratio is larger than $0.25$. Small arcs are likely to be pruned as noise when the ellipse only has a few pixels. ", "Fortunately, one may tackle the problem of small ellipses by upscaling the image as did in [@fornaciari2014fast]. ", "Therefore, the proposed method is quite robust, and only fails in some extreme cases, e.g., small and extremely oblate ellipses, which are quite rare in reality.", "\n\nWe add salt-and-pepper noise to images of Dataset \\#2 with the ratios of noise to image set as $3\\%$, $6\\%$, $9\\%$, $12\\%$, $15\\%$ and $18\\%$ to validate the robustness of our method to noise. ", "Again, we compare with [@fornaciari2014fast] on efficiency and accuracy, shown in . ", "The values of F-measure for these two methods on images without noise are $6.2$ and $5.8$, respectively. ", "The values decrease for both methods when the noise increases. ", "When the ratio of noise to image is up to 18%, our value is about $0.35$, higher than that of [@fornaciari2014fast]. ", "When the noise level is getting higher, the execution time of our detector stays around $4$ms, and that of [@fornaciari2014fast] fluctuates a bit around $5$ms not so stable as ours. ", "Generally, both methods runs faster as noise increases because they are able to remove small arc segments caused by noise. ", "As a summary, noise has few effect on the efficiency, but slightly lower down the accuracy.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nIn this paper, an ellipse detector for real-time application is proposed. ", "We trades off accuracy and efficiency and pay more attention to the execution time. ", "We introduce a new geometry constraint to prune lines and select arcs belong to the same ellipse. ", "The detector removes the straight arcs based on characteristic on line (CNL), and selects candidate elliptical arc combinations by characteristic on conic (CNC). ", "Our method outperforms the-state-of-the-art by the experiments on real images, which can be used in real-time for various applications. ", "In the future, we will improve our method to make it possible to detect quite small ellipses in images, which is a challenge for most existing methods.", "\n\nProof of Pascal’s hexagon theorem\n=================================\n\n**Pascal’s hexagon theorem:** Let $\\{{Q_i}^{(j)}|i=1,2,3;j=1,2\\}$ be different points on a non-degenerative conic ${\\cal C}$, as shown in . ", "Then three intersections $$\\left\\{ \\begin{gathered}\n {R_1} = <Q_2^{(2)}Q_3^{(1)},Q_1^{(2)}Q_1^{(1)} > , \\hfill \\\\\n {R_2} = <Q_3^{(2)}Q_1^{(1)},Q_2^{(2)}Q_2^{(1)} > , \\hfill \\\\\n {R_3} = <Q_1^{(2)}Q_2^{(1)},Q_3^{(1)}Q_3^{(2)} > \\hfill \\\\\n\\end{gathered} \\right.$$ are collinear.", "\n\n**Proof:** The coordinate of $R_1$, $R_2$ and $R_3$ can be represented by $\\{{Q_i}^{(j)}|i=1,2,3;j=1,2\\}$ as $$\\left\\{ \\begin{gathered}\n {R_1} = ({Q_2}^{(2)}\\times{Q_3}^{(1)})\\times({Q_1}^{(2)}\\times{Q_1}^{(1)}), \\hfill \\\\\n {R_2} = ({Q_3}^{(2)}\\times{Q_1}^{(1)})\\times({Q_2}^{(2)}\\times{Q_2}^{(1)}), \\hfill \\\\\n {R_3} = ({Q_1}^{(2)}\\times{Q_2}^{(1)})\\times({Q_3}^{(1)}\\times{Q_3}^{(2)}), \\hfill \\\\\n\\end{gathered} \\right.$$ where $\\times$ denotes the cross product of two points. ", "Then $R_1$, $R_2$ and $R_3$ can be represented through simple calculations as $$\\label{eq:eqR3}\n\\left\\{ \\begin{array}{ll}\nR_1 =& |{{Q_2}^{(2)}}, {{Q_3}^{(1)}}, {{Q_1}^{(1)}}|{{Q_1}^{(2)}} \\\\\n&- |{{Q_2}^{(2)}}, {{Q_3}^{(1)}}, {{Q_1}^{(2)}}|{{Q_1}^{(1)}},\\\\\nR_2 =& |{{Q_3}^{(2)}}, {{Q_1}^{(1)}}, {{Q_2}^{(1)}}|{{Q_2}^{(2)}} \\\\\n&- |{{Q_3}^{(2)}},{{Q_1}^{(1)}}, {{Q_2}^{(2)}}|{{Q_2}^{(1)}},\\\\\nR_3 =& |{{Q_1}^{(2)}}, {{Q_2}^{(1)}}, {{Q_3}^{(2)}}|{{Q_3}^{(1)}} \\\\\n&- |{{Q_1}^{(2)}}, {{Q_2}^{(1)}}, {{Q_3}^{(1)}}|{{Q_3}^{(2)}}.", "\n\\end{array} \\right.$$ To prove that $R_1$, $R_2$ and $R_3$ are collinear is equivalent to prove $$\\label{eq:sameline1}\n |R_1,R_2,R_3|=0.$$ Then we can substitute [(\\[eq:eqR3\\])]{} into [(\\[eq:sameline1\\])]{}, and get the equivalent equation as $$\\begin{aligned}\\label{eq:sixP}\n&|{Q_1}^{(1)},{Q_2}^{(1)},{Q_3}^{(1)}||{Q_1}^{(2)},{Q_2}^{(2)},{Q_3}^{(1)}|\\\\\n&|{Q_2}^{(2)},{Q_3}^{(2)},{Q_1}^{(1)}||{Q_3}^{(2)},{Q_1}^{(2)},{Q_2}^{(1)}| \\\\\n&=|{Q_1}^{(2)},{Q_2}^{(2)},{Q_3}^{(2)}||{Q_1}^{(1)},{Q_2}^{(2)},{Q_3}^{(1)}|\\\\\n&|{Q_2}^{(1)},{Q_3}^{(2)},{Q_1}^{(1)}||{Q_3}^{(1)},{Q_1}^{(2)},{Q_2}^{(1)}|.", "\n\\end{aligned}$$ In order to prove it, we can replace any point ${Q_i}^{(j)}$ with the general point $Q(x,y,z)$, taking ${Q_1}^{(1)}$ for example, then we can get the parametric equations of conic $\\cal C$ by other five points. ", "As ${Q_1}^{(1)}$ is one point on conic $\\cal C$, it must meet [(\\[eq:sixP\\])]{}. ", "The proof is completed.", "\n\nAcknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}\n===============\n\nAcknowledgment {#acknowledgment .unnumbered}\n==============\n\nWe thank Dr. M. Fornaciari, Dr. S. Mulleti and Dr. T. Lu for providing their executables and insights. ", "We also thank Dr. M. Fornaciari for his experimental data.", "\n\n[^1]: The source code and resultant images of our detector can be found at https://github.com/dlut-dimt/ellipse-detector\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "[Critical notes on diet therapy in gastrointestinal diseases].", "\nThe reasons for a transformation of the dietary therapy in gastroenterologic diseases are in the reduction of forms of mild diet related to organs (mild diet for stomach, intestine, liver and gall-bladder), which are based on connections between complaints and organic diseases no more up to date. ", "In their place enters the gastroenterologic basis diet which, according to the course of the diseases (subacute, chronic) is represented in two steps as strong and dilated basic diet. ", "The displacement of the emphasis of multifarious formed of." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nAndroid xPath get coordinates with multiple values\n\nI'm currently working with a kml file which I use a xpath parser on. ", "However some files are different then other. ", "\nThe first file has 2 different styles: Style1 and Style2. ", "However in most files like this these style1 and style2 are different linked. ", "What I mean with this is that the style1 in the linked file underneath here is in some other files style2. ", "So if I want to hard code it to get style1, it still won't work on all files. ", "\nThe second file has just one style and this one works correct.", "\nSo the point of these files is to get the style with the color and the coordinates with multiple values (Style2). ", "However I'm very new to xPath and I have no idea how I can check which style has a color attribute and get the style value and then get the multiple coordinates with this style attribute. (", "If you don't understand this please comment and I'll try to explain it on a different way).", "\nFile one : (this doesn't work yet).", "\n<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?", ">\n<kml xmlns=\"http://earth.google.com/kml/2.2\">\n<Document>\n <name>Wandelroute Molenwijk</name>\n <description><![CDATA[]]></description>\n <Style id=\"style1\">\n <IconStyle>\n <Icon>\n <href>http://maps.gstatic.com/mapfiles/ms2/micons/red-dot.png</href>\n </Icon>\n </IconStyle>\n </Style>\n <Style id=\"style2\">\n <LineStyle>\n <color>ff1b1a1f</color>\n <width>10</width>\n </LineStyle>\n </Style>\n <Placemark>\n <name>Startpunt wandelroute</name>\n <description><![CDATA[<div dir=\"ltr\">Startpunt van de wandelroute bij de Montessorischool</div>]]></description>\n <styleUrl>#style1</styleUrl>\n <Point>\n <coordinates>4.824704,52.663391,0.000000</coordinates>\n </Point>\n </Placemark>\n <Placemark>\n <name>Wandelroute Molenwijk</name>\n <description><![CDATA[]]></description>\n <styleUrl>#style2</styleUrl>\n <LineString>\n <tessellate>1</tessellate>\n <coordinates>\n 4.824736,52.663383,0.000000\n 4.825798,52.662617,0.000000\n 4.825938,52.662231,0.000000\n 4.826034,52.662102,0.000000\n 4.826335,52.661938,0.000000\n 4.826528,52.661732,0.000000\n 4.826474,52.661568,0.000000\n 4.826292,52.661381,0.000000\n 4.826163,52.661308,0.000000\n 4.826463,52.661064,0.000000\n 4.826356,52.660801,0.000000\n 4.826227,52.660538,0.000000\n 4.826066,52.660202,0.000000\n 4.827000,52.660168,0.000000\n 4.827332,52.659935,0.000000\n 4.826775,52.659641,0.000000\n 4.827665,52.658951,0.000000\n 4.827676,52.658730,0.000000\n 4.828255,52.658691,0.000000\n 4.828770,52.658581,0.000000\n 4.829135,52.658192,0.000000\n 4.828963,52.657879,0.000000\n 4.828920,52.657436,0.000000\n 4.828985,52.657200,0.000000\n 4.828899,52.656891,0.000000\n 4.828942,52.656654,0.000000\n 4.829221,52.656395,0.000000\n 4.829564,52.656200,0.000000\n 4.830723,52.656277,0.000000\n 4.831195,52.656654,0.000000\n 4.831753,52.656822,0.000000\n 4.832225,52.657097,0.000000\n 4.832139,52.657513,0.000000\n 4.831839,52.657761,0.000000\n 4.831302,52.657825,0.000000\n 4.831109,52.658073,0.000000\n 4.831173,52.658436,0.000000\n 4.831173,52.658932,0.000000\n 4.830101,52.659023,0.000000\n 4.829950,52.658932,0.000000\n 4.829929,52.658661,0.000000\n 4.829757,52.658646,0.000000\n 4.829500,52.658684,0.000000\n 4.829371,52.658684,0.000000\n 4.829221,52.658592,0.000000\n 4.828920,52.658592,0.000000\n 4.828770,52.658581,0.000000\n </coordinates>\n </LineString>\n </Placemark>\n<Folder><Placemark><Style><LineStyle><color>ff1b1a1f</color></LineStyle></Style></Placemark></Folder></Document>\n</kml>\n\nFile 2: (this one is working)\n<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?", ">\n<kml xmlns=\"http://www.opengis.net/kml/2.2\">\n<Document><Folder><name>Route</name>\n<Schema name=\"Route\" id=\"Route\">\n <SimpleField name=\"Name\" type=\"string\"/>\n <SimpleField name=\"Description\" type=\"string\"/>\n <SimpleField name=\"name\" type=\"string\"/>\n <SimpleField name=\"cmt\" type=\"string\"/>\n <SimpleField name=\"desc\" type=\"string\"/>\n <SimpleField name=\"src\" type=\"string\"/>\n <SimpleField name=\"link1_href\" type=\"string\"/>\n <SimpleField name=\"link1_text\" type=\"string\"/>\n <SimpleField name=\"link1_type\" type=\"string\"/>\n <SimpleField name=\"link2_href\" type=\"string\"/>\n <SimpleField name=\"link2_text\" type=\"string\"/>\n <SimpleField name=\"link2_type\" type=\"string\"/>\n <SimpleField name=\"number\" type=\"int\"/>\n <SimpleField name=\"type\" type=\"string\"/>\n <SimpleField name=\"gpxx_Track\" type=\"string\"/>\n</Schema>\n <Placemark>\n <name>Route</name>\n <Style><LineStyle><color>ff00ccff</color></LineStyle><PolyStyle><fill>0</fill></PolyStyle></Style>\n <ExtendedData><SchemaData schemaUrl=\"#Route\">\n <SimpleData name=\"Name\">Route</SimpleData>\n <SimpleData name=\"gpxx_Track\">&lt;gpxx:DisplayColor&gt;Red&lt;/gpxx:DisplayColor&gt;</SimpleData>\n </SchemaData></ExtendedData>\n <LineString><coordinates>6.1879098,52.2997009,0 6.187073,52.3000289,0 6.1867726,52.300042,0 6.1861503,52.2995499,0 6.1858821,52.2991628,0 6.185056,52.2992744,0 6.1833823,52.2994187,0 6.1836183,52.2990907,0 6.1845732,52.2980015,0 6.1845732,52.2975357,0 6.1845624,52.2974832,0 6.1850238,52.2964596,0 6.1850131,52.2964268,0 6.1841118,52.2965515,0 6.1831033,52.2963284,0 6.1825776,52.2980146,0 6.182524,52.2987495,0 6.1825776,52.2994581,0 6.1822665,52.2994909,0 6.1826098,52.3009212,0 6.182642,52.301492,0 6.1831999,52.3023252,0 6.1836827,52.3022399,0 6.1841655,52.3022005,0 6.1847878,52.3022333,0 6.1853564,52.3022005,0 6.1859787,52.3023121,0 6.1867404,52.3021349,0 6.1870623,52.3015838,0 6.1878133,52.3013542,0 6.18806,52.3013608,0 6.1885321,52.3011902,0 6.1904097,52.3008228,0 6.1907101,52.3010786,0 6.1908603,52.3011246,0 6.1913431,52.3013411,0 6.1920834,52.3014854,0 6.1937141,52.3017347,0 6.1938858,52.2991235,0 6.1928558,52.2993072,0 6.1925125,52.2992941,0 6.1918688,52.2993859,0 6.1913109,52.2996156,0 6.1906779,52.2999174,0 6.1906779,52.2998386,0 6.1905277,52.2995303,0 6.1902165,52.2993072,0 6.189959,52.2992744,0 6.1896479,52.2990251,0 6.1895514,52.2988085,0 6.1890256,52.2986773,0 6.1880171,52.2994581,0 6.1879098,52.299668,0 </coordinates></LineString>\n </Placemark>\n</Folder></Document></kml>\n\nCode which gets the attributes to display this Route. ", "This only works on the second file.", "\npublic class KMLTask extends AsyncTask<String, Void, String> {\n private int mRouteId;\n private String color;\n private OnRouteLatLngResult listener;\n\n public KMLTask(int id) {\n mRouteId = id;\n }\n\n public KMLTask(OnRouteLatLngResult listener) {\n this.listener = listener;\n }\n\n @Override\n protected String doInBackground(String... params) {\n String coordinates = null;\n\n try {\n URL u = new URL(ApiController.", "BASE_FILE_URL + params[0]);\n XPath xPath = XPathFactory.newInstance().newXPath();\n coordinates = xPath.evaluate(\"//*[local-name()='coordinates']\",\n new InputSource(u.openStream()));\n color = xPath.evaluate(\"//*[local-name()='color']\",\n new InputSource(u.openStream()));\n } catch (MalformedURLException e) {\n Log.e(TAG, \"Malformed URL!\", ", "e);\n } catch (XPathExpressionException e) {\n Log.e(TAG, \"XPathExpression Exception!\", ", "e);\n } catch (IOException e) {\n Log.e(TAG, \"IOException!\", ", "e);\n }\n return coordinates;\n }\n\n private String[] splitStringEvery(String s, int interval) {\n int arrayLength = (int) Math\n .ceil(((s.length() / (double) interval)));\n String[] result = new String[arrayLength];\n\n int j = 0;\n int lastIndex = result.length - 1;\n for (int i = 0; i < lastIndex; i++) {\n result[i] = s.substring(j, j + interval);\n j += interval;\n } // Add the last bit\n result[lastIndex] = s.substring(j);\n\n return result;\n }\n\n @Override\n protected void onPostExecute(String coordinates) {\n Log.d(\"Cursor\", color);\n if (coordinates !", "= null) {\n Matcher m = Pattern.compile(\"([0-9.]+),([0-9.]+)\").matcher(\n coordinates);\n // LatLngBounds.", "Builder builder = new LatLngBounds.", "Builder();\n PolylineOptions rectOptions = new PolylineOptions();\n if (color.length() > 0) {\n String[] arColor = splitStringEvery(color, 2);\n int lineColor = Color.parseColor(\"#\" + arColor[3]\n + arColor[2] + arColor[1]);\n rectOptions.color(lineColor);\n } else {\n rectOptions.color(Color.", "RED);\n }\n while (m.find()) {\n LatLng ll = new LatLng(Double.parseDouble(m.group(2)),\n Double.parseDouble(m.group(1)));\n rectOptions.add(ll);\n // builder.include(ll);\n }\n m.reset();\n m.find();\n LatLng latlong = new LatLng(Double.parseDouble(m.group(2)),\n Double.parseDouble(m.group(1)));\n // mItem.mRoute.mTmpLatLng = Double.parseDouble(m.group(2)) +\n // \",\" +\n // Double.parseDouble(m.group(1));\n if (listener !", "= null) {\n listener.onResult(latlong);\n return;\n }\n addMarkerRoute(mRouteId, latlong);\n addPolyline(mRouteId, rectOptions);\n // CameraUpdate cu =\n // CameraUpdateFactory.newLatLngBounds(builder.build(),\n // LOCATION_PADDING);\n // mGoogleMap.moveCamera(cu);\n setMapBounds();\n }\n }\n }\n\nA:\n\nYou can get the last coordinate node using last() criteria :\n(//*[local-name()='coordinates'])[last()]\n\nStill not the best way I should admit -still dependent on nodes order/position-, but at least, will work for both of your XML sample.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.000064, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000027994736989445982, 0, 0, 0, 0.0008163265306122448, 2.495457954590401e-7, 0.0008163265306122448, 1.487287632058128e-7, 0, 0.000014348025711662075, 0.000014554910826913, 0, 0, 0.0000017267548577931038, 0.000041091387245233394, 0, 0.000005309095542483383, 0.000006723080784538707, 0.000004035382231404959, 0 ]

[ "Corzo\n\nOne day when I was in the seventh grade, I came home to my father—Eduvigo Herrera III—cutting his heart out with a steak knife. ", "He was sitting at the little kitchen table when I got home from school, his hand in a ragged chest wound the size of a plum.", "\n\n“Mija, I need you to help me,” he said. “", "I need you to take it out. ", "Your hands are small. ", "Just the right size.”", "\n\n“Take what out,” I asked, though I knew.", "\n\n“My heart.”", "\n\n“No,” I said as I took off my backpack and sat down.", "\n\n“Please do this for me. ", "I never ask you for anything.” ", "We both knew this wasn’t true. ", "I was the one who took my brother on long walks on the weekends while my parents had their epic screaming matches. ", "He expected me to get straight As, to never be in trouble. ", "To be a good girl and he yelled at me when I didn’t measure up.", "\n\n“Stick your hand inside. ", "It’s okay. ", "It’ll be a little squishy, but you won’t hurt me. ", "I promise,” he said.", "\n\nMy father’s thick, long fingers were coated with blood. ", "I slid my hand inside the hole and removed his heart. ", "It was soft around the edges and firm in the center. ", "Every so often it shuddered like it didn’t know it wasn’t being used anymore. ", "It was a deep purple, so dark it looked black.", "\n\n“Now cut it like you would meat when you and your mother make dinner.”", "\n\nI picked up the knife and slid it into his heart. ", "I hacked big sections off and chopped those sections into bite-sized bits. ", "That’s when he passed me the empty tequila bottle. ", "The label said Corzo.", "\n\n“Put the pieces in there.”", "\n\n“Why?”", "\n\n“I want it to look nice,” he said.", "\n\nI let each tiny piece plop to the bottom of the bottle. ", "Over and over again, I slid the pieces through the bottle’s neck, struggling with the bigger, uneven chunks.", "\n\nMy mother came home and by that time there were even bits of heart in my hair. ", "Her heels clicked on the floor as she walked over to the table and picked up the Corzo bottle.", "\n\n“You’ve done it then,” she said.", "\n\n“I told you I would,” my father said.", "\n\n“You shouldn’t have made her do it.” ", "She grabbed me by the hand and led me to the shower. “", "Scrub until your skin turns red.”", "\n\n“It already is.”", "\n\nEvery day my father would proudly point to the tequila bottle that held his heart as if it were a science experiment for which I’d received an A. My mother became strange. ", "At night before dinner she’d light some incense and her Virgin Mary candle and put them beside my father’s heart-bottle. ", "Our dinner table would become a little altar for a time—I would cut the meat or the vegetables for dinner and my mother would kneel at the table, praying under her breath in Spanish. ", "Sometimes my brother would come out to watch my mother pray. ", "She refused to teach us Spanish, she said that people look at you different when you know it. ", "I didn’t tell her that I’d started a beginning Spanish class that semester or that all of my Hispanic friends made fun of me. “", "How can you be Mexican and not speak Spanish?” ", "they’d ask and laugh when I told them my family had been American for a long time.", "\n\nI could only make out one word in my mother’s nightly prayers. ", "She said it over and over: muerte. ", "After a week of her mutterings, I was tempted to say something, but my brother beat me to it. ", "I had helped my mother make ham and bean soup with little bits of fried bacon in it. ", "We ate in silence for a while, just like we did every night, until my brother thought he had figured it all out.", "\n\n“It’s cow meat in the bottle,” Freddie said.", "\n\n“I told you, Eduvigo, that you shouldn’t have taken the label off. ", "Now they can see it too well,” my mother said. “", "No Freddie, it’s not cow. ", "Don’t worry about it.”", "\n\n“What do you think it is, Sara?” ", "he asked. ", "He hadn’t lost all his baby fat yet, so his smile made his cheeks bulge.", "\n\n“Don’t worry about it,” my mother said again as my father walked into their bedroom and shut the door.", "\n\n“Muerte,” I said.", "\n\n“I don’t know what that means,” Freddie said.", "\n\n“Enough dinner, Freddie. ", "Now go to your room,” my mother said. ", "She wouldn’t even look at me until she was sure Freddie was gone.", "\n\n“Why do you keep praying that Dad will die?” ", "I asked.", "\n\n“What? ", "That’s not what I’m doing.”", "\n\n“I know what muerte means, Mom.”", "\n\n“I’m not praying he’ll die. ", "I’m just saying the Hail Mary. ", "Praying for his heart.”", "\n\n“How is he even alive?”", "\n\n“He is because he wants to be,” she said. “", "His grandfather showed him how to do this as a child. ", "He’s punishing me.”", "\n\n“What are you talking about?”", "\n\n“I told him he was an unfeeling bastard and now he is.”", "\n\nI went to pick up the heart-bottle and my mother stepped in front of me. ", "I’d never seen her look that old. ", "She didn’t have any makeup on and I hadn’t seen her without it in a long time. ", "Tiny splotches she called sun spots dotted her cheeks. ", "She told me about them every time I watched her put on her makeup. ", "She said I was still too young for it since I didn’t have any spots.", "\n\n“Don’t touch it. ", "He shouldn’t have made you do it. ", "It’s not natural for a man to live without a heart. ", "He told me he’d cut it out, but he shouldn’t have made you help.”", "\n\n“He couldn’t have finished by himself,” I said.", "\n\n“He should’ve asked me. ", "I’m his wife.”", "\n\nAfter that we washed the dishes in silence. ", "My mother rinsed and I dried everything with a thick cotton towel. ", "I couldn’t think of a single thing to say. ", "What woman wants to help her husband cut up his heart?", "\n\nMy mother handed me a tall water glass, but I didn’t grab it in time. ", "It shattered against the floor. ", "We looked at each other and before my mother could say anything, I walked into my bedroom and slammed the door. ", "She could pick up her own mess.", "\n\nBy the next week my mother was very cranky with all of us, but my father didn’t seem to feel a thing. ", "He’d gotten in trouble at the hospital where he worked in the maintenance department. ", "He kept bleeding through his blue work shirt. ", "He had tried to stitch up the wound, but did a poor job, so we took him to the doctor.", "\n\nEveryone at the hospital called my father “Ed.” ", "My mother hated it. ", "She said it made him sound common and boring. ", "The doctor was only a little surprised to hear about his heart. ", "He said he saw this kind of thing every once in a while, but most people didn’t talk about it. ", "Then he cleaned and properly sewed up the wound on my father’s chest. ", "The doctor made jokes the whole time. ", "Apparently, my dad liked to laugh with people at work. ", "He was never like that at home. ", "My father didn’t laugh with the doctor that time. ", "He just stared at the wall.", "\n\nMy mother, still angry with me for helping my father, gave me even more chores than normal. ", "Dishes had to be done after supper and breakfast; I had to start picking Freddie up from daycare; I had to wash all the clothes every other day instead of once a week. ", "At night before bed, I had to iron my father’s shirt and put it out for him. ", "Ironing was the one chore I enjoyed, mostly because my entire family left me alone while I did it. ", "I always ironed when my mother was giving Freddie a bath. ", "I’d pour just a little water in, plug in the iron, and stand out on our apartment’s little balcony while it warmed up. ", "Sometimes there’d be a breeze. ", "Sometimes it would be windy and leaves would hurl by in a dust storm. ", "Usually my father would stay in the bedroom, but one night, he sat at the kitchen table smoking his Marlboro 101s while I ironed. ", "My mother hated the smell, but I kind of liked it. ", "It hurt my chest a little and made me want to cough, but the smell was interesting.", "\n\nMy dad had smoked three cigarettes in a row. ", "I pushed the iron down and listened to it gasp. “", "Why’d you make me help you?” ", "I asked. “", "Mom’s pissed.”", "\n\n“I couldn’t do it myself. ", "Your hands are smaller and I was too tired to cut it up.”", "\n\n“Why not wait for her?”", "\n\n“She would have tried to stop me,” he said, blowing yet more smoke into the air. ", "It mixed with the smell of chorizo from dinner.", "\n\n“Why’d you do it?”", "\n\n“You aren’t old enough to understand.”", "\n\nI imagined pressing the hot iron into the side of his face and just watching it burn. ", "Would he even feel it?", "\n\n“Whatever, Dad,” I said. ", "I didn’t want to be around him. ", "I unplugged the iron and set his pressed shirt on the couch. ", "I went into my room and tried to focus on my homework. ", "I fell asleep instead, but the yelling woke me up.", "\n\n“Why would you make your daughter do that?” ", "my mother asked. “", "How do you think that made her feel?”", "\n\n“She’s fine,” my father said. “", "She’s a good girl and she did what needed to be done.”", "\n\nIt was strange—my father wasn’t yelling. ", "On nights when they’d fought in the past I was surprised no one called the police. ", "His screaming was so loud that even if I took Freddie for a walk, we could hear them a block away. ", "Now, without his heart, he didn’t have any fight left in him. ", "But my mother sure did.", "\n\nMy mother tried to have this fight, and several others, every night for the next week. ", "She would rage and my father would speak quietly or say nothing at all. ", "I could imagine him pouring a glass of Jack Daniel’s and just staring at her while Freddie and I hid in our room. ", "I imagined him trying not to give her the satisfaction of getting angry, but he couldn’t have gotten angry now even if he wanted to.", "\n\nFreddie would climb down from the top bunk into my bed when my mother screamed. ", "He never cried, though. ", "He just asked lots of questions about why he had to go to daycare and couldn’t come with me to school or why our parents were the way they were. ", "Sometimes he’d ask about the heart-bottle and I’d just pretend I didn’t hear him. ", "Then one night he asked again and I couldn’t help myself.", "\n\n“It’s Dad’s heart. ", "That’s what’s in the bottle.”", "\n\n“Cool,” Freddie said. “", "I mean, that’s gross.” ", "He looked at me and when I didn’t say anything he asked, “How did it get there?”", "\n\n“Dad cut a hole in his chest and made me pull his heart out. ", "He made me cut it up for him and then stuff it in there.”", "\n\n“Why?”", "\n\n“I don’t know.”", "\n\n“Sara, can Dad live without a heart?” ", "He put his hand on mine as our mother continued her tirade in the other room.", "\n\n“I think so.”", "\n\n“Then why is Mama so sad?”", "\n\n“I’m not sure if she’s sad or mad or both.”", "\n\n“Why’d you help him?”", "\n\n“If Dad asked you to do something, you know you’d do it.”", "\n\n“Yeah, I guess so,” he said.", "\n\nFreddie slept in my bed that night. ", "He said he didn’t want to be alone.", "\n\nI couldn’t concentrate the next day at school. ", "In every class I asked for a pass to go to the bathroom. ", "I’d just sit in there for a while, on a toilet where I wouldn’t have to talk to anyone or I’d wander by the lockers and duck down as I passed classrooms so the teachers wouldn’t see me through the windows. ", "During Spanish, I went by the art room. ", "It was empty so I walked around, looking at everyone’s projects. ", "They were working with clay so lots of lopsided pots were spread out around the room. ", "James, one of the annoying white boys who laughed when my friends made fun of me for not speaking Spanish, came through the door.", "\n\n“What are you doing here?” ", "he asked.", "\n\n“I don’t know,” I said.", "\n\nJames walked over to me and looked into my eyes. ", "For a second I thought he was going to kiss me, but instead he slid his hands over the front of my green dress. ", "I felt embarrassed. ", "Suddenly my boobs seemed so small and I wished that I had waited to let someone touch them. ", "I looked into his face to try and see what he was thinking, but he left without looking at me again. ", "I’d always imagined that when this finally happened, when a boy noticed me, he’d kiss me too. ", "I tried not to think about it as I went back to class because I didn’t know where else to go.", "\n\nAfter school, I tried not to make eye contact with any of James’ friends as I walked to the daycare center a few blocks away to pick up Freddie. ", "It was windy again. ", "The yellow leaves rushed along the sidewalk. ", "Pamela, Freddie’s favorite helper, pulled me aside right before I went in. ", "Pamela was old and her boobs were way bigger than mine.", "\n\n“Have you and Freddie been watching a lot of horror movies lately?”", "\n\n“What? ", "Why?” ", "I asked, looking up from her chest into her face.", "\n\n“Well, he was asking about zombies and said something about your father keeping his heart on the kitchen table? ", "He really frightened some of the smaller children,” she said as she pulled her sweater closer to her body. ", "The sun wasn’t setting yet but the air was becoming chillier. ", "We’d have to walk home fast.", "\n\n“Oh, right. ", "We did watch a zombie movie the other day. ", "That’s completely my fault. ", "I’ll talk to him,” I said.", "\n\nAs we walked home, Freddie grabbed my hand. ", "I wanted to shake him off, wanted to say: You’re going to have to learn how to take care of yourself someday. ", "But I didn’t.", "\n\n“Dude, you can’t tell people about Dad, okay?”", "\n\n“Why not?”", "\n\n“Well, it’s nobody else’s business and they won’t understand anyway,” I said.", "\n\n“Because Dad’s a zombie.”", "\n\n“Seriously? ", "No, Dad is not a zombie.”", "\n\n“Then what is he?”", "\n\n“He’s just Dad. ", "He cut his heart out because he’s weird and sad.”", "\n\n“I think he did it so he won’t be mean, anymore.”", "\n\n“Maybe,” I said. “", "But if he can’t be mean, then he can’t be nice either, Freddie. ", "He can’t really be anything.”", "\n\nWe turned onto our street and walked toward the apartment complex. ", "We could hear yelling. ", "It was definitely Mom, which didn’t make sense. ", "Neither of my parents should have been home from work yet. ", "My mom worked at the hair salon until six every night except Sundays. ", "Did they come home just to fight or did something happen? ", "Freddie tightened his grip on my hand.", "\n\nI thought about maybe taking him to the park, but as we got closer I could hear my mom.", "\n\n“I should have been the one to help you! ", "You shouldn’t have made one of our children do it.”", "\n\n“I needed help. ", "I didn’t want you to do it. ", "I couldn’t give you the satisfaction, Izzy. ", "Now you’ll always feel this and I won’t feel anything, just like you said.”", "\n\nMy mother’s voice became high-pitched, and we could barely make out what she said even as we got closer.", "\n\n“Let’s not go in,” Freddie said.", "\n\nI opened the door and my mother turned to look at us. ", "She had rubbed most of her makeup off, but she wasn’t crying anymore. ", "My father just sat on the couch, smoking.", "\n\n“This is how it had to be, Izzy. ", "You said you wanted a better man. ", "Now I am one.”", "\n\nI dragged Freddie past my parents into our room.", "\n\n“Stay in here, okay? ", "Just color or something and I’ll make you a sandwich.”", "\n\n“Sara, don’t leave me in here.”", "\n\n“I’ll be right back.”", "\n\nI didn’t look at my parents as I walked into the kitchen. ", "My mother kept yelling about everything. ", "How was she supposed to spend the rest of her life with a man who had no feeling? ", "Now he didn’t love her. ", "My father kept saying he was sorry, repeating it like a chant. ", "My mother screamed that he didn’t mean it.", "\n\nI got a paper plate out as fast as I could. ", "I slapped some bologna and American cheese on bread, added a squirt of mayo and mustard. ", "I headed for our room and left the kitchen just in time to see Freddie walking to the balcony with the heart-bottle.", "\n\n“I want you to still be my dad,” he said.", "\n\nFreddie threw the bottle off the edge of the balcony. ", "It landed with a crash as it split open. ", "Jagged glass and black meat were scattered everywhere, dark purple oozing and pooling in the cracks on the sidewalk. ", "I grabbed Freddie’s hand in my own as my parents came to stare off the edge of the balcony at the leftovers of my father’s heart.", "\n\n“Go get the pieces,” my mother said.", "\n\nFreddie put the pieces in a bowl and carried them back upstairs. ", "I got on my hands and knees and scrubbed at the dark stain with bleach. ", "It started to rain and still the stain wouldn’t come up. ", "Even though I was freezing, I must have scrubbed for at least an hour. ", "I dreaded going back inside, but when I did, everyone had gone to their rooms.", "\n\nThe bologna sandwich I made sat on the living room table. ", "I went into our bedroom and Freddie was already in bed. ", "He rolled over and threw the blanket off as soon as I shut the door.", "\n\n“Did you see that?” ", "he asked.", "\n\n“What the hell were you thinking?”", "\n\n“Dad, didn’t even get mad and nothing happened to him. ", "He’s like invincible.”", "\n\n“Damn it, Freddie! ", "Just eat your dinner,” I said. “", "You’re going to be in so much trouble when Mom finally comes to deal with you.”", "\n\n“But nothing happened,” he shouted.", "\n\n“That’s never stopped Mom from yelling at us before.”", "\n\nFreddie climbed down from his bunk to get his sandwich, and I got under the covers in my bed. ", "I pulled them right up over my head. ", "I was so angry. ", "We were lucky Dad didn’t have a heart anymore. ", "Lucky he couldn’t have felt mad or done anything to us. ", "Who knew what Mom would do. ", "But she never came in our room.", "\n\nI woke up after midnight shivering—I’d fallen asleep still in my wet clothes. ", "The door to our bedroom was ajar. ", "Freddie wasn’t in his bed. ", "I flicked the bathroom light on. ", "He wasn’t in there. ", "I ran to the kitchen and turned the light on. ", "Not there. ", "That’s when I saw my mom sitting on the couch in the living room.", "\n\n“Where’s Freddie?” ", "I asked.", "\n\nMy mother said nothing, but looked at the kitchen table. ", "I followed her gaze and felt as if my whole body was tumbling through space. ", "A second bottle—less full and containing smaller chunks—had joined the bowl of my father’s shattered heart-bottle pieces on the table.", "\n\n“Your father asked me to help him this time,” my mother said. ", "Her hand shook as she lifted a glass of whiskey to her lips.", "\n\n“I guess you got what you wanted,” I said, sitting next to her on the couch. ", "I hated myself for saying this, but I had to. ", "I squeezed her bloody hand. ", "Did we do this? ", "Was this our fault? ", "I tried not to think about what would happen to us now that we were two women alone in a house with men who weren’t really men anymore.", "\n\nOriginally published in Prairie Schooner, Volume 91, Number 1, Spring 2017.", "\n\nAbout the Author\n\nBrenna Gomez is the recipient of a 2017 Hedgebrook residency. ", "Her fiction has appeared in Prairie Schooner, StoryQuarterly, and Year’s Best Weird Fiction Volume 5. ", "She received her MFA from the University of New Mexico, where she was the Editor-in-Chief of Blue Mesa Review and the 2015 recipient of the Hispanic Writer Award for the UNM Summer Writers’ Conference in Santa Fe. ", "She teaches fiction at the National Hispanic Cultural Center and hosts author events at Bookworks Albuquerque." ]

