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[ "Horrible Bosses 2 Review\n\nHorrible Bosses 2 is the kind of sequel that shouldn’t exist. ", "It’s an obvious cash-in to the original’s success and panders to the cheapest of cheap humor. ", "You’ll watch it late one evening, while flicking through channels and wondering: “what have I done with my life?”", "\n\nRelated Posts\n\nThe film stars the original protagonists, Nick (Jason Bateman), Dale (Charlie Day), and Kurt (Jason Sudeikis). ", "Taking place after the first movie’s events, the three decide to go into business for themselves. ", "They come up with the idea for a unique product, The Shower Buddy. ", "After showing off their prototype on a morning talk show they are approached by Burt & Rex Hanson (Christoph Waltz & Chris Pine) who offer to invest in the product, but via a verbal agreement. ", "Once production is complete the Hanson’s back out of the deal in order force the closure of the business, and then obtain the stock on auction at a much cheaper price. ", "Our numbskulls decide to kidnap Rex, ransom him, and use the money to save their business. ", "From there on hilarity ensues. ", "Apparently.", "\n\nAs I said earlier the movie uses cheap comedy, which just isn’t funny. ", "It doesn’t even border on “stupid funny”, like The Hangover. ", "Jennifer Aniston’s character is still after Charlie’s, which is where my biggest complaint comes in: male rape. ", "It’s used for a large portion of the jokes and really isn’t something that should be joked about, and honestly made me cringe through a lot of the film. ", "In one scene if Jennifer and Charlie’s roles had been reversed the movie wouldn’t have made it to screen. ", "It not only shows a lack of understanding, but creativity as well.", "\n\nThe actors are pretty terrible in this. ", "Jason Sudeikis needs to be throttled, and Charlie Day just plays his same character, Charlie Kelly, from It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia. ", "The only redeeming part of the movie is Rex Hanson, played by Chris Pine. ", "His character is funny, bizarre, crazy, and Chris plays it to a T (like James T Kirk). ", "If it weren’t for him I’d have fallen asleep.", "\n\nLet’s be honest here: I hated this movie. ", "I really did. ", "I don’t recommend it to anyone with an actual sense of humour or dignity. ", "I’d rather have watched a found-footage film than this." ]

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[ "\n\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER ONE The Dangerous Passion\n\nWhy Jealousy Is as Necessary as Love and Sex\n\nBy DAVID M. BUSS\n\nFree Press Read the Review The Dangerous Passion\n\nJealousy is not only inbred in human nature, but it is the most basic, all-pervasive emotion which touches man in all aspects of every human relationship. — ", "Boris Sokoloff, 1947, Jealousy: A Psychological Study\n\nEvery human alive is an evolutionary success story. ", "If any of our ancestors had failed to survive an ice age, a drought, a predator, or a plague, they would not be our ancestors. ", "If any had failed to cooperate with at least some others in the group or dropped below a minimal position in the social hierarchy, they would have met certain death by being cast out from the group. ", "If even one had failed to succeed in choosing, courting, and keeping a mate, the previously inviolate chain of descent would have irreparably broken, and we would not be alive to tell the tale. ", "Each of us owes our existence to thousands of generations of successful ancestors. ", "As their descendants, we have inherited the passions that led to their success — passions that drive us, often blindly, through a lifelong journey in the struggle for survival, the pursuit of position, and the search for relationships. ", "We usually think of passion as restricted to sex or love, the burning embrace or constant craving. ", "But it has a broader meaning, referring to the drives and emotional fires that propel us in our quests through life. ", "They sometimes glow quietly, but at other times they burst into full flame. ", "They range from tranquil devotion to violent eruption. ", "Their expression yields life's deepest joys, but also the cruelest suffering. ", "And although we commonly think of passion as a force opposed to reason and rationality, something to be tamed or overcome, passions when properly understood have a crystalline logic, precise purpose, and supreme sensibility. ", "The drives that stir us out of bed at dawn and hurl us headlong into our daily struggles have two sides. ", "On the positive side, passions inspire us to achieve life's goals. ", "They impel us to satisfy our desire for sex, our yearning for prestige, and our quest for love. ", "The dazzling plays of Shakespeare, the mezmerizing art of Georgia O'Keeffe, and the brilliant inventions of Thomas Edison would not exist if passion had not stirred them from repose and impelled creation. ", "Without passion, we would lie listless in bed, for there would be no motivation to do anything at all. ", "But passions carry a darker, more sinister side. ", "The same passions that inspire us with love can lead to the disastrous choice of a mate, the desperation of unrequited obsession, or the terror of stalking. ", "Jealousy can keep a couple committed or drive a man to savagely beat his wife. ", "An attraction to a neighbor's spouse can generate intoxicating sexual euphoria while destroying two marriages. ", "The yearning for prestige can produce exhilarating peaks of power while evoking the corrosive envy of a rival and a fall from a greater height. ", "The Dangerous Passion explores both the destructive and triumphant sides of human desires. ", "Together with many colleagues, my research over the past decade has centered on exploring the nature, origins, and consequences of the passions of men and women, with a special focus on jealousy, infidelity, love, sex, and status. ", "Our goal has been to seek a deeper understanding of what makes men and women tick, the desires that drive people to heights of success or depths of despair, and the evolved mechanisms of mind that define who we are. ", "This book illuminates the dark side of sexual treachery, the mysterious puzzle of romantic love, and the central role of jealousy in our intimate relationships. ", "Some argue that these mysteries should be left alone, pristine and untrammeled, shielded from the harsh glare of scientific scrutiny. ", "But is the woman who has her freedom and sense of safety crushed by a jealous husband better off unequipped with the knowledge of how to prevent her torment? ", "Is the man obsessed by unrequited love better off failing to understand the underlying reasons for his rejection? ", "Ignorance may sometimes be bliss, but it can also cause needless anguish. ", "My hope is that revealing the underlying logic of dangerous passions will be intellectually illuminating, provide one path for understanding the distress we experience at the hands of our lovers and rivals, and just possibly improve in some small measure the tools for coping with the untamed demons in our lives. ", "At the center of The Dangerous Passion is an exploration of a hazardous region of human sexuality — the desires people experience for those who are not their regular partners and the jealous shield designed to combat its treacherous consequences.", "\n\nThe Green-Eyed Monster Think of a committed romantic relationship that you have now, or that you had in the past. ", "Now imagine that your romantic partner becomes interested in someone else. ", "What would upset or distress you more: (a) discovering that your partner is forming a deep emotional attachment, confiding and sharing confidences with another? ", "or (b) discovering that your partner is enjoying passionate sex with the other person, trying out different sexual positions you had only dreamed about? ", "Both scenarios are distressing, of course, but which one is more distressing? ", "If you are like the majority of women we surveyed recently in the United States, the Netherlands, Germany, Japan, Korea, and Zimbabwe, you will find the emotional infidelity more upsetting. ", "The answer seems obvious, at least to women. ", "The majority of men, however, find the prospect of a partner's sexual infidelity more agonizing. ", "The gulf between the sexes in emotional reactions to infidelity reveals something profound about human mating strategies. ", "The explanation for sex differences in jealousy lies deep in the evolutionary past of the human species. ", "Consider first a fundamental sex difference in our reproductive biology: fertilization takes place inside women's bodies, not men's. ", "Now, internal female fertilization is not universal in the biological world. ", "In some species, such as the Mormon crickets, fertilization occurs internally within the male. ", "The female takes her egg and literally implants it within the male, who then incubates it until birth. ", "In other species, fertilization occurs externally to both sexes. ", "The female salmon, for example, drops her collection of eggs after swimming upstream. ", "The male follows and deposits his sperm on top, and then they die, having fulfilled the only mission in life that evolution gave them. ", "But humans are not like salmon. ", "Nor are we like Mormon crickets. ", "In all 4,000 species of mammals, of which we are one, and in all 257 species of primates, of which we are also one, fertilization occurs internally within the female, not the male. ", "This posed a grave problem for ancestral men — the problem of uncertainty in paternity. ", "From an ancestral man's perspective, the single most damaging form of infidelity his partner could commit, in the currency of reproduction, would have been a sexual infidelity. ", "A woman's sexual infidelity jeopardizes a man's confidence that he is the genetic father of her children. ", "A cuckolded man risks investing years, or even decades, in another man's children. ", "Lost would be all the effort he expended in selecting and attracting his partner. ", "Moreover, he would lose his partner's labors, now channeled to a rival's children rather than his own. ", "Women, on the other hand, have always been 100 percent sure that they are the mothers of their children (internal fertilization guarantees that their children are genetically their own). ", "No woman ever gave birth and, watching the child emerge from her womb, wondered whether the child was really hers. ", "One African culture captures this sex difference with a phrase more telling than any technical summary: \"Mama's baby, papa's maybe.\" ", "Biology has granted women a confidence in genetic parenthood that no man can share with absolute certainty. ", "Our ancestral mothers confronted a different problem, the loss of a partner's commitment to a rival woman and her children. ", "Because emotional involvement is the most reliable signal of this disastrous loss, women key in on cues to a partner's feelings for other women. ", "A husband's one-night sexual stand is agonizing, of course, but most women want to know: \"Do you love her?\" ", "Most women find a singular lapse in fidelity without emotional involvement easier to forgive than the nightmare of another woman capturing her partner's tenderness, time, and affection. ", "We evolved from ancestral mothers whose jealousy erupted at signals of the loss of love, mothers who acted to ensure the man's commitment. ", "But who cares who fathers a child or where a man's commitments get channeled? ", "Shouldn't we love all children equally? ", "Perhaps in some utopian future, we might, but that is not how the human mind is designed. ", "Husbands in our evolutionary past who failed to care whether a wife succumbed to sex with other men and wives who remained stoic when confronted with their husband's emotional infidelity may be admirable in a certain light. ", "Perhaps these self-possessed men and women were more mature. ", "Some theories, in fact, propose that jealousy is an immature emotion, a sign of insecurity, neurosis, or flawed character. ", "Nonjealous men and women, however, are not our ancestors, having been left in the evolutionary dust by rivals with different passionate sensibilities. ", "We all come from a long lineage of ancestors who possessed the dangerous passion. ", "Jealousy, according to this theory, is an adaptation. ", "An adaptation, in the parlance of evolutionary psychology, is an evolved solution to a recurrent problem of survival or reproduction. ", "Humans, for example, have evolved food preferences for sugar, fat, and protein that are adaptive solutions to the survival problem of food selection. ", "We have evolved specialized fears of snakes, spiders, and strangers that are adaptive solutions to ancestral problems inflicted by dangerous species, including ourselves. ", "We have evolved specialized preferences for certain qualities in potential mates, which helped to solve the problems posed by reproduction. ", "Adaptations, in short, exist in modern humans today because they helped our ancestors to combat all of the many \"hostile forces of nature,\" enabling them to successfully survive and reproduce. ", "Adaptations are coping devices passed down over millennia because they worked — not perfectly, of course, but they helped ancestral humans to struggle through the evolutionary bottlenecks of survival and reproduction. ", "Jealousy, according to this perspective, is not a sign of immaturity, but rather a supremely important passion that helped our ancestors, and most likely continues to help us today, to cope with a host of real reproductive threats. ", "Jealousy, for example, motivates us to ward off rivals with verbal threats and cold primate stares. ", "It drives us to keep partners from straying with tactics such as escalating vigilance or showering a partner with affection. ", "And it communicates commitment to a partner who may be wavering, serving an important purpose in the maintenance of love. ", "Sexual jealousy is often a successful, although sometimes explosive, solution to persistent predicaments that each one of our ancestors was forced to confront. ", "We are typically not conscious of these reproductive quandaries. ", "Nor are we usually aware of the evolutionary logic that led to this dangerous passion. ", "A man does not think, \"Oh, if my wife has sex with someone else, then my certainty that I'm the genetic father will be jeopardized, and this will endanger the replication of my genes; I'm really mad.\" ", "Or if his partner takes birth-control pills, \"Well, because Joan is taking the pill, it doesn't really matter whether she has sex with other men; after all, my certainty in paternity is secure.\" ", "Nor does a woman think, \"It's really upsetting that Dennis is in love with that other woman; this jeopardizes my hold on his emotional commitments to me and my children, and hence hurts my reproductive success.\" ", "Instead, jealousy is a blind passion, just as our hunger for sweets and craving for companionship are blind. ", "Jealousy is emotional wisdom, not consciously articulated, passed down to us over millions of years by our successful forebears. ", "One goal of The Dangerous Passion is to bring to the surface the deep roots of the inherited emotional wisdom we possess.", "\n\nThe Othello Syndrome Despite its value for people past and present, jealousy is an emotion that exposes partners to extreme danger. ", "The dark side of jealousy causes men to explode violently to reduce the odds that their partners will stray. ", "Women seeking refuge at shelters for battered women almost invariably report that their husbands seethe with jealousy. ", "In one study of battered women, many of whom required medical attention, the typical woman reported that her husband \"tries to limit my contact with friends and family\" (the tactic of concealment), \"insists on knowing where I am at all times\" (the tactic of vigilance), and \"calls me names to put me down and make me feel bad about myself\" (the tactic of undermining self-esteem). ", "Jealousy is the leading cause of spousal battering, but it's even worse than that. ", "Men's jealousy puts women at risk of being killed. ", "Consider the following remarks made to police by a 31-year-old man who stabbed his 20-year-old wife to death, after they had been reunited following a six-month separation.", "\n\nThen she said that since she came back in April she had fucked this other man about ten times. ", "I told her how can you talk about love and marriage and you been fucking this other man. ", "I was really mad. ", "I went to the kitchen and got the knife. ", "I went back to our room and asked: Were you serious when you told me that? ", "She said yes. ", "We fought on the bed, I was stabbing her. ", "Her grand-father came up and tried to take the knife out of my hand. ", "I told him to go and call the cops for me. ", "I don't know why I killed the woman, I loved her.", "\n\nJealousy can be emotional acid that corrodes marriages, undermines self-esteem, triggers battering, and leads to the ultimate crime of murder. ", "Despite its dangerous manifestations, jealousy helped to solve a critical reproductive quandary for ancestral men. ", "Jealous men were more likely to preserve their valuable commitments for their own children rather than squandering them on the children of their rivals. ", "As descendants of a long line of men who acted to ensure their paternity, modern men carry with them the dangerous passion that led to their forebears' reproductive success. ", "A professional couple therapist I know related to me the following story. ", "A young couple, Joan and Richard, came to her with a complaint of irrational jealousy. ", "Without provocation, Richard would burst into jealous tirades and accuse Joan of sleeping with another man. ", "His uncontrollable jealousy was destroying their marriage. ", "Richard and Joan both agreed on this point. ", "Could the therapist help cure Richard of irrational jealousy? ", "A common practice in couple therapy is to have at least one session with each member of the couple individually. ", "The first question the therapist posed to Joan during this individual interview was: Are you having an affair? ", "She burst into tears and confessed that, indeed, she had been carrying on an affair for the past six months. ", "Richard's jealousy, it turned out, had not been irrational after all. ", "He had been picking up on subtle cues of his wife's infidelity that triggered his jealousy. ", "Since he trusted Joan and she had assured him of her fidelity, however, he believed that his jealousy had been irrational. ", "In a sense, Richard had failed to listen to his internal emotional whisperings. ", "He came to the wrong conclusion because he overrode his feelings with \"rationality.\" ", "This episode gave me the first hint that jealousy represented a form of ancestral wisdom that can have useful as well as destructive consequences. ", "Despite the possible hazards of conducting research on jealousy, its potency convinced me that it could not be ignored by science. ", "In surveys we discovered that nearly all men and women have experienced at least one episode of intense jealousy. ", "Thirty-one percent say that their personal jealousy has sometimes been difficult to control. ", "And among those who admit to being jealous, 38 percent say that their jealousy has led them to want to hurt someone. ", "Extreme jealousy has been given many names — the Othello syndrome, morbid jealousy, psychotic jealousy, pathological jealousy, conjugal paranoia, and erotic jealousy syndrome. ", "Jealousy, of course, can be pathological. ", "It can destroy previously harmonious relationships, rendering them hellish nightmares of daily existence. ", "Trust slowly built from years of mutual reliance can be torn asunder in a crashing moment. ", "As we will explore in a later chapter, jealousy leads more women to flee in terror to shelters than any other cause. ", "A full 13 percent of all homicides are spousal murders, and jealousy is overwhelmingly the leading cause. ", "But destruction does not necessarily equal pathology. ", "The pathological aspect of extreme jealousy, according to the mainstream wisdom, is not the jealousy itself. ", "It is the delusion that a loved one has committed an infidelity when none has occurred. ", "The rage itself upon the actual discovery of an infidelity is something people everywhere intuitively understand. ", "In Texas until 1974, a husband who killed a wife and her lover when he caught them in flagrante delicto was not judged a criminal. ", "In fact, the law held that a \"reasonable man\" would respond to such extreme provocation with acts of violence. ", "Similar laws have been on the books worldwide. ", "Extreme rage upon discovering a wife naked in the arms of another man is something that people everywhere find intuitively comprehensible. ", "Criminal acts that would normally receive harsh prison sentences routinely get reduced when the victim's infidelity is the extenuating circumstance. ", "The view of jealousy as pathological ignores a profound fact about an important defense designed to combat a real threat. ", "Jealousy is not always a reaction to an infidelity that has already been discovered. ", "It can be an anticipatory response, a preemptive strike to prevent an infidelity that might occur. ", "Labeling jealousy as pathological simply because a spouse has not yet strayed ignores the fact that jealousy can head off an infidelity that might be lurking on the horizon of a relationship. ", "Excessive jealousy can be extraordinarily destructive. ", "But moderate jealousy, not an excess or an absence, signals commitment. ", "This book explores both sides of this double-edged defense mechanism. ", "To understand the power of this extraordinary emotion, we must trace it to its origin, long before capitalism, long before agriculture and cash economies, long before writing and recorded history, and long before humans fanned out and colonized every habitable continent. ", "We must trace its roots to the evolution of one of the most unusual adaptations in primate history, yet one that we take so much for granted that its existence is hardly questioned: the emergence of long-term love.", "\n\nThe Evolution of Love Our closest primate cousins, the chimpanzees, lack exclusive sexual bonds. ", "Most mating takes place within the narrow window of female estrus. ", "When a female chimpanzee is in heat, a variety of physiological changes take place. ", "Her genitals become swollen and pink for four to six days. ", "The swellings peak just before ovulation when she is most likely to conceive. ", "She emits pheromonal signals, hormone-saturated substances that males find especially attractive, sometimes driving them into a sexual frenzy. ", "Sarah Hrdy of the University of California at Davis notes that males sometimes touch the vagina of the estrous female, gathering her secretions on their fingers to smell or taste. ", "Males use these signals to monitor the female's reproductive state. ", "A male chimpanzee's position in the social hierarchy strongly determines his sexual access to estrous females. ", "Among the chimpanzees at a large zoo colony in Arnham, the Netherlands, for example, the dominant male achieves as many as 75 percent of the matings with estrous females. ", "The relationships between male and female chimps are complex and can extend over time, but chimps do not form the long-term committed relationships that most humans desire. ", "Men and women have always depended on each other for survival and reproduction. ", "Love was not invented a few hundred years ago by European poets, contrary to conventional wisdom in this century. ", "Love is a human universal, occurring in societies ranging from the !", "Kung San of Botswana to the Ache of Paraguay. ", "In my study of 10,041 individuals from 37 different cultures, men and women rated love as the single most important quality in selecting a spouse. ", "Across the globe, people sing love songs and pine for lost lovers. ", "They elope with loved ones against the wishes of parents. ", "They recount personal tales of anguish, longing, and unrequited love. ", "And they narrate great love stories of romantic entanglements down through the generations. ", "The German writer Herman Hesse summed it up best: Life is \"the struggle for position and the search for love.\" ", "Love is the universal human emotion that bonds the sexes, the evolutionary meeting ground where men and women lay down their arms. ", "The universal existence of love, however, poses a puzzle. ", "From an evolutionary perspective, no single decision is more important than the choice of a mate. ", "That single fork in the road determines one's ultimate reproductive fate. ", "More than in any other domain, therefore, we expect evolution to produce supremely rational mechanisms of mate choice, rational in the sense that they lead to wise decisions rather than impetuous mistakes. ", "How could a blind passion like love — a form of dementia that consumes the mind, crowds out all other thoughts, creates emotional dependency, and produces a delusional idealization of a partner — possibly evolve to solve a problem that might be better solved by cool rationality? ", "To penetrate this mystery, we must start with the scientific evidence for mate preferences. ", "Worldwide, from the coastal dwelling Australians to the South African Zulu, women desire qualities such as ambition, industriousness, intelligence, dependability, creativity, exciting personality, and sense of humor — characteristics that augur well for a man's success in acquiring resources and achieving status. ", "Given the tremendous investment women undertake to produce a single child, the nine months of costly internal fertilization and gestation, it is perfectly reasonable for women to want men who can invest in return. ", "A woman's children will survive and thrive better if she selects a resourceful man. ", "Children suffer when their mothers choose \"slackers.\" ", "Men, in contrast, place a greater premium on qualities linked with fertility, such as a woman's youth, health, and physical appearance — clear skin, smooth skin, bright eyes, full lips, symmetrical features, and a slim waist. ", "These preferences are also perfectly sensible. ", "We descended from ancestral mothers and fathers who chose fertile and resourceful partners. ", "Those who failed to choose on these bases risked reproductive oblivion. ", "Although these rational desires set minimum thresholds on who qualifies as an acceptable mate, rationality profoundly fails to predict the final choice of a mate. ", "As the psychologist Steven Pinker of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology observes, \"Murmuring that your lover's looks, earning power, and IQ meet your minimal standards would probably kill the romantic mood, even if statistically true. ", "The way to a person's heart is to declare the opposite — that you're in love because you can't help it.\" ", "One key to the mystery of love is found in the psychology of commitment. ", "If a partner chooses you for rational reasons, he or she might leave you for the same rational reasons: finding someone slightly more desirable on all of the \"rational\" criteria. ", "But if the person is blinded by an uncontrollable love that cannot be helped and cannot be chosen, a love for only you and no other, then commitment will not waver when you are in sickness rather than in health, when you are poorer rather than richer. ", "Love overrides rationality. ", "It's the emotion that ensures that you won't leave when someone slightly more desirable comes along or when a perfect \"10\" moves in next door. ", "It ensures that a partner will stick by you through the struggles of survival and the hazards of childbirth. ", "Love, however, has a tragic side. ", "The stories of great lovers of the past, in fiction and in history, are often marked by disaster. ", "Juliet died of poison. ", "Romeo chose to kill himself rather than live without her. ", "Love suicides have pervaded Japanese culture for centuries, a final vindication of the intensity of a person's commitment. ", "When parents and society conspire to keep lovers apart, lovers sometimes tie themselves together and jump off a cliff or hurl themselves into a well. ", "The most perilous side of love, however, comes not from a folie à deux, but from a folie à un — the demonic possession that consumes a person when love is not reciprocated. ", "Unrequited love is the foundation for fatal attraction. ", "Consider the case of John W. Hinckley, Jr., who scrawled a final letter to the actress Jodie Foster on March 30, 1981, shortly before attempting to assassinate President Ronald Reagan:\n\nDear Jodie: There is a definite possibility that I will be killed in my attempt to get Reagan. ", "It is for this very reason I am writing you this letter now. ", "As you well know by now I love you very much. ", "Over the past seven months I've left you dozens of poems, letters and love messages in the faint hope that you could develop an interest in me...I know the many messages left at your door and in your mailbox were a nuisance, but I felt that it was the most painless way for me to express my love for you... Jodie, I would abandon this idea of getting Reagan in a second if I could only win your heart and live out the rest of my life with you...I will admit to you that the reason I'm going ahead with this attempt now is because I just cannot wait any longer to impress you. ", "I've got to do something now to make you understand, in no uncertain terms, that I am doing this for your sake! ", "By sacrificing my freedom and possibly my life, I hope to change your mind about me. ", "This letter is being written only an hour before I leave for the Hilton Hotel. ", "Jodie, I'm asking you to please look into your heart and at least give me the chance, with this historic deed, to gain your respect and love. ", "I love you forever. ", "John Hinckley\n\nCases as extreme as John Hinckley are rare, but the experience of unrequited love is quite common. ", "In one recent survey, 95 percent of men and women indicated that, by the age of 25, they had experienced unrequited love at least once, either as a would-be lover whose passions were rejected or as the object of someone's unwanted desires. ", "Only one person in 20 has never experienced unrequited love of any kind. ", "Although unrequited love is a perilous passion, producing fatal attractions and unwanted stalking, the dogged persistence it produces sometimes pays off. ", "One of the great love stories in history is that of Nicholas and Alexandra. ", "Nicholas inherited the Russian throne at the end of the 19th century. ", "During his adolescence his parents started looking for a suitable mate for him. ", "At age 16, contrary to his parent's wishes, he became obsessed with Alexandra, a beautiful princess then living in England with her grandmother, Queen Victoria. ", "Despite parental objections, cultural chasms, and a separation spanning thousands of miles, Nicholas was determined to capture Alexandra's love. ", "Alexandra, however, found him a bit dull and did not relish the thought of moving to the harsh climate of Moscow. ", "She spurned his advances. ", "In 1892, Nicholas turned 24 and, having loved Alexandra for nearly eight years, resolved to make one final effort to win her heart. ", "Given this state of mind, he was devastated when she wrote saying that she had definitely decided not to wed him. ", "She asked him not to contact her again. ", "All seemed lost. ", "Nicholas left his beloved Moscow immediately. ", "He traveled across Europe, suffering rough terrain and treacherous weather in the journey to London. ", "Although exhausted from travel, Nicholas immediately began to persue Alexandra with great passion. ", "After two months, she finally relented and agreed to marry him. ", "The young couple thus became man and wife, rulers of the Russian empire. ", "Although Nicholas's love was initially unrequited, their marriage proved a joyful one. ", "Diary entries from each revealed sublime happiness, the great joy of their union, and the depth of their love for each other. ", "They produced five children. ", "Nicholas so enjoyed spending time with Alexandra and their children that the Russian empire apparently suffered from his neglect. ", "When forced to be apart, they pined for each other, wrote often, and endured great psychological pain until their reunions. ", "Their mutual love lasted throughout their lives, until the Russian Revolution brought down the czarist rule and they were executed. ", "They died on the same day, their lifelong love never having diminished. ", "Had Nicholas given up when initially spurned, their great love would have been lost forever. ", "The same passion that led John Hinckley to pursue Jodie Foster with desperate measures led Nicholas to succeed in turning an unrequited obsession into lifelong love. ", "In retrospect, one seems irrational and unbalanced, the other logical and normal. ", "One we call pathological, the other a love story. ", "But what if Hinckley had succeeded in winning Jodie Foster's love and Nicholas had failed in his quest for Alexandra? ", "Love is a dangerous passion that cuts both ways. ", "There's a rationality to the irrationality. ", "Once humans evolved love, the bonds they created required protection. ", "It would be extraordinarily unlikely that evolution would fail to defend these fragile and fruitful unions against interlopers. ", "In the insect world, there is a species known as the \"lovebug.\" ", "Male lovebugs venture out in a swarm of other males each morning in search of a chance to mate with a female. ", "When one succeeds, the couple departs from the swarm and glides to the ground to copulate. ", "Because other males sometimes attempt to copulate with her, even after the pair has begun mating, the couple maintains a continuous copulatory embrace for as long as three days, hence the nickname \"the lovebug.\" ", "This strategy guards the union against outside intruders. ", "In humans, guarding a bond must last more than days, months, or even years because love can last a lifetime. ", "The dangerous emotion of jealousy evolved to fill this void. ", "Love and jealousy are intertwined passions. ", "They depend on each other and feed on each other. ", "But just as the prolonged embrace of the lovebug tells us that their bonds can be threatened, the power of jealousy reveals the ever-present possibility that our love bonds can be broken. ", "The centrality of jealousy in human love reveals a hidden side of our desires, one that we typically go to great lengths to conceal — a passion for other partners.", "\n\nHidden Desires\n\nOne Sunday morning William burst into the living room and said, \"Dad! ", "Mom! ", "I have some great news for you! ", "I'm getting married to the most beautiful girl in town. ", "She lives a block away and her name is Susan.\" ", "After dinner, William's dad took him aside. \"", "Son, I have to talk with you. ", "Your mother and I have been married 30 years. ", "She's a wonderful wife, but has never offered much excitement in the bedroom, so I used to fool around with women a lot. ", "Susan is actually your half-sister, and I'm afraid you can't marry her.\" ", "William was heartbroken. ", "After eight months he eventually started dating again. ", "A year later he came home and proudly announced, \"Dianne said yes! ", "We're getting married in June.\" ", "Again, his father insisted on a private conversation and broke the sad news. \"", "Dianne is your half-sister too, William. ", "I'm awfully sorry about this.\" ", "William was furious. ", "He finally decided to go to his mother with the news. \"", "Dad has done so much harm. ", "I guess I'm never going to get married,\" he complained. \"", "Every time I fall in love, Dad tells me the girl is my half-sister.\" ", "His mother just shook her head. \"", "Don't pay any attention to what he says, dear. ", "He's not really your father.\"", "\n\nWe find this story funny not simply because the ending carries a surprise. ", "It's amusing because the mother ultimately gets payback for the \"father's\" philandering. ", "Cuckolds are universal objects of laughter and derision, and a constant source of engaging tales from the tragedy of William Shakespeare's Othello to the middle-class marital dramas portrayed in the novels of John Updike. ", "To understand the origins of sexual passion we must introduce a disturbing difference between the sexes. ", "Everyday observation tells us that men are more promiscuously inclined than women. \"", "Men found to desire more sex partners than women desire\" would be no more likely to make the headlines than \"Dog bites man.\" ", "But scientific verification is always useful, since common sense, which tells us that the earth is flat, sometimes turns out to be wrong. ", "Science, in this case, has verified the everyday knowledge that men do display a greater passion for playing around. ", "In one of our recent studies of more than 1,000 men and women, men reported desiring eight sex partners over the next three years, whereas women reported desiring only one or two. ", "In another study, men were four times more likely than women to say that they have imagined having sex with 1,000 or more partners. ", "Observing that men and women differ, however, is not the same as explaining why they differ. ", "There are compelling evolutionary reasons for the fact that this difference in desire for sexual variety is universal, found not just in cultures saturated with media images of seductive models, not just among Hugh Hefner's generation of Playboy readers, and not just in studies conducted by male scientists. ", "To explain this desire, we must introduce another key fact about human reproductive biology. ", "To produce a single child, women bear the burdens and pleasures of nine months of pregnancy — an obligatory form of parental investment that men cannot share. ", "Men, to produce the same child, need only devote a few hours, a few minutes, or even a few seconds. ", "Wide is the gulf between men and women in the effort needed to bring forth new life. ", "Over time, therefore, a strategy of casual mating proved to be more reproductively successful for men than for women. ", "Men who succeeded in the arms of many women out-reproduced men who succeeded with fewer. ", "An ancestral woman, in contrast, could have had sex with hundreds of partners in the course of a single year and still have produced only a single child. ", "Unless a woman's regular partner proved to be infertile, additional sex partners did not translate into additional children. ", "As a consequence, men evolved a more powerful craving for sex with a variety of women. ", "This sex difference in desire creates an intriguing puzzle. ", "Sexual encounters require two people. ", "Mathematically, the number of heterosexual encounters must be identical for the sexes. ", "Men cannot satisfy their lust for sex partners without willing women. ", "Indeed, men's passion for multiple partners could never have evolved unless there were some women who shared that desire. ", "Is casual sex a recent phenomenon, perhaps created by the widespread prevalence of birth control devices that liberated women from the previous risks of pregnancy? ", "Or did ancestral women do it too? ", "Three scientific clues, when taken together, provide a compelling answer. ", "Men's sexual jealousy provides the first clue, the ominous passion that led us to this mystery. ", "If ancestral women were naturally inclined to be flawlessly faithful, men would have had no evolutionary catalyst for jealousy. ", "Men's jealousy is an evolutionary response to something alarming: the threat of a loved one's infidelity. ", "The intensity of men's jealousy provides a psychological clue that betrays women's desire for men other than their regular partners. ", "Second, affairs are known in all cultures, including tribal societies, pointing to the universal prevalence of infidelity. ", "Prevalence rates vary from culture to culture (high in Sweden and low in China), but affairs occur everywhere. ", "Sexual infidelity causes divorce worldwide more than any other marital violation, being closely rivaled only by the infertility of the union. ", "The fact that women have affairs in cultures from the Tiwi of northern Australia to the suburbs of Los Angeles reveals that some women refuse to limit themselves to a single partner despite men's attempts to control them and despite the risk of divorce if discovered. ", "A third line of evidence comes from new research on human sperm competition. ", "Sperm competition occurs when the sperm from two different men inhabit a woman's reproductive tract at the same time. ", "Human sperm remain viable within the woman's tract for up to seven days, not merely one or two days as scientists previously believed. ", "Indeed, my colleagues have discovered hundreds of \"crypts\" recessed within the vaginal walls of women in which they store a man's sperm and then release it several days later to enter a marathon race to her egg. ", "If a woman has sex with two men within the course of a week, sperm competition can ensue, as the sperm from different men scramble and battle for the prize of fertilizing the egg. ", "Research on sperm competition reveals that men's sperm volume, relative to their body weight, is twice that which occurs in primate species known to be monogamous, a clue that hints at a long evolutionary history of human sperm competition. ", "Human sperm, moreover, come in different \"morphs,\" or shapes, designed for different functions. ", "Most common are the \"egg getters,\" the standard government-issue sperm with conical heads and sinewy tails designed for swimming speed — the Mark Spitzes of the sperm world. ", "But a substantial minority of sperm have coiled tails. ", "These so-called kamikaze sperm are poorly designed for swimming speed. ", "But that's not their function. ", "When the sperm from two different men are mixed in the laboratory, kamikaze sperm wrap themselves around the egg getters and destroy them, committing suicide in the process. ", "These physiological clues reveal a long evolutionary history in which men battled with other men, literally within the woman's reproductive tract, for access to the vital egg needed for transporting their genes into the next generation. ", "Without a long history of sperm competition, evolution would have favored neither the magnitude of human sperm volume nor the specialized sperm shapes designed for battle. ", "All these clues — the universality of infidelity, men's sexual jealousy, and the hallmarks of sperm competition — point to a disturbing answer to the question of ancestral women's sexual strategies. ", "They reveal the persistent expression of women's passion for men other than their husbands, a phenomenon that must have occurred repeatedly over the long course of human evolution. ", "Modern women have inherited this passion from their ancestral mothers.", "\n\nWhy Women Have Affairs Because scientists have focused primarily on the obvious reproductive benefits of men's desire for sexual variety, the potential benefits to women of short-term sexual passion languished for years unstudied. ", "The puzzle is compounded by the fact that a woman's infatuation with another man comes laden with danger. ", "An unfaithful woman, if discovered, risks damage to her social reputation, the loss of her partner's commitment, physical injury, and occasionally death at the hands of a jealous man. ", "Undoubtedly, many women weigh these risks, and choose not to act on their sexual desires. ", "The benefits to women who do act on their passion for other men, given the possibility of catastrophic costs, must be perceived as sufficiently great to make it worth the risk. ", "For the past seven years, Heidi Greiling and I have been studying why women have affairs. ", "Our lab has focused on the benefits that are so alluring that women from all walks of life are willing to take great risks to pursue sex and love outside of marriage. ", "Our research centered on three questions: What benefits do women reap from affairs? ", "What circumstances are most likely to drive a woman into another man's arms? ", "And which women are most prone to affairs? ", "Historically, women may have benefited from an affair in countless ways. ", "The first and most obvious benefit comes from the direct resources that an affair partner may provide. ", "A few expensive dinners may not seem like much today, but an extra supply of meat from the hunt would have made the difference between starving and surviving during ancestral winters when the land lay bare, or between merely surviving and robustly thriving during more plentiful times. ", "Women also can benefit from affairs in the currency of quality genes. ", "The puzzle of the peacock's tail provided the telltale clue to this benefit. ", "A peahen's preference for peacocks with brilliant plumage may signal selection for genes for good health. ", "When peacocks carry a high load of parasites, their diminished health is revealed in duller displays. ", "By selecting for luminescence, peahens secure good genes for health that benefit their offspring. ", "Research by Steve Gangestad and Randy Thornhill of the University of New Mexico reveals that women may be choosing affair partners with especially healthy genes. ", "Women who have sex with different men can also produce more genetically diverse children, providing a sort of \"hedge\" against environmental change. ", "Although genetic and resource benefits may flow to women who express their hidden sexual side, our studies uncovered one benefit that overshadowed the others in importance, a benefit we call \"mate insurance.\" ", "During ancestral times, disease, warfare, and food shortages made survival a precarious proposition. ", "The odds were not trivial that a husband would succumb to a disease, become debilitated by a parasite, or incur injury during a risky hunt or a tribal battle. ", "The paleontological and cross-cultural records reveal this clue — the skulls and skeletons show injuries mostly on males. ", "A woman's husband, in short, stood a significant chance of suffering a debilitating or lethal wound. ", "Ancestral women who failed to have mate insurance, a backup replacement in the event that something happened to her regular partner, would have suffered greatly compared to women who cultivated potential replacements. ", "Modern women have inherited the desires of their ancestral mothers for replacement mates. ", "In the words of one woman in our study, \"Men are like soup — you always want to have one on the back burner.\" ", "Mate insurance provides a safeguard against reasonable risks of losing a partner. ", "And mate insurance remains relevant today, even though we've conquered many of the hazards that felled our forebears. ", "American divorce rates now approach 67 percent for those currently getting married, up from the mere 50 percent figure that alarmed many over the past two decades. ", "Remarriage is rapidly becoming the norm. ", "The Dangerous Passion explores how women's desire for additional partners is ancestral wisdom that, however alarming to husbands, continues to serve a critical insurance function for women today.", "\n\nUrges of Ovulation Women's attraction to lovers has another mysterious ingredient: the puzzle of concealed ovulation. ", "Unlike chimpanzees, women's genitals do not become engorged when they ovulate. ", "Women have \"lost estrus\" and engage in sex throughout their ovulatory cycle. ", "Conventional scientific wisdom has declared that a woman's ovulation is cryptic, concealed even from the woman herself. ", "But have the urges associated with ovulation totally vanished? ", "In the most extensive study of ovulation and women's sexuality, several thousand married women were asked to record their sexual desires every day for a period of twenty-four months. ", "The methods were crude but straightforward: women simply placed an X on the recording sheet on each day that they experienced sexual desire. ", "Basal body temperature was recorded to determine the phase of the menstrual cycle. ", "These thousands of data points yielded a startling pattern. ", "On the first day of a woman's period, practically no women reported experiencing sexual desire. ", "The numbers rose dramatically across the ovarian cycle, peaking precisely at the point of maximum fertility, and then declining rapidly during the luteal phase after ovulation. ", "Women, of course, can experience sexual desire at any phase of their cycle. ", "Nonetheless, they are five times more likely to experience sexual desire when they are ovulating than when they are not. ", "Women sometimes act on their passions. ", "A recent survey of 1,152 women, many of whom were having affairs, revealed a startling finding. ", "Women who stray tend to time their sexual liaisons with their affair partners to coincide with the peak of their sexual desire, when they are most likely to conceive. ", "Sex with husbands, in sharp contrast, is more likely to occur when women are not ovulating, a strategy that may be aimed at keeping a man rather than conceiving with him. ", "None of this is conscious, of course. ", "Women do not think \"I'll try to time sex with my affair partner when I'm ovulating so that I'll bear his child and not my husband's.\" ", "Psychologically, women simply experience sexual desire more when they are ovulating, and if they have an affair partner, have urges to have sex with him during this phase. ", "Ovulation may seem concealed to outside observers, but women appear to act on the impulses that spring from it. ", "And when that desire for men other than their husbands occurs, it's difficult for most men to tell when their mates are straying or may be likely to stray. ", "I call this the signal detection problem.", "\n\nThe Signal Detection Problem Across cultures, people have affairs that are specifically designed to avoid detection. ", "In Arizona, one motel marquee boasts that it is the \"No-Tell Motel.\" ", "In states across America, you can rent some hotel rooms at an hourly rate. ", "The woman returning from a business trip does not make her brief fling on the road the first topic of conversation. ", "The husband who conceals his finances from his wife may be funneling resources to support a mistress on the side. ", "Spouses experience a signal detection problem. ", "Consider camping in the woods at night and hearing a sound somewhere in the dark. ", "Was that the sound of a twig snapping, merely the wind blowing, or the unfamiliar night sounds playing tricks on your ears? ", "Assuming that you have correctly detected the signal as a twig snap, the possible causes of this event are many, but they are not infinite. ", "It could be a rock that somehow got dislodged. ", "But it could also be a dangerous animal or a hostile human. ", "The signal detection problem is not merely about picking up accurate signals in the face of an uncertain and ambiguous welter of information. ", "It is also about making correct inferences about the cause of the signal. ", "Since sexual infidelities are almost invariably secret, the signals they might emit are intentionally muted. ", "An unfamiliar scent, the purchase of a sharp new jacket, the running of a yellow light, a new interest in Beethoven or the Beastie Boys, an unexplained absence — all of these can be signals, but they can originate from many causes other than infidelity. ", "The jealous person experiences an elevated sensitivity to signals of infidelity: \"He may see a red flush on his wife's cheek, she may appear to be standing awkwardly, or sitting sideways on a chair, she has put on a clean dress, there is a cigarette-end in the fireplace...the jealous man sees a handkerchief on the floor, a wet cloth in the bathroom, newspapers in a ditch, and attaches to all the same import.\" ", "Consider the case of a European psychiatrist who counseled many couples referred to him in which one of the spouses experienced \"morbid jealousy.\" ", "Most cases were husbands who had delusions that their wives were sexually unfaithful, and these delusions destroyed the fabric of trust required for harmonious marriage. ", "Because he believed that extreme jealousy was a psychiatric illness that could not be cured, his most common recommendation was that the couples separate or divorce. ", "Many couples followed his recommendations. ", "Because he was keenly interested in the subsequent fate of his patients, he routinely contacted them after a number of months had passed. ", "To his astonishment, he discovered that many of the wives of his patients had subsequently become sexually involved with the very men about whom their husbands had been jealous! ", "Some of these women actually married the men who were the objects of their husbands' suspicions. ", "In many cases, the husbands must have been sensing signs of infidelity. ", "But because the wives proclaimed innocence and declared that their husbands' jealousy was irrational, the husbands ended up believing that the problem was in their heads. ", "The problem of signal detection is how to identify and correctly interpret a partner's betrayal in an uncertain social world containing a chaos of conflicting clues. ", "Jealousy is often triggered by circumstances that signal a real threat to a relationship, such as differences in the desirability of the partners, as illustrated by the following case. ", "The man was 35 years old, working as a foreman, when he was referred to a psychiatrist and diagnosed with \"morbid jealousy.\" ", "He had married at age 20 to a woman of 16 whom he deeply loved. ", "During their first two years of marriage, he was stationed in military service in England. ", "During this two-year separation, he received several anonymous letters saying that his wife was carrying on an affair. ", "When he returned to America to rejoin her, he questioned her intensely about the allegations, but she denied them. ", "Their own sexual relations proved disappointing. ", "He became obsessed with the earlier time in their marriage, repeatedly accused his wife of infidelity, and hit her from time to time, especially after a bout of drinking. ", "He tried to strangle her twice, and several times he threatened to kill himself. ", "He openly admitted his problems to the psychiatrist: \"I'm so jealous that when I see anyone near her I want to hurt her. ", "I have always loved her but do not think she has returned my affection. ", "This jealousy is something I feel in my stomach and when it comes out of me there is nothing I can do about it. ", "That is why I behave so madly....My wife is always telling me that other men are stronger and can beat me....I'm not a big chap or a handsome chap but my wife is so pretty and I don't think I come up to her high standards.\" ", "In other words, he perceived a difference in their level of desirability; she was attractive and alluring, and he saw himself as beneath her. ", "When the psychiatrist questioned the wife in private, she admitted to meeting and having an affair with a married man. ", "The affair was carried on in secret, and throughout the duration of her affair she insisted that her husband's jealousy was delusional. ", "The affair began roughly one year before the husband was referred to the psychiatrist to treat \"his problem.\" ", "Differences in desirability — when an \"8\" is married to a \"10\" — can heighten sensitivity to signals of infidelity in the partner who has fewer outside mating options. ", "Elaine Hatfield and her colleagues at the University of Hawaii discovered that the more desirable partner in the couple in fact is more likely to stray. ", "Those who have been in relationships with both more attractive and less attractive partners have an acute awareness of how jealousy is attuned to these differences. ", "These differences represent one among many signs of actual or impending infidelity explored in depth later in the book.", "\n\nEmotional Wisdom Jealousy is necessary because of the real threat of sexual treachery. ", "In a hazardous world where rivals lurk, partners harbor passions for other people, and infidelity threatens to destroy what could have been a lifelong love, it would be surprising if evolution had not forged elaborate defenses to detect and fend off these threats. ", "Exposing these threats, and the psycho-logical arms we have to combat them, is a first step toward comprehending the wisdom of passions that sometimes seem so destructive. ", "The Dangerous Passion takes us on a journey through the rationality of these seemingly irrational emotions, examining the fundamental desires of what men and women want, and why these longings so often produce conflict. ", "Chapter 2 introduces the jealousy paradox — why an emotion that evolved to protect love can rip a relationship apart. ", "It explores the evolution of conflict between men and women, why painful emotions are necessary in resolving conflicts, and why men and women are locked in a never-ending spiral of love and strife. ", "Chapter 3 focuses on why men and women differ in their underlying psychology of jealousy. ", "It reveals that men and women are neither unisex equivalents nor aliens from different planets. ", "When it comes to adaptive problems that differ for men and women, passions diverge; for adaptive problems that are the same, their emotions joyfully commingle. ", "Chapter 4, \"The Othello Syndrome,\" investigates seemingly bizarre clinical cases in which a jealous person becomes untethered, resulting in delusional suspicions about a partner's infidelity. ", "We explore why our minds are designed not merely to pick up on infidelities that have already occurred, but also to detect circumstances that signal an increased likelihood that a partner will stray in the future. ", "Chapter 5 delves into the frightening abuses produced by the dangerous passion — battering, stalking, and killing — and identifies when women are most vulnerable to these violations. ", "Although I call jealousy the dangerous passion, it cannot be disentangled from the risky cravings that men and women harbor for other lovers. ", "Chapter 6 examines the qualities of relationships that make a person susceptible to infidelity, the personality characteristics that predict who's likely to cheat, and why some people unwittingly drive their partners into the arms of a paramour. ", "Chapter 7 explores why women have affairs, and why modern women have inherited from their ancestral mothers a roving eye. ", "Chapter 8 identifies the strategies we use to cope with jealousy and infidelity and why some therapeutic efforts to eradicate jealousy are often misguided. ", "The final chapter reveals the positive uses of jealousy for enhancing sexual passion and life-long love, and examines how we can harness emotional wisdom to enrich our relationships. (", "C) 2000 David M. Buss All rights reserved. ", "ISBN: 0-684-85081-8\n\n\n\nHome | Site Index | Site Search | Forums | Archives | Marketplace Quick News | Page One Plus | International | National/N.Y. | Business | Technology | Science | Sports | Weather | Editorial | Op-Ed | Arts | Automobiles | Books | Diversions | Job Market | Real Estate | Travel Help/Feedback | Classifieds | Services | New York Today Copyright 2000 The New York Times Company" ]