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[ "# API v1 (gopkg.in/hpcloud/tail.v1)\n\n## April, 2016\n\n* Migrated to godep, as depman is not longer supported\n* Introduced golang vendoring feature\n* Fixed issue [#57](https://github.com/hpcloud/tail/issues/57) related to reopen deleted file \n\n## July, 2015\n\n* Fix inotify watcher leak; remove `Cleanup` (#51)\n\n# API v0 (gopkg.in/hpcloud/tail.v0)\n\n## June, 2015\n\n* Don't return partial lines (PR #40)\n* Use stable version of fsnotify (#46)\n\n## July, 2014\n\n* Fix tail for Windows (PR #36)\n\n## May, 2014\n\n* Improved rate limiting using leaky bucket (PR #29)\n* Fix odd line splitting (PR #30)\n\n## Apr, 2014\n\n* LimitRate now discards read buffer (PR #28)\n* allow reading of longer lines if MaxLineSize is unset (PR #24)\n* updated deps.json to latest fsnotify (441bbc86b1)\n\n## Feb, 2014\n\n* added `Config.", "Logger` to suppress library logging\n\n## Nov, 2013\n\n* add Cleanup to remove leaky inotify watches (PR #20)\n\n## Aug, 2013\n\n* redesigned Location field (PR #12)\n* add tail.", "Tell (PR #14)\n\n## July, 2013\n\n* Rate limiting (PR #10)\n\n## May, 2013\n\n* Detect file deletions/renames in polling file watcher (PR #1)\n* Detect file truncation\n* Fix potential race condition when reopening the file (issue 5)\n* Fix potential blocking of `tail.", "Stop` (issue 4)\n* Fix uncleaned up ChangeEvents goroutines after calling tail.", "Stop\n* Support Follow=false\n\n## Feb, 2013\n\n* Initial open source release\n" ]

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[ "Food, or how to feed British kitten\n\nGod\nhas created the Cat that the person had a tiger who can\nbe stroked\nVictor Hugo\n\nWho\nis online?", "\n\nLet's talk\nabout food kittens. ", "All the same, what and how to\nfeed a kitten? ", "British kitten like any other child\nfrom the earliest days needs proper and balanced diet.", "\nFrom the Rozhen about nutrition kitten care of his\nmother - a British cat. ", "In the cat's breast milk contains\neverything needed for a tiny baby, all the necessary\nproteins, vitamins and minerals. ", "It is through human\nmilk is laid next immunity, it determines the future\nhealth of your cat. ", "Do not be mistaken if I say that\nthis applies not only to the cats, but to all mammals\non Earth. ", "Small kittens are eating all the time, and\na good caring mother cat had kittens not long left\nalone, and returned to them at their slightest call.", "\nSign satiety kittens - the silence, if cats can not\nhear, they fed and happy. ", "A cat can feed kittens milk\nup to 3-4 months, but starting around month old kittens\nto feed. ", "It is best suited for this purpose special\nwet food for kittens premium and super premium class,\nyou can also give kitten rubbed boiled chicken liver.", "\nStarting at 2 months of age usually kittens can eat\nquite independently, but the cat can still feed them\nmilk. ", "Kittens eat very often - 5-6 times a day, a\nsmall kitten can eat even more than adult cats. ", "Sometimes\nit's amazing how such a little body fit so much food.", "\nAt the age of 3 months, that is, by the time of the\nmove to a new home, kittens have full autonomy and\nbreast milk is no longer needed, and the cat may have\nto stop feeding them.", "\nAnd the kitten at home, before the kitten to move\nto a new home, the breeder carefully instruct you\non what to feed a kitten, will suggest that food to\nwhich he was accustomed. ", "From what diet should contain\na small British? ", "First of all, clean drinking water\nand quality food. ", "First of all we must understand\nthat the cat - is primarily a predator, and the basis\nof its diet should be animal protein. ", "There is a common\nmisconception and that the cat is a favorite treat\nof milk and fish. ", "Cats only in childhood produces\nan enzyme capable of digesting milk, and a six-month\ncease production of this enzyme, and the milk can\ncause upset stomach in cats. ", "From dairy roduktov kitten\nsuit dairy products, such as cottage cheese, yogurt,\nfermented baked. ", "The diet of a kitten there is a principle\nof three thirds, that is a kitten diet should consist\nof one-third of dry food, one-third of the wet canned\nfood and a third, and natural food. ", "Let's break down\nall the components in order of quality nutritious\ndiet and feeding kittens.", "\n\nDRINKING WATER\nClean drinking water should always be available for\na kitten, water should always be in a glass, enamel\nor porcelain. ", "We should not pour water into a plastic\nbowl, plastic can release hazardous substances hazardous\nto health kitten. ", "The water should be filtered, not\nboiled. ", "The water should be changed every day, morning\nand evening. ", "It should be remembered that the milk\ncan not replace drinking water, milk is food, not\ndrinking.", "\n\nDRY FOOD\nFor the kitten to choose only quality forage premium\nor super classes such as Hill's, Ekanuba, Bosh, Origen,\nProPlan, Royal Canin. ", "Feed should be chosen specifically\nfor cats, as they are specially balanced for growing\na small kitten. ", "Also, dry food is useful in terms\nof brushing a kitten, it's like a toothbrush for kittens.", "\n\nWET CANNED\nAs well as dry food, canned food for kittens to choose\nonly the premium and super premium quality, such as\nPetreet (Italy), Schesir (Thailand), Schesir (Thailand),\nProPlan (Switzerland), Animonda (Germany). ", "Do not\nbuy a kitten or a super hyped Whiskas Kitekat than\nlow quality, they contain substances that contribute\nto addiction, it is to this cat poop, and a destructive\nimpact on the body kitten. ", "Wean cat from this feed\nwill be very problematic, it is a kind of drug for\ncats.", "\n\nNATURAL FEEDING BRITISH KITTEN\nIn addition to the dry and wet food to feed a kitten,\nand natural products, such as meat or scalded heart,\nwith cream cheese, quail eggs (not more than 1-2 per\nweek), yogurt or fermented baked milk, vegetables\nand cereals. ", "Here are some simple recipes for kittens:\n\nBoiled beef heart or mixed with\nvegetable puree or boiled rice, buckwheat, oatmeal\n(rolled oats, you can simply soak in hot water).", "\nWe can also add the yeast, or B vitamins.", "\n\nBoiled fish (salmon, cod, saffron\ncod) with boiled rice porridge. ", "Should be given\nonly sea kitten lean fish without bones, river fish\nshould not be given because there is a lot of small\nbones and can be a lot of parasites.", "\n\nChopped boiled chicken mixed\nwith rice, buckwheat, oatmeal. ", "You can add finely\nchopped herbs or sprouts of wheat. ", "You can also\nadd here and chopped cooked chicken liver and carrots.", "\n\nCream 10% or 6% milk (no more\nthan 3 tablespoons. ", "Tablespoons) a day.", "\n\nGrated cheese.", "\n\nKefir, fermented baked or biokefir.", "\n\nCottage cheese (can be mixed\nwith cream to the consistency of sour cream, or\nwith egg yolk).", "\n\nEgg boiled chicken or quail\n(it can be mixed with grass sprouts). ", "Egg yolk is\nwell absorbed with carbohydrates. ", "But give no more\nthan 2 times a week.", "\n\nAlso starting from 6 months\ncan be included in the diet of shrimp (a delicacy\nfor many cats) directly from the shell (it is a\npure protein), you just thaw and cut kucochkami\n- see, leaving only the antennae, legs and eyes!", "\nAnother seafood can provide squid and mussels.", "\n\nBeef raw, should be given only\nafter freezing at minus 18 degrees for 24 hours,\nwhile killing all parasites that may be present\nin raw meat. ", "Raw meat must for growing kittens.", "\n\nProhibited!!!", "\n- Raw fish with bones, butter, raw liver, chicken\nbones, tubular, pork in any form, and human canned\nmeats, borscht, soup, potatoes in any form or by\nany other human food.", "\n\nTHIS IS IMPORTANT!!!", "\n\nKitten to feed 4-5 times a day.", "\n\nTry to give as much kitten food\nas he could eat at one time. ", "A bowl of half-eaten\nfood is better to put in the fridge and give some\nother time.", "\n\nAfter the refrigerator food should\nbe held at room temperature, so it is not too cold." ]

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[ "Prediction of people's origin from degraded DNA--presentation of SNP assays and calculation of probability.", "\nThe characterization of externally visible traits by DNA analysis is already an important tool when investigating ancient skeletal remains and may gain similar importance in future forensic DNA analysis. ", "This, however, depends on the different legal regulations in the different countries. ", "Besides eye or hair color, the population origin can provide crucial information in criminal prosecution. ", "In this study, we present the analysis of 16 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) combined to two robust SNaPshot assays with a detection threshold of 25-pg DNA. ", "This assay was applied to 891 people from seven different populations (West Africa, North Africa, Turkey, Near East, Balkan states, North Europe, and Japan) with a thorough statistical evaluation. ", "The prediction model was validated by an additional 125 individuals predominantly with an ancestry from those same regions. ", "The specificity of these SNPs for the prediction of all population origins is very high (>90 %), but the sensitivity varied greatly (more than 90 % for West Africa, but only 25 % for the Near East). ", "We could identify West Africans with a certainty of 100 %, and people from North Africa, the Balkan states, or North Europe nearly with the same reliability while determination of Turks or people from the Near East was rather difficult. ", "In conclusion, the two SNaPshot assays are a powerful and reliable tool for the identification of people with an ancestry in one of the above listed populations, even from degraded DNA." ]

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[ "Sydney, Jan 13, 2009 (ABN Newswire) - AUDIO: Bandanna Energy Limited (ASX:BND) is pleased to announce that its applications EPCA 1179 and EPCA 1180 have now been approved by the Queensland Government authorities. ", "The new EPCs, 1179 and 1180, are located in the eastern Galilee Basin and lie contiguous with EPCs 1048 and 1049 which have been previously granted to the Company.", "\n\nThe four EPCs, covering an area of 2,953 km2, lie immediately to the south of the township of Alpha and the Alpha - Emerald railway. ", "These four tenements comprise the Alpha Coal Project in respect of which AMCI has an agreement under which it is able to farm in and earn up to a 50% interest from Bandanna by funding up to $25 million in expenditure.", "\n\nOperated by AMCI, to date the Alpha JV has completed some 17,947m of drilling. ", "Exploration drilling for coal quality will continue through January 2009. ", "In addition to this it is expected that a JORC compliant resource for EPC1049 will be delineated by the end March 2009.", "\n\nAbout Bandanna Energy Limited\n\nBandanna Energy Limited (ASX:BND) is uniquely positioned to become Australia's next coal producer. ", "The company's core activities are exploration, project evaluation and development of thermal and PCI coal assets located in Queensland, Australia.", "\n\nBandanna Energy is the only ASX listed company with substantial coal assets in both the Bowen and Galilee basins subject to EIS and advanced mine studies. ", "The company is committed to working constructively with the communities in which it operates, and delivering growing returns to shareholders, government and the community.", "\n\nBandanna Energy's Springsure Creek underground thermal coal project is scheduled to commence production in mid-2015. ", "Bandanna is a 14% shareholder in Wiggins Island Coal Export Terminal (WICET) Stage 1 at Gladstone, with port allocation of 4Mtpa for the Springsure Creek Project, and has also secured the necessary infrastructure capacity for the integrated rail haulage of coal from the Springsure Creek Project to port." ]

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[ "Teotl\n\nTeotl () is a Nahuatl term that is often translated as \"god\". ", "It may have held more abstract aspects of the numinous or divine, akin to the Polynesian concept of Mana. ", "It is a central idea of Aztec religion. ", "In Pipil mythology Teut (Nawat cognate of Teotl) is known as the creator and father of life. ", "The nature of Teotl has been an ongoing discussion among scholars.", "\n\nAztec teteo or Teotl were seen to be active in the world. ", "They spoke to their devotees. ", "They both inhabited and oversaw elements of the landscape. ", "They appeared in localized physical forms called forth by priests and practitioners. ", "Aztecs called mountain-shaped dough figurines, humans, and bodies of water teotl. ", "Teotl and their localized manifestations frequently appear together in Nahuatl accounts of ritualistic activity, especially in those that involve devotees constructing and venerating an embodiment of a deity. ", "Localized embodiment could be human, dough, wood, or rock.", "\n\nTeotl is a key to understanding the fall of the Aztec empire, because it seems that the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II and the Aztec people referred to Cortés and the conquistadors as Teotl. ", " The Aztecs may have considered the conquistadors to be gods, but another interpretation is \"mysterious\" or \"inexplicable\".", "\n\nWhereas in most Nahuatl translations of the Bible and Christian texts, \"God\" (, Θεός) is translated with the Spanish word Dios, in modern translations by the Catholic Church in the 21st century, the word Teotzin, which is a combination of teotl and the reverential suffix -tzin, is used officially for \"God\".", "\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nExternal links\n Discussion on the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy\n\nCategory:Aztec mythology and religion\nCategory:Vitalism" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan I create a legend of a map that I had get from a WMS?", "\n\nCan I create a legend of a map that I had get from a WMS?", "\nCan I create a legend of a raster map with Qgis version 1.7.4, or only with the 1.8 version?", "\n\nA:\n\nQGIS does not use the WMS supplied legend images yet. ", "If you need them for your print layout, you have to download them separately and add them as an image. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nProving if $a$ and $b$ are positive rational numbers and $\\mathbb Q(\\sqrt{a})=\\mathbb Q(\\sqrt{b})$ then $b=ac^2$ for some $c\\in \\mathbb Q$.\n\nProving if $a$ and $b$ are positive rational numbers and $\\mathbb Q(\\sqrt{a})=\\mathbb Q(\\sqrt{b})$ then $b=ac^2$ for some $c\\in \\mathbb Q$.\nI understand that $\\mathbb Q(\\sqrt{a})$ is the smallest field containing $\\mathbb Q \\cup \\{\\sqrt{a}\\}$ (same for $b$). ", "So, that would imply $a=b$, correct? ", "\nFor showing $a=b$:\nIf we let $\\mathbb Q(\\sqrt{a})=\\alpha +\\beta \\sqrt{a}$ and $\\mathbb Q(\\sqrt{b})=\\gamma +\\delta \\sqrt{b}$, how could we conclude $a=b$? ", "Or, is there a easier way to represent $\\mathbb Q(\\sqrt{a})$ and $\\mathbb Q(\\sqrt{b})$?", "\nAfter proving $a=b$, would it suffice to conclude:\n$b=ac^2$. Because if $b=a$ then substitution yields $a=ac^2$ and $1=c^2$. Thus, $c=1\\in \\mathbb Q$. \nIf this idea is correct, is there anything else that needs to be added to write it as a formal proof?", "\n\nA:\n\nNote that $\\sqrt{a}\\in\\mathbb{Q}\\iff\\sqrt{b}\\in\\mathbb{Q}$, and in this case the claim is trivial, so assume that $\\sqrt{a},\\sqrt{b}\\notin\\mathbb{Q}$ to avoid trivial cases. ", "\nSince $\\sqrt{b}\\in\\mathbb{Q}(\\sqrt{a})$, you can write $\\sqrt{b}=d+c\\sqrt{a}$ for $d,c\\in\\mathbb{Q}$. This implies\n$$\nb=d^2+2dc\\sqrt{a}+c^2a.", "\n$$\nNote that $c\\neq 0$, else $b=d^2$, implying $\\sqrt{b}=d\\in\\mathbb{Q}$. It suffices to show $d=0$. If not, solving for $\\sqrt{a}$ shows $\\sqrt{a}\\in\\mathbb{Q}$, a contradiction.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Mit dabei: Romana Echensperger (Sommelier und Master of Wine), Matthias Lilienthal (Dramaturg und Intendant), Florian Heyden (Autor und Urenkel Walter Ulbrichts), Marie-Luise Wolff (Präsidentin des Bundesverbands der Energie und Wasserwirtschaft und Vorstandschefin des Energieversorgers Entega AG) und Michael Braun Alexander (Wirtschaftsjournalist und Autor) mehr..." ]

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[ "In celebration of World Environment Day, which fell on Sunday, I traveled with a group of friends to the arid valleys of Laqlouq for a lengthy hike through the untouched landscape, now under the spell of the ephemeral green touch of Spring. ", "We wandered into the waiting arms of Mother Nature that embraced us with no measure of hostility. ", "The climate was temperate. ", "The warm sun, and the winds channeled by the valleys formed a complementary union, which was nothing short of pleasing.", "\n\nSource: Newsroom Nomad\n\nWe ventured forth until the smallest trace of modernity was further than what our eyes could see. ", "Within the sprawling landscape time travels at a different pace. ", "The tension that every city dweller knows intimately has no place among the rocky dunes that animate the terrain like waves of an ocean frozen in time. ", "Here is the dominion of serenity, and balance. ", "Here is where man finds himself a stranger to all things hostile and aggressive.", "\n\nSource: Nizar Haddad\n\nIt was with ardent effort that we could negotiate the terrain that seemed common to the nomads that we encountered in our journey. ", "Theirs was the cultivated sense of belonging of a thousand generations.", "\n\nSource: Newsroom Nomad\n\nThe tent that they pitched stands several hours away from the nearest dwelling. ", "The solitude that they didn’t seek out but which was customary, rendered them through the acquisition of ancestral knowledge capable of subsisting in this arid valley without modern comforts.", "\n\nSource: Newsroom Nomad\n\nWe who had carried our provisions, and who were a breath away from complaining from scarcity were in awe of this people who were so welcoming, so generous with what little they had, and so kind. ", "It is with a heavy heart that we continued our journey beyond the layers of tent fabric that flapped in the wind and the woman who waved her goodbyes.", "\n\nSource: Newsroom Nomad\n\nOn our winding path we met a goat herder tending to his flock with monosyllable shouts and gestures unfamiliar to us but instantly recognizable by the herd. ", "Goats frolicked in the newly grown grass, fed, and socialized amongst themselves. ", "I could scarcely contain my fascination with this noble beast.", "\n\nSource: Newsroom Nomad\n\nI expressed to the herder my desire to approach a youngling of the herd. ", "In his kindheartedness, he leapt to his feet, retrieving a baby goat and placing it in my waiting arms.", "\n\nSource: Newsroom Nomad\n\nIt is difficult to describe the elation with which I responded despite my urbane self to this animal child. ", "It did not recoil, but rather relished being loved by a creature willing to do so. ", "The experience was a quintessential experiment in purity. ", "It recalled a faraway memory when as a child I had held my first baby goat bestowed to my late grandfather as a gift.", "\n\nSource: Nizar Haddad\n\nIn these fleeting moments of authentic connection to nature, one realizes the true cost of modernity. ", "The price of progress is paid in the loss of genuine experiences and the enjoyment of wholesomeness. ", "It is true that rural living is devoid of many comforts that we city-dwellers can no longer live without, but I think that if someone is willing and able to make those sacrifices, then the life that they would be rewarded with would be priceless. ", "Perhaps there is a balance to be struck, but it is difficult to conceive and perhaps harder to achieve, but it’s not impossible.", "\n\nSource: Newsroom Nomad\n\nAfter six hours of marching, the journey was drawing to a close. ", "Our weary bodies compelled us to halt, but our minds and our spirits, rich with the experiences that can only be had in the valley, compelled us to drive on. ", "We arrived to the place where the lengthy trek had begun, carrying plastic bags filled with whatever trash we could pick up. ", "Even in this distant land, thoughtless men had left unsightly traces of their presence. ", "We did our best to rectify their mistake, but we were few.", "\n\nSource: Nizar Haddad\n\nThe path we took through nature livened in us the childlike desire to play, but it wasn’t until a sufficient amount of authentic regional food had revived us from our fatigue that we took to the swing sets in glee.", "\n\nSource: Newsroom Nomad\n\nThe benefits of visiting nature are fundamentally underrated. ", "They will never be advertised as toxic products and trendy hot-spots. ", "But the experience they provide is by far superior. ", "Few lands of the kind remain untouched by frenetic development and industrial greed, which makes them a rarity and the perfect destination for families who wish to go out without paying the exorbitant entry fees.", "\n\nSource: Nizar Haddad\n\nIt would be overwhelmingly beneficial for society if children were to learn from their parents the value of the natural landscape. ", "The humility and gentleness that only a baby goat may teach is sorely lacking in our cut throat society. ", "Proximity to nature had endowed our forefathers with a generosity of spirit which is disappearing in contemporary generations. ", "Is it not time that retrieve those values from the soil itself before it’s too late?", "\n\nSource: Nizar Haddad\n\nDisclaimer: The Newsroom Nomad recommends that all lengthy hikes be performed under the watchful eye of a professional guide." ]

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[ "Identification of a alpha-NeuAc-(2----3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyltransferase in human kidney.", "\nMicrosomal preparations from human kidney were found to contain enzymic activity capable to transfer N-acetylgalactosamine from UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine to native bovine fetuin. ", "The acceptor structures on the fetuin molecules were identified as N- as well as O-linked glycans with a markedly higher incorporation into the N-linked carbohydrate chains. ", "Analysis of the alkali-labile transferase products by thin-layer chromatography indicated that the enzyme is able to synthesize structures having mobilities identical with those found on glycophorin from Cad erythrocytes. ", "Mild acid treatment and enzymic hydrolysis with N-acetylhexosaminidase from jack beans of the N-linked transferase products suggested that beta-D-GalpNAc-(1----4)-[alpha-NeuAc-(2----3)]-beta-D-Galp-(1----s tructures were formed by the enzymic reaction on both N- and O-linked acceptors. ", "The enzyme might, therefore, be involved in the biosynthesis of Sda (and Cad) antigenic structures. ", "By use of various oligosaccharides, glycopeptides, and glycolipids having well characterized carbohydrate sequences, the acceptor-substrate specificity of the N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase was determined. ", "The enzyme generally recognized alpha-NeuAc-(2----3)-beta-D-Gal groups as acceptors, but in a certain conformation. ", "Thus, tri- and tetra-saccharide alditols, native human glycophorin A, and GM3 were not acceptor substrates although they carry the potential disaccharide acceptor unit. ", "When these structures were presented as sialyl-(2----3)-lactose or as a tryptic peptide from glycophorin A, they were shown to be rather good acceptor substrates for the N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyltransferase from human kidney." ]

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[ "Prit, 04 Dec 2013I was using iPhone 5 since last year, but Samsung Note 3 features proved that Samsung is doing... moreWow, do you seriously think anything beyond 400ppi makes a for the human eye noticeable difference? ", "People like you are the reason why we can't have nice things because companies are forced to waste R&D resources on already stagnating things like pixel density.", "\n\nWho the hell needs 2K display on a 5-inch display? ", "I can't really see the difference between 720p and 1080p. ", "Full HD is more than enough. ", "Better use 1080p display and give better battery life.", "\nAnd why use 2.46GHz? ", "It's a real battery drainer. ", "Apple gets almost as much power and uses only 1.3GHz with a dual core processor. ", "Do smarter, not bigger.", "\n\nI was using iPhone 5 since last year, but Samsung Note 3 features proved that Samsung is doing good to bring out new technologies. ", "Now even further more Samsung S4 with 2K screen !!!! ", "simply great ... There was a time Apple was introducing new technologies but now the time has changed Apple will be the last one to do so.", "\n\nIf this is how Samsung wanna go in future then it's dark. ", "Try to focus on optimizing the framework rather then putting unnecessary features like 2k screen. ", "Really, are you kidding Sammy, 2k resolution on a 5\" display? ", "Good Lord!", "\n\nAnonymous, 04 Dec 2013Bencheating again lolTypical noob,they did not show any benchmark I guess @_@ and the rest using the same method and you can't call them cheating because nobody sues them for that and it isn't wrong to make the hardware run at best since you or no apps is using hardware at max all time?", "\n\nAnonymous, 04 Dec 2013And they will market this advertising it as the highest resolution phone ever, and people will... moreStill better than shitty 640p on 4inch isn't it? ", "buddy,rather hating the one which doesn't come out yet! ", "Winner is a winner and haters gonna hate,I think haters are way worse than fanboys in my opinion.", "T_T\n\nThe chipset should not be a point of concern, coz Samsung is nitrous in releasing flagship variants with every latest chipset available.", "\nNow, this metal is something different for their next flagship, however the form still looks as those s-series. ", "I think they should hire some new designers." ]

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[ "Recent Blog\n\nPitching Help Desk\n\nTestimonials\n\n\"This is the best money I've spent so far trying to attract qualified investors. ", "I've attended several VC and Angel Investor events over the past year to attract investors and this site has attracted the most relevant and qualified investors so far. ", "Thanks! ", "~ James Fitzgerald - ChainStar USA\"\n\nAndrew Sherman, in his very useful book Raising Capital (3rd Edition, 2012) classifies equity investors into three types: Emotional, Strategic, and Financial. ", "The classification is based on his extensive experience in fund raising. ", "Other classifications are possible but today we will discuss Andrew's three-fold classification.", "\n\nThe emotional investor captures the idea that some early investors in a company may do so because of they have personal relationship with the company owner. ", "Friends and family are often promoted as a source of early financing. ", "Some investors may only invest in companies in which they have a personal relationship with the owners.", "\n\nThe strategic investor is one who sees strategic value in putting money into a particular company. ", "They may, for example, have experience in the industry and partnering with a startup in a similar industry might be a good way to grow their business. ", "They may also want access to the research and development the company has done or the talent they have assembled. ", "Their financials may be important, but they are more interested in the non-financial aspects of the deal - what synergies a deal might bring.", "\n\nThe financial investor is interested in the bottom line and ensuring that the numbers add up and it is a financially worthwhile project to invest in. ", "They invest in the rewards that a well executed business plan will produce.", "\n\nI have three questions about how we might interpret this distinction:\n\nShould we view investors as only fitting into one category for all their investment decision making?", "\n\nHow likely is it that an investor will flip from being a financial investor in one deal to being a strategic investor in another deal?", "\n\nCan these investor types instead be viewed as orientations with investors giving more or less weight to the different factors (emotional, strategic, financial) depending on the deal?", "\n\nIrrespective of whether investors are always, sometimes, or more or less emotional, strategic, or financially oriented, it is important that the entrepreneur raising funds recognize what type of investor they are appealing to or dealing with. ", "In general, we might expect online investors to be less emotionally oriented when screening investment pitches and more likely to be strategic or financial in their orientation. ", "Investment pitches are often geared towards the financial investor because it is generally a good assumption that the business plan and numbers should be good in order to attract investors. ", "A strategic investment pitch while promoting a good return on investment, might also spend some time on what might make the company look good to a potential strategic partner who is more interested in the non-financial aspects of the company (e.g., clients, intellectual property, talent).", "\n\nSo if you are looking for an equity investor it might be useful to distinguish between whether you are seeking a strategic or financial investor and to make sure you highlight details that might be relevant to that type of investor in your pitch. ", "Also, when you are dealing with them, again recognize the type of investor you are dealing with.", "\n\nEquity financing is one type of financing along with debt-based financing. ", "According to Andrew, the optimal capital formation strategy of a company generally consists of some balance of equity and debt-based financing.", "\n\nThe digital transformation of industries is ongoing and accelerating. ", "The internet, big data, advanced computing and sensors are combining\nto transform that way that things have traditionally been done.", "\n\nAn interesting recent example of this is General Electric which is betting that its' future growth will come from the Industrial Internet:\nthe convergence of industrial machines, data, and the Internet. ", "General Electric is well known for the industrial machinery it designs\nand manufacturers, but now it want's to be known as a digital company that also makes industrial machinery. ", "Hence the new GE slogan\n\"The digital company. ", "That’s also an industrial company\".", "\n\nA major component of their digital strategy is a software platform they call Predix and that can be connected to different types of industrial machines to gather data that can be stored in the cloud and made sense of using their platform. ", "A major market they are looking at is the digital transformation of the Oil & Gas industry and in the video below you can see their vision for Intelligent Pipeline Systems.", "\n\nPredicting the future is a tricky business and GE may bomb out on this strategy if the funds are not available to make pipelines intelligent.", "\nOn the other hand, when you are as big and influential as GE the future may be more a matter of creation than prediction. ", "And so it is\nwith many companies contemplating their own digital transformation. ", "You have to try to predict the future but you must also be involved\nin creating the digitally transformed version of it you envision.", "\n\nThis morning I became aware of a new project by market gardening guru Jean-Martin Fortier and his wife Maude-Hélène. ", "They are crowdfunding a video documentary that will allow us to see exactly how they run their successful microfarm. ", "Sometimes words are not enough.", "\n\nI have purchased and read Jean-Martin Fortier's book The Market Gardener so purchasing the Market Gardening Toolkit video was something I would have done anyway. ", "I hope to incorporate some of their market gardening techniques (e.g., stale seedbed, flame weeding, biointensive planting) into my own growing practices. ", "They are quickly closing in on their funding goal and I hope this posting helps them achieve it.", "\n\nIf you are not familiar with the Fortier's market gardening system, you can get started with a recently posted 5 part video series of Jean-Martin talking at an event in Vermont. ", "In addition to being great market gardeners, the Fortier's are also smart business operators so you come away from Fortier's videos not just with farming knowledge but some practical business insights as well. ", "Here is the first video in the series:\n\nIt is also noteworthy that the Fortier's have teamed up with Possible Media to create this video documentary. ", "Possible Media is doing alot of excellent work these days that appeals to my Permaculture addiction. ", "They have found an interesting niche for their videographic skills. ", "I am looking forward to the video documentary.", "\n\nThat is the question that Phillip Vannini and Johnathan Taggart explore in their book Off the Grid: Re-assembling Domestic Life (2015).", "\nThe book arose from a research grant to study the lives of 200 off-gridders located in all the different provinces of Canada. ", "Because so many different off-gridders were interviewed at different times of year, in different climates, and with different motivations, it paints a rich and diverse portrait of what life is like off grid.", "\n\nThis is not a book you would pick up to learn how to physically survive off grid. ", "It is a book you would want to pick up if you wanted to understand the motivations and lifeworld of those who live off grid. ", "Why would we want to learn about off-gridders?", "\n\nAnthopologists study other cultures both for the sake of understanding those cultures and, using comparative methods, to help us to understand own culture better. ", "Most of us take for granted all the grids we are connected to - the power grid, a natural gas grid, a sewage grid, a water grid, a communications grid, and a transportation grid are the most common grids we are connected to. ", "Going off grid technically means removing yourself from the power grid or a natural gas grid, but many off-gridders also take care of their own sewage and water. ", "They may also be removed from main roads and cut off from one or more types of communications (TV being a common media form they abandon). ", "Many also grow some of their own food and disconnect to some extent from the food grid as well.", "\n\nBeing off grid means you have to take care of more of the basic functions of living than most of us do. ", "It means having fewer of the conveniences and comforts we often take for granted. ", "Why would someone want to do this?", "\n\nA common reason is simply that was too costly to hook up power to the remote location where they want to live. ", "Some want to reduce the cost of living, some do it for environmental reasons, some want to be more connected with the rhythms and resources of nature. ", "Some net-zero off-gridders disconnect from the power grid in urban settings and speak to the advantages of being able to access necessities on a bicycle or by walking, rather than hopping in a car to access on-grid services.", "\n\nThe book attempts to get into the minds and environment of off-gridders using a wide array of literary sources. ", "Many of the case-studies of off-gridders are briefer than I would have liked, but given the volume of interviewees they want to to discuss this is understandable. ", "The case-studies are used to high-light particular aspects of off-grid life that the authors want to focus a longer critical discussion of. ", "They assembled a vast array of interesting theories and ideas in an effort to understand the lifeworld of off-gridders. ", "Sometimes the critical theory seems to be used as a substitute for any real insight; other times it helps to shine a revealing light on what might be unique about such lifestyles and how they differ from what we find normal.", "\n\nI'm recommending that you watch the film, listen to an interview, or read the book as a way to understand our own culture by comparison to a culture that chooses not to take many of our modern conveniences and comforts for granted. ", "Maybe you have some romantic notions of living off grid. ", "These resources will give your more realistic notions of what off grid living is like in its many and varied forms.", "\n\nI'll conclude by suggesting that the Living Off Grid project could also be used as a case study for modern independent film making. ", "Take a subject that most people have an interest in, get some funding to explore the topic in the field and through research, create some buzz along the way by discussing your project as fieldwork and research is progressing, create a dynamic website where people can order your film and track how the project is evolving, and offer up multimedia experiences to your audience (e.g., book, film, audio). ", "The book also offers some insights into the trials and tribulations they experienced as they did their fieldwork which might be useful and amusing for independent film makers as well.", "\n\nIn this book they identify 4 global trends as the ones to watch out for:\n\nEconomic growth is occurring most rapidly in emerging cities in China, India, Asia and Africa. ", "As people continue to move from rural areas to cities and urban clusters, they create demand for infrastructure, goods and services. ", "Multi-nationals like Coca Cola, Frito Lay and Unilever report that most of their revenue growth is a result of growth happening in these markets. ", "When looking for global growth opportunities do research at the city/urban region level rather than the region/country level because it is the cities where growth is most evident.", "\n\nThe effect of technology on business is accelerating. ", "This is no surprise but it does have implications for what needs to be done to keep up to date on technologies and skills in our businesses. ", "It can represent a threat or an opportunity depending on how technology acceleration is managed.", "\n\nThe aging of the population around the world is creating significant problems and opportunities. ", "The world will need to adapt to this new normal with new products and services aimed at the elderly, increasing the retirement age, becoming more resource efficient in the delivery of health care services, re-employing retired workers to retain skills and workforce, etc...\n\nWe are becoming more globally interconnected in terms of trade, capital, people and information flow across national boarders. ", "The positive aspect is that it is easier for businesses to expand their markets across borders. ", "A negative aspect is that our business can be disrupted by new entrants outside our borders. ", "Either way it is difficult to ignore this trend and businesses will need to develop strategies to cope with and exploit this increasing global interconnectedness.", "\n\nWhere I would use the book is as a tool for researching trends. ", "If you are doing work on a business plan you will often have to look into the crystal ball and identify trends that affect the viability of your product or service. ", "None of the trends identified in this book constitute radically new insights but what might be new are some of the numbers, graphs, and references assembled to characterize these trends. ", "The book can be paired with the McKinsey Global Institute website as a credible resource for trend information you can use for big picture business planning. ", "Some numbers you may need to obtain from local data sources but the characterization and analysis of big picture trends can be found on management consulting websites like McKinsey Global Institute. ", "It should be noted that a precursor to the book was published on their website that focused specifically on the technology disruption trend.", "\n\nThe book does not spell out the methodology they use to make trend projections and often they seem to be simple linear extrapolations from present trends. ", "An example would be this trend graph showing the ratio of retirees to children.", "\n\nAlot might happen between now and 2050 to that could change these graphs so we should have some measure of skepticism regarding them. ", "At the same time, those reading business plans often want to see numbers and graphs and simple linear extrapolations from present trends may be as justifiable as other methods of predicting the future.", "\n\nI previously blogged about David Lang's book Becoming A Maker (2013) when I was a quarter of the way through it. ", "I finished it off this morning and wanted to post a few more observations about it.", "\n\nIn the later parts of the book David discusses some of the technology and tools that you might find in a communal makerspace setup. ", "One professional-level makerspace is Techshop where you can pay a fee and have access to wide range of high-end maker tools as well as classes to learn how to operate them. ", "It is possible to start a business here by building your prototype and if you are successful in getting orders you can also use the facilities to manufacture units. ", "You can learn from others who are similarly occupied and in some cases you might be occasionally employed by someone with a hot-selling product.", "\n\nWhat distinguishes a maker tool from other tools is that maker tools are often used to make other tools. ", "The TechShop at Austin-Round Rock allows you to reserve 3D printers, CNC machines, Welders, Heat Presses, Industrial Sewing Machines, Injection Molding Machines, Laser Cutters, Milling Machines, Powder Coating Equipment, Waterjets and more. ", "In addition to all this hardware, there will generally be a need to use a variety of computer aided design software programs. ", "It is alot of learn but if there is a community of makers around you this can make it easier to cope and eventually become a maker yourself.", "\n\nMakers wanting to commercialize their offerings will often attempt to get funding on Kickstarter. ", "One useful observation David makes about Kickstarter is that raising funding on Kickstarter is often more about activating a fan base that you have built up for your ideas than recruiting new people to fund your ideas. ", "Some makers may be reluctant to share their ideas with others and in some cases that is understandable, however, it may put you at a disadvantage when it comes to raising money in a Kickstarter campaign because you haven't built up a fanbase prior to launching your campaign. ", "One might consider Kickstarter another in the list of tools that makers should become familiar with.", "\n\nDavid's book is still worth reading 3 years after its publication as an introduction to the maker culture and the tools that they commonly use. ", "David would be the first to admit that this is an area where things are moving quickly and there is a danger of any publication becoming rapidly out of date. ", "An example would be that David does not include much discussion of biotech makers who might have makerspaces that look more like university chemistry/biology labs (places to grow anything) than industrial workspaces (places to build anything). ", "In the coming years we might expect these biotech toolsets to become more popular. ", "It will give people with less financial resources access to tools that are normally only available to universities and corporations.", "\n\nOne of the main reasons the maker movement has become popular is because people are increasingly able to access maker tools that were once prohibitively expensive. ", "Either the price has come down so people can purchase the tools for their personal use, or co-op and professional makerspaces have been setup that make access possible. ", "Many of these co-op and professional makerspaces are appearing in larger cities first and there is still room for such spaces to grow in smaller cities and communities. ", "Schools and public libraries are a common entry point for makerspaces in local communities.", "\n\nI recommend David Lang's book as a way to get oriented to the maker culture. ", "Chris Anderson, former editor of Wired Magazine, also wrote a book called Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (2012) that David makes frequent reference to. ", "Here is a recent video of Chris talking about the Maker Movement:\n\nThere is huge amount happening in the maker movement today and you only need to google \"maker movement\" to take you where your particular interests might lead you.", "\n\nSometimes it is a fine line between being green and being cheap. ", "Is the person upcycling old pallets into furniture doing it because they want to be green or because they don't want to spend money?", "\n\nIf the person simply doesn't want to spend money then it is a nice side-effect that they can also advertise themselves as being green. ", "The fact that it is often difficult to tell the difference between being green and being cheap means that there are at least 2 routes to being green - the eco-minded route or the cheap route.", "\n\nWhat is the best way to achieve the goal of being green? ", "My own attempt to be green is more of an intellectual than a lifestyle commitment. ", "For example, I generally drive my small truck in cases where I could be biking to get where I need to go. ", "If I was cheaper about not spending money on fuel I'd be living a greener lifestyle. ", "I, like many people, wonder why so many green people fly to conferences to discuss sustainability issues. ", "I suppose they have to meet sometime but if they were cheap would they find greener ways to coordinate on these issues?", "\n\nNorth Americans consume more than our fair share of the world resourses. ", "By any measure our lifestyle is less green than someone in a developing country. ", "The big difference is the amount of money we have available for consumption. ", "If we curb that consumption through voluntary cheapness then we might achieve higher levels of sustainability. ", "Some might call the lifestyle voluntary simplicity but voluntary cheapness might be a core element of that lifestyle. ", "David Holmgren (co-founder of Permaculture) prefers the term voluntary frugality and maybe you would as well.", "\n\nThe idea of \"homesteading\" is arguably becoming a more popular ideal these days. ", "The idea of making your own food, building your own stuff, making your own medicines and so on is attractive to many people. ", "Some methods of homesteading are more energy and resource intensive than others. ", "Ben Hewitt in his book, The Nourishing Homestead (2015), offers up a good example of how to do cheap homesteading.", "\n\nEven though they use alot less energy to run their house and farm than most people, Ben's family is always looking for ways to eliminate the need to use purchased energy to run things. ", "In part this reflects concerns over whether energy will be as easy to obtain in the future, and it may also reflect a committment to being green, but I can't help feeling that Ben likes to operate his homestead as cheaply as possible so that he doesn't have to run as fast on the economic treadmill to maintain a lifestyle he enjoys. ", "Any green halo he might enjoy is secondary to his goal of living cheaply.", "\n\nOne example of Ben's ecocheap lifestyle is how he refrigerates his food. ", "Because he lives in Vermont and experiences cold conditions for a good chunk of the year, he decided to purchase an insulated cabinet, or icebox, and vent the icebox to the outside world. ", "Viola, refrigeration for free. ", "Living off grid for most of your life, and being cheap, makes you think up innovative ways like this to reduce energy consumption.", "\n\nCheap often has a negative connotation which is probably deserved in some cases. ", "I think, however, that our consumptive society also gives being cheap a bad name. ", "If we were all cheap our economy would grind to a halt.", "\n\nIf Ben's lifestyle is anything to go by, yes he is cheap in some things, but he is also willing to spend money where he feels the investment will yield the greatest return. ", "In his case, it involves investing in the soil around his farm. ", "Purchasing a wide range of amendments to get the balance in his soil that he is looking for. ", "He will also spend money on greenhouses to grow food. ", "He won't spend money on energy to heat them preferring to rely on free passive solar energy instead.", "\n\nI would agree that if we were cheap in all things that would be a problem for the economy. ", "If we are selectively cheap then I think the argument does not hold. ", "It is all a matter of how we want to invest our money. ", "Which industries we are willing to support and which ones we won't support.", "\n\nI think we need to take seriously the connection between being cheap and being green because being cheap is often a more sure-footed way to being green than through eco-mindedness. ", "How to be green is often not clear whereas how not to spend money generally is. ", "Ben Hewitt's book provides some useful guidance on what an ecocheap lifestye consists of if you want to learn more.", "\n\nOrganic Valley (OV) is an independent cooperative of organic farmers based in La Farge, Wisconsin, United States near La Crosse, Wisconsin. ", "Founded in 1988, it is the largest organic farmer-owned cooperative in the world with over 1,800 farmer-owners across the United States, Canada, and Australia. ", "Organic Valley markets its products in all 50 states and exports to 25 countries. ", "In 2014, growing annual sales neared $1 billion.", "\n\nMark frequently refers to Organic Valley as a \"production aggregator\" meaning it aggregates production across farmers so that farmers can access larger and more diverse markets. ", "The need for a production aggregator, according to Mark, can arise because there is a failing market for your commodity or service when you are acting alone in the marketplace. ", "If you are at a farmers market with local grower competition and you can't sell your cucumbers or you can't get your price, then the solution may be for cucumber growers to aggregate production and sell the combined product into the same or bigger market that can absorb it at a price that is acceptable. ", "The market feedback you get when you operate alone may be negative but when you cooperate with other producers the market feedback can be strongly positive and encourage you to grow more cucumbers.", "\n\nIf you combine all your cucumbers together and sell them to a grocery chain then you might be paying a fee to a broker who distributes on\nyour behalf. ", "What if you replace that broker with members of your coop\nso that any fees you pay are going back into your production cooperative? ", "The fees might allow you to make more income or receive additional benefits (i.e., pension, dividends, internal jobs) and would help finance the evolution of the production cooperative. ", "Note that this is a different model than Uber, AirBnB and other popular \"sharing economy\" business models that offers a production aggregator service and collects a brokerage fee but without many additional benefits provided. ", "The alternative to the \"sharing economy\" business model may be something along the lines of Organic Valley or the very successful John Lewis Partnership in the UK. ", "These companies may not be as \"explosive\" in their growth as Uber but they are showing high levels of growth and considerable growth potential.", "\n\nThere may be significant costs to setting up a production aggregator (e.g., legal, accounting, software, storage facilities, equipment, transportation, dedicated staff, etc...) and the production aggregator might seek investment to cover these costs. ", "The production aggregator might offer to return investors money (plus interest) over a period of time but could also sweeten the deal with a coop membership that allows the investor to enjoy some of the benefits of the venture. ", "Ideally, the investor's skillset would be useful to the company and an investor might end up paying themselves some of the money invested to carry out the required setup and ongoing work.", "\n\nSetting up a production aggregator would entail some legal work on the company structure. ", "Often they are setup using a legal trust as the formal business structure but some type of partnership structure might also work and be less legally complex to start out with. ", "I do not pretend to be a lawyer or accountant so don't quote me on any of this.", "\n\nI'm not necessarily endorsing the view that cooperatives are the end-all and be-all. ", "I'm mostly interested in examining what the motivation for production aggregation might be, how the startup phase of a production aggregation service might be financed, and what types of benefits private investors might receive from their startup investment (i.e., payback with interest, membership benefits, payment for worktime invested).", "\n\nAlso worth considering is what types of objects can a production aggregation business model be applied to that it isn't being applied to today? ", "Examples might be timber production, water production, carbon sequestration and other products or services that might be less tangible.", "\n\nIn a recent blog called Constraint Satisfaction: Part 1 I illustrated a couple of ways to represent constraints (i.e., line graphs, linear equations) and how to go about satisfying them (i.e., line intersection, gaussian elimination). ", "In today's blog I want to provide a couple of other approaches to representing constraints to add more flexibility and precision to our thinking about constraints.", "\n\nAn example that illustrates a couple of different ways of representing constraints is from p.113 of Robert Schalkoff's book Artificial Intelligence (1990). ", "In this example, Robert represents the goal of getting professorial tenure as involving the satisfaction of a number of constraints that can be represented in tree form as follows:\n\nAn equivalent way to represent these constraints is in the form of a PROLOG program which looks like this:\n\nThe main part of a PROLOG program consists of a set of facts and rules. ", "These facts and rules constitute a small database which which can be queried. ", "One question we might ask is \"who will get tenure\" which is formulated in this way in PROLOG:\n\n?", "-gets_tenure(Who).", "\n\nThe answer PROLOG returns is \"rjs\" who is the book's author Robert J. Schalkoff.", "\n\nSo we can represent the constraints we face when trying to achieve some goal using tree graphs or we can use a logic programming language like PROLOG. ", "The advantage of the latter is that we can draw inferences from our database of facts and rules, but this is probably not worth the effort in simple cases like this. ", "We can run the logic program in our head.", "\n\nI decided to exhibit a PROLOG program not because I expect people to start using it to solve logic problems, but because it provides a nice high-level language with which to express constraints. ", "Also important is the idea that if you don't express these constraints (i.e., facts & rules) in the proper relationships, then you won't not be able to reach the conclusions/goals you want. ", "You can't just write facts and rules down in an unstructured format. ", "In this case, the graph provides the discipline we need to express our facts and rules with the proper relationships so that we can logically satisfy the get_tenure() goal.", "\n\nThe purpose of this blog is to illustrate that a couple more ways to represent constraints are with tree graphs and with structured logic programs consisting of facts and rules. ", "It should be noted that the goal you are trying to achieve may have subgoals which have to be satisfied, hence the reason why tree graphs are useful. ", "There may also be a strict or loose order to when these subgoals need to be achieved. ", "In the graph above the subgoals on the top might have a higher priority (i.e., publishes()) than the subgoal at the bottom (i.e., teaches-well()). ", "The order in which subgoals are achieved is often important in real world problem solving.", "\n\nSo if you are in the coffee shop thinking about your business and how you are going to achieve your goals, one way to achieve some precision in your thinking is to represent the constraints to achieving your goals with a tree graph or a simple logic program like the gets_tenure() example. ", "There are other methods you can use like line graphs and sets of linear equations. ", "The more precisely you can represent goals and constraints the better able you will be to reason about them.", "\n\nOn p. 114 of his textbook professor Schalkoff illustrated the sequence that PROLOG uses to figure out ?", "-gets_tenure(Who). ", "This may not represent the order in which a professor satisfies tenure subgoals but it does illustrate useful further details: 1) there are often a significant number of subgoals that have to be achieved in order to achieve a significant high level goal, 2) your abstract tree structure needs to eventually \"bottom out\" with an actual binding to some real object or result. ", "Constraint satisfaction involves satisfying our low level goals in concrete form so they propagate back towards achieving our high level goals.", "\n\nRecently I posted two blogs on the topic of Constraint Satisfaction (Part 1,\nPart 2). ", "I'm still interested in this topic and did some more searching last night to see what additional useful material I could dig up on the topic of constraints.", "\n\nOne recent resource that looks interesting is a book by Adam Morgan and Mark Barden called A Beautiful Constraint (2015). ", "According\nto their website, \"A Beautiful Constraint calls for constraint–driven problem–solving to become a much more widespread capability and offers an original framework to achieve that\". ", "Reviews\nfor the book so far are quite good.", "\n\nAnother resource is an MIT Thesis by Mark Donald Gross called Design As Exploring Constraints (1985).", "\nThis freely available manuscript is useful because it directly addresses the role of constraints in design, indeed, it views design as an exploration of constraints. ", "While the technology discussed is dated, the discussion around design as exploring constraints is not.", "\n\nA popular approach to thinking about constraints is via the Theory of Constraints popularized by Eliyahu M. Goldratt in his book The Goal (1986). ", "In this theory business growth is viewed as a process of identifying and overcoming a constraint that is currently holding a company back from growing. ", "Once that constraint is addressed a new constraint will be revealed as the limiting factor which in turn will have to be addressed and so. ", "The theory of constraints is popular in the lean production literature. ", "This view of growth is similiar to the Law of the Minimum which I discussed in a previous blog.", "\n\nA final noteworthy resource was discussed by Mark Gross in his thesis, namely a book by Nobel Laureate Herb Simon called Sciences of the Artificial (1996). ", "This is a seminal book on \"Design Science\" in which Herb Simon argues for a view of design as \"optimizing an objective function over a region bounded by constraints\" (Gross, p. 140). ", "The optimization that is going on here, however, is quite subtle because Herb Simon views such optimization as a matter of \"satisficing\" or finding a \"good enough solution\" rather than a solution that would require unrealistic amounts of computing power. ", "There is a threshold to the amount of work we'll do to arrive at our view on what the optimal design is. ", "So while we may in fact arrive at an optimal solution to a set of constraints when we can formulate the problem in quantitative terms, in most cases we are using a different approach to optimizing our objective function, one in which we will be satisfied with a good enough solution if it means being able to operate within time and resource constraints at hand.", "\n\nThe purpose of this blog is to identify some more literature worth exploring to clarify the role and nature of constraints in design and business.", "\n\nOver the weekend I was in a large grocery store looking for coffee with this ecolabel on it.", "\n\nUnfortunately, they had no bird-friendly coffee for sale. ", "I became interested in bird friendly coffee as a result of reading the first couple of chapters of Coffee Agroecology (2015).", "\n\nThe book enlightened me about the different agricultural approaches to growing coffee. ", "The terms \"sun coffee\" and \"shade coffee\" refers to the two ends of a spectrum of coffee production methods with sun coffee being the main method of production these days because they can produce more coffee per unit of land by growing coffee trees without much shade cover. ", "Coffee, however, is traditionally an understory tree and grows well in the shade. ", "Shade coffee can be produced without cutting down rain forests and without chemicals because the biodiverse forest habitat includes pest predators and natural sources of fertility (e.g., leaf and branch litter, animal droppings, dead animals). ", "It is arguably the closest you can get to organic coffee and is in many ways superior to organic because shade coffee systems support a large amount of biodiversity that organic labeling does not specifically address.", "\n\nMost coffee is grown in tropical regions of the world and you might wonder why you should care how they grow it down there. ", "One reason is because many birds of North America migrate to the tropics during the winter months and the type of habitat they encounter there affects their populations in North America during warmer months. ", "Hence the ecolabel for bird-friendly coffee. ", "It should be noted that bird friendly coffee, or shade coffee, supports much higher levels of biodiversity generally than sun coffee and if you are looking for high quality organic coffee that is fairly traded, the label might signify that as well. ", "Unfortunately, bird-friendly coffee does not appear to be something I can buy locally. ", "Not even one of the major brands appears to support it. ", "Why is that?", "\n\nThis raises the issue of ecolabelling communication and how effective it is. ", "Even if some company did put the Smithsonian bird friendly certified label on their coffee, would this add sufficient value to that product to make people want to buy it or perhaps pay more for it? ", "Most people would not know what it meant and would therefore probably not care. ", "For ecolabelling to be effective there has to be some outreach and education about why we should care that a product is sustainable in the ways the ecolabel certifies. ", "I think this label would be more effective if it included a url where people could go and learn more and feel like their efforts are making a difference.", "\n\nThe Ecolabel Index website is currently tracking 463 ecolabels. ", "Some of the ecolabels such as EnergyStar are well known whereas others are not. ", "There are gaps where I think ecolabelling could be better such as indicating the longevity of an appliance and not just its energy consumption. ", "It is an interesting exercise to walk through a store and imagine the type of ecolabelling that could appear on various items. ", "Is there a label in this index that could be used or would a new ecolabel have to be created? ", "Exercises such as this might help you imagine a new product or a new approach to marketing your product.", "\n\nIn North America the most successful ecolabel is arguably the \"organic\" ecolabel. ", "While many people argue that the label has become increasingly meaningless with the entry of large corporate organic farms, the fact is that it is still a label that \"adds value\" to the food that it is attached to. ", "For many companies getting certain types of ecolabels is now a cost of doing business. ", "Most large forestry companies, for example, are expected to be Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified. ", "Here again we might wonder whether there should be better ecolabelling as some of the forestry practices of such companies could be better. ", "Would we buy or pay more for wood that was harvested to ensure forest qualities like supporting biodiversity, selective logging, uneven aged stands and so on?", "\n\nWill ecolabelling need to become more prevalent and more meaningful if we are to address some of our sustainability challenges? ", "Will social media and the internet provide a better way to make ecolabelling more meaningful, effective and participative? ", "How general does an ecolabel have to be in order to be worth promoting? ", "There are lots of issues to think about when it comes to ecolabelling and the purpose of todays blog is to begin exploring some of them. ", "There is also a significant amount of marketing research on ecolabelling and what makes it effective that this blog does not discuss which might be the subject of a future blog." ]

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[ "KUALA LUMPUR, Malaysia—Malaysia's prime minister said he believes that \"deliberate action\" caused the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, and authorities are now focusing on two areas in the search for the plane.", "\n\nIn the first definitive comments from the nation's government on how the jet came to vanish March 8, Najib Razak said at a news conference Saturday that data relayed by the plane to a satellite has confirmed it turned from its original course. ", "He added that the last satellite communication from..." ]

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[ "Synthesis of substituted phenanthrene-9-benzimidazole conjugates: Cytotoxicity evaluation and apoptosis inducing studies.", "\nA series of new phenanthrene-9-benzimidazole conjugates has been synthesized by condensing phenanthrene aldehydes with various substituted o-phenylenediamines. ", "The title compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic potential against various human cancer cell lines like breast (BT-549), prostate (PC-3 and DU145), triple negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-453), and human colon cancer (HCT-116 and HCT-15) cells. ", "Among the tested compounds, 10o displayed significant in vitro cytotoxic activity against PC-3 prostate cancer cells with an IC50 value of 6.32 ± 0.09 μM. Further, the cell cycle analysis indicated that it blocks G2/M phase of the cell cycle in a dose dependent manner. ", "In order to determine the effect of the compound 10o on cell viability; phase contrast microscopy, AO/EB staining, DAPI staining, and DCFDA staining studies were performed. ", "In these studies, apoptotic features were clearly observed indicating that the compound inhibited cell proliferation by apoptosis. ", "JC-1 staining and annexin binding assays indicated the extent of apoptosis in PC-3 cells. ", "Further, relative viscosity measurements and molecular docking studies indicated that these compounds bind to DNA by intercalation." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nOther than Mr. Putin, has there been occassion of an ex-secret agent becoming the primary executive power holder?", "\n\nIn the modern era, are there people who were secret agents before they started to play politics and get elected as the primary executive power holder such, as but not limited to, the position of president/prime minister? ", "Or is Mr. Putin the only ex-secret agent ever do so in modern history?", "\nAnswer Parameters:\n\nBy modern era I mean starting from 1800 until today.", "\nBy real secret agents I mean someone like Mr. Putin. ", "He was a real\nsecret agent because he joined the KGB and was on a mission as a\nKGB agent.", "\nPeople who just got assigned head of the intelligence department\nwithout serving as a spy prior to this don't count.", "\nAs for diplomats, I'm sure plenty if not all of diplomats do spy on\nthe country they are assigned to, at least to a certain degree. ", "If\nhe was known to be a secret agent disguised as a diplomat then he\ncan be counted.", "\n\nA:\n\nFirst of all, you should have detailed what did you mean with the term \"modern era\".", "\nIf this is related only to the post 1991 period, then there are numerous examples. ", "Here is a list of some of such examples:\n\nSergey Stepashin, who had served as the head of the FSB before he became the Prime Minister\nMikhail Fradkov, currently he is the head of the SVR, and there is no direct mention that he was a secret agent before, but he was a Soviet diplomat during the USSR era, so one can be almost 100% sure, that he had a direct relation to secret services\nYevgeny Primakov he was the Prime Minister and before that was a \"secret agent\"\n\nThese are only few, the most public and sort of famous. ", "If I recall anyone else I'll edit the answer to add them to the list.", "\nIf you was asking about the Soviet era too, than I can name, at least, Yuri Andropov, who had been a diplomat and the Party officer (almost 100% sure that he had direct relation to secret services) before he became the General Secretary of the Party — de-facto and it might be de-jure the head of state in the USSR, I'm not an expert in the Soviet Constitution.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "On-probe immunoaffinity extraction by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.", "\nA simple and effective method has been proposed in this work for combination of immunoaffinity extraction with MALDI MS. ", "In this method, an antibody is attached to the surface of a MALDI probe tip via a thin nitrocellulose film. ", "This allows the corresponding antigen to be selectively captured and concentrated on the probe tip from complex plasma solution for MALDI MS analysis. ", "The whole procedure can be completed within 1 h. This combination offers several excellent performance features in the analysis of SNX-111, a therapeutic peptide. ", "It combines the high specificity of affinity chromatography with the high sensitivity of mass spectrometry in a rapid analysis. ", "Direct mass detection provides unambiguous determination by the observation of signals at characteristic m/z values. ", "This method has been used successfully to determine the therapeutic peptide at relevant doses." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Fluparoxan\n\nFluparoxan (GR50360A) (+/-)-(trans)-5-fluoro-2,3,3a,9a-tetrahydro-1H-[1,4]benzodioxino[2,3-c]pyrrole hydrochloride hemihydrate is a potent α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist (pKB = 7.9) with excellent α2/α1 selectivity (2630 fold), and is the only well-studied a2 antagonist in its structural family which does not antagonize any variant of the imidazoline receptor.", "\nIt was shown to possess central α2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity after oral doses in man and was patented as an antidepressant by Glaxo in the early 1980s, but its development was discontinued when the compound failed to show a clear clinical advantage over existing therapies.", "\n\nMechanism of action\n\nFluparoxan is a very selective α2-adrenergic blocker, that readily cross the blood–brain barrier. ", " Blockade of α2-adrenoreceptors, particularly presynaptic autoreceptors in noradrenergic neurons by fluparoxan, produces an increase in the synaptic concentrations of noradrenaline, by blocking the autoinhibitory feedback mechanism. ", "This release of noradrenaline has a potential value in the treatment of disorders which are associated with a deficiency of noradrenaline at postsynaptic adrenoreceptors, such as depression, the early features of Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental disorders associated with cognitive impairment. ", "Fluparoxan also exhibits no anticholinergic, antidopaminergic, alpha1-adrenergic, beta-adrenergic, muscarinic or 5-HT1-receptor-blocking effects.", "\n\nPharmacology\n\nFluparoxan showed α2-adrenoceptors antagonist activity in vivo in several animal species. ", "In the conscious mouse, fluparoxan was effective by the oral route in preventing clonidine-induced hypothermia and antinociception. ", " While in the rat the marked impairment of rotarod performance were prevented dose-dependently by fluparoxan. ", " Fluparoxan, orally prevented agonist UK-14304 induced sedation and bradycardia in a dose-related fashion in the dog. ", " Fluparoxan has been shown to possess central α2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity after both single and repeated oral doses in man, significantly attenuating all responses to the agonist clonidine (growth hormone secretion, bradycardia, hypotension, xerostomia) apart from the measures of sedation.", "\n\nFluparoxan has shown positive effects in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia patients when orally dosed with fluparoxan, and in the treatment of central neurodegenerative disorders in models of Alzheimer's disease where it prevented age-related decline in spatial working memory in transgenic mice, although it had no effect in other memory tasks such as object recognition or the Morris water maze and occurred in the absence of obvious concomitant change in pathology such as β-amyloid plaque load and astrocytosis.", "\n\nThe individual chiral isomers 7 (+) 3aR,9aR and 8 (-) 3aS,9aS of fluparoxan both had comparable levels of α2-adrenoceptors antagonist potency and α2/α1 selectivity to racemic fluparoxan 6 (±) rel 3aR,9aR in vitro and a similar potency in vivo in reversing the hypothermia induced in mice by clonidine.", "\n\nPharmacokinetics\n\nFluparoxan has rat and human protein binding of 81-92% and 95% respectively. ", " Fluparoxan shows high in vitro permeability in MCDK (Papp nm/s =2500) and Caco-2 (Papp nm/s =2000) cells which correlates well with the known high oral intestinal absorption (100%) in humans.", "\nFluparoxan is well absorbed following oral dosing in all animals. ", "Clearance was largely metabolic, with both oral and intravenous doses being excreted mainly via the urine (> 90%, of administered dose), chiefly as phase II metabolites (sulphamic acid and carbamoyI glucuronide conjugates). ", "Fluparoxan has high oral bioavailability (100%) and a long duration of action (2hr) in the rat, which accounts for its similar potency seen by both the oral and intravenous routes of administration in this species. ", " The excellent pharmacokinetics exhibited by fluparoxan in animals also translated into man where it has a superior bioavailability (97%) and longer duration of action (6-7hrs).", "\n\nMetabolism\n\nFluparoxan was not metabolised by human cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP 1A and CYP 2A, and was found not to be a mutagen in cultured human peripheral lymphocytes and did not cause gene mutation when administered to Chinese hamster fibroblasts in culture. ", "No mutagenic potential was identified in microbiological mutagenicity tests including a fluctuation test with S9 activation. ", "No hydroxylated metabolites were identified after incubation with rat liver microsomes (S9) or in rat urine following oral dosing. ", " The compound was well tolerated on repeat oral administration to rat (≤ 200 mg /kg/day) and dog (≤ 80 mg/kg/day) for 12 months.", "\n\nChemistry\n\nRacemic (±) fluparoxan 6 is a white crystalline powder as the hydrochloride hemihydrate m.p.", " 245 °C. ", " It is a mixture of two enantiomers and is moderately lipophilic (log P = 1.2) with good solubility 80 mg/mL in water at 25 °C. ", "The compound is very stable in the solid state and its bioavailability from tablet formulation is 85% and absorption is rapid.", "\n\nSynthesis\n\nRacemic (±) fluparoxan 6 was first synthesised by a convergent route, which involved converting the bis-benzyl ether of cis-butene-l,4-diol 1 into its epoxide 2 followed by acid catalyzed ring opening to a racemic-diol which was then converted into the racemic trans bis-tosylate 3. ", " Coupling 3-fluorocatechol 4 with the racemic trans bis-tosylate 3 in the presence base gave on deprotection the benzodioxan diol 5 which was converted to racemic 6 via coupling its bis-mesylate to benzylamine followed by deprotection.", "\n\nThe individual chiral isomers (+) 7 and (-) 8 of fluparoxan were originally prepared from the (+) and (-) isomers of diethyl tartrate via the corresponding chiral trans bis-tosylates in a convergent route similar to that shown in the synthesis of racemic fluparoxan.", "\n\nHistory\n\nAlthough fluparoxan has been shown to possess central α2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity after both single and repeated oral doses in man, clinical evaluation in depression and its development for the treatment of male sexual dysfunction was discontinued in the early 1990s when the compound failed to show a clear clinical advantage over existing therapies. ", "The same is true for other α2-adrenoceptor antagonists in depression and it is now generally agreed that the original hypothesis that blocking α2-presynaptic adrenoceptors to increase brain levels of noradrenalin is insufficient as a neurobiological basis for depressive disorders, with the true picture likely to be much more complex and heterogeneous, involving both monoaminergic and nonmonoaminergic players. ", "In contrast however, recent interest in fluparoxan has increased with its positive effects in treating cognitive dysfunction in central neurodegenerative diseases.", "\n\nSee also \n Efaroxan\n Idazoxan\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Alpha blockers\nCategory:Anxiogenics\nCategory:Pyrrolidines\nCategory:Benzodioxins\nCategory:Abandoned drugs\nCategory:Nitrogen heterocycles\nCategory:Oxygen heterocycles\nCategory:Heterocyclic compounds (3 rings)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "<p>\n<a href=\"ln?q=KRAS:MUT\">KRAS mutations across lung cancer studies</a>\n</p>" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Latest Clearance Items Restocked! ", "Get Great Finds and your Favorites for less!Shop Now >\n\nThe Wine Chateau Loyalty Program is a great way to earn cash back on your Wine Chateau purchases!", "\n\nHere’s how it works:\n\n» You get 1 Point for each $1 spent\n» Get 2% Back! ", "Each Point is worth 2 cents.", "\n» Every 500 Points is $10 Off your next order!", "\n\nPoints Rewards are redeemed in $10/500 Point increments.", "\nEach time you hit 500 Points, $10 will be automatically deducted from your next online order.", "\n\nDue to legal restrictions a small portion of our items do not have Points values.", "\n\nIf you are not 100% satisfied with your purchase, you can return your order to the warehouse for a full refund (Bottles must be unopened, in the state you received them, and in the original packaging). ", "We believe that in order to have the best possible online shopping experience, our customers should not have to pay for domestic return shipping. ", "So if you're not happy with your purchase, just contact us right away and we will provide you with details for returning the unopened bottles - your domestic shipping costs are prepaid by us.", "\n\nWith the WineChateau.com 365 day return policy, there are no special catches or exceptions. ", "All we ask is that you send the items back to us in the original packaging, unopened, and in the same condition you received them.", "\n\nYou can return your purchase for up to 365 days from the purchase date.", "\n\nProducts must be in the condition you received them and in the original box and/or packaging.", "\n\nReturn shipping is absolutely FREE.", "\n\nYou will be provided with a pre-paid FedEx domestic label to return the purchase to us.", "\n\nOnce your return is received and inspected by the fulfillment centers (usually within 72 hours of receipt), your refund will be processed and a credit will be automatically applied to your credit card or original method of payment within 7 days. ", "Please note that depending on your credit card company, it may take an additional 2-10 business days after your credit is applied for it to post to your account. ", "As part of our 365-day return policy, all returns will need to be received and processed by our warehouse within 365 days of purchase.", "\n\nNo returns or exchanges on Spirits unless we sent the wrong item.", "\n\nHave questions? ", "Prefer to order by Phone? ", "The Wine Chateau Customer Loyalty Team (WCCLT) is happy to help!", "\n\nOrder a 3 Bottle Case!", "\n\nInglenook Vineyard Rubicon 2008 1.50l\n\nElegantly textured and rich in flavor, 2008 Rubicon delivers pronounced black cherry and cassis impressions with aromas of blueberries, dark chocolate, licorice and spice. ", "A fresh, ripe fruit entry and full-bodied palate with velvety tannins that linger into the finish.", "\n\n2008 marks the first Rubicon vintage that Bordeaux winemaker Stephane Derenoncourt has consulted on. ", "With a focus on creating an elegant style of wine, the fruit was hand selected at harvest, followed by an array of fermentation techniques to bring out the fruit. ", "The wine was then barrel-aged in cool, temperature-controlled caves. ", "Derenoncourt describes the Rubicon as round and rich in the mouth with creaminess on the palate.", "\n\nIn 1975, Francis Ford Coppola purchased the historic Inglenook property, intent on restoring the estate’s legacy of creating the same world-class wines founder Gustave Niebaum and his grandnephew John Daniel, Jr. produced for decades. ", "Rubicon, the estate’s flagship wine since 1978, is produced from the best fruit of the estate’s vineyards, comprised of the historic Gustave Niebaum Cabernet selection, which was first planted on the property in the 1880s. ", "The 2008 vintage delivered a small crop as a result of a dry winter followed by a spring frost. ", "Summer brought very warm temperatures and weather was moderate in the fall, allowing for harvesting at the peak of ripeness. ", "The result yielded fruit with profound aromatics and highly concentrated flavor.", "\n\nAvailability\n\n1 bottlewill ship between December 12 and December 13\n\nCase of 3will ship between December 12 and December 13\n\nElegantly textured and rich in flavor, 2008 Rubicon delivers pronounced black cherry and cassis impressions with aromas of blueberries, dark chocolate, licorice and spice. ", "A fresh, ripe fruit entry and full-bodied palate with velvety tannins that linger into the finish.", "\n\nNotes on the Inglenook Vineyard Rubicon 1.50L 2008\n\nWine Maker Notes\n2008 marks the first Rubicon vintage that Bordeaux winemaker Stephane Derenoncourt has consulted on. ", "With a focus on creating an elegant style of wine, the fruit was hand selected at harvest, followed by an array of fermentation techniques to bring out the fruit. ", "The wine was then barrel-aged in cool, temperature-controlled caves. ", "Derenoncourt describes the Rubicon as round and rich in the mouth with creaminess on the palate.", "\n\nTechnical Notes\nIn 1975, Francis Ford Coppola purchased the historic Inglenook property, intent on restoring the estate’s legacy of creating the same world-class wines founder Gustave Niebaum and his grandnephew John Daniel, Jr. produced for decades. ", "Rubicon, the estate’s flagship wine since 1978, is produced from the best fruit of the estate’s vineyards, comprised of the historic Gustave Niebaum Cabernet selection, which was first planted on the property in the 1880s. ", "The 2008 vintage delivered a small crop as a result of a dry winter followed by a spring frost. ", "Summer brought very warm temperatures and weather was moderate in the fall, allowing for harvesting at the peak of ripeness. ", "The result yielded fruit with profound aromatics and highly concentrated flavor." ]