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[ "Brain\nAge makes Edu-tainment fun...for the first time ever.", "\nby Cole Smith\n\nApril\n13, 2006 - For\nthose of you that believe that you may have suffered\nirreversible brain damage from playing mindless shooters\nand watching too many episodes of Nick and Jessica,\nhelp is on the way. ", "There's no doubt that you've suffered\nbrain damage, but thanks to Brain Age, it is irreversible.", "\n\nThe\nslogan for Brain Age is: Train Your Brain in Minutes\na Day. ", "I know it sounds like work, but this is way\nmore fun than flossing. ", "It's like playing a bunch\nof puzzle-based mini-games. ", "As long as you still have\nthe capacity to learn, you will get better at these\nchallenges each time that you play them and thus you\nwill train your brain.", "\n\nYou\nbegin with a test to determine your brain age. ", "You\nwill receive a score that you can think of as a relative\nIQ level. ", "The older your brain age, the worse off\nyou are. ", "You don't want to have the mind of the average\n70-year old, but it can be a real shocker when you\nfind that out. ", "However, your brain age will become\nyounger over the days and weeks as you play this game.", "\n\nNow\nhere's the bad news, there is math involved. ", "Yes,\nyou will have to perform some calculations. ", "None of\nthem are exceptionally hard and it's nothing that\nyou haven't done in school. ", "It's just that you might\nnot remember your multiplication table if you've been\nout of school for a while and do everything with a\ncomputer or calculator. ", "I didn't do very good on the\nmath at first but after a few days it comes back to\nyou. ", "You really do have all the resources to do well\nin this game, it's just a matter or retrieving those\nold files that might be buried in a sludge of gray\nmatter. ", "Now here's the good news, you are limited\nto playing this game for only five minutes a day.", "\n\nThe\ngameplay is based on the theories of Japanese neuroscientist,\nDr. Ryuta Kawashima who believes that these exercises\nwill stimulate somewhat dormant areas of the brain.", "\nNourishing oxygen is then introduced to these regions\nwhich are stimulated by these challenges, allowing\nthem to become more functional in your day-to-day\nactivity. ", "As these newly stimulated regions become\nlinked, your brain will become a much more powerful\ntool.", "\n\nThe\nDS is held sideways so that it opens like a book.", "\nYou will make use of all the controls as well as the\ntouch screen and the stylus which is used for drawing\nand writing. ", "When writing the correct answers or numbers,\nyou might find that the CPU doesn't recognize some\nof your handwriting. ", "This could be due to poor spelling\nand poor handwriting. ", "In any case if you continue\nto play the game in the nature that it was intended,\nyour spelling and handwriting will show signs of improvements.", "\nI found the other controls functioned perfectly.", "\n\nThe\nmath segment is basically a drill. ", "You'll be shown\nseveral simple equations that you have to solve. ", "There\nis a speed element to it so you'll eventually train\nyourself to be faster and more accurate. ", "You'll notice\nthat you improve a lot quicker if you have an audience,\nor better yet, some competition. ", "Up to 16 players\ncan take part in the various tests. ", "Brain Age also\ncomes with a version of the popular puzzle game Sudoku.", "\nIt's a popular number-based game similar to a crossword\npuzzle. ", "You have a series of grids, nine rows by nine\ncolumns. ", "Each puzzle begins with some numbers appearing\nin various grids. ", "You have to fill in the empty grids\nwith numbers from one to nine without repeating any\nin either the corresponding row or column. ", "There is\nonly one number that will fit into each of the 81\ngrids. ", "It can really bust your brain. ", "In yet another\nmath game you will have to keep track of the number\nof people at a party, as they come and go.", "\n\nThere's\nmore to Brain Age than just math games. ", "In another\ntest you will have to memorize as many four-letter\nwords as you can in two minutes. ", "You will also have\nto memorize sequences of numbers. ", "There are dots to\nconnect, syllables to count, differences to detect\nand even a segment which will have you read out loud.", "\nApparently reading out loud is very brain stimulating.", "\nHere, try reading this out loud: \"Why am I so\n#~*&+%$ dumb?\" ", "Say it again, this time louder.", "\nWhat word did you use in place of all those symbols?", "\nSay that word again, but louder. ", "Go ahead, scream\nit\n\nAt\nfirst some of these challenges might seem almost impossible.", "\nNumbers race past, sequences and questions are popping\nup all over the place, but it's something you'll get\nused to in a few days. ", "Kawashima is the game's genial,\ngenius host. ", "He guides you through the series of tests\nand helps explain why it's important to stimulate\nyour Prefrontal Cortex. ", "Maybe if I play the game long\nenough I'll know what that is.", "\n\nLike\nthe writing recognition software, the voice recognition\nsystem is pretty darn good. ", "It's not perfect and it\ncan be particularly frustrating when you do have the\nright answer, or read the text perfectly, and the\nsystem fails to register it. ", "You will usually find\nthat you have to speak slowly and enunciate more clearly.", "\nIt's not a big deal to get used to in the long run.", "\n\nThe\nmulti-player mode is fun for competition and while\nit can be inspiring, it's not all that interesting\nand you'll tire of it quite quickly. ", "The replay value\nis in the single-player mode. ", "The game will keep track\nof your stats and you'll be able to see how much you've\nimproved. ", "I've only been at it for a few days and\nI'm already seeing some improvement. ", "I did twice as\ngood as last time - I got two answers right instead\nof one\n\nFeatures:\n\nBrain\nAge presents players with a series of mental brain-training\nchallenges that incorporate word memorization, counting\nand reading.", "\n\nBrain\nAge: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day for Nintendo\nDS is a fun, rewarding form of entertainment everyone\ncan enjoy, as it helps players flex their mental\nmuscles.", "\n\nBrain\nAge is inspired by the research of Professor Ryuta\nKawashima, a prominent Japanese neuroscientist.", "\nHis studies evaluated the impact of performing certain\nreading and mathematic exercises to help stimulate\nthe brain.", "\n\nFeatures\nvoice recognition and handwriting recognition.", "\n\nCome\nwith the popular newspaper puzzle game, Sudoku.", "\n\nBy\nCole SmithCCC\nSenior Writer\n\nRating\nout of 5\n\nBrain\nAge: Train Your Brain In Minutes A Day\n(DS)\n\n2.5\n\nGraphicsNothing\nspecial in the graphics department, not\nthat it needs it.", "\n\n4.0\n\nControlEither\nthe voice and handwriting recognition system\nhave the occasional glitch or I can't talk\nand write properly.", "\n\n3.3\n\nMusic\n/ Sound FX / Voice ActingNot\nmuch of a show but the entire game is presented\nin a professional manner that is not clinical.", "\n\n4.5\n\nPlay\nValueOnce\nyou get hooked, it's a one-way ticket to\nNerdsville for you smarty.", "\n\n4.1\n\nOverall\nRating -\nGreat\nNot an average. ", "See Rating legend above\nfor a final score breakdown.", "\n\nMarch\n2, 2006 - Video\ngames have always been given a bad rap. ", "If you're\nnot shooting at someone, you're running over someone.", "\nIf you're not running over someone, you're stabbing\nsomeone...and so on and so forth. ", "Yeah, we get it.", "\nVideo games are usually violent and they don't learn\nyou much, as is evident by my lack of proper grammar\nin this sentence. ", "Darn you video games!", "\n\nIf\nyou've been noticing lately that ye olde cerebral\ncortex has been diminishing in all aspects of functionality,\nfear not, my fellow braindead vegetables! ", "Nintendo\nis using their DS technology and the research inspired\nby Professor Ryuta Kawashima to make you smart again,\nbut be forewarned - If you're stupid now, then use\nthe Brain Age to get super smart, then stop playing\nit, you'll become dumb again - just like the book\nFlowers For Algernon (Charly) and let me tell you,\nthat was one sad book. ", "But you should read it anyway\nbecause reading is good for you and video games are\nbad for you. ", "Well, all video games with the exception\nof Brain Age and Panty Raider. ", "Oh wait....I've just\nbeen handed something....it appears I was mistaken\nand I owe you an apology. ", "Panty Raider isn't good\nfor you.", "\n\nI'll\ngive Nintendo credit - after years of reducing our\nbrains to mush with fantasies of pointy eared elf-like\nheroes who seem to be as common as Elvis impersonators\nin their universe, plumbers who save the world without\nexposing their buttcracks when they bend over and\ngiant tie-wearing apes that throw barrels instead\nof their own feces, it's about time Nintendo gave\nus something back. ", "Namely, the ability to think again.", "\n\nBrain\nAge: Train Your Brain In Minutes A Day! ", "is scheduled\nfor an April release and if history has shown us anything,\nnone of you idiots will buy it. ", "Why is that? ", "Because\nyou're idiots and aren't interested in getting smarter.", "\nCare to prove me wrong? ", "Please note that the awesome\nmathematical puzzler Sudoku is also included.", "\n\nCompany\nLine:\n\nWhat\nis Brain Age?", "\n\nBrain\nAge: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day for Nintendo\nDS is a fun, rewarding form of entertainment everyone\ncan enjoy, as it helps players flex their mental muscles.", "\nBrain Age is inspired by the research of Professor\nRyuta Kawashima, a prominent Japanese neuroscientist.", "\nHis studies evaluated the impact of performing certain\nreading and mathematic exercises to help stimulate\nthe brain.", "\n\nBrain\nAge presents quick mental activities that help keep\nyour DS brain in shape. ", "Activities include quickly\nsolving simple math problems, counting people going\nin and out of a house simultaneously, drawing pictures\non the Touch Screen, reading classic literature out\nloud, and more. ", "You can also play sudoku, the number\npuzzle game which has become an extremely popular\nfeature in U.S. newspapers.", "\n\nOn\nyour first day of exercise, you will take a series\nof tests and get a score that determines how old your\nbrain is. ", "This number is called your \"DS Brain\nAge\". ", "By performing daily exercises just minutes\na day over weeks and months, the better you'll get\nat the exercises and the lower your DS Brain Age will\nbecome.", "\n\nWhy\nis brain training good for you?", "\n\nWe\nall know as we grow older our bodies change and it\nbecomes important to regularly exercise to maintain\nhealth and fitness. ", "Our brain is no different. \"", "Use\nit or lose it,\" as the adage goes. ", "New research\nindicates mental acuity may be strengthened, like\nmuscles, with brain exercises.", "\n\nThat's\nwhere Brain Age comes in.", "\n\nBut\nhow does Brain Age work?", "\n\nThe\nBrain Age exercises are designed to stimulate your\nbrain. ", "Solving simple math and logic problems quickly,\nand reading aloud, have been proven to be effective\nmethods of achieving this goal.", "\n\nThe\ndistinctive Nintendo DS Touch Screen lets users write\ntheir answers with a Stylus pen, just as though they\nwere writing on paper or using a Personal Digital\nAssistant or \"PDA\". ", "Furthermore, the Nintendo\nDS's voice input identifies particular words you'll\nspeak during the Stroop Test.", "\n\nBrain\nAge tracks your progression through each exercise\nwith easy-to-read line charts. ", "Consistently using\nBrain Age each day will open new exercises to test\nyour ability.", "\n\nBaby\nBoomers and test-prepping school kids alike want to\nchallenge themselves and find ways to stay sharp.", "\nBrain Age acts like a treadmill for the mind. ", "With\nthe simplicity of the Nintendo DS, and Brain Age's\nchallenging and rewarding exercises, everyone can\nstimulate their DS brain, improving speed and accuracy\nof their game play." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhere did people watch trailers before internet was invented?", "\n\nNow, with the Internet, we can simply watch trailers of a film on YouTube or other sites. ", "But how did people watch trailers before all this was created? ", "Were trailers shown in the cinemas only?", "\n\nA:\n\nWhere did people watch movie trailers? ", "Before the internet, there were movie theaters, broadcast TV, and cable TV. ", " Before cable TV there were movie theaters and broadcast TV. ", " Before broadcast TV there were movie theaters. ", " Before movie theaters there was no place to watch trailers that were not made to advertise movies that were not made.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "just seeing if you were back from your trip. ", " maybe we can go for lunch \nsometime this week. ", "let me know when you're free." ]

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[ "//\n// SectionModelType.swift\n// RxDataSources\n//\n// Created by Krunoslav Zaher on 6/28/15.", "\n// Copyright © 2015 Krunoslav Zaher. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n//\n\nimport Foundation\n\npublic protocol SectionModelType {\n associatedtype Item\n\n var items: [Item] { get }\n\n init(original: Self, items: [Item])\n}" ]

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[ "/*============================================================================\n\nThe Medical Imaging Interaction Toolkit (MITK)\n\nCopyright (c) German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)\nAll rights reserved.", "\n\nUse of this source code is governed by a 3-clause BSD license that can be\nfound in the LICENSE file.", "\n\n============================================================================*/\n\n#include \"berryIWorkbenchPartReference.h\"\n\n\nnamespace berry {\n\nIWorkbenchPartReference::~IWorkbenchPartReference()\n{\n}\n\n}\n" ]

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[ "The content of the Library of Parliament has moved. ", "Please update your bookmarks.", "\n\nThe link may also be broken.", "\n\nFor more information, contact the Library or return to the Parliament of Canada homepage." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "5.6 the slower ball does the trick. ", "A 87.5kmph back of the hand ball. ", "Wells comes down the track in an attempt to loft it away. ", "He is deceived by the lack of pace and is well into the stroke by the time the ball comes to him. ", "There is only one place that the ball can go after he missed it- middle stump. ", "It hits the top of middle and Wells is disappointed 37/15.6 the slower ball does the trick. ", "A 87.5kmph back of the hand ball. ", "Wells comes down the track in an attempt to loft it away. ", "He is deceived by the lack of pace and is well into the stroke by the time the ball comes to him. ", "There is only one place that the ball can go after he missed it- middle stump. ", "It hits the top of middle and Wells is disappointed 37/1\n\n17.4 the change of pace does the trick. ", "Birt is looking to paddle the ball away and makes his intentions clear as Starc is running in. ", "He sees the movement and pitches it short. ", "Birt looks to adjust and ends up gloving it to the keeper. ", "Good, entertaining innings by Birt 144/2\n\n17.4 to Birt, the change of pace does the trick. ", "Birt is looking to paddle the ball away and makes his intentions clear as Starc is running in. ", "He sees the movement and pitches it short. ", "Birt looks to adjust and ends up gloving it to the keeper. ", "Good, entertaining innings by Birt 144/219.3 to Jaques, he is gone now as he plays a tired drive straight into the hands of Henriques at long-off. ", "A very good innings by Jaques 162/3\n\n5.6 to Wells, the slower ball does the trick. ", "A 87.5kmph back of the hand ball. ", "Wells comes down the track in an attempt to loft it away. ", "He is deceived by the lack of pace and is well into the stroke by the time the ball comes to him. ", "There is only one place that the ball can go after he missed it- middle stump. ", "It hits the top of middle and Wells is disappointed 37/15.6 to Wells, the slower ball does the trick. ", "A 87.5kmph back of the hand ball. ", "Wells comes down the track in an attempt to loft it away. ", "He is deceived by the lack of pace and is well into the stroke by the time the ball comes to him. ", "There is only one place that the ball can go after he missed it- middle stump. ", "It hits the top of middle and Wells is disappointed 37/1\n\n1.6 and that's the celbration for the Test recall. ", "He bowls one on the off stump and it straightens a touch. ", "Nevill doesn't help himself by coming down the track. ", "He misses the ball and it hits the top of off 7/1\n\n2.1 to Lumb, that's two in two. ", "Lumb makes room and looks to drive the ball. ", "He misses and the ball hits the middle stumps. ", "Sixers in serious trouble now 7/211.5 to Maddinson, full-toss on the middle stump. ", "Maddinson looks to sweep it and misses. ", "He is struck on the pads and has to go 73/4\n\n1.6 to Nevill, and that's the celbration for the Test recall. ", "He bowls one on the off stump and it straightens a touch. ", "Nevill doesn't help himself by coming down the track. ", "He misses the ball and it hits the top of off 7/1\n\n10.3 to Smith, does anybody remember the catch by McGrath off Vaughan? ", "Laughlin has pulled off a similar catch. ", "Smith goes for the slog sweep and Laughlin puts in a forward dive to pull off a stunner 64/3\n\n14.5 to Thornely, fuller ball on the off stump. ", "Thornely looks to slog it and gets an inside edge. ", "The ball crashes onto the off stump and Sixers slip further 93/616.4 to Henriques, short ball outside the off stump. ", "HEnriques is early into the pull shot as he gets a top edge that is taken easily by Jaques at short fine-leg 110/716.5 to Lee, fuller ball on the middle stump. ", "Lee looks to drive and misses. ", "He is bowled 110/818.2 to Hazlewood, on the off stump and a slower ball. ", "Hazlewood goes for the drive early and is beaten. ", "The ball hits the outside of the off stump 114/9" ]

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[ "In many hydrocarbon well applications, well logging is used to collect data on formations which may contain reservoirs of hydrocarbon fluids. ", "Various types of well logging instruments utilize a pulsed neutron generator having one or more sealed neutron generator tubes. ", "A traditional method involves storing and introducing tritium gas to the neutron generator tubes via use of a uranium reservoir. ", "A sealed stainless steel cylinder is employed to contain a uranium hydride storage bed. ", "Heat is applied externally to an outer wall of the uranium-based tritium reservoir until sufficiently high temperatures cause tritium to be released from the uranium. ", "At sufficiently low temperatures, the tritium re-adsorbs to the uranium. ", "However, uranium can be difficult to use and it has certain inherent disadvantages because of the pyrophoric characteristics of uranium. ", "Additionally, the structure of existing neutron generator systems can create difficulties in servicing or replacement of system components." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Established 1949 - Men's 70th Birthday T shirt\n\n£14.95\n\nBirthday T shirt for 70 year olds\n\nThe design shows the image of a Roman / Greek Temple with the year of birth printed in Roman Numerals.", "\n\nThis is a premium quality T-shirt ethically made from 100% soft cotton and it is designed and printed by Da Londra in London. ", "The T-shirt comes folded with a tissue insert and is presented in a Da Londra sleeve ready to be given as a gift.", "\n\nYou can machine wash this T-shirt at 40c.", "Also see our other Da Londra designs for T shirts with 70th Birthday Messages." ]

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[ "Coordination polymers built from 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene: from crystalline to amorphous.", "\nThe supramolecular chemistry of the bis-imidazole ligand 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene, popularly known as bix, has been explored by various researchers in order to synthesize functional coordination polymers (CPs). ", "The flexibility of the bix ligand, its unpredictable conformation and its coordination behaviour with transition metal ions have resulted in a huge number of structurally diverse and functionally intriguing CPs. ", "In this perspective review we discuss the progress in CPs of bix between 1997 and today. ", "More precisely, this review emphasizes the developments in functional supramolecular coordination polymers built from the bix ligand, from crystalline materials to amorphous nanomaterials." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Aneurysm occlusion in elderly patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a cost-utility analysis.", "\nAneurysm occlusion after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) aims to improve outcome by reducing the rebleeding risk. ", "With increasing age, overall prognosis decreases, and the complications of aneurysm occlusion increase. ", "The balance of risks for aneurysm occlusion in elderly SAH patients in different age categories and clinical conditions is unknown. ", "A Markov model was used to evaluate quality-adjusted life years (QALY), additional costs and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) of aneurysm occlusion in 192 patient subgroups, based on age, gender, neurological condition at admission, time since SAH, and aneurysm size and location. ", "Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. ", "For patients admitted in poor condition ≥ 10 days after SAH, and patients older than 80 years, admitted in poor condition admitted ≥ 4 days after SAH, occlusion implied QALY loss and increased costs. ", "Only for women younger than 79 and men younger than 74 years admitted in good condition within 4 days did the ICER of occlusion fall below €50,000 per QALY. ", "Occlusion was beneficial and cost-saving in women aged 74 years or younger admitted in good condition within 4 days with a small posterior circulation aneurysm. ", "Conclusions Aneurysm occlusion is harmful in some subgroups of elderly patients and beneficial in others. ", "It is cost-effective only in specific subgroups that comprise a large part of the patients encountered in clinical practice. ", "Beyond the age of 80 years, the balance between risks and benefits is often no longer positive for occlusion, and it should only be considered if the predicted life expectancy leaves margin for benefit." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'Let $F$ be a closed surface and $i:F \\to S^3$ a generic immersions. ", "Then $S^3 - i(F)$ is a union of connected regions, which may be separated into two sets $\\{ U_j \\}$ and $\\{ V_j \\}$ by a checkerboard coloring. ", "For $k \\geq 0$ let $a_k$, $b_k$ be the number of components $U_j$, $V_j$ with $\\chi(U_j) = 1-k$, $\\chi(V_j)=1-k$, respectively. ", "Two more integers attached to $i$ are the number $N$ of triple points of $i$, and $\\chi=\\chi(F)$. In this work we determine what sets of data $({{ \\{ a_k \\} }}, {{ \\{ b_k \\} }}, \\chi, N)$ may appear in this way.'", "\naddress: 'Department of Mathematics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel'\nauthor:\n- Tahl Nowik\ndate: 'January 7, 2007'\ntitle: Complementary regions for immersions of surfaces\n---\n\n\\[section\\] \\[thm\\][Lemma]{} \\[thm\\][Proposition]{} \\[thm\\][Corollary]{} \\[thm\\][Definition]{} \\[thm\\][Remark]{}\n\nThe setting, and statement of result\n====================================\n\nFor $F$ a closed surface and $i: F\\to S^3$ a generic immersion, we will be interested in the connected components of $S^3 - i(F)$. They will be called the *complementary regions* of $i$, or simply the *regions* of $i$. Choose one point $p_0 \\in S^3 - i(F)$ and color it black. ", "This determines a color black or white for any point in $S^3 - i(F)$ according to the following prescription: If $p \\in S^3 - i(F)$ we connect $p$ to $p_0$ with a curve $\\gamma$ in general position with respect to $i(F)$, and we color $p$ black or white according to whether $\\gamma$ intersects $i(F)$ an even or odd number of times, respectively. ", "This is indeed well defined by simple connectivity of $S^3$. The color of points within one region is constant and so we may refer to the color of a region, and this color changes whenever crossing a sheet of $i(F)$ from one region to a neighboring one. ", "We will be interested in the collection of Euler characteristics that may appear for the set of regions, so we first prove:\n\n\\[l1\\] If $U$ is a complementary region of $i:F \\to S^3$ then $\\chi(U) \\leq 1$.\n\nLet ${{\\partial}}U$ be the natural notion of a boundary for $U$. It is enough to show that ${{\\partial}}U$ is connected, since then $\\chi({{\\partial}}U) \\leq 2$ and so $\\chi(U) = {{1 \\over 2}}\\chi({{\\partial}}U) \\leq 1$. So assume ${{\\partial}}U$ has at least two connected components $S_1,S_2$, and let $T {\\subseteq}U$ be a surface parallel to $S_1$. There is a path in $U$ from $S_1$ to $S_2$ crossing $T$ precisely once, and since $i(F)$ is connected and disjoint from $T$, this path can be completed to a loop in $S^3$ crossing $T$ precisely once, contradicting the simple connectivity of $S^3$.\n\nGiven a generic immersion $i:F \\to S^3$, color $S^3 - i(F)$ as above, and we define two sequences $a_0,a_1,a_2,\\dots$ and $b_0,b_1,b_2,\\dots$ of non-negative integers as follows: Let $a_k = a_k(i)$ be the number of black regions $U$ with $\\chi(U)=1-k$ and let $b_k=b_k(i)$ be the number of white regions $U$ with $\\chi(U)=1-k$. We attach two more integers to such immersion, the number $N=N(i)$ of triple points of $i$, and $\\chi = \\chi(F)$. Our goal in this work is to determine what sets of data $({{ \\{ a_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b_k \\} }},\\chi,N)$ may arise in this way. ", "We will prove:\n\n\\[main\\] Let $\\{ a_k \\}_{k \\geq 0}$, $\\{ b_k \\}_{k \\geq 0}$ be two sequences of non-negative integers which are not identically 0. ", "Let $\\chi$ and $N$ be integers satisfying $\\chi \\leq 2$, $N\\geq 0$. Then there is a closed surface $F$ with $\\chi(F) = \\chi$ and an immersion $i:F \\to S^3$ with $N$ triple points which realizes the sequences ${{ \\{ a_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b_k \\} }}$, iff the following equation holds: $$\\sum_k (1-k)a_k = \\sum_k (1-k)b_k = {{1 \\over 2}}(\\chi + N).$$\n\nThe “only if” part of Theorem [main]{} will be proved in Section [onif]{} and the “if” part in Section [if]{}.", "\n\nAny immersion satisfies the equation {#onif}\n====================================\n\nIn this section we show that any immersion $i:F \\to S^3$ satisfies the equalities of Theorem [main]{}. ", "This has been shown for orientable surfaces in [f]{} using an elaborate order 1 invariant appearing there. ", "We will present a self contained proof which covers both orientable and non-orientable surfaces. ", "For generic immersion $i: F \\to S^3$ let $A(i)$ be the union of all black regions and $B(i)$ the union of all white regions of $i$, then $\\sum_k (1-k)a_k = \\chi(A(i))$ and $\\sum_k (1-k)b_k = \\chi(B(i))$. We now define $a(i)$ and $b(i)$ by $a(i) = \\chi(A(i)) - {{1 \\over 2}}N(i)$ and $b(i) = \\chi(B(i)) - {{1 \\over 2}}N(i)$ (this may be a half integer). ", "Our goal is then to show that for any immersion $i:F \\to S^3$, $a(i) = b(i) = {{1 \\over 2}}\\chi(F)$. We will show this by first showing that $a(i)$ and $b(i)$ are constant along regular homotopies, and then verifying the equalities for one chosen immersion in every regular homotopy class.", "\n\nAlong a generic regular homotopy, there are some finitely many times when the topology of the complementary regions may change, namely, at the times when the regular homotopy passes through non-stable immersion. ", "There are four types of such occurrences, which we name $E,H,T,Q$. They appear in Figure 1, and a model immersion in ${{{\\Bbb R}^3}}$ for each configuration is given below, depending on a parameter ${{\\lambda}}$. The immersions depicted in Figure 1 correspond to some ${{\\lambda}}> 0$, and the unstable immersion corresponds to ${{\\lambda}}= 0$. We will now see that for each of the four types of occurrences, if we continuously carry the coloring along the regular homotopy, by keeping it fixed on points which are remote from the given occurrence, then the topology of the regions and the number of triple points change in a way such that $a(i),b(i)$ remain constant.", "\n\nModel for $E$:  $z=0$,  $z=x^2+y^2+{{\\lambda}}$. When moving from ${{\\lambda}}> 0$ to ${{\\lambda}}< 0$ a new 3-cell region appears. ", "Say this region is black then it adds 1 to $a(i)$. The second change occurring, is that the region just above the plane $z=0$ has a 2-handle removed from it. ", "This region is seen to be black, since one needs to cross both sheets involved in the configuration in order to pass from this region into the new 3-cell. ", "And so all together $a(i)$ remains fixed. ", "The topology of the white regions has remained unchanged and so $b(i)$ remains fixed as well.", "\n\nModel for $H$:   $z=0$,  $z=x^2-y^2+{{\\lambda}}$. The changes occurring in the neighboring regions when passing from ${{\\lambda}}> 0$ to ${{\\lambda}}< 0$ are that a 1-handle is removed from the region $X$ just above the $x$ axis, and a 1-handle is added to the region $Y$ just below the $y$ axis. ", "It is seen that the color of these two regions is the same since they are on opposite sides of both sheets involved in the configuration, and so $a(i),b(i)$ remain fixed.", "\n\nModel for $T$:  $z=0$,  $y=0$,  $z=y+x^2+{{\\lambda}}$. When passing from ${{\\lambda}}> 0$ to ${{\\lambda}}< 0$ a new 3-cell region appears. ", "The second change occurring is that a 1-handle is removed from the region near the $x$ axis having negative $y$ values and positive $z$ values. ", "The color of this region is seen to be opposite to that of the new 3-cell, since it is on the other side of all three sheets involved in the configuration, and so $\\chi(A(i))$ and $\\chi(B(i))$ both increase by 1. ", "But on the other hand, two triple points are added to $i$ during this occurrence, and so all together both $a(i)$ and $b(i)$ remained fixed.", "\n\nModel for $Q$:  $z=0$,  $y=0$,  $x=0$,  $z=x+y+{{\\lambda}}$. When passing from ${{\\lambda}}>0$ to ${{\\lambda}}< 0$, a simplex region vanishes, and a new simplex region appears. ", "They are of the same color since they are on the opposite side of all four sheets involved in the configuration. ", "All other regions are topologically unchanged and so again, $a(i)$ and $b(i)$ remain fixed.", "\n\nWe have thus shown that $a(i)$ and $b(i)$ are constant on every regular homotopy class. ", "It remains to find this value by direct inspection of one immersion in every regular homotopy class, and see that indeed $a(i)=b(i)={{1 \\over 2}}\\chi(F)$. It is shown in [p]{} that if $F$ is orientable then any immersion $i:F \\to {{{\\Bbb R}^3}}$ is regularly homotopic to either a standard embedding, or a standard embedding with an additional “ring” added along a particular circle in the surface. (", "A ring along a trivial circle is seen in Figure 3b). ", "It follows that the same is true for immersions in $S^3$. For a standard embedding the regions on the two sides indeed have $\\chi(U) = {{1 \\over 2}}\\chi(F)$. If a ring is added, this adds a solid torus region, whose $\\chi$ is 0, and it does not change the topology of the previously existing regions, and so the equalities still hold. ", "It is further shown in [p]{} that if $F$ is non-orientable, then any immersion $i:F \\to {{{\\Bbb R}^3}}$ is regularly homotopic to a connect sum of Boy’s surfaces (right and left handed), where by connect sum of immersions we mean the following. ", "If $i:F \\to S^3$, is an immersion of a closed surface into $S^3$, and if $p \\in i(F)$ is a point not in the intersection set of $i$, then let $B$ be a small 3-ball neighborhood of $p$ disjoint from the intersection set of $i$ and delete $B$ from $S^3$, obtaining an immersion $i|_{F-D}:F-D \\to S^3 - B$ where $D = i^{-1}(B)$ is a disc in $F$. If $i':F' \\to S^3$ is another such immersion, do the same with some $B',D'$. Now glue $S^3-B$ to $S^3-B'$ along their boundaries, so that the boundaries of $F-D$ and $F'-D'$ will match, obtaining an immersion $F \\# F' \\to S^3 \\# S^3 =S^3$ which we call a connect sum of $i,i'$. When such connect sum operation is performed, then the two complementary regions of $i$ on the two sides of $i(D)$, merge with the corresponding complementary regions of $i'$ on the two sides of $i'(D')$. Each such merger is along a disc, namely, a hemisphere of ${{\\partial}}B$.\n\nIn [p]{} Boy’s surface is depicted with a small window removed, so one can peak inside and convince one’s self that the complementary regions of Boy’s surface are two 3-cells, one of each color. ", "Also, Boy’s surface has one triple point. ", "And so the complementary regions of a connect sum of $N$ Boy’s surfaces are still two 3-cells, one of each color, and the number of triple points is $N$. And so $a(i)=b(i)=1-{{1 \\over 2}}N = {{1 \\over 2}}\\chi(F)$. This completes the proof of the “only if” part of Theorem [main]{}.", "\n\nWe make the following remark. ", "The “only if” part of Theorem [main]{} is a refinement of what may be deduced in this setting from the result of Izumiya and Marar ([im]{}), namely $\\chi(i(F)) = \\chi(F) + N$. Indeed, present $S^3$ as the union of a regular neighborhood $U$ of $i(F)$, and the union $V$ of all complementary regions, slightly diminished, so $\\chi(V) = \\sum_k (1-k)a_k + \\sum_k (1-k)b_k$. We get $\\chi(S^3) = 0 = \\chi(i(F)) + \\chi(V) - \\chi( {{\\partial}}V) = \\chi(i(F)) - \\chi(V)$, or $\\chi(i(F)) = \\chi(V)$. This shows that the Izumiya Marar equality is equivalent in this setting to $\\chi(V) = \\chi(F)+N$, which is the sum of our two equalities $\\sum_k (1-k)a_k = {{1 \\over 2}}(\\chi + N)$ and $\\sum_k (1-k)b_k = {{1 \\over 2}}(\\chi + N)$.\n\nRealizing the data by immersions {#if}\n================================\n\nIn this section we show that any data $({{ \\{ a_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b_k \\} }},\\chi,N)$ satisfying the conditions of Theorem [main]{}, may be realized by some $F$ and $i$. The proof is by induction on $N + \\sum_k a_k + \\sum_k b_k$.\n\nLet $({{ \\{ a_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b_k \\} }},\\chi,N)$ be data satisfying the conditions of Theorem [main]{}. ", "If $a_0 \\geq 1$ and there is $r \\geq 1$ with $a_r \\geq 1$, then let ${{ \\{ a'_k \\} }}$ be the sequence obtained from ${{ \\{ a_k \\} }}$ by subtracting 1 from $a_0$, subtracting 1 from $a_r$, and then adding 1 to $a_{r-1}$. (so if $r=1$ then $a'_0=a_0$). ", "If ${{ \\{ a_k \\} }}$ satisfies the conditions of Theorem [main]{}, then so does $\\{ a'_k \\}$, and we have $a'_{r-1} \\geq 1$. By induction there is a surface $F$ and immersion $i:F \\to S^3$ realizing $(\\{a'_k\\},{{ \\{ b_k \\} }},\\chi,N)$. Let $U$ be a black complementary region for $i$ with $\\chi(U)=1-(r-1)$, and change $i$ in a disc on the boundary of $U$ (which is disjoint from the intersection set of $i$) as in Figure 2. ", "Then $\\chi(U)$ decreases by 1, and there is a new black 3-cell region appearing. ", "The topology of all other regions is unchanged, and so the new immersion realizes $({{ \\{ a_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b_k \\} }},\\chi,N)$. So we may assume that either (i) $a_0=0$, or (ii) $a_k=0$ for all $k \\geq 1$. By the same argument, the same may be assumed for ${{ \\{ b_k \\} }}$. ", "If say ${{ \\{ a_k \\} }}$ satisfies (i) and ${{ \\{ b_k \\} }}$ satisfies (ii), then $\\sum_k (1-k)a_k \\leq 0$, and since the sequences are assumed not to be identically 0, $\\sum_k (1-k)b_k > 0$, and so they cannot be equal. ", "It follows that we may assume either both ${{ \\{ a_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b_k \\} }}$ satisfy (i) or both satisfy (ii).", "\n\nWe will first assume both sequences satisfy (i), that is $a_0=b_0=0$, and so $\\sum_k (1-k)a_k \\leq 0$, and so necessarily $\\chi \\leq 0$. If $N \\geq 1$, then by induction we have a surface and immersion $i$ realizing $({{ \\{ a_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b_k \\} }},\\chi+1,N-1)$. Take the connect sum of $i$ with Boy’s surface, then since Boy’s surface has 1 triple point and one complementary 3-cell of each color, the new immersion realizes $({{ \\{ a_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b_k \\} }},\\chi,N)$. So we may assume $N=0$.\n\nBefore dealing with this case, we introduce two more operations on immersions. ", "Let $i$ be an immersion and let $D {\\subseteq}i(F)$ be a disc disjoint from the intersection set of $i$. $D$ is part of the boundary of two neighboring regions $U,V$ (of opposite color). ", "For $g \\geq 0$, a $g$-operation on $D$ is an operation as in Figure 3a, adding $g$ handles to $F$, by this reducing $\\chi(F)$ by $2g$, and reducing $\\chi(U),\\chi(V)$ each by $g$. We will say that this $g$-operation was performed on the pair $U,V$. The second operation will be called a ring operation, which is adding a *ring* on $D$, say on the side of $U$, as in Figure 3b. (", "Only the immersion changes here, not the topology of the surface.) ", "The only effect of a ring operation is the creation of a new solid torus region which is a neighbor of $U$, and so of color opposite that of $U$. The topology of all previously existing regions remains unchanged. ", "We will say that this ring operation was performed in the region $U$.\n\nBack to our sequences ${{ \\{ a_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b_k \\} }}$, recall that we are now assuming $a_0=b_0=0$, $N=0$. Assume first that the following holds: There is a $p$ such that $a_k=b_k=0$ for all $k \\neq p$, and so (since the sequences are not identically 0) $a_p \\geq 1$, $b_p \\geq 1$. If $p=1$, then by our equalities, $\\chi = 0$. Start with a standard embedding of a torus, and perform $a_p - 1$ ring operations in the white side and $b_p - 1$ ring operations in the black side, obtaining an immersion realizing the data. ", "So we may assume $p \\geq 2$ and so necessarily $a_p = b_p$. If $a_p=b_p=1$, then $\\chi = 2(1-p)$ and we may realize our data by a standard embedding of an orientable surface $F$ of genus $p$. Otherwise $a_p = b_p \\geq 2$. Let $\\{a'_k \\}$, $\\{ b'_k \\}$ be the sequences with $a'_p = b'_p = a_p -1$ and $a_k =b_k = 0$ for all $k \\neq p$, and note that necessarily $\\chi \\leq 2(1-p)$. By induction we have an immersion $i$ realizing $({{ \\{ a'_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b'_k \\} }},\\chi+2(p-1),0)$. Now perform a ring operation on $i$ in some arbitrary place, creating a new solid torus region $U$. In $U$ perform another ring operation creating another solid torus region $V$ which is a neighbor of $U$ (and so of opposite color). ", "Now perform a $(p-1)$-operation on the pair $U,V$ to obtain an immersion realizing $({{ \\{ a_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b_k \\} }},\\chi,0)$.\n\nIf there is no $p$ as above, then there are some $r\\neq s$ such that $a_r \\geq 1$ and $b_s \\geq 1$, and assume $r < s$. Let ${{ \\{ a'_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b'_k \\} }}$ be the sequences obtained from ${{ \\{ a_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b_k \\} }}$ in the following way. ", "Subtract 1 from $a_r$, subtract 1 from $b_s$ and then add 1 to $b_{s-r+1}$ (so if $r=1$ then the sequence ${{ \\{ b_k \\} }}$ remains unchanged.) ", "The sequence ${{ \\{ a'_k \\} }}$ is not identically 0 since that would imply that $\\sum_k (1-k)a_k = 1-r$ which could not equal $\\sum_k (1-k)b_k \\leq 1-s$. Note also that necessarily $\\chi \\leq 2(1-r)$. By induction we may realize $({{ \\{ a'_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b'_k \\} }},\\chi +2(r-1), 0)$. We have $b'_{s-r+1} \\geq 1$ and let $U$ be a corresponding region, i.e. $U$ is a white region with $\\chi(U) = r-s$. Now, first perform a ring operation in $U$, creating a new black solid torus region $V$ which is a neighbor of $U$. Then perform an $(r-1)$-operation on the pair $U,V$ of neighboring regions, by this decreasing $\\chi(U)$ and $\\chi(V)$ each by $r-1$, and decreasing $\\chi(F)$ by $2(r-1)$, and so realizing our original data $({{ \\{ a_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b_k \\} }},\\chi,0)$. (If $r=1$ then the $(r-1)$-operation means doing nothing.)", "\n\nWe are left with the case both sequences satisfy (ii), that is $a_k=b_k=0$ for all $k \\geq 1$. Since the sequences are not identically 0, $\\sum_k (1-k)a_k \\geq 1$ and so $\\chi + N \\geq 2$. If $\\chi < 2$ then $N > 0$, and as before we may use a realization of $({{ \\{ a_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b_k \\} }},\\chi+1,N-1)$ to produce a realization of $({{ \\{ a_k \\} }},{{ \\{ b_k \\} }},\\chi,N)$, so we may assume $\\chi =2$ i.e. the surface $F$ is $S^2$. So now ${{1 \\over 2}}(2+N)$ is a sum of integers and so $N$ is even. ", "Our task then, is to construct for any even $N$, an immersion $i:S^2 \\to S^3$ with complementary regions which are ${{1 \\over 2}}(2+N)$ 3-cells of each color. ", "From the “only if” part of Theorem [main]{} we know that if all complementary regions of an immersion are 3-cells, then necessarily half of them are of each color. ", "And so when constructing our immersions below, we need only verify that the *total* number of 3-cells is $2+N$.\n\nFor $N=0$ take an embedding which indeed gives two 3-cell. ", "For $N=2$, we must construct an immersion $i:S^2 \\to S^3$ with 2 triple points and 4 complementary 3-cells. ", "Start with three spheres, each embedded, and intersecting each other with two triple points, as in Figure 4a. ", "They divide $S^3$ into eight 3-cells. ", "A small neighborhood of one of the two triple points is as appears in Figure 4b. ", "The 8 different regions appearing in this neighborhood, belong to the 8 different complementary regions. ", "In the figure, one of these regions is hidden.", "\n\nWe now attach two tubes to the three spheres, merging them into one sphere. ", "We add the tubes as in Figure 5 which we now explain. ", "The horizontal tube connects the two vertical sheets, and is half way above and half way below the horizontal sheet. ", "The upper half of this tube creates a path merging regions 1 and 3 of Figure 4b, and its lower half merges regions 5 and 7 of that figure. ", "The vertical tube connects the horizontal sheet with the left hand vertical sheet and is half to the left and half to the right of the right hand vertical sheet. ", "It opens paths merging regions 1 and 6 of Figure 4b, and regions 4 and 7 of that figure. ", "All together, regions 1,3,6 of Figure 4b have merged into the one 3-cell region 1 of Figure 5, and regions 4,5,7 of Figure 4b have merged into the one 3-cell region 3 of Figure 5. ", "And so we have four complementary 3-cells as needed. ", "This completes the case $N=2$.\n\nFor general even $N$, take a connect sum of ${{1 \\over 2}}N$ copies of the immersion we have constructed for the case $N=2$. Each additional such immersion adds two new triple points as needed, and two of its four 3-cell regions merge along discs with two of the existing ones, and so precisely two new 3-cell regions are added, as needed.", "\n\n[StoPC]{}\n\nS. Izumiya, W. Marar: “The Euler Characteristic of a Generic Wavefront in a 3-Manifold.” *", "Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society* 118 (1993) 1347 - 1350.", "\n\nT. Nowik: “Formulae for Order One Invariants of Immersions of Surfaces.” *", "Advances in Mathematics* 206 (2006), no. ", "2, 358-372.", "\n\nU. Pinkall: “Regular Homotopy Classes if Immersed Surfaces.” *", "Topology* 24 (1985), 421–434.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Q:\n\nPython function doesnt work inside a loop\n\nI am trying to create a code to compare gene file with gene panels.", "\nThe gene panel file is in csv format and has Chromosome, gene, start location and end locations.", "\npatients file has chromosome, mutations and the location.", "\nso i made a loop to pass gene panel information to a function where the comparison is done to return me a list of similar items.", "\nthe function works great when i call it with manual data. ", "but doenst not do the comparison inside the loop.", "\nimport vcf\nimport os, sys\n\nrecords = open('exampleGenePanel.csv')\nread = vcf.", "Reader(open('examplePatientFile.vcf','r'))\n\n#functions to find mutations in patients sequence\ndef findMutations(gn,chromo,start,end):\n start = int(start)\n end = int(end)\n for each in read:\n CHROM = each.", "CHROM\n if CHROM !", "= chromo:\n continue\n POS = each.", "POS\n if POS < start:\n continue\n if POS > end:\n continue\n REF = each.", "REF\n ALT = each.", "ALT\n print (gn,CHROM,POS,REF,ALT)\n list.append([gn,CHROM,POS,REF,ALT])\n return list\n\ngene = records.readlines()\n\nlist=[]\ny = len (gene)\nx=1\nwhile x < 3:\n field = gene[x].split(',')\n gname = field[0]\n chromo = field[1]\n gstart = field[2]\n gend = field[3]\n findMutations(gname,chromo,gstart,gend)\n x = x+1\nif not list:\n print ('Mutation not found')\nelse:\n print (len(list),' Mutations found')\n print (list)\n\ni want to get the details of matching mutations in the list.", "\nThis works as expected when i pass the data manually to the function.", "\nEg.findMutations('TESTGene','chr8','146171437','146229161')\nBut doesnt compare when passed through the loop\n\nA:\n\nThe problem is that findMutations attempts to read from read each time it is called, but after the first call, read has already been read and there's nothing left. ", " I suggest reading the contents of read once, before calling the function, then save the results in a list. ", " Then findMutations can read the list each time it is called.", "\nIt would also be a good idea to use a name other than list for your result list, since that name conflicts with the Python built-in function. ", " It would also be better to have findMutations return its result list rather than append it to a global.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Photo : Alex Wong/Getty Images\n\nLike a group of friends at a remote cottage in a campy serial killer film, your consumer protections are being stealthily killed one at a time, as you run around trying to put out other fires.", "\n\n\n\n\nWell, make that two at a time. ", "Yesterday, a federal judge ruled that Title X of the Dodd-Frank Act, which created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, is unconstitutional “in its entirety.” ", "And the Trump administration’s Department of Labor failed to appeal a court ruling that voided the Fiduciary Rule, thus killing it.", "\n\nBut that’s not all the Trump administration has been successful in rolling back.", "\n\n\nConsumer Financial Protection Bureau\n\nThe CFPB was created by Dodd Frank in the aftermath of the financial crisis to hold institutions accountable for their bad behavior.", "\n\nThe CFPB has gone after predatory student loan and payday lenders, banks like Wells Fargo who have swindled customers and, in the case of the lawsuit referenced above, was suing a company it alleged “deceived 9/11 first responders with cancer and other illnesses as well as NFL football players with brain injuries out of millions of dollars.”", "\n\nIn fact, for pretty much any financial infraction now, the advice when you’ve been scammed or believe something illegal has happened—say, your student loan servicer says you haven’t made X number of payments when you know you have, or Wells Fargo opens an extra checking account in your name without your knowledge—is to file a complaint with the CFPB, which can then investigate the claims. ", "And for that reason it’s been a target of the “pro-business” lobby since its inception.", "\n\n\nIt is likely that the ruling will be appealed, but it’s bad news for people who want more methods in place to hold lenders, banks and other financial institutions in check.", "\n\n\nDepartment of Education\n\nEducation Secretary Betsy DeVos is working overtime to make sure minority students and those who fall victim to predatory for-profit schools and student loan lenders have as little federal (and state) recourse as possible.", "\n\n\nAs I covered previously, so far during her short tenure, DeVos has put rules that would protect students from predatory for-profit schools on hold and rescinded a 60-day grace period for students who fell into default to get their payments in order and avoid a 16 percent fee. ", "Education is also telling states to drop their efforts into regulating student loan servicers, and DeVos has rolled back rules meant to help disabled students as well as guidance on sexual assault cases on college campuses.", "\n\n\nBanking Deregulations\n\nLast month, federal officials proposed rolling back the Volcker Rule, another aspect of the Dodd-Frank Act that aims to “prevent Wall Street from making risky bets with customers’ money for the bank’s own profit,” as I reported at the time. ", "Kimberly Palmer, NerdWallet’s Banking Expert, told me that consumers aren’t likely to feel the effects of this action until there’s “a problem, like a financial crisis or bank failure.” ", "Which is exactly when you want to find out.", "\n\n\nPresident Trump has also rescinded a rule protecting African American and Latino consumers from discrimination from auto lenders, and signed a law that exempts small- and medium-sized (read: most) banks from Dodd-Frank altogether.", "\n\nFiduciary Rule\n\nI’ve written about the Fiduciary Rule before, and it’s one of those things that feels so obvious it’s head-scratching\n\n\nWhat it would have done: Implemented by the Obama administration, it would have required all retirement advisors to act in their clients’ best interests instead of their own—in other words, to meet the fiduciary standard. ", "That’s something Certified Financial Planners and other types of advisors already have to do, but there’s a whole industry of broker dealers and other types of financial advisors who don’t.", "\n\n\nAnd that means if you go to one of them for investment advice, they could sell you a product (say, a certain fund) that gives them a kickback while you’re left with potentially lower returns and higher fees than another, similar product would have produced. ", "Obama’s White House’s Council on Economic Advisers found that non-fiduciaries cost us, the average 401(k)/IRA retirement investors, $17 billion per year.", "\n\nThis comes in the midst of America’s retirement crisis, making it even more egregious that the government is doing nothing to ensure the average American’s already insufficient retirement savings aren’t reduced further by brokers looking to make a quick buck at our expense. ", "To avoid that fate, you want to make sure anyone you get financial advice on specific investments and plans is a fiduciary. ", "Here’s information on how to find one.", "\n\n\nNow, Barron’s reports that the SEC is creating its own “best-interest rule,” which also requires brokers to put their clients’ interests before their own. ", "The SEC is hearing public comments until August 7.", "\n\nTaken one by one, the rollback of our basic consumer protections is alarming. ", "All together, it could be devastating for our collective financial future." ]

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[ "\nWhat is prob of sequence ppoo when four letters picked without replacement from oopopop?", "\n3/35\nFour letters picked without replacement from {y: 6, n: 2, w: 3, b: 2}. ", "Give prob of sequence nybb.", "\n1/715\nWhat is prob of sequence mz when two letters picked without replacement from zmzmmmqmmmtmmm?", "\n10/91\nWhat is prob of sequence aat when three letters picked without replacement from eatthemmtamhah?", "\n3/364\nCalculate prob of sequence kk when two letters picked without replacement from {t: 4, k: 2, x: 1, i: 6}.", "\n1/78\nWhat is prob of sequence nn when two letters picked without replacement from nnnnnnnnn?", "\n1\nWhat is prob of sequence iiri when four letters picked without replacement from {i: 3, r: 1, w: 1}?", "\n1/20\nCalculate prob of sequence yya when three letters picked without replacement from tyyayayyyyyayayya.", "\n55/408\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {j: 3, k: 3, n: 1, s: 7, u: 2, l: 1}. ", "What is prob of sequence jj?", "\n3/136\nFour letters picked without replacement from ghwzkgg. ", "Give prob of sequence gzkg.", "\n1/140\nCalculate prob of sequence uduu when four letters picked without replacement from ddddduuddud.", "\n1/165\nThree letters picked without replacement from {p: 2, n: 3}. ", "Give prob of sequence ppn.", "\n1/10\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {t: 12, l: 3}. ", "What is prob of sequence tt?", "\n22/35\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {y: 1, k: 11}. ", "Give prob of sequence kk.", "\n5/6\nCalculate prob of sequence hdd when three letters picked without replacement from {a: 2, h: 1, d: 4}.", "\n2/35\nCalculate prob of sequence gny when three letters picked without replacement from {g: 4, n: 4, p: 5, y: 5, i: 1}.", "\n40/2907\nWhat is prob of sequence xbb when three letters picked without replacement from vbbvvvnvbnvvvxvvxnn?", "\n2/969\nWhat is prob of sequence ttg when three letters picked without replacement from {j: 4, t: 7, g: 2}?", "\n7/143\nCalculate prob of sequence hd when two letters picked without replacement from qdfhd.", "\n1/10\nTwo letters picked without replacement from wppwfpppzwwppywfa. ", "What is prob of sequence pf?", "\n7/136\nWhat is prob of sequence uubb when four letters picked without replacement from buubu?", "\n1/10\nCalculate prob of sequence eev when three letters picked without replacement from {e: 7, j: 3, d: 4, v: 5}.", "\n35/969\nTwo letters picked without replacement from ssscscs. ", "What is prob of sequence cc?", "\n1/21\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {e: 1, t: 2, o: 1, f: 1}. ", "What is prob of sequence ef?", "\n1/20\nFour letters picked without replacement from uukkukuilulkuluuju. ", "Give prob of sequence uujk.", "\n1/255\nCalculate prob of sequence chho when four letters picked without replacement from {h: 8, o: 1, c: 2, u: 2}.", "\n14/2145\nWhat is prob of sequence sssp when four letters picked without replacement from gpsgggspsg?", "\n1/420\nFour letters picked without replacement from tttmpttttplttlmlu. ", "Give prob of sequence lulu.", "\n0\nTwo letters picked without replacement from mmmmm. ", "Give prob of sequence mm.", "\n1\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {x: 7, o: 5}. ", "What is prob of sequence xx?", "\n7/22\nWhat is prob of sequence ezbe when four letters picked without replacement from eeegbyzbybb?", "\n1/330\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {e: 4, r: 10}. ", "Give prob of sequence re.", "\n20/91\nCalculate prob of sequence oyc when three letters picked without replacement from lcoyv.", "\n1/60\nCalculate prob of sequence gnw when three letters picked without replacement from snnwrrngarg.", "\n1/165\nTwo letters picked without replacement from llllvlvvlvl. ", "What is prob of sequence lv?", "\n14/55\nThree letters picked without replacement from ooosososyysyosoyse. ", "Give prob of sequence yyy.", "\n1/204\nWhat is prob of sequence xn when two letters picked without replacement from nnxnxnxxxx?", "\n4/15\nWhat is prob of sequence lv when two letters picked without replacement from xvlvdvxvvjdd?", "\n5/132\nWhat is prob of sequence fxx when three letters picked without replacement from xfxxfxxxx?", "\n1/6\nCalculate prob of sequence ill when three letters picked without replacement from {d: 3, k: 7, i: 4, l: 4}.", "\n1/102\nFour letters picked without replacement from zzzzzzzzz. ", "Give prob of sequence zzzz.", "\n1\nWhat is prob of sequence xj when two letters picked without replacement from {j: 1, x: 2}?", "\n1/3\nWhat is prob of sequence ie when two letters picked without replacement from {i: 1, a: 1, e: 8, y: 1, u: 1}?", "\n2/33\nCalculate prob of sequence qhqb when four letters picked without replacement from qblqqqbqlqqbhqfbb.", "\n1/204\nCalculate prob of sequence dhtt when four letters picked without replacement from tthdt.", "\n1/20\nTwo letters picked without replacement from pygpggbgggpe. ", "What is prob of sequence eg?", "\n1/22\nThree letters picked without replacement from fyfaydgiagddgyyagi. ", "Give prob of sequence gaa.", "\n1/204\nWhat is prob of sequence cac when three letters picked without replacement from {o: 9, a: 6, i: 1, c: 2}?", "\n1/408\nWhat is prob of sequence em when two letters picked without replacement from {n: 2, m: 1, u: 1, e: 1}?", "\n1/20\nThree letters picked without replacement from {v: 4, a: 8, q: 1}. ", "Give prob of sequence vaq.", "\n8/429\nThree letters picked without replacement from cccccwccclcccccccc. ", "Give prob of sequence clw.", "\n1/306\nCalculate prob of sequence jj when two letters picked without replacement from {l: 2, d: 2, j: 3, q: 4, c: 2}.", "\n1/26\nThree letters picked without replacement from {d: 1, j: 1, r: 1, x: 2, y: 1, n: 1}. ", "What is prob of sequence ryj?", "\n1/210\nWhat is prob of sequence esx when three letters picked without replacement from eauszseux?", "\n1/126\nWhat is prob of sequence kygy when four letters picked without replacement from {k: 2, e: 2, g: 8, d: 2, y: 5, l: 1}?", "\n8/2907\nCalculate prob of sequence gvaa when four letters picked without replacement from {v: 11, a: 5, g: 2, s: 2}.", "\n11/2907\nTwo letters picked without replacement from wyiljyd. ", "What is prob of sequence li?", "\n1/42\nCalculate prob of sequence ft when two letters picked without replacement from {z: 3, f: 4, t: 8, r: 2}.", "\n2/17\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {z: 4, l: 10}. ", "What is prob of sequence ll?", "\n45/91\nFour letters picked without replacement from sssssxsxhhssshxhhhh. ", "What is prob of sequence hxsh?", "\n63/5168\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {w: 2, g: 2, t: 2, i: 3}. ", "Give prob of sequence wt.", "\n1/18\nThree letters picked without replacement from {o: 5, e: 1, s: 5}. ", "Give prob of sequence eoo.", "\n2/99\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {p: 1, x: 1, n: 2, o: 2}. ", "Give prob of sequence nx.", "\n1/15\nCalculate prob of sequence bf when two letters picked without replacement from fvavyvvybvafvvv.", "\n1/105\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {t: 1, p: 2, m: 2, z: 2, k: 1}. ", "Give prob of sequence zz.", "\n1/28\nFour letters picked without replacement from wzaczaczawyz. ", "Give prob of sequence zzwy.", "\n1/495\nCalculate prob of sequence vnr when three letters picked without replacement from {o: 3, a: 4, h: 3, r: 1, n: 2, v: 4}.", "\n1/510\nThree letters picked without replacement from {g: 3, k: 5, a: 5}. ", "Give prob of sequence kgg.", "\n5/286\nCalculate prob of sequence gv when two letters picked without replacement from tgugv.", "\n1/10\nCalculate prob of sequence yy when two letters picked without replacement from {y: 3, x: 5, c: 3, f: 1}.", "\n1/22\nWhat is prob of sequence ki when two letters picked without replacement from ikzikizkzfzim?", "\n1/13\nCalculate prob of sequence dp when two letters picked without replacement from {o: 2, d: 1, p: 4}.", "\n2/21\nWhat is prob of sequence uuuu when four letters picked without replacement from uttqttttuuutuqtutuu?", "\n35/1938\nCalculate prob of sequence wiwr when four letters picked without replacement from rrriwirrriirwririii.", "\n1/646\nWhat is prob of sequence fr when two letters picked without replacement from rrrrfrrrfrrrfrrrrrrf?", "\n16/95\nWhat is prob of sequence hoo when three letters picked without replacement from hbohvbboobovvh?", "\n3/182\nWhat is prob of sequence dkk when three letters picked without replacement from {k: 3, i: 1, d: 3}?", "\n3/35\nTwo letters picked without replacement from jjjjjfjfmgjjmjgewj. ", "What is prob of sequence ge?", "\n1/153\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {e: 2, b: 1, a: 3, q: 1}. ", "What is prob of sequence aa?", "\n1/7\nCalculate prob of sequence ipip when four letters picked without replacement from {p: 18, i: 2}.", "\n1/190\nFour letters picked without replacement from {m: 5, p: 7}. ", "What is prob of s" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Child-Report of Family Accommodation in Pediatric Anxiety Disorders: Comparison and Integration with Mother-Report.", "\nReducing family accommodation (FA) may be beneficial in cases of childhood anxiety disorders. ", "Assessment of FA has so far relied on single-informant maternal report, which may be biased by factors including maternal anxiety. ", "We compared child and mother reports of FA, and examined whether maternal anxiety moderates the association between mother and child report. ", "Participants were fifty children with primary DSM-5 anxiety disorders, and their mothers. ", "Mother-child agreement was good for overall FA and moderate for subdomains of FA. ", "Mothers reported significantly more FA than children. ", "Maternal anxiety moderated the association between mother and child report of FA, such that the correlation was stronger in more anxious mothers. ", "Children agreed that FA helps them feel less anxious and did not agree that parents should accommodate less. ", "FA is an important clinical characteristic of childhood anxiety disorders and assessment can be enhanced through child report and consideration of maternal anxiety." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "\nCalculate the common denominator of -2/63043 and -119/138.", "\n378258\nFind the common denominator of -23/41754 and -29/18.", "\n125262\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 5955 and 15880.", "\n47640\nCalculate the common denominator of -59/31371 and 93/4.", "\n125484\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 252 and 6768.", "\n47376\nWhat is the least common multiple of 28 and 33397?", "\n133588\nCalculate the least common multiple of 7168 and 9072.", "\n580608\nFind the common denominator of -37/290 and 17/105.", "\n6090\nCalculate the common denominator of 65/9752 and -97/530.", "\n48760\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 11970 and 57120.", "\n3255840\nFind the common denominator of -91/208932 and 17/6.", "\n208932\nWhat is the common denominator of 23/595548 and 109/252?", "\n4168836\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 75612 and 114?", "\n1436628\nFind the common denominator of -119/1250 and 13/1050.", "\n26250\nWhat is the common denominator of -83/400 and 81/13900?", "\n55600\nFind the common denominator of 23/95 and 57/6280.", "\n119320\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 3560 and 470?", "\n167320\nFind the common denominator of -11/649344 and 123/28480.", "\n3246720\nWhat is the common denominator of 29/2100 and -91/4800?", "\n33600\nWhat is the common denominator of 37/76770 and -131/61416?", "\n307080\nFind the common denominator of -37/33838 and -35/9668.", "\n67676\nWhat is the least common multiple of 2 and 54720?", "\n54720\nCalculate the common denominator of 119/13884 and 79/30.", "\n69420\nWhat is the common denominator of -71/906 and -59/1881?", "\n568062\nFind the common denominator of 17/30348 and -139/80928.", "\n242784\nWhat is the common denominator of -149/72 and 107/2004?", "\n12024\nWhat is the common denominator of -47/2794 and 47/2866?", "\n4003802\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 103056 and 206112?", "\n206112\nWhat is the common denominator of 97/16 and -67/36834?", "\n294672\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 3588 and 138.", "\n3588\nFind the common denominator of 67/4 and 58/22335.", "\n89340\nWhat is the least common multiple of 32 and 5796?", "\n46368\nCalculate the common denominator of 41/69549 and 1/2642862.", "\n2642862\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 57 and 139185.", "\n2644515\nCalculate the least common multiple of 6368 and 22288.", "\n44576\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 242 and 39.", "\n9438\nWhat is the common denominator of 127/9870 and -111/13580?", "\n1914780\nFind the common denominator of 75/2768 and -57/80.", "\n13840\nWhat is the common denominator of -107/266 and 93/179474?", "\n1256318\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 1215 and 135?", "\n1215\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 22680 and 34965.", "\n839160\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 11850 and 3160.", "\n47400\nCalculate the common denominator of 83/1834218 and 53/18.", "\n1834218\nCalculate the least common multiple of 95136 and 71352.", "\n285408\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 351360 and 6100?", "\n1756800\nCalculate the common denominator of 38/1179 and -16/1179.", "\n1179\nWhat is the common denominator of -71/1715 and 59/5985?", "\n293265\nWhat is the common denominator of 113/20 and -21/1095604?", "\n5478020\nCalculate the common denominator of 55/27048 and 169/6762.", "\n27048\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 453 and 18255.", "\n2756505\nWhat is the least common multiple of 646756 and 14699?", "\n646756\nWhat is the least common multiple of 2961 and 714?", "\n100674\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 435 and 30875.", "\n2686125\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 1167 and 28?", "\n32676\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 27048 and 2024.", "\n297528\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 130 and 396240.", "\n396240\nWhat is the least common multiple of 528 and 544224?", "\n5986464\nFind the common denominator of 131/24 and -71/456420.", "\n912840\nCalculate the common denominator of -53/6 and 34/128429.", "\n770574\nFind the common denominator of 99/8 and 63/78875.", "\n631000\nCalculate the common denominator of -83/5920 and -91/296.", "\n5920\nWhat is the least common multiple of 1824 and 41568?", "\n789792\nFind the common denominator of 56/15 and -85/1076.", "\n16140\nFind the common denominator of -65/327446 and 10/163723.", "\n327446\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 34866 and 127842?", "\n383526\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 280 and 10080?", "\n10080\nCalculate the common denominator of -51/8 and -32/8647.", "\n69176\nWhat is the common denominator of 77/6240 and 109/480?", "\n6240\nWhat is the least common multiple of 2264 and 109521?", "\n876168\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 454608 and 240.", "\n2273040\nFind the common denominator of -137/18 and -83/10368.", "\n10368\nWhat is the least common multiple of 423 and 84459?", "\n253377\nWhat is the common denominator of 113/644 and 50/13087?", "\n366436\nWhat is the common denominator of 6/1534709 and 45/1309?", "\n10742963\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 96 and 8544?", "\n8544\nFind the common denominator of -15/15356 and 79/76780.", "\n76780\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 345750 and 69150.", "\n345750\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 3878 and 42?", "\n11634\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 1782 and 116028.", "\n1044252\nFind the common denominator of -97/2339592 and 91/8.", "\n2339592\nWhat is the least common multiple of 1204 and 15218?", "\n1308748\nCalculate the common denominator of -113/25346 and -1/6003.", "\n228114\nCalculate the common denominator of 67/450 and 33/424175.", "\n7635150\nCalculate the common denominator of -139/358872 and 24/14953.", "\n358872\nWhat is the least common multiple of 45 and 4995?", "\n4995\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 1960 and 1660.", "\n162680\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 1456 and 2704?", "\n18928\nFind the common denominator of -89/45705 and 169/1213260.", "\n13345860\nFind the common denominator of -11/944 and 19/47200.", "\n47200\nCalculate the least common multiple of 1358 and 12.", "\n8148\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 13076 and 4480?", "\n2092160\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 13092 and 4364.", "\n13092\nCalculate the common denominator of 99/2470 and 61/5681.", "\n56810\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 15436 and 4964.", "\n1126828\nCalculate the least common multiple of 138684 and 130.", "\n693420\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 18 and 119?", "\n2142\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 6356 and 7945.", "\n31780\nWhat is the common denominator of 16/9 and -1/17006?", "\n153054\nFind the common denominator of 48/348601 and -125/887348.", "\n9760828\nCalculate the least common multiple of 47560 and 4756.", "\n47560\nWhat is the common denominator of -59/41850 and 157/5580?", "\n83700\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 60 and 6228.", "\n31140\nCalculate the common denominator of 151/53712 and -101/50728.", "\n913104\nFind the common denominator of -9/2 and 15/41057.", "\n82114\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 4055 and 95.", "\n77045\nFind the common denominator of 73/16 and -79/12608.", "\n12608\nWhat is the least common multiple of 47196 and 304?", "\n188784\nFind the common denominator of -113/2310 and 129/560.", "\n18480\nFind the common denominator of 47/16 and -95/15556.", "\n62224\nWhat is the common denominator of 59/5049 and 52/21573?", "\n237303\nFind the common denominator of 13/48657 and -41/34755.", "\n243285\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 2592 and 1458?", "\n23328\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 6670 and 459?", "\n3061530\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 133472 and 24832.", "\n1067776\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 470 and 179352.", "\n896760\nWhat is the least common multiple of 40444 and 101110?", "\n202220\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 2806 and 2135?", "\n98210\nCalculate the common denominator of -1/3861 and -29/9009.", "\n27027\nWhat is the common denominator of 7/16944 and 111/112?", "\n118608\nCalculate the common denominator of 97/14256 and 89/66.", "\n14256\nWhat is the common denominator of -141/4130 and 99/11800?", "\n82600\nWhat is the common denominator of -95/5041456 and 121/10?", "\n25207280\nFind the common denominator of 8/61199 and 58/22547.", "\n428393\nWhat is the common denominator of -40/4347 and -85/1512?", "\n34776\nCalculate the common denominator of 11/5217 and -17/1036.", "\n146076\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 137550 and 1540560?", "\n7702800\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 21483 and 33201?", "\n365211\nCalculate the common denominator of -97/20 and 83/151052.", "\n755260\nFind the common denominator of -71/344 and -105/4558.", "\n18232\nCalculate the common denominator of 65/5312 and 8/249.", "\n15936\nWhat is the common denominator of -71/1240 and -62/1275?", "\n316200\nWhat is the common denominator of 137/18 and 121/37962?", "\n37962\nCalcul" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Floral Lace Push-Up Plunge Bra in Black/Red\n\nOur push-up plunge + a brand new cup! ", "Soft and sexy, this dark purple bra has tonal floral lace on the cups and closure. ", "With the padding you love, the cups push the breasts up and toward the center for dramatic lift and sexy cleavage. ", "A dare-to-bare plunge, this design adds another sexy touch with keyhole accents along the adjustable straps. ", "Plush, uplifting padding with underwire. ", "Nylon/spandex. ", "Hand wash cold, line dry. ", "Imported plus size bra. ", "Women's Floral Lace Push-Up Plunge Bra made of lace. ", "Torrid is your destination for cozy fall and winter clothes to keep you warm and comfortable. ", "You'll want to wear these basics every day." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0002903178980984178, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00035599857600569594, 0, 0 ]

[ "Palate Lung Nasal Clone (PLUNC), a Novel Protein of the Tear Film: Three-Dimensional Structure, Immune Activation, and Involvement in Dry Eye Disease (DED).", "\nPalate Lung Nasal Clone (PLUNC) is a hydrophobic protein belonging to the family of surfactant proteins that is involved in fluid balance regulation of the lung. ", "Moreover, it is known to directly act against gram-negative bacteria. ", "The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible expression and antimicrobial role of PLUNC at the healthy ocular surface and in tears of patients suffering from dry eye disease (DED). ", "Bioinformatics and biochemical and immunologic methods were combined to elucidate the structure and function of PLUNC at the ocular surface. ", "Tissue-specific localization was performed by using immunohistochemistry. ", "The PLUNC levels in tear samples from non-Sjögren's DED patients with moderate dry eye suffering either from hyperevaporation or tear deficiency were analyzed by ELISA and compared with tears from healthy volunteers. ", "Palate Lung Nasal Clone is expressed under healthy conditions at the ocular surface and secreted into the tear film. ", "Protein modeling studies and molecular dynamics simulations performed indicated surface activity of PLUNC. ", "In vitro experiments revealed that proinflammatory cytokines and bacterial supernatants have only a slight effect on the expression of PLUNC in HCE and HCjE cell lines. ", "In tears from DED patients, the PLUNC concentration is significantly increased (7-fold in evaporative dry eye tears and 17-fold in tears from patients with tear deficiency) compared with healthy subjects. ", "The results show that PLUNC is a protein of the tear film and suggest that it plays a role in fluid balance and surface tension regulation at the ocular surface." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I get variable values in my stack trace dump?", "\n\nI maintain an application that sends me an email when an error occurs in the application. ", "I dump the stack trace into the email, and it seems to work ok. ", "The only thing missing is the values of the variables. ", "I get all the calls and such, just never any variables. ", "What am I missing in order to get these variable values dumped into the email too?", "\nBelow is the code I use to dump it into an email:\nUtilityClass.", "SendEmail(shortNTID,\n \"admin@mydomain.com\",\n new string[] { \"support@mydomain.com\" },\n \"MyApplication error has occured for user: \" +\n shortNTID + \" (Main).\",", "\n \"Message: \" + ex.", "Message.", "ToString() +\n \" Source: \" + ex.", "Source.", "ToString() +\n \" Target Site: \" + ex.", "TargetSite.", "ToString() +\n \" Stack Trace: \" + ex.", "StackTrace.", "ToString());\n\nAnd here is the result in the email:\n\nMessage: Specified cast is not valid. ", "Source: MyApplication Target Site: Void FindFormAndActivate(MyApplication.", "MDIParentForm, System.", "String, System.", "Object) Stack Trace: at MyApplication.", "UtilityClass.", "FindFormAndActivate(MDIParentForm frmMDIParentForm, String formName, Object parameter)\n at MyApplication.", "DashboardAlerts.", "NavigateToAssignment()\n at MyApplication.", "DashboardAlerts.utAlerts_MouseClick(Object sender, MouseEventArgs e)\n at System.", "Windows.", "Forms.", "Control.", "OnMouseClick(MouseEventArgs e)\n at System.", "Windows.", "Forms.", "Control.", "WmMouseUp(Message& m, MouseButtons button, Int32 clicks)\n at System.", "Windows.", "Forms.", "Control.", "WndProc(Message& m)\n at System.", "Windows.", "Forms.", "Control.", "ControlNativeWindow.", "OnMessage(Message& m)\n at System.", "Windows.", "Forms.", "Control.", "ControlNativeWindow.", "WndProc(Message& m)\n at System.", "Windows.", "Forms.", "NativeWindow.", "Callback(IntPtr hWnd, Int32 msg, IntPtr wparam, IntPtr lparam)\n\nEDIT\nSome answers have suggested that I add the variable values myself to the email. ", "How would I get those values though? ", "This snippet of code that sends the email is not in the method that is failing. ", "This is code that runs any time an exception occurs. ", "If the exception isn't handled and corrected, I let it bubble up to the top of the thread a la Application.", "ThreadException += new ThreadExceptionEventHandler(HandleError); and the HandleError method is the one that makes this email call. ", "It has no idea what the variables or parameters were for the method that caused the exception.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe StackTrace property is just the call graph at the point the exception occurred. ", "If you're interested in the state of arbitrary local variables, you'll have to add them to the email yourself in the exception handler.", "\nUpdate: If you want to communicate variable values through a chain of exceptions, you'll have to insert them into the exception (i.e. in the message) when you catch it in the appropriate scope. ", "\n\nA:\n\nInstead of trying to put them in the stack trace, just add them to the string you're sending.", "\nUtilityClass.", "SendEmail(shortNTID,\n \"admin@mydomain.com\",\n new string[] { \"support@mydomain.com\" },\n \"MyApplication error has occured for user: \" +\n shortNTID + \" (Main).\",", "\n \"Message: \" + ex.", "Message.", "ToString() +\n \" Source: \" + ex.", "Source.", "ToString() +\n \" Target Site: \" + ex.", "TargetSite.", "ToString() +\n \" Stack Trace: \" + ex.", "StackTrace.", "ToString() +\n \" MyVar1 Value: \" + MyVar1.ToString() +\n \" MyVar2 Value: \" + MyVar2.ToString() +\n \" MyVar3 Value: \" + MyVar3.ToString());\n\nEdit:\nSince the email is being sent outside the variables' scope, you're going to need to collect them when they're in scope and add them to the exception being thrown. ", "I'm afraid I don't know much about the ThreadException object, but I'd create a custom exception that holds the values of those variables. ", "You won't be able to automagically add them to the stack trace; that's not really what it's for. ", "So, off the top of my head:\npublic class CustomException : Exception\n{\n public string MyVar1 { get; private set; }\n public string MyVar2 { get; private set; }\n public Exception OriginalException { get; private set; }\n\n public CustomException(Exception original, string myVar1, string myVar2)\n {\n MyVar1 = myVar1;\n MyVar2 = myVar2;\n OriginalException = original;\n }\n}\n\nLater, deep in your code:\ntry\n{\n //code that might throw exceptions\n}\ncatch (Exception e)\n{\n throw new CustomException(e, myVar1, myVar2);\n}\n\nThe fact that you're preserving the original exception by keeping it in the OriginalException property should (hopefully) also preserve the original stack trace.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nTopic Challenge: Michael Mann and his films\n\nLast week saw the release of Michael Mann's new movie Blackhat and due to popular opinion we're starting a new weekly topic challenge from 2015-01-19 00:00 UTC to 2015-01-26 01:00 UTC asking for any kind of question about Michael Mann in general or any of the films he directed/wrote, or the TV-shows he ran.1\nOnce the challenge is over, we'll tally the results and winners here. ", "Also don't forget to suggest new topics for our next possible challenge.", "\n1) But don't feel compelled to add a michael-mann tag to each and every of those questions, tag responsibly instead.", "\n\nA:\n\nThere were no questions asked about the topic during the challenge.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Investor Gabriel Brener bought the home from the Disneys in 1998 for $8.45 million and rebuilt a new home.", "\n\nReceive the latest open-house updates in your inbox\n\nA look at the home that now sits on the land that Walt Disney owned in Holmby Hills.", "\n\nUpdated at 6:33 AM PDT on Tuesday, Jun 18, 2013\n\nIn 1949, Lillian Disney expressed interest in a piece of L.A. land in a neighborhood called Holmby Hills. ", "Lillian and her cartoonist husband Walt purchased the property and built their dream home, which still stands today.", "\n\nAnd now, more than six decades later, the home is on the market for $90 million, reports Forbes. ", "Chief executive of private investment firm Brener International Group and co-owner of the Houston Dynamo soccer team Gabriel Brener bought the home from the Disneys in 1998 for $8.45 million, a year after Lillian's death.", "\n\nBrener tore the house down and built a brand-new 35,000-square-foot mansion, which boasts eight bedrooms, 17 baths, a two-story entry foyer, and staff quarters. ", "There's also a custom movie room, three bars, a library, gym, wine cellar, and two safe rooms. ", "The property includes a swimming pool with pool house, tennis court, and putting green. ", "It also offers the utmost privacy.", "\n\nWhen the Disneys owned the property, Walt built a 1/8-scale steam railroad with a half-mile of track (including overpasses, a 46-foot-long trestle and an S-shaped underground tunnel) with a standalone barn with a control room in the back yard. ", "The train would become known as the Carolwood Pacific Railroad, and according to Forbes \"would serve as part of the inspiration to create Disneyland.\"", "\n\nThough the home has been razed, the 90-foot subterranean tunnel remains, with an ivy-covered stone archway with the date \"1950\" marking its entrance." ]

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[ "(1) Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a data signal loading circuit for performing high-speed signal transmission and high-speed data signal loading, a display panel driving circuit and an image display apparatus equipped with the data signal loading circuit, and particularly to technology that is useful for a driver which drives a liquid crystal panel.", "\n(2) Description of the Related Art\nAs shown in FIG. ", "7, a conventional data signal loading circuit 100 includes: a latch circuit L1 (i) in which small-amplitude differential clock signals CKP and CKN are inputted to a non-inverting input terminal and an inverting input terminal of a comparator CMP1, respectively, and small-amplitude differential data signals DAP and DAN are inputted to a non-inverting input terminal and an inverting input terminal of a comparator CMP2, respectively, and (ii) which loads a data signal DL1 outputted from the comparator CMP2, at the rise of a clock signal CL1 outputted from the comparator CMP1; and a latch circuit L2 which loads the data signal DL1 at the rise of a clock signal CL2 outputted from an inverter circuit INV1 which generates a reverse-phase signal of the clock signal CL1 outputted from the comparator CMP1.", "\nThe configuration in FIG. ", "7 enables the data signal DL1 to be loaded synchronously with the rise of the small-amplitude differential clock signals CKP and CKN.", "\nAs shown in FIG. ", "9, a conventional data signal loading circuit 200 includes: a latch circuit L1 (i) in which small-amplitude differential clock signals CKP and CKN are inputted to a non-inverting input terminal and an inverting input terminal of a comparator CMP1, respectively, and the small-amplitude differential clock signals CKP and CKN are inputted to an inverting input terminal and a non-inverting input terminal of a comparator CMP2, respectively, and small-amplitude differential data signals DAP and DAN are connected to a non-inverting input terminal and an inverting input terminal of a comparator CMP3, respectively, and (ii) which loads a data signal DL1 outputted from the comparator CMP3, at the rise of a clock signal CL1 outputted from the comparator CMP1; and a latch circuit L2 which loads a data signal DL1 at the rise of a clock signal CL2 outputted from the comparator CMP2.", "\nIt should be noted that Japanese Patent No. ", "3833064 (Patent Reference 1), for example, is known as prior art document information of the invention in the present application.", "\nAccording to the configuration of the conventional data signal loading circuit 100, the characteristics of the comparators CMP1 and CMP2 for amplifying the small-amplitude differential signals vary according to conditions such as frequency, power supply voltage, process, temperature. ", "Thus, when the duty ratio between the clock signal CL1 and the data signal DL1 deviates significantly, there is a possibility that the latch circuit L1 and the latch circuit L2 will be unable to load the data signal DL1, and there is a possibility of causing misoperation particularly when the data signal loading circuit operates at high speed, and so on.", "\nHereinafter, the behavior of each signal in the conventional data signal loading circuit 100 shown in FIG. ", "7 shall be described using the timing chart in FIG. ", "8.", "\nFirst, the rise and fall of the clock signal CL1 are outputted delayed from the rise and fall of the small-amplitude differential clock signal CKP inputted to the comparator CMP1, by a delay time T1 and a delay time T2, respectively. ", "At this time, with the variation of the characteristics of the comparator CMP1 in response to conditions such as frequency, power supply voltage, process, and temperature, the delay time T1 and the delay time T2 do not become equal and the duty ratio between the high interval and the low interval of the clock signal CL1 deviates. ", "Furthermore, the rise and fall of the clock signal CL2 are outputted delayed from the rise and fall of the clock signal CL1 inputted to the inverter INV1, by a delay time T3 and a delay time T4, respectively.", "\nIn the case of such a circuit configuration, it is predicted that a total delay time TS1 for the rise of the clock signal CL1 inputted to the latch circuit L1 becomes TS1=T1, and a total delay time TS2 for the rise of the clock signal CL2 inputted to the latch circuit L2 becomes TS2=T2+T3, and the total delay time TS1 and the total delay time TS2 will be significantly different.", "\nIn this manner, in the conventional data signal loading circuit 100, when the timing for both the rise and fall of the output signal of the comparator CMP1 is used in data signal loading, and the like, in an internal circuit of the data signal loading circuit 100, the inability to perform correct data signal loading arises, and it is assumed that this becomes more prominent as the operating speed of the data signal loading circuit 100 becomes higher.", "\nIn the structure of the conventional data signal loading circuit 200, the characteristics of the comparators CMP1, CMP2, and CMP3 for amplifying the small-amplitude differential signals vary according to conditions such as frequency, power supply voltage, process, temperature, in the same manner as in the data signal loading circuit 100. ", "However, since the delay times for the rise of the clock signal CL1 and the clock signal CL2 outputted from the comparator CMP1 and the comparator CMP2, respectively, are approximately equal, it becomes easy to load the data signal DL1 synchronously with the rise of the small-amplitude clock signals CKP and CKN, compared to the data signal loading circuit 100.", "\nHereinafter, the behavior of each signal in the conventional data signal loading circuit 200 shown in FIG. ", "9 shall be described using the timing chart in FIG. ", "10.", "\nFirst, the rise and fall of the clock signal CL1 are outputted delayed from the rise and fall of the small-amplitude differential clock signal CKP inputted to the comparator CMP1, by a delay time T1 and a delay time T2, respectively. ", "The rise and fall of the clock signal CL2 are outputted delayed from the rise and fall of the small-amplitude differential clock signal CKN inputted to the comparator CMP2, by a delay time T3 and a delay time T4, respectively. ", "At this time, when the comparator CMP1 and the comparator CMP2 have the same circuit configuration, the delay time T1 and delay time T3, and the delay time T2 and delay time T4 become approximately equal delay times. ", "In addition, when the comparator CMP1 and the comparator CMP2 have the same circuit configuration according to conditions such as frequency, power supply voltage, process, and temperature, the duty ratio between the high interval and the low interval deviate in the same manner.", "\nIn the case of such a circuit configuration, a total delay time TS1 for the rise of the clock signal CL1 inputted to the latch circuit L1 becomes TS1=T1, and a total delay time TS2 for the rise of the clock signal CL2 inputted to the latch circuit L2 becomes TS2=T3, and the total delay time TS1 and the total delay time TS2 become approximately equal.", "\nNext, FIG. ", "11 shows a circuit configuration diagram of the comparators CMP1, CMP2, and CMP3 which configured of transistors.", "\nFIG. ", "11 shows a configuration in which the comparators are connected in multiple-stages.", "\nThe conventional comparators shown in FIG. ", "11 include, for example, a comparator C1, a comparator CS, and an inverter I1. ", "The comparator C1 includes: a constant current source transistor MP1; transistors MP2 and MP3 to which the drain of MP1 is connected and a differential signal is inputted; and transistors MN1 and MN2 to which the drains of MP2 and MP3 are respectively connected. ", "The comparator CS includes: transistors MN3 and MN4 to which the drains of MP2 and MP3 are respectively connected; a transistor MP4 having a gate and drain to which the drain of MN3 is connected; and a transistor MP5 having a gate to which the drain of MN3 is connected. ", "The comparator CS outputs the drains of MP5 and MN4 to the inverter I1. ", "The inverter I1 includes transistors MP6 and MN5 having gates to which the output signal of the comparator CS is inputted. ", "The inverter I1 outputs the drains of MP6 and MN5, and has a function for shaping the output signal of the comparator CS.", "\nWhen the comparators shown in FIG. ", "11 are applied to the comparators CMP1 to CMP3 of the conventional data signal loading circuit 200, there is concern over an increase in consumption current in the comparator CMP1 and the comparator CMP2 since these comparators are connected in multiple-stages. ", "In addition, as shown in FIG. ", "12, when a configuration which connects the comparator C1 in two stages is assumed, as a comparator C2, in place of the comparator C1 shown in FIG. ", "11, consumption current increases further as the number of stages of the comparators increases. ", "Furthermore, the load connected to the small-amplitude differential clock signals CKP and CKN are the comparator CMP1 and the comparator CMP2, and the load connected to the small-amplitude differential data signals DAP and DAN is only the comparator CMP3. ", "As such, the small-amplitude differential data signals DAP and DAN become approximately half compared with the small-amplitude differential clock signals CKP and CKN, and there is the problem that the same impedance matching is not possible between the clock signals and the data signals." ]