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[ "Trajectories of oral medication adherence in youth with inflammatory bowel disease.", "\nTo examine longitudinal trajectories of oral thiopurine adherence over a 180-day interval in a sample of youth with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to identify the role of disease activity, length of time since diagnosis, and regimen complexity in predicting adherence trajectory class membership. ", "Participants included 96 adolescents (M age = 14.32 years) with IBD. ", "Oral medication adherence was assessed via MEMS Track Caps (i.e., an electronic monitor that allows for real-time assessment of adherence) for 6 months, after which time devices were collected and data were downloaded. ", "Medical record reviews provided information about participants' disease activity, length of time since diagnosis, and regimen complexity (including both medications and supplements) at the time of study enrollment. ", "Two distinct adherence trajectory classes emerged: Group 1 represented those with consistently near-perfect adherence, whereas Group 2 represented those with mild nonadherence that increased with time. ", "Complexity of medication regimen emerged as the only predictor of trajectory class, with adolescents whose regimen involved more than 1 daily medication administration time being more likely to be classified in Group 2 (i.e., the consistently near-perfect adherence group) than those whose regimen involved only 1 daily medication administration time. ", "Distinct classes of adherence trajectories in pediatric IBD can be identified with longitudinal data collection approaches; however, disease and regimen factors offered limited value in predicting adherence trajectory class. ", "Future research should utilize longitudinal conceptualizations of adherence and examine alternative predictors of declining adherence over time." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Ivar Belck-Olsen\n\nIvar Belck-Olsen (18 January 1932 – 15 February 2018) was a Norwegian politician for the Christian Democratic Party.", "\n\nHe was born in Oslo, but the family moved to Knapstad in Hobøl. ", "He became active in the Christian Democratic Party at the age of 15, and continued past his 80th birthday. ", "He has chaired Hobøl Christian Democratic Party and Østfold Christian Democratic Party, been an elected member of Hobøl municipal council and Østfold county council, where he served as deputy county mayor. ", "He served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Østfold during the terms 1977–1981, 1981–1985 and 1985–1989. ", "He met during 54 days of parliamentary session.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1932 births\nCategory:2018 deaths\nCategory:People from Hobøl\nCategory:Deputy members of the Storting\nCategory:Christian Democratic Party (Norway) politicians\nCategory:Østfold politicians" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Defense: Bush's $401.7 Billion Budget Omits War Expenses\n\nPresident Bush's $401.7 billion defense budget for fiscal 2005 is long on proposals to boost warfighting techniques, but nearly mute about the cost of the ongoing war in Iraq and Afghanistan.", "\n\nThe Pentagon's decision not to request any fiscal 2005 funding for those war operations makes it hard to get a handle on total Defense Department spending. ", "Pentagon officials now say fiscal 2004 spending will total about $375.3 billion, a $6.1 billion reduction from earlier estimates because of the Pentagon's decision to forgo some funding from previous years.", "\n\nBut the revised fiscal 2004 total does not include $65.1 billion appropriated for wartime costs in the fiscal 2004 supplemental appropriations bill (PL 108-106). ", "Once that money is factored in, the fiscal 2004 total reaches $440.4 billion.", "\n\nSteven Kosiak of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments said that for comparison's sake, analysts need to assume the Pentagon will request between $30 billion and $50 billion for Iraq and Afghanistan operations, which could push the fiscal 2005 total to as high as $451.7 billion.", "\n\nA senior Pentagon official said while such a request is likely, it probably will not come before early calendar 2005 because the Defense Department is unwilling to anticipate occupation costs far into the future when so much is now uncertain in those two countries. ", "A delay would also push any further war funding requests beyond the November elections.", "\n\nThat uncertainty also calls into question whether the Pentagon will stay true to its long-term goals, which call for a budget request of $487.7 billion in fiscal 2009. ", "As part of its proposal, the Pentagon seeks to expand a plan to outline its budget two years at a time in an effort to inject clarity into the budget process.", "\n\nRenewed Quest for Flexibility\n\nThe Pentagon again is asking Congress for greater flexibility in spending. ", "One likely legislative proposal would nearly double the amount of money the Pentagon can shift around without congressional oversight. ", "For the last 10 years that figure has hovered at around $2 billion, but the new request would give the Defense Department flexibility over $4 billion.", "\n\nOther proposals would provide Iraqi occupation forces with $300 million to disburse to local communities to kick start public works projects, a vital tool for building better relations. ", "The Pentagon is expected to spend $340 million for such purposes this year, $160 million of which was seized from ousted Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and other Iraqi officials.", "\n\n\"This is the single most successful program we have in Iraq right now,\" a Pentagon official said. \"", "This is the best way we tell the Iraqi people that we're not here to occupy them.\"", "\n\nThe proposals are scaled back from two years ago, when the Pentagon asked that Congress authorize and appropriate a $10 billion emergency fund with no strings attached — a request Congress rejected. ", "Pentagon officials say that figure was based on their best guesses and ultimately proved to be about the right amount of money needed for operations in Afghanistan in fiscal 2003.", "\n\n\"When we laid down a marker, Congress did not give it to us,\" the Pentagon official said.", "\n\nTroop Levels\n\nMuch of the new budget focuses on sustaining troop levels for ongoing operations. ", "The proposal projects 1.38 million active-duty troops but makes no mention of maintaining the emergency deployments necessitated by the war operations. ", "Pentagon officials have already stated that 30,000 additional troops are being deployed for the time being. ", "Some of those are being held beyond their normal enlistment terms.", "\n\nPentagon officials have said they are worried about deteriorating morale if troops remain overextended. ", "Part of the fiscal 2005 proposal calls for programs designed to reduce strains on the services by limiting how often reservists can be called to active duty. ", "For example, the Pentagon will seek authority to make more use of reservists with needed skills, hopefully sparing those with less essential skills from regular call-ups.", "\n\nAnother plan would seek to hire more civilian workers for jobs currently performed by uniformed troops, theoretically freeing up as many as 10,000 soldiers for combat assignments.", "\n\nThe budget anticipates $104.8 billion for personnel costs.", "\n\nWeapons Systems\n\nNo major weapons programs are scheduled for cancellation or cuts. ", "The procurement budget would shrink from $81.1 billion to $74.9 billion, but much of that loss would be made up by a $4.6 billion jump to $68.9 billion in the research budget, which will absorb development of some shipbuilding programs.", "\n\nFunding for missile defense programs would increase $1.2 billion to $10.2 billion, in anticipation of erecting 10 ground-based and five sea-based interceptors by the beginning of 2005.", "\n\nThe proposal would also add $632.9 million to unmanned aerial vehicle research and production, for a total of nearly $2 billion.", "\n\nAnd the Future Combat System, a family of 20-ton fighting vehicles intended to replace the canceled Crusader howitzer system, would receive nearly $3.2 billion, a significant jump from the $370 million it received in fiscal 2003 and the $1.7 billion slated in fiscal 2004.", "\n\nAnticipated expenditures for the Joint Strike Fighter are expected to rise $320.2 million, partially because a problem has necessitated building a heavier plane, which costs more money to construct.", "\n\nThe oft-disparaged Osprey aircraft, which faced strong criticism three years ago because of crashes that killed two dozen Marines, would be funded at $1.8 billion, with 11 of the planes scheduled to roll off the assembly line.", "\n\nThe shipbuilding budget would shrink $1 billion to $11.1 billion for nine new ships. ", "But that is expected to grow to $21 billion and 17 ships by fiscal 2009, when production of a littoral combat ship (LCS) goes into high gear. ", "The ship is designed to patrol coastal waters.", "\n\nAs an added bonus, the ship is only expected to cost about half a billion dollars per vessel, significantly cheaper than a destroyer or an aircraft carrier. ", "That should allow the Navy to reach production goals. ", "Lawmakers from shipbuilding states have expressed concerns that ships are not being built at a rapid enough rate, endangering the Navy's goal of maintaining a 300-ship fleet.", "\n\nBase Construction, Closures\n\nOther requests include $140.6 billion for operations and maintenance, $5.3 billion for military construction and $4.2 billion for family housing construction.", "\n\nThe budget also requests $500 million to allow the Pentagon to provide military and security force training in Iraq and Afghanistan. ", "Another proposal would allow the Pentagon to transfer up to $200 million worth of weapons programs to Afghanistan.", "\n\nAt least two controversial programs are not expected to affect the fiscal 2005 budget. ", "Although a round of base closings is slated for 2005, no costs are expected to be incurred until fiscal 2006. ", "Lawmakers who fear losing bases in their districts will probably wage a last ditch effort this year to derail the planned closures.", "\n\nAdditionally, a proposal inserted into the fiscal 2004 defense authorization bill (PL 108-136) that would allow disabled military retirees to draw both their retirement benefits and Department of Veterans Affairs disability payments would draw money from mandatory accounts, not the Pentagon budget, which consists almost entirely of discretionary spending.", "\n\nThe Pentagon budget does not include an additional $20 billion in nuclear weapons programs managed by the Energy Department in a different account." ]

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[ "CHICAGO — Raucous protests shut down a planned Donald Trump rally Friday night before the Republican presidential frontrunner even appeared, sparking scenes of chaos inside and outside the arena that the candidate said infringed his right to freedom of speech.", "\n\nMore than 30 minutes after the event was supposed to start, a representative stepped to the lectern to announce that the event was being canceled for safety considerations.", "\n\n\nThat set off an eruption of cheers and screams from hundreds of people who revealed themselves to be protesters: “We stopped Trump! ", "We stopped Trump!” ", "they said, jumping, shouting and tearing up Trump signs.", "\n\nThe moment revealed that hundreds of people had slipped into the event portraying themselves as Trump supporters. ", "They instead unveiled protest banners, and some hoisted campaign signs for Bernie Sanders.", "\n\nThe crowd inside the University of Illinois at Chicago pavilion grew contentious long before the originally scheduled 6 p.m. start time, when an entire section of the stadium began protesting.", "\n\nThe intensity of acrimony inside became clear early on as security hauled off one person after another, each time to the screams of the demonstrators.", "\n\nThe anti-Trump contingent, some wearing “Black Lives Matter” shirts, stood and chanted “Let him stay! ", "Let him stay!” ", "as security removed an African American male from the building at another side of the arena. ", "Across the aisles, Trump supporters chanted “USA! ", "USA!”", "\n\nLater, during another ejection, the protesters chanted, “Shame on you! ", "Shame on you!”", "\n\nShortly after the protests broke out, an event announcement instructed supporters not to take matters into their own hands if there was a disruption.", "\n\n“Please do not touch the protester,” an announcement overhead said. ", "Instead, supporters were instructed, they should chant “Trump! ", "Trump!” ", "until security personnel were able to remove the disruptive person.", "\n\nOne African American male stood up at the announcement and tore a Trump sign in half.", "\n\nAs another male was being escorted up an aisle, he hoisted a sign that simply said: 1492.", "\n\nAn earlier announcement had praised the candidate, characterizing him as a fierce supporter of the First Amendment but describing the event as private and paid for by Trump. ", "At that, Trump supporters cheered.", "\n\nThe announcement also said that protesters had a separate stage outside the arena where they were free to speak.", "\n\nTom Piper of Blue Island, wearing a Trump “Make America Great Again” red cap, was reveling in the event as political sport.", "\n\n“I’m here because this is a great political movement,” Piper said, looking over the crowd. “", "People should be a little bit more informed. ", "Maybe this will give them the impetus to be more informed.”", "\n\nAfter the cancellation was announced, the Trump campaign released the following statement: “Mr. Trump just arrived in Chicago and after meeting with law enforcement has determined that for the safety of all of the tens of thousands of people that have gathered in and around the arena, tonight’s rally will be postponed to another date.", "\n\n\"Thank you very much for your attendance and please go in peace.\"", "\n\nTrump told MSNBC he cancelled the rally for safety reasons.", "\n\n\"I just don't want to see people hurt,\" he said. \"", "We can come back and do it another time.\"", "\n\nTrump spoke out on CNN later Friday night, claiming his freedom of speech was infringed upon and that he does not regret making earlier statements of violence against protesters.", "\n\n“We made a decision, even though our freedom of speech has been violated totally, we made a decision not to go forward,\" Trump told CNN's Don Lemon in a phone interview.", "\n\n\"I don’t want to see anybody get hurt. ", "So I made the decision in conjunction with law enforcement not to do the rally, we postponed it.”", "\n\nThe campaign also canceled a rally that was to be held Sunday afternoon in downtown Cincinatti. ", "Secret Service detail did not complete preparation work in enough time to hold the event at the Duke Energy Convention Center, Cincinnati.com reported.", "\n\nTrump also defended that the tone he has set at his rallies, insisting that the issues sparked during the rally were mainly tied to the economy.", "\n\n\"I don’t take responsibility,\" Trump said about the night's chaos. \"", "No one’s been hurt at our rallies. ", "We’ve never had anybody hurt, or certainly seriously hurt.\"", "\n\n\n\n\n\nTrump's Republican rival Florida Sen. Marco Rubio also spoke out later Friday about the protests, saying that some Chicago residents are professional protesters and that they don’t have the right to disrupt an event if they don’t like what’s being said.", "\n\n“It is clear from watching these images that there are people that are protesting tonight that are part of organized efforts to disrupt this event. ", "This is not the sort of organic thing that happens. ", "It’s Chicago there are a lot of groups that do this basically professionally in some instances,” he told CNN in a phone interview.", "\n\nBut he also jabbed his rival for his incendiary rhetoric on the campaign trail.", "\n\n“I do think that Mr. Trump needs to own up to the fact that the rhetoric he has used at some of his events has also contributed that you’ve seen in other rallies he’s had. ", "There are consequences to things people say in politics.”", "\n\nAnother Republican presidential candidate, Texas Sen. Ted Cruz, also spoke out after the protests.", "\n\n“The responsibility for that lies with protesters who took violence into their own hands. ", "But in any campaign responsibility starts at the top,” Cruz told CNN.", "\n\n“Any candidate is responsible for the culture of the campaign. ", "When you have a campaign that disrespects the voters, when you have a campaign that affirmatively encourages violence, when you have a campaign that is facing allegations of physical violence against members of the press, you create an environment that only encourages this sort of nasty discourse,” he said.", "\n\nJohn Kasich said in a statement: \"Tonight the seeds of division that Donald Trump has been sowing this whole campaign finally bore fruit, and it was ugly. ", "Some let their opposition to his views slip beyond protest into violence, but we can never let that happen.\"", "\n\nHillary Clinton released a statement saying the \"divisive rhetoric we are seeing should be of grave concern to us all,\" adding that \"violence has no place in our politics.\"", "\n\nBernie Sanders tweeted: \"We will continue to bring people together. ", "We will not allow the Donald Trumps of the world to divide us up.\"", "\n\nPolice reported five arrests related to the Trump event. ", "Chicago Police spokesman Anthony Guglielmi said the department \"was not contacted or involved in the decision to cancel the event.\" ", "Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel praised officers for their handling of the event.", "\n\nWell after the rally concluded, protesters circled the pavilion, carrying various signs including some that read \"Heil Trump,\" and \"My brother's not a rapist.\"", "\n\n“We got together as a city and said, we’re not going to stand for this,” said a triumphant Sam Frank, 26, following the rally.", "\n\nFrank said various groups talked over social media for days over on how to execute their demonstration.", "\n\nProtesters said they had gotten tickets by claiming to be real Trump supporters. ", "Many wore protest shirts under their clothes, or had banners stuffed in bags they planned to take out when Trump actually arrived.", "\n\nFrank said he believed the plan was for at least dozens of people to walk out of the stadium once Trump arrived.", "\n\nFrank said he pretended to be a Trump fan as he stood in the long line to get into the arena.", "\n\n“I had to say some pretty scary things to fit in,” he said.", "\n\nJasmine Rico said she drove some 90 minutes from Rockford to get to the event. ", "Carrying a sign that read “my brother’s not a rapist,” she said she teared up when she heard some racial slurs yelled out as people poured out of the UIC pavilion.", "\n\nHanna Trudo contributed to this report." ]

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[ "The effect of environmental and process parameters on flocculation treatment of high dry matter swine manure with polymers.", "\nThis paper reports on the effects of environmental conditions and process parameters on flocculation of high dry matter (average DM of 7.3%) swine manure with cationic polymers with 10%, 35%, and 55% charge densities (CDs). ", "Polymer solutions prepared with hard and distilled water allowed similar suspended solids (SS) reductions in the initial 24h. ", "After 3-7 days at 20 degrees C, however, the efficiency of the hard water solutions started to decline, while the polymers made with distilled water maintained their performance for up to 10 days. ", "The 10% CD polymer was considerably less affected than the 35% CD polymer by the age of the hard water solutions. ", "During polymer injection, minimum velocity gradients (G) of 108 and 253 s(-1) were required to maximized efficiency of the 10% and 35% CD polymer, respectively. ", "Flocculation mixing velocities up to 84 s(-1) and mixing times between 1 and 30 min had no effect on polymer efficiency. ", "However, mixing at 22s(-1) for more than 30 min decreased SS reduction. ", "Adding polymer in multiple injections did not improve the efficiency of medium and high CD polymers, and adversely affected that of the low CD polymer, maybe because of repeated rapid mixing cycles which ruptured the flocs. ", "Polymer performance was not affected by operating temperature between 6 and 25 degrees C. These results were collected on a laboratory-scale apparatus and remain to be validated at larger scale." ]