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[ "What's your ministry? ", "Summer opportunities\n\nIn this series we celebrate how our skills, interests or hobbies can open the door to a new ministry or opportunity. ", "This month: holidays. ", "Interviews by Sharon Barnard\n\nPrudence Bell is 71 and both she and her clergyman husband, Stuart, are now retired from full-time ministry. ", "For many years the couple have travelled around the world, taking services and providing encouragement and pastoral support to holidaymakers, Christian workers and indigenous churches. ", "This year the intrepid Bells are planning trips to Switzerland, Jerusalem, Tanzania and Zambia.", "\n\n\"When our three children were small we knew we could never afford to travel abroad for holidays. ", "As there was a need for holiday chaplains on the many campsites on the west coast of France, and my husband didn’t mind working on holiday, we spent many summers serving with the Intercontinental Church Society. ", "We organised services and were available pastorally and to talk about the Christian faith.", "\n\n\"As well as France, we have served several times in Switzerland, Ibiza and also Norway. ", "After a sabbatical, where we travelled around the world visiting growing churches in different settings (Nepal, China, New Zealand and America [Los Angeles]), we returned to Nepal four times to do some teaching in the indigenous Church.", "\n\n\"In recent years we have had a policy to visit all the members of our congregation who are serving abroad. ", "At one point there were 18 missionaries. ", "This took us to Kyrgyzstan, Thailand, France, Spain, Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. ", "Last December, we were in Tanzania and then went on to Zambia to visit and share ministry with folk from our last church who work there.", "\n\n\"Our trips have varied in length from two weeks to two months, and a couple of times three months. ", "The church was very supportive because we were visiting ‘our’ people or churches we supported. ", "Now we are retired we are not restricted.", "\n\n\"We often feel out of our depth and even frightened, but the Lord has always been there. ", "And he has always provided; we have never been out of pocket.", "\n\n\"One highlight for me was when I was visiting a young woman working in China. ", "She said, “I would rather have your company for these three days than any money you could send me.” ", "This had a strong influence on our future planning.", "\n\n\"But the biggest highlight happened in China, on our round-the-world visit in 2006, where we discovered the church where my great-grandparents had served before being murdered [in the Boxer Rebellion]. ", "They were still honoured. ", "Their names were on the inside of the new church which is now 4,000 strong. ", "I have since co-authored a book with Ronald Clements about this amazing journey.\"", "\n\n+ Prudence Bell’s book, Lives from a Black Tin Box: Martyrs of the Boxer Rebellion, their Chinese Church today and the power of prayer is published by Authentic\n\nHow your travels can be a blessing to others\n\n+ I want to ask churches to help their congregations to think about where they holiday. ", "Is there a missionary or a Christian worker they could visit, bring encouragement to and pray with? ", "The blessing that brings is immeasurable.", "\n+ Always keep a journal or diary of some sort. ", "It really helps if you make a return visit. ", "Write down your reactions and reflections whilst they are still fresh. ", "It is an effort and I have often felt like giving up, but I am so glad I didn’t. ", "I now have a whole row of journals to go with the hundreds of photos.", "\n+ Prepare yourself by reading a Lonely Planet or Rough Guide.", "\n+ Be organised well in advance.", "\n+ Cover the whole time with prayer.", "\n\nBarbara Morrison is a volunteer co-ordinator for The Smiles Foundation and part of her role is to prepare and accompany volunteers on short-term mission trips to Romania\n\n\"A friend introduced me to Smiles in 2007 following her mission trip (MT). ", "I fell in love with the people as I looked at her slides and felt God calling me to go to Romania, which I did in October 2008.", "\nThis work has changed my life! ", "Kevin Hoy (CEO) has tremendous vision for what we’re doing amongst the poorest and almost forgotten people in Romania.", "\n\n\"A Smiles MT is manageable for everyone because we work together on mission and it is all safe and controlled. ", "We reach 1,500 people on a daily basis and share God’s love through a variety of projects and programmes.", "\n\n\"Currently we have two churches, a homeless shelter, counselling, medical help, two elderly care homes and rehousing programmes.", "\n\n\"We have had several baptisms over the years, but last year there was a revival in one village where 10 families had been re-housed and 18 people were baptised.", "\n\n\"Smiles is a lifeline for so many vulnerable people; we are making a difference and changing lives for eternity.", "\n\nNaomi Colwell, a school biology technician from Kent, relishes the long summer holidays so she can look after the under-fives at the Christian event, Revive!", "\n\n\"I have been volunteering at Revive! ", "for six years and for the past four as the team leader for Noah’s Ark and Rainbow Club. ", "During our daily morning sessions we care for about 70 one to four-year-olds.", "\n\n\"My biggest challenge before the event is to keep trusting the Lord for the provision of volunteers to join the team and provide really good care for the children during the week. ", "Each year, it is a real joy to see how the Lord builds the team and blends together people from different church backgrounds, ages and experiences.", "\n\n\"During the week itself my biggest challenge is energy! ", "It is very full on. ", "I am flat out through the sessions, but it is great fun and it is incredibly rewarding to see children playing happily and to hear them proudly retelling the Bible stories to their parents when they come to collect them.", "\n\n\"I do see this as a ministry and it’s an incredibly pleasurable one. ", "Serving at Revive! ", "is exhausting, but I find it rejuvenates my regular children’s ministry at church.", "\n\n+ Revive! ", "conference is organised by Ichthus Christian Fellowship and runs from 29 July–4 August 2017. ", "Details from www.ichthus.org.uk\n\nMore inspiring reading, every month.", "\n\nGet much more with a subscription to Woman Alive, from just £29.50 for 12 issues.", "\n\nMore inspiring reading, every month\n\nOur magazine is written specifically for Christian women who want their faith to impact every area of their lives. ", "Subscribe today and look forward to thoughtful articles, fresh ideas and good advice - all delivered to your door every month. ", "Click on Subscribe for our latest offers." ]

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[ "Adams High School\n\nAdams High School may refer to:\n\nIn the United States \nAdams Central High School, Monroe, Indiana\nAdams Central Junior-Senior High School, Hastings, Nebraska\nJohn Adams High School (Indiana), South Bend, Indiana\nRochester Adams High School, Rochester Hills, Michigan\nJohn Adams High School (Queens), New York City, New York\nJohn Adams High School (Ohio), Cleveland, Ohio\nNorth Adams High School, Seaman, Ohio\nAdams High School (Portland, Oregon)\nBryan Adams High School, Dallas, Texas\n\nSee also\nAdams School (disambiguation)" ]

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[ "Mario Gotze’s Twitter account hacked, showers Arsenal flop Chamakh with love\n\nSomeone has it in for Mario Gotze, and really likes Marouane Chamakh!", "\n\nBayern Munich’s young star Mario Gotze had his Twitter hacked this morning, and apart from the mild inconvenience, it’s fair to say he got off lightly!", "\n\nWith all of the acrimony from his Borussia Dortmund exit, one can easily imagine the source of the hacking; in which case Gotze can feel relieved he didn’t suffer any serious abuse.", "\n\nInstead, his hackers showered new Crystal Palace signing Marouane Chamakh in love, quirkily declaring him for the Ballon d’Or, and placing the Moroccan ahead of Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo.", "\n\nThe Tweets have now been deleted, so apart from Chamakh’s ego being given a much needed boost, it really could have been worse for Gotze…" ]

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[ "As Washington struggles to respond to brutal acts of violence from Syria to San Bernardino, much of the conversation is about the size and scope of our response to defeat our enemies.", "\n\nAlthough Americans by now understand that we are not in a traditional war against an armed state, we still fail to comprehend the true complexities and profound challenges of conducting a broad range of military and law enforcement actions in smaller, less straightforward operations against terrorists and their organizations.", "\n\nWe are trying to oversimplify the pandemonium of war. ", "Violence, frequent and savage, is brought upon us by non-state entities and their ideological subscribers who do not hold to the traditional justifications or methods of armed conflict. ", "Barbaric behavior has become the norm. ", "Our enemies’ use of technology will continue as cyber attacks become commonplace, digital media are used to frighten and incite, and remote detonation of bombs is exported from the roadside improvised explosive devices of Iraq and Afghanistan to the streets of Middle America.", "\n\nOur national security is of course dependent on the entire U.S. government—including the CIA, State Department and others—but I want to focus here on the armed forces. ", "We need to rebalance our military forces to develop capabilities that are very different from the wars of earlier generations.", "\n\nOur military units must remain, without doubt, masters of death and destruction. ", "The need to kill our most violent and unrepentant enemies is real and urgent. ", "Deploying special operations and other combat forces for this mission is necessary, and we should be unhesitant and unapologetic about doing so. ", "But it is not always the first or best answer and it is never enough on its own. ", "We must be ready to kill, but we cannot kill our way to victory.", "\n\nIncreasingly, violent conflict is taking place in what experts call the “gray zone.” ", "That is, as the commander of U.S. Special Operations Command, Gen. Joe Votel, said, where entities or groups “seek to secure their objectives while minimizing the scope and scale of actual combat.” ", "It is in this murky middle that, Votel explained, “we are confronted with ambiguity on the nature of the conflict, the parties involved, and the validity of the legal and political claims at stake. ", "These conflicts defy our ‘traditional’ views of war.”", "\n\nLook around the world: it is hard to find a conflict that is not in the gray zone. ", "Russia’s annexation of Crimea and its continued activities in eastern Ukraine; the self-proclaimed Islamic State’s barbaric control of key parts of Iraq and Syria; Chinese construction on disputed reefs in the South China Sea; Boko Haram’s continued reign of terror in Nigeria; and the ongoing Houthi rebellion in Yemen are just some of the most recent examples.", "\n\nIt is not only the outbreak of new violence that should be forcing us to rethink conflict—it is also the underlying environmental, economic and social trends. ", "These include resource competition; radical demographic shifts; the rise of coastal mega-cities in developing countries; increasingly visible corruption and patronage; the changing climate; and explosive technological advancement and information connectivity.", "\n\nSo amidst all this disorder, how do we organize and prepare America to excel against non-traditional threats? ", "What is the role of our military in addressing this emerging range of non-traditional national security issues?", "\n\nAdversaries the world over are developing new approaches to conflict in ways that are designed to mitigate the advantages of more powerful military opponents. ", "But we in the U.S. have neither changed our military enough, nor developed non-military alternatives that are trained, equipped and expeditionary enough to respond robustly to crises that are not primarily military in nature.", "\n\nThere is an element of the U.S. military that arguably specializes in these kind of ‘submilitary’ conflicts: special operations forces, or SOF. ", "But only about 3 percent of U.S. troops are SOF. ", "What SOF—whose operators are older, speak more languages and operate in smaller teams—do well is leverage larger organizations and networks, especially in working ‘by, with’ and through’ local partners. ", "They are pioneers in adapting emerging technologies (such as man-hunting drones), restructuring organizations, flattening communications and developing new tactics and equipment.", "\n\nOur special operations forces are already sufficient in quantity. ", "We shouldn’t ask them to take on every military mission. ", "But the SOF example is a good one. ", "It should inspire us to recruit into the armed forces more mature, more globally oriented and experienced people who can be further trained and educated to manage complexity and deal with ambiguous threat environments and diverse populations.", "\n\nI am not just a former SOF officer arguing that SOF answers all, but the new era does require much more SOF-like thinking. ", "It is worth reviving the approach of the World War II-era Office of Strategic Services, or OSS. ", "We need experts not just in warfare, but also in languages, foreign cultures, religions, global micro-regions and more.", "\n\nWe need institutional fixes for a U.S. military that has not yet fully accepted the value of non-traditional career paths in which coveted command positions may not be the best use of individual talent. ", "We need to renew or reinvent our forces for the new normal. ", "Our initiatives should include temporary appointments of civilians to officer and non-commissioned officer ranks in order to answer unique and precise needs, focused recruiting of foreign-born personnel, sabbaticals for travel and research, and repetitive assignments of individuals to specific countries and localities around the world.", "\n\nWe need to reject old doctrine in favor of relevant knowledge, reject quantity in favor of quality, and reject our traditional notion of military victory in favor of local acceptance of enduring success. ", "The budget, not just the conversation, must also reflect this." ]

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[ "Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the pyramidal tract can predict the need for orthosis in hemiplegic patients with hemorrhagic stroke.", "\nDiffusion tensor magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to evaluate motor functions in stroke patients. ", "The aim of this study was to clarify whether imaging can be used to predict orthotic needs in patients with hemiplegia. ", "We studied 25 patients (age range, 16-78 years) with intracerebral hemorrhages (putamen 15, thalamus 7, frontal subcortex 3). ", "Diffusion tensor MR imaging was undertaken on admission at rehabilitation hospital for stroke patients. ", "The fractional anisotropy (FA) value of the pyramidal tract was calculated. ", "We compared the FA value in the ROI of the cerebral peduncle with the necessity for orthosis at discharge from the rehabilitation hospital. ", "As a result, the FA values of the affected side in patients who needed orthosis at discharge were lower than those in patients who did not need orthosis. ", "There was no significant difference in the FA values of the unaffected side. ", "We concluded that the need for orthosis in patients with hemiplegia after stroke rehabilitation could be predicted using the diffusion tensor MR images of corticospinal tractography." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We investigate the flavor-changing interactions in an extension of the standard model with singlet quarks and singlet Higgs, which are induced by the mixing between the ordinary quarks and the singlet quarks ($ q $-$ Q $ mixing). ", "We consider the effects of the gauge and scalar interactions in the $ \\Delta F = 2 $ mixings of $ K^0 $, $ B_d $, $ B_s $ and $ D^0 $ mesons to show the currently allowed range of the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing. ", "Then, we investigate the new physics around the electroweak scale to the TeV scale, which is accessible to the Large Hadron Collider. ", "Especially, the scalar coupling mediated by the singlet Higgs may provide distinct signatures for the decays of the singlet quarks and Higgs particles, which should be compared with the conventionally expected ones via the gauge and standard Higgs couplings. ", "Observations of the singlet quarks and Higgs particles will present us important insights on the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing and Higgs mixing.'", "\nauthor:\n- Katsuichi Higuchi\n- Katsuji Yamamoto\ntitle: 'Flavor-changing interactions with singlet quarks and their implications for the LHC'\n---\n\nIntroduction {#sec:intro}\n============\n\nAs the standard model has been established in current experiments, the appearance of new physics now attracts growing interests especially in the light of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). ", "So far various extensions of the standard model with their own motivations have been investigated for new physics, including exotic fermions, extra Higgs fields, extended gauge interactions, supersymmetry, and so on. ", "The new physics might already provide some significant effects in the low-energy particle phenomena such as flavor-changing processes. ", "It is now expected seriously that the new physics will reveal itself in the LHC experiments.", "\n\nAmong many intriguing extensions of the standard model, we here investigate the new physics provided by isosinglet quarks, which are suggested in certain models such as $ {\\rm E}_6 $-type unification [@E6]. ", "Specifically, there are two types of singlet quarks, $ U $ with electric charge $ Q_{\\rm em} = 2/3 $ and $ D $ with $ Q_{\\rm em} = - 1/3 $, which may mix with the ordinary quarks. ", "It is also reasonable to incorporate a singlet Higgs field $ S $, which provides the singlet quark masses and the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing between the ordinary quarks ($ q = u , d $) and the singlet quarks ($ Q = U , D $). ", "In this sort of model various novel features arise through the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing [@Ag; @Br; @BPW; @R-86; @ER; @LL; @BM; @BB; @qQ1; @qQ2; @qQ3; @qQ4; @qQ5; @qQ6; @qQ7; @qQ8; @FHS; @KY; @HY00; @HSY; @qQ9; @qQ10; @qQ11; @QB1; @QB2]. ", "The unitarity of Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix within the ordinary quark sector is violated, and the flavor-changing neutral currents (FCNC’s) appear at the tree-level. ", "These flavor-changing interactions are described appropriately in terms of the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing parameters and quark masses [@Ag; @Br; @LL; @FHS; @HY00]. ", "Then, the actual CKM mixing is reproduced up to the small unitarity violation provided the FCNC’s are suppressed sufficiently with the small $ q $-$ Q $ mixing. ", "In this respect the presence of singlet quarks may introduce an interesting extension of the notion of natural flavor conservation [@GWP; @AHR92HW93]. ", "Furthermore, the new $ CP $-violating phases in $ q $-$ Q $ mixing may provide significant contributions especially in the $ B $ meson physics [@Ag; @Br; @BM; @BB; @qQ1; @qQ3; @qQ5; @qQ6; @KY; @qQ9; @qQ10; @qQ11; @QB1; @QB2].", "\n\nIt is also expected in cosmology that the singlet quarks and singlet Higgs field may play important roles in the early universe. ", "Specifically, in the first-order electroweak phase transition the $ CP $-violating $ q $-$ Q $ mixing via the coupling with the complex singlet Higgs $ S $ can be efficient to produce the chiral charge fluxes through the bubble wall for the baryogenesis [@ewbaryogenesis1; @ewbaryogenesis2]. ", "Furthermore, the presence of singlet Higgs field is preferable for realizing the strong enough first-order electroweak phase transition.", "\n\nAs mentioned in the above, the singlet quarks and singlet Higgs bring various intriguing features in particle physics and cosmology. ", "It is hence worth considering their phenomenological implications toward the discovery of them at the LHC [@QqH-1; @QqH-2; @AR-04; @A-S-05; @SQMFV; @SU-08]. ", "In this study we investigate the flavor-changing interactions in the presence of singlet quarks and singlet Higgs. ", "The effects of the gauge interactions have been investigated extensively in the literature [@Ag; @Br; @BPW; @R-86; @ER; @LL; @qQ1; @qQ2; @qQ3; @qQ4; @qQ5; @qQ6; @qQ7; @qQ8; @qQ9; @qQ10; @qQ11; @QB1; @QB2]. ", "Here, we rather note that the scalar interactions mediated by the singlet Higgs may provide significant effects in some cases [@BM; @BB; @qQ7; @KY; @HY00], which has not been considered thoroughly so far in the models with singlet quarks.", "\n\nThe rest of this paper is organized as follows. ", "In Sec. ", "\\[sec:mixing-FCI\\] we describe a representative model with singlet quarks and one complex singlet Higgs field, and review the essential features on the quark mixings and flavor-changing interactions. ", "In Sec. ", "\\[sec:DF2\\] we consider the effects of the flavor-changing interactions in the $ \\Delta F = 2 $ mixings of $ K^0 $, $ B_d $, $ B_s $ and $ D^0 $ mesons to show the currently allowed range of the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing. ", "In Sec. ", "\\[sec:Qprocesses\\] we investigate the decays of the singlet quarks and Higgs particles, which may provide distinct signatures upon their productions at the LHC. ", "Sec. ", "\\[sec:summary\\] is devoted to summary. ", "In the Appendix \\[sec:couplings\\] a detailed derivation is presented for the suitable relations among the gauge and scalar couplings.", "\n\nQuark mixings and flavor-changing interactions {#sec:mixing-FCI}\n==============================================\n\nWe first review the the essential features on the quark mixings and flavor-changing interactions including the singlet quarks and singlet Higgs, which are described appropriately in terms of the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing parameters and quark masses (see Ref. [", "@HY00] for the detailed description). ", "We consider a representative electroweak model based on the gauge symmetry $ {\\rm SU(3)}_C \\times {\\rm SU(2)}_W \\times {\\rm U(1)}_Y $, where singlet quarks $ U $ and $ D $ together with one complex singlet Higgs field $ S $ are incorporated. ", "The generic Yukawa couplings are given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal L}_{\\rm Y}\n&=& - \\ u^c_0 \\lambda_u \\Psi_{q_0} \\Phi_H - U^c_0 h_u \\Psi_{q_0} \\Phi_H\n\\nonumber \\\\\n& & - \\ u^c_0 ( f_U S + f_U^\\prime S^\\dagger ) U_0\n- U^c_0 ( \\lambda_U S + \\lambda_U^\\prime S^\\dagger ) U_0\n\\nonumber \\\\\n& & - \\ d^c_0 \\lambda_d V_0^\\dagger \\Psi_{q_0} {\\tilde \\Phi_H}\n- D^c_0 h_d V_0^\\dagger \\Psi_{q_0} {\\tilde \\Phi_H}\n\\nonumber \\\\\n& & - \\ d^c_0 ( f_D S + f_D^\\prime S^\\dagger ) D_0\n- D^c_0 ( \\lambda_D S + \\lambda_D^\\prime S^\\dagger ) D_0\n\\nonumber \\\\\n& & + {\\rm H.c.}", "\n\\label{eqn:LYukawa}\\end{aligned}$$ in terms of the two-component Weyl fields for the electroweak eigenstates with subscript “0\". (", "The generation indices and Lorentz factors are omitted here for simplicity.) ", "The isodoublets of left-handed ordinary quarks are represented by $$\\Psi_{q_0}\n= \\left( \\begin{array}{c} u_0 \\\\ V_0 d_0 \\end{array} \\right)$$ with a certain $ 3 \\times 3 $ unitary matrix $ V_0 $. ", "The Higgs doublet is also given by $$\\Phi_H = \\left( \\begin{array}{c} H^+ \\\\\nH^0 \\end{array} \\right)$$ with $ {\\tilde \\Phi}_H \\equiv i \\tau_2 \\Phi_H^* $. ", "The Higgs fields develop vacuum expectation values (VEV’s), $$\\langle H^0 \\rangle = v / {\\sqrt 2} , \\\n\\langle S \\rangle = v_S / {\\sqrt 2} ,$$ where $ v = ( {\\sqrt 2} G_F )^{-1/2} = 246 {\\rm GeV} $, and $ v_S \\sim 100 {\\rm GeV} - 1 {\\rm TeV} $ is assumed. ", "The possible complex phase $ \\delta_S $ of $ \\langle S \\rangle $ is not presented explicitly for simplicity of notation, which may be effectively included in the Yukawa couplings and the Higgs potential terms at the tree level.", "\n\nQuark masses and mixings {#subsec:mass-mixing}\n------------------------\n\nThe quark mass matrix is produced as $${\\cal M}_{\\cal Q} = \\left( \\begin{array}{cc}\nM_q & \\Delta_{qQ} \\\\\n \\Delta_{qQ}^\\prime & M_Q \\end{array} \\right) .", "\n\\label{eqn:total-MQ}$$ The submatrices are given by $$\\begin{aligned}\nM_q &=& \\lambda_q v / {\\sqrt 2} ,\n\\Delta_{qQ}^\\prime = h_q v / {\\sqrt 2} ,\n\\label{eqn:subs-MQ1}\n\\\\\n\\Delta_{qQ} &=& f_Q^+ v_S / {\\sqrt 2} ,\nM_Q = \\lambda_Q^+ v_S / {\\sqrt 2} ,\n\\label{eqn:subs-MQ2}\\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\nf_Q^+ & \\equiv & f_Q + f^\\prime_Q ,\nf_Q^- \\equiv i ( f_Q - f^\\prime_Q ) ,\n\\\\\n\\lambda_Q^+ & \\equiv & \\lambda_Q + \\lambda^\\prime_Q ,\n\\lambda_Q^- \\equiv i ( \\lambda_Q - \\lambda^\\prime_Q ) .\\end{aligned}$$ Henceforth $ {\\cal Q} = ( q , Q ) $ collectively, and $ N_Q $ denotes the number of singlet quarks. ", "The quark mass matrix $ {\\cal M}_{\\cal Q} $ is diagonalized by unitary transformations $ {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}} $ and $ {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm R}} $ as $${\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm R}}^\\dagger\n{\\cal M}_{\\cal Q} {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}\n= {\\bar{\\cal M}}_{\\cal Q}\n= \\left( \\begin{array}{cc}\n{\\bar M}_q & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bar M}_Q\n\\end{array} \\right) ,\n\\label{eqn:MQdiagonal}$$ where $ {\\bar M}_q = {\\rm diag}( m_{q_1} , m_{q_2} , m_{q_3} ) $, $ {\\bar M}_Q = {\\rm diag}( m_{Q_1} , \\ldots ) $, and $ ( q_1 , q_2 , q_3 ) = ( u , c , t ) $ or $ ( d , s , b ) $. ", "The quark mass eigenstates $ q_i $ ($ i = 1, 2, 3 $) and $ Q_a $ ($ a = 1, 2, \\ldots , N_Q $) are given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\left( \\begin{array}{c} q \\\\ Q \\end{array} \\right)\n= {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger\n\\left( \\begin{array}{c} q_0 \\\\ Q_0 \\end{array} \\right) ,\n( q^c , Q^c ) = ( q_0^c , Q_0^c ){\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm R}}\\end{aligned}$$ with the $ ( 3 + N_Q ) \\times ( 3 + N_Q ) $ unitary matrices as $${\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_\\chi}\n= \\left( \\begin{array}{cc}\nV_{q_\\chi} & \\epsilon_{q_\\chi} \\\\\n- \\epsilon_{q_\\chi}^{\\prime \\dagger} & V_{Q_\\chi}\n\\end{array} \\right) ( \\chi = {\\rm L} , {\\rm R} ) ,\n\\label{eqn:VQchi}$$ where $ \\epsilon_{q_\\chi} $ and $ \\epsilon_{q_\\chi}^\\prime $ represent the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing.", "\n\nThe quark mass matrix $ {\\cal M}_{\\cal Q} $ may be reduced to a specific form with either $ \\Delta_{qQ}^\\prime = {\\bf 0} $ or $ \\Delta_{qQ} = {\\bf 0} $ by a unitary transformation of the right-handed quarks. ", "Then, the Yukawa coupling $ \\lambda_q $ is diagonalized by unitary transformations of the ordinary quarks as $$\\lambda_q = {\\rm diag}( \\lambda_{q_1} , \\lambda_{q_2} , \\lambda_{q_3} ) ,\n\\label{eqn:lmq}$$ while the condition $ \\Delta_{qQ}^\\prime = {\\bf 0} $ or $ \\Delta_{qQ} = {\\bf 0} $ is maintained. ", "These transformations to specify the form of $ {\\cal M}_{\\cal Q} $ do not mix the electroweak doublets with the singlets, respecting the $ {\\rm SU(3)}_C \\times {\\rm SU(2)}_W \\times {\\rm U(1)}_Y $. ", "Hence, without loss of generality we may start with either of these bases, $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\mbox{\\bf basis (a)}} : \\Delta^\\prime_{qQ} = {\\bf 0} ,\n{\\mbox{\\bf basis (b)}} : \\Delta_{qQ} = {\\bf 0} .", "\n\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ The Yukawa couplings $ h_q $, $ f_Q $, $ f_Q^\\prime $, $ \\lambda_Q $, $ \\lambda_Q^\\prime $ and the mixing matrix $ V_0 $ are redefined according to the transformations to specify the quark basis. ", "In particular, $ h_q = {\\bf 0} $ solely in the basis (a). ", "On the other hand, in the basis (b) a specific relation $ f_Q^\\prime = - f_Q $ ($ f_Q^+ = {\\bf 0} $) holds apparently though no tuning is imposed among the couplings in the original basis.", "\n\nThe $ q $-$ Q $ mixings are given specifically in the basis (a) as $$\\begin{aligned}\n( \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}} )_{ia} & \\sim & ( \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^\\prime )_{ia}\n\\sim ( m_{q_i} / m_Q ) \\epsilon^f_i ,\n\\label{eqn:eqL-a} \\\\\n( \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm R}} )_{ia} & \\sim & ( \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm R}}^\\prime )_{ia}\n\\sim \\epsilon^f_i\n\\label{eqn:epR-a}\\end{aligned}$$ in terms of the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing parameters from the $ f_Q^+ $ coupling, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\epsilon^f_i = ( v_S / m_Q ) {\\overline{| ( f_Q^+ )_{ia} |}} / {\\sqrt 2}\n= {\\overline{| ( \\Delta_{qQ} )_{ia} |}} / m_Q ,\n\\label{eqn:epf}\\end{aligned}$$ where $ m_Q = {\\overline{m_{Q_a}}}\n\\sim ( {\\overline{| ( f_Q^+ )_{ia} |}}\n+ {\\overline{| ( \\lambda_Q^+ )_{ab} |}} ) v_S $, and the bar denotes the mean value. ", "The left-handed $ q $-$ Q $ mixing is suppressed significantly by the $ q/Q $ mass ratios $ m_{q_i} / m_Q $ [@Ag; @Br; @LL; @FHS; @HY00]. ", "On the other hand, in the basis (b) $$\\begin{aligned}\n( \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}} )_{ia} & \\sim & ( \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^\\prime )_{ia}\n\\sim \\epsilon^h_i ,\n\\label{eqn:eqL-b} \\\\\n( \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm R}} )_{ia} & \\sim & ( \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm R}}^\\prime )_{ia}\n\\sim ( m_{q_i} / m_Q ) \\epsilon^h_i\n\\label{eqn:eqR-b}\\end{aligned}$$ in terms of the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing parameters from the $ h_q $ coupling, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\epsilon^h_i = ( v / m_Q ) {\\overline{| ( h_q )_{ai} |}} / {\\sqrt 2}\n= {\\overline{| ( \\Delta_{qQ}^\\prime )_{ai} |}} / m_Q .", "\n\\label{eqn:eph}\\end{aligned}$$ The left-handed $ q $-$ Q $ mixing is no longer suppressed by the $ q/Q $ mass ratios.", "\n\nWe may move from the basis (a) with $ \\Delta_{qQ}^\\prime = {\\bf 0} $ to the basis (b) with $ \\Delta_{qQ} = {\\bf 0} $ by using a unitary transformation. ", "Here, the left-handed $ q $-$ Q $ mixings in the bases (a) and (b) are related as $ \\epsilon^h_i \\sim ( m_{q_i} / m_Q ) \\epsilon^f_i $ so that Eq. (", "\\[eqn:eqL-a\\]) is apparently reproduced from Eq. (", "\\[eqn:eqL-b\\]). ", "Hence, the basis (a) may be regarded as a special case of the basis (b) [@HY00]. ", "If $ {\\overline{| f_Q |}} + {\\overline{| f_Q^\\prime |}}\n\\gtrsim {\\overline{| \\lambda_Q |}} + {\\overline{| \\lambda_Q^\\prime |}} $ providing $ \\epsilon^f_i \\sim 1 $ in the basis (a), then it is suitable to adopt the basis (b) alternatively. ", "The see-saw basis with $ M_q = {\\bf 0} $ is also possible for $ N_Q = 3 $ [@qseesaw]. ", "Since it is related to the bases (a) and (b) having a hybrid feature for the quark mixing [@HY00], we do not consider explicitly the see-saw model. ", "We adopt complementarily the bases (a) and (b), where the ordinary quark masses are reproduced as $$m_{q_i} = c_i \\lambda_{q_i} v / {\\sqrt 2}$$ with $ c_i \\sim 1 $ depending on the small $ q $-$ Q $ mixing [@Ag; @Br; @LL; @FHS; @HY00]. ", "In the general basis with $ \\Delta_{qQ} \\not= {\\bf 0} $ and $ \\Delta_{qQ}^\\prime \\not= {\\bf 0} $, e.g., the see-saw model, the ordinary quark mass hierarchy is not described clearly in terms of the Yukawa couplings $ \\lambda_{q_i} $.", "\n\nFlavor-changing interactions {#subsec:FCI}\n----------------------------\n\nThe CKM matrix $ V $ for the $ W $-boson coupling with the ordinary quarks is given by $$V = V_{u_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger V_0 V_{d_{\\rm L}} ,\n\\label{eqn:VCKM}$$ where $ V_{u_{\\rm L}} $ and $ V_{d_{\\rm L}} $ are the $ 3 \\times 3 $ submatrices in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:VQchi\\]). ", "The unitarity violation of $ V $ is induced at the second order of $ q $-$ Q $ mixing with $ \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}} \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger $ and $ \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^\\prime \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^{\\prime \\dagger} $, which should be suppressed enough phenomenologically [@Ag; @Br; @BPW; @R-86; @ER; @LL; @BM; @BB; @qQ1; @qQ2; @qQ3; @qQ4; @qQ5; @qQ6; @qQ7; @qQ8; @FHS; @KY; @HY00; @HSY; @qQ9; @qQ10; @qQ11; @QB1; @QB2]. ", "Then, the realistic CKM matrix $ V $ is reproduced by taking suitably the original $ V_0 $.", "\n\nThe modification of the left-handed $ Z $-boson coupling with the ordinary quarks is also given at the second order of $ q $-$ Q $ mixing [@Ag; @Br; @BPW; @R-86; @ER; @LL; @BM; @BB; @qQ1; @qQ2; @qQ3; @qQ4; @qQ5; @qQ6; @qQ7; @qQ8; @FHS; @KY; @HY00; @HSY; @qQ9; @qQ10; @qQ11; @QB1; @QB2] as $$\\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q]\n= - \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^\\prime\n\\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^{\\prime \\dagger} ,\n\\label{eqn:DZQ}$$ where the $ Z $-boson coupling is presented by removing the isospin factor $ I_3 (q_0) $ with $ I_3 (u_0) = 1/2 $ and $ I_3 (d_0) = -1/2 $ for simplicity of notation. ", "The right-handed coupling is, on the other hand, unchanged as $ \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{{\\cal Q}^c} = {\\bf 0} $ for $ I_3 ( q^c_0 ) = I_3 ( Q^c_0 ) = 0 $. ", "Specifically, in the basis (a) we have $$\\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q]_{ij} {\\rm (a)}\n\\sim ( m_{q_i} / m_Q ) ( m_{q_j} / m_Q ) \\epsilon^f_i \\epsilon^f_j .", "\n\\label{eqn:DZQ-a}$$ This correction as well as the CKM unitarity violation are suppressed substantially by the second order of $ q/Q $ mass ratios. ", "Alternatively, in the basis (b) we have $$\\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q]_{ij} {\\rm (b)}\n\\sim \\epsilon^h_i \\epsilon^h_j ,\n\\label{eqn:DZQ-b}$$ which is no longer suppressed by the $ q/Q $ mass ratios. ", "Then, significant constraints are placed phenomenologically on the $ q $-$ Q $ mixings $ \\epsilon^h_i \\ll 1 $, which have been investigated extensively in the literature [@qQ1; @qQ2; @qQ3; @qQ4; @qQ5; @qQ6; @qQ7; @qQ8; @qQ9; @qQ10].", "\n\nThe neutral scalar couplings of the quarks $ {\\cal Q} = {\\cal U}, {\\cal D} $ are extracted from Eq. (", "\\[eqn:LYukawa\\]) as $${\\cal L}_\\phi ({\\cal Q})\n= - \\sum_{\\phi^0_r = H, S_+ , S_-}\n{\\cal Q}^c \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{\\phi^0_r} {\\cal Q} \\phi^0_r\n+ {\\rm h.c.} ,", "$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^H\n&=& \\frac{1}{\\sqrt 2} {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm R}}^\\dagger\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cc} \\lambda_q & {\\bf 0} \\\\\nh_q & {\\bf 0} \\end{array} \\right)\n{\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}} ,\n\\label{eqn:LmH}\n\\\\\n\\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_\\pm}\n&=& \\frac{1}{\\sqrt 2} {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm R}}^\\dagger\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cc}\n{\\bf 0} & f_Q^\\pm \\\\\n{\\bf 0} & \\lambda_Q^\\pm\n\\end{array} \\right) {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}} .", "\n\\label{eqn:LmS}\\end{aligned}$$ The real neutral scalar fields, $ \\phi^0_1 = H \\equiv {\\sqrt 2} {\\rm Re} ( H^0 - \\langle H^0 \\rangle ) $, $ \\phi^0_2 = S_+ \\equiv {\\sqrt 2} {\\rm Re} ( S - \\langle S \\rangle ) $, $ \\phi^0_3 = S_- \\equiv {\\sqrt 2} {\\rm Im} ( S - \\langle S \\rangle ) $, mix generally to form the mass eigenstates $ \\phi_r $ ($ r = 1,2,3 $) through an orthogonal transformation $ O_\\phi $: $$\\left( \\begin{array}{c} \\phi_1 \\\\ \\phi_2 \\\\ \\phi_3 \\end{array} \\right)\n= O_\\phi \\left( \\begin{array}{c} H \\\\ S_+ \\\\ S_- \\end{array} \\right) .$$ The Nambu-Goldstone mode $ G \\equiv {\\sqrt 2} {\\rm Im} ( H^0 - \\langle H^0 \\rangle ) $ is absorbed by the $ Z $ boson.", "\n\nThe submatrices $ \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{\\phi^0_r} [q^c q] $ of these neutral scalar couplings for the ordinary quarks are given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^H [q^c q]\n&=& V_{q_{\\rm R}}^\\dagger \\lambda_q V_{q_{\\rm L}}\n- \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm R}}^\\prime h_q V_{q_{\\rm L}} ,\n\\label{eqn:LmHqq}\n\\\\\n\\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_\\pm} [q^c q]\n&=& - V_{q_{\\rm R}}^\\dagger f_Q^\\pm \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^{\\prime \\dagger}\n+ \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm R}}^\\prime \\lambda_Q^\\pm\n\\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^{\\prime \\dagger} .", "\n\\label{eqn:LmSqq}\\end{aligned}$$ Here, some close relations hold for the gauge and scalar couplings (see the Appendix \\[sec:couplings\\] for derivation). ", "The coupling of the standard Higgs $ H $ is given actually as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^H [q^c q]_{ij}\n&=& ( m_{q_i} / v )\n( \\delta_{ij} + \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q]_{ij} )\n\\label{eqn:lmH-DZQ}\\end{aligned}$$ with the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing induced $ Z $-boson coupling $ \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q] $ in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:DZQ\\]). ", "Similarly, the coupling of the singlet Higgs $ S_+ $ is calculated as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_+} [q^c q]_{ij}\n= - ( m_{q_i} / v_S ) \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q]_{ij} .", "\n\\label{eqn:LmSp}\\end{aligned}$$ Hence the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing effects for the scalar couplings $ \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^H [q^c q] $ and $ \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_+} [q^c q] $ are always sub-leading compared with those for the $ Z $-boson coupling $ \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q] $, which is due to the suppression by $ m_{q_i} / v $ from the chirality flip. ", "It is rather remarkable that the coupling of the singlet Higgs $ S_- $ may be dominant without a close relation to the $ Z $-boson coupling. ", "In the basis (a) we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_-} [q^c q]_{ij} {\\rm (a)}\n\\sim ( m_{q_j} / v_S ) \\epsilon^f_i \\epsilon^f_j ,\n\\label{eqn:LmSma}\\end{aligned}$$ where $ ( \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^{\\prime \\dagger} )_{aj}\n\\sim ( m_{q_j} / m_Q ) \\epsilon^f_j $, $ ( \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm R}}^\\prime )_{ia} \\sim \\epsilon^f_i $, $ ( \\lambda_Q^- )_{ab} \\sim ( m_Q / v_S ) $ and $ ( f_Q^- )_{ia} \\sim ( m_Q / v_S ) \\epsilon^f_i $ are applied in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:LmSqq\\]). ", "In contrast to the $ Z $-boson coupling $ \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q] $ in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:DZQ-a\\]), the scalar coupling $ \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_-} [q^c q] $ in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:LmSma\\]) is suppressed only by the first order of ordinary quark mass. ", "In the basis (b), by applying $ ( \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^{\\prime \\dagger} )_{aj} \\sim \\epsilon^h_j $ and $ ( f_Q^- )_{ia} \\sim ( m_Q / v_S ) \\epsilon^f_i $ in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:LmSqq\\]), we estimate $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_-} [q^c q]_{ij} {\\rm (b)}\n& \\sim & ( m_Q / v_S ) \\epsilon^f_i \\epsilon^h_j ,\n\\label{eqn:LmSmb}\\end{aligned}$$ up to the sub-leading contribution of the second term $ \\sim ( m_{q_i} / v_S ) \\epsilon^h_i \\epsilon^h_j $ in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:LmSqq\\]). ", "Here, similar to Eq. (", "\\[eqn:epf\\]), the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing parameters are introduced for convenience as $ \\epsilon^f_i = ( v_S / m_Q ) {\\overline{| 2 ( f_Q )_{ia} |}}/{\\sqrt 2} $ even though $ f_Q^+ = {\\bf 0} $ ($ f_Q^- = 2i f_Q $ with $ f_Q = - f_Q^\\prime $) for $ \\Delta_{qQ} = {\\bf 0} $ in the basis (b). ", "It should also be noted, as discussed previously, that by considering the relation for the left-handed $ q $-$ Q $ mixing, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\epsilon^h_i \\sim ( m_{q_i} / m_Q ) \\epsilon^f_i ,\n\\label{eqn:(a)-(b)}\\end{aligned}$$ Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:DZQ-b\\]) and (\\[eqn:LmSmb\\]) in the basis (b) reproduce Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:DZQ-a\\]) and (\\[eqn:LmSma\\]) in the basis (a), respectively.", "\n\nWe mention for completeness that in the case of one real $ S $ (or one supersymmetric $ S $) with the $ f_Q $ and $ \\lambda_Q $ couplings ($ f_Q^\\prime \\equiv {\\bf 0} $ and $ \\lambda_Q^\\prime \\equiv {\\bf 0} $), the scalar coupling $ \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^S [q^c q] $ is given by Eq. (", "\\[eqn:LmSp\\]) for $ \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_+} [q^c q] $ related to the $ Z $-boson coupling $ \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q] $. ", "On the other hand, if the bare mass term $ M_Q $ is adopted instead of the $ \\lambda_Q $ coupling while the $ f_Q $ coupling provides the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing, the scalar coupling $ \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S} [q^c q] $ is rather given by Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:LmSma\\]) and (\\[eqn:LmSmb\\]) for $ \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_-} [q^c q] $ even in the case of one real $ S $.", "\n\nSinglet quark Effects in $ \\Delta F = 2 $ mixings of neutral mesons {#sec:DF2}\n===================================================================\n\nWe perform a detailed analysis on the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing effects in the $ \\Delta F = 2 $ mixings of $ K^0 $, $ B_d $, $ B_s $ and $ D^0 $ mesons, by considering the general bounds for new physics which are presented in Ref. [", "@UTfit]. ", "The $ Z $-mediated FCNC’s in $ \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q] $ have been investigated extensively in the literature [@Ag; @Br; @BPW; @R-86; @ER; @LL; @qQ1; @qQ2; @qQ3; @qQ4; @qQ5; @qQ6; @qQ7; @qQ8; @qQ9; @qQ10; @qQ11; @QB1; @QB2]. ", "By placing experimental constraints on the left-handed $ q $-$ Q $ mixings $ ( \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}} )_{ia} \\sim ( \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^\\prime )_{ia}\n\\sim \\epsilon^h_i $ in the basis (b), these analyses have discussed the possibility of new physics provided by the singlet quarks, in particular, for the $ B $ meson physics. ", "Here, we rather note that in some cases the scalar FCNC’s in $ \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_-} [q^c q] $ may dominate over the $ Z $-mediated FCNC’s in $ \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q] $, providing distinct signals for new physics [@BM; @BB; @qQ7; @KY; @HY00]. ", "This intriguing possibility has not been paid so much attention so far in the models with singlet quarks.", "\n\nThe effective Hamiltonian contributing to the $ \\Delta F = 2 $ mixing of the neutral meson $ M $ ($ K^0 , B_d , B_s , D^0 $) is given generally [@UTfit] as $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal H}^{\\Delta F = 2}_{\\rm eff}\n= \\sum_{k=1}^5 C_M^k {\\cal O}^{q_i q_j}_k\n+ \\sum_{k=1}^3 {\\tilde C}_M^k {\\tilde{\\cal O}}^{q_i q_j}_k ,\\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\nq_i q_j = sd ( K^0 ) , bd ( B_d ) , bs ( B_s ) , cu ( D^0 ) .\\end{aligned}$$ The four-quark operators are $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal O}^{q_i q_j}_1\n&=& {\\bar q}^\\alpha_{j{\\rm L}} \\gamma_\\mu q^\\alpha_{i{\\rm L}}\n{\\bar q}^\\beta_{j{\\rm L}} \\gamma^\\mu q^\\beta_{i{\\rm L}} ,\n{\\cal O}^{q_i q_j}_2\n= {\\bar q}^\\alpha_{j{\\rm R}} q^\\alpha_{i{\\rm L}}\n{\\bar q}^\\beta_{j{\\rm R}} q^\\beta_{i{\\rm L}} ,\n\\nonumber \\\\\n{\\cal O}^{q_i q_j}_3\n&=& {\\bar q}^\\alpha_{j{\\rm R}} q^\\beta_{i{\\rm L}}\n{\\bar q}^\\beta_{j{\\rm R}} q^\\alpha_{i{\\rm L}} ,\n{\\cal O}^{q_i q_j}_4\n= {\\bar q}^\\alpha_{j{\\rm R}} q^\\alpha_{i{\\rm L}}\n{\\bar q}^\\beta_{j{\\rm L}} q^\\beta_{i{\\rm R}} ,\n\\nonumber \\\\\n{\\cal O}^{q_i q_j}_5\n&=& {\\bar q}^\\alpha_{j{\\rm R}} q^\\beta_{i{\\rm L}}\n{\\bar q}^\\beta_{j{\\rm L}} q^\\alpha_{i{\\rm R}} ,\n\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ and $ \\alpha $ and $ \\beta $ denote the colors. ", "The operators $ {\\tilde{\\cal O}}^{q_i q_j}_{1,2,3} $ are obtained from the operators $ {\\cal O}^{q_i q_j}_{1,2,3} $ by the exchange $ {\\rm L} \\leftrightarrow {\\rm R} $. ", "The coefficients in the effective Hamiltonian at the scale $ \\mu = m_Q $ of singlet quarks are calculated as $$\\begin{aligned}\nC_M^1 ( m_Q )\n&=& ( g / 2 \\cos \\theta_W )^2\n( \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q]_{ji} )^2 / m_Z^2 ,\n\\label{eqn:C1}\n\\\\\nC_M^2 ( m_Q )\n&=& ( \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_-} [q^c q]_{ji} )^2 / m_{S_-}^2 ,\n\\label{eqn:C2}\n\\\\\n{\\tilde C}_M^2 ( m_Q )\n&=& ( \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_-} [q^c q]_{ij}^* )^2 / m_{S_-}^2 ,\n\\label{eqn:Ct2}\n\\\\\nC_M^4 ( m_Q )\n&=& ( \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_-} [q^c q]_{ji} )\n( \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_-} [q^c q]_{ij}^* ) / m_{S_-}^2 ,\n\\label{eqn:C4}\\end{aligned}$$ and the others are zero. ", "Here, the $ Z $-boson coupling $ \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q] $ and the dominant scalar coupling $ \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_-} [q^c q] $ are considered, and the scalar mixing in $ O_\\phi $ is neglected for simplicity. ", "By requiring that these coefficients in Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:C1\\]) – (\\[eqn:C4\\]) are all within the bounds presented specifically in Table 4 of Ref. [", "@UTfit], we find the allowed range of the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing depending on the masses $ m_Q , m_{S_-} \\sim v_S $ of the singlet quarks $ Q $ and singlet Higgs $ S_- $.", "\n\nThe constraints on the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing are given roughly below, where $ m_D = m_U = v_S = 500 {\\rm GeV} $ and $ m_{S_-} = 0.6 v_S = 300 {\\rm GeV} $ are taken typically to estimate the FCNC’s with Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:DZQ-a\\]), (\\[eqn:DZQ-b\\]), (\\[eqn:LmSma\\]) and (\\[eqn:LmSmb\\]) in terms of the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing parameters $ \\epsilon^f_i $ and $ \\epsilon^h_i $. ", "In the basis (a) significant constraints on the $ d $-$ D $ mixing are placed by the scalar coupling $ \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-} [d^c d] $ for $ C_M^2 $, $ {\\tilde C}_M^2 $ and $ C_M^4 $ ($ M = K^0 , B_d , B_d $) as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-}{\\mbox{(a)}} :\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n( \\epsilon^f_1 \\epsilon^f_2 )^{\\frac{1}{2}}\n\\lesssim 0.1 / \\delta_{12}^{\\frac{1}{4}} & ( {\\rm Im} K )\n\\\\\n( \\epsilon^f_1 \\epsilon^f_2 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\lesssim 0.4 & ( {\\rm Re} K )\n\\\\\n( \\epsilon^f_1 \\epsilon^f_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\lesssim 0.2 & ( | B_d | )\n\\\\\n( \\epsilon^f_2 \\epsilon^f_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\lesssim 0.5 & ( | B_s | ) .", "\n\\end{array}\n\\label{eqn:efLmSma}\\end{aligned}$$ Here, the effective $ CP $-violating phases in the FCNC’s contributing to the $ K^0 $-$ {\\bar K}^0 $ mixing are denoted collectively by $ \\delta_{12} $. ", "No significant constraints are, on the other hand, placed by the $ Z $-boson coupling $ \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal D} [d^\\dagger d] $ which is substantially suppressed by the second order of $ d $/$ D $ mass ratios in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:DZQ-a\\]). ", "Alternatively, in the basis (b) constraints on the $ d $-$ D $ mixing are given as $$\\begin{aligned}\n&{}& \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-}{\\mbox{(b)}} :\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n( \\epsilon^f_1 \\epsilon^h_2 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} ,\n( \\epsilon^f_2 \\epsilon^h_1 )^{\\frac{1}{2}}\n\\lesssim 1 \\times 10^{-3} / \\delta_{12}^{\\frac{1}{4}} & ( {\\rm Im} K )\n\\\\\n( \\epsilon^f_1 \\epsilon^h_2 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} ,\n( \\epsilon^f_2 \\epsilon^h_1 )^{\\frac{1}{2}}\n\\lesssim 4 \\times 10^{-3} & ( {\\rm Re} K )\n\\\\\n( \\epsilon^f_1 \\epsilon^h_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} ,\n( \\epsilon^f_3 \\epsilon^h_1 )^{\\frac{1}{2}}\n\\lesssim 0.01 & ( | B_d | )\n\\\\\n( \\epsilon^f_2 \\epsilon^h_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} ,\n( \\epsilon^f_3 \\epsilon^h_2 )^{\\frac{1}{2}}\n\\lesssim 0.03 & ( | B_s | ) ,\n\\end{array} \\ \\ \\ \\ \\\n\\label{eqn:efehLmSmb}\n\\\\\n&{}& \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal D}{\\mbox{(b)}} :\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n( \\epsilon^h_1 \\epsilon^h_2 )^{\\frac{1}{2}}\n\\lesssim 4 \\times 10^{-3} / \\delta_{12}^{\\frac{1}{4}} & ( {\\rm Im} K )\n\\\\\n( \\epsilon^h_1 \\epsilon^h_2 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\lesssim 0.02 & ( {\\rm Re} K )\n\\\\\n( \\epsilon^h_1 \\epsilon^h_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\lesssim 0.03 & ( | B_d | )\n\\\\\n( \\epsilon^h_2 \\epsilon^h_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\lesssim 0.09 & ( | B_s | ) .", "\n\\end{array}\n\\label{eqn:ehDZb}\\end{aligned}$$ Here, the constraints for the basis (a) in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:efLmSma\\]) are reproduced roughly from those for the basis (b) in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:efehLmSmb\\]) under the relation in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:(a)-(b)\\]). ", "Constraints on the $ u $-$ U $ mixing are estimated in the bases (a) and (b) as $$\\begin{aligned}\n&{}& \\Lambda_{\\cal U}^{S_-}{\\mbox{(a)}} :\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n( \\epsilon^f_1 \\epsilon^f_2 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\lesssim 0.2 & ( | D^0 | ) ,\n\\end{array}\n\\\\\n&{}& \\Lambda_{\\cal U}^{S_-}{\\mbox{(b)}} :\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n( \\epsilon^f_1 \\epsilon^h_2 )^{\\frac{1}{2}},\n( \\epsilon^f_2 \\epsilon^h_1 )^{\\frac{1}{2}}\n\\lesssim 8 \\times 10^{-3} & ( | D^0 | ) ,\n\\end{array}\n\\\\\n&{}& \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal U}{\\mbox{(b)}} :\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n( \\epsilon^h_1 \\epsilon^h_2 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\lesssim 0.01\n& ( | D^0 | ) .", "\n\\end{array}\\end{aligned}$$ In supplement to the above constraints on the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing parameters from the FCNC’s, it is also relevant to consider the constraints from the flavor-diagonal $ Z $-boson couplings [@LL; @qQ2; @qQ5]. ", "The observed branching ratios of the decays $ Z \\rightarrow q_i {\\bar q}_i $ imply that the deviations of the flavor-diagonal $ Z $-boson couplings from the standard model values should be small enough. ", "Specifically, in the basis (b) with Eq. (", "\\[eqn:DZQ-b\\]) constraints on the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing may be placed roughly as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q}{\\mbox{(b)}} &:&\n\\epsilon^h_i \\lesssim 0.03 \\leftarrow\n| \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q]_{ii} | \\lesssim 10^{-3} .", "\n\\label{eqn:ehDZbii}\\end{aligned}$$ On the other hand, in the basis (a) $ \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q]_{ii} $ of Eq. (", "\\[eqn:DZQ-a\\]) is safely suppressed by $ ( m_{q_i} / m_Q )^2 $ except for $ q_i = t $.", "\n\nTo be more quantitative, we present the results of detailed numerical calculations for the $ d $-$ D $ mixing effects in the down-type quark sector with one singlet $ D $ quark ($ N_D = 1 $ and $ N_U = 0 $) as a typical case. ", "We take various values for the model parameters in a reasonable range as $$\\begin{aligned}\n&{}&\nv = 246 {\\rm GeV} , \\ v_S = 500 {\\rm GeV} ,\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&{}&\n\\lambda_{d_i} = \\lambda_{d_i}^{(0)} = {\\sqrt 2} m_{d_i} / v \\\n({\\rm preliminary}) ,\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&{}&\n| \\lambda_D | , | \\lambda_D^\\prime |\n\\in [ 0.3 , 1.0 ] \\sim m_D / v_S ,\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&{}&\n( v / v_S ) | ( h_d )_i | / | \\lambda_D^+ |\n\\in [ 0 , 0.05 ] \\sim \\epsilon^h_i ,\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&{}&\n| ( f_D )_i | / | \\lambda_D^+ | ,\n| ( f_D^\\prime )_i | / | \\lambda_D^+ |\n\\in [ 0 , 2.0 ] \\sim \\epsilon^f_i ,\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&{}&\n{\\rm arg} [ h_d , f_D , f_D^\\prime , \\lambda_D , \\lambda_D^\\prime ]\n\\in [ - 0.3 \\pi , 0.3 \\pi ] .", "\n\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ Here, the VEV $ v_S $ of the singlet Higgs $ S $ is fixed to a typical value for definiteness. ", "The complex phases of the Yukawa couplings $ h_d , f_D , f_D^\\prime , \\lambda_D , \\lambda_D^\\prime $ contribute to the $ CP $ violation in the FCNC’s such as $ \\delta_{12} $ for $ \\epsilon_K $ of the $ K^0 $-$ {\\bar K^0} $ mixing. ", "The total quark mass matrix $ {\\cal M}_{\\cal D} $ ($ 4 \\times 4 $ for $ N_D = 1 $) in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:total-MQ\\]) is given for a set of values of the model parameters. ", "This preliminary $ {\\cal M}_{\\cal D} $ with $ \\lambda_{d_i} = \\lambda_{d_i}^{(0)} $ is diagonalized to evaluate the eigenvalues $ m_{d_i}^{(0)} $ for the ordinary quark masses. ", "Then, by considering the ratios $ m_{d_i}^{(0)} / m_{d_i} \\sim 1 $ we adjust $ \\lambda_{d_i} $ to obtain the actual quark masses $ m_{d_i} $: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\lambda_{d_i} \\rightarrow m_d = 5 {\\rm MeV} , \\ m_s = 110 {\\rm MeV} , \\\nm_b = 4.2 {\\rm GeV} .", "\n\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ The singlet quark mass $ m_D $ is obtained for the above range of the model parameters as $$\\begin{aligned}\nm_D \\sim 100 {\\rm GeV} - 1 {\\rm TeV} ( v_S = 500 {\\rm GeV} ) .", "\n\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ At the same time, the unitary transformations $ {\\cal V}_{{\\cal D}_{\\rm L}} $ and $ {\\cal V}_{{\\cal D}_{\\rm R}} $ to specify the quark mass eigenstates are calculated. ", "The actual CKM matrix $ V $ is reproduced by adjusting the original unitary matrix $ V_0 $ as $ V_0 = V V_{d_{\\rm L}}^{-1} \\simeq V V_{d_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger $ ($ V_{u_{\\rm L}} = {\\bf 1} $ for $ N_U = 0 $): $$\\begin{aligned}\nV_0 \\rightarrow V ({\\rm CKM}) .", "\n\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ As long as the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing is small enough to satisfy the constraints from the $ \\Delta F = 2 $ meson mixings, the unitarity violation of the CKM matrix is safely suppressed.", "\n\nBy using these results on the quark masses and $ q $-$ Q $ mixings, we evaluate the couplings of the quarks with the gauge bosons and Higgs particles. ", "Then, the contributions of the $ d $-$ D $ mixing induced FCNC’s to the effective Hamiltonian $ {\\cal H}^{\\Delta F = 2}_{\\rm eff} $ for the $ K^0 $, $ B_d $ and $ B_s $ mixings are evaluated with Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:C1\\]) – (\\[eqn:C4\\]). ", "They are compared with the experimental bounds presented in Table 4 of Ref. [", "@UTfit] to find the allowed range of the $ d $-$ D $ mixing parameters $ \\epsilon^f_i $ and $ \\epsilon^h_i $. ", "In this analysis, the masses of the Higgs particles are taken typically as $$\\begin{aligned}\nm_H = 120 {\\rm GeV} , \\ m_{S_+} = m_{S_-} = 300 {\\rm GeV} .\\end{aligned}$$ Note here that the contributions of the $ S_- $ coupling in Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:C2\\]) – (\\[eqn:C4\\]) are proportional to $ 1 / m_{S_-}^2 $. ", "Hence, as $ m_{S_-} $ is larger, the allowed range of the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing parameters is extended further.", "\n\nWe have made the above calculations for many samples of the model parameter values. ", "We show some characteristic results in the following. ", "The portions of the $ d $-$ D $ mixing effects in the $ \\Delta F = 2 $ meson mixings for the experimental bounds $ | C_M^k |_{\\rm max} $ [@UTfit] are denoted by $$\\begin{aligned}\nr_k (M) \\equiv | C_M^k | / | C_M^k|_{\\rm max} .", "\n\\label{eqn:rkM}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nIn Fig. ", "\\[efCk-a1\\] scatter plots of $ r_2 ( B_d ) $ ($ \\circ $) and $ r_2 ( B_s ) $ ($ \\blacktriangle $) versus $ ( \\epsilon^f_1 \\epsilon^f_3 )^{1/2} $ are shown for the $ B_d $-$ {\\bar B}_d $ and $ B_s $-$ {\\bar B}_s $ mixings, respectively, which are provided by the singlet $ S_- $ coupling $ \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-} [d^c d] $ in the basis (a). ", "Similar plots of $ r_2 ( B_s ) $ ($ \\blacktriangle $) and $ r_2 ( B_d ) $ ($ \\circ $) versus $ ( \\epsilon^f_2 \\epsilon^f_3 )^{1/2} $ are shown in Fig. ", "\\[efCk-a2\\]. ", "The bounds for the $ K^0 $-$ {\\bar K}^0 $ mixing have been checked to be satisfied in these plots. ", "The results in Figs. ", "\\[efCk-a1\\] and \\[efCk-a2\\] are in accordance with the rough estimates to obtain the bounds in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:efLmSma\\]). ", "The dominant effects of the $ S_- $ coupling $ \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-} [d^c d] $ of Eq. (", "\\[eqn:LmSma\\]) are estimated in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:C2\\]) as $ | C_{B_d}^2 |\n\\sim ( m_b / v_S )^2 ( \\epsilon^f_1 \\epsilon^f_3 )^2 / m_{S_-}^2 $ and $ | C_{B_s}^2 |\n\\sim ( m_b / v_S )^2 ( \\epsilon^f_2 \\epsilon^f_3 )^2 / m_{S_-}^2 $. ", "In the log-log plot of Fig. ", "\\[efCk-a1\\], $ r_2 (B_d) $ ($ \\circ $) shows roughly the expected linear correlation with $ ( \\epsilon^f_1 \\epsilon^f_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} $, while $ r_2 (B_s) $ ($ \\blacktriangle $) are distributed independently of $ ( \\epsilon^f_1 \\epsilon^f_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} $. ", "We see the similar feature in Fig. ", "\\[efCk-a2\\] for $ r_2 (B_s) $ ($ \\blacktriangle $) and $ r_2 (B_d) $ ($ \\circ $) versus $ ( \\epsilon^f_2 \\epsilon^f_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} $. ", "Precisely, in the basis (a) the $ d $-$ D $ mixing parameters $ \\epsilon^f_i $ are defined with the $ f_D^+ $ coupling, while the singlet $ S_- $ coupling $ \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-} $ is given by the $ f_D^- $ coupling ($ | f_D^+ | \\sim | f_D^- | $ generally). ", "This fact provides the appreciable spreads in the plots of $ r_2 (B_d) $ versus $ ( \\epsilon^f_1 \\epsilon^f_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} $ and $ r_2 (B_s) $ versus $ ( \\epsilon^f_2 \\epsilon^f_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} $. ", "We find in these plots that the $ d $-$ D $ mixing parameters $ ( \\epsilon^f_1 \\epsilon^f_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} $ and $ ( \\epsilon^f_2 \\epsilon^f_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} $ are really constrained for $ r_2 (B_d) \\leq 1 $ and $ r_2 (B_s) \\leq 1 $, respectively, as shown in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:efLmSma\\]). ", "We note particularly that both the bounds for the $ B_d $-$ {\\bar B}_d $ and $ B_s $-$ {\\bar B}_s $ mixings may be saturated simultaneously with $ \\epsilon^f_3 \\sim 1 $ and $ ( \\epsilon^f_1 \\epsilon^f_2 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\sim 0.1 $ without conflicting with the bonds for the $ K^0 $-$ {\\bar K}^0 $ mixing. ", "Generally, in the basis (a) the right-handed $ d $-$ D $ mixing is rather tolerable with $ \\epsilon^f_i \\sim 0.1 - 1 $. ", "This is because the right-handed components of the ordinary and singlet quarks are indistinguishable with respect to the gauge interactions.", "\n\nIn Fig. ", "\\[ehCk-b1\\] scatter plots of $ r_1 ( B_d ) $ ($ \\bullet $) and $ r_2 ( B_d ) $ ($ \\circ $) versus $ ( \\epsilon^h_1 \\epsilon^h_3 )^{1/2} $ are shown for the $ B_d $-$ {\\bar B}_d $ mixing, which are provided by the $ Z $-boson coupling $ \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal D} [d^\\dagger d] $ and the singlet $ S_- $ coupling $ \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-} [d^c d] $, respectively, in the basis (b). ", "Similar plots of $ r_1 ( B_s ) $ ($ \\vartriangle $) and $ r_2 ( B_s ) $ ($ \\blacktriangle $) versus $ ( \\epsilon^h_2 \\epsilon^h_3 )^{1/2} $ are shown in Fig. ", "\\[ehCk-b2\\] for the $ B_s $-$ {\\bar B}_s $ mixing. ", "The bounds for the $ K^0 $-$ {\\bar K}^0 $ mixing have been checked to be satisfied in these plots. ", "The flavor-diagonal $ Z $-boson couplings have also been checked to satisfy $ | \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q]_{ii} | < 3 \\times 10^{-3} $, as considered in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:ehDZbii\\]). ", "The effects of the $ Z $-boson coupling $ \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger q] $ of Eq. (", "\\[eqn:DZQ-b\\]) are estimated in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:C1\\]) for the basis (b) as $ | C_{B_d}^1 | \\sim ( \\epsilon^h_1 \\epsilon^h_3 )^2 {\\sqrt 2} G_F $ and $ | C_{B_s}^1 | \\sim ( \\epsilon^h_2 \\epsilon^h_3 )^2 {\\sqrt 2} G_F $. ", "In the log-log plot of Fig. ", "\\[ehCk-b1\\], $ r_1 (B_d) $ ($ \\bullet $) shows clearly the linear correlation with $ ( \\epsilon^h_1 \\epsilon^h_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} $ \\[here more precisely $ ( \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}} )_i \\simeq ( \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^\\prime )_i\n\\simeq \\epsilon^h_i $ for the left-handed $ q $-$ Q $ mixing\\]. ", "This is also the case in Fig. ", "\\[ehCk-b2\\] for $ r_1 (B_s) $ ($ \\vartriangle $) versus $ ( \\epsilon^h_2 \\epsilon^h_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} $. ", "The $ d $-$ D $ mixing with $ \\epsilon^h_1 \\sim 0.03 $ and $ \\epsilon^h_3 \\sim 0.03 $ may saturate the bound for the $ B_d $-$ {\\bar B}_d $ mixing via the $ Z $-boson coupling, $ r_1 ( B_d ) \\equiv| C_{B_d}^1 | / | C_{B_d}^1 |_{\\rm max} \\approx 1 $, as seen in Fig. ", "\\[ehCk-b1\\], which also provides significant effects $ \\sim 0.1 \\% $ on the flavor-diagonal $ Z $-boson couplings in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:ehDZbii\\]). ", "On the other hand, as long as $ \\epsilon^h_i \\lesssim 0.03 $, the $ d $-$ D $ mixing effect $ C_{B_s}^1 $ via the $ Z $-boson coupling is fairly below the bound for the $ B_s $-$ {\\bar B}_s $ mixing, $ r_1 ( B_s ) \\equiv | C_{B_s}^1 | / | C_{B_s}^1 |_{\\rm max} < 0.1 $, as seen in Fig. ", "\\[ehCk-b2\\]. ", "It should be noted here that as seen in Figs. ", "\\[ehCk-b1\\] and \\[ehCk-b2\\], the contributions $ C_{B_d}^2 $ ($ \\circ $) and $ C_{B_s}^2 $ ($ \\blacktriangle $) via the singlet $ S_- $ coupling $ \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-} [d^c d] $ of Eq. (", "\\[eqn:LmSmb\\]) may dominate over the $ Z $-boson coupling effects in the parameter region of $ \\epsilon^f_i > \\epsilon^h_i $, where the bounds in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:efehLmSmb\\]) are applicable. ", "In particular, the case of $ \\epsilon^f_i \\gg \\epsilon^h_i $ is connected gradually to a suitable parameter region in the basis (a).", "\n\nIn short, remarkable effects may be provided particularly for the $ B $ mesons through the significant mixing between the $ b $ quark and the singlet $ D $ quark with $ \\epsilon^f_3 \\sim 1 $ or $ \\epsilon^h_3 \\sim 0.03 $, as seen in the above. ", "They are fairly expected to serve as new physics for the flavor-changing processes and $ CP $-violation in the $ B $ meson physics. ", "Specifically, it is well known that there is tension between the experimental constraints and the standard model contribution to the $ b \\rightarrow s \\gamma $ process, and hence this process should not be used as a constraint at present. ", "The recent constraint by HFAG [@HFAG] is given as the average of the data of BABAR, Belle, and CLEO, $ {\\rm Br} ( b \\rightarrow s \\gamma )\n= ( 352 \\pm 23 \\pm 9 ) \\times 10^{-6} $, while the recent predictions of the standard model contribution are given as $ {\\rm Br} ( b \\rightarrow s \\gamma )\n= ( 315 \\pm 23 ) \\times 10^{-6} $ [@smbsgamma1] and $ {\\rm Br} ( b \\rightarrow s \\gamma )\n= ( 298 \\pm 26 ) \\times 10^{-6} $ [@smbsgamma2]. ", "Even though this discrepancy is small, it may be confirmed by future experiments. ", "The FCNC’s via the $ d $-$ D $ mixing can provide a solution of the discrepancy. ", "This topic is, however, beyond the scope of the present work, and will be studied elsewhere.", "\n\nDecays of singlet quarks and Higgs particles {#sec:Qprocesses}\n============================================\n\nWe now investigate the decays of the singlet quarks and Higgs particles, which will provide distinct signatures upon their productions at the LHC. ", "The flavor-changing interactions between the singlet quarks $ Q $ and the ordinary quarks $ q $ are relevant for these decays at the tree level. ", "Specifically, the left-handed $ Z $-boson couplings are given as $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger Q]_{ia}\n= {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [Q^\\dagger q]_{ai}^*\n= ( V_{q_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}} )_{ia}\n\\simeq ( \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}} )_{ia} ,\n\\label{eqn:ZqQ}\\end{aligned}$$ while the right-handed ones are absent. ", "Note here that $ {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger Q]\n= \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger Q] $, as shown in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:ZqQ-A\\]); the $ q $-$ Q $ transitions in the $ Z $-boson couplings are just induced as the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing effect. ", "The left-handed $ W $-boson couplings are given in terms of the $ Z $-boson couplings and the CKM matrix in a good approximation up to the second order of the small $ q $-$ Q $ mixing as $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal V} [u^\\dagger D]_{ia} &=& {\\cal V} [D^\\dagger u]_{ai}^*\n\\simeq ( V {\\cal Z}_{\\cal D} [d^\\dagger D] )_{ia} ,\n\\label{eqn:VuD}\n\\\\\n{\\cal V} [d^\\dagger U]_{ia} &=& {\\cal V} [U^\\dagger d]_{ai}^*\n\\simeq ( V^\\dagger {\\cal Z}_{\\cal U} [u^\\dagger U] )_{ia} ,\n\\label{eqn:VdU}\\end{aligned}$$ while the right-handed ones are absent. ", "The neutral scalar couplings are given as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^H [q^c Q]_{ia}\n&=& ( m_{q_i} / v ) {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger Q]_{ia} ,\n\\label{eqn:LHqQ}\n\\\\\n\\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^H [Q^c q]_{ai}\n&=& ( m_{Q_a} / v ) {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [Q^\\dagger q]_{ai} ,\n\\label{eqn:LHQq}\n\\\\\n\\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_+} [q^c Q]_{ia}\n&=& - ( m_{q_i} / v_S ) {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger Q]_{ia} ,\n\\label{eqn:LS+qQ}\n\\\\\n\\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_+} [Q^c q]_{ai}\n&=& - ( m_{Q_a} / v_S ) {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [Q^\\dagger q]_{ai} ,\n\\label{eqn:LS+Qq}\n\\\\\n\\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_-} [q^c Q]_{ia}\n&=& ( V_{q_{\\rm R}}^\\dagger f_Q^- V_{Q_{\\rm L}}\n- \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm R}}^\\prime \\lambda_Q^- V_{Q_{\\rm L}} )_{ia}/{\\sqrt 2} ,\n\\label{eqn:LS-qQ}\n\\\\\n\\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_-} [Q^c q]_{ai}\n&=& ( - \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm R}}^\\dagger f_Q^-\n\\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^{\\prime \\dagger}\n- V_{Q_{\\rm R}}^\\dagger \\lambda_Q^-\n\\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^{\\prime \\dagger} )_{ai}/{\\sqrt 2} .", "\n\\label{eqn:LS-Qq}\\end{aligned}$$ Here, $ \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{\\phi^0_r} [q^c Q]_{ia} $ stands for $ {\\bar q}_{i{\\rm R}} Q_{a{\\rm L}} \\phi^0_r $, and $ \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{\\phi^0_r} [Q^c q]_{ai} $ for $ {\\bar Q}_{a{\\rm R}} q_{i{\\rm L}} \\phi^0_r $, respectively, in terms of the Dirac fields. ", "The relations among the gauge and scalar couplings in Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:ZqQ\\]) – (\\[eqn:LS+Qq\\]) are derived in the Appendix \\[sec:couplings\\].", "\n\nSinglet quark decays {#subsec:Q-decays}\n--------------------\n\nWe first investigate the singlet quark decays. ", "We describe the essential features by considering the case of one down-type singlet quark $ D $ ($ a = 1 $ is omitted for $ N_D = 1 $ and $ N_U = 0 $). ", "Similar results are obtained in the general cases of some $ D $ and $ U $ quarks, especially for the lightest singlet quark. ", "While the heavier singlet quarks may decay dominantly into the lighter singlet quarks and Higgs particles in the general cases, we concentrate on the decays of the lightest singlet quark producing the ordinary quarks.", "\n\nThe partial widths of the relevant decay modes are calculated (when they are kinematically allowed) as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Gamma ( D \\rightarrow u_i W )\n&=& \\frac{G_F}{\\sqrt 2} \\frac{m_D^3}{8 \\pi} g( x_W , x_{u_i} )\n| {\\cal V} [u^\\dagger D]_i |^2 ,\n\\label{eqn:DuW}\n\\\\\n\\Gamma ( D \\rightarrow d_i Z )\n&=& \\frac{G_F}{\\sqrt 2} \\frac{m_D^3}{16 \\pi} ( 1 - 3 x_Z^4 + 2 x_Z^6 )\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&{}& \\times | {\\cal Z}_{\\cal D} [d^\\dagger D]_i |^2 ,\n\\label{eqn:DdZ}\n\\\\\n\\Gamma ( D \\rightarrow d_i H )\n&=& \\frac{m_D}{16 \\pi} ( 1 - x_H^2 )^2\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&{}& \\times ( | \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^H [D^c d]_i |^2\n+ | \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^H [d^c D]_i |^2 ) ,\n\\label{eqn:DdH}\n\\\\\n\\Gamma ( D \\rightarrow d_i S_\\pm )\n&=& \\frac{m_D}{16 \\pi} ( 1 - x_{S_\\pm}^2 )^2\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&{}& \\times ( | \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_\\pm} [D^c d]_i |^2\n+ | \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_\\pm} [d^c D]_i |^2 ) , \\ \\ \\\n\\label{eqn:DdS}\\end{aligned}$$ where $ x_W = m_W / m_D $, $ x_Z = m_Z / m_D $, $ x_H = m_H / m_D $, $ x_{S_\\pm} = m_{S_\\pm} / m_D $, $ x_{u_i} = m_{u_i} / m_D $, and $$\\begin{aligned}\ng(x,y) &=& [ 1 - ( x + y )^2 ]^{1/2} [ 1 - ( x - y )^2 ]^{1/2}\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&{}& \\times [ x^2 ( 1 - 2 x^2 + y^2 ) + ( 1 - y^2 )^2 ] .\\end{aligned}$$ The scalar mixing is neglected ($ O_{\\phi} = {\\bf 1} $) for a while. ", "The kinematic effects of $ m_{d_i} / m_D \\lesssim 0.02 $ for $ m_D \\gtrsim 200 {\\rm GeV} $ may be neglected in a good approximation, while $ \\Gamma ( D \\rightarrow t W ) $ depends sensibly on $ m_t / m_D $.", "\n\nThe flavor-structure of the $ d $-$ D $ mixing is measured manifestly in the $ D $ decays into the ordinary quarks $ d_i = d , s , b $ and the $ Z $ boson as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Gamma ( D \\rightarrow d_i Z ) \\propto | ( \\epsilon_{d_{\\rm L}} )_i |^2 ,\\end{aligned}$$ where $ {\\cal Z}_{\\cal D} [d^\\dagger D]_i\n\\simeq ( \\epsilon_{d_{\\rm L}} )_i $ for the $ Z $-boson coupling. ", "The partial width of the $ D $ quark decays producing the $ Z $ boson is inclusively estimated for the reference as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Gamma_D (Z)\n& \\equiv &\n\\sum_i \\Gamma ( D \\rightarrow d_i Z )\n\\nonumber \\\\\n& \\sim & 20 {\\rm MeV} \\times \\left( \\frac{m_D}{500 {\\rm GeV}} \\right)^3\n\\frac{| \\epsilon^h |^2}{( 0.03 )^2} ,\n\\label{eqn:GDZ}\\end{aligned}$$ where $ ( \\epsilon_{d_{\\rm L}} )_i \\sim \\epsilon^h_i $ with $ | \\epsilon^h | \\equiv\n[ ( \\epsilon^h_1 )^2 + ( \\epsilon^h_2 )^2 + ( \\epsilon^h_3 )^2 ]^{1/2} $ in the basis (b), and $ \\epsilon^h_i \\rightarrow ( m_{d_i} / m_D ) \\epsilon^f_i $ for $ ( \\epsilon_{d_{\\rm L}} )_i $ in the basis (a). ", "By considering Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:ZqQ\\]), (\\[eqn:VuD\\]), (\\[eqn:LHqQ\\]) and (\\[eqn:LHQq\\]) with $ | \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^H [d^c D]_i |^2 / | \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^H [D^c d]_i |^2\n= ( m_{d_i} / m_D )^2 \\ll 1 $, we find the well-known relations [@QqH-1] $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Gamma ( D \\rightarrow u_i W )\n& \\sim & 2 \\Gamma ( D \\rightarrow d_i Z ) ,\n\\label{eqn:GD-WZ}\n\\\\\n\\Gamma ( D \\rightarrow d_i H )\n& \\sim & \\Gamma ( D \\rightarrow d_i Z ) ,\n\\label{eqn:GD-HZ}\\end{aligned}$$ or inclusively $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Gamma_D (W)\n& \\equiv &\n\\sum_i \\Gamma ( D \\rightarrow u_i W ) \\sim 2 \\Gamma_D (Z) ,\n\\label{eqn:GDW}\n\\\\\n\\Gamma_D (H)\n& \\equiv &\n\\sum_i \\Gamma ( D \\rightarrow d_i H ) \\sim \\Gamma_D (Z) ,\n\\label{eqn:GDH}\\end{aligned}$$ where $ O_\\phi = {\\bf 1} $. ", "The actual values of these widths are evaluated depending on the kinematic factors and the CKM mixing.", "\n\nIn the present model with the complex singlet Higgs, the decays of the singlet quark $ D $ producing the singlet Higgs scalars $ S_\\pm $ are possible for $ m_D > m_{S_\\pm} + m_{d_i} $. ", "Especially, it is remarkable that the decays with $ S_- $ may dominate over the other decay modes. ", "By considering $ ( f_D^- )_i \\sim ( \\epsilon_{d_{\\rm R}}^\\prime )_i \\lambda_D^-\n\\sim ( m_D / v_S ) \\epsilon^f_i $ and $ \\lambda_D^- ( \\epsilon_{d_{\\rm L}}^{\\prime \\dagger} )_i\n\\sim ( m_D / v_S ) \\epsilon^h_i $ in Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:LS-qQ\\]) and (\\[eqn:LS-Qq\\]), the $ S_- $ couplings are estimated roughly as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-} [d^c D]_i & \\sim & ( m_D / v_S ) \\epsilon^f_i ,\n\\\\\n\\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-} [D^c d]_i & \\sim & ( m_D / v_S ) \\epsilon^h_i .\\end{aligned}$$ Here, for the sake of convenience we adopt $ \\epsilon^h_i = ( m_{d_i} / m_D ) \\epsilon^f_i $ in the basis (a) though $ h_d = {\\bf 0} $, while $ \\epsilon^f_i = ( v_S / m_D ) | 2 ( f_Q )_i |/{\\sqrt 2} $ in the basis (b) though $ f_Q^+ = {\\bf 0} $, as discussed concerning Eq. (", "\\[eqn:(a)-(b)\\]). ", "Then, we estimate roughly the partial width of the $ D $ decays producing $ S^- $ as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Gamma_D ( S_- ) & \\equiv & \\sum_i \\Gamma ( D \\rightarrow d_i S_- )\n\\nonumber \\\\\n& \\sim & 10 {\\rm MeV} \\times \n\\left( \\frac{m_D}{500 {\\rm GeV}} \\right)^3\n\\left( \\frac{500 {\\rm GeV}}{v_S} \\right)^2\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&{}& \\times \\frac{| \\epsilon^f |^2 + | \\epsilon^h |^2}{( 0.03 )^2} ,\n\\label{eqn:GDSm}\\end{aligned}$$ where $ | \\epsilon^f | \\equiv\n[ ( \\epsilon^f_1 )^2 + ( \\epsilon^f_2 )^2 + ( \\epsilon^f_3 )^2 ]^{1/2} $. (", "The actual value is reduced to some extent by the kinematic factor for $ m_D \\sim m_{S^-} $.) ", "This width $ \\Gamma_D ( S_- ) $ for the decays into the singlet scalar $ S_- $ dominates over the reference width $ \\Gamma_D (Z) $ for the decays into the $ Z $ boson in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:GDZ\\]) for $ | \\epsilon^f |^2 \\gg | \\epsilon^h |^2 $, especially in the basis (a) with $ \\epsilon^h_i \\rightarrow ( m_{d_i} / m_D ) \\epsilon^f_i $. ", "As for the $ D $ decays with $ S_+ $, the partial width is simply related to $ \\Gamma_D (Z) $ by Eq. (", "\\[eqn:LS+Qq\\]) as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Gamma_D ( S_+ ) \\equiv \\sum_i \\Gamma ( D \\rightarrow d_i S_+ )\n\\sim ( v / v_S )^2 \\Gamma_D (Z) ,\n\\label{eqn:GDSp}\\end{aligned}$$ which amounts to $ O ( 10 \\% ) $ of $ \\Gamma_D (Z) $ for $ v_S \\approx 500 {\\rm GeV} $. ", "Even this slight enhancement due to $ \\Gamma_D (S_+) $ for the $ D $ decays into the scalars $ H $ and $ S_+ $ might serve as an experimental signature for the singlet Higgs even if $ S_- $ is absent in the model with one real $ S \\equiv S_+ $.", "\n\nHere, it should be noted that the $ S_- $ coupling may even provide significant contributions to the decays $ D \\rightarrow d_i H $ through the $ H $-$ S_- $ mixing $ \\epsilon_{H S_-} $ in $ O_\\phi $. ", "In fact, the $ d $-$ D $ coupling with the standard Higgs $ H $ (more precisely the mass eigenstate $ \\phi_1 \\simeq H $ with $ \\epsilon_{H S_-} \\ll 1 $) is replaced in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:DdH\\]) as $$\\Lambda_{\\cal D}^H\n\\rightarrow \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^H + \\epsilon_{H S_-} \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-} .", "\n\\label{eqn:LmHS}$$ Then, instead of Eq. (", "\\[eqn:GDH\\]) we obtain $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Gamma_D (H) & \\sim & \\Gamma_D (Z) + \\epsilon_{H S_-}^2 \\Gamma_D ( S_- ) ,\n\\label{eqn:GDSmH}\\end{aligned}$$ where the interference term between $ \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^H $ and $ \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-} $ is omitted for simplicity. ", "This enhancement of $ \\Gamma_D (H) $ with $ \\epsilon_{H S_-} \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-} $ in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:LmHS\\]) is valid even when the decays $ D \\rightarrow d_i S_- $ are forbidden kinematically for $ m_D < m_{S_-} + m_{d_i} $. ", "In the presence of a small but sizable $ H $-$ S_- $ mixing $ \\epsilon_{H S_-} \\sim 0.01 - 0.1 $ the singlet quark decays $ D \\rightarrow d_i H $ may become the dominant modes, particularly in the basis (a) due to the substantial suppression of $ D \\rightarrow d_i Z $ with $ | {\\cal Z}_{\\cal D} [d^\\dagger D]_i |^2\n\\sim ( m_{d_i} / m_D )^2 ( \\epsilon^f_i )^2 \\lesssim 10^{-4} $. ", "Hence, if $ \\Gamma_D (H) \\gg \\Gamma_D (Z) $ is confirmed experimentally, which is contrary to the usual expectation of Eq. (", "\\[eqn:GDH\\]), it will provide a distinct evidence for the complex singlet Higgs field $ S $ with the $ H $-$ S_- $ mixing. ", "The decays $ D \\rightarrow d_i S_+ $ may also be enhanced substantially as $ \\Gamma_D ( S_+ ) \\sim \\epsilon_{S_+ S_-}^2 \\Gamma_D ( S_- ) $ via a sizable $ S_+ $-$ S_- $ mixing $ \\epsilon_{S_+ S_-} $.", "\n\nWe present in the following the detailed estimates on the widths of the relevant decay modes, where the constraints on the $ d $-$ D $ mixing from the $ \\Delta F = 2 $ meson mixings and the diagonal $ Z $-boson couplings are checked to be satisfied according to the numerical calculations performed in Sec. ", "\\[sec:DF2\\].", "\n\nWe suitably denote the ratios of the relevant widths to the reference width as $$\\begin{aligned}\nR_D (X/Z) \\equiv \\frac{\\Gamma_D (X)}{\\Gamma_D (Z)} ,\n\\label{eqn:RD-X/Z}\\end{aligned}$$ where $ X = W , H , S_+ , S_- $. ", "For the usual decay modes $ D \\rightarrow u_i W $, $ D \\rightarrow d_i Z $ and $ D \\rightarrow d_i H $, scatter plots of $ R_D (W/Z) $ ($ \\Box $, $ \\blacksquare $) and $ R_D (H/Z) $ ($ \\vartriangle $, $ \\blacktriangle $) versus the singlet quark mass $ m_D $ are shown in Fig. ", "\\[mDGWHZ\\] for the bases (a) ($ \\Box $, $ \\vartriangle $) and (b) ($ \\blacksquare $, $ \\blacktriangle $). ", "Here, $ v_S = 500 {\\rm GeV} $, and the Higgs scalar mixing is assumed to be absent ($ O_\\phi = {\\bf 1} $). ", "Similar results are obtained for the bases (a) and (b) since these bases are equivalently related to each other by the unitary transformation, as discussed in Sec. ", "\\[sec:mixing-FCI\\]. ", "Note here that larger values may be obtained for the singlet quark mass $ m_D $ with a given singlet Higgs VEV $ v_S $ in the basis (a) ($ \\Box $, $ \\vartriangle $), which is due to the significant contribution of the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing term $ \\Delta_{qQ} = f_Q^+ v_S / {\\sqrt 2} $ for $ | \\epsilon^f | \\sim 1 $. ", "The lower boundary curve for $ R_D (W/Z) $ reflects the kinematic factor of the dominant top contribution $ D \\rightarrow t W $ with $ | {\\cal V} [u^\\dagger D]_3 |^2 \\gg | {\\cal V} [u^\\dagger D]_{1,2} |^2 $. ", "In this case the singlet $ D $ quark mixes mainly with the $ b $ quark as $ | ( \\epsilon_{d_{\\rm L}} )_3 |^2\n\\gg | ( \\epsilon_{d_{\\rm L}} )_{1,2} |^2 $. ", "On the other hand, in the case that the top contribution is negligible with $ | {\\cal V} [u^\\dagger D]_3 |^2 \\ll | {\\cal V} [u^\\dagger D]_{1,2} |^2 $, the asymptotic value $ R_D (W/Z) = 2 $ is almost saturated for $ m_D \\gtrsim 300 {\\rm GeV} $. ", "We also see that $ R_D (H/Z) $ approaches the asymptotic value $ R_D (H/Z) = 1 $ showing the kinematic dependence on $ m_D $. ", "These results really confirm the usual expectation in Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:GDW\\]) and (\\[eqn:GDH\\]). ", "It should, however, be remarked that as shown in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:GDSmH\\]), the $ D $ decays with the standard Higgs $ H $ may be enhanced substantially as $ R_D (H/Z) \\gg 1 $ due to the singlet Higgs coupling $ \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-} $ via the $ H $-$ S_- $ mixing.", "\n\nThe reference width $ \\Gamma_D (Z) $ versus the magnitude of the left-handed $ d $-$ D $ mixing $ | \\epsilon^h | $, as given in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:GDZ\\]), is shown in Fig. ", "\\[ehGZ\\]. ", "Here, the marks $ \\circ $ and $ \\bullet $ denote the estimates in the bases (a) and (b), respectively, and $ \\epsilon^h_i = ( m_{q_i} / m_D ) \\epsilon^f_i $ as Eq. (", "\\[eqn:(a)-(b)\\]) is adopted in the basis (a) though $ \\epsilon^h_i = 0 $ formally. ", "This plot of $ \\Gamma_D (Z) $ spreads according to the variation of $ m_D \\sim 100 {\\rm GeV} - 1 {\\rm TeV} $ due to the fact that $ \\Gamma_D (Z) $ is almost proportional to $ m_D^3 $.", "\n\nThe decay widths $ \\Gamma_D (Z) $ and $ \\Gamma_D ( S_- ) $ for the significant modes are compared in Fig. ", "\\[GZGS\\]. ", "According to Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:GDZ\\]) and (\\[eqn:GDSm\\]), by measuring these decay widths we can estimate the magnitudes of $ d $-$ D $ mixings, $ | \\epsilon^h | $ from the $ h_d $ coupling and $ | \\epsilon^f | $ from the $ f_D $ and $ f_D^\\prime $ couplings. ", "Specifically, $ \\Gamma_D ( S_- ) \\gg \\Gamma_D (Z) $ for $ | \\epsilon^f | \\gg | \\epsilon^h | $ as in the basis (a) ($ \\circ $), while $ \\Gamma_D ( S_- ) \\lesssim \\Gamma_D (Z) $ for $ | \\epsilon^f | \\lesssim | \\epsilon^h | $ as in the basis (b) ($ \\bullet $). ", "The decay width $ \\Gamma_D (H) $ with the standard Higgs $ H $ is also relevant to measure the relative significance of $ | \\epsilon^h | $ versus $ | \\epsilon^f | $ according to Eq. (", "\\[eqn:GDSmH\\]) with the sizable $ H $-$ S_- $ mixing. ", "This is useful even if the decays $ D \\rightarrow d_i S_- $ are kinematically forbidden for $ m_{S-} > m_D + m_{d_i} $. ", "A plot of $ R_D (H/Z) $ versus $ | \\epsilon^f | / | \\epsilon^h | $ is shown in Fig. ", "\\[efehGHZ\\] for the bases (a) ($ \\vartriangle $) and (b) ($ \\blacktriangle $), where $ \\epsilon_{HS_-} = 0.1 $ is taken typically for the $ H $-$ S_- $ mixing. ", "In the region of $ | \\epsilon^f | / | \\epsilon^h | \\gg 1 $, the contribution of the singlet Higgs coupling $ \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-} $ dominates as $ \\Gamma_D (H) \\sim \\epsilon_{H S^-}^2 \\Gamma_D ( S_- )\n\\gg \\Gamma_D (Z) $. ", "On the other hand, in the region of $ | \\epsilon^f | / | \\epsilon^h | \\lesssim 1 $ we have $ \\Gamma_D (H) \\sim \\Gamma_D (Z) $ as usually expected.", "\n\nIn these plots of Figs. ", "\\[mDGWHZ\\], \\[ehGZ\\], \\[GZGS\\] and \\[efehGHZ\\], the regions for the bases (a) and (b) overlap as expected, but they are not identical. ", "This is because the actual parameter ranges are somewhat different for the bases (a) and (b); although the parameter ranges have been taken apparently in the same way for these bases in the numerical calculations, except that $ h_q = {\\bf 0} $ in the basis (a), they are not mapped identically to each other by the unitary transformation between the bases (a) and (b). ", "Specifically, in the basis (a) we have a significant constraint $ | \\epsilon^h | / | \\epsilon^f | \\lesssim m_b / m_D \\sim 0.01 $ from the relation $ \\epsilon^h_i \\sim ( m_{d_i} / m_D ) \\epsilon^f_i $, implying $ | \\epsilon^h | \\lesssim 0.01 $ as long as $ | \\epsilon^f | \\lesssim 1 $. ", "This is explicitly seen in Figs. ", "\\[ehGZ\\] and \\[efehGHZ\\]. ", "We also note that the plot for the basis (a) in Fig. ", "\\[efehGHZ\\] spreads significantly. ", "This is in some sense an artifact due to the definition of the $ d $-$ D $ mixing parameters $ \\epsilon^f_i $ in terms of $ f_D^+ \\equiv f_D + f^\\prime_D $ for the basis (a). ", "The singlet $ S_- $ coupling $ \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-} $ is rather given by $ f_D^- \\equiv i ( f_D - f^\\prime_D ) $. ", "The spread in the plot for the basis (a) really reflects the partial cancellation between $ f_D $ and $ f^\\prime_D $ for the $ \\Lambda_{\\cal D}^{S_-} $ coupling. ", "On the other hand, for the basis (b) the parameters $ \\epsilon^f_i $ are defined suitably with $ f_D^- = 2i f_D $ ($ f_D = - f^\\prime_D $ for $ f_D^+ = {\\bf 0} $). ", "Hence, the plot for the basis (b) almost lies on a curve up to the small fluctuation due to the kinematic factor, which gives the boundary of the plot for the basis (a). ", "This boundary really corresponds to the extreme case $ f_D \\approx - f^\\prime_D $ for $ | f_D^- | \\approx 2 | f_D | $ in the basis (a).", "\n\nAs seen so far, the singlet $ D $ quark decays present us important insights on the $ d $-$ D $ mixing effects for the flavor-changing processes. ", "Especially, if it is observed that $ \\Gamma_D ( S_- ) \\gg \\Gamma_D (Z) $, we find that the singlet Higgs scalar interactions dominate over the $ Z $-boson interactions. ", "For example, suppose that the current experimental bound for the $ B_d $-$ {\\bar B_d} $ mixing [@UTfit] is almost saturated with $ ( \\epsilon^f_1 \\epsilon^f_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\sim 0.2 $ for $ m_{S_-} \\sim 300 {\\rm GeV} $ in the basis (a) as shown in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:efLmSma\\]), which implies $ | \\epsilon^f | \\gtrsim {\\sqrt 2} \\times 0.2 \n\\gg | \\epsilon^h | $. ", "Then, we expect $ \\Gamma_D ( S_- ) \\sim 1 {\\rm GeV} - 10 {\\rm GeV}\n\\gg \\Gamma_D (Z) $ for $ m_D \\sim 500 {\\rm GeV} - 1 {\\rm TeV} $, as seen in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:GDSm\\]) and Fig. ", "\\[GZGS\\]. ", "Contrarily, if $ \\Gamma_D ( S_- ) \\lesssim 1 {\\rm MeV} $ for $ m_D \\gtrsim 500 {\\rm GeV} $, which implies $ | \\epsilon^f | \\lesssim 0.01 $, the scalar FCNC’s do not provide significant contributions to the $ \\Delta F = 2 $ meson mixings. ", "As for the $ D $ decays with the $ Z $ boson, if there is a significant left-handed $ d $-$ D $ mixing as $ | \\epsilon^h | \\sim 0.03 $ in the basis (b), we expect $ \\Gamma_D (Z) \\sim 10 {\\rm MeV} - 100 {\\rm MeV} $ for $ m_D \\sim 500 {\\rm GeV} - 1 {\\rm TeV} $ in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:GDZ\\]). ", "In this case, the bound for the $ B_d $-$ {\\bar B_d} $ mixing may be saturated by the $ Z $-mediated FCNC with $ ( \\epsilon^h_1 \\epsilon^h_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\sim 0.03 $, as shown in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:ehDZb\\]). ", "On the other hand, if $ \\Gamma_D (Z) \\lesssim 0.01 {\\rm MeV} $ for $ m_D \\gtrsim 500 {\\rm GeV} $, which implies $ | \\epsilon^h | \\lesssim 0.001 $ (see Fig. ", "\\[ehGZ\\]), the effects of the $ Z $-mediated FCNC’s are negligible in the $ \\Delta F = 2 $ meson mixings.", "\n\nHiggs particle decays {#subsec:s-decays}\n---------------------\n\nWe next survey the decays of the Higgs particles $ H $, $ S_+ $ and $ S_- $, or more precisely the mass eigenstates $ \\phi_1 $, $ \\phi_2 $, $ \\phi_3 $ with the mixing matrix $ O_\\phi $.", "\n\nThe standard Higgs $ H $ is probably lighter than the singlet quarks $ Q $ ($ m_Q > m_H \\approx 120 {\\rm GeV} $) so that its decays involving the singlet quarks are forbidden kinematically. ", "It should also be noted that the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing effect on the $ H $ coupling with the ordinary quarks appears merely at the second order related to the modification of the $ Z $-boson coupling, as seen in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:lmH-DZQ\\]). ", "Hence, the Higgs particle $ H $ will decay essentially in the same way as the standard model unless the $ H $-$ S_- $ mixing is so large as to provide significant effects.", "\n\nThe singlet Higgs particles $ S_\\pm $ will be produced significantly by gluon fusion via a loop of singlet quark $ Q $ coupled to $ S_\\pm $ with the strength $ \\sim | \\lambda_Q^\\pm | \\sim m_Q / v_S \\sim 1 $. ", "The production rates of $ S_\\pm $ will be comparable to that of the standard Higgs $ H $ unless $ S_\\pm $ are substantially heavier than $ H $. ", "If $ m_{S_\\pm} < m_Q $, the singlet quark decays $ Q \\rightarrow q_i S_\\pm $ also produce $ S_\\pm $, as discussed so far. ", "It should be remarked that some indirect indication for the presence of $ S_- $ may be obtained via the $ H $-$ S_- $ mixing, specifically in the case of $ \\Gamma_Q (H) \\gg \\Gamma_Q (Z) $ for the singlet quark decays $ Q \\rightarrow q H $.", "\n\nIn the case of $ m_{S_\\pm} < m_Q $, the singlet Higgs particles $ S_\\pm $ decay predominantly into the ordinary quarks through the scalar interactions in Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:LmSp\\]), (\\[eqn:LmSma\\]) and (\\[eqn:LmSmb\\]) at the second order of the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing: $$\\begin{aligned}\nS_\\pm \\rightarrow q_i {\\bar q}_j .\\end{aligned}$$ The decay widths are estimated particularly for $ S_- $ in comparison with that of the standard Higgs $ H $ as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{\\Gamma ( S_- \\rightarrow q_i {\\bar q}_j )}\n{\\Gamma ( H \\rightarrow b {\\bar b} )}\n& \\sim & \\frac{m_{S_-} ( | \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_-} [q^c q]_{ij} |^2\n+ | \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_-} [q^c q]_{ji} |^2 )}\n{m_H | \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^H [q^c q]_{33} |^2}\n\\nonumber \\\\\n& \\sim & [ ( m_{S_-} / m_H ) ( m_Q / v_S )^2 / ( m_b / v )^2 ]\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&{}& \\times [ ( \\epsilon^f_i )^2 ( \\epsilon^h_j )^2\n+ ( \\epsilon^f_j )^2 ( \\epsilon^h_i )^2 ] ,\n\\label{eqn:Smqq}\\end{aligned}$$ where $ \\epsilon^h_j \\rightarrow ( m_{q_j} / m_Q ) \\epsilon^f_j $ in the basis (a). ", "We estimate, for instance, $ \\Gamma ( S_- \\rightarrow b {\\bar b} ) /\n\\Gamma ( H \\rightarrow b {\\bar b} )\n\\sim [ 10 ( \\epsilon^f_3 \\epsilon^h_3 )^{\\frac{1}{2}} ]^4 $ for $ m_{S_-} / m_H \\sim 3 $, $ m_D / v_S \\sim 1 $ and $ m_b / v \\simeq 1/60 $, which may amount to $ O (1) $ for the large $ b $-$ D $ mixing as $ \\epsilon^f_3 \\sim 1 $ and $ \\epsilon^h_3 \\sim ( m_b / m_D ) \\epsilon^f_3 \\sim 0.01 $. ", "The flavor-changing decays such as $ S_- \\rightarrow b {\\bar s} $ as well as the flavor-diagonal ones may have significant fractions. ", "This is distinct from the standard Higgs $ H $, presenting a promising signature of the singlet Higgs $ S_- $. ", "In fact, we estimate $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{\\Gamma ( S_- \\rightarrow b {\\bar d}_j )}\n{\\Gamma ( S_- \\rightarrow b {\\bar b} )}\n& \\sim & ( \\epsilon^f_j / \\epsilon^f_3 )^2\n+ ( \\epsilon^h_j / \\epsilon^h_3 )^2 ,\n\\label{eqn:BrSmqq}\\end{aligned}$$ depending on the flavor structure of the $ d $-$ D $ mixing. ", "If the singlet $ U $ quarks are present with a large $ t $-$ U $ mixing, the decays $ S_- \\rightarrow t {\\bar t} , t {\\bar u}_i , u_i {\\bar t} $ involving the top quark may be observed with significant fractions.", "\n\nIn this way, the decays of the singlet Higgs $ S_- $ into the ordinary quarks are determined in terms of the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing parameters with close connection to the flavor-changing processes such as the $ \\Delta F = 2 $ meson mixings. ", "As for the the singlet Higgs $ S_+ $, its coupling is given in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:LmSp\\]) by the $ Z $-boson coupling at the second order of $ q $-$ Q $ mixing with further suppression by the ordinary quark mass. ", "These arguments on the $ S_\\pm $ couplings with the ordinary quarks generally suggest that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Gamma_H \\gtrsim \\Gamma_{S-} \\gg \\Gamma_{S_+}\n( m_{S_\\pm} < m_Q , O_\\phi \\approx {\\bf 1} ) .\\end{aligned}$$ for the decay rates of the Higgs particles if the Higgs mixing is negligibly small. ", "It is, however, possible that the large Higgs mixing, in cooperation with the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing, affects significantly the decays of $ H $ and $ S_\\pm $. (", "See also Ref. [", "@exHiggs] for investigations of extended Higgs models at the LHC.) ", "Therefore, the observations of the Higgs particle decays present important information on the Higgs mixing and $ q $-$ Q $ mixing.", "\n\nIn the case of $ m_{S_\\pm} > m_Q $, the singlet quark decays $ Q \\rightarrow q S_\\pm $ are forbidden kinematically. ", "Even in such a case the singlet Higgs $ S_\\pm $ will be produced significantly by the gluon fusion via the singlet quark loop. ", "Then, they decay predominantly involving the singlet quarks as $$\\begin{aligned}\nS_\\pm \\rightarrow Q {\\bar q} , {\\bar Q} q , Q {\\bar Q} .\\end{aligned}$$ The decay widths are estimated in terms of the scalar couplings $ \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_\\pm} $ in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:LmS\\]). ", "In particular, if $ m_{S_\\pm} > 2 m_Q $ we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Gamma ( S_\\pm \\rightarrow Q {\\bar Q} )\n\\sim \\frac{( m_Q / v_S )^2 m_{S_\\pm}}{16 \\pi} \\gtrsim 10 {\\rm GeV}\n\\gg \\Gamma_H\\end{aligned}$$ with $ {\\rm Br} ( S_\\pm \\rightarrow Q {\\bar Q} ) \\approx 1 $ for $ m_{S_\\pm} \\gtrsim 500 {\\rm GeV} $ and $ | \\lambda_Q^{\\pm} | \\sim m_Q / v_S \\sim 1 $.", "\n\nSummary {#sec:summary}\n=======\n\nThe singlet quarks in cooperation with the single Higgs field may provide various interesting effects in particle physics and cosmology through the mixing with the ordinary quarks ($ q $-$ Q $ mixing). ", "It is hence worth considering their phenomenological implications toward the discovery of them at the LHC. ", "In this study we have investigated the flavor-changing interactions in the model with singlet quarks and singlet Higgs, which are induced by the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing. ", "While the gauge interactions have been investigated extensively in the literature, we have rather noted here that the scalar interactions mediated by the singlet Higg may provide significant effects in some cases. ", "This possibility has not been paid so much attention before in the models with singlet quarks. ", "We have considered the effects of the gauge and scalar interactions in the $ \\Delta F = 2 $ mixings of the neutral mesons to show the currently allowed range of the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing. ", "Then, we have investigated the decays of the singlet quarks and Higgs particles as the new physics around the electroweak scale to the TeV scale, which is accessible to the LHC. ", "Especially, the right-handed $ q $-$ Q $ mixing may be tolerably large without contradicting the current bounds on the flavor-changing processes, since it is not involved directly in the electroweak gauge interactions. ", "If this is the case, the scalar coupling by the singlet Higgs, and possibly through the Higgs mixing, provides distinct signatures for the decays of the singlet quarks and Higgs particles, which should be compared with the conventionally expected ones via the gauge and standard Higgs couplings. ", "We expect that observations of the singlet quarks and Higgs particles will present us important insights on the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing and Higgs mixing.", "\n\nWe would like to thank M. Senami for valuable discussions.", "\n\nRelations among the gauge and scalar couplings {#sec:couplings}\n==============================================\n\nWe here derive the suitable relations among the gauge and scalar couplings.", "\n\nThe full mixing matrix for the left-handed $ W $-boson coupling is given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal V} &=& {\\cal V}_{{\\cal U}_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cc} V_0 & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0}\n\\end{array} \\right) {\\cal V}_{{\\cal D}_{\\rm L}}\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&=& \\left( \\begin{array}{cc} V_{u_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger V_0 V_{d_{\\rm L}}\n& V_{u_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger V_0 \\epsilon_{d_{\\rm L}} \\\\\n\\epsilon_{u_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger V_0 V_{d_{\\rm L}}\n& \\epsilon_{u_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger V_0 \\epsilon_{d_{\\rm L}}\n\\end{array} \\right) .\\end{aligned}$$ Then, we obtain from the off-diagonal blocks $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal V} [u^\\dagger D]\n&=& V_{u_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger V_0 \\epsilon_{d_{\\rm L}}\n\\simeq V V_{d_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger \\epsilon_{d_{\\rm L}} ,\n\\label{eqn:VuD-A}\n\\\\\n{\\cal V} [U^\\dagger d]\n&=& \\epsilon_{u_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger V_0 V_{d_{\\rm L}}\n\\simeq \\epsilon_{u_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger V_{u_{\\rm L}} V ,\n\\label{eqn:VdU-A}\\end{aligned}$$ where the approximate unitarity $ V_{q_{\\rm L}} V_{q_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger \\simeq {\\bf 1} $ is considered up to the second order of the small $ q $-$ Q $ mixing. ", "By applying Eq. (", "\\[eqn:ZqQ\\]) for the $ Z $-boson coupling to Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:VuD-A\\]) and (\\[eqn:VdU-A\\]), we obtain Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:VuD\\]) and (\\[eqn:VdU\\]).", "\n\nThe left-handed $ Z $-boson coupling is given originally in the electroweak basis $ ( q_0 , Q_0 ) $ as $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q}^{(0)}\n= \\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 1} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0}\n\\end{array} \\right)\n- a \\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 1} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 1}\n\\end{array} \\right) ,\n\\label{eqn:ZQ0}\\end{aligned}$$ where $ a = \\sin^2 \\theta_W Q_{\\rm em} ({\\cal Q}) / I_3 (q_0) $, and the division by $ I_3 (q_0) = \\pm 1/2 $ is for convenience of notation. ", "It is transformed in the basis of mass eigenstates $ ( q , Q ) $ as $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q}\n&=& {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger\n{\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q}^{(0)} {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&=& {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 1} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0}\n\\end{array} \\right) {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}\n- a \\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 1} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 1}\n\\end{array} \\right) .", "\n\\label{eqn:ZQ}\\end{aligned}$$ The modification of the $ Z $-boson coupling due to the $ q $-$ Q $ mixing is calculated from Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:ZQ0\\]) and (\\[eqn:ZQ\\]) as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q}\n&=& {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} - {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q}^{(0)}\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&=& {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 1} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0}\n\\end{array} \\right) {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}\n- \\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 1} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0}\n\\end{array} \\right)\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&=& \\left( \\begin{array}{cc}\n- \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^\\prime \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^{\\prime \\dagger}\n& V_{q_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}} \\\\\n\\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger V_{q_{\\rm L}}\n& \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}} \\end{array} \\right) .", "\n\\label{eqn:DZQ-A}\\end{aligned}$$ Here, we have considered the relation $ V_{q_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger V_{q_{\\rm L}} - {\\bf 1}\n= - \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^\\prime \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}^{\\prime \\dagger} $ from the unitarity of $ {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}} $ to obtain Eq. (", "\\[eqn:DZQ\\]) for the upper diagonal block $ \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [ q^\\dagger q ] $ in $ \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} $. ", "We also obtain the $ Z $ boson $ q $-$ Q $ couplings in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:ZqQ\\]) from the off-diagonal blocks in Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:ZQ\\]) and (\\[eqn:DZQ-A\\]) as $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger Q]\n= \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger Q]\n= V_{q_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger \\epsilon_{q_{\\rm L}}\n= ( {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [Q^\\dagger q] )^\\dagger .", "\n\\label{eqn:ZqQ-A}\\end{aligned}$$ We note the relation from Eq. (", "\\[eqn:DZQ-A\\]) as $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 1} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0}\n\\end{array} \\right) {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}\n= \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q}\n+ \\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 1} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0}\n\\end{array} \\right) .", "\n\\label{eqn:VQd10VQ}\\end{aligned}$$ By taking the difference between this relation and that for the unit matrix $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 1} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 1}\n\\end{array} \\right) {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}\n= \\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 1} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 1}\n\\end{array} \\right) ,\\end{aligned}$$ we obtain another relation $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 1}\n\\end{array} \\right) {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}\n= - \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q}\n+ \\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 1}\n\\end{array} \\right) .", "\n\\label{eqn:VQd01VQ}\\end{aligned}$$ By using Eq. (", "\\[eqn:VQd10VQ\\]), we calculate $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm R}}^\\dagger\n{\\cal M}_{\\cal Q}\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 1} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0}\n\\end{array} \\right) {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}\n&=& {\\bar{\\cal M}}_{\\cal Q}\n{\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 1} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0}\n\\end{array} \\right) {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&=& {\\bar{\\cal M}}_{\\cal Q} \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q}\n+ \\left( \\begin{array}{cc}\n{\\bar M}_q & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0}\n\\end{array} \\right) .", "\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&{}&\n\\label{eqn:VdMQ10VQ-1}\\end{aligned}$$ On the other hand, by considering Eq. (", "\\[eqn:subs-MQ1\\]) for $ M_q $ and $ \\Delta_{qQ}^\\prime $ in $ {\\cal M}_{\\cal Q} $ we obtain $ \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^H $ in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:LmH\\]) as $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm R}}^\\dagger\n{\\cal M}_{\\cal Q}\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 1} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0}\n\\end{array} \\right) {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}\n&=& \\frac{v}{\\sqrt 2} {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm R}}^\\dagger\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cc} \\lambda_q & {\\bf 0} \\\\ h_q & {\\bf 0}\n\\end{array} \\right) {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}} .", "\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&{}&\n\\label{eqn:VdMQ10VQ-2}\\end{aligned}$$ Comparison of Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:VdMQ10VQ-1\\]) and (\\[eqn:VdMQ10VQ-2\\]) establishes the relation between the $ Z $-boson coupling and the standard Higgs $ H $ coupling, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^H\n= ( {\\bar{\\cal M}}_{\\cal Q} / v ) \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q}\n+ \\left( \\begin{array}{cc}\n{\\bar M}_q / v & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0}\n\\end{array} \\right) .", "\n\\label{eqn:LmHDZ}\\end{aligned}$$ Specifically, Eq. (", "\\[eqn:lmH-DZQ\\]) is obtained from the upper diagonal block, and Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:LHqQ\\]) and (\\[eqn:LHQq\\]) from the off-diagonal blocks with $ {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger Q]\n= \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger Q] $.", "\n\nSimilarly, we obtain the relation between the $ Z $-boson coupling and the singlet Higgs $ S_+ $ coupling as follows. ", "By using Eq. (", "\\[eqn:VQd01VQ\\]), we calculate $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm R}}^\\dagger\n{\\cal M}_{\\cal Q}\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 1}\n\\end{array} \\right) {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}\n&=& {\\bar{\\cal M}}_{\\cal Q}\n{\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}^\\dagger\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 1}\n\\end{array} \\right) {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&=& - {\\bar{\\cal M}}_{\\cal Q} \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q}\n+ \\left( \\begin{array}{cc}\n{\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bar M}_Q\n\\end{array} \\right) .", "\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&{}&\n\\label{eqn:VdMQ01VQ-1}\\end{aligned}$$ On the other hand, by considering Eq. (", "\\[eqn:subs-MQ2\\]) for $ \\Delta_{qQ} $ and $ M_Q $ in $ {\\cal M}_{\\cal Q} $ we obtain $ \\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_+} $ in Eq. (", "\\[eqn:LmS\\]) as $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm R}}^\\dagger\n{\\cal M}_{\\cal Q}\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bf 1}\n\\end{array} \\right) {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}}\n&=& \\frac{v_S}{\\sqrt 2} {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm R}}^\\dagger\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cc} {\\bf 0} & f_Q^+ \\\\ {\\bf 0} & \\lambda_Q^+\n\\end{array} \\right) {\\cal V}_{{\\cal Q}_{\\rm L}} .", "\n\\nonumber \\\\\n&{}&\n\\label{eqn:VdMQ01VQ-2}\\end{aligned}$$ Comparison of Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:VdMQ01VQ-1\\]) and (\\[eqn:VdMQ01VQ-2\\]) leads to the expected relation $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Lambda_{\\cal Q}^{S_+}\n= - ( {\\bar{\\cal M}}_{\\cal Q} / v_S ) \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q}\n+ \\left( \\begin{array}{cc}\n{\\bf 0} & {\\bf 0} \\\\ {\\bf 0} & {\\bar M}_Q / v_S\n\\end{array} \\right) .", "\n\\label{eqn:LmSDZ}\\end{aligned}$$ Specifically, Eq. (", "\\[eqn:LmSp\\]) is obtained from the upper diagonal block, and Eqs. (", "\\[eqn:LS+qQ\\]) and (\\[eqn:LS+Qq\\]) from the off-diagonal blocks with $ {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger Q]\n= \\Delta {\\cal Z}_{\\cal Q} [q^\\dagger Q] $.", "\n\n[99]{}\n\nF. G[ü]{}rsey, P. Ramond, and P. Sikivie, Phys. ", "Lett. [**", "60 B**]{}, 177 (1976); P. Langacker, Phys. ", "Rep. [**72**]{}, 185 (1981); J. L. Hewett and T. G. Rizzo, Phys. ", "Rep. [**183**]{}, 193 (1989).", "\n\nF. del Aguila and M. J. Bowick, Nucl. ", "Phys. [**", "B 224**]{}, 107 (1983); F. del Aguila and J. Cortés, Phys. ", "Lett. [**", "B 156**]{}, 243 (1985); F. del Aguila, M. K. Chase, and J. Cortés, Nucl. ", "Phys. [**", "B 271**]{}, 61 (1986).", "\n\nG. C. Branco and L. Lavoura, Nucl. ", "Phys. [**", "B 278**]{}, 738 (1986).", "\n\nV. Barger, R. J. N. Phillips, and K. Whisnant, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "57**]{}, 48 (1986).", "\n\nR. W. Robinett, Phys. ", "Rev. D [**33**]{}, 1908 (1986).", "\n\nG. Eilam and T. G. Rizzo, Phys. ", "Lett. [**", "B 188**]{}, 91 (1987).", "\n\nP. Langacker and D. 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Shaughnessy, [*ibid.*]{} [**", "79**]{}, 115018 (2009).", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow does one make a point to point \"bolt\" of lightning using perlin noise or other algorithm?", "\n\nEvery implementation I've come across of perlin noise generation has been for the generation of 2D terrain, etc. ", " I cannot find a decent example of point to point lightning generation anywhere.", "\nAre there many other forms of generating 'lightning'? ", " I was told this is what I want. ", " What algorithms exist for forked lightning, or 2D trees (I could turn this upside down for lightning maybe)\nI work in multiple languages so examples in pseudo-code are OK also.", "\n\nA:\n\nMy understanding is that Perlin noise is designed so all of its patterns are close to one single \"size\", but lightning is a fractal with patterns at every \"size\".", "\nThere may be a way to use several Perlin noise systems at different scales to make lightning, but perhaps one of these other methods would work better:\nThe midpoint displacement method is a very fast algorithm\nfor generating shapes that look a lot like lightning.", "\nAlas, it only generates a (very jagged) lines between two points, never forks.", "\nThere's some source code and pictures at\nhttp://www.krazydad.com/bestiary/bestiary_lightning.html\nProbabilistic L-systems can be used to generate shapes that look like lightning.", "\nI see that at least one person abandoned Perlin noise and switched to L-systems in order to simulate lightning.", "\nhttp://www.grepart.com/showcase/content/lightning_paper.pdf\nThe stochastic Lichtenberg algorithm runs somewhat slower,\nbut it is more physically realistic model of lightning and generates lots of forks.", "\nhttp://fisica.ciencias.uchile.cl/alejo/fractal_antenna/node7.html\nIs this a dup of the \"Best lightning generation\\simulation algorithm?\" ", "question?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSorting c++ vector\n\nI want to sort a string vector for an exercise. ", "These string has only digits from 0 to 9 like [ 10 2 1 9 91 ] and I want to sort as [ 9 91 2 1 10 ] to reach the largest number ( 9912110 ). ", "I did the following code using the sort function\n#include <algorithm>\n#include <sstream>\n#include <iostream>\n#include <vector>\n#include <string>\n\nusing std::vector;\nusing std::string;\n\nbool compare(string i1, string i2) \n{ \n int a, b;\n int i = 0;\n int min_len = (i1.length() > i2.length()) ? ", "i2.length(): i1.length();\n while(i < min_len) {\n a = (int) (i1.at(i) - '0');\n b = (int) (i2.at(i) - '0');\n if (a !", "= b)\n break;\n i++;\n }\n if (a > b)\n return true; \n if (a < b)\n return false; \n\n if (i1.length() > i2.length())\n return false;\n\n return true;\n} \n\nint main() {\n int n;\n std::cin >> n;\n vector<string> a(n);\n for (size_t i = 0; i < a.size(); i++) {\n std::cin >> a[i];\n }\n sort(a.begin(), a.end(), compare);\n }\n\nThe problem is that when I execute with arguments:\n100\n2 8 2 3 6 4 1 1 10 6 3 3 6 1 3 8 4 6 1 10 8 4 10 4 1 3 2 3 2 6 1 5 2 9 8 5 10 8 7 9 6 4 2 6 3 8 8 9 8 2 9 10 3 10 7 5 7 1 7 5 1 4 7 6 1 10 5 4 8 4 2 7 8 1 1 7 4 1 1 9 8 6 5 9 9 3 7 6 3 10 8 10 7 2 5 1 1 9 9 5\n\ngives me the following error:\nterminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::logic_error'\nwhat(): basic_string::_M_construct null not valid\nAborted\n\nBut if I execute with 99 and I delete the last number it works fine. ", "Also gives the same error if I try with more than 100 (like 101 or 102 ...). ", "I suppose that the error is in the compare function.", "\nEdited :\n bool compare(const std::string& i1, const std::string& i2) \n { \n int i = 0;\n int min_len = (i1.length() > i2.length()) ? ", "i2.length(): i1.length();\n while (i < min_len) {\n int a = (int) (i1.at(i) - '0');\n int b = (int) (i2.at(i) - '0');\n if (a > b)\n return true; \n if (a < b)\n return false; \n i++;\n }\n\n return (i1.length() < i2.length());\n }\n\nA:\n\nThe comparison function for std::sort should always return false given equal arguments. ", "But your function returns true. ", "Try the following modification\nbool compare(string i1, string i2) \n{ \n ...\n\n if (a > b)\n return true; \n if (a < b)\n return false; \n\n return i1.length() < i2.length();\n} \n\nI'm guessing that what is happening is that on your platform std::sort chosens a different algorithm when the size of the sequence to sort is >= 100. ", "And for this different algorithm it is crucial that the requirements of the comparison function are met.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Editor’s note: Ethan Kurzweil is a partner at Bessemer Venture Partners whose investments have included Twitch, Twilio, SendGrid, PagerDuty, Intercom, Simply Measured, Crowdflower, Hightower, Skybox Imaging, adap.tv, Zoosk, and Playdom.", "\n\nDanny Crichton recently asked TechCrunch readers if developer-focused startups will ever find investors. ", "It’s a debate that surfaces frequently in technology circles, with camps emerging on each side. ", "On one hand, we find the “middleware analogists” — those who equate “selling to developers” to “peddling middleware,” which is code for “uninteresting.”", "\n\nOn the other side are those who value the transformative power and increasingly ubiquitous role of software. ", "In that world, developers hold the power. ", "I’m firmly in that second camp. ", "In fact, I have no doubt that one day we will recognize the beginning of this decade as an inflection point: the time when selling to developers became a winning go-to-market strategy.", "\n\nIndividual developers within an organization have more power than ever before; they are the drivers of technology adoption.", "\n\nAt BVP, we’ve been investing actively in developer platforms since 2009, avidly following the sector and leading early investments in many of the category leaders. ", "I’ve written about the enablers of these businesses in the past, and don’t believe Crichton’s assertion that “the market [for developer-focused startups] isn’t very large, preventing huge scale” is the right way to look at these companies.", "\n\nCompanies today realize that proprietary software is a competitive advantage. ", "So, whether it’s Google or GE, individual developers within an organization have more power than ever before; they are the drivers of technology adoption. ", "The cloud makes the process even easier, allowing them to test new technologies at small scale cheaply by calling an API. ", "And in order to move quickly, companies have reduced IT bottlenecks, empowering developers to make technology and purchasing decisions with minimal — if any — oversight.", "\n\nIn fact, developers have become such an appealing audience that even consumer application companies as diverse as Facebook, Twitch, Uber and Dropbox run big platform efforts, knowing that the path to ubiquitous adoption accelerates greatly when other companies embed some aspect of their product or service (via APIs, SDKs, etc.) ", "into another offering.", "\n\nBut the other point of confusion here is a seemingly small nuance critical to advancing the debate. ", "Crichton alternately refers to this new type of developer-oriented company as selling developer tools and building developer platforms, but the two aren’t really so interchangeable. ", "It’s true that developer tools — single-purpose pieces of technology that help a developer build something once — can be hard to build a substantial business around.", "\n\nThe middleware moniker, and all the connotations that come with it, does apply here, and I suspect these startups will indeed have difficulty finding investors. ", "But the most exciting startups in the developer arena offer much more than one-time solutions. ", "They’re building products that allow their customers to embed functionality into their applications and become an integral part of their customers’ products, too.", "\n\nFor example, when you add your credit card to Uber by taking a picture of it, you’re actually using a cool piece of technology developed by card.io (now part of PayPal) to OCR the credit card number and expiration date and then after every ride, Uber makes an API call to Braintree Payments to process your transaction.", "\n\nThis is the software company of the future; I call them “developer platforms.” ", "In his article, Crichton calls out Xamarin as part of this trend, and it’s a great example; companies of all sizes use Xamarin’s service to build and maintain their mobile applications with the most up-to-date functionality available. ", "And so whether it’s Twilio enabling technology for communications, Xamarin for mobile app development, Auth0 for identity, SendGrid for email, or Stripe for payments, the addressable market for each of these platforms is a lot bigger than meets the eye.", "\n\nThe fundamental enabler of this paradigm shift isn’t openness. ", "It’s the rise of the developer’s prominence in the enterprise and the increasing expectations of a programmable world.", "\n\nEach of these companies taps into a category of spending that is already huge. ", "Dismissing them as “developer companies” and implying a small market size misses the point entirely: Developers are the users, not the market, for this new type of platform company. ", "With $1.6 trillion (yes, with a “t”!) ", "spent on communications apps annually, there’s certainly plenty of opportunity for Twilio. ", "Anyone who dismisses them as a developer company with a small market simply doesn’t understand how to evaluate the addressable market size. ", "And you can give a similar rebuttal for every other type of developer platform addressing a large category like this.", "\n\nCrichton also points to the openness of the developer ecosystem as a key enabler of this shift and calls out the mobile app development world as an example.", "\n\nThere’s no doubt that the move toward more openness and interoperability — and specifically the increasing adoption of open source frameworks in the enterprise (e.g. Hadoop, Drupal, Mongo, etc.) — ", "has been helpful in expanding the breadth of services that can be offered “as-a-service.” ", "But I’d argue that the fundamental enabler of this paradigm shift isn’t openness. ", "It’s the rise of the developer’s prominence in the enterprise and the increasing expectations of a programmable world.", "\n\nAfter all, as Crichton points out, Apple has one of the most closed ecosystems on the planet (inexplicably so, in my view, but that’s a subject for another post), and that has done nothing to hold back the tide of companies offering mobile app platforms like Xamarin.", "\n\nAt BVP, our mantra around developer investing is pretty simple: Does it solve a real problem? ", "Is the underlying technology addressing a big market like communications, payments or data? ", "And does the product solve the problem in an elegant way, such that developer adoption is seamless? ", "If yes, come talk to me, as I agree wholeheartedly with Crichton’s last point: There is a world of opportunity ahead, and it’s still early days." ]