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[ "Wireless computing systems that provide Internet services and other wireless signal services to user computing devices, such as mobile smartphones, are deployed in many public locations. ", "For example, a mall or a hotel may deploy a wireless access point to provide a wireless network connection to a user computing device. ", "A facility may provide multiple wireless access points to cover a larger area. ", "For example, a sports arena may provide many wireless access points to allow wireless network access for users throughout the facility.", "\nA conventional wireless computing system may use the wireless access points to determine a location of a particular user computing device and offer services to the particular user computing device based on the determined location. ", "In an example, the location of the particular user computing device may be employed by the particular user computing device when accessing a mapping application or a shopping application. ", "Errors in the determined location may result in providing incorrect or incomplete services to the particular user computing device." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCodeigniter 3 + php 5.6 + xampp + sqlserver 2008 + win7 64x\n\nSo sorry if this exists, but I'm having trouble with codeigniter 3, php 5.6, sqlserver 2008 and win7 64x.", "\nI followed the steps from various sites, such as Rob's Area, also read a couple of questions in this site but still can't find the answer.", "\nWith php_pdo_sqlsrv_56_ts.dll and php_sqlsrv_56_ts.dll from SQLSRV32.EXE the error I was getting was:\n\nUnable to connect to your database server using the provided settings.", "\n Filename: C:/xampp/htdocs/mycodeigniter/system/database/DB_driver.php\n Line Number: 436\n\nThen downloaded Rob's sqlsrv_unofficial_3.0.2.2.zip and got this error:\n\nMessage: Call to undefined function sqlsrv_connect()\n Filename: sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php Line Number: 144\n\nThe code I have in Codeigniter is:\n$db['default'] = array(\n'dsn' => '',\n'port' => '1433',\n'hostname' => '127.0.0.1',\n'username' => 'myuser',\n'password' => 'mypass',\n'database' => 'mydb',\n'dbdriver' => 'sqlsrv',\n'dbprefix' => '',\n'pconnect' => TRUE,\n'db_debug' => TRUE,\n'cache_on' => FALSE,\n'cachedir' => '',\n'char_set' => 'utf8',\n'dbcollat' => 'utf8_general_ci',\n'swap_pre' => '',\n'encrypt' => FALSE,\n'compress' => FALSE,\n'autoinit' => TRUE,\n'stricton' => FALSE,\n'failover' => array(),\n'save_queries' => TRUE\n\nThen used this one, this one worked, but can't call the results when querying.", "\n $db['default'] = array(\n'dsn' => 'Driver={SQL Server Native Client 10.0};Server=127.0.0.1;Database=mydb;',\n'hostname' => '',\n'username' => 'myuser',\n'password' => 'mypass',\n'database' => 'mydb',\n'dbdriver' => 'sqlsrv',\n'dbprefix' => '',\n'pconnect' => FALSE,\n'db_debug' => TRUE,\n'cache_on' => FALSE,\n'cachedir' => '',\n'char_set' => 'utf8',\n'dbcollat' => 'utf8_general_ci',\n'swap_pre' => '',\n'encrypt' => FALSE,\n'compress' => FALSE,\n'stricton' => FALSE,\n'failover' => array(),\n'save_queries' => TRUE\n\nPlease ideas?", "\n\nA:\n\nTake the php_pdo_sqlsrv_56_ts.dll (afaik the current sqlsrv build should be ok, otherwise you've to take robs build)\nAfter that try the following in your db-config \n$db['default'] = array\n(\n 'dsn' => 'sqlsrv:server=127.0.0.1,1433;Database=mydb',\n 'username' => 'myuser',\n 'password' => 'mypass',\n 'dbdriver' => 'pdo',\n ...\n);\n\n1433 is the current port - change it to your defined port - but i'm not sure if you need that\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "// Reference for app/index.js can be found here:\r\n// http://shoutem.github.io/docs/extensions/reference/extension-exports\r\n\r\nimport rio, { storage, collection } from '@shoutem/redux-io';\r\nimport reducer, { EVENTS_PROXY_SCHEMA } from './redux';\r\nimport enTranslations from './translations/en.json';\r\n\r\nimport EventsGridScreen from './screens/EventsGridScreen';\r\nimport EventsListScreen from './screens/EventsListScreen';\r\nimport EventDetailsScreen from './screens/EventDetailsScreen';\r\n\r\nexport const screens = {\r\n EventsFeaturedGridScreen: EventsGridScreen,\r\n EventsGridScreen: EventsGridScreen,\r\n EventsFeaturedListScreen: EventsListScreen,\r\n EventsListScreen: EventsListScreen,\r\n EventDetailsScreen: EventDetailsScreen,\r\n EventDetailsScreenWithTransparentNavbar: EventDetailsScreen,\r\n};\r\n\r\nexport const themes = {\r\n\r\n};\r\n\r\nexport const shoutem = {\r\n i18n: {\r\n translations: {\r\n en: enTranslations,\r\n },\r\n },\r\n};\r\n\r\nexport function appDidMount() {\r\n rio.registerResource({\r\n schema: EVENTS_PROXY_SCHEMA,\r\n request: {\r\n endpoint: 'https://proxy.api.shoutem.com/v1/proxy/ical/events/{?query*}',\r\n headers: {\r\n Accept: 'application/vnd.api+json',\r\n },\r\n },\r\n });\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport { reducer };\r\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Delay-gain decoupling in Brillouin-assisted slow light.", "\nIn Brillouin-assisted slow-light the induced delay is always linked to a particular gain; i.e., the delay is directly proportional to the gain expressed in decibels. ", "However, for certain applications this may be restrictive, and techniques to decouple gain and delay are thus of considerable practical interest. ", "We propose a way to effectively decouple these two parameters that, subject to inherent physical constraints, can be used to obtain a delay line capable of providing arbitrary gain (or alternatively an amplifier that can provide arbitrary delay for a fixed gain). ", "The decoupling mechanism relies upon operating the amplifier in the pump-depletion regime. ", "Other advantages of this approach, as well as its limitations in the context of slow-light, are discussed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\njava.io.", "IOException: Could not delete path 'C:\\Users\\nirma\\Language\\app\\build\\generated\\source\\r\\debug\\android\\support\\coreui'\n\nI am having this issue in the android studio. ", "The app runs fine 1 or 2 times but then it starts giving this error. ", "How can I solve this problem?", "\nError:Execution failed for task ':app:processDebugResources'.", "\n\njava.io.", "IOException: Could not delete path 'C:\\Users\\nirma\\Language\\app\\build\\generated\\source\\r\\debug\\android\\support\\coreui'.", "\n\nA:\n\nYour install of Android Studio is unable to delete that temporary folder, likely due to a permissions issue. ", "You will need to delete that folder manually via Windows Explorer, using admin privileges if required. ", "Your builds should complete properly again after that.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Infotund (küsimused komisjonile) \nJuhataja\nJärgmine päevakorrapunkt on infotund (B6-0156/2008).", "\nJärgnevad küsimused on suunatud komisjonile.", "\nEsimene osa\nTeema: Biokütustega kauplemine\nMida võtab komisjon ette, et peatada Ameerika Ühendriikide põllumajandustoetusi ärakasutav biokütustega kauplemine, millest on teatatud?", "\nSee tegevus hõlmab biodiislikütuse vedamist Euroopast Ameerika Ühendriikidesse, kus lisatakse veidi kütust, mis võimaldab kauplejatel nõuda liitri eest 11 penni Ameerika Ühendriikide toetust. ", "Seejärel veetakse kütus tagasi ja müüakse alla kodumaise hinna. ", "Hinnanguliselt hõlmab selline kelmus kuni 10% biokütuste ekspordist Ühendriikidest Euroopasse. ", "See ei ole ebaseaduslik tegevus, kuid seab Euroopa biokütusetööstuse ohtu. ", "Samuti kaasneb sellega asjatu vedu üle Atlandi ookeani, mis suurendab kasvuhoonegaaside heitkoguseid.", "\nKas komisjoni väljapakutud säästvuskriteeriumid lahendavad selle probleemi ja muudavad sellise tegevusega hõlmatud biokütuste müümise Euroopa turul ebaseaduslikuks?", "\nMariann Fischer Boel\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Kuigi komisjon ei saa kommenteerida küsimuses mainitud väidetava teguviisi ulatusele, jagab komisjon muret seoses Ameerika Ühendriikide maksutoetuse mõjuga Euroopa tööstusele.", "\nToetus tundub hõlmavat kogu biodiislikütust, mis eksporditakse Ühendriikidest ja, muide, mida seal müüakse, sõltumata selle päritolust.", "\nTööstuse andmete kohaselt kasvas Ühendriikide eksport Euroopa Liitu 100 000 tonnilt 2006. ", "aastal 1 miljoni tonnini 2007. ", "aastal, mis võrdub umbes 15% Euroopa turust.", "\nMinu kolleeg, volinik Mandelson, on selle küsimuse tõstatanud mitmel korral oma Ühendriikide vastaspoole, kaubandusesindaja Susan Schwabiga. ", "Ta on probleemi võimaliku lahendusena soovitanud muuta Ühendriikide õigusnorme, näiteks piirdudes toetuse andmisel Ühendriikides müüdava kaubaga. ", "Seni ei ole Ühendriigid midagi ette võtnud ja maksusoodustus kehtib endiselt.", "\nKui komisjon saab Euroopa Liidu tööstuselt nõuetekohaselt dokumenteeritud kaebuse, mis sisaldab piisavaid tõendeid tasakaalustatavast subsideerimisest ja kahjust, on ta valmis kaaluma subsideerimisvastase uuringu teostamist.", "\nAuväärt parlamendiliige küsib, kas säästvuskava, mille komisjon pakkus välja oma ettepanekus võtta vastu direktiiv taastuvatest energiaallikate kasutamise edendamise kohta, mille komisjon võttis vastu selle aasta jaanuaris, lahendab küsimuses osutatud kauplemistegevusest tingitud probleemi.", "\nTaastuvenergiadirektiiviga ettenähtud säästvuskava käsitleb biokütuste säästvuse tagamist. ", "Selle eesmärk on edendada säästvalt toodetud biokütuste kasutamist, pärssides samas kehva tulemuslikkusega kütuste kasutamist. ", "Tuletage meelde arutelu 35% üle. ", "Seetõttu ei saa säästvuskava käsitleda auväärt parlamendiliikme küsimuses osutatud kauplemistegevust.", "\nLinda McAvan\nVolinik, mul on hea meel, et te sellega tegelete. ", "Minu arvates on see skandaal, mis muudab naeruväärseks kogu meie töö kliimamuutuse vallas. ", "Mis puutub säästvuskriteeriumidesse: kui meil on kasvuhoonegaaside säästmise kriteerium, siis kas sellised biokütused ei lahkne sellest, kuna need on veetud edasi-tagasi üle Atlandi ookeani, suurendades vedamisest tingitud kasvuhoonegaaside heitkoguseid, mis moodustavad hetkel 5% maailma CO2 heitest?", "\nKui me peame ootama kaebust tööstuselt ja ebaseaduslike subsiidiumide alase menetluse algatamist, siis kui kaua see võtab? ", "Ma kardan, et selleks ajaks, kui me saame midagi tehtud, on Euroopa tööstus oma uksed kinni pannud.", "\nMariann Fischer Boel\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Taastuvenergiadirektiivis sisalduv meetod biokütustest lähtuvate kasvuhoonegaaside heitkoguste arvutamiseks võrreldes fossiilkütuste heitkogustega lähtub niinimetatud olelustsükli lähenemisviisist, milles võetakse arvesse ka biokütuste veo käigus, nii Euroopa Liidus kui ka väljaspool, tekkivaid heitkoguseid. ", "Selles suhtes lubage mul veel kord kinnitada, et vedamisel tekkivate kasvuhoonegaaside heitkoguste vähendamine on üks biokütusepoliitika juhteesmärke.", "\nTeema: Euroopa toiduabiprogramm enim puudust kannatavatele isikutele\n2005. ", "aastal kiitis Euroopa Parlament heaks kirjaliku deklaratsiooni enim puudust kannatavatele isikutele suunatud Euroopa toiduabiprogrammi kestvuse kohta. ", "Deklaratsioonis mitte ei toetatud üksnes alalist toiduabiprogrammi pluss iga-aastast eelarvet, vaid kutsuti üles ka seda laiendama. ", "Tasakaalustatud toidukoguste jaotamise tagamiseks kutsus Euroopa Parlament üles haarama programmi uusi sektoreid, nagu sealiha, linnuliha ja munad.", "\nDeklaratsiooni täitmine tehti ülesandeks Mariann Fischer Boelile, Euroopa põllumajanduse ja maaelu arengu volinikule. ", "Tõsiasi on, et kolm aastat hiljem ei ole ikka veel märki uue määruse alustest ja et astutud on vaid tagasihoidlikke samme. ", "Ikka veel on täiesti ebaselge, millised eelarvevahendid on saadaval.", "\nToiduabi on Euroopa Liidus, kus 16% elanikkonnast elab allpool vaesuspiiri, vägagi asjakohane küsimus. ", "Kas komisjon suudab tagada toiduabiprogrammi Euroopa tasandil? ", "Kas selle tegevuse käigus astub komisjon dialoogi selles vallas tegutsevate Euroopa VVOdega?", "\nMariann Fischer Boel\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "20 aastat on Euroopa toiduabiprogramm andnud määrava panuse alatoidetud inimeste toiduvajaduste rahuldamisse ühenduses.", "\n4. ", "aprillil 2006 võttis parlamendi praegune koosseis vastu toetava deklaratsiooni ühenduses enim puudust kannatavatele inimestele suunatud Euroopa toiduabiprogrammi kohta. ", "See deklaratsioon kutsub komisjoni ja nõukogu üles nägema ette mitmeaastased eelarveeraldised ja juurutama programmi juhtimisel hulka paindlikkusmeetmeid. ", "Samuti pannakse suurt rõhku vajadusele kindlustada puudustkannatavate inimeste tasakaalustatud toitumine.", "\nSee programm algas tegelikult juba 1987. ", "aastal erakorralise meetmena ajal, mil põllumajandustootmises olid rikkalikud ülejäägid. ", "Esimeste aastate jooksul varustati toiduabiprogrammi peamiselt sekkumisvarudest. ", "Kuna varud on viimaste aastate jooksul vähenenud ühise põllumajanduspoliitika järjestikuste reformide tõttu, tegi komisjon selle kava jätkumise tagamiseks rea muudatusi, mille hulka kuuluvad võimalus osta turult tooteid, mida meie sekkumisvarudes enam saadaval ei ole, samasse \"perekonda\" kuuluvate toodete omavaheline asendamine ja võimalus segada või kaasata sekkumistooteid ja turult ostetud tooteid.", "\nKa eelarvet on kohandatud eeskätt selleks, et võtta arvesse Euroopa Liidu laienemist. ", "See on kasvanud 213 miljonilt eurolt 2004. ", "aastal 305 miljoni euroni käesoleval, 2008. ", "aastal. ", "Seega on komisjon teinud kõik, et alal hoida sekkumisvarudel põhinevat programmi, hoolimata asjaolust, et need olid haihtumas. ", "Sestap võime tegelikult öelda, et me oleme selle programmi puhul läinud äärmusteni.", "\nNüüd on saabunud aeg selle programmi tulevik ümber vaadata, unustamata suuremat pilti. ", "Selle eesmärgi nimel töötavad komisjoni talitused juba mõjuhindamise kallal, mis uurib tulevikuvõimalusi. ", "Interneti-nõupidamine on ligi meelitanud palju osalejaid - vastuseid on rohkem kui 12 000 - mis tõestab, et Euroopa kodanikud on sellest algatusest väga huvitatud.", "\nVVOd on tegelikult etendanud määravat rolli programmi rakendamisel ja nad jäävad võtmetegelasteks ka tulevikus. ", "Seminaril, mille korraldasime aprillis, väljendasid nad soovi, et toiduabiprogrammi haldaks jätkuvalt põllumajanduse peadirektoraat, samuti rõhutasid nad vajadust seada sisse mingisugune vahendite mitmeaastane eraldamine ja pakkuda laiemat valikut erinevatest toodetest. ", "Me vaatame hetkel VVOde soove läbi ja peame nendega tihedalt sidet.", "\nPärast mõjuhindamise lõpulejõudmist kavatsen ma esitada parlamendile septembris ettepaneku, mis võimaldab kava tulevikus jätkata, kuid seda väga kindlal alusel. ", "Seega tänan teid väga huvi tundmast ja sellele väga tähtsale kavale tähelepanu juhtimast.", "\nJohan Van Hecke\n(NL) Proua juhataja, tahaksin ennekõike tänada volinikku selle väga selge, täieliku vastuse eest, mis annab lootust ka toiduabiprogrammi pikema kestuse osas, tuginedes hetkel toimuvale hindamisele.", "\nTahtsin ainult küsida, kas kõnealusel hindamisel võetakse arvesse ka asjaolu, et paljud inimesed sõltuvad ikka veel ilmselgelt sellest toiduabiprogrammist ja et peaaegu 16% Euroopa elanikkonnast elab allpool vaesuspiiri, ja kas võetakse arvesse ka praegust toidukriisi ja toiduhindade tähelepanuväärset kasvu.", "\nMariann Fischer Boel\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Me võtame arvesse kõiki andmeid, mida me saame seeläbi, et läheneme sellele protsessile väga avatud viisil. ", "Hetkel saadavalolevate andmete kohaselt saab puudustkannatavate inimeste erikavast Euroopa Liidus kasu 13 miljonit inimest. ", "Meie teada nõudlus hetkel ei vähene.", "\nAndreas Mölzer\n(DE) Paljudel juhtudel kannatavad vaesuse all kõige rohkem just lapsed. ", "Toidupuudus ei pärsi mitte ainult kehalist arengut, vaid ka võimet keskenduda ja koolis edukas olla. ", "Seeläbi võib see mõjutada ka lapse edukust edaspidises elus. ", "Milliseid meetmeid, näiteks koolide kaudu toimivaid, nähakse kavandatava toiduabiprogrammi raames ette selles probleemses valdkonnas?", "\nJörg Leichtfried\n(DE) Olen kindel, et see saab olema hea ettepanek, eriti kuna te olete maininud ka tasakaalustatud toitumise vajalikkust. ", "Selle asetamine kesksele kohale on elutähtis. ", "Seoses sellega võiks komisjon lisada veel ühe võtmepunkti, milleks on keskendumine värskele mahetoodangule. ", "Igaühel on õigus süüa tooteid, mis võivad olla veidi kallimad, kuid palju tervislikumad. ", "Kuivõrd te seda arvesse võtate?", "\nMariann Fischer Boel\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Esiteks, praegu me hindame kõiki ideid ja teavet, mis meil on.", "\nSeoses sellega püüame kindlaks teha, kas me peaksime oma raha teataval viisil suunama. ", "Me ei ole oma siseseid arutelusid veel lõpule viinud, kuid ma võin laste kohta öelda järgmist: minu arvates on ülimalt tähtis, et ennekõike tagaksime, et meie noored on hästi toidetud, mistõttu me avaldame sel aastal ka idee (ja ma loodan sellele saada täit toetust) liikmesriikidega kaasrahastatava koolide puuviljakava sisseseadmiseks, mis pakuks teatavas vanuses lastele võimalust saada koolis veidi puuvilju. ", "Minu arvates on see üldiselt hea idee, mis kinnistab noortes hea harjumuse, mis loodetavasti jääb neile külge kogu eluks.", "\nMis puutub mahetoodangule erilise tähtsuse omistamisse, siis minu arvates peame valima kahe halva vahel, sest kui me valime mahetooted, saame vähem toitu, ja minu arvates on selle otsuse tegemine väga keeruline.", "\nTeema: Spekulatsioon ja toidukriis\nFinantsspekulatsioon on hinnatõusu ja maailma toidukriisi põhiteguriks. ", "Eeskätt toormeturg pälvib üha enam investeerimisfondide tähelepanu.", "\nKas komisjon on valmis tunnistama, et väheste huvides sattuvad sellised toormed, nagu riis või nisu, spekulantide huviorbiiti, samas kui miljonid inimesed surevad nälga?", "\nKas komisjon kavatseb astuda sisulisi samme igasuguse finantsspekulatsiooni lõpetamiseks, mis otseselt ohustab miljonite inimeste kindlustatust toiduainetega?", "\nKas komisjon kavatseb ka edendada rahvusvahelisel tasandil sellise mehhanismi rakendamist, mis takistab riikidel selliste toiduainete ekspordi piiramist, mida neil on varuks suurtes kogustes, ja igasuguse poliitika ajamist, mille otsese tulemusena takistatakse kaitsetuimatel oma toidusaamisõiguse teostamist?", "\nTeine osa\nMariann Fischer Boel\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Komisjon on tegelikult väga mures praeguste kõrgete hindade mõju pärast nii Euroopa Liidus kui ka globaalsemas plaanis. ", "Arenguriigid ning kaitsetuimad elanikkonnad on tegelikult saanud väga ebavõrdelise löögi, mille tagajärjeks on nälja, alatoitumise ja ühiskondlike rahutuste oht.", "\nTeatises, mille komisjon täna esitas, püütakse analüüsida nende kõrgete hindade algpõhjuseid. ", "Komisjon on esitanud hulga algatusi toiduhindadest tingitud vapustuse lühiajalise mõju tasakaalustamiseks, põllumajanduslike tarnete suurendamiseks, toiduainetega kindlustatuse tagamiseks pikema aja jooksul ning vaestele elanikkondadele hinnatõusust tuleneva mõju vastu võitlemisele suunatud ülemaailmsete jõupingutuste toetamiseks.", "\nMis puutub algpõhjustesse, siis on palju tegureid, mis üheaegselt vähendavad ülemaailmseid varusid: ebasoodsad ilmastikutingimused põhilistes teravilja tootvates ja eksportivates riikides, peamiselt Venemaal ja Ukrainas, mida varem nimetati Nõukogude Liidu leivakorviks. ", "Kolmel järjestikusel aastal on Austraalias valitsenud ebasoodsad ilmastikutingimused. ", "Meie kulutused energiale on olnud suuremad. ", "Saagikuse kasv on olnud aeglasem ning ülemaailmne tarbimine on kasvanud. ", "Nende otsene mõju pakkumisele ja nõudlusele on oluliselt panustanud põllumajandustoormete hindade tõusu, mille tunnistajaks me oleme olnud.", "\nToiduhindade tõusu taustal ja vahetult finantsturu kriisi järel on toormega seotud finantsturgudel hakatud rohkem tegelema hinnariski maandamise või investeerimisportfellide mitmekesistamisega. ", "See tegevus on tinginud toormeturgudel hindade suurema liikumise ja kõikuvuse futuur- ja hetketehingute osas ning võimendanud aluseks olevaid hinnaliikumisi, kuid selle mõju pikaajalisele hinnakujundusele on ebaselge. ", "Seega võtab komisjon tänases teatises kohustus jälgida teraselt spekulantidest investorite tegevust toormega seotud finantsturgudel ja selle mõju hinnaliikumistele.", "\nTeatises märgitakse, et mõned ekspordiriigid on vastusena tõusvatele hindadele tegelikult piiranud oma importi. ", "India on kehtestanud ekspordikeelud, Vietnam ja Tai riisi ekspordipiirangud, Indoneesia ekspordimaksud palmiõlile ning Kasahstan nisu ekspordikeelu. ", "Selliste maksude ja ekspordikeeldude mõte on kaitsta siseturgu pakkumise lühiajaliste puudujääkide ja hinnavapustuste eest. ", "Siiski pingestavad need rahvusvahelisi põllumajandusturgusid veelgi, mis kahjustab eeskätt toitu importivaid arenguriike. ", "Keskpikas perspektiivis saadavad sellised piirangud selgelt ebaõigeid turusignaale, vähendades põllumajandustootjate huvi investeerida ja oma toodangut suurendada ning soodustades piirkondlike turgude tasakaalutust.", "\nEkspordipiirangute äärmiselt negatiivse mõju küsimus tuleks tõstatada asjakohastel WTO eelolevatel kohtumistel ning muudes asjaomastes rahvusvahelistes foorumites. ", "Komisjon on veendunud, et arenguriigid võivad Doha voorust oluliselt kasu lõigata uute turuvõimaluste näol, mis aitaksid teenida täiendavat eksporditulu, ergutada põllumajanduslikku tootmist ja hõlbustada juurdepääsu toiduainetele, seeläbi leevendades praeguseid toiduhindade tõuse. ", "Seetõttu jätkab komisjon tööd tervikliku ja tasakaalustatud Doha kokkuleppe suunas.", "\nKomisjon usub, et ta saab loota selle parlamendi toetusele tänases teatises esitatud poliitikasuunale, mis on selles olukorras, kus hinnad mõnes piirkonnas tõusevad taevasse, meie ees seisvate ülesannete lahendamise aluseks.", "\nAlain Hutchinson\n(FR) Proua juhataja, volinik, tänan teid selle suhteliselt pika ja huvitava vastuse eest. ", "Siiski sooviksin seoses ühe teguriga, mis päästis valla selle põllumajandustoodetega seotud finantsspekulatsioonide kriisi, teilt küsida, kas pärast teatavate Euroopa pankade, eeskätt KBC ja Deutsche Banki, skandaalset käitumist, mis, nagu te teate, seisnes täiesti \"ebaeetilises\" reklaamis seoses toidukaupadega spekuleerimisega... ma tahaksin teilt küsida, mida komisjon kavatseb selles suhtes ette võtta.", "\nKoos oma kolleegi, pr Carlottiga, kirjutasin 6. ", "mail president Barrosole kirja, mille kättesaamise kohta ma ei ole seni kinnitust saanud, kuid millele loodan ühel päeval vastuse saada. ", "Kirjas tehti ettepanek rakendada kõikvõimalikke, keelustamisele suunatud meetmeid - ma tsiteerin: \"finantsinstrumentide pakkumine, levitamine või reklaamimine Euroopa Liidus, sealhulgas investeerimiskindlustus ja eeskätt kindlustustooted, mis on seotud investeerimisfondidega, kui nende tootlus on otseselt seotud toidutoormete hinna tõusuga seotud spekuleerimisega\".", "\nKas te võiksite mulle öelda, mida komisjon kavatseb selles suhtes ette võtta?", "\nMariann Fischer Boel\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Teen väga lühidalt, sest ma puudutasin seda teemat oma esimeses sõnavõtus. ", "Just seepärast võiski see olla üsna pikk. ", "Teatises, mille komisjon täna esitas, võtab ta kohustuse jälgida teraselt spekulantidest investorite tegevust toormega seotud finantsturgudel ja sellise spekuleerimise mõju hinnaliikumistele.", "\nDanutBudreikait\n(LT) Tarbijatena tunneme kohe igasuguse hinnatõusu mõju. ", "Kuid hinnaahelas, kus toimub spekulatsioon, on võitjaid ja kaotajaid, kusjuures kõige sagedamini jäävad kaotajaks põllumajandustoodete tootjad.", "\nMida saaks teie arvates teha, tagamaks, et põllumajandusliku toorme hinnatõus oleks võrdeline üleüldise hinnatõusuga - teisisõnu, tagamaks, et toormehinnad on õiglased ja põllumajandustootjad saavad elada rahuldavalt?", "\nAvril Doyle\nProua juhataja, olgugi, et me teadvustame täielikult küsija küsimuse põhjendatust ja tõepoolest ka meie ees oleva küsimuse keerukust, siis kas volinik saaks kinnitada, et tema ega ka tema kolleegid volinike kolleegiumist ei kavatse sekkuda toormeturu toimimisse, mis võib teha rohkem kahju kui kasu, kui valitakse see konkreetne lähenemisviis?", "\nMe nõustume eesmärgiga, kuid mitte selle saavutamise vahenditega, ütleksin ma küsijale.", "\nMariann Fischer Boel\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Ma nõustun täielikult tõstatatud küsimusega, mis käsitleb tagajärgi toormetootjale, põllumajandustootjale. ", "Tegelikkuses oleme täheldanud tõusu, eriti teraviljasektoris. ", "Kui rääkida nendest erakordselt kõrgetest hindadest, siis vaatan ma alati ajas veidi tagasi, et näha, kuidas hinnad on kujunenud, ja kui arvestada viimast 30 aastat, siis on toormetootjate hinnad kogu aeg langenud.", "\nSee ei ole aga tähendanud, et hinnad ei oleks kasvanud jaemüügisektoris. ", "Aga kui võrrelda 1975. ", "aasta ja tänaseid teraviljahindu ning vaadata fikseeritud hindu, siis olid hinnad 1975. ", "aastal tänasega võrreldes kaks korda kõrgemad. ", "Me näeme olukorda, kus inimesed on harjunud asjaoluga, et Euroopas kulutatakse toidule keskmiselt 14% sissetulekust, ja see näitaja on kogu perioodi vältel samuti langenud.", "\nKui teatises mainitakse seda, mida kavatsetakse ette võtta, siis on ilmselge, et me peame vaatlema kogu ahelat. ", "Konkurentsivolinik vastutab olukorra uurimise eest ja me ei tea hetkel, kas tulemus saab olema positiivne või negatiivne. ", "Kuid me hoiame silma peal kõikidel põhjustel, mis on tinginud eelmise aasta augusti lõpus alguse saanud hinnatõusu.", "\nTeema: Teatis ja Lissaboni leping\nKas komisjon võiks seoses plaaniga D ja hiljuti teatavaks tehtud teatisega \"Euroopa arutelu - tuginedes demokraatiat, dialoogi ja debatti käsitleva plaani D kogemustele” rääkida oma kommunikatsioonistrateegiast seoses Lissaboni lepingu ratifitseerimisprotsessiga? ", "Milliseid kindlapiirilisi meetmeid on komisjon võtnud, et tagada Lissaboni lepingu sujuv ratifitseerimine?", "\nMargot Wallström\nkomisjoni asepresident. - ", "Mis puutub küsimusse plaani D ja teatise \"Euroopa arutelu” kohta, siis lubage mul öelda, et pean meie kohustuseks koos liikmesriikide ja muude ELi institutsioonidega suhelda kodanikega kõikide meie poliitikate ja seisukohtade osas. ", "Kuigi lepingu osas on põhiülesanne loomulikult liikmesriikidel, peab ka komisjon olema valmis teavitama ja selgitama.", "\nMeie hiljutine teatis \"Euroopa arutelu\" püüab edendada tegusat dialoogi kodanike ja otsustajate vahel ning, Lissaboni lepingule otseselt või ainuüksi viitamata, võib \"Euroopa arutelu\" alusel võetavaid meetmeid seostada lepingut käsitleva kommunikatsiooniga.", "\nLeping on üks meie neljast kommunikatsiooniprioriteedist 2008. ", "aastal. ", "Meie tegevus on detsentraliseeritud ja eristatud, et sobituda iga liikmesriigi kohalike oludega, mis sisuliselt tähendab \"lokaalselt tegutsemist\".", "\nMeie esindajad on teinud koostööd iga liikmesriigi ja parlamendi infobüroodega, et koostada riiklikud kommunikatsioonikavad, mis vastaksid erinevatele vajadustele, kusjuures tegevus on hõlmanud suhtlemist siseriiklike huvirühmadega, ajakirjanike koolitamist, teabe vahendust ja levitamist, arutelusid kodanikuühiskonnaga ning üritusi koolides ja ülikoolides.", "\nMe oleme koostanud laia valiku tugimaterjale, sealhulgas PowerPoint-esitlusi, tekstilõike kõnede jaoks, küsimusi ja vastuseid, teabelehti erinevates valdkondades - need kõik on mõeldud selleks, et aidata teabeedastajatel esitada teemade kohta fakte.", "\nNing, nagu te teate, on komisjon Brüsselis käivitanud Lissaboni lepingule pühendatud võrgulehe 23 ametlikus keeles ja meie online-foorumis \"Euroopa arutelu\" on hiljuti taaskäivitunud arutelud lepingu üle, mis on osutunud üheks menukamaks valdkonnaks, kus on esitatud tuhandeid arvamusavaldusi.", "\nAvril Doyle\nTänan teid, volinik. ", "Miks \"Euroopa arutelu” siis ei toimi? ", "Iirimaal kulutatakse väga palju aega sellele, et tegeleda pika ja igava nimekirjaga küsimustest - mis on sageli iseenesest tähtsad, kuid Lissaboni lepingu sisu suhtes täiesti asjakohatud - mis tekitavad hirmu ja segadust, olgu siis sihilikult või mitte, ja see kahjustab tõsiselt Lissaboni positiivset sõnumit. ", "Ning ELi rahvahääletustel loevad teadmised. ", "Hääletajate kindlus oma teadmiste osas, mis käsitlevad Lissaboni lepinguga seotud küsimusi, on selle rahvahääletuse tulemuse seisukohalt määrav, et nad hääletaksid \"jah\", olles esmalt üleüldse otsustanud hääletada.", "\n\"Lepingualaste teadmiste tase annab mõista, et avalik arvamus [Iirimaal] sarnaneb rohkem Nizza 1 kui Nizza 2” - professor Richard Sinnotti, mitte minu sõnad. ", "Kuna komisjon ja liikmesriigid ei ole seni üldse suutnud rohkem kui 90%-le meie kodanikest teadvustada Euroopat ja selle toimimist ega luua arusaama selle kehtivatest aluslepingutest, siis olenemata \"Euroopa arutelust”, volinik, kuidas te soovitate meil nüüd kodanikele teadvustada nendesamade aluslepingute muudatusi, Euroopa muudatusi, et tagada vajalikud teadmised Lissaboni lepingu ratifitseerimiseks? ", "Me oleme Euroopa-alases teadvustamises ebaõnnestunud; kuidas suudame me selgeks teha muudatusi Euroopas, millest keegi aru ei saa?", "\nMargot Wallström\nkomisjoni asepresident. - ", "Esiteks, võtmesõnaks on partnerlus. ", "Me ei saa kõik korraldada Brüsselist; me ei saa seda teha vaid komisjoni toel: me peame koos tehtud otsuste teadvustamisel koostööd tegema. ", "Minu arvates on komisjonile ja institutsioonidele antud erinevad rollid, võrreldes näiteks ministritega, kes loomulikult peavad kõikjal Iirimaal ja ka kõikides muudes liikmesriikides aitama, selgitama, kuulama ja edasi andma, millega tegu on.", "\nLeian, et kui alustada muudatuste teadvustamist, siis kardetavasti olete kuulajaskonna juba kaotanud. ", "Minu kogemus näitab, et kui küsimuste sisu selgelt edasi anda, siis on palju lihtsam ning just seda meie esindus Iirimaal püüabki teha: teadvustada erinevaid sisulisi küsimusi. ", "Ma tean, et pärast pakkumiskutset on nad osalenud minu arvates umbes 20 erineval kohalikul koosolekul, kus on osalenud ka poliitikud, Iiri poliitikud, et levitada teavet ja selgitada neile erinevaid sisulisi küsimusi. ", "Sellest ei pruugi piisata, kuid me peame selles suunas jätkama. ", "Minu arvates on suhtlemine meediaga loomulikult üks tähtsamaid asju. ", "Samas on rahvahääletuse eelsel avalikult arutelul tähtis järgida Iirimaal kehtivaid väga üksikasjalikke seadusi ja eeskirju ning loomulikult püüame ka seda teha.", "\nKuid meil on kohustus suhelda kodanikega poliitika ja institutsioonide võetavate seisukohtade osas ning ma loodan, et me saame seda ka edaspidi teha käsikäes.", "\nPaul Rübig\n(DE) Kas on tehtud ka turu-uuringuid ja avaliku arvamuse uuringuid, mis näitaksid, millist teavet Euroopa kodanikud selle reformilepingu kohta tegelikult vajavad? ", "Kas sihtrühma hulka kuuluvad ka Euroopa poliitikud, alates kohalike omavalitsuste tasandist kuni Euroopa tasandini? ", "Millist teavet on siin vaja ja mida te pealinnades asuvates infobüroodes teete, et täiustada pakutava teabe valikut?", "\nJustas Vincas Paleckis\nProua volinik, te mainisite Iirimaa rahvahääletust ning kolme nädala pärast toimub selles riigis väga tähtis, võib-olla otsustav hääletus. ", "Me kõik mäletame Nizza lepingu rahvahääletuse tulemusi selles väga ELi-sõbralikus riigis ligikaudu 10 aastat tagasi.", "\nMida on sellest kahetsusväärsest kogemusest õpitud ja kuidas osaleb komisjon rahvahääletuse eelses avalikus arutelus Iirimaal?", "\nMargot Wallström\nkomisjoni asepresident. - ", "Tänan teid väga nende asjakohaste küsimuste eest. ", "Mis puutub avaliku arvamuse teadmisse, siis me korraldame Eurobaromeetri kaudu avaliku arvamuse uuringuid, mis annavad meile palju suuniseid ja mille abil saame me määratleda ka mõningaid teabevajadusi. ", "Lisaks sellele korraldatakse loomulikult erinevaid avaliku arvamuse uuringuid igas liikmesriigis, et saada üksikasjalikumat ja riigikohasemat teavet. ", "Seega saame minu arvates öelda, et meil on üsna head teadmised sellest, mida kodanikud ootavad ja millist teavet nad vajavad, kuigi ma leian ka, et see võib liikmesriigiti veidi erineda.", "\nMinu arvates oli üheks Iirimaal saadud õppetunniks vajadus tegutseda väga laiaulatuslikult, mistõttu loodi riiklik foorum; leian, et pärast nii minu kui ka hiljutist president Barroso sooritatud külastust oleme püüdnud suhelda riikliku foorumiga ning kuulata foorumit ja selle vajadusi ning me püüame oma esinduse kaudu neid vajadusi rahuldada, pidades samas meeles, et rahvahääletuse puhul on alati tegu väga erilise olukorraga: näiteks, tuleb järgida ka Iirimaal kehtivaid McKenna õigusnorme. ", "See loomulikult piirab või seab väga selged piirid sellele, mida ministrid või valitsus saavad teha.", "\nSamas on meil üldine suhtlemis- ja teabeandmiskohustus, mida ei saa meilt ära võtta, ja ma leian, et nii oleme õppinud, kuidas riikliku foorumiga suhelda ning kuidas meedia ja eeskätt noorte, kuid ka naiste abil rohkem saavutada, sest meie kogemuste kohaselt on just nemad need, kes väga sageli tunnevad end arutelust võõrdununa ja eemalolevana. ", "Ka siin peame kasutama tänapäevaseid suhtlusvahendeid, nagu Internet: veel üks saadud õppetund on, et me peame suhtlema Interneti kaudu.", "\nTeema: Tihedam koostööd Euroopa Komisjoni ja Euroopa Parlamendi esinduste vahel\nKomisjon püüab kodanikke rohkem kaasata aruteludesse ELi asjade üle. ", "Selle aasta aprilli alguses tegi komisjon teatavaks algatuse \"Euroopa arutelu”. ", "Eesmärk on veelgi laiendada tegevust ELi liikmesriikide tasandil: kodanikega nõu pidamine, ELi käsitleva teabe, teadmiste ja ideede jagamine ning hääletajatele ELi ametnikega kohtumise võimaldamine.", "\nMõnedes ELi pealinnades öeldakse, et komisjoni ja Euroopa Parlamendi esindused teevad kehva koostööd, kui kõne all on ELi kodanikele parema ülevaate andmine sellest, mis ELis toimub, ning neile ELi päevakorra, selle institutsioonide ja selle liikmesriikide tutvustamine. ", "Komisjoni ja parlamendi esindused töötavad sageli eraldi, dubleerides üksteise tegevust, ega teosta suuri ühisprojekte.", "\nKas 2009. ", "aasta Euroopa Parlamendi valimiste lähenedes tehakse jõupingutusi koostöö parendamiseks erinevates riikides asuvate komisjoni ja parlamendi esinduste vahel? ", "Kui jah, siis mida täpsemalt tehakse?", "\nMargot Wallström\nkomisjoni asepresident. - ", "2008 on kõikidele institutsioonidele järgmisel aastal toimuvateks Euroopa valimisteks ettevalmistumisel ülitähtis aasta. ", "Meie kõikide huvides on teha koostööd, et 2009. ", "aasta juunis tuleksid hääletama võimalikult paljud. ", "Hiljutise teatisega \"Euroopa arutelu\" käimalükatud töö, mis edendab Euroopa küsimustes aktiivset dialoogi kodanike ja otsustajate vahel, peaks sellele tööle kaasa aitama.", "\nKuid komisjon ja parlament teevad nendes valdkondades juba tihedat koostööd nii Brüsselis kui ka meie esinduste ja infobüroode tasandil liikmesriikides. ", "Eelmisel kuul käivitasid meie talitused uut töörühma, et maksimeerida meie tegevuse koosmõju ja püüda tihendada koostööd komisjoni ja parlamendi esinduste ja büroode vahel. ", "Me kavatseme läbi vaadata töösuhteid käsitleva 2001. ", "aasta tegevusjuhendi, mis avab meile uusi võimalusi koos töötamiseks ning hõlbustab selliste vahendite, nagu audiovisuaalsed või ajakirjanduse jälgimise vahendid, ühiskasutust.", "\nOleme samuti pühendunud ühiste ruumide eesmärgi saavutamisele liikmesriikides, milleks on niinimetatud \"ELi majad”, ning juba 27st liikmesriigist 25s asuvad meie bürood samas hoones. ", "Nagu te teate, oleme kolmes neist Euroopa majadest - Madridis, Dublinis ja Tallinnas - teostamas pilootprojekti, mille raames luuakse ühine ruum, mida me nimetame \"Euroopa avalikuks ruumiks”. ", "Oleme suutnud laiendada oma tegevuse ulatust, et tegeleda kultuuriga ning samuti teadus- ja noorteüritustega. ", "Nüüd on meil esimene aruanne selle Euroopa avalike ruumide pilootprojekti kohta. ", "See tundub olevat väga positiivne ja me jätkame selles suunas.", "\nJustas Vincas Paleckis\nTänan teid, volinik, kõikehõlmava ja selge vastuse eest. ", "Olen kindel, et olete loomult optimist. ", "Teisalt, teie positsioon komisjonis nõuabki optimismi. ", "Olen kindel, et te loodate Lissaboni lepingu ratifitseerimisele kõikides riikides sel aastal.", "\nSooviksin teilt küsida, et mis oleks teie arvates erinevus 2004. ", "ja järgmise aasta Euroopa Parlamendi valimiskampaania vahel, pidades silmas, et väga tõenäoliselt toimub viimatinimetatu pärast Lissaboni lepingu ratifitseerimist?", "\nMargot Wallström\nkomisjoni asepresident. - ", "Väljendun väga otsekoheselt. ", "Minu arvates peab komisjon oma esinduste kaudu palju rohkem tegelema valijate mobiliseerimisega, tagamaks, et rohkem inimesi tuleb valima. ", "Me ei tohi olla liiga ettevaatlikud. ", "Minu arvates peame me kõik ütlema, et me tahame, et Euroopa kodanikud teostaksid oma hääletusõigust ja just nii tegutseme me koos liikmesriikidega - jällegi, partnerluses, asumata poliitilisele seisukohale, vaid tõesti lihtsalt hääletajate mobiliseerimiseks.", "\nMe uurime koos Euroopa Parlamendiga institutsioonidevahelise teabe- ja kommunikatsioonitöörühma kaudu, kuidas me saaksime seda teha. ", "Parlament on juba esitanud hästi koostatud ja peenekoelise kava EP valimisteks ja me panustame sellesse parimal võimalikul viisil, rakendades kõiki meie vahendeid, eeskätt meie esindusi. ", "Koos parlamendiga saame tagada, et rohkem inimesi tuleb hääletama.", "\nMargarita Starkevičiūt\n(LT) Sooviksin tähelepanu juhtida asjaolule, et teabeettevõtte jaoks on äärmiselt tähtis, et kogu tema materjal oleks koostatud kõikides ELi keeltes. ", "Ma väga loodan...\nMa räägin inglise keeles. ", "Võib-olla ei kuule te mind, sest näen, et volinik on millegagi hõivatud.", "\nKuna esindan siin Leedut, siis tahtsin vaid öelda, et on raske saada teavet leedu keeles. ", "Kui püüda helistada Europe Directi tasuta numbril ja esitada küsimus leedu keeles, palutakse teil pool tundi oodata. ", "Isegi siin, parlamendi büroos on külastajatel raske leida leedukeelseid raamatuid, sest voldikud on saadavail vaid põhikeeltes.", "\nMa mõistan, et suulise tõlkimisega on tohutu probleem, samuti rahaline probleem, kuid ehk peate mõningatele asjadele rõhku panema. ", "Kas te oleksite lahke ja prooviksite järele, kuidas Europe Directi keskused töötavad erinevates keeltes, mida näiteks volinik Kuneva teeb?", "\nMairead McGuinness\nMinu arvates on olukord üsna selge, et kui kodanikele on midagi otsest öelda, siis nad kuulavad ja kuulevad. ", "Meil oli täna arutelu Euroopa linnade reisijuhtide üle, kuid me saime nõukogult väga nõrga reaktsiooni ja minu arvates peame me inimestele saatma selgemaid sõnumeid selle kohta, mida me siin Euroopa Liidus teeme, ja et me oleme siin tegelikult nende jaoks, mitte ainult nendest rääkimiseks.", "\nMinu eelistuste kohaselt võiks komisjoni asemel liikmesriigi tasandil juhtohjad haarata parlamendi esindus, kuid selline avaldus on minu puhul ilmne, ja ma kutsuksin üles Iirimaal toimuv ratifitseerimises osas üles näitama austust ja ettevaatust. ", "Need on heitlikud ajad ning WTOst tulevad uudised ei aita meid selles suhtes. ", "Minu arvates peame silmas pidama meie hääletajate tõelisi muresid.", "\nMargot Wallström\nkomisjoni asepresident. - ", "Loomulikult on teabe andmise - kõiki 23 ametlikku keelde suulise ja kirjaliku tõlkimise - tagamine lõputu töö. ", "Mõnikord me ei suuda täielikult reageerida näiteks tõlkide puudumisel või ei ole meil veel täit koosseisu, kes suudaks seda soovi täita, kuid ma võtan teie sellekohase märkuse teadmiseks ja me uurime ka seda küsimust.", "\nKa mina külastan varsti Leedut ja ma olen kindel, et kuulen sellest täpsemalt, kuid põhjuseks ei ole komisjonipoolse tahte puudumine. ", "Igasuguse suhtluse lähtekohaks on võimalus suhelda, loodetavasti, oma keeles ja mõista, mida räägitakse, samuti oma keeles. ", "Seetõttu jätkame oma püüdeid tagada selleks kõikide vajalike vahendite võimaldamine; seetõttu pean teie küsimust täiesti põhjendatuks, kusjuures minu arvates on see väga tõsine küsimus.", "\nTeiseks punktis oli loomulikult üks kommentaar ja on tõsiasi, et me peame alustama sealt, kus on kodanikud. ", "Me peame vastama nende küsimustele ja loomulikult on tõsi, et väga harva alustavad nad küsimustega lepingu sätete või muudatuse kohta. ", "Alustuseks küsivad nad: \"Mida te sisserände asjus ette võtate? ", "Mida te kliimamuutuse asjus ette võtate? ", "Kuidas te võitlete probleemidega, mida me peame piiriüleseks, ja kuidas te nendega tegelete?\"", "\nJa nii peame me vastama, igapäevakeeles. ", "Ja minu arvates on tegelikult aidanud - ja selle loen ma enda teeneks - see, et oleme nüüd alustanud nende kodanike kokkuvõtetega kõikidele ettepanekutele, mille me esitamine. ", "Ka meie töökavas saab meil olema juurdekäiv kodanike kokkuvõte ja minu arvates on see väga kasulik ning me peame jätkama selles suunas.", "\nTeema: Komisjoni plaan D, mis käsitleb dialoogi, demokraatiat ja debatti, ning \"Euroopa arutelu\"\nKomisjoni 2005. ", "aasta oktoobri plaan D, mis käsitleb dialoogi, demokraatiat ja debatti, oli reaktsioon ELi ”järelemõtlemisajale”, mis järgnes põhiseaduse rahvahääletuste negatiivsele tulemusele. ", "Kas komisjon usub, et kaks ja pool aasta hiljem on ta tegelikult saavutanud oma plaani eesmärgid? ", "Kui ei, siis miks? ", "Mis oli takistuseks? ", "Mis puutub komisjoni hiljutisse teatisse projekti \"Euroopa arutelu” (aprill 2008) kohta, mille eesmärk on lähendada kodanikke liidule ja selle institutsioonidele, siis kas komisjon suudab esitada üksikasjalikud andmed, mis käsitlevad abikõlblikke kulutusi, iga liikmesriigi ja organisatsiooni kohta saadavalolevat summat ning abisaajaid, kes teostavad üleeuroopalisi kodanikega nõu pidamise projekte? ", "Kuidas näeb ta ette raamistiku koostööks ELi institutsioonide vahel ja eeskätt Euroopa Parlamendiga? ", "Kuidas aitab ta kaasa elektrooniliste võrgustike loomisse, kus osalevad Euroopa Parlamendi ning riikide ja piirkondlike parlamentide liikmed? ", "Kuidas loob ta Euroopa avalikke ruume liikmesriikide pealinnades? ", "Kuidas muutub ta aktiivsemaks kohalikul tasandil?", "\nMargot Wallström\nkomisjoni asepresident. - ", "Võin öelda, et plaan D etendas võtmerolli uute meetodite katsetamisel, mille abil kodanikuühendused kaasavad kodanikke kõikidelt elualadelt aruteludesse Euroopa tulevik üle.", "\nSee andis meile näiteid nõupidamisvormidest, mida meil kunagi varem ei ole olnud - juhuslikult valitud kodanikke kõikidest liikmesriikidest kutsuti koos maha istuma ja arutama Euroopa Liidu päevakorda. ", "See oli tõepoolest väga põnev kogemus. ", "Üks nende kogemuste põhjal saadud põhiline õppetund oli, et me peame tugevdama kodanike ja ELi otsustajate vahelist ühenduslüli, sest kui me lubame paremini kuulata, siis mida me kuulduga ette võtame? ", "Just seda tahavad nad teada.", "\nMe otsustasime plaani D pikendada, hõlmates ajavahemikku kuni järgmise aasta juunis toimuvate Euroopa Parlamendi valimisteni. ", "Selle uue etapi nimeks on ”Euroopa arutelu”. ", "Me oleme \"Euroopa arutelule\" eraldanud 7,2 miljonit eurot, millest 2 miljonit eurot riikidevaheliste projektide kaasrahastamiseks ja 5,2 miljonit eurot esinduse hallatavaid kohalikke projekte toetavate detsentraliseeritud konkursside ja meetmete kaasrahastamiseks.", "\nMe ei otsusta ette ära, kui palju raha on iga liikmesriigi kohta saadaval või millised abisaajad teostavad neid üleeuroopalise nõupidamise projekte. ", "See sõltub nende konkursside tulemustest, mida komisjon hetkel algatab nii tsentraalselt kui ka meie esinduste kaudu.", "\nMeie arvates peaks ”Euroopa arutelu” looma ka tõhusa raamistiku institutsioonidevaheliseks koostööks. ", "Üheks mudeliks oli lõppkonverents, mis toimus plaan D esimeses etapis eelmise aasta detsembris. ", "Sellesse kaasati mitte ainult parlament ja komisjon, vaid ka regioonide komitee ning Euroopa majandus- ja sotsiaalkomitee. ", "Minu arvates andis see täiendava panuse kodanike konkreetsete muredega tegelemisse ning sedalaadi koostöö peaks muutuma \"Euroopa arutelu\" raames reegliks, seda ka riiklikul või piirkondlikul tasandil.", "\nMe loodame ka, et me suudame Euroopa Parlamendi liikmeid nendesse kohalikesse ja piirkondlikesse meetmetesse palju rohkem kaasata. ", "Olen äsja teavitanud seda rühma - niinimetatud IGId (institutsioonidevahelist teaberühma) - selle parlamendi soovist osaleda piloot-teabevõrgustikus. ", "Me oleme ette valmistanud ja esitame peagi Euroopa Parlamendile oma projekti tulemused: selliste võrgustiku ettevalmistamine, riikide parlamentide ja Euroopa Parlamendi liikmete kokkuviimine, ning me loodame kutsuda ka ajakirjanikke osalema arutelus Euroopa küsimuste üle.", "\nOlen pilootprojektis juba maininud avalikke tasandeid, Euroopa avalikke ruume. ", "Selles suunas saame plaaniga D jätkata, õppida seni omandatud kogemustest ning suhelda kodanikega mitmete projektide ja mudelite osas, mille suudame loodetavasti alaliselt kinnistada - mitte ainult umbes kuueks kuuks või nii - ja seeläbi tagada, et suudame otsustajad ja Euroopa kodanikud omavahel kokku viia.", "\nStavros Arnaoutakis\n(EL) Proua juhataja, volinik, meie kõigi jaoks peitub probleem tõsiasjas, et Euroopa on tavainimestest eraldatud. ", "Hoolimata komisjoni ja meie, Euroopa Parlamendi liikmete tugevatest jõupingutustest, on selgelt näha, et teave ei jõua tavakodanikeni.", "\nTahaksin küsida, et millised asutused lähendavad kodanikke Euroopale, nagu kavandatud \"Euroopa arutelu\" kavas.", "\nMargot Wallström\nkomisjoni asepresident. - ", "Üks uutest algatusest on loomulikult seotud vajadusega Euroopa poliitilise kultuuri järele ning, nagu te teate, selle oleme me ka esitanud. ", "Ja parlament on selle vastu võtnud, et panustada poliitilistesse alustaladesse, mis võivad arutelule kaasa aidata. ", "Seda seetõttu, et see peab sisalduma kõikides korralistes poliitilistes aruteludes kõikidel tasanditel: ELi küsimused tuleb paremini lõimida. ", "Usun, et see algatus aitab, määratledes Euroopa poliitilised alustalad.", "\nMinu arvates peame seda tegema läbi meedia, et Euroopa meedia kajastaks ELi asju, mistõttu meil on uus Interneti-strateegia, meil on uus audiovisuaalstrateegia, mis annab meile paremad vahendid Euroopa küsimuste meediakajastuse saavutamiseks kõikjal Euroopas.", "\nJa minu arvates peame me looma kohtumispaiku, avalikke ruume, ning nende loomiseks on meil mõned pilootprojektid. ", "Nendest riikidevahelistest projektidest, kus me oleme küsinud nõu kodanikelt, saame minu arvates õppida nii mõndagi kasulikku ja omandada kasulikke kogemusi, mida suudame loodetavasti kunagi tulevikus alaliselt kinnistada.", "\nKuid me peame kasutama kõiki neid kanaleid, et kodanikke mitte eraldada, vaid neid kaasata: neid kuulata, neile selgitada ja propageerida seda, mida me teeme ELi tasandil.", "\nGeorgios Papastamkos\n(EL) Proua juhataja, 1992. ", "aasta siseturuprogrammile eelnes Cecchini raport mitte-Euroopa maksumuse kohta.", "\nKas Euroopa Komisjon kavatseb koostada sihtotstarbelise teatise mitte-Lissaboni maksumuse kohta? ", "Kui palju läheb see Euroopale maksma, kui Lissaboni lepingu ratifitseerimist lõpule ei viida?", "\nMargot Wallström\nkomisjoni asepresident. - ", "Alati on kõige raskem öelda, mis juhtub siis, kui me ei tee seda või teist. ", "Me sooviksime ennetavalt esitada eelise, mille uus leping meie arvates annab. ", "Kuidas saaksime me olla tõhusamad? ", "Komisjon on püüdnud määratleda ja sõnastada küsimusi ja vastuseid, meie erinevaid taustmaterjale ja Internetti ülespandut nii, et me esitame väiteid ennetavalt, ründavalt, selle kohta, miks meie arvates on vaja uut lepingut ja milliseid probleeme on vaja lahendada.", "\nSee on olnud meie lähtekohaks, kuid komisjon on püüdnud ka selgitada, mis oleks mittenõustumise hind, sest minu arvates ka see mõjutab inimeste kindlust ning usku sellesse, kas me suudame tegelikult lahendada meie ees seisvaid suuri probleeme ja väljakutseid.", "\nJuhataja\nKüsimustele nr 35-39 vastatakse kirjalikult.", "\nTeema: Spordiliitude kehtestatud konkurentsipiirangud\nArvestades, et teatavate ELi riikide spordiliidud püüavad kehtestada oma liikmetele eeskirju, mis piiravad sportlaste võimalusi seoses lepingute ja liikumisvabadusega, misläbi selgelt rikutakse ELi õigust, siis kas komisjon on uurinud selliste teguviiside tagajärgi konkurentsivabaduse seisukohast?", "\nNeelie Kroes\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Hulk ühenduse kohtutesse jõudnud vaidlusi on kinnitanud, et EÜ eeskirjad kehtivad spordis.", "\nNäiteks, Walrave'i ja Donà otsustes kinnitas Euroopa Kohus, et eeskirjad, mis põhinevad kodakondsusel ja piiravad sportlaste liikumist, ei ole kooskõlas isikute vaba liikumiste põhimõttega.", "\nBosmani otsuses uuris kogus kaht liiki piiranguid, mille ta leidis olevat isikute vaba liikumisega kokkusobimatud. ", "Esiteks, kohus keelustas kodakondsusel põhineva diskrimineerimise tõttu UEFA reegli, mis piiras riiklikel jalgpallimeistrivõistlustel osaleda võivate, ELi liikmesriikidest pärinevate võõrmängijate arvu.", "\nTeiseks, kohus keelustas isikute vaba liikumise takistusena FIFA üleviimisreegli, millega nõuti lepingu lõpetamisel üleviimistasude maksmist mõne ELi liikmesriigi kodanikuks olevate mängijate ELi-siseste üleviimiste korral.", "\nPiau ja Meca Medina asjades tehtud otsused olid kohtu esimesteks otsusteks, millega kohaldatakse spordivaldkonna suhtes EÜ konkurentsieeskirju. ", "Sellest alates on komisjon järginud selle pretsedendiõiguse metoodilist lähenemisviisi, hindamaks, kas spordiliidu või -ühenduse vastuvõetud reegel rikub artikleid 81 ja 82. ", "Seetõttu tuleb iga spordireeglit, millel võib olla konkurentsi piirav mõju, hinnata juhtumipõhiselt, et kindlaks teha, kas selle eesmärk on õiguspärane.", "\nSamas peab komisjon olema veendunud, et sellisest reeglist tulenev igasugune konkurentsivastane mõju on selle reegli eesmärgi saavutamisega möödapääsmatult kaasnev ja võrdeline selle eesmärgi saavutamisega.", "\nKomisjon vaatles jalgpallis toimuvate rahvusvaheliste üleviimiste küsimust seoses lepingulises suhtes olevate mängijate üleviimistasusid käsitlevate FIFA reeglite seaduslikkuse uurimisega. ", "Uurimine lõpetati 2002. ", "aastal pärast seda, kui FIFA võttis kohustuse muuta üleviimiseeskirju teatavate põhimõtete alusel, mille eesmärgiks oli üleviimiste hõlbustamine.", "\nKomisjoni valges raamatus spordi kohta, mis võeti vastu 11. ", "juulil 2007, ja eriti lisatud dokumendis \"EL ja sport: taust ja kontekst\" käsitleti ammendavalt ka selliseid küsimusi nagu sportlaste vaba liikumine.", "\nSama seadusandliku paketi raames võttis komisjon vastu Pierre de Coubertini tegevuskava, mis toetab ELi tasandil võetavaid spordialaseid meetmeid ja sisaldab mitmeid ettepanekuid, mida komisjon võiks paljudes spordivaldkondades rakendada ja/või toetada.", "\nÜks sellistest valdkondadest on seotud isikute vaba liikumisega, kusjuures eesmärgiks on võidelda kodakondsusepõhise diskrimineerimisega kõikidel spordialadel. ", "See eesmärk saavutatakse poliitilise dialoogi, soovituste, huvirühmadega peetava struktureeritud dialoogi ning vajadusel rikkumismenetluste kaudu, mida komisjon algatab liikmesriikide vastu.", "\nLisaks sellele kohaldab komisjon EÜ konkurentsieeskirju spordiorganisatsioonidele, kuivõrd need organisatsioonid reguleerivad majandustegevust. ", "Seejuures võtab komisjon arvesse spordi eripära.", "\nManuel Medina Ortega\n(ES) Proua juhataja, tänan teid väga, volinik, laiaulatusliku ja väga ammendava vastuse eest minu küsimusele.", "\nLühidalt öeldes järeldan voliniku antud selgitust täiendava tähelepanekuna, et hetkel ei kaalu komisjon mingite õigusloomemeetmete vastuvõtmist, kuna ta leiab, et praegused õigusnormid, sealhulgas aluslepingud ja pretsedendiõigus on piisavad ja et seetõttu nähakse lahendusena mitteametlikke kokkuleppeid spordiliitudega, tegevusjuhendeid ja nii edasi ja nii edasi.", "\nKomisjoni arvates ei ole praegu vaja mingeid lisameetmeid, nii et vaja on ainult kohaldada olemasolevaid õigusnorme.", "\nNeelie Kroes\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "See on õige. ", "Euroopa Kohus - ja auväärt parlamendiliige on juba mõistnud, mis suunas ma liigun - on Meca Medina otsuses öelnud, et spordieeskirjade kokkusobivust EÜ konkurentsiõigusega ei saa kindlaks teha nii, et teatavat liiki eeskirjad jäetakse põhimõtteliselt EÜ konkurentsiõiguse kohaldamisalast välja. ", "Seetõttu peab komisjon jätkama konkurentsieeskirjade kohaldamist juhtumipõhiselt, võttes aluseks oma tehtud otsused ja olemasoleva pretsedendiõiguse.", "\nLõpetuseks, Meca Medina otsus loob selles suhtes selge metoodilise raamistiku. ", "Hindamaks, kas mõni reegel rikub ELi konkurentsieeskirju, peab selle mõju olema võrdeline õiguspärase ja tõelise spordihuviga, mida reegel toetab, mistõttu saab võrdelisust kindlaks teha ainult juhtumipõhiselt.", "\nManolis Mavrommatis\n(EL) Proua juhataja, volinik, kõikides liikmesriikides kaebavad riiklikud spordiliidud, eeskätt jalgpalliliidud, rahvusvaheliste spordiliitude põhikirjade (FIFA, UEFA jt) alusel täiest kõrist iga kord, kui valitsus nende tegevust uurib. ", "Kuigi me tunnustame spordiliitude sõltumatust, siis kas EL nõustub põhikirjadega, mis rikuvad siseriiklikke õigusnorme ja riigi põhiseadust ja mida peetakse neist kõrgemalseisvaks?", "\nRichard Corbett\nKas komisjon nõustub, et UEFA omakasvatatud mängijate süsteem on asutamislepinguga kooskõlas? ", "See süsteem annab jalgpalliklubidele ajendi luua olukord, kus osa nende mängijatest, kes tulevad nende juuniormeeskondadest ja noortekoolidest, ei oleks seotud kodakondsusega, mistõttu UEFA süsteem, mis erineb suuresti FIFA süsteemist 5+6, mis põhineb kodakondsusel ja on selgelt ebaseaduslik, on võrdeline ja õiguspärane ja sunnib klubisid investeerima oma noorte mängijate treenimisse, selle asemel et mitte tugineda vaid oma rahalisele võimsusele rahvusvahelisel üleviimisturul.", "\nNeelie Kroes\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Ma püüan need kaks küsimust ühendada, kuna see on valdkond, kus selgelt valitseb samalaadne mõtteviis, kusjuures eesmärgiks on võidelda kodakondsuspõhise diskrimineerimisega kõikidel spordialadel. ", "Minu arvates on see peamine asi ja see on põhimõte, kui nii öelda. ", "See eesmärk tuleks saavutada poliitilise dialoogi, soovituste, huvirühmadega peetava struktureeritud dialoogi ning vajadusel rikkumismenetluste kaudu.", "\nSeetõttu arvan ma, et me peame arvesse võtma seda, et see konkurentsisuund, mida ma varem selgitasin, on üsna selge ja et seda ei tohiks rünnata muude mõtteviiside kaudu.", "\nTeema: Hinnatõusud ja konkurents\nViimastel kuudel on paljudes liikmesriikides täheldatud suurt hinnatõusu, eriti toiduainete osas, mis on tõsiselt vähendanud Euroopa üldsuse ostujõudu. ", "Paljud vaatlejad on arvamusel, et lisaks toormehindade tõusule on turustusvõrgustikud teinud ülemäärast juurdehindlust ja et on esinenud võimalikke vaba konkurentsi rikkumisi.", "\nKas komisjon suudab öelda, kas tal on alalisi näitajaid, mis annaksid hoiatavalt märku teatavate tarbijahindade plahvatuslikust tõusust, ja kas pärast teatavates liikmesriikides tähelatud äkilisi hinnatõuse on hiljuti teostatud jaotuskanalite uurimisi?", "\nNeelie Kroes\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Komisjon on loomulikult mures toidu ja toidukaupade hulgi- ja jaemüügihindade hiljutise tõusu pärast. ", "See mõjutab Euroopa elanikke ja veelgi tõsisemalt miljardeid inimesi mujal maailmas.", "\nTõepoolest, ELi toiduhindade inflatsioon kiirenes 2007. ", "aasta viimases kvartalis. ", "Täheldatud hinnatõusud tarbija tasandil peegeldavad hiljutisi muutusi toodete väärtuses, kuludes ja kasumis kogu toidutarneahelas. ", "Tuleks silmas pidada, et peamiste põllumajandustoormete hinnad olid mitu kuud tõusnud ja purustasid pidevalt hinnarekordeid. ", "Selline suundumus oli peamiselt tingitud struktuuriliste mõjurite koostoimest: pidev tõus ülemaailmses toidunõudluses, biokütuseturu ilmumine - ainult väga väikeses osas - ja lühiajalisemad tegurid nagu ebasoodsad ilmastikuolud, mis tingisid teraviljatoodangu vähenemise enamikus ELi liikmesriikidest 2007. ", "aastal, ja mõningate põhiliste maailmaturu tarnijate piirav ekspordipoliitika ning üldisemalt investeerimisfondide üha suurenev osalemine põllumajandustoormete turgudel.", "\nSellegipoolest tuleks rõhutada, et toormehinnad ei moodusta rangelt võrdelist osa toiduhindadest, eriti kui toormeid töödeldakse rohkem. ", "Seega on mõned muud müügihinna koostisosad, pean silmas energiast ja tööjõust tulenevaid hinnalisandeid, samuti mõjutanud hiljutist toiduhindade tõusu Euroopa Liidus. ", "Tuleb silmas pidada, et need hinnatõusud ei ole tingimata seotud konkurentsieeskirjade puuduliku kohaldamisega. ", "Nagu auväärt parlamendiliige teab, on EÜ konkurentsipoliitika peaeesmärk muuta turud ELi tarbijate huvides paremini toimivaks.", "\nNagu mainitud mitmes vastuses hiljutistele parlamendis esitatud küsimustele, jälgib komisjon koos Euroopa konkurentsiasutuste võrgustikku kuuluvate riiklike konkurentsiasutustega turge, et vältida konkurentsimoonutusi ja nende eest karistada, kuivõrd need moonutused võivad tarbijaid kahjustada. ", "Komisjon tegutseb vaid siis, kui tal on paremad võimalused tegutsemiseks kui riiklikel konkurentsiasutustel. ", "Nad tegutsevad esimesena, aga kui nad ei saa seda teha, astume meie mängu. ", "Tõepoolest, kuna jaekaubandusega seotud küsimused on sageli oma ulatuselt riigisisesed, on liikmesriikidel hea positsioon nendega tegelemiseks.", "\nKomisjon sooviks siiski veel kord kinnitada, et kui tuvastatakse spetsiifilisi konkurentsieeskirjade rikkumisi, mille kohta on juriidilised ja majanduslikud tõendid, siis me ei kõhkle, vaid tegutseme. ", "Loomulikult on tähtis kaaluda kõiki asjakohaseid tegureid, mis mõjutavad neid turge, ning komisjon jätkab tarbijahindade, jaemüügituru kontsentratsiooni ja igasuguse väidetava konkurentsivastase tegevuse jälgimist. ", "Komisjoni arvates on turu jälgimine väga tähtis ülesanne. ", "Ühtse turu läbivaatamise raames analüüsib komisjon jaemüügiteenuste häirete võimalikke põhjuseid, seda nii tarbijate kui ka tarnijate vaatenurgast. ", "Tarbijahindade erinevuste tasemeid liikmesriikide vahel vaadeldakse samuti tarbijaturgude tulemustabeli iga-aastases aruandes. ", "Tulemustabeli esimene väljaanne - nagu te teate - avaldati 2008. ", "aasta alguses ja edaspidi tehakse seda igal aastal.", "\nHinnad kuuluvad sõeluuringu põhinäitajate hulka. ", "Mõned hinnaerinevused, eriti siseturukaupade ja -teenuste osas, võivad ilmselgelt tuleneda liikmesriikide vahelistest sissetulekuerinevustest. ", "Sellegipoolest võivad eriti suured erinevused liikmesriikide vahel tähendada, et vaja on täiendavat uurimist. ", "Lisaks sellele käsitleb komisjon põllumajandus- ja toiduainesektori konkurentsivõime alase kõrgetasemelise töörühma raames turuvõimu küsimust jaotussektoris. ", "Komisjon käivitab selle algatuse eesmärgiga analüüsida toiduainetööstust, mis on viimastel aastatel silmitsi seisnud uute ohtude ja väljakutsetega, mis seavad kahtluse alla selle sektori konkurentsivõime.", "\nEelseisvatel nädalatel esitab komisjon ka ametliku vastuse Euroopa Parlamendi kirjalikule deklaratsioonile, mis käsitleb ELis suurte selvehallide toimepandud võimukuritarvituste uurimist ja kõrvaldamist. ", "Komisjoni vastuses antakse muu hulgas mõningaid selgitusi ostujõuga seotud küsimuste kohta.", "\nGiovanna Corda\n(FR) Nagu te teate, kohtusid täna hommikul Kehlis Prantsusmaa ja Saksamaa tarbijaküsimuste eest vastutavad ministrid, et arutada nende kahe riigi vahelisi hinnaerinevusi. ", "Need erinevused võivad mõnede paljutarbitavate toodete osas ulatuda 30%-ni.", "\nArutlusel olnud põhjuste seas mainisid nad erinevusi jaekaubanduse struktuuris, eeskätt mittetäielikku konkurentsi mõningates riikides. ", "Interneti-müük peaks võimaldama tarbijatel nendest erinevustest kasu lõigata, ostes kõik soodsamatest riikidest. ", "Kuid postimüük on Internetis mõnikord probleemne. ", "Näiteks, Prantsusmaa elanikud ei saa osta mõningatelt Saksa võrgulehtedelt.", "\nKas te kavatsete võtta asjakohaseid meetmeid, et Euroopa siseturg muutuks kodanike jaoks lõpuks tegelikkuseks?", "\nNeelie Kroes\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Olen täiesti teadlik teie küsimuse ja ühe ühtse turu saavutamise tähtsusest. ", "Võite olla täiesti kindel, et komisjon annab endast parima, et muuta siseturg tegelikkuseks ka jaekaubanduses.", "\nDanutBudreikait\n(LT) Saan teie ettekande põhjal aru, et konkurentsi peadirektoraat teeb koostööd liikmesriikide konkurentsiasutustega. ", "Kuid meie, kodanikud, täheldamine teatavate kokkulepete rakendumist, mille tulemuseks on üheaegne hinnatõus kõikides riikides, samas kui konkurentsiasutused ei suuda tuvastada mingeid üleastumisi. ", "Mida ütleksite oma kogemuste põhjal - kas tegu on pädevuse puudumisega liikmesriikides või kuritarvitusega?", "\nNeelie Kroes\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Seni on vastus selgelt \"ei”, kuid me oleme teadlikud, et see nõuab meie tähelepanu ja mitte ainult meie tähelepanu, kui nüüd rääkida toimuva jälgimisest. ", "Mida me oleme teinud, on see, et oleme selle võtnud Euroopa konkurentsiasutuste võrgustiku päevakorda, ja me kogume teavet kõikidelt liikmesriikidelt, kellel on kogemusi - mõned teostavad uurimist, mõned analüüsivad, mõned püüavad lihtsalt selgeks teha, mis on jaekaubanduses valesti läinud. ", "Prantsusmaa, Saksamaa, Ühendkuningriik ja Belgia - nad kõik lähenevad praegusele olukorrale erinevalt.", "\nSeni ei ole põhjust väita, et on olemas kartell. ", "Niipea kui me saame mõnest kartellist teada, me tegutseme, võin teile seda kinnitada, kuid muideks ei ole asi minu arvates nii halb, sest riiklikud konkurentsiasutused tegutsevad ja jälgivad kogu olukorda selles valdkonnas.", "\nJuhataja\nKüsimustele nr 35-39 vastatakse kirjalikult.", "\nTeema: Ühinemisläbirääkimised Horvaatiaga\nKas komisjoni arvates on võimalik viia Horvaatiaga peetavad ühinemisläbirääkimised lõpule aasta lõpuks? ", "Milline on täpne ajakava ülejäänud aastaks?", "\nTeema: Horvaatia Euroopa Liiduga ühinemise edenemine\nKas Euroopa Komisjon saaks teha avalduse, milles kirjeldatakse asjade seisu seoses Horvaatia taotlusega ühineda Euroopa Liiduga?", "\nTeema: Horvaatia peetavate ühinemisläbirääkimiste lõpuleviimine\nAlates ühinemisläbirääkimiste alustamisest Horvaatiaga on see riik teinud juba märgatavaid edusamme, mis on viinud paljude läbirääkimispeatükkide avamiseni, ja on jõudsalt liikumas täiendavate peatükkide avamiseks ja sulgemise kriteeriumide täitmise suunas. ", "Ennekõike on toimunud positiivseid edasiminekuid seoses Horvaatia õiguse kooskõlla viimisega ELi standarditega, vähemuste kaitsmisega ja jõupingutustega justiitsreformi elluviimisel. ", "Lisaks sellele on Horvaatia oma hiljutise otsusega mitte kehtestada ökoloogilist ja kalapüügi kaitsevööndit kiirendanud ühinemisläbirääkimiste edenemist. ", "Neid tervitatavaid arenguid on tunnustatud Horvaatia 2007. ", "aasta eduaruannet käsitlevas parlamendi raportis, mille punktides 31 ja 32 nõutakse Horvaatiale ELi ja eeskätt komisjoni suuremat toetust.", "\nKuidas suurendab komisjon oma antavat toetust? ", "Kas komisjon esitab 2008. ", "aasta sügisel esialgse ajakava ühinemisläbirääkimiste lõpuleviimiseks 2009. ", "aastal, eeldusel et Horvaatia täidab asjakohased kriteeriumid?", "\nOlli Rehn\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Proua juhataja, hr Posselt, hr Crowley ja hr Ebner on kõik küsinud Horvaatiaga peetavate ühinemisläbirääkimiste seisu kohta ning ma saan nendele küsimustele anda ühise vastuse.", "\nNeed läbirääkimised Horvaatiaga edenevad üldiselt hästi. ", "Seni on 35st läbiräägitavast peatükist avatud 18 ja me oleme nendest peatükkidest sulgenud 2. ", "Mis puutub avamiskriteeriumidesse, siis on kehtestatud 11 kriteeriumikogumit. ", "Komisjoni hinnangul on kriteeriumid täidetud 7 juhul 11st. ", "Nende 7 osas arutavad liikmesriigid praegu nõukogus meie soovitusi või on koostamisel läbirääkimisseisukohad. ", "Ülejäänud peatükkide suhtes, nagu konkurentsipoliitika ja riigihanked, kehtestas liit avamiskriteeriumid juba 2006. ", "aasta esimesel poolel - see on kaks aastat tagasi. ", "Kuid Horvaatia on nende avamiskriteeriumite täitmiseks vajalike meetmete võtmisel olnud aeglane.", "\nHorvaatia tegeleb ikka veel kohtumõistmis- ja põhiõiguste peatüki avamiskriteeriumidega, sest selles vallas on palju raskeid ülesandeid, nagu justiitsreform, võitlus korruptsiooni vastu ja pagulaste naasmine.", "\nKuigi Horvaatia on teinud head tööd 16 võtmepeatükiga kooskõla saavutamisel, kus kehtivad sulgemiskriteeriumid, ei ole Horvaatia praeguseks teinud piisavalt, et täita kõiki sulgemiskriteeriume üheski neist 16 peatükist. ", "Arvestades ülejäänud tingimusi, mis on Horvaatial veel täitmata, oleks ebarealistlik eeldada, et ühinemisläbirääkimised võiksid lõpule jõuda käesoleval, 2008. ", "aastal. ", "Sellegipoolest on Horvaatia teinud üldiselt suuri edusamme, mistõttu võib 2008 olla otsustavaks aastaks Horvaatia ELiga ühinemise läbirääkimistel. ", "Eeldusel, et Horvaatia täidab mõningad tingimused, esitab komisjon selle sügise laienemispaketis näitliku ajavaka või tingimusliku tegevuskava muude tehniliste läbirääkimiste lõpuleviimiseks 2009. ", "aastal.", "\nEsimene täidetav tingimus on, et Horvaatia peaks täitma kõik avamiskriteeriumid käesoleva aasta juuniks, s.o järgmiseks kuuks. ", "Teiseks, Horvaatia peab täitma kõik stabiliseerimis- ja ühinemiskokkuleppest tulenevad õiguslikud kohustused ning samuti jätkama stabiliseerimis- ja ühinemisprotsessi üldiste tingimuste täitmist. ", "Ja kolmandaks, Horvaatia peab kiiremas korras parandama PHARE- ja IPA-programmide kohase ELi rahalise abi omapoolset haldamist.", "\nKomisjoni president jätkab Horvaatiale märkimisväärse rahalise ja tehnilise abi andmist, et aidata Horvaatial täita ELi liikmeks saamise eeldused. ", "Kui Horvaatia on avamis- ja sulgemiskriteeriumite täitmisel teinud piisavaid edusamme, koostab ja esitab komisjon liikmesriikidele aegsasti vajalikud soovitused valitsustevahelisel konverentsil võetavate seisukohtade tarvis. ", "Seega, lühidalt öeldes määrab Horvaatia Euroopa Liidu suunas liikumise kiiruse lõppude lõpuks tema enda võime täita kõik vajalikud tingimused. ", "Sestap saame töötada ja edasi liikuda Horvaatia enda saavutuste põhjal.", "\nBernd Posselt\n(DE) Volinik, te teate minu seisukohta - kui valitseks õiglus, oleks Horvaatia pidanud saama liikmeks juba ammu.", "\nKuid ma ei väljenda siin oma isiklikku seisukohta, vaid selle parlamendi oma. ", "Parlament ütles, et läbirääkimised tuleks lõpule viia hiljemalt 2009. ", "aastaks. ", "Oma kohtumisel Horvaatias paar nädalat tagasi ütles parlamentaarne ühiskomitee, et kõik peatükid tuleks avada Sloveenia eesistumise ajal ja sulgeda Prantsusmaa või hiljemalt Tšehhi Vabariigi eesistumise ajal. ", "Kas komisjon usub, et see ajakava on realistlik, ja mida ta kavatseb asjade kiirendamiseks teha?", "\nBrian Crowley\nProua juhataja, sooviksin volinikku vastuse eest tänada.", "\nKaks asja. ", "Esiteks, seoses kohtumõistmis- ja põhiõiguste peatükiga, kus tundub läbirääkimistel olevat palju raskusi: kuidas saame me Horvaatial kõige paremini aidata selles suunas edasi liikuda?", "\nTeiseks, seoses PHARE-programmi raha jaotamise ja haldamisega: kus peituvad suurimad karid, millest Horvaatia finantshaldussüsteem peab mööda saama?", "\nKolmandaks, naastes oma kolleegi, Bernd Posselti öeldu juurde, arvamise me, et oli ju kokku lepitud, et need viiakse lõpule väga kiiresti. ", "Kui 17 peatükki on veel läbirääkimiseks avamata, siis kuidas saame me edasi liikuda soovitud kiirusel?", "\nOlli Rehn\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Tänan teid nende väga asjakohaste ja tähtsate lisaküsimuste eest. ", "Komisjon tegeleb Horvaatiaga nii, nagu ta tegeleks mis tahes muu kandidaatriigiga, mistõttu me järgime läbirääkimisraamistikku, mille nõukogu ja liikmesriigid üksmeelselt vastu võtsid.", "\nMeie ülesanne ja kohustus on jälgida edusamme kriteeriumide täitmisel meie üsna uue kriteeriumite metoodika põhjal, mis töötati välja ja võeti vastu 2006. ", "aasta lõpus - parlamendi väga suure toetusega - et parendada ELiga ühinemise protsessi kvaliteeti. ", "See tähendab, et kui riik on võimeline avame ühe kriteeriumi ja seejärel sama kriteeriumi sulgema, siis on ta tõestanud, et ta on vastavates küsimustes piisavalt edusamme teinud.", "\nEsitan teile ühe väga üksikasjaliku näite: selleks on Horvaatia laevaehitussektor. ", "Me ootame, et Horvaatia esitaks väga kindlapiirilise ümberkorraldusstrateegia kogu sektori kohta, samuti iga asjakohase laevatehase kohta selle sektoris.", "\nHiljuti kohtusid Horvaatia asepeaminister ja minu kolleeg Neelie Kroes, Euroopa konkurentsivolinik, et analüüsida asjade seisu selles vallas. ", "Me ootame ikka veel Horvaatia ametivõimudelt mõnevõrra veenvamat tegutsemist, mis näitaks, et Horvaatia suudab oma laevaehitussektori korralikult ümber korraldada, et me saaksime edasi liikuda konkurentsipoliitika vallas, kus riigiabi on väga oluline kriteerium.", "\nSeda näitamaks, et kriteeriumide täitmine on tegelikult Horvaatia valitsuse ja ametivõimude kätes. ", "Me oleme alati teadnud, et mõned kriteeriumid kujutavad endast suuremat väljakutset kui teised, ning komisjon on Horvaatiat ergutanud usinalt töötama, et täita neid raskeid kriteeriume, eriti justiitsreformi vallas, millele viitas hr Crowley, kuid ka laevaehituses, mida ma mainisin.", "\nMis puutub justiitsreformi, siis me anname Horvaatiale ühinemiseelse rahastamisvahendi institutsioonide loomise osa raames õiguslikku ja tehnilist abi. ", "Me soodustame mestimist ning loomulikult pakume Horvaatiale oma eriteadmisi. ", "Liikmesriigid teostavad ka vastastikuseid eksperdihinnanguid, mis on olulised hindamaks, kas Horvaatia liigub selles vallas jõudsalt edasi.", "\nSeega, kokkuvõttes läheb meil läbirääkimisel üldiselt hästi. ", "Läbirääkimiste kiirus sõltub sisuliselt nende otsustavate reformide kiirusest, et Horvaatia saaks esmalt täita avamis- ja seejärel sulgemiskriteeriumid.", "\nTeema: Endise Jugoslaavia Makedoonia Vabariigi (EJMV) edusammud Euroopa Liiduga ühinemise suunas\nNATO tippkohtumisel Brüsselis 5. ", "märtsil 2008 peetud pressikonverentsil ütles laienemise eest vastutav volinik, hr Rehn, et Kreeka ja EJMV suutmatus jõuda kokkuleppele EJMV nime suhtes mõjutaks kahjulikult EJMV ühinemist Euroopa Liiduga. ", "EL soovib julgustada läbirääkimisi jätkama ÜRO egiidi all, et leida lähitulevikus vastastikku rahuldav lahendus selle riigi nime küsimusele. ", "Seega, milliseid meetmeid võtab komisjon, et soodustada läbirääkimiste jätkamist ja leida vastastikku rahuldav lahendus?", "\nOlli Rehn\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Proua juhataja, palun lubage mul selgitada, et 5. ", "märtsil ei osalenud ma NATO tippkohtumisel. ", "Ma võisin küll tahta, kuid ma ei osalenud NATO tippkohtumisel, nagu küsimuses ekslikult märgitud. ", "Selle asemel osalesin ka komisjoni koosolekul - meie iganädalasel koosolekul - ja sellel koosolekul võtsime me vastu komisjoni teatise pealkirjaga \"Lääne-Balkani riigid: ELi liikmeks saamise väljavaadete suurendamine\".", "\nSeejärel tegin ma pressikonverentsil selles küsimuses avalduse, millele auväärt parlamendiliige viitab. ", "Seoses sellega märkisin pressikonverentsil, et põhiküsimusele kulub palju poliitilist energiat. ", "Ma julgustasin mõlema riigi juhte leidma mõlemale poolele vastuvõetav lahendus. ", "Olen seda teinud nii avalikult kui ka eraviisiliselt.", "\nVastusena ühele küsimusele selgitasin, et ELi ühinemisprotsessiga seotud otsuseid teevad liikmesriigid ühehäälselt. ", "Seoses sellega väljendasin muret, et põhiküsimuse lahenduse puudumine võib kahjulikult mõjutada riigi ühinemisprotsessi.", "\nVõin teile kinnitada, et komisjon kutsub osalisi jätkuvalt üles põhiküsimuse lahendamiseks edasiviivalt tegutsema. ", "Siiski puuduvad komisjonil pädevus ja volitused sellisteks meetmeteks, mistõttu tuleks tegevust jätkata ÜRO egiidi all ÜRO Täitevnõukogu kahe tähtsa resolutsiooni raames, mis pärinevad aastast 1993.", "\nDimitrios Papadimoulis\n(EL) Proua juhataja, volinik, tänan teid vastuse eest, mis kinnitab teie Brüsselis tehtud avaldust. ", "Tänasin ka teid oma seda teemat puudutavas küsimuses 5. ", "märtsi pressikonverentsil.", "\nArvestades, et endise Jugoslaavia Makedoonia Vabariigi (EJMV) ühinemisväljavaateid käsitlevas resolutsioonis on Euroopa Parlament hiljuti tunnustanud vajadust läbirääkimisi kiirendada, et jõuda üldvastuvõetava lahenduseni, lubage mul küsida teilt järgmist: kas te kavatsete koos parlamendiga, teostades oma volitusi, astuda mingeid samme enne oma raporti koostamist sügisel?", "\nOlli Rehn\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Me ergutame jätkuvalt mõlemat asjaomast riiki leidma sellele kauakestnud - peaksin ütlema liiga kaua kestnud - probleemile lahendus. ", "Me usaldame täielikult ÜRO vahendajat, hr Nimitzit, kellel on selged volitused hõlbustada kahe osalise vahelisi läbirääkimisi ÜRO Julgeolekunõukogu kahe tähtsa 1993. ", "aasta resolutsiooni raames. ", "Seetõttu ei saa komisjon etendada vahendaja rolli. ", "Meil ei ole volitusi ega ka pädevust, kuid me ergutame mõlemat poolt rakendama edasiviivat lähenemisviisi, asjaga tegelema ja sellele lõpuks lahendust leidma.", "\nBernd Posselt\n(DE) Volinik, komisjonil ei ole mingit kohustust: ta on aluslepingute kaitsja. ", "Vahelepingus sätestatakse, et kahepoolsetel küsimustel ei tohi lasta saada takistuseks ühinemisele. ", "Tahtsin paluda teil seda kinnitada ja küsida, kas te olete täheldanud mingeid Makedoonia valitsuse jõupingutusi nende küsimuste lahendamiseks ja kas teie arvates on Makedoonia viimastel kuudel teinud edusamme.", "\nOlli Rehn\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Minu arvates on teil tõepoolest õigus selles, et see riik on umbes viimase poole aasta jooksul teinud jõudsaid edusamme mõningate otsustava tähtsusega reformide osas, nagu justiitsreform ja avaliku halduse reform, samuti politseiõiguse rakendamise vallas.", "\nTegelikult, märtsi teatises kehtestasime põhitingimuste ja -prioriteetide alusel kaheksa ühinemispartnerluse kriteeriumi, mis peegeldavad vajalikke reforme, mida endine Jugoslaavia Makedoonia Vabariik meie eelduste kohaselt teostada suudab, saavutades seeläbi piisavat edu, et saaksime oma sügiseses aruandes esitada soovituse alustada ühinemisläbirääkimisi.", "\nSee sõltub reformialase töö konkreetsetest tulemustest ning loomulikult kajastame me seda oma eduaruandes, mis on hetkel koostamisel.", "\nSooviksin tähelepanu juhtida asjaolule, et ühinemisläbirääkimiste alustamisel ja komisjoni soovituse vastuvõtmisel kehtib nõukogus kõikide ELi liikmesriikide ühehäälsuse nõue, mistõttu, isegi kui me vaatleme seda kahepoolse küsimusena, peame seda arvesse võtma kui poliitilist tegelikkust.", "\nMis puutub meie soovitusse, siis see sõltub ainuüksi endine Jugoslaavia Makedoonia Vabariigi edusammudest reformide tegelikul rakendamisel.", "\nTeema: Küprosel asuva Türgi armee ELi-poolne rahastamine\nMeedia väitel on EL rahastanud Türgi armeed 13 miljoni euro ulatuses.", "\nKas komisjon võib kinnitada, et Türgi armeed on tegelikkuses rahastatud Euroopa vahenditest? ", "Kui jah, siis milliseid vahendeid ja projekte see hõlmas ja kui pika ajavahemiku vältel? ", "Kui palju raha Türgi armee kokku sai? ", "Kes algatas selliseks rahastamiseks loa andmise? ", "Kas komisjon kavatseb tulevikus jätkata Türgi armee rahastamist?", "\nOlli Rehn\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Mul on väga hea meel sellele küsimusele vastata, sest saan teha väga lühidalt. ", "Euroopa Liit ei ole Küprosel asuval Türgi armeele raha andnud, nagu auväärt parlamendiliikme küsimuse pealkiri mõista annab.", "\nÜhinemiseelse programmi - IPA - raames toetab Euroopa Liit Türgi projekti nimetusega ”Ajateenijate kodanikukoolitus” ja seda projekti teostatakse hoopis Türgis, mitte Küprosel. ", "Selle projekti eesmärk on Türgi relvajõudude kaudu koolitada oma sõjaväeteenistust läbivaid ajateenijaid inimõiguste, soolise võrdõiguslikkuse, naiste õiguste, laste õiguste, keskkonnakaitse, üldise tervishoiu ja uimastisõltuvuse vastase võitluse vallas: minu arvates on need kõik väga head teemad ning selle saavutamisele ongi see programm nimetusega ”Ajateenijate kodanikukoolitus” Türgis suunatud.", "\nPhilip Claeys\n(NL) Sooviksin tänada volinikku vastuse eest, kuid mul on selles suhtes kaks lühikest küsimust. ", "Ennekõike, kuidas selgitab komisjon selliste asjade kajastamist ajakirjanduses? ", "See teave pärineb ühest ajakirjandusülevaatest ja minu arvates oli nii öeldud ühes Türgi-Küprose väljaandes.", "\nTeiseks, kuidas saab komisjon tagada, et Küprosel paiknevad Türgi väed ei saa mõnel viisil enda valdusse osa rahast, ja seega, et seda raha ei kasutata millekski muuks kui ettenähtud otstarbel?", "\nOlli Rehn\nkomisjoni liige. - ", "Tõepoolest on tähtis, et me kõrvaldame müüdid faktide abil ning kõrvaldame arusaamatused, esitades üksikasjalikku ja erapooletut faktilist teavet. ", "Seetõttu olen väga tänulik, et auväärt parlamendiliige on selle küsimuse esitanud.", "\nTegelikult, vastates teie küsimusele, mida ma just tegin, olen ma kindel, et me suudame nüüd esitada fakte, mis kõrvaldavad need arusaamatused meedias, millele hr Claeys viitas.", "\nNagu ma ütlesin, projekti teostavad Türgis Türgi relvajõud, mistõttu peaks see andma selgus auväärt parlamendiliikme tõstatatud küsimuses selle projekti ja programmi teostuskoha kohta.", "\nJuhataja\nKüsimustele, millele ajapuuduse tõttu ei jõutud vastata, vastatakse kirjalikult (vt lisa).", "\nJuhataja. - ", "Sellega on infotund lõppenud.", "\n(Istung peatati kell 19.55 ja see jätkus kell 21.00)\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "EuroParl" }