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[ "Beautiful and sexy #Latin angel slides her sex toys deep inside her ass and fuck it very hard until she explode on latinagirlslive.com\n\nIf you want to fulfill your sex desires, Visit Latina Girls Live and watch the sexy Latin Babe masturbates on live cams. ", "There are some amazingly beautiful women out there, and many of them want to be found. ", "They love the attention, they love showing off their bodies, and they just adore the thought that someone will find them and will drool over their amazing body. ", "One of them is features in this blog. ", "She got the taste, and she rode along with the feelings as she exposed more of her spectacular body. ", "She looks really exciting in her tiny outfit and looks more hottier when she’s naked, Spreading her legs so wide and playing with her juicy pussy. ", "She is really excited and is playing with her juicy cunt. ", "She knows what her cunt wants and she is fondling it really nicely. ", "Watch this sexy Asian babe rub her juicy pussy and put up a horny show. ", "This gorgeous babe knows what satisfies her pussy. ", "Just take a glance at beautiful slutty face, part of great boobs and wonderful ass of babe to fall in love. ", "She loves having her pussy stretch with fingers and toys, specially a throbbing dick. ", "Since she doesn’t have a hard dick, so she uses her fingers to fuck her pussy. ", "Her fingers really knows how to work her pussy. ", "She like stroking her pussy lips for a few minutes until she can’t take it anymore, pinching her nipples along the way, then slide her finger deep inside her pussy and fuck it very hard until she explode. ", "Wanna join on her amazing live sex show? ", "then check out Latina Girls Live now and have fun." ]

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[ "/*==============================================================================\n\nCopyright (c) Laboratory for Percutaneous Surgery (PerkLab)\nQueen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada. ", "All Rights Reserved.", "\n\nSee COPYRIGHT.txt\nor http://www.slicer.org/copyright/copyright.txt for details.", "\n\nUnless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\ndistributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\nWITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\nSee the License for the specific language governing permissions and\nlimitations under the License.", "\n\nThis file was originally developed by Kyle Sunderland, PerkLab, Queen's University\nand was supported through CANARIE's Research Software Program, and Cancer\nCare Ontario.", "\n\n==============================================================================*/\n\n#ifndef qSlicerSingletonViewFactory_h\n#define qSlicerSingletonViewFactory_h\n\n// CTK includes\n#include \"ctkLayoutViewFactory.h\"\n\n// QtGUI includes\n#include \"qSlicerBaseQTGUIExport.h\"\n\nclass ctkDICOMBrowser;\nclass qSlicerSingletonViewFactoryPrivate;\n\n/// This class provides an interface for C++ and Python classes to register a singleton view replacement widget.", "\n/// New view widgets can be registered by registering a new qSlicerSingletonViewFactory, and then setting the widget and tag using setWidget(QWidget*) and\n/// setTagName(QString).", "\n/// The factory will be responsible for deleting the widget.", "\n/// This factory contains a single pointer to an instance of the widget, so only one view can be created within a given layout.", "\nclass Q_SLICER_BASE_QTGUI_EXPORT qSlicerSingletonViewFactory : public ctkLayoutViewFactory\n{\n Q_OBJECT\npublic:\n typedef ctkLayoutViewFactory Superclass;\n qSlicerSingletonViewFactory(QObject* parent=nullptr);\n ~qSlicerSingletonViewFactory() override;\n\n /// Reimplemented to support custom element names\n QStringList supportedElementNames()const override;\n\n /// Set the singleton widget instance that will be used to create the view\n /// The factory will become responsible for deleting the widget\n Q_INVOKABLE virtual void setWidget(QWidget* widget);\n /// Get the singleton widget instance that will be used to create the view\n Q_INVOKABLE virtual QWidget* widget();\n\n /// Set the XML tag that identifies the view where the widget should be placed\n Q_INVOKABLE virtual void setTagName(QString tagName);\n /// Get the XML tag that identifies the view where the widget should be placed\n Q_INVOKABLE QString tagName();\n\npublic slots:\n virtual void onWidgetDestroyed();\n\nprotected:\n QScopedPointer<qSlicerSingletonViewFactoryPrivate> d_ptr;\n\n /// Reimplemented to instantiate desired singleton widget from the element.", "\n Q_INVOKABLE QWidget* createViewFromXML(QDomElement layoutElement) override;\n\nprivate:\n Q_DECLARE_PRIVATE(qSlicerSingletonViewFactory)\n};\n\n#endif\n" ]

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[ "/*\n Copyright (c) 2014, Pierre-Olivier Latour\n All rights reserved.", "\n \n Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:\n * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright\n notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\n * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright\n notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the\n documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.", "\n * The name of Pierre-Olivier Latour may not be used to endorse\n or promote products derived from this software without specific\n prior written permission.", "\n \n THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND\n ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED\n WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE\n DISCLAIMED. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL PIERRE-OLIVIER LATOUR BE LIABLE FOR ANY\n DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES\n (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;\n LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND\n ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT\n (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS\n SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", "\n */\n\n#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>\n\nNS_ASSUME_NONNULL_BEGIN\n\n/**\n * Constants representing the supported log levels in XLFacility.", "\n */\ntypedef NS_ENUM(int, XLLogLevel) {\n kXLLogLevel_Debug = 0,\n kXLLogLevel_Verbose,\n kXLLogLevel_Info,\n kXLLogLevel_Warning,\n kXLLogLevel_Error,\n kXLLogLevel_Exception,\n kXLLogLevel_Abort,\n kXLMinLogLevel = kXLLogLevel_Debug,\n kXLMaxLogLevel = kXLLogLevel_Abort,\n kXLMuteLogLevel = INT_MAX\n};\n\n/**\n * Constants representing the built-in tags in XLFacility.", "\n */\nextern NSString* const XLFacilityTag_Internal;\nextern NSString* const XLFacilityTag_CapturedStdOut;\nextern NSString* const XLFacilityTag_CapturedStdErr;\nextern NSString* const XLFacilityTag_UncaughtExceptions;\nextern NSString* const XLFacilityTag_InitializedExceptions;\n\n@class XLLogger;\n\n/**\n * The XLFacility class is the central class of the XLFacility system.", "\n *\n * The shared XLFacility instance is automatically created when the process\n * starts.", "\n *\n * @warning By default XLFacility has the [XLStandardLogger sharedErrorLogger]\n * logger pre-installed if stderr is connected to a terminal type device.", "\n * To remove this logger add this line to the main() function of your app:\n * [XLSharedFacility removeLogger:[XLStandardLogger sharedErrorLogger]]\n */\n@interface XLFacility : NSObject\n\n/**\n * Sets the minimum log level below which log messages are ignored.", "\n *\n * If you want to \"mute\" entirely XLFacility, simply set this property to\n * \"kXLMuteLogLevel\".", "\n *\n * The default value is INFO (or DEBUG if the preprocessor constant \"DEBUG\"\n * evaluates to non-zero at build time). ", "This default value can also be overridden\n * at run time by setting the environment variable \"XLFacilityMinLogLevel\" to the\n * integer value for the level.", "\n */\n@property(nonatomic) XLLogLevel minLogLevel;\n\n/**\n * Sets the minimum log level below which callstack are not captured along with\n * log messages.", "\n *\n * The default value is EXCEPTION.", "\n */\n@property(nonatomic) XLLogLevel minCaptureCallstackLevel;\n\n/**\n * Sets the minimum log level below which internal log messages from within\n * XLFacility (which have the XLFacilityTag_Internal tag) are ignored.", "\n *\n * If you want to \"mute\" entirely XLFacility internal log messages, simply set\n * this property to \"kXLMuteLogLevel\".", "\n *\n * The default value is the same as \"minLogLevel\".", "\n */\n@property(nonatomic) XLLogLevel minInternalLogLevel;\n\n/**\n * Returns all currently added loggers.", "\n */\n@property(nonatomic, readonly) NSSet* loggers;\n\n/**\n * Returns the shared XLFacility instance.", "\n *\n * You can also use the \"XLSharedFacility\" global variable to make your code\n * slightly more compact.", "\n */\n+ (XLFacility*)sharedFacility;\n\n/**\n * Adds a logger to XLFacility.", "\n *\n * Returns YES if the logger was added successfully.", "\n */\n- (BOOL)addLogger:(XLLogger*)logger;\n\n/**\n * Removes a logger from XLFacility.", "\n */\n- (void)removeLogger:(XLLogger*)logger;\n\n/**\n * Removes all loggers from XLFacility.", "\n*/\n- (void)removeAllLoggers;\n\n@end\n\n@interface XLFacility (Logging)\n\n/**\n * Logs a message with an optional tag and specific log level.", "\n *\n * Pass nil for \"tag\" if you don't need one.", "\n */\n- (void)logMessage:(NSString*)message withTag:(nullable NSString*)tag level:(XLLogLevel)level;\n\n/**\n * Logs a message with an optional tag, metadata and specific log level.", "\n *\n * Pass nil for \"tag\" if you don't need one.", "\n */\n- (void)logMessage:(NSString*)message withTag:(nullable NSString*)tag level:(XLLogLevel)level metadata:(nullable NSDictionary<NSString*, id>*)metadata;\n\n/**\n * Logs a message as a format string with an optional tag and specific log\n * level.", "\n *\n * Pass nil for \"tag\" if you don't need one.", "\n */\n- (void)logMessageWithTag:(nullable NSString*)tag level:(XLLogLevel)level format:(NSString*)format, ... NS_FORMAT_FUNCTION(3, 4);\n\n/**\n * Logs a message as a format string with an optional tag, metadata and specific\n * log level.", "\n *\n * Pass nil for \"tag\" if you don't need one.", "\n */\n- (void)logMessageWithTag:(nullable NSString*)tag level:(XLLogLevel)level metadata:(nullable NSDictionary<NSString*, id>*)metadata format:(NSString*)format, ... NS_FORMAT_FUNCTION(4, 5);\n\n/**\n * Logs an exception with an optional tag and EXCEPTION log level.", "\n *\n * The log message is automatically generated and the exception callstack is\n * extracted.", "\n *\n * Pass nil for \"tag\" if you don't need one.", "\n */\n- (void)logException:(NSException*)exception withTag:(nullable NSString*)tag;\n\n/**\n * Logs an exception with an optional tag, metadata and EXCEPTION log level.", "\n *\n * The log message is automatically generated and the exception callstack is\n * extracted.", "\n *\n * Pass nil for \"tag\" if you don't need one.", "\n */\n- (void)logException:(NSException*)exception withTag:(nullable NSString*)tag metadata:(nullable NSDictionary<NSString*, id>*)metadata;\n\n@end\n\n@interface XLFacility (Extensions)\n\n/**\n * Sets if XLFacility automatically logs uncaught exceptions.", "\n *\n * The default value is NO.", "\n */\n@property(nonatomic) BOOL logsUncaughtExceptions;\n\n/**\n * Sets if XLFacility automatically logs all exceptions at the moment they are\n * created and wether or not they are caught.", "\n *\n * The default value is NO.", "\n *\n * @warning Note that this will also capture exceptions that are not thrown either.", "\n */\n@property(nonatomic) BOOL logsInitializedExceptions;\n\n/**\n * Sets if XLFacility captures the standard output of the process and converts it\n * into log messages at the INFO level after splitting on newlines boundaries.", "\n *\n * The default value is NO.", "\n *\n * @warning XLFacility achieves this by redirecting the file descriptor but since\n * the original one is preserved so this method can still be used along with\n * [XLStandardLogger sharedOutputLogger].", "\n */\n@property(nonatomic) BOOL capturesStandardOutput;\n\n/**\n * Sets if XLFacility captures the standard output of the process and converts it\n * into log messages at the ERROR level after splitting on newlines boundaries.", "\n *\n * The default value is NO.", "\n *\n * @warning XLFacility achieves this by redirecting the file descriptor but since\n * the original one is preserved so this method can still be used along with\n * [XLStandardLogger sharedErrorLogger].", "\n */\n@property(nonatomic) BOOL capturesStandardError;\n\n@end\n\n/**\n * Convenience global variable to access the global minimum log level.", "\n */\nextern XLLogLevel XLMinLogLevel;\n\n/**\n * Convenience global variable to access the shared XLFacility instance.", "\n */\nextern XLFacility* XLSharedFacility;\n\nNS_ASSUME_NONNULL_END\n" ]

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[ "The first benefit I noticed from blogging was that I got to show things from my point of view. ", "I have strong opinions. ", "i talk about my dog, garden, music, food and more. ", "I am an educated person who travels in an uneducated world a lot of the time. ", "Sometimes it is a choice and sometimes a circumstance. ", "Blogging allowed me to express some of the disconnect I feel.", "\n\nAlso, I am in Detroit a lot for music. ", "I see the beauty and the warts. ", "I get to talk about the beauty. ", "And soon I will talk about some of the warts. ", "Another view of Detroit…\n\nThe surprise was being able to access the blogs of so many others and read their stories. ", "I see snapshots of life from around the world. ", "It is in a form where I can take it in and reflect. ", "That is truly the best and has expanded my world.", "\n\nPower down is a literal statement for me right now. ", "I am sitting in my local McDonald’s riding on their free wifi. ", "The date Detroit Edison has given for the return of power is tomorrow at 11:30 p.m.\n\nThe last week has been one of appointments, working, studying, out for jazz on Wednesday ( will post when power is restored) and then Friday.", "\n\nFriday started with me going to work early to get something done. ", "The garage door protested as it rose. ", "I pushed the door opener and the door went up one foot and down one foot. ", "One of the panels is bent and it has done this for years. ", "This time it went catawampus and bent several of the rods that attach to the wheels in the roller track. ", "I was stuck and had to appear at work to be on time in an hour and one half. ", "I called my garage door folks and my boss. ", "My garage door guys were there within one half an hour. ", "They struggled to lift the door so I could get my car out. ", "And I got out. ", "And I ordered my new garage door to be installed Monday( tomorrow). ", "My garage door is shut until then.", "\n\nFriday evening about 6:00 p.m while I was at work, we heard a thunderstorm through the walls of the mall. ", "It was loud. ", "We usually don’t hear storms in the mall. ", "And when we left, it was partly cloudy with the sun trying to shine.", "\n\nI drove home as usual but when I got to my block, I couldn’t get home my usual way. ", "A tree was laying across the street. ", "A live wire was down next door and a fire truck was checking the area for more hazards. ", "My tree on the side of my house was split in two by lightning and was deemed a hazard to “right of way”. ", "My house had no power and my dog was having a major anxiety attack.", "\nI had eaten at work so I wasn’t hungry.", "\n\nI called to report the outage. ", "I fed the dog. ", "I searched for candles and a lighters and the house was aglow in candlelight. ", "I opened all the windows.", "\n\nThere was a noise from the street after about an hour. ", "I looked out and saw pickup trucks and a large equipment hauler with huge jaws. ", "The pick up trucks were parked to provide light and the clean up machine went to work. ", "That pic is at the top of this blog.", "\n\nA picture of the equipment picking up the tree with jaws to move to the side of the road.", "\n\nThey went to the side of my house and forced the tree split, dropping half the tree to the road. ", "Then, picked it up with the jaws, deposited the half tree on my lawn and moved down the road to the next tree.", "\n\nMy neighbor across the street who still had power gave me her battery operated fan. ", "It was very hot that evening. ", "I really helped me. ", "I met my new next door neighbors and across the street. ", "The neighbor who lent the fan had a tree in her front yard that had dropped two major branches one was pulled from her roof with the help of the guys with the machines. ", "The other was dropped on the other side.", "\n\nthis is less than one half of the branches from my neighbors tree.", "\n\nMy dog is in a high state of anxiety. ", "I took her outside on a leash and she seemed slightly better. ", "All this, especially being without power, has let me enjoy my garden more since I can’t cook. ", "And being with out electricity, especially since I have an electric stove, show me how much I depend on power. ", "The hardest part for me has been a morning without coffee.", "\n\nMy garden did not start as a garden. ", "I had decided when I moved in that I wanted a no fuss yard. ", "When I moved in there was no garden; there were no trees on the lot. ", "How much the yard has changed since I never had any aspirations for having a garden. ", "At the time I worked outside and had no desire to spend time outside when I got home from work.", "\n\nWhen I moved in, there was a grassy berm which followed the curve of the corner. ", "It kept kids from cutting across the yard on the way to and from school. ", "On the other hand, my son complained frequently about how hard it was to mow.", "\n\nMy original thought was to make it easier for my son to mow the yard by placing a few plants on the top of the berm. ", "I went to a plant give away at a local farmers market where gardeners who had thinned their garden gave away surplus plants. ", "I picked purple iris and white iris since the yard had come with lilac bushes to match.", "\n\nWhen I planted the iris, I learned that it was no ordinary small grassy mound. ", "The previous owner had used it as a dumping ground for changing the driveway. ", "He had thrown some dirt and grass seed on top to cover the mess. ", "My planting the iris included digging up small concrete rocks. ", "I wasn’t sure the iris would survive much less thrive. ", "But, thrive they did. ", "Iris need well drained soil and they certainly had that condition. ", "Three irises became many……\n\nAs neighbors stopped to tell me how much they enjoyed my yard and I no longer worked outside, my garden got larger. ", "I found a great deal of pleasure working in the garden. ", "Now, the garden is a calm and relaxing pastime." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to render a text onto a WritableBitmap in Silverlight 3.0?", "\n\nI have a set of image resources in a Silverlight client and I'm trying to render text on them. ", "I can load the original BitmapImage into a WriteableBitmap but see no facility for rendering text onto it. ", "Could anyone point me in the right direction?", "\nThanks,\n\nA:\n\nYou could probably achieve this by using a Grid like this:-\n<Grid x:Name=\"MyGrid\">\n <Bitmap Source=\"urltoimg\" />\n <TextBlock Text=\"Text to Overlay\" />\n</Grid>\n\nThen in code:-\nWriteableBitmap wb = new WritableBitmap(MyGird, null);\n\n" ]

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[ "try:\n from actstream.signals import action\nexcept ImportError:\n pass\n\n__version_info__ = {\n 'major': 0,\n 'minor': 4,\n 'micro': 1,\n 'releaselevel': 'final',\n 'serial': 0\n}\n\n\ndef get_version(release_level=True):\n \"\"\"\n Return the formatted version information\n \"\"\"\n vers = [\"%(major)i.%(minor)i.%(micro)i\" % __version_info__]\n if release_level and __version_info__['releaselevel'] !", "= 'final':\n vers.append('%(releaselevel)s%(serial)i' % __version_info__)\n return ''.join(vers)\n\n\n__version__ = get_version()\n" ]

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[ "Fr. ", "Mike Schmitz, the director of Youth and Young Adult Ministry for the Diocese of Duluth and Chaplain for the Newman Center at the University of Minnesota-Duluth, inspires and educates us in these talks about the highest form of worship: The Mass. In three homilies filled with deep reflection on the Scriptures and vibrant stories, Fr. ", "Mike makes sure you will never experience the Mass in the same way again.", "\n\nThe Newman Center at the University of Minnesota-Duluth focuses on being fed through the Sacraments and understanding the teachings of the Church and has thrived under the humble and Spirit-filled guidance of Fr. ", "Mike." ]

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[ "Sees That your looking at his joint Gives the rest to you\n\n291 shares" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSQL Function Constraint for Denormalized Data\n\nHow do I create a function constraint for denormalized data?", "\n-- graduation_class table\ngraduation_class_id | graduation_year_id\n123 1 \n456 2\n\n-- user table\nuser_id | graduation_class_id | graduation_year_id\n555 123 1\n556 123 3 <--- bad data\n557 456 2 \n\nA graduation class can only be assigned to a sign graduation year. ", " The combination of the two is unique in the graduation_class table.", "\nI want to create a function constraint on the graduation_year_id column on the user table to make sure the graduation_year_id is in sync with the proper id from the graduation_class table so that the record 556 in the user table will never happen.", "\n** Please assume normalization is NOT a solution to this, or I wouldn't be asking this question! :) **", "\n\nA:\n\nAs mentioned by other answers, this schema is not ideal, but if you need to maintain data integrity in this schema before having the opportunity to clean things up, a function constraint will do this for you. ", "First, we will create a function that takes in the graduation_class_id and graduation_year_id as parameters, and returns a bit value:\ncreate function dbo.fn_check_graduation_year_id\n (\n @graduation_class_id int,\n @graduation_year_id int\n )\n returns bit\nas\n begin\n declare @return bit = 1\n if @graduation_year_id !", "= (select top 1 graduation_year_id\n from graduation_class\n where graduation_class_id = @graduation_class_id)\n set @return = 0\n return @return\n end\n\nThis function will return true if the graduation_year_id matches the value on the graduation_class table given the graduation_class_id value. ", "Next, we will add the constraint to your user table, making sure the result of the check function returns true:\nalter table [user] with nocheck add constraint ck_graduation_year_id\n check (dbo.fn_check_graduation_year_id(graduation_class_id,graduation_year_id) = 1)\n\n" ]

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[ "Posts [ 2 ]\n\nTopic: How to get 1.7 PRO to use with de admin program\n\nI bought simpleviewer version 1.8, the program is very good but I need to use it with the admin program. ", "I read on the forum that I need version 1.7 for that. ", "I requested the code for 1.7 twice in de last 3 weeks on the form: http://www.airtightinteractive.com/simp … _form.htmlBut no answer. ", "Is there another way to get version 1.7 PRO? ", "Or is there anyone who can mail it to me?Thanks" ]

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[ "Floral Patterned Trouser Socks\n\nSilky soft microfiber patterned in romantic flowers and vines. ", "We fell in love with these as tights & leggings and are super happy to have them in a knee high version! ", "They stay up well and fit inside your sweetest shoes, but since they are nylon we'd avoid boots with bits that will snag or rub, otherwise they are a nice durable microfiber nylon that should live a nice long time if you treat them with care.", "\n\nRated 5 out of\n5 by\nHeather85 from\nGreat product and my mom loves them!I bought these socks about a month ago for my mom and I'm so happy that I did... She loves them, she's plus size and has a hard time finding things that fits. ", "She said that they sort of feel like compression socks that help her with her leg ackes and they don't slide down. ", "She said that she loves them so much that she wants to get more! ", "Thank you Sock Dreams for a great product!!", "\n\nDate published: 2014-01-10\n\nRated 5 out of\n5 by\nMeganM from\nGorgeousI love these socks! ", "They are so comfortable. ", "I have quite slender legs so socks tend to slide down on me all the time and I need to resort to sock glue, but these somehow manage to stay up without it =) the pattern is so pretty. ", "I ordered them in platinum & come my next payday I'll be getting them in plum. ", "They look gorgeous with my lolita dresses. ", "I live in Scotland & the international delivery was surprisingly quick (12 days after shipping, including Saturday, Sunday & a bank holiday, so it works out at 9 working days)\n\nDate published: 2014-05-10\n\nRated 5 out of\n5 by\nLanne from\nPerfect!Just what I was looking for - love the color & the pattern. ", "Adds a little zip to my\ntailored classic clothes.", "\n\nDate published: 2014-03-26\n\nRated 5 out of\n5 by\nMrs825 from\nMore beautiful than pictureVery pretty colors, feel soft, and am very pleased.", "\n\nDate published: 2014-09-22\n\nRated 5 out of\n5 by\nMollyLucy from\nThese socks are perfectThey're stretchy, soft, and absolutely beautiful. ", "And for the price, you're not going to get prettier socks. ", "They stretch up and around, and the colors are so vibrant. ", "I'm buying them in every color. ", "I wear them to work, and they look awesome under my knee-length pencil skirt. ", "Please buy these socks; you'll love them!", "\n\nDate published: 2014-04-09\n\nRated 4 out of\n5 by\nsocklovingramma from\nSo sweet and smoothGot the bronze which goes with brown or black themes. ", "I didnt expect how comfortable these sox would be! ", "THey feel smooth and cool all day. ", "The only exception I would say is on my wider calf they seem to scrunch down to crew length as the day wears on. ", "But I would recommend them anyway.", "Theyre so pretty!", "\n\nDate published: 2014-01-29\n\n2015-03-02T18:59CST\n\nbvseo_cps, prod_bvrr, vn_cps_3.1.1\n\ncp_1, bvpage1\n\nco_hasreviews, tv_0, tr_6\n\nloc_en_US, sid_1873, PRD, sort_relevancy\n\nclientName_sock-dreams\n\nAre these plus size so they fit a large calf?", "\n\nAsked by: emma57\n\nThey only come in one size, but they do have pretty good stretch, so they fit a lot of plus sized legs. ", "Top stretches to 19 inches, with a calf stretch of 21\".", "\n\nAnswered by: rosalind\n\nDate published: 2014-11-03\n\nIs the plum with a navy background? ", "Thanks!", "\n\nAsked by: libbydaisy\n\nNo, they are all on a black background.", "\n\nAnswered by: rosalind\n\nDate published: 2014-09-25\n\n2015-03-02T21:40CST\n\nbvseo_cps, prod_bvqa, vn_cps_3.1.1\n\ncp_1, bvpage1\n\nco_hasquestionsanswers, tq_2\n\nloc_en_US, sid_1873, PRD, sort_helpfulnessAnswersFirst\n\nclientName_sock-dreams\n\nI have ordered from you guys twice now. ", "Everything has come quickly (and for FREE!) ", "and I have loved everything I ordered. ", "I love the variety you have on the site and I love that you have so many plus size options!~ Maureen K.\n\nCurious about us?", "\n\nSock Dreams was born in Portland Oregon in the Fall of 2000. ", "We at Sock Dreams are a unique & quirky bunch of individuals who value diversity as much as we value comfy socks and great customer service. ", "Our customers come in many sizes, shapes, genders, etc... and so do we." ]

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[ "Measurement of radioactivity in the soil of Bahawalpur division, Pakistan.", "\nBahawalpur is the largest division of the Punjab province in Pakistan. ", "It is larger than many countries of the world. ", "Gamma activity from the naturally occurring radionuclides namely 226Ra, 232Th, the primordial radionuclide 40K and the artificial radionuclide 137Cs was measured in the soil of the Bahawalpur division using gamma spectrometry technique. ", "The mean activity of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs were found to be 32.9 +/- 0.9, 53.6 +/- 1.4, 647.4 +/- 14.1 and 1.5 +/- 0.2 Bq kg(-1), respectively. ", "The mean radium equivalent activity Raeq, external hazard index, internal hazard index and terrestrial absorbed dose rate for the area under study are 158.5 +/- 4.1 Bq kg(-1), 0.4, 0.5 and 77.32 nGy h(-1), respectively. ", "The annual effective dose equivalent to the public was found to be 0.5 mSv." ]

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[ "We use cookies for various purposes including to make your experience of our website better. ", "You are free to manage our use of cookies via your browser settings at any time. ", "To learn more about how we use the cookies, please see our cookies policy. ", "If you continue without changing your settings, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on our website.accept & close\n\nEast London’s brewing culture\n\nEast London was once known for a number of small, but successful, breweries. ", "And, with the East’s surge of new breweries and microbreweries popping up, Stratford is a Mecca for the craft beer lover.", "\n\nUrban legend has it that Pale Ale was actually invented after a batch of lighter beer, brewed in East London, left for India and matured past its intended maturation point. ", "The beer was brewed at Bow Brewery and destined for the captains of East India Company living abroad. ", "But after fierce competition caused the Bow Brewery to eventually close, East London’s history of beer and ale production lay dormant – until recently.", "\n\nHere are some of our favourite breweries within walking distance of International Quarter London. ", "Take a tour, have a pizza, taste the beer – there’s plenty of choice.", "\n\nTap East\n\nLocated in The Great Eastern Market at Westfield Stratford, Tap East is a specialist beer seller and microbrewery. ", "If you’re looking to sample one of their own brews, choose from a range of quirkily named products like Boleyn Bitter. ", "Or enjoy a choice of hundreds of international little-known beers chosen by the experts. ", "There’s outside seating for that beer garden weather, a knowledgeable team willing to share its expertise, and special events if you’re looking to become an aficionado. ", "And the prices are reasonable. ", "Keep up to date with their daily tweets: twitter.com/TapEast.", "\n\nCrate Brewery\n\n“There’s a lot more to beer than hops and beard-stroking…” sums up Crate, and the process behind their very drinkable craft beers, in their own words. ", "And now you can learn all about the process as they’ve opened the doors to the brewery for tours and tastings. ", "Choose from lager, stout, session IPAs and cider, with limited edition products available on a rolling basis. ", "Once you’ve learned about the process and tasted the ingredients, take to the beer garden on the River Lea and enjoy a stone baked pizza while you sample some of the products for yourself - the team say there’s something to suit everyone. ", "Tours range from £15-£25 per person with tasting included in your ticket price. ", "Visit cratebrewery.com for all the details.", "\n\nHowling Hops Brewery & Tank Bar\n\n“Love what you do” they say. ", "Howling Hops was founded in 2011 by a team bored with mass-produced beer for commercial tastes. ", "Now, they have a tank brewery of numerous “generously hopped” beers.", "\n\nThey might not offer tours to the general public, but they do have their own Tank Bar. ", "This means that the beer you’re poured has come straight from the tank, directly from the brewery. ", "There’s a pretty excellent menu on offer too, with a special lunch menu for those looking for somewhere to venture one afternoon. ", "Find out more at howlinghops.co.uk." ]

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[ "random travels and whatever comes to mind from pro snowboarder and 2 time olympian justin lamoureux\n\nThursday, November 18, 2010\n\nfirst day of riding!!!", "\n\nA few days ago i got a call asking if i wanted to go ride and shoot some stuff on whistler mountain a day before the resort opens for the season. ", "With a big storm bearing down on us, it was a YES from me. ", "That storm gave us 30cm yesterday, and today we got to ride.", "Our crew consisted of Mike Douglas, Malle Ricker, Paul Morrison shooting photos, his son Ian, Lesley Anthony, a few video guys, Ryan and Steve from Whistler's marketing department and myself. ", "nov 18, 2010. ", "paul morrison photo.", "\n\nWe got an early start to the day as we only had the \"morning\" to get some shots and a few laps down to green chair. ", "After last year's epic opening, as we went up the gondola, it was a tough pill to swallow seeing trees and rocks sticking up the lower portion of the mountain. ", "But, once we got a little higher things started looking much more filled in and way deeper!", "\n\nWe spent the morning shooting and riding roundhouse roll and a few trails down to green chair. ", "Not the steepest terrain but soo fun to get back on the board and enjoy some powder. ", "We were actually only allowed on a few trails. ", "They do save the better steeper trails for opening day. ", "There's some really deep pockets up there and we all had some really good turns. ", "the whole crew was so happy to be riding.", "\n\nBeing early season it's really easy to get carried away and jump and ride where you shouldn't. ", "usually I'm really conscious of that and my first few turns really made me remember. ", "Our first run we setup for a few turn shots and i got a little carried away. ", "After literally my first 2 turns of the year, I ollied a few little trees off a roller and launched. ", "DUMB! ", "i dropped right into this steeper zone (which in full winter would have been fine) and right into a bunch of little trees and rocks and was lucky enough to be able to find a landing and ride through them all down to the cat track. ", "I laughed pretty hard, but i could have ended my season right there.", "\n\nIf you get up there this weekend, enjoy the snow. ", "there's some deep turns to be had just remember it's 'low tide' in the mountains right now so take it easy. ", "plenty more snow to come. ", "Winter's on!", "\n\ncouple more shots from today at whistler blackcomb's facebook page...http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=254131&id=11092928401#!/album.php?aid=254131&id=11092928401" ]

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[ "Donald Trump è arrivato a Roma. ", "L'Air Force One del presidente degli Stati Uniti, proveniente da Israele, è atterrato alle 18 e 30 a Fiumicino, tra misure di sicurezza straordinarie. ", "Con lui la moglie Melania, la figlia Ivanka e il genero e consigliere Jared Kushner. ", "Sarà una giornata densa quella di Trump, che sarà ricevuto da Papa Francesco in Vaticano e dal presidente della Repubblica Sergio Mattarella al Quirinale e avrà un colloquio a villa Taverna con il presidente del Consiglio Paolo Gentiloni, in vista del G7 di Taormina. ", "Imponenti le misure di sicurezza messe in campo per le 19 ore che Trump trascorrerà in una capitale blindata.", "\n\nCon Melania dal Papa\n\nMercoledì mattina, alle 8,15, il primo incontro di Trump accompagnato da Melania con il Papa. ", "Poi il presidente avrà un colloquio con il cardinale segretario di Stato, Pietro Parolin, e con l'arcivescovo Paul Richard Gallagher, Segretario per i Rapporti con gli Stati. ", "Nel frattempo Melania Trump visiterà la Cappella Paolina e la Sala Regia. ", "Al termine, il presidente e la First Lady visiteranno la Cappella Sistina e la basilica di San Pietro.", "\n\nMezz'ora da Mattarella\n\nIl presidente sarà poi ricevuto da solo al Quirinale da Mattarella nella sala del Bronzino. ", "Non ci saranno dichiarazioni alla stampa a termine del 30 minuti di colloquio, dato che la visita non è nè ufficiale nè di Stato. ", "Poi il presidente Usa vedrà il premier Gentiloni a Villa Taverna per uno scambio di vedute in vista del vertice del G7 che si aprirà venerdì a Taormina.", "\n\nMelania al Bambin Gesù e Ivanka a Sant'Egidio\n\nNel frattempo Melania visiterà l'ospedale pediatrico Bambin Gesù intorno alle 11.15, mentre Ivanka sarà alla Comunità di Sant'Egidio nella sede di Trastevere, dove incontrerà un gruppo di donne vittime del traffico di esseri umani. ", "La partenza dell'Air Force One da Fiumicino alla volta di Bruxelles, dove Trump è atteso dal vertice Nato, è prevista intorno alle 13,30.", "\n\nLa Green zone\n\nNel piano della Questura di Roma per la visita di Trump è prevista un'area, denominata \"green zone\", e definita con ordinanza del Questore, che include itinerari cittadini e località interessate alla visita di Stato; all'interno di quest'area, da oltre un mese, l'ufficio di Gabinetto della Questura non accetta preavvisi di manifestazioni o cortei che pongano problematiche con rischi per la visita. ", "La polizia scientifica ha istallato un'articolata rete di telecamere nei luoghi ritenuti più sensibili, ed una di queste sarà installata in posizione rialzata sul veicolo del posto di comando avanzato, per riprendere stabilmente ogni istante del percorso presidenziale. ", "La copertura video sarà poi garantita da un elicottero della Polizia di Stato dotato di impianto ripresa area. ", "Una unità di intelligence garantirà in tempo reale l'aggiornamento informativo in maniera tale da consentire al centro di gestire i servizi nella maniera più idonea in relazione alla valutazione del rischio." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nImageResizer : Classic Asp : Trying to thumbnail PDF : Ghostscript not found\n\nI am trying to use ImageResizer (http://imageresizing.net/) installed as COM object to thumbnail a PDF file.", "\nI have got imageresizer successfully working with a JPG file, and moved onto using the PDF render plug in.", "\nClassic ASP code\nSet c = Server.", "CreateObject(\"ImageResizer.", "Configuration.", "Config\")\nset p = Server.", "CreateObject(\"ImageResizer.", "Plugins.", "PdfRenderer.", "PdfRendererPlugin\")\np.Install(c)\nc.BuildImage \"d:\\temp\\wibble.pdf\", \"d:\\temp\\tractor-rotated.jpg\", \"format=jpg&rotate=45\"\n\nError Message\nImageResizer.", "Plugins.", "PdfRenderer error '80131509' \nGhostscript native library for this platform not found: gsdll32.dll \n/resize.asp, line 11 \n(line 11 is p.Install(c))\nNow I have downloaded and installed Ghostscript.", "\nI have put the gsdll32.dll and gsdll64.dll in the /bin directory\nBut it will not work.", "\nWhat am I doing wrong?", "\nUPDATE BASED ON SUPPLIED COMMENTS.", "\nI have imageresizer installed and working successfully using Classic ASP; I have resized and rotated a plain old .jpg file fine; the issues I am having are with the PDF Rendering plug in... that too seems to be working it is just it is looking for Ghostscript which does not seem to be installed..\nRe: Ghostscript. ", " I have run the Ghostscript install program. ", " It seems Ghostscript is actually installed but that the PDF render plug in cant find it.", "\nI copied it to the /bin folder because that is part of the install instructions and I wondered if that is where it might be looking (trying to eliminate variables)\nI have created a standalone project to test this and have run the Classic ASP apppool in both 64 and 32 bit modes to again eliminate variables.", "\nBut I am still stuck with the error as defined above.", "\n\nA:\n\nFrom the update I eliminated most possibilities; I also ran Ghostscript from the supplied documentation so I knew that ImageResizer and Ghostscript were both installed and working but not talking finding each other ....\nSo the fix is ... add the Ghostscript bin directory(s) to your PATH environment variable, that way ImageResize can find it and after a reboot it all worked. ", " In my case I added\n;C:\\Program Files\\gs\\gs9.10\\bin;C:\\Program Files (x86)\\gs\\gs9.10\\bin to PATH\n\nI have not found this documented anywhere else; so I hope it helps someone else\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nQuery runs for too long\n\nI have a select query that should return a result with about 200 rows from 3 tables:\n\nwb_mod_deposit_out - 700.000 rows\nwb_mod_deposit - 100.000 rows\nfrom_generale_java - 1200 rows.", "\n\nThe query is:\nSELECT \n\n DATE(a.created) AS DATA_MANCANTE, a.stagione, \n c.status, a.modello, a.commessa, a.qnt_prod, \n a.fabrica, a.CODE, a.color, a.measure, \n ROUND(a.qnt,2) AS qnt_not_enough, \n a.dist_base, b.qnt AS qnt_dept, \n DATE(a.created) AS DATA_PRELIEVO, \n C.`DATA_PREV_INI_TAG`, C.`DATA_PREV_INI_CONF` \n\nFROM\n\n wb_mod_deposit_out a,\n\n (SELECT CODE, color, ROUND(SUM(qnt),2) AS qnt \n FROM wb_mod_deposit \n GROUP BY CODE, color\n ) b, \n\n from_generale_java C \n\nWHERE\n a.TYPE = 2 \n AND a.code = b.code \n AND a.color = b.color\n AND b.qnt <= 0\n AND A.modello = C.MODELLO\n AND A.COMMESSA = C.COMMESSA\n AND A.STAGIONE = C.STAGIONE;\n\nIt takes about 2 min to return the result.", "\nI have found a way to check myself with EXTEND:\nhttps://www.slideshare.net/phpcodemonkey/mysql-explain-explained\n\nA:\n\nMove the qnt <= 0 inside as a HAVING (not WHERE).", "\nUse JOIN ... ON ... instead of FROM a,b WHERE a...=b...\nAdd the following composite indexes:\na: INDEX(type, code, color)\nb: INDEX(code, color, qnt)\nc: INDEX(modello, commessa, stagione)\n\n" ]

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[ "Comments Off on Edmonton’s Peckham joins ECHL San Francisco: “I want to make sure I’m ready to go”\n\nAnticipating the NHL season could start soon, Oilers defenseman Theo Peckham has signed with the ECHL’s San Francisco Bulls.", "\n\n“I might be losing money down there having to pay my insurance, but I want to make sure [to get some playing time] if the NHL starts up,” Peckham told the Edmonton Journal. “", "This is a huge year for me, and I want to make sure I’m ready to go when [the NHL] starts again.”", "\n\nThe 24-year-old rearguard has much to prove after signing a one-year, $1.075 million extension with the Oilers in July.", "\n\nHe’s coming off an injury-filled season that saw him appear in just 54 games — Peckham was plagued by concussion issues throughout the second half of the season, playing in just nine contests after the All-Star break.", "\n\nIt was an unfortunate turn after posting career numbers in 2010-11, when he appeared in a career-high 71 games and recorded 3G-10A-13PTS, decent offensive production from a guy that fought 10 times and racked up nearly 200 penalty minutes.", "\n\nWith San Fran, Peckham joins a shortlist of NHLers plying their trade in the East Coast league." ]

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[ "Biphasic effect of tricyclic antidepressants on the release of norepinephrine from the adrenergic nerves of the rabbit heart.", "\nThe release of norepinephrine (NE) from the right atrium of the rabbit heart was used as a model to investigate biphasic effects due to tricyclic antidepressants, similar to those clinically observed in the treatment of depression and known as \"therapeutic window\". ", "Strips of the atrium were loaded with 3H-NE, and then superfused by Krebs solution. ", "The basal release and the electrical stimulation evoked release of 3H-NE were measured in the presence and absence of four clinically used tricyclic antidepressants: imipramine, amitriptyline, desipramine and nortriptyline. ", "In addition, guanethidine, an adrenergic neuron blocker, was also studied. ", "At lower concentrations (0.5-10 microM) tricyclic antidepressants increased, whereas higher concentrations (50-100 microM), inhibited the evoked release of NE. ", "This inhibition was not prevented by the alpha2 adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine, excluding the possibility of alpha 2 adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of NE release. ", "In higher concentrations the tricyclic antidepressants increased the basal release of NE in a Ca-independent way. ", "Secondary amine derivatives were more potent inhibitors of the evoked release, and enhance the resting basal release of NE to a greater extent than the tertiary ones. ", "Similarly, guanethidine (1-50 microM) also decreased the evoked release and increased the basal release of NE in a concentration dependent manner. ", "Yohimbine failed to counteract the inhibition caused by guanethidine and the increment of the basal release was Ca-independent. ", "It is concluded that the effect of tricyclic antidepressants in potentiating the release of NE is masked by their adrenergic neuron blocking properties, i.e. they inhibit the release of NE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat is star composition after formation\n\nMost descriptions of star ignition go something like... The star reaches a critical mass and ignites, blowing away the surrounding material. ", "The most obvious question would be \"Why are stars not all the same size?\", ", "given that the critical mass for ignition would appear to be the same, but I understand that stars can accumulate mass from collisions from other stars, planetary bodies etc. ", "\nSo my question is also based on the fact that larger stars also burn more energetically, I assume blowing away more of the the lighter elements from the surrounding cloud after formation and gathering more heavy elements,... do larger stars have a significantly different composition from smaller stars? --- ", "or is the simple description of star formation misleading?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe star reaches a critical mass and ignites, blowing away the surrounding material. (", "OP emphasis)\n\nI think the misunderstanding is that it's not that explosive when the star \"lights up\". ", "The process is in some sense continuous, so the nuclear reactions start slowly and gradually increase in strength as the star continues to contract, grow, and heat up inside. ", " Once the amount of radiation from the surface becomes sufficiently hot, we can speak of \"blowing away\" material, but even then it's not violent. ", "The absorption of light in the gas creates a pressure that pushes the gas away. ", "It picks up pace as the star settles down (and depending on how massive the star is), but it's broadly a consistent stream. (", "Astronomers are probably unwise to use the word \"ignite\" because all we mean is that the nuclear reaction rates become non-negligible. ", "It's not like a rocket taking off or something.)", "\nGenerally, star formation is a poorly-understood process and a hot topic for research. ", " For stars larger than about 7 solar masses, we think that nuclear reactions begin before all the material has gathered in the star. ", "i.e. while some is still flowing on. ", "If this happens through a disk, then the light can stream out everywhere but the equator without much affecting the growth of the star.", "\nThat said, at very high masses, you do run into a problem of blowing mass away. ", "For this reason, we don't really expect to see many stars over a few hundred solar masses, and those that are can be violently unstable (like Eta Carina, which threw off about 10 solar masses of material in the mid-19th century).", "\nAnd as for stars genuinely \"blowing up\", this does happen in other circumstances. ", "For example, in the core of a solar mass red giant, matter becomes nearly isothermal. ", " It eventually gets hot enough to ignite helium, and it nearly all lights up at nearly the same time in a helium flash. ", " This briefly produces as much light as a small galaxy! ", "But only very briefly, and it doesn't make it to the surface for us to see. ", "Incidentally, this is also the same mechanism as Type Ia supernovae: an isothermal carbon-oxygen white dwarf accretes matter until the carbon lights up, and the whole white dwarf basically ignites at the same time.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The overall hypothesis of this proposal is that pleckstrin and pleckstrin-2 play critical, and distinct roles in arterial hemostasis and thrombosis. ", "Pleckstrin, which makes up approximately one percent of the total cellular protein within platelets and leukocytes, is a protein best known for containing the two prototypic Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domains. ", "Following platelet activation, PKC rapidly phosphorylates pleckstrin, inducing it to bind membrane bound phospholipids such as phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2). ", "Platelets also contain a widely expressed paralog of pleckstrin, called pleckstrin- 2. ", "Although the activity of pleckstrin is regulated through protein phosphorylation, pleckstrin-2 is not a phosphoprotein, but is instead activated by binding a specific PI3K generated phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol 3,4 bisphosphate (PI3,4P2). ", "To understand the true in vivo role of these two proteins, we have introduced disruptive mutations within the murine pleckstrin and pleckstrin-2 genes, and analyzed the platelet phenotype in genetically modified mice lacking either pleckstrin isoform. ", "Platelets lacking either pleckstrin or pleckstirin-2 have impaired defects of PKC- or PI3K-mediated aggregation, actin assembly, and secretion. ", "Platelets lacking both pleckstrin isoforms have an almost total defect in actin nucleation and exocytosis. ", "Together, these data demonstrate the critical roles that pleckstrin and pleckstrin-2 play in several aspects of platelet biology. ", "Based on our preliminary murine experiments, we hypothesize that pleckstrin isoforms contribute to platelet biology by facilitating the presentation of phospholipids to proteins that are required for actin assembly and for secretion. ", "The overall goal of this proposal is to perform a comprehensive and systematic study of the function of pleckstrin and pleckstrin-2 within platelets, and to understand the differences between the two distinct isoforms. ", "In Aim 1, we will determine the molecular link between the two pleckstrin isoforms and platelet actin dynamics. ", "In Aim 2, we will formally identify how pleckstrin and pleckstrin-2 drive platelet secretion by using a combination of biochemistry and murine genetics. ", "In Aim 3, we will analyze the structural mechanisms by which both pleckstrin isoforms mediate their effects PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Heart disease and strokes are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in this country. ", "Blood clots that form at sites of atherosclerosis are often the precipitating event for both of these diseases. ", "Our work demonstrates that two platelet proteins, pleckstrin and pleckstrin-2 are important for the activation of platelets. ", "We hope that a better understanding of the events that regulate platelet activation, including pleckstrin-mediated signaling, will lead to new therapeutic approaches to prevent vascular occlusion, as well as lead to a better understanding of platelet biology." ]

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[ "Looks like a great place to live. ", "It's amazing how many wonderful little details you can find, right outside your door. ", "Really like this post. ", "And you must get a denim, they are so easy and comfortable:)" ]

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[ "Duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction during complex hepatectomy: a useful technique in selected cases.", "\nRoux-en-Y anastomosis is the standard of care for biliary reconstruction. ", "Yet, a direct bilio-biliary anastomosis preserves the normal sphincter mechanism and endoscopic access to the biliary tree for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. ", "Duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction is widely used in liver transplantation. ", "The objective of this study was to analyze the feasibility and results of duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction in the setting of complex hepatic resection with limited biliary confluence involvement. ", "We identified patients from our prospectively maintained database that underwent major hepatic resection and bile duct resection with a concomitant direct duct-to-duct biliary anastomosis. ", "Postoperative oncological and functional biliary outcomes were analyzed. ", "Ten patients were studied. ", "In 9 cases, a biliary stent was left in place to decompress the anastomosis. ", "Two patients developed a biliary fistula: one resolved spontaneously and the other required percutaneous drainage and an endoscopic biliary stent. ", "This latter patient (the only nonstented patient) also developed a biliary stricture that was treated endoscopically. ", "With a mean follow-up of 22 months, no other biliary-related complications were recorded. ", "No patients had a recurrence at the biliary reconstruction site only. ", "In the setting of multifocal hepatic recurrence presenting with jaundice, two patients were palliated by interventional endoscopy. ", "For hepatectomy requiring a short resection of the bile duct or for high bile duct injury during complex hepatectomy, a tension-free, well-vascularized duct-to-duct reconstruction over a stent is a suitable option that offers good oncological clearance of the bile duct and satisfactory functional results." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "N. Idaho Man Dies After Car Hits Train\n\nTWIN LAKES, Idaho (AP) — Authorities in northern Idaho say a 53-year-old Post Falls died after his vehicle collided with a Burlington Northern Santa Fe train. ", "The Kootenai County Sheriff's office says Albert P. Brunner's 1993 Mitsubishi 3000 GT hit the side of the train where the tracks cross Ramsey Road near the town Twin Lakes.", "\n\nA passing motorist reported the collision about 12:45 a.m. Sunday after spotting the Mitsubishi's wreckage. ", "Sheriff Ben Wolfinger says the Mitsubishi struck a crossing gate that was down and then hit a train car that was 17 cars from the front. ", "Brunner died at the scene.", "\n\nBNSF spokesman Gus Melonas says the train had four locomotives and 125 empty coal cars traveling east from Washington state to the Powder River Basin. ", "He says the gates at the crossing were working properly." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nhtaccess Redirect ./ (dot slash) to the root of the site\n\nI'm looking for a htaccess redirect (not rewrite) which will redirect this:\nsite.com/./everything\n\nTo\nsite.com/\n\nSo, everything can be anything, like /./script.php or /./path/to/script.php.", "\nI only want to redirect if there is the /./ slash dot slash.", "\nHow can I do this without using mod_rewrite?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can do this without mod_rewrite by using RedirectMatch from mod_alias instead:\nRedirectMatch 301 ^/\\./(.*)$ http://site.com/\n\nThe ^/\\./ part of the regex matches the leading dot slash and the (.*)$ part collects everything else (if anything) until the end and throws it away.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "# kill (Terminate)\n\n## Lesson Content\n\nYou can send signals that terminate processes, such a command is aptly named the kill command. ", "\n\n<pre>$ kill 12445</pre>\n\nThe 12445 is the PID of the process you want to kill. ", "By default it sends a TERM signal. ", "The SIGTERM signal is sent to a process to request its termination by allowing it to cleanly release its resources and saving its state. ", "\n\nYou can also specify a signal with the kill command: \n\n<pre>$ kill -9 12445</pre>\n\nThis will run the SIGKILL signal and kill the process. ", "\n\n<b>Differences between SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGKILL, SIGSTOP?</b>\n\nThese signals all sound reasonably similar, but they do have their differences. ", "\n\n<ul>\n<li>SIGHUP - Hangup, sent to a process when the controlling terminal is closed. ", "For example, if you closed a terminal window that had a process running in it, you would get a SIGHUP signal. ", "So basically you've been hung up on</li>\n<li>SIGINT - Is an interrupt signal, so you can use Ctrl-C and the system will try to gracefully kill the process</li>\n<li>SIGTERM - Kill the process, but allow it to do some cleanup first</li>\n<li>SIGKILL - Kill the process, kill it with fire, doesn't do any cleanup</li>\n<li>SIGSTOP - Stop/suspend a process</li>\n</ul>\n\n## Exercise\n\nKill some processes using different signals.", "\n\n## Quiz Question\n\nWhat is the signal name for the default kill command?", "\n\n## Quiz Answer\n\nSIGTERM" ]

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[ "Tougher action call for en courses.", "\nEnrolled nurses from all over England have called for tougher action to compel health authorities to provide conversion courses." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "BUNSCHOTEN, the Netherlands (BulgarianMilitary.com) – The Israeli Bagira Systems has delivered its Joint-fires BattleSpace Simulator (JOBSS) to Van Halteren Defence. ", "This move is part of the Integrated-Howitzer Crew Trainer (I-HCT) programme of Van Halteren Defence for the Royal Thai Army, learned BulgarianMilitary.com\n\nUnder the mentioned above programme, JOBSS was integrated with a battery of 105mm HCT devices and with the operational C2 system of the Royal Thai Army.", "\n\nRead more: The Royal Thai Navy Midget Submarine Programme Will Be Supported by BMT\n\nThe I-HCT of the Royal Thai Army features a virtual database of training areas and a battery of LG1, M101 and L119 105mm towed howitzers, which ensure training for practising the full fire support cycle: from the forward observer through the fire direction centre to the gun detachment.", "\n\nVan Halteren has been engaged with the provision of HCTs since 1990 and the Royal Netherlands Army was its first customer. ", "As of the moment, the company may make a boast of twelve international customers.", "\n\nRead more: The Royal Thai Air Force Will Add Four New Airbus H225M Helicopters to Its Fleet\n\nBagira explained that the joint-fires virtual training system, JOBSS, was designed by the company for the Israeli Defence Forces where it started its service two years ago, in 2016. ", "Two export customers have also purchased the system.", "\n\nVan Haltern Defence’s HCTs perform trainings with high-fidelity simulated guns and ammunition. ", "The system has an instructor operating station, training ammunition, which is developed so that to look exactly like live ammunition, and a fully simulated recoiling howitzer for simulation of the effects of firing.", "\n\nRead more: Indra Will Equip the Royal Thai Air Force with Its Lanza 3D Radar\n\nThe I-HCT ensures an integrated live and virtual training environment through Digital Dust, which is the concept of Bagira for LVC training, which includes all the simulators into one environment, which is based on the B-One simulation engine of the company.", "\n\nAs reported by Bagira, “all trainee’s activities and procedures are recorded and registered in order to enable a complete and extensive after action review and to ensure mission readiness.”", "\n\nFollow us everywhere and at any time. ", "BulgarianMilitary.com has responsive design and you can open the page from any computer, mobile devices or web browsers. ", "For more up-to-date news from us, follow our Reddit, LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook and Google+ pages. ", "Do not miss the chance to subscribe to our newsletter.", "\n\nBulgarianMilitary.com\n\nSource: Shephard Media" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCombine different events of different selectors to one function\n\nHow do I combine $('#foo').click() and $('#bar').change() in one and same function? #", "bar may not be triggered by click, and #foo not by change.", "\nSo hypothetically:\n$('#foo').click() + $('#bar').change() (function{\n //...\n});\n\nThis is not what I am looking for:\nfunction foobar() {\n // ...\n}\n$('#foo').click(function{\n foobar();\n});\n$('#bar').change(function{\n foobar();\n});\n\nAssociated HTML:\n<select id=\"bar\">\n <option>dummy1</option>\n <option>dummy2</option>\n</select>\n<button id=\"foo\">foo</button>\n\nA:\n\nThis is really the only way if you don't want click on #bar or change on #foo:\n$( '#foo, #bar' ).on( 'click change', function ( event ) {\n if( ( event.type == 'click' && event.target.id == 'foo' )\n || ( event.type == 'change' && event.target.id == 'bar' ) ) {\n\n //process event here\n };\n} );\n\nThough I think the method you listed as not wanting is the better way to do it. ", "Which is easier to read and understand?:", "\nfunction foobar() {\n // ...\n};\n\n$( '#foo' ).click( foobar );\n$( '#bar' ).change( foobar );\n\n" ]