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[ "Q:\n\niPhone control an app from another iPhone\n\nI have a request from a client to do an Enterprise app.", "\nThe app itself is fairly straight forward, but they want user to be able to request help from admin. ", "When right are granted, Admin will be able to controller the user app from his/her app. ", "\nI am really stuck on how would I go about doing this. ", "I listed some steps that I think are needed but it is a best guess.", "\n1 user/admin established a secure Authentication \n1.1 user request help with random number generate\n1.2 admin got the number via phone or sms then input the gen number in his/her app to link this two app together\n2 user app steam screenshot of its app to the admin app\n3 admin app receives screenshots stream and show on admin screen\n4 admin app detect and steam UITouch events to user app\n5 user app listen to the steam UITouch events from admin and pass on to UIKit component\nany suggestion is welcome.", "\nThankz so much in advance \nPondd\n\nA:\n\nYou are looking for a VNC server. ", "The VNC protocol handles all the screen and interaction synchronization over the network.", "\nWhile there are a couple of VNC clients for the iPhone, I'm not aware of an open source server project. ", "So you'd have to do the port by yourself. ", "The authorization aspect is another task that VNC won't handle for you. ", "VNC has only simple name/password authorization, which you might use after the manual challenge response over telephone.", "\nIt might be difficult to do the VNC port in an App-Store compatible way (i.e. without using private APIs) since you'd have to generate UITouch events and insert them into the event stream.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "/*====================================================================*\n - Copyright (C) 2001 Leptonica. ", " All rights reserved.", "\n -\n - Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n - modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions\n - are met:\n - 1. ", "Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright\n - notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\n - 2. ", "Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above\n - copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following\n - disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials\n - provided with the distribution.", "\n -\n - THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS\n - ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT\n - LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR\n - A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. ", " IN NO EVENT SHALL ANY\n - CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,\n - EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,\n - PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR\n - PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY\n - OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING\n - NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS\n - SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", "\n *====================================================================*/\n\n/*\n * fcombautogen.c\n *\n * This program is used to generate the two files of dwa code for combs,\n * that are used in linear composite dwa operations for brick Sels.", "\n * If filename is not given, the files are:\n * dwacomb.<n>.c\n * dwacomblow.<n>.c\n * Otherwise they are:\n * <filename>.<n>.c\n * <filename>low.<n>.c\n * where <n> is the input index.", "\n * These two files, when compiled, are used to implement all\n * the composite dwa operations for brick Sels, that are\n * generated by selaAddDwaCombs().", "\n *\n * The library files dwacomp.2.c and dwacomblow.2.c were made\n * using <n> = 2.", "\n */\n\n#include \"allheaders.h\"\n\nint main(int argc,\n char **argv)\n{\nchar *filename;\nl_int32 index, ret;\nSELA *sela;\nstatic char mainName[] = \"fcombautogen\";\n\n if (argc !", "= 2 && argc !", "= 3)\n return ERROR_INT(\" Syntax: fcombautogen index <filename>\",\n mainName, 1);\n\n index = atoi(argv[1]);\n sela = selaAddDwaCombs(NULL);\n\n if (argc == 2)\n filename = stringNew(\"dwacomb\");\n else\n filename = argv[2];\n ret = fmorphautogen(sela, index, filename);\n\n if (argc == 2)\n lept_free(filename);\n selaDestroy(&sela);\n return ret;\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Stick Up For Yo’self: 5 Times You Need To Get Your Office-Based Assertiveness On\n\nSometimes speaking up is all it takes to set positive change in motion, so here are five times it's essential to make your voice heard...\n\n1 When you’re negotiating a pay rise\n\nAssertion and aggression are different things, and once you make that distinction in your own mind, your negotiating skills will vastly improve. ", "Take your lead from Jennifer Lawrence, who started pushing harder in salary discussions when she realised how much more her male co-stars were earning. “", "I realised every man I was working with definitely didn’t worry about being ‘difficult’ or ‘spoiled,’” she told Lenny earlier this year.", "\n\n2 When someone else keeps taking credit\n\nPrimary school playground tactics trickle up into the working world too, and there’s always going to be someone out there who’s happy to take praise for your million dollar idea. ", "Jessica Bennett, author of Feminist Fight Club, says it’s time to be the loudest person in a meeting for once. “", "Speak authoritatively, avoid the baby voice, and don’t apologise before you speak,” she advises.", "\n\n3 When you’ve been overlooked… yet again\n\nYou thought you were a shoe-in for that promotion, until Smug Sarah got the job instead. ", "It’s time to shout about your own worth, and fast. “", "Don’t assume your manager has a list of all your successes,” warns Paul Mullan. “", "If you’ve achieved or over-achieved on a target, let your boss know either in weekly team meetings or in a private email update,” he advises.", "\n\n4 When you’re overloaded with work\n\nCancelled another dinner plan to stay late at the office finishing that report you were landed with at 4.30pm? ", "Start introducing “no” into your work vocabulary, stat. “", "If you don’t fight your corner, no-one else will,” says Paul. “", "Delegate work if it’s getting too much, or simply ask for help,” he suggests.", "\n\n5 When you’re being bullied\n\nIf you feel you’re being mistreated or undermined repeatedly by someone at work, don’t stay silent. “", "If you feel comfortable doing so, communicate to the person that you find their behaviour unacceptable,” advises organisational psychologist Jessica Lee. “", "If the situation has gone too far, report the bullying to a manager or someone that you can trust,” she adds.", "\n\nThis article first appeared in STELLAR’s January/February issue. ", "Our March issue is on shelves now!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Tour Guide\n\nYoung, energetic, but most importantly, knowledgeable and entertaining,\nGarvan offers some of the greatest walking tours in Dublin, delivered with as\nmuch passion as good cheer. ", "Having over 200 tours under his belt, he knows all\nthe main sites and most of the hidden ones ;)\n\nHistory told in actions\n\nGarvan offers tours of Dublin city that will leave you as informed as a\nDubliner and as inspired an Irish poet. ", "Not simply sightseeing tours, Garvan’s\ntours, with a huge mixture of succinct historical and social summaries, Irish\nwit, epic prose, funny observations, theatrical performance, and usually a song\nand poem thrown in for good measure, are perfect for groups, especially school\ngroups. ", "With a very easy to understand, soft, light Donegal accent, Garvan and\nhis words pose little trouble to those coming from non-English-speaking\ncountries.", "\n\nWith a degree in Medieval Irish and Celtic Studies, his background is\ndeeply historical, but his personality and style is deeply passionate,\nengaging, entertaining, funny and high-spirited, with a bit of the theatrical\noccasionally thrown in for good measure!", "\n\nIn front of Christchurch Cathedral\n\nTours range from the standard Dublin City Tour (which is well above the\nstandard!) ", "to haunted tours(!), ", "tours focusing on literary and musical aspects\n(including treats such as the great singing of ballads and reciting of poetry),\nrich Irish Mythology and stories, the Irish language, the fighting Irish, and\nthe legacy the Irish people have left to the world.", "\n\nSo, if you’re planning a trip to Dublin or if you’re here already, just\ngive him a quick email or call and he’ll be delighted to show you about the\nplace. ", "See you in a few hours!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "#\n# The Python Imaging Library\n# $Id$\n#\n# JPEG2000 file handling\n#\n# History:\n# 2014-03-12 ajh Created\n#\n# Copyright (c) 2014 Coriolis Systems Limited\n# Copyright (c) 2014 Alastair Houghton\n#\n# See the README file for information on usage and redistribution.", "\n#\nfrom . ", "import Image, ImageFile\nimport struct\nimport os\nimport io\n\n__version__ = \"0.1\"\n\n\ndef _parse_codestream(fp):\n \"\"\"Parse the JPEG 2000 codestream to extract the size and component\n count from the SIZ marker segment, returning a PIL (size, mode) tuple.\"\"\"", "\n\n hdr = fp.read(2)\n lsiz = struct.unpack('>H', hdr)[0]\n siz = hdr + fp.read(lsiz - 2)\n lsiz, rsiz, xsiz, ysiz, xosiz, yosiz, xtsiz, ytsiz, \\\n xtosiz, ytosiz, csiz \\\n = struct.unpack('>HHIIIIIIIIH', siz[:38])\n ssiz = [None]*csiz\n xrsiz = [None]*csiz\n yrsiz = [None]*csiz\n for i in range(csiz):\n ssiz[i], xrsiz[i], yrsiz[i] \\\n = struct.unpack('>BBB', siz[36 + 3 * i:39 + 3 * i])\n\n size = (xsiz - xosiz, ysiz - yosiz)\n if csiz == 1:\n if (yrsiz[0] & 0x7f) > 8:\n mode = 'I;16'\n else:\n mode = 'L'\n elif csiz == 2:\n mode = 'LA'\n elif csiz == 3:\n mode = 'RGB'\n elif csiz == 4:\n mode = 'RGBA'\n else:\n mode = None\n\n return (size, mode)\n\n\ndef _parse_jp2_header(fp):\n \"\"\"Parse the JP2 header box to extract size, component count and\n color space information, returning a PIL (size, mode) tuple.\"\"\"", "\n\n # Find the JP2 header box\n header = None\n while True:\n lbox, tbox = struct.unpack('>I4s', fp.read(8))\n if lbox == 1:\n lbox = struct.unpack('>Q', fp.read(8))[0]\n hlen = 16\n else:\n hlen = 8\n\n if lbox < hlen:\n raise SyntaxError('Invalid JP2 header length')\n\n if tbox == b'jp2h':\n header = fp.read(lbox - hlen)\n break\n else:\n fp.seek(lbox - hlen, os.", "SEEK_CUR)\n\n if header is None:\n raise SyntaxError('could not find JP2 header')\n\n size = None\n mode = None\n bpc = None\n nc = None\n\n hio = io.", "BytesIO(header)\n while True:\n lbox, tbox = struct.unpack('>I4s', hio.read(8))\n if lbox == 1:\n lbox = struct.unpack('>Q', hio.read(8))[0]\n hlen = 16\n else:\n hlen = 8\n\n content = hio.read(lbox - hlen)\n\n if tbox == b'ihdr':\n height, width, nc, bpc, c, unkc, ipr \\\n = struct.unpack('>IIHBBBB', content)\n size = (width, height)\n if unkc:\n if nc == 1 and (bpc & 0x7f) > 8:\n mode = 'I;16'\n elif nc == 1:\n mode = 'L'\n elif nc == 2:\n mode = 'LA'\n elif nc == 3:\n mode = 'RGB'\n elif nc == 4:\n mode = 'RGBA'\n break\n elif tbox == b'colr':\n meth, prec, approx = struct.unpack('>BBB', content[:3])\n if meth == 1:\n cs = struct.unpack('>I', content[3:7])[0]\n if cs == 16: # sRGB\n if nc == 1 and (bpc & 0x7f) > 8:\n mode = 'I;16'\n elif nc == 1:\n mode = 'L'\n elif nc == 3:\n mode = 'RGB'\n elif nc == 4:\n mode = 'RGBA'\n break\n elif cs == 17: # grayscale\n if nc == 1 and (bpc & 0x7f) > 8:\n mode = 'I;16'\n elif nc == 1:\n mode = 'L'\n elif nc == 2:\n mode = 'LA'\n break\n elif cs == 18: # sYCC\n if nc == 3:\n mode = 'RGB'\n elif nc == 4:\n mode = 'RGBA'\n break\n\n if size is None or mode is None:\n raise SyntaxError(\"Malformed jp2 header\")\n\n return (size, mode)\n\n##\n# Image plugin for JPEG2000 images.", "\n\n\nclass Jpeg2KImageFile(ImageFile.", "ImageFile):\n format = \"JPEG2000\"\n format_description = \"JPEG 2000 (ISO 15444)\"\n\n def _open(self):\n sig = self.fp.read(4)\n if sig == b'\\xff\\x4f\\xff\\x51':\n self.codec = \"j2k\"\n self.size, self.mode = _parse_codestream(self.fp)\n else:\n sig = sig + self.fp.read(8)\n\n if sig == b'\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x0cjP \\x0d\\x0a\\x87\\x0a':\n self.codec = \"jp2\"\n self.size, self.mode = _parse_jp2_header(self.fp)\n else:\n raise SyntaxError('not a JPEG 2000 file')\n\n if self.size is None or self.mode is None:\n raise SyntaxError('unable to determine size/mode')\n\n self.reduce = 0\n self.layers = 0\n\n fd = -1\n length = -1\n\n try:\n fd = self.fp.fileno()\n length = os.fstat(fd).st_size\n except:\n fd = -1\n try:\n pos = self.fp.tell()\n self.fp.seek(0, 2)\n length = self.fp.tell()\n self.fp.seek(pos, 0)\n except:\n length = -1\n\n self.tile = [('jpeg2k', (0, 0) + self.size, 0,\n (self.codec, self.reduce, self.layers, fd, length))]\n\n def load(self):\n if self.reduce:\n power = 1 << self.reduce\n adjust = power >> 1\n self.size = (int((self.size[0] + adjust) / power),\n int((self.size[1] + adjust) / power))\n\n if self.tile:\n # Update the reduce and layers settings\n t = self.tile[0]\n t3 = (t[3][0], self.reduce, self.layers, t[3][3], t[3][4])\n self.tile = [(t[0], (0, 0) + self.size, t[2], t3)]\n\n return ImageFile.", "ImageFile.load(self)\n\n\ndef _accept(prefix):\n return (prefix[:4] == b'\\xff\\x4f\\xff\\x51' or\n prefix[:12] == b'\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x0cjP \\x0d\\x0a\\x87\\x0a')\n\n\n# ------------------------------------------------------------\n# Save support\n\ndef _save(im, fp, filename):\n if filename.endswith('.j2k'):\n kind = 'j2k'\n else:\n kind = 'jp2'\n\n # Get the keyword arguments\n info = im.encoderinfo\n\n offset = info.get('offset', None)\n tile_offset = info.get('tile_offset', None)\n tile_size = info.get('tile_size', None)\n quality_mode = info.get('quality_mode', 'rates')\n quality_layers = info.get('quality_layers', None)\n num_resolutions = info.get('num_resolutions', 0)\n cblk_size = info.get('codeblock_size', None)\n precinct_size = info.get('precinct_size', None)\n irreversible = info.get('irreversible', False)\n progression = info.get('progression', 'LRCP')\n cinema_mode = info.get('cinema_mode', 'no')\n fd = -1\n\n if hasattr(fp, \"fileno\"):\n try:\n fd = fp.fileno()\n except:\n fd = -1\n\n im.encoderconfig = (\n offset,\n tile_offset,\n tile_size,\n quality_mode,\n quality_layers,\n num_resolutions,\n cblk_size,\n precinct_size,\n irreversible,\n progression,\n cinema_mode,\n fd\n )\n\n ImageFile._save(im, fp, [('jpeg2k', (0, 0)+im.size, 0, kind)])\n\n# ------------------------------------------------------------\n# Registry stuff\n\n\nImage.register_open(Jpeg2KImageFile.format, Jpeg2KImageFile, _accept)\nImage.register_save(Jpeg2KImageFile.format, _save)\n\nImage.register_extensions(Jpeg2KImageFile.format, [\".jp2\", \".j2k\", \".jpc\", \".jpf\", \".jpx\", \".j2c\"])\n\nImage.register_mime(Jpeg2KImageFile.format, 'image/jp2')\nImage.register_mime(Jpeg2KImageFile.format, 'image/jpx')\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat does high fault coverage digital vector at an IC module mean?", "\n\nI'm reading some specification docs on some integrated circuits and I came a cross this definition which I'm trying to understand.", "\n\nThis provide the capability of running high fault coverage digital\n vectors at IC module\n\nA:\n\nFault coverage is the percentage of the logic gates on a digital (part of) an IC which can be tested. ", "So a 90 % fault coverage means that 90 % of the gates can be tested and 10 % cannot.", "\nOf course 100 % fault coverage is ideal but this is not always feasible.", "\nThis test is done using test vectors which are patterns of ones and zeros which are fed into the IC usually via a JTAG port.", "\nSuch a test is performed by the IC's manufacturer in order to guarantee proper operation of the IC.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0002040816326530612, 0, 0.0000252518875785965, 0, 0, 0.000192, 0.0002, 0 ]

[ "Contrast mechanisms in polarization-sensitive Mueller-matrix optical coherence tomography and application in burn imaging.", "\nWe investigate the various contrast mechanisms provided by polarization-sensitive (PS) Mueller-matrix optical coherence tomography (OCT). ", "Our PS multichannel Mueller-matrix OCT is the first, to our knowledge, to offer simultaneously comprehensive polarization-contrast mechanisms, including the amplitude of birefringence, the orientation of birefringence, and the diattenuation in addition to the polarization-independent intensity contrast, all of which can be extracted from the measured Jones or the equivalent Mueller matrix. ", "Theoretical analysis shows that when diattenuation is negligible, the round-trip Jones matrix represents a linear retarder, which is the foundation of conventional PS-OCT, and can be calculated with a single incident polarization state, although the one-way Jones matrix generally represents an elliptical retarder; otherwise, two incident polarization states are needed. ", "The experimental results obtained from rat skin samples, which conform well with the histology, show that Mueller OCT provides complementary structural and functional information on biological samples and reveal that polarization contrast is more sensitive to thermal degeneration of biological tissue than amplitude-based contrast. ", "Thus, Mueller OCT has significant potential for application in the noninvasive assessment of burn depth." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.00006718624025799517, 0.00005175715542673775, 0.000019423887496843618, 0.000021678806798473812, 0, 0 ]

[ "I have seen this woman before in other pics – I have worked in CS for 35 years in the FAC, many local schools and colleges, Manitou Historical Society/Miramont Castle – she looks familiar – Do you know if she is from here? – ", "and where did you find this CS? ", "Manitou? ", "Woodland Park? ", "colorado college?" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.00003950617283950617, 0.0009765625, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Introduction {#acn3407-sec-0005}\n============\n\nAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, of which cognitive and behavior impairment are core features.[1](#acn3407-bib-0001){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [2](#acn3407-bib-0002){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [3](#acn3407-bib-0003){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [4](#acn3407-bib-0004){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [5](#acn3407-bib-0005){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [6](#acn3407-bib-0006){ref-type=\"ref\"} Executive dysfunction is present in up to 50% of ALS patients, alongside behavioral features associated with frontotemporal dementia (FTD).[7](#acn3407-bib-0007){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [8](#acn3407-bib-0008){ref-type=\"ref\"} Approximately 13--15% of ALS patients presenting with severe behavior change meet consensus criteria for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD),[9](#acn3407-bib-0009){ref-type=\"ref\"} which negatively impacts on patient survival.[7](#acn3407-bib-0007){ref-type=\"ref\"}\n\nBehavior change is underreported within the ALS literature,[8](#acn3407-bib-0008){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [9](#acn3407-bib-0009){ref-type=\"ref\"} as studies often lack a robust methodological design to infer generalizable results.[10](#acn3407-bib-0010){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [11](#acn3407-bib-0011){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [12](#acn3407-bib-0012){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [13](#acn3407-bib-0013){ref-type=\"ref\"} A recent systematic review of 21 studies found that mild to moderate behavioral changes are present in 17%--88% of ALS patients without overt dementia.[4](#acn3407-bib-0004){ref-type=\"ref\"} The most commonly reported behavior changes in ALS patients are apathy, which is present in up to 60% of patients,[12](#acn3407-bib-0012){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [14](#acn3407-bib-0014){ref-type=\"ref\"} followed by disinhibition[15](#acn3407-bib-0015){ref-type=\"ref\"} and irritability. ", "Direct comparisons of ALS and bvFTD patients suggest that behavioral symptoms are significantly less frequent in ALS,[16](#acn3407-bib-0016){ref-type=\"ref\"} though changes in behavior are qualitatively similar between the two groups.[15](#acn3407-bib-0015){ref-type=\"ref\"} However, significant correlations between executive dysfunction and behavioral change have been found[12](#acn3407-bib-0012){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [13](#acn3407-bib-0013){ref-type=\"ref\"} and comorbidity of symptoms is reported.[9](#acn3407-bib-0009){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [17](#acn3407-bib-0017){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [18](#acn3407-bib-0018){ref-type=\"ref\"} Behavior changes are also shown to occur independently of cognitive dysfunction.[19](#acn3407-bib-0019){ref-type=\"ref\"}\n\nThe anatomical degeneration of cortical regions associated with behavioral regulation has been documented in ALS studies[20](#acn3407-bib-0020){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [21](#acn3407-bib-0021){ref-type=\"ref\"} and have included orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate,[19](#acn3407-bib-0019){ref-type=\"ref\"} and prefrontal cortical regions.[22](#acn3407-bib-0022){ref-type=\"ref\"} Extensive extramotor pathology has also been demonstrated in ALS cohorts with no detectable behavioral or cognitive change, which most likely reflects presymptomatic gray matter alterations.[23](#acn3407-bib-0023){ref-type=\"ref\"} Multi‐parametric imaging studies of the *C9orf72* genotype demonstrate orbitofrontal, Broca\\'s area, and cingulate pathology, as well as marked white matter degeneration in the genu of the corpus callosum.[24](#acn3407-bib-0024){ref-type=\"ref\"} Correlative imaging studies of behavioral change in ALS demonstrated that apathy scores correlate with bilateral orbitofrontal cortex atrophy, decreased frontal fractional anisotropy,[21](#acn3407-bib-0021){ref-type=\"ref\"} and accumbens nucleus atrophy.[25](#acn3407-bib-0025){ref-type=\"ref\"} Notwithstanding, there have been few population‐based studies of sufficient magnitude to definitively subcategorize behavioral subphenotypes in ALS, and to determine whether severity of behavioral change affect clinical outcome.", "\n\nThe aims of this study were to examine behavioral change in a large population‐based cohort of ALS patients using a recently validated behavioral instrument[26](#acn3407-bib-0026){ref-type=\"ref\"}, to determine whether distinct subphenotypes of behavioral change can be discerned based on known patterns of network disruption, to consider the cognitive predictors of behavioral change, to investigate whether behavioral change correlate with clinical parameters of disease, and to examine the impact of behavioral change on survival.", "\n\nMaterial and Methods {#acn3407-sec-0006}\n====================\n\nParticipants {#acn3407-sec-0007}\n------------\n\nRecruitment of ALS patients (*n* = 317) and healthy controls (*n* = 66) was undertaken using both clinic‐based recruitment, and through the Irish ALS Register.[27](#acn3407-bib-0027){ref-type=\"ref\"} Recruitment protocols have been described previously in detail.[6](#acn3407-bib-0006){ref-type=\"ref\"} A subcohort of patients underwent neuropsychological assessment outlined in detail in Table [1](#acn3407-tbl-0001){ref-type=\"table-wrap\"}. ", "All patients were tested within 7.66 ± 10.54 months of diagnosis, and 22.09 ± 16.07 months of first symptom (See Table [2](#acn3407-tbl-0002){ref-type=\"table-wrap\"} for further details). ", "Clinical stage was estimated using the King\\'s Staging Criteria.[28](#acn3407-bib-0028){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [29](#acn3407-bib-0029){ref-type=\"ref\"} Matched healthy controls were recruited as part of a volunteer network (*n* = 66). ", "Inclusion criterion included possible, probable or definite ALS based on the revised El Escorial Criteria[30](#acn3407-bib-0030){ref-type=\"ref\"} with supported neurophysiology. ", "Exclusion criteria included neurological conditions associated with cognitive or behavioral change, and/or high dose psychotropic medications. ", "Patients with a diagnosis of ALS‐FTD were included; however, FTD patients without overt symptomatology of ALS were not included in this study. ", "All but 9 of 317 patients were screened for the *C9orf72* expansion.", "\n\n###### \n\nDetails of the neuropsychological battery\n\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Executive dysfunction Impairment that is two SD below the mean for healthy controls on at least two executive tasks\n Stroop colour‐word Test \\(a\\) Priming trial: patients presented with a multi‐colored list of color names and asked to read as many words as they can in 2 min. (", "b) Inhibitory trial: a similar list is presented but color names (e.g., \"blue\") are printed in an ink color not denoted by the name (e.g., red). ", "Correct responses in two minutes are recorded\n Nonexecutive factors (including bulbar disability) contribute equally to both trials. ", "The difference in scores between the two trials represent the number of responses \"lost\" due to the delay imposed by the extra executive demands in the inhibitory trial \n Brixton spatial anticipation test A rule attainment‐based task whereby the rule in operation cannot be identified by any perceptually salient aspect of the stimuli. ", "It consists of pages showing the same basic array of 10 circles set in two rows of five, with each circle numbered from 1 to 10. ", "The changes in position are governed by a series of simple rules, which vary without warning.", "\n Backward digit span A measure of auditory attention and working memory. ", "This test is composed of trials where examinees are read strings of digits and are asked to repeat them back aloud. ", "The length of the digit strings is incrementally increased over successive trials\n Category fluency Patients were asked to name as many animals as they could think of in 1 min (spoken only)\n Phonemic verbal fluency Written/spoken, number of words starting with letter \"S\" generated in 5 min and number of four letter words starting with letter \"C\" generated in 4 min. ", "Verbal Fluency Index used to adjust for disability\n Memory dysfunction Impairment that is two SD below the mean for healthy controls on at least four\\* of the parameters highlighted using +\n Logical memory (LM) +LM1 (immediate recall), +LM2 (delayed recall) and +LM retention (retention)\n Verbal paired associate (VPA) +VPA1 (immediate recall), +VPA2 (delayed recall) and +VPA retention (retention)\n Auditory Delayed Recognition Task +Sum of total recognition scores on Logical Memory and Verbal Paired Associates\n California verbal learning tests +Total of five trials, +short delay free recall (immediate recall) +long delay free recall (delayed recall)\n Rey‐Osterrieth complex figure test Nonverbal memory: parameters used: +immediate and +delayed recall trials\n Language dysfunction Impairment that is two SD below the mean for healthy controls on this task\n Boston naming test \n Visuospatial dysfunction Impairment that is two SD below the mean for healthy controls on copy trial of this task\n Rey‐Osterrieth Complex Figure Test \n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd\n\n###### \n\nBaseline demographics of participants Mean ± SD\n\n Demographic variable Healthy controls (*N* = 66) ALS (*N* = 317) *P*\n ------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------- -------\n Age at assessment 61.39 ± 13.67 63.00 ± 11.13 0.333\n Males % 45% 51% 0.023\n Years of Education 13.51 ± 3.76 12.91 ± 3.77 0.252\n Disease onset (%) \n Spinal Onset -- 56.7 --\n Bulbar Onset -- 23.2 --\n Respiratory -- 2.9 --\n Time since diagnosis (months) -- 7.66 ± 10.54 --\n Disease duration (months) -- 22.09 ± 16.07 --\n Total ALSFRS‐R (±SD) -- 35.17 ± 7.88 \n Bulbar total -- 9.42 ± 2.96 --\n Spinal total -- 15.23 ± 5.88 --\n Respiratory total -- 10.51 ± 2.40 --\n Disease staging (as per King\\'s criteria) \n Stage 1 -- 21% --\n Stage 2 -- 18% --\n Stage 3 -- 14% --\n Stage 4 -- 47% --\n\nJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd\n\nAll participants provided written consent as per the approved protocol. ", "The work was approved by the Beaumont Hospital Ethics Committee and meets the standards and requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki.", "\n\nCognitive, behavioral, and functional assessment {#acn3407-sec-0008}\n------------------------------------------------\n\nA 41‐item proxy‐report behavioral questionnaire was administered to each participant in this study (The Beaumont Behavioural Inventory: BBI), which was custom designed and validated for use with ALS patients.[26](#acn3407-bib-0026){ref-type=\"ref\"} The BBI has high internal consistency (Cronbach\\'s = 0.89), and high sensitivity and specificity (87.9% and 78.8%, respectively) for identifying mild behavior change, and using a cut‐off score of 22.5 can identify ALS‐FTD (90% sensitivity; 96% specificity). ", "The presence of symptoms is graded on a scale of 1 to 3 (mild; moderate; severe). ", "The results are then categorized based on the total score (No Behavioral Dysfunction ≤6; Mild Behavioral Change 7‐22; Severe Behavioral Dysfunction ≥23).", "\n\nDetailed neuropsychological assessment data were available for a subcohort of participants (*n* = 65), who were assessed using an extensive battery of standardized neuropsychological measures (Table [1](#acn3407-tbl-0001){ref-type=\"table-wrap\"}) sensitive to cognitive changes in ALS, as part of a parallel study.[6](#acn3407-bib-0006){ref-type=\"ref\"} This cohort underwent cognitive testing as part of a larger study investigating cognitive dysfunction in a population‐based cohort of ALS patients. ", "These patients were recruited using the outlined protocol, and were incident‐based ALS patients.", "\n\nThe revised Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS‐R) is a clinically validated tool used to document disease progression over time and was utilized in this study to compare disease severity within patient groups.[31](#acn3407-bib-0031){ref-type=\"ref\"}\n\nStatistical analysis {#acn3407-sec-0009}\n--------------------\n\nConsidering the large cohort of ALS patients recruited to this study, Cronbach\\'s alpha was determined for the BBI as a means of validation. ", "Cronbach\\'s alpha was previously reported for the BBI at 0.89 as reported above. ", "Group comparisons were undertaken using independent sample t‐test and ANOVA. ", "Multiple comparisons were considered for all variables and analyses where relevant. ", "Logistic regression was used to investigate the value of cognitive scores in predicting behavioral impairment. ", "The predictive value of the model was estimated using the C‐statistic. ", "A linear regression was also employed to investigate the predictive value of cognitive outcome data, and measures of mood. ", "All tests were two‐tailed and alpha was set at 0.05. ", "IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.0 was used for analyses.", "\n\nFactor extraction {#acn3407-sec-0010}\n-----------------\n\nWith regard to statistical power, *n* = 100 is the recommended minimum number required to undertake a factor analysis.[32](#acn3407-bib-0032){ref-type=\"ref\"} However, five respondents per item has also been suggested.[33](#acn3407-bib-0033){ref-type=\"ref\"} Considering these data, a Kaiser‐Meyer‐Olkin (KMO) test yielded *P* = 0.824, suggesting that this study meets these three criteria for sufficient sample size.", "\n\nPrincipal Components Analysis (PCA) has been previously used within the literature on neurodegenerative diseases, that is, Huntington\\'s disease (HD), to examine behavioral clustering and identify factors/principal components of measurement tools.[34](#acn3407-bib-0034){ref-type=\"ref\"} PCA examines the interrelationship of variables, and an orthogonal varimax rotation was employed.[35](#acn3407-bib-0035){ref-type=\"ref\"} The method of PCA and varimax rotation was adopted for this study, due to the congruency between observed cognitive and behavioral changes within both HD and ALS,[36](#acn3407-bib-0036){ref-type=\"ref\"} as the varimax rotation aims to investigate and address the total variance accounted for by each item, rather than the degree to which each factor is correlated. ", "An oblique rotation method, such as direct oblimin (delta=0), differs in that it investigates the correlations between factors. ", "For completeness, an oblique rotation has been performed and is reported within the supplementary material which will identify the degree to which the factor structures correlate. ", "To decide upon the number of emerging factors, Kaiser\\'s criterion for factors with an eigenvalue of \\>1 was employed, in line with previously published studies investigating behavioral phenotypes in neurodegenerative diseases.[37](#acn3407-bib-0037){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [38](#acn3407-bib-0038){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [39](#acn3407-bib-0039){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [40](#acn3407-bib-0040){ref-type=\"ref\"} The generated scree plot associated with Kaiser\\'s criterion is available as supplementary information (Figure [S1](#acn3407-sup-0001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nResults {#acn3407-sec-0011}\n=======\n\nPrevalence of behavioral change {#acn3407-sec-0012}\n-------------------------------\n\nOf the total ALS cohort (*N* = 317), 180 patients (57%) had no behavioral dysfunction (BBI ≤6), 95 patients (30%) had mild‐moderate behavioral impairment (BBI = 7--22), and 42 patients (13%) had severe behavioral dysfunction (BBI ≥23) as illustrated in Figure [1](#acn3407-fig-0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Cronbach\\'s alpha was employed to investigate the reliability of the BBI total score. ", "Our findings are consistent with the validation of the BBI,[26](#acn3407-bib-0026){ref-type=\"ref\"} with Cronbach\\'s alpha = 0.906.", "\n\n{#acn3407-fig-0001}\n\nBulbar‐onset disease had no effect on overall behavioral impairment (*P* = 0.643) but was associated with higher rates of emotional lability (56.5% vs. 40.8%, *P* = 0.002). ", "No significant association between behavioral impairment and gender, site of onset, or disease duration, was observed.", "\n\nThe most frequently described new‐onset behavior in ALS was emotional lability (44%; *P* \\<* *0.001), followed by reduced concern for hygiene (36.8%; *P *\\<* *0.001), irritability (36.2%; *P *=* *0.002), new \"unusual habits\" (33.4%; *P *\\<* *0.001), and increased apathy (31.1%; *P *\\<* *0.001). ", "The classification of \"unusual habits\" was determined by caregivers, who outlined behaviors that were previously uncharacteristic of the person. ", "The remaining behavioral changes can be seen in Table [3](#acn3407-tbl-0003){ref-type=\"table-wrap\"}, alongside the caregiver endorsement of mild, moderate, and severe change.", "\n\n###### \n\nTotal ALS cohort\\'s behavioral change on BBI (*n* = 317)\n\n BBI symptom No change (%) Mild (%) Moderate (%) Severe (%)\n --------------------------------------- --------------- ---------- -------------- ------------\n **Increased irritability** 63.8 20.4 13.2 2.6\n **Less aware of physical senses** 84.1 6.3 8.3 1.3\n **Difficulties with conversation** 76.2 14.5 6.6 2.6\n **Not aware of mistakes** 75 14.1 7.9 3.0\n **Less reactive to difficulties** 68.9 12.9 13.6 4.6\n **Acts without thinking** 73 10.9 8.6 7.6\n **Emotional lability** 56 21.5 15.6 6.8\n **Lack of appropriate embarrassment** 77.5 13.2 6.6 2.6\n **Less Concerned about others** 80.3 10.5 4.3 4.9\n **More selfish behavior** 87.1 7.9 3.0 2.0\n **New unusual habits** 66.6 20.5 9.3 3.6\n **More withdrawn** 82.3 10.5 5.2 2.0\n **Perseverative speech** 81.4 13.1 4.6 1.0\n **Less concerned about hygiene** 63.2 22.4 7.9 6.6\n **More aggressive** 83.6 9.2 5.2 2.0\n Obsessive Counting 96.4 2.6 0.3 0.7\n **Excessively storing food in mouth** 92.8 4.6 2.3 0.3\n **Eats much more** 89.5 6.5 3.6 0.3\n Hyperorality 97.7 1 1 0.3\n **Overly sensitive to stimuli** 71.9 15.7 10.1 2.3\n **New food preferences** 81.8 13 3.9 1.3\n **Less picky about food** 86.6 9.5 2.3 1.6\n **Difficulty with everyday language** 92.6 2.7 3.1 1.6\n Smokes more 92.6 2.7 3.1 1.6\n **Change in sexual interest** 85.9 5.2 3.3 5.6\n Sees/Hears Things/People 97.8 0.7 0.7 0.7\n New bizarre beliefs 95.6 1.5 2.9 0\n **Repetitious behavior** 82.6 9.8 4.6 3.0\n **Repeats phrases again and again** 88.8 5.3 4.0 2.0\n **Dislikes change in routine** 82.5 11.4 4.2 1.9\n **Seeks social contact** 89.5 5.2 4.2 1\n Constantly aligns things 88.8 6.6 3.3 1.3\n Overly concerned with neatness 95.7 2.3 2.0 0\n Constantly checking clocks etc. ", " 93.1 4.6 1.6 0.7\n **Shows less emotion** 84.3 8.5 4.6 2.6\n Acts inappropriately in public 94.4 2.6 2.6 0.3\n Developed unusual rituals 99.7 0.7 0 0\n Hoards, hides, or collects things 93.1 3.9 2.6 0.3\n Handles things for no reason 97.1 1.6 1 0.3\n **More distractible** 77.5 13.4 4.6 4.6\n Mimics/repeats words/phrases 93.1 4.0 1.3 1.7\n\nBold text implies significantly different to controls, at a group level, where *P* \\< 0.05. ", "These data were transposed to percentages for ease of viewing after analyses were conducted for significance.", "\n\nJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd\n\nWithin the patient cohort, ALS patients without behavioral impairment (*n* = 180), with mild behavioral impairment (*n* = 95), and severe behavioral impairment (*n* = 42) were stratified to investigate the most common types of behavior change. ", "Patients exhibiting *mild behavior change* were also reported to have emotional lability (57%), apathy (48%), and an altered sensory perception to external stimuli (41.1%), according to their primary caregiver. ", "This cohort further exhibited new‐onset unusual habits (44.7%) and less concern for hygiene (52.1%). ", "Patients with *severe behavioral impairment* were reported to be more apathetic (87.5%), not as aware of mistakes as before (82.5%), more impulsive (82.9%), and less responsive to others\\' needs (71.4%). ", "Through the itemization of the scale in Table [4](#acn3407-tbl-0004){ref-type=\"table-wrap\"}, it can be seen that many of the same new‐onset behaviors are endorsed across all groups, with higher frequency in the severely impaired group.", "\n\n###### \n\nALS cohort stratified by behavioral category, displaying % of endorsed items per group\n\n BBI symptom No behavior change (*n* = 180) Mild‐moderate behavioral change (*n* = 95) Clinically severe behavioral change (*n* = 42)\n ------------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------\n Increased irritability 35.7 32.6 46.3\n Less aware of physical senses 3.6 22.3 53.8\n Difficulties with conversation 7.7 36.8 60\n Not aware of mistakes 4.7 36.8 82.5\n Less reactive to difficulties 8.3 48.4 87.5\n Acts without thinking 7.7 36.8 82.9\n Emotional lability 28.7 57.4 76.2\n Lack of appropriate embarrassment 6.5 33 65\n Less concerned about others 0.6 30.5 71.4\n More selfish behavior 1.8 19.1 43.9\n New unusual habits 19.8 44.7 66.4\n More withdrawn 3.6 21.1 68.3\n Perseverative speech 6.5 26.3 51.2\n Less concerned about hygiene 17.2 52.1 82.9\n More aggressive 2.4 21.1 61.9\n Obsessive counting 0 3.2 20\n Excessively storing food in mouth 0 9.5 31\n Eats much more 5.9 13.7 22\n Hyperorality 0.6 0 14.6\n Overly sensitive to stimuli (Noise) 15.3 41.1 51.2\n New food preferences 5.3 33.7 35.7\n Less picky about food 1.8 26.3 31.7\n Difficulty with everyday language 8.4 27.7 65.9\n Smokes more 4.9 9.4 14.3\n Change in sexual interest 7.9 17.1 33.3\n Sees/Hears Things/People 0 3 11.8\n New bizarre beliefs 0 9.1 17.6\n Repetitious behavior 4.1 25.5 53.7\n Repeats phrases again and again 0 12.8 53.7\n Dislikes change in routine 4.1 25.6 54.8\n Seeks social contact 1.2 12.6 43.9\n Constantly aligns things 0.6 13.4 48.8\n Overly concerned with neatness 0.6 4.3 20\n Constantly checking clocks etc. ", " 0.6 8.5 29.3\n Shows less emotion 1.2 22.3 61\n Acts inappropriately in public 0 4.2 31.7\n Developed unusual rituals 0 1.1 2.6\n Hoards, hides, or collects things 0.6 6.3 35\n Handles things for no reason 0 0 22\n More distractible 4.7 35.8 65.9\n Mimics/Repeats Words/Phrases 0 5.3 39\n\nJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd\n\nALS patients were stratified by King\\'s Staging Criteria. ", "Behavioral reports were significantly different between King\\'s stages (*P *=* *0.016). ", "Post hoc analysis showed, on a group level, that caregivers of patients in Stage 4 reported significantly greater behavioral change in patients, compared to caregivers of patients in Stage 1. ", "The distribution of scores on a group level, stratified by severity of behavioral change can be seen in Figure [2](#acn3407-fig-0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\n{#acn3407-fig-0002}\n\nCognitive function as a predictor of behavior change {#acn3407-sec-0013}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nA subcohort of ALS patients underwent detailed cognitive evaluation (*n* = 65) as part of a parallel study investigating ALS patients\\' cognitive function. ", "All patients enrolled within the cognitive study, which was population‐based, who also completed the BBI were considered for this study. ", "Twenty‐four patients had evidence of single‐ or multi‐domain cognitive impairment (37%). ", "Of those who were cognitively intact (*n* = 41), 30% had evidence of mild‐moderate behavioral change (*n* = 12), with 7% reported to have severe behavioral impairment (*n* = 3). ", "Executive dysfunction was more likely to be an evidence in those with behavioral impairment (*P *=* *0.001). ", "Spearman correlation analyses revealed that patients exhibiting severe behavioral impairment performed poorly on the Stroop Colour‐Word Interference Task (*r* = −0.549, *P *\\<* *0.0001), VFI (*r* = 0.504, *P *\\<* *0.0001) and, to a lesser extent, the Brixton Spatial Anticipation task (*r* = −0.300, *P *=* *0.036). ", "The Brixton Spatial Anticipation task did not meet the more stringent cut‐off when controlling for multiple comparisons within the cognitive data. ", "Table [S1](#acn3407-sup-0003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} reports cognitive outcome data for this subcohort in greater detail, inclusive of significant and nonsignificant findings in relation to behavioral change.", "\n\nSevere behavioral impairment was significantly correlated with poor scores on The Reading the Mind in the Eye Test (RMET), which is a task of social cognition (*r* = −0.453, *P *=* *0.002). ", "A binary logistic regression model defined a predictive value of abnormal performance on measures of executive function, that is, the Stroop task, verbal fluency index, and RMET with the BBI as the outcome variable (*P *=* *0.011, C‐statistic = 0.794). ", "A significant predictor of behavioral dysfunction in this model was impaired performance on the RMET (*P *=* *0.031, odds ratio = 8.8, 95% CI: 1.2--63.7). ", "A linear regression model was then created to include cognitive outcome data, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS: Table [S1](#acn3407-sup-0003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The only significant predictor within the battery of tests was the RMET (*P *=* *0.031), yielding an individual R^2^ =  0.188, with the total battery yielding *R* ^2 ^= 0.616, when the BBI total sum score was the specific outcome variable. ", "Variables reported within Table [S1](#acn3407-sup-0003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} were included in the linear regression model.", "\n\nFactor analysis of the BBI {#acn3407-sec-0014}\n--------------------------\n\nAs shown in Table [5](#acn3407-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table-wrap\"}, utilizing patient data, five independent factors were identified using varimax rotation. ", "An oblique methodology was also employed using a direct oblimin rotation (delta = 0) which identified identical principle components within the factor structures, though the rank order of the factors differed (see Table [S2](#acn3407-sup-0003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Although the BBI focuses on dysexecutive behavior, Factor 1 identified in the model accounts for the greatest amount of variance, which describes a broad range of disinhibited items of the scale (i.e., acts without thinking; acts inappropriately; excessively stores food in mouth; and hyperorality), Factor 2 reflects a clustering of items related to an irregularity of reward and impulse control (i.e., eats much more, is less picky about food, smokes more, is more distractible, etc.). ", "Factor 3 reports dysexecutive behaviors (i.e., aggressive behavior, irritability, less concern about hygiene, and less concern for others). ", "Factor 4 details a group of behaviors focusing around cognitive rigidity (i.e., overly concerned with neatness, aligning things a certain way, checking clocks/switches). ", "Factor 5 is reflective of behavioral changes likely to be seen within ALS‐FTD, and are characterized by their neuropsychiatric nature (i.e., visual and auditory hallucinations, new bizarre beliefs, hoards/hides/collects things, and handles things for no apparent reason). ", "Many of the behaviors apparent in Factor 5 were represented within the *C9orf72‐*positive group. ", "Table [S3](#acn3407-sup-0003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} shows the breakdown between ALS patients and healthy controls based on the itemized loading onto factors within the BBI, and the comparative result. ", "See Figure [S2](#acn3407-sup-0002){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} for a behavioral schema of these factors.", "\n\n###### \n\nItem loading and relevant cross‐loading into five identified factors (varimax rotation)\n\n Beaumont behaviour inventory questions Identified BBI components \n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------- --------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------\n 1 Repeats words/sentences said by others **0.745** \n Not aware of mistakes **0.647** \n Excessively stores food in mouth **0.632** \n More withdrawn **0.607** 0.442 \n Lack of embarrassment **0.594** \n Acts without thinking **0.580** \n Difficulties with conversation **0.564** \n Difficulty with everyday language **0.550** 0.471 \n Less able to react to difficulties **0.549** \n Hyperorality **0.541** \n Repeats phrases again and again **0.520** 0.482 \n Acts inappropriately in public **0.481** \n Obsessive counting[a](#acn3407-note-0005){ref-type=\"fn\"} **0.306** \n Seeks social contact **0.672** \n Shows less emotion **0.623** \n More distractible/unable to concentrate **0.539** \n 2 New food preferences **0.502** \n Dislikes change in routine **0.448** \n Smokes more **0.415** \n Eats much more[a](#acn3407-note-0005){ref-type=\"fn\"} **0.270** \n Less picky about food preferences[a](#acn3407-note-0005){ref-type=\"fn\"} **0.245** \n New unusual habits **0.621** \n More aggressive **0.617** \n Less concerned about others 0.496 **0.543** \n Increased irritability **0.497** \n Perseverative speech **0.478** \n 3 More selfish **0.474** \n Less concerned about hygiene 0.460 **0.464** \n Emotional lability **0.444** \n Repetitious behavior[a](#acn3407-note-0005){ref-type=\"fn\"} **0.383** \n Overly sensitive to sensations (noise)[a](#acn3407-note-0005){ref-type=\"fn\"} **0.371** \n Less aware of physical sensation[a](#acn3407-note-0005){ref-type=\"fn\"} **0.326** \n Developed unusual rituals[a](#acn3407-note-0005){ref-type=\"fn\"} **0.297** \n Overly concerned with neatness **0.751** \n 4 Constantly aligns things in a certain way **0.720** \n Constantly checking clocks/switches 0.477 **0.483** \n Change in sexual interest **0.441** \n Sees/Hears Things/People **0.839** \n 5 Handles things for no apparent reason **0.736**\n New bizarre beliefs **0.674** \n Hoards, hides, or collects things **0.586** \n Variance explained 24.4 6.2 5.7 4.6 4.1 \n\nExtraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. ", "Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. ", "Bold figures display which factor the items loaded best with. ", "BBI, Beaumont Behavioural Inventory.", "\n\nItems which are considered weak, that is, \\<0.4, which do not load to an individual factor.", "\n\nJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd\n\nThe *C9orf72* expansion and behavior change in ALS {#acn3407-sec-0015}\n--------------------------------------------------\n\n*C9orf72* hexanucleotide repeat screening was undertaken in 308/317 ALS patients (97.16%). ", "Of the patients who had not undergone genetic testing, seven had no significant behavior change, and two fell within the mild‐moderate range. ", "Forty of the ALS patients tested (12.98%) were positive for the *C9orf72* hexanucleotide repeat expansion. ", "These patients were significantly younger at time of testing compared to patients without the genetic expansion (59.8 ± 9.0 vs. 63.7 ± 11.26, *P *=* *0.037).", "\n\nThe presence of the positive *C9orf72* gene expansion was associated with greater caregiver endorsement on the BBI, although 40% of these patients had no significant behavior change (*n* = 16); 40% were reported to have mild‐moderate behavioral change; the remaining 20% (*n* = 8) were within the Clinically Severe Behavioral Change group. ", "Four patients with the *C9orf72* gene expansion had evidence of cognitive impairment, two within the mild‐moderate behavior change group, and two within the Clinically Severe Behavioral Change group.", "\n\n*C9orf72*‐positive patients were less aware of mistakes (45% vs. 22.7%; *P *=* *0.007); were more aggressive (25% vs. 15.5%; *P *=* *0.026); reported seeing/hearing things/people (7.7% vs. 1.7%; *P *=* *0.031); demonstrated new bizarre beliefs (14.3% vs. 3.5%; *P *=* *0.024); and showed evidence of hoarding, hiding, or collecting objects (15% vs. 5.8%; *P *=* *0.045).", "\n\nALS patient survival and behavior change {#acn3407-sec-0016}\n----------------------------------------\n\nOf the total cohort of 317 patients tested, 175 are deceased. ", "Of these, 85 had no behavioral change; 65 had mild‐moderate behavioral change, and 25 patients were within the clinically severe range. ", "As seen in Figure [3](#acn3407-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}, there was no significant difference between the groups at the beginning of the survival curve (Breslow *P *=* *0.105), middle (Tarone‐Ware *P *=* *0.139), or end (Log Rank *P *=* *0.198), implying that behavior change, as assessed early in the disease, was not a predictor of survival.", "\n\n{#acn3407-fig-0003}\n\nDiscussion {#acn3407-sec-0017}\n==========\n\nThe aim of this study was to examine behavioral change in a large population‐based cohort of ALS patients using a validated disease‐specific behavioral scale. ", "Our data confirm those of previous studies that emotional lability is a frequent finding in ALS (44%). ", "Other common behavioral changes included a reduced concern for hygiene (36.8%), increased irritability (36.2%), new unusual habits (33.4%), and increased apathy (31.1%). ", "As noted previously, 37% of patients with behavioral change were cognitively normal.", "\n\nEmotional lability, or \"pseudobulbar affect\" is recognized as a manifestation of extensive upper motor neuron pathology, and is generally considered separately from other types of behavioral change. ", "In our cohort, increased rates of emotional lability were associated with bulbar‐onset disease, which is congruent with other studies. ", "Emotional lability is considered to be a disconnection between mechanisms which mediate emotions and associated motor responses, and primarily presents secondary to lesions, atrophy, or injury to the cortico‐limbic‐subcortico‐thalamic‐ponto‐cerebellar network.[41](#acn3407-bib-0041){ref-type=\"ref\"}\n\nThe majority of patients exhibiting mild behavior change had evidence of emotional lability (57.4%). ", "Apathy was also commonly reported (48.4%). ", "This cohort further exhibited new‐onset unusual habits (44.7%) and less concern for hygiene (52.1%). ", "Patients with severe behavioral impairment exhibited apathy (87.5%); were not as aware of mistakes as before (82.5%), more impulsive (82.9%), and less responsive to others\\' needs (71.4%). ", "Clinically relevant behavioral changes were also noted, that is, increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli (\\>28%), likely resulting from pathophysiological changes in the afferent system.[42](#acn3407-bib-0042){ref-type=\"ref\"}\n\nOur findings concur with previous findings which suggest that behavioral changes in ALS are qualitatively similar regardless of whether a patient presents with mild or more severe behavior change.[8](#acn3407-bib-0008){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [15](#acn3407-bib-0015){ref-type=\"ref\"} These qualitative similarities likely represent shared disrupted neurologic pathways, with greater atrophy resulting in increased behavioral severity as seen with other neurodegenerative conditions. ", "Notwithstanding, some behaviors, that is, hallucinations, were almost exclusively present in the Clinically Severe Behavioral Change group (See Tables [3](#acn3407-tbl-0003){ref-type=\"table-wrap\"} and [4](#acn3407-tbl-0004){ref-type=\"table-wrap\"}).", "\n\nOur findings extend those of previous studies both by the large size of the study population, and by our data‐driven observations indicating that specific behavioral subphenotypes can be discerned in ALS to a greater extent than previously reported.[9](#acn3407-bib-0009){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [43](#acn3407-bib-0043){ref-type=\"ref\"} By mapping, from a neuropsychological perspective, these altered behaviors onto known anatomic pathways, the behavioral categories broadly reflect differential impairments within the corticostriatal circuits known to be compromised in ALS. ", "For example, the neuropsychological categorization of behaviors within Factor 1 are reflective of disruptions in pathways involving medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices, as well as the anterior insula.[44](#acn3407-bib-0044){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [45](#acn3407-bib-0045){ref-type=\"ref\"} Behaviors characteristics within Factor 2 implicate orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate pathways[46](#acn3407-bib-0046){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [47](#acn3407-bib-0047){ref-type=\"ref\"}; and those within Factor 3 are suggestive of disruptions in right prefrontal regions.[48](#acn3407-bib-0048){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [49](#acn3407-bib-0049){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [50](#acn3407-bib-0050){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [51](#acn3407-bib-0051){ref-type=\"ref\"} The clusters of behavioral change within Factor 4 are associated with alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and temporolimbic networks.[52](#acn3407-bib-0052){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [53](#acn3407-bib-0053){ref-type=\"ref\"} Behaviors described by Factor 5 are not predictive of specific neuroanatomical pathways but are closely associated with the *C9orf72* expansion which is known to implicate extensive cortical and subcortical frontotemporal regions.[24](#acn3407-bib-0024){ref-type=\"ref\"} See Figure [S1](#acn3407-sup-0001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} for a graphical illustration of the behavioral schema.", "\n\nFurther analysis of behavioral impairment in ALS demonstrated that changes occurred in a mutually exclusive manner, which adds validity to the findings (see Table [5](#acn3407-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table-wrap\"}). ", "This is evident through the statistical convergence, that is, Factor 1: \"Lack of Embarrassment\", and \"Acts Inappropriately in Public\" occurred together. ", "Moreover, the statistical divergence of the scale items illustrates the exclusivity of these behavioral changes between different factor, that is, Factor 1: \"More Withdrawn\", and Factor 2: \"Seeks Social Contact\". ", "Employing an oblique rotation method yielded identical factor structures (Table [S2](#acn3407-sup-0003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), however, the rank order differed. ", "Using the oblimin rotation, the factor which represented C9*orf*72 features was more closely correlated with the primary factor, that is, disinhibition. ", "Clinically, this finding reflects the widely reported association between these observed behaviors, and the C9*orf*72 expansion in ALS patients.[2](#acn3407-bib-0002){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [3](#acn3407-bib-0003){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [4](#acn3407-bib-0004){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [9](#acn3407-bib-0009){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [10](#acn3407-bib-0010){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [12](#acn3407-bib-0012){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [13](#acn3407-bib-0013){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [15](#acn3407-bib-0015){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [16](#acn3407-bib-0016){ref-type=\"ref\"}\n\nThe cumulative variance accounted for by our principal component analysis are consistent with the methodology employed, whereby one principal factor is identified (Factor 1: See Table [5](#acn3407-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table-wrap\"}), with subcomponents identified which carry less variance. ", "These factors met the stringent statistical cut‐off of behaviors which cluster together in ALS. ", "Considering these data, the BBI should be considered as a reliable and valid tool for identifying behavioral change in ALS when the total score is adopted, as previously reported (Cronbach\\'s alpha = 0.906). ", "However, considering these data, specific subdomains of behavioral clusters have been outlined which may represent specific behavioral phenotypes in ALS, and specific subscales of the BBI.", "\n\nOne of the mostly widely accepted nondysexecutive behavioral subphenotype in ALS[2](#acn3407-bib-0002){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [54](#acn3407-bib-0054){ref-type=\"ref\"} relates to Factor 5 which, from a neuropsychological perspective, is predictive of more extensive network disruption. ", "In our study cohort, this constellation of behavioral change was associated primarily with the presence of the *C9orf72* expansion.[54](#acn3407-bib-0054){ref-type=\"ref\"} In our cohort, 20% (*n* = 8) of the *C9orf72*‐positive patients met the cut‐off score for clinically severe change, which according to the BBI, is suggestive of bvFTD.[26](#acn3407-bib-0026){ref-type=\"ref\"}\n\nExtensive cognitive assessments were conducted with a subcohort of ALS patients (*n* = 65). ", "Although 37% of patients with behavioral change were cognitively normal, there were significant correlations between the measures of executive function (Stroop Colour‐Word Interference Task, VFI and the Brixton Spatial Anticipation task) and severe behavioral change. ", "Notably, these tasks are dependent on the integrity of multiple frontostriatal circuits, requiring both inhibition of unwanted responses and close error monitoring.[55](#acn3407-bib-0055){ref-type=\"ref\"} More severe behavioral impairment also correlated with lower scores on the RMET, which was a reliable predictor of behavioral change in ALS.", "\n\nOverall, these data confirm the relationship between executive function and severe behavioral change and infer that behavior changes in ALS are associated with frontal pathology. ", "Indeed, the strongest predictor of behavioral change in our neuropsychological model was a measure of social cognition, which anatomically correlates with core circuitry involving the dorsolateral prefrontal cortical regions and the anterior cingulate.[56](#acn3407-bib-0056){ref-type=\"ref\"}\n\nAlthough primarily cross‐sectional in nature, the large population‐based sample permitted an assessment of the relationship between behavioral change and disease stage as defined by the King\\'s Staging System. ", "Our findings suggest that while physical disability may contribute to milder degrees of behavioral impairment, it is unlikely to be a major determinant of overall behavioral impairment. ", "We found no significant differences on survival between the groups with and without behavioral impairment, in contrast to our previous findings that executive impairment is a significant negative prognostic indicator.[57](#acn3407-bib-0057){ref-type=\"ref\"}\n\nThis study has limitations. ", "The data are drawn from a cross‐sectional analysis, albeit with survival data, and longitudinal analyses are required to confirm our findings. ", "Although this study incorporated a relatively large cohort of *C9orf72*‐positive patients, larger samples with differing behavioral profiles are required. ", "Notwithstanding, this study, which to the best of our knowledge is the largest analysis of behavioral change in ALS to date and facilitates for the first time a factor analysis of behavior, has identified a characteristic behavioral phenotype associated with the *C9orf72* repeat expansion, and several further behavioral subphenotypes. ", "These factor loadings represent the psychometric and statistical clustering of the items on the scale, and further external validation studies are needed, as well as neuroimaging data or postmortem analyses to confirm the behavioral mapping to neuropathological regions, known to be implicated in ALS.", "\n\nOur neuropsychology‐based analyses support the hypothesis that behavioral subphenotypes in ALS reflects differential disruption of extramotor networks involving frontostriatal, orbitofrontal, and anterior cingulate pathways and indicate that the neuropsychological profile of ALS patients that manifest as behavioral change is heterogeneous, reflecting differential disruption of neuroanatomic circuits. ", "Further longitudinal studies are currently underway to assess the interaction between behavioral change and clinical staging, and between neuropsychological changes and those observed by neuroimaging.", "\n\nAuthor Contribution {#acn3407-sec-0019}\n===================\n\nTB contributed to the process of data collection, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript; PB, AV, RLM, KL, MOS, and MPG contributed to the process of data collection, edited, and revised the intellectual content of the manuscript; NP supervised the neuropsychological and statistical aspects of the study and revised the manuscript from a neurocognitive and behavioral perspective; and OH supervised all clinical aspects of the study in all stages of development and revised the manuscript from a clinical perspective.", "\n\nConflict of Interest {#acn3407-sec-0020}\n====================\n\nDr Tom Burke, Ms Marta Pinto‐Grau, Dr Peter Bede, Ms. Katie Lonergan, Dr Alice Vajda, Dr Russell McLaughlin, Mr Mark Heverin, and Dr Niall Pender have nothing to disclose. ", "Prof. Orla Hardiman has received fees for consultation work from Biogen Idec, Cytokinetics, and Novartis. ", "She serves as Editor‐in‐Chief of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. ", "The authors report no conflict of interests.", "\n\nSupporting information\n======================\n\n###### \n\n**Figure S1.** ", "Scree plot derived from the factor analysis of BBI data.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\n**Figure S2.** ", "A schema of the identified behavioral factors and their neuroanatomical correlates based on the literature. ", "mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex; OFC: orbitofrontal cortex; aI: anterior Insula; ACC: anterior cingulate; dlPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal regions TL temporolimbic area. ", "Factor 1: mPFC‐OFC‐aI (black); Factor 2: OFC‐ACC (blue); Factor 3: OFC‐ mPFC‐dlPFC (red); Factor 4: dlPFC‐OFC‐TL (orange). ", "See Bede et al., ", "2013 for characteristics of cortical and subcortical changes in ALS with the *C9orf72* expansion.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\n**Table S1.** ", "Additional data on the subcohort completing the cognitive assessment.", "\n\n**Table S2.** ", "Item loading and cross‐loading on five identified factors (oblique method, oblimin rotation).", "\n\n**Table S3.** ", "Frequency of all reported behaviors in the ALS cohort versus healthy controls.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nThe authors thank the patients and caregivers who took part in this study. ", "This research has received funding from the Health Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007‐2013) under grant agreement \\#259867, ALSA (the ALS Association), HRB (the Health Research Board, grant H01300), Joint Programme in Neurodegeneration (JPND), The Irish Institute of Clinical Neuroscience (grant \\#12549.201616) and Research Motor Neuron (previously named Motor Neuron Disease Research Foundation).", "\n\n[^1]: Joint senior authors.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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