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[ "The present invention relates to a method of driving an elevator or other like installation.", "\nMore precisely, the invention relates to means enabling the up and down movement of the elevator or the like to be controlled.", "\nIn the present patent application, the term xe2x80x9celevator or the likexe2x80x9d covers all kinds of platform or cage known as elevators, lifts, hoists, etc. ", "for moving goods or people between levels, including those designed specifically for the handicapped.", "\nThe present invention serves mainly to reduce energy consumption, which is important for the user since it requires less energy on each start, and thus an electrical installation that is smaller. ", "This important detail is but one of the aspects of the invention developed below.", "\nAs is well known, there are two large families of drive device for controlling the up and down movements of an elevator, said devices being either electrical or hydraulic. ", "The present invention relates solely to the field of elevators that are controlled in hydraulic manner. ", "Naturally, hydraulic control covers means fed with any liquid, not necessarily water.", "\nConventionally, in hydraulic type elevator drive systems, there is an actuator whose stroke serves to move the cage, and to do so over an amplitude that is naturally equal to the height of the shaft.", "\nFor example, it is easily understood that in order to carry eight people, a 630 kg apparatus is required, and that is the type of apparatus that is the most widespread throughout the world, covering 80% of the market. ", "The dead weight of the structure for an 630 kg cage is approximately equal to the payload, depending on manufacturer, giving a total of about 1260 kg to be moved.", "\nIn the two modes mentioned above, energy requirements on starting, and throughout all displacement stages, whether at high speed or at low speed or at approach speed, are large. ", "Heretofore, no energy recovery means has been implemented, and indeed it is clear that the size of the energy consumption bill paid by the user is of little concern to the manufacturer.", "\nAnother non-negligible negative feature of known hydraulic systems, and one that is perceived by all users, is the waiting time after the gate of the cage has been closed, given that the elevator remains stationary for a few seconds for the simple reason that the pump cannot start directly delivering the power required, and the drive motor needs to start progressively via a star-delta coupling, and only subsequently put the hydraulic circuit under pressure. ", "It should be observed that this stage is repeated on each upward start of the apparatus.", "\nExisting hydraulic apparatuses enable the user to travel down with the apparatus even in the event of a power failure, which is naturally highly advantageous and very reassuring. ", "The present invention provides a considerable improvement to this advantage.", "\nTo achieve this end, the present invention thus provides implementing an energy recovery device and making a fundamental modification to the hydraulic circuit used in the known system.", "\nThe invention relates to a drive device for a hydraulic type elevator, the device comprising an actuator cylinder in which a piston is slidably mounted and having a pressure chamber connected via a hydraulic circuit to a pump driven by a motor and connected to a source of fluid.", "\nAccording to the invention, the device is characterized by the fact that the fluid source is constituted by a pressure accumulator, and by the fact that the hydraulic circuit comprises:\na down duct connecting the pressure chamber to the inlet of the pump and in which there are connected in series a first electrically controlled valve and a first check valve;\nan up duct connecting the outlet of the pump to the pressure chamber, and in which there are connected in series a second electrically controlled valve and a second check valve;\na first parallel duct connecting the pressure accumulator to the down duct at a point situated between the first check valve and the inlet to the pump, and in which a third electrically controlled valve is connected; and\na second parallel duct connecting the pressure accumulator to the up duct at a point situated between the second electrically controlled valve and the outlet from the pump, and in which a fourth electrically controlled valve is connected;\nby the fact that the first electrically controlled valve and the third electrically controlled valve are open while the elevator is moving downwards, the second electrically controlled valve and the fourth electrically controlled valve then being closed; and\nby the fact that the second electrically controlled valve and the fourth electrically controlled valve are open while the elevator is moving upwards, the first electrically controlled valve and the third electrically controlled valve then being closed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "This invention relates to a ditcher of the type used to excavate pipeline trenches and the like.", "\nA conventional ditcher generally comprises a carrier, usually a crawler tractor, carrying a rotatable digging wheel at its rear. ", "More particularly, the carrier supports an upstanding, rigid suspension frame. ", "This suspension frame includes one or two substantially vertical beams at its rear end. ", "Each vertical beam carries a slide guide. ", "The digging wheel is held in a rigid wheel frame, which is generally rectangular in shape and extends around the wheel. ", "The front end of this wheel frame is pivotally attached to a slide member. ", "In turn, the slide member is mounted on the beam slide guide and can slide up and down thereon to alter the elevation of the wheel. ", "A substantially vertical hydraulic cylinder is suspended from the upper end of the suspension frame and attached at its lower end to the slide member. ", "Contraction and expansion of this cylinder moves the wheel frame between the elevated travelling position and the lowered digging position. ", "A cable is attached to the rear end of the wheel frame. ", "It extends over a sheave, carried by the suspension frame, to a drum on the carrier. ", "This cable functions to suspend the wheel frame horizontally when the ditcher is digging a trench. ", "It also serves to rotate the wheel frame upwardly, about its front pivot connection, to the elevated travelling position. ", "The tractor is equipped with a motor, and suitable hydraulic systems and drives for operating the digging wheel and actuating the lifting cylinders. ", "It will be noted that the conventional ditcher in use today relies on the sheer weight of the digging wheel to obtain penetration into the soil -- although it has been suggested by others that the cable may be replaced with a hydraulic cylinder to force the wheel down (see U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "3,226,856 and 3,510,970).", "\nAt the present time there is a need for a ditcher which can operate in the Arctic to excavate trenches for the laying of large-diameter pipelines. ", "Existing ditchers are not suitable for this service, as will be recognized from the following discussion.", "\nMany areas of the Arctic are covered with permafrost. ", "This is a hard mixture of ice and organic material, such as peat. ", "The permafrost may extend from a depth of several feet to several thousand feet. ", "At its surface, the permafrost is frequently covered with a surface mat of vegetation, such as grass or lichen. ", "This surface mat may vary in thickness from a few inches to a foot or more. ", "In summer, the surface mat insulates the permafrost from the heat of the Arctic sun. ", "If the surface mat is not present, the permafrost will, of course, melt in the summer. ", "An example will serve to bring out the seriousness of this thermal erosion problem: A trench having a width and depth of one foot, and length of twenty feet was cut into the permafrost about five years ago. ", "Today this trench has a width of about twenty feet, a length of several hundred yards, and a depth of approximately fifty feet.", "\nIn pipeline practice, it is necessary to excavate a trench having a level bottom. ", "Otherwise the pipe will lie against the wall of the trench, which is undesirable. ", "It is therefore conventional to precede the ditcher with a bulldozer which cuts a level right-of-way across side hills and the like. ", "This practise is unacceptable for the Arctic, as the surface mat will be removed. ", "It is possible to replace a strip of mat having a width of a few feet with wood chips -- however it is important to do this across a width of approximately twenty feet. ", "In any case, the permafrost is so hard that a bulldozer cannot shave it down in a reasonable period of time.", "\nWith the foregoing comments in mind, it is one object of this invention to provide a ditcher having the combined capabilities of being able to: (1) force the digging wheel into the hard permafrost and hold it there while trenching; and (2) tilt the digging wheel, when the ditcher is operating on a side hill, so that the trench walls are always vertical and its bottom is horizontal.", "\nAs described below, hydraulic cylinders or their mechanical equivalents are preferably used in this invention to hold the wheel frame and its associated wheel in place so that this wheel assembly cannot ride up out of the trench when operating in hard permafrost. ", "There is a liklihood that the wheel will periodically encounter particularly hard material when digging and, if rigidly connected to the hold down cylinder, it will exert excessive forces on the cylinder, eventually damaging it. ", "In addition, in passing over bumps in the hard terrain, vertical misalignment will occur between the carrier and the digging wheel assembly, thereby also creating a strain on the hold down cylinder.", "\nIt is therefore another object of this invention to provide a limited amount of \"play\" or float capability at the connection between the hold down cylinder and the wheel frame so that, while the cylinder does constrain the wheel frame substantially in the digging position, a limited range of movement of the wheel frame about its pivot connection with the suspending frame is still permitted. ", "This \"play\" serves another function, as explained below, in that it makes it possible to tilt the wheel frame.", "\nThe Arctic ditcher is required to excavate a uniquely large trench through extremely hard material. ", "With this in mind, it is another object of the invention to provide a ditcher which is powered by twin engines -- one of which drives the digging wheel only while the other engine drives the remaining hydraulic components. ", "In this manner, the power available to the digging wheel is not diminished due to periodic heavy load conditions affecting other parts of the machine.", "\nThe ditcher is called on to operate under extremely severe weather conditions. ", "Temperatures below -60.degree.", "F are not uncommon. ", "Under these conditions, the frequency of mechanical breakdown is enormously increased. ", "It is therefore another object of this invention to incorporate an emergency cross-over system into the hydraulic circuitry of the machine so that, in the event that one engine breaks down, the other engine can take over sufficient functions to enable the ditcher to lift its wheel, move off the right of way, and return to the base camp for repair, or continue operating at a reduced production rate.", "\nIt is another object of the invention to provide a ditcher having an engine -- hydraulic circuit system which can be warmed up without load on starting the machine.", "\nThe carrier's tracks must be capable of bracketing the wide trench which is excavated -- yet the carrier should still be capable of being loaded on a conventional truck bed. ", "It is therefore another object of the invention to provide a carrier having tracks which can be spread apart or brought together, even when the machine is standing on the ground.", "\nIt is another object of the invention to provide a ditcher having a digging wheel drive which is designed to reduce the high-stress input between the sprocket and wheel segment teeth, thereby reducing the liklihood of failure at low temperatures due to brittleness of the metal.", "\nIt is another object to provide a ditcher having a braking system to enable it to operate successfully on down-hill terrain.", "\nIt is another object of the invention to provide the digging wheel buckets with teeth whose digging angle is substantially greater than that of the conventional ditchers, thereby improving the excavating rate to a surprising extent." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nFanconi anaemia (FA) is a rare recessive inherited syndrome characterised by chromosomal instability, cellular hypersensitivity to DNA cross linking agents, progressive pancytopenia, congenital malformations and increased predisposition to cancers \\[[@B1-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "The exact pathogenesis has not been elucidated until now, but more than ten altered DNA-repair proteins in the FA/BRCA pathway (the route responsible for maintaining the integrity of the human genome) have been described \\[[@B2-molecules-13-01759],[@B3-molecules-13-01759]\\].", "\n\nAndrogen therapy can improve the outcome \\[[@B4-molecules-13-01759]\\], but side effects (e.g. hepatocarcinoma) and tolerance problems arise \\[[@B5-molecules-13-01759]\\], thus, bone marrow transplantation has become the only well-established treatment for the pancytopenia associated with FA \\[[@B4-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "Ever since low-dose radiotherapy and alkylating treatments were introduced \\[[@B6-molecules-13-01759]\\], the survival rate has increased significantly and life expectancy reached 20-30 years \\[[@B7-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "However, in these individuals a high risk of developing solid cancers still persists \\[[@B8-molecules-13-01759]\\].", "\n\nThe imbalance between production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their detoxification was suggested to be a causing factor \\[[@B9-molecules-13-01759]\\], as addition of superoxide dismutase or catalase to FA cultured cells reduced the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. ", "Later, Joenje *et al.* ", "found that chromosomal breakage in FA cells augmented with increasing oxygen tension, thus, it was proposed that the primary defect results from a failure to tolerate oxidative stress \\[[@B10-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "On the other hand, antioxidants should help to counter the deleterious effects induced by oxidative stress. ", "Such is the case for mytomicin C (MMC) associated clastogenicity which depends on oxygen levels \\[[@B11-molecules-13-01759]\\], as this damage decreases upon addition of low-molecular-weight antioxidants \\[[@B12-molecules-13-01759]\\], or overexpression of thioredoxin \\[[@B13-molecules-13-01759]\\].", "\n\nAmifostine (AMF, WR-2721), a phosphorylated aminothiol, is an antioxidant clinically prescribed to prevent the neutropenia-associated events in patients receiving alkylating agents \\[[@B14-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "In experimental animals, Yuhas and Storer showed that treatment with AMF effectively protects normal tissue from the toxicity of therapeutic radiation, without protecting tumours \\[[@B15-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "Once dephosphorylated by the membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase (ALP), AMF is activated to a free thiol form (WR-1065), which is preferentially up taken by normal cells, since ALP is more active and efficiently expressed in normal rather than neoplastic tissue \\[[@B16-molecules-13-01759],[@B17-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "Nagy *et al.* ", "subsequently showed that AMF provides protection against the mutagenic effects of cisplatin, evaluated by the mutation rate of *HPRT* in V79 Chinese hamster cells \\[[@B18-molecules-13-01759]\\].", "\n\nThe aim of this study was to evaluate the cytoprotective effect of AMF on spontaneous or MMC-induced chromosomal damage in peripheral lymphocytes from FA patients. ", "To identify a possible mechanism of action for AMF, ROS emission was studied following AMF exposure.", "\n\nResults and Discussion\n======================\n\nWe examined blood from 7 FA patients and 6 healthy volunteers, grouped in 5 for each assay ([Table 1](#molecules-13-01759-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The diagnosis of FA patients was based on clinical criteria and positive chromosomal breakage test. ", "Half of FA donors received oxymetholone for at least one period during their treatment. ", "To verify the ALP activity in PBMC, the NBT-BCIP metabolization method was employed.", "\n\nmolecules-13-01759-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nProfile of subjects participating in the study.", "\n\n Control probands FA probands \n ------------------ ------------- --- ---------- ---- --- ------ ------- ----\n **FMG** 20 M **ACS** 8 M 0.90 10.32 \\-\n **FSC** 18 F **CCF** 12 F 0.50 1.16 \\+\n **LES** 15 M **CBS** 24 F 2.16 12.91 \\-\n **LGBC** 14 M **EMM** 17 M 1.20 6.12 \\+\n **SSS** 25 F **RGS** 8 F 0.84 7.00 \\-\n **TMBC** 17 F **VBM** 7 M 0.80 4.80 \\-\n **VALA** 13 M 0.92 2.56 \\+\n\nFA, Fanconi anaemia; M, male; F, female; OXM, oxymetholone + or -- indicates prior treatment; MMC, mitomycin C. A spontaneous chromosomal break index ≥ 0.5 or induced break ≥ 1 was required for FA subjects. ", "Normal subjects had chromosomal break index ≤ 0.1 (not shown)\n\nALP activities from healthy and FA PBMC did not show significant differences (1.1 ± 0.2 *vs.* 1.6 ± 0.4, respectively, data not shown). ", "The effect of AMF on spontaneous and MMC-induced chromosomal breakage was studied in lymphocytes from FA or healthy subjects, by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test. ", "Mean frequencies of MN are shown in [Figure 1](#molecules-13-01759-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}A. Basal levels of MN were higher among FA subjects than control volunteers (*p* \\< 0.05, unpaired Student's *t* test). ", "Isolated AMF treatment did not significantly change the basal frequencies in either group, but, isolated MMC treatment significantly enhanced the MN frequencies from both groups (*p* \\< 0.05, one way ANOVA). ", "The enhancement in MN frequency induced by MMC was significantly higher among healthy volunteers than FA subjects ([Figure 1](#molecules-13-01759-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}B, *p* \\< 0.05, unpaired Student's *t* test). ", "However, cells pre-treated with AMF for 30 min prevented the increase in MN frequency induced by MMC ([Figure 1](#molecules-13-01759-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}A), and this protection was similar for both groups ([Figure 1](#molecules-13-01759-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}B).", "\n\n{#molecules-13-01759-f001}\n\nApproximately one mitotic event occurred during the experimental period (1.57 ± 0.05 nuclei/cell, for the control group and 1.66 ± 0.04 nuclei/cell in FA probands; [Figure 2](#molecules-13-01759-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Exposure to AMF, followed or not by MMC, prolonged the doubling time in both groups, while MMC alone selectively retarded the cell cycle in affected subjects (*p* \\< 0.05, one way ANOVA). ", "No differences in cell viability due to apoptosis or necrosis between treatments influenced cell cycle progression (data not shown).", "\n\n{#molecules-13-01759-f002}\n\nIn order to explain the AMF-protection against MMC-induced micronucleation, ROS emission was measured in PBMC from healthy and FA volunteers ([Figure 3](#molecules-13-01759-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "AMF significantly reduced ROS emission in both control and FA PBMC (*p* \\< 0.05, one way ANOVA). ", "Treatment with MMC did not affect the relative energy emission from either group, but, treatment with AMF inhibited ROS release from control and FA PBMC, both, during isolated exposure to AMF or in conjunction with MMC ([Figure 3](#molecules-13-01759-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}, *p* \\< 0.05, one way ANOVA). ", "Protection was significantly higher in PBMC from FA volunteers; 76.3 ± 4.9% *vs* 44.4 ± 10.9% for healthy probands, *p* \\< 0.05, Student's *t* test).", "\n\n{#molecules-13-01759-f003}\n\nThe intrinsic enhanced chromosomal sensitivity to radiation and alkylating agents in FA constitutes an important risk factor for mutagenesis and/or carcinogenesis during the conditioning regimen for bone marrow transplantation and during conventional treatment of cancers afflicting these individuals. ", "Based on this notion, we tested the protective effect of AMF against chromosomal breakage induced by MMC in peripheral blood lymphocytes of FA patients.", "\n\nThe micronucleus test is employed as a tool for measuring mutagenesis in several cell types, including FA cells \\[[@B13-molecules-13-01759],[@B20-molecules-13-01759],[@B21-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "We used this test to evaluate genoprotection, as an alternative cost-effective method, previously used for such a purpose \\[[@B19-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "In agreement with studies in normal lymphocytes \\[[@B19-molecules-13-01759]\\], we verified a direct relation between spontaneous micronucleation in FA lymphocytes and clastogenicity assessed by the cytogenetic assay used as one of the diagnosis tests for this condition (*p* \\< 0.05, *r^2^* = 0.94, data not shown).", "\n\nAMF significantly prevented MMC-induced chromosomal breakage in peripheral blood lymphocytes from both, healthy subjects and FA patients, but did not reduce spontaneous FA micronucleation at the basal level ([Figure 1](#molecules-13-01759-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Other researchers showed that AMF was unable to prevent spontaneous micronucleation of normal lymphocytes \\[[@B22-molecules-13-01759]\\], but inhibited micronucleation induced by alkylating agents \\[[@B23-molecules-13-01759],[@B24-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "Our observation agrees with data from other groups suggesting that AMF significantly reduces the carcinogenic, mutagenic and clastogenic effects of cancer therapy \\[[@B22-molecules-13-01759],[@B25-molecules-13-01759],[@B26-molecules-13-01759],[@B27-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "Moreover, extensive *in vitro* and *in vivo* evaluations of AMF against radiation- and chemotherapy-induced mutations at the *HGPRT* locus in V79 cells and radiation-induced carcinogenesis confirm the genoprotective effects of the aminothiol \\[[@B25-molecules-13-01759],[@B26-molecules-13-01759],[@B28-molecules-13-01759]\\].", "\n\nThe basis for selective cytoprotection of normal tissue by AMF is explained by its unique systemic and tissue-distribution pharmacokinetics \\[[@B29-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "A high concentration of ALP, the AMF activating enzyme, occurs in capillaries of normal tissues \\[[@B16-molecules-13-01759],[@B30-molecules-13-01759]\\], while a lower level and activity of ALP are observed in the fragile endothelium of cancer vessels due to the more acidic environment \\[[@B17-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "Consequently, AMF acts preferentially against chemotherapy-induced DNA damage in normal tissues, rather than in cancer cells \\[[@B31-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "These data explain why AMF pretreatment of tumour-bearing animals increases the therapeutic index of anticancer drugs \\[[@B32-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "Our results demonstrate that PBMC from both groups of subjects exhibit similar ALP activity, thus yielding similar AMF concentrations on each group, hence, the protective effect of AMF must be consequence of a different mechanism.", "\n\nAn important mechanism of cytoprotection involves the ability of free thiol groups to act as scavengers for oxygen free radicals, such as those derived from specific drugs or radiation therapy \\[[@B33-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "AMF significantly prevented the release of reactive oxygen species in both control and FA individuals ([Figure 2](#molecules-13-01759-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The ROS emission induced in both groups by AMF was unchanged by the addition of MMC. ", "However, the antioxidative effect by AMF was stronger in FA cells compared to its control ([Figure 3](#molecules-13-01759-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}, A→M). ", "This evidence signals an oxidative imbalance in FA cells exposed to oxidative stress. ", "In line with these data, prior evidence showed that low levels of thioredoxin in FA fibroblasts and consequent lost of sensitivity to MMC, was restored by thioredoxin overexpression \\[[@B34-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "The vulnerability to oxidative stress by FA is explained, as some FANC proteins are linked to redox pathways: i.e., FANCA, FANCC, and FANCG \\[[@B35-molecules-13-01759],[@B36-molecules-13-01759],[@B37-molecules-13-01759],[@B38-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "The absence of ROS changes in R→M compared to R→R in normal and Fanconi probands ([Figure 3](#molecules-13-01759-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}) is justified by the low MMC dose (0.5 μM) used, as other authors reported that ROS formation at low MMC dose is not significant \\[[@B11-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "In this case the clastogenic effect is associated with formation of ●MMC radical, a species that also reacts with DNA.", "\n\nAlthough the basal nuclear indices were similar in both experimental groups ([Figure 2](#molecules-13-01759-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"} RPMI → RPMI), the longer arrest on the duplication time in FA cells containing MMC could result from impairment in DNA repair, as suggested before \\[[@B39-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "Meanwhile, North *et al.* ", "suggested a direct genotoxic effect of AMF which could interrupt cell cycle progression, but we could not confirm this effect by the micronucleus test \\[[@B40-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "The delaying effect by AMF is unrelated to cell apoptosis or necrosis, since control assays (morphological Giemsa staining; data not shown) failed to detect significant changes of these phenomena. ", "DNA binding to AMF or its metabolites to protect from ROS attack may interfere in the activity of some enzymes, such as topoisomerases and the interference of some transcription factors, such as NF-κB, AP-1 and p53 could explain the arrest observed in the present study \\[[@B41-molecules-13-01759],[@B42-molecules-13-01759],[@B43-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "Interestingly, a recent report shows that AMF improves conditioning of FA bone marrow cells before transplantation \\[[@B44-molecules-13-01759]\\].", "\n\nThe American Society of Clinical Oncology approved the use of AMF to reduce the neutropenia-associated events in patients receiving alkylating agents, during chemotherapeutic treatment \\[[@B14-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "In addition, AMF and its disulfide WR-33278 display myelostimulatory properties on normal stem cells, likely by its structural similarity with endogenous polyamines, usually related to cell proliferation and differentiation \\[[@B45-molecules-13-01759]\\].", "\n\nSince Nordenson described the correction of chromosomal abnormalities in FA cells exposed to superoxide dismutase and catalase *in vitro*, many studies reported the genoprotective effect by enzyme supplementation or antioxidants \\[[@B9-molecules-13-01759],[@B12-molecules-13-01759],[@B13-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "However, a single report describes a reduction of chromosomal instability in a FA patient treated with rutin, leading to suggestion of a diet rich in antioxidants for these individuals \\[[@B46-molecules-13-01759],[@B47-molecules-13-01759]\\].", "\n\nThe protective effects of AMF and/or its metabolites on DNA alkylation or free radical induced DNA damage not only have implications on acute cytotoxic manifestations from therapy, but also against potential genotoxic effects of oncostatic therapies resulting in secondary malignancies \\[[@B25-molecules-13-01759]\\]. ", "To our knowledge, this is the first study involving AMF as a cytoprotector for FA. ", "We have shown that AMF can prevent MMC-induced chromosomal breakage, probably by reducing the pro-oxidative state of mononuclear cells. ", "Future research should investigate the levels of antioxidants in FA cells and the modulation induced by AMF exposition. ", "Clinical trials with AMF should be encouraged before bone marrow conditioning or prior to chemo- or radiotherapies used for cancer treatment.", "\n\nExperimental\n============\n\nSubject eligibility\n-------------------\n\nA total of seven FA patients ([Table 1](#molecules-13-01759-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}, five randomly chosen for each assay) were selected according to the following diagnostic criteria: (a) clinical manifestations of the disease (haematological abnormalities and/or congenital anomalies typical of FA) and (b) cytogenetic studies (spontaneous chromatid breakage and hypersensitivity to MMC) in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. ", "Six normal, healthy- and sex-matched volunteers ([Table 1](#molecules-13-01759-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}, five randomly chosen for each assay) were recruited as controls. ", "Their spontaneous chromosomal break index was lower than 0.1. ", "General exclusion criteria were: (1) inpatients, (2) prior bone marrow transplantation, (3) previous or current diagnosis of malignancy and (4) tabagism or habitual alcoholism. ", "A sample from every subject was used in each experiment. ", "The study received approval from the Committee on Ethics and Research of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. ", "Free informed consent was obtained from all subjects.", "\n\nSample collection and isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPeripheral blood samples (3-4 mL in EDTA-vacutainer tubes) were obtained when patients attended a routine physician visit. ", "PBMC from FA patients and control subjects were isolated by Hystopaque^®^ (Sigma) sedimentation and washed twice in phenol red-free RPMI 1640.", "\n\nChemicals and culture medium\n----------------------------\n\nCytochalasin B (Cyt-B; Sigma); phytohaemagglutinin A (PHA; GIBCO); luminol (5-amine-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phtalazinedione, Sigma); nitrobluetetrazolium chloride (NBT; Gibco); *p*-toluidine 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate (BCIP; Gibco); amifostine (AMF, Ethyol^®^; Schering-Plough); mitomycin C (MMC, Mytocin^®^; Bristol-Myers) were used in this study.", "\n\nLymphocytes were cultivated in RPMI 1640 medium, supplemented with 7.5% NaHCO~3~ (w/v), 20% foetal bovine serum (v/v) (FBS; Gibco), 2 mmol/L l-glutamine (Gln; Gibco) and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 25 μg/mL amphotericine B; Gibco).", "\n\nAlkaline phosphatase activity\n-----------------------------\n\nErythrocytes were removed from PBMC pellet by rinsing with haemolysis buffer (8.29 g/L NH~4~Cl, 1.0 g/L KHCO~3~, 37.2 mg/L EDTA, in deionized water, pH 7.2-7.4). ", "The pellet was then resuspended in ALP buffer (12.1 g/L Tris base -- TRIZMA®BASE, Sigma --, 5.85 g/L NaCl, 4.75 g/L MgCl~2~.6H~2~O, in deionized water, pH 9.0) at a final density of 5 x 10^6^ cells/mL.\n\nNBT (330 ng/mL) and then BCIP (65 ng/mL) were added and, after 3 h in the darkness (37^o^C), 3-5 aliquots (100-200 μL) were distributed on a 24-well plate and then 10% SDS-HCl (v/v) was added and incubated for 18 h at 37^o^C. The colorimetric reaction was spectrophotometrically measured at λ = 570 nm) and blanks containing buffer plus NBT and BCIP were subtracted from experimental points.", "\n\nMicronucleus assay\n------------------\n\nThe micronucleus (MN) assay was performed according to Fenech *et al.* (", "19) with modifications. ", "Cells were distributed into 8 tubes (10^6^ cells/mL for control probands or the whole PBMC suspension for FA patients) and incubated at 37^o^C and 5% (v/v) CO~2~-humidified atmosphere, in RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco) containing 20% (v/v) FBS (Gibco) and antibiotics (Gibco), 2 mmol/L Gln (Gibco) and 4% (v/v) PHA (Gibco). ", "After 44 h incubation, medium was changed and cells were exposed to 1.2 mg/mL AMF (the highest concentration without toxic effect, according to guidelines from Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 1995, or free medium for 30 min followed by 150 mg/mL MMC, or free medium for additional 60 min. ", "Cells were washed twice with free medium and Cyt-B (6 μg/mL) was added for 48 h. Each assay was done in duplicate and pooled before fixation.", "\n\nCells were harvested by centrifugation and fixed in 3:1 70% methanol: acetic acid (v/v) and distributed onto two slides. ", "Cells were stained with 4% (v/v) Giemsa (Gibco) for 15 min and nuclear changes microscopically identified (1000*x* by immersion) by a trained person who did not know to which proband the slide belongs to.", "\n\nFrom 1-4 nuclei were scored in 500 viable lymphocytes and the nuclear index (NI) calculated according to equation (1): where MC, BC, TC and QC represents mono-, bi-, tri- or tetranucleated cells, respectively.", "\n\nScoring of MN was performed in BC. ", "A total of 1000 BC with distinct, homogeneously coloured and sized nuclei were scored on each proband, according to the following criteria: (1) rounded body(ies) with a diameter between 1/16 and 1/3 of the main nuclei; (2) non-refractivity; (3) staining not darker than the main nuclei; (4) the main nuclei can be contacting but not overlapping.", "\n\nChemiluminescence analysis\n--------------------------\n\nPBMC were washed twice in phenol red-free RPMI 1640 and adjusted to a final concentration of up to 5 x 10^6^ cells/mL. Each condition was assayed in duplicate in a 96-well tarnished plate to which luminol was added to a final concentration of 0.01 mol/L at time t = 0 min. ", "At this time, cells were exposed for 30 min to 1.2 mg/mL AMF or medium (vehicle) and then to 150 ng/mL MMC or vehicle for the last 220 min. ", "ROS emission was measured by a chemiluminometer (LumiCount Microplate Luminometer, Packard) in the darkness at 37^o^C, shaking the plate for 1 s before each reading and with the following instrument settings: gain of 32, 1100 V at the photomultiplier tube and 0.5 s for photon capture. ", "Reading was made with 2-min intervals during the first 30 min followed by 45 readings at 5 min intervals. ", "The emission produced by a blank containing medium plus luminol was subtracted from experimental values. ", "The total emission (luminosity) was calculated as the area under the curve and plotted as ROS emission *vs.* time. ", "The basal emission obtained by treatment with RPMI 1640 → RPMI 1640) was assigned 100% and used as reference.", "\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\nDifferences between the experimental values, means and variances were statistically analysed by PRISM (GraphPad, San Diego, CA) software. ", "Statistical analysis was performed by one way ANOVA followed by unpaired Student's *t* test or by Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test. ", "A *p* value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.", "\n\nWe would like to thank Dr. Victor Hugo Rodrigues and Dr. Charles A. J. Pádua for the help in acquiring the amifostine, Dr. Renato Nogueira Costa for his support and Dr. Leda Quércia Vieira for the chemiluminometry experiments. ", "We would specially thank Dr. Cybele de Andrade Paes and her staff in the Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, UFMG, for introducing us to their patients. ", "This research was supported by CNPq and Fapemig.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "The research report on Global Personalized Cancer Therapy Market 2018 keenly identifies important facets of the industry. ", "The analysis covers Personalized Cancer Therapy market size, current trends, drivers, challenges, opportunities, as well as key Personalized Cancer Therapy market segments. ", "It is based on historical data and current Personalized Cancer Therapy market needs. ", "Also entails different Personalized Cancer Therapy business approaches adopted by the decision makers. ", "That strengthens Personalized Cancer Therapy growth and make a superior stand in the industry. ", "The Personalized Cancer Therapy market will grow with a significant CAGR during 2018 to 2022. ", "The report isolates the entire Personalized Cancer Therapy market on the basis of key players, regions, applications, and types.", "\n\nTo begin with, it figures out major Personalized Cancer Therapy industry frameworks, rules, regulations, and policies. ", "Then presents an estimation of Personalized Cancer Therapy market share, market dynamics, and leading players. ", "Later, it lists out new Personalized Cancer Therapy propositions to improve business values. ", "In addition, it discovers the Personalized Cancer Therapy market status, current/future projects, consumption and growth rate. ", "It also looks for world Personalized Cancer Therapy market chain analysis, cost and price of raw material. ", "Moreover, it reveals Personalized Cancer Therapy downstream/upstream analysis, and import/export details.", "\n\nThe study provides basic details of the product such as Personalized Cancer Therapy scope, segmentation, overview. ", "Likewise, it covers demand/supply statistics, Personalized Cancer Therapy investment feasibility, and factors that inhibit the growth of an industry. ", "Particularly, it presents Personalized Cancer Therapy product demand, annual revenue and growth aspects of the industry. ", "The upcoming Personalized Cancer Therapy market sections along with the current ones help key players, decision makers, and readers to plan various Personalized Cancer Therapy business approaches accordingly." ]

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[ "Express method for detection of Amanita phalloides amanitine toxins.", "\nSpectral studies of the interaction between amanitine and ethidium bromide fluorophore showed the appearance of a new intensive fluorescence band after addition of amanitine to ethidium bromide solution, caused by the formation of a charge-transfer complex. ", "The new fluorescence band is located in a shorter wave region of the spectrum compared to ethidium bromide fluorescence band. ", "Based on the results, a rapid fluorescent method for detection of amanitines was developed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "[Individual approach to delusion(s), long-term supportive care].", "\nDelusions of persecution, megalomaniac, imaginative or interpretative delusion are some of the clinical situations which patients present. ", "While a relationship orientated towards an individual approach is essential for ensuring the good progress of the patient's treatment, it must not be forgotten that time is a crucial factor in the supportive care of the delusional patient." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "import { errors } from '../../common/errors';\nimport { LockStore } from './LockStore';\nimport { InMemoryLockStore, InMemoryLockStoreOptions } from './InMemory';\nimport { MongoDbLockStore, MongoDbLockStoreOptions } from './MongoDb';\nimport { MySqlLockStore, MySqlLockStoreOptions } from './MySql';\nimport { PostgresLockStore, PostgresLockStoreOptions } from './Postgres';\nimport { RedisLockStore, RedisLockStoreOptions } from './Redis';\nimport { SqlServerLockStore, SqlServerLockStoreOptions } from './SqlServer';\n\nconst createLockStore = async function (\n options: InMemoryLockStoreOptions | MongoDbLockStoreOptions | MySqlLockStoreOptions | PostgresLockStoreOptions | RedisLockStoreOptions | SqlServerLockStoreOptions\n): Promise<LockStore> {\n switch (options.type) {\n case 'InMemory': {\n return InMemoryLockStore.create(options);\n }\n case 'MariaDb': {\n return MySqlLockStore.create(options);\n }\n case 'MongoDb': {\n return MongoDbLockStore.create(options);\n }\n case 'MySql': {\n return MySqlLockStore.create(options);\n }\n case 'Postgres': {\n return PostgresLockStore.create(options);\n }\n case 'Redis': {\n return RedisLockStore.create(options);\n }\n case 'SqlServer': {\n return SqlServerLockStore.create(options);\n }\n default: {\n throw new errors.", "DatabaseTypeInvalid();\n }\n }\n};\n\nexport { createLockStore };\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'The geometrical structure of a real four-dimensional space-time has been extended via the Conservation group with basic field variable being the orthonormal tetrad. ", "Field equations were obtained from a variational principle which is invariant under the conservation group. ", "Recently, symmetric solutions of the field equations have been developed. ", "In this note, the free-field solution is investigated in terms of the value of the scalar curvature. ", "The resulting asymptotic value is approximately the negative of the currently accepted value of $\\Lambda$, i.e. $R\\approx - 10^{-120}$. This may add further support to the conclusion that the theory developed by Pandres unifies the fields.'", "\naddress: 'North Georgia College & State University, Dahlonega, GA 30597'\nauthor:\n- 'Edward Lee Green and Dave Pandres, Jr.'\ntitle: The Value of the Cosmological Constant in a Unified Field Theory with Enlarged Transformation Group\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nLet ${\\cal X}^4$ be a 4-dimensional space with orthonormal tetrad $h^{i}_{\\,\\,\\mu}$. Then a metric $g_{\\mu \\nu}$ may be defined on ${\\cal X}^4$ by $g_{\\mu\\nu}=\\eta_{ij}\\, h^i_{\\,\\,\\mu}h^j_{\\,\\,\\nu}$ where $\\eta_{ij} =\ndiag\\bigl\\{-1,1,1,1\\bigr\\}$. Let $\\tilde{V}^\\alpha$ be a vector density of weight $+1$. A conservation law of the form $\\tilde{V}^\\alpha_{\\,\\, ;\\alpha}=0$ is invariant under all transformations satisfying $$x^\\nu_{\\;\\; ,\\overline{\\alpha}}\\bigl(x^{\\overline{\\alpha}}_{\\;\\; ,\\nu ,\\mu} -\nx^{\\overline{\\alpha}}_{\\;\\; ,\\mu , \\nu} \\bigr)\\; = \\; 0 \\qquad .$$ This condition (1) defines the conservation group, a group of coordinate transformations that include the group of diffeomorphisms as a proper subgroup \\[1\\]. ", "The equation for the propagation of light is also covariant under the conservation group \\[2\\].", "\n\nAlthough we may view the space ${\\cal X}^4$ as a Riemannian manifold, the space is more general than a manifold \\[1-5\\]. ", "Suppose that $x^\\mu$ are coordinates on a Riemannian manifold ${\\cal M}$. Then for functions $f$ with continuous second derivatives, the commutator of partial derivatives is zero, i.e., $[\\partial_\\mu ,\\partial_\\nu ]f=0$. If $x^{\\bar{\\alpha}}_{\\;\\; ,\\mu}$ is non-diffeomorphic but satisfies (1) we see that $[\\partial_{\\bar{\\mu}}, \\partial_{\\bar{\\nu}}]f$ is nonzero. ", "Thus the geometry associated with the group of conservative transformations is more general than a manifold, although manifolds are included. ", "If one retains the manifold view, then one must regard $x^{\\bar{\\mu}}$ as anholonomic coordinates when $x^{\\bar{\\alpha}}_{\\;\\; ,\\mu}$ is non-diffeomorphic (see \\[5\\]). ", "We stipulate that we may begin the setup of our theory as if it were a manifold, defining $h^i_{\\;\\alpha}$ as a function of $x^\\mu$. On equal footing there are many coordinate systems related to $x^\\mu$ via conservative transformations, however we, as observers, have a natural preference for the manifold view \\[6\\]. ", "Thus among all possible coordinates the holonomic coordinates are preferred.", "\n\nThe geometrical content is determined by the vector $C_\\alpha \\equiv h_i^{\\,\\,\\nu}\\bigl(h^i_{\\,\\, \\alpha ,\\nu}-h^i_{\\,\\, \\nu ,\\alpha}\n\\bigr) \\; = \\gamma^\\mu_{\\;\\;\\alpha\\mu}$, where the Ricci rotation coefficient is given by $\\gamma^i_{\\;\\;\\mu\\nu}=h^i_{\\;\\mu ;\\nu}$ \\[1-3\\]. ", "Pandres calls this the curvature vector and shows that $C_\\alpha$ is invariant under transformations from $x^\\mu$ to $x^{\\overline{\\mu}}$ if and only if the transformation is conservative and thus satisfies (1). ", "A suitable scalar Lagrangian for the free field \\[6\\] is given by $${\\cal L}_f= \\frac1{16\\pi}\\int C^\\alpha C_\\alpha \\, h \\; d^4 x$$ where $h = \\sqrt{-g}$ is the determinant of the tetrad.", "\n\nGreen has extended the field variables \\[4\\] to include the tetrad $h^I_{\\;\\mu}$ and 4 internal vectors $\\Lambda^i_I$ and an additional internal space $x^I$. However, that extension is not needed in the present paper.", "\n\nUsing the Ricci rotation coefficients, one finds that $$C^\\alpha C_\\alpha = R + \\gamma^{\\alpha \\beta \\nu} \\gamma_{\\alpha \\nu \\beta}-2C^\\alpha_{\\; ;\\alpha}\n\\quad ,$$ where $R$ is the usual Ricci scalar curvature. (", "Note: our sign conventions are the same as Misner, Thorne and Wheeler \\[7\\].) ", "Thus, when the physical space is interpreted as a manifold, the Lagrangian density of the free field contains terms corresponding to non-gravitational interactions \\[3,5\\].", "\n\nSetting the variations of ${\\cal L}_f$ with respect to $h^i_{\\;\\;\\mu}$ equal to zero yields the field equations $$C_{\\mu ; \\nu}-C_\\alpha \\gamma^{\\alpha}_{\\;\\mu\\nu}-g_{\\mu\\nu}C^{\\alpha}_{\\; ; \\alpha} - \\frac12 g_{\\mu\\nu} C^\\alpha C_\\alpha = 0 \\quad .$$\n\nAn identity for the Einstein tensor is (using Misner, Thorne and Wheeler sign conventions \\[7\\]) $$\\begin{aligned}\n G_{\\mu\\nu}= & C_{\\mu ; \\nu}- C_\\alpha \\gamma^\\alpha_{\\; \\mu\\nu} -g_{\\mu\\nu}C^\\alpha_{\\; ;\\alpha}-\\frac12 g_{\\mu\\nu}C^\\alpha C_\\alpha \\nonumber \\\\ \\quad & +\\gamma^{\\;\\;\\alpha}_{\\mu \\;\\; \\nu ;\\alpha}+\\gamma^\\alpha_{\\;\\;\\sigma\n\\nu} \\gamma^\\sigma_{\\;\\; \\mu \\alpha} + \\frac12 g_{\\mu\\nu}\\gamma^{\\alpha \\beta\n\\sigma} \\gamma_{\\alpha \\sigma \\beta} \\nonumber \\end{aligned}$$ This expression is not manifestly symmetric in $\\mu$ and $\\nu$, but the left-hand side is symmetric in its lower indices and hence the right-hand side must be as well. ", "Thus we use a symmetrized expression to ensure this. ", "Define for general $K_{\\mu\\nu}$, the symmetrized tensor by $K_{(\\mu\\nu)}=\\frac12(K_{\\mu\\nu}+K_{\\nu\\mu})$. Using (4) we see that the field equations may be also expressed in the form $$G_{\\mu\\nu} = \\gamma^{\\;\\;\\alpha}_{(\\mu \\;\\; \\nu) ;\\alpha}+ \\gamma^\\alpha_{\\;\\;\\sigma (\\nu} \\gamma^\\sigma_{\\;\\; \\mu) \\alpha} + \\frac12 g_{\\mu\\nu}\\gamma^{\\alpha \\beta\n\\sigma} \\gamma_{\\alpha \\sigma \\beta} \\; \\equiv \\; 8\\pi \\bigl(T_{\\rm f}\\bigr)_{\\mu\\nu}$$ with free field stress energy tensor $\\mathbf{T}_{\\rm f}$. The terms of $\\mathbf{T}_{\\rm f}$ suggest that, when interpreted in Riemannian geometry \\[7-9\\], this new geometry produces a stress energy tensor with additional terms that could be the stress energy tensor for dark matter or dark energy \\[5\\].", "\n\nSpherically symmetric solutions and the asymptotic value of the scalar curvature.", "\n=================================================================================\n\nLet $\\Phi(r)$ be an arbitrary function of radial coordinate $r$. Define a tetrad in spherical coordinates \\[6\\] by $$h^i_{\\;\\; \\mu} = \\left[ \\begin{array}{cccc}\n\\; e^{\\Phi(r)} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 &\\; \\bigl(1+\\frac12 r\\Phi^\\prime \\bigr)\\sin \\theta \\cos \\phi \\; & \\; r\\cos\\theta\\cos\\phi \\; & \\; -r\\sin\\theta\\sin\\phi \\\\\n0 & \\bigl(1+\\frac12 r\\Phi^\\prime \\bigr)\\sin\\theta\\sin\\phi & r\\cos\\theta\\sin\\phi & \\;\\; r\\sin\\theta\\cos\\phi \\\\\n0 & \\bigl(1+\\frac12 r\\Phi^\\prime \\bigr)\\cos\\theta\\qquad & -r\\sin\\theta\\qquad & 0\n\\end{array}\n\\right]$$ where the upper index refers to the row and the prime indicates differentiation of $\\Phi(r)$ with respect to $r$. We find that $C_\\mu=0$ for this tetrad and hence the free-field field equations (4) are satisfied . ", "The metric $$ds^2= -e^{2\\Phi(r)} dt^2 + \\bigl(1+\\frac12 r\\Phi^\\prime \\bigr)^2dr^2+r^2d\\theta^2\n+r^2\\sin^2\\theta d\\phi^2 \\quad$$ differs from the Schwarzschild metric \\[7-9\\]. ", "From (6) we find that the Einstein tensor is diagonal: $G_{\\mu\\nu}=8\\pi \\bigl(T_{\\rm f}\\bigr)_{\\mu\\nu}$. The non-zero components are (with $\\Phi$ representing $\\Phi(r)$) $$G_{tt} =\\,8\\pi \\bigl(T_{\\rm f}\\bigr)_{tt}\\;=\\; \\frac{e^{2\\Phi}\\biggl(\n\\frac18(r\\Phi^\\prime)^3+\\frac34(r\\Phi^\\prime)^2+2r\\Phi^\\prime+r^2\\Phi^{\\prime\\prime}\\biggr)\n}{r^2\\biggl(1+\\frac12r\\Phi^\\prime\\biggr)^3} \\quad ,$$ $$G_{rr}=\\; 8\\pi \\bigl(T_{\\rm f}\\bigr)_{rr} \\,=\\; \\frac{r\\Phi^\\prime - \\frac14(r\\Phi^\\prime)^2}{r^2}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\frac{G_{\\theta\\theta}}{r^2}=&\\frac{8\\pi T_{\\theta\\theta}}{r^2}=& \\frac{\\frac12(r\\Phi^\\prime)^3+(r\\Phi^\\prime)^2\n+\\frac12 r\\Phi^\\prime+\\frac12r^2\\Phi^{\\prime\\prime}}{r^2\\bigl(1+\\frac12r\\Phi^\\prime \\bigr)^3} \\\\\n\\frac{G_{\\phi\\phi}}{r^2\\sin^2\\theta} = &\\frac{8\\pi T_{\\phi\\phi}}{r^2\\sin^2\\theta}\n=& \\frac{\\frac12(r\\Phi^\\prime)^3+(r\\Phi^\\prime)^2\n+\\frac12 r\\Phi^\\prime+\\frac12r^2\\Phi^{\\prime\\prime}}{r^2\\bigl(1+\\frac12r\\Phi^\\prime \\bigr)^3} \\quad . ", "\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ From (8) we find \\[6\\] that $$e^{-2\\Phi(r)}G_{tt}=\\frac{2}{r^2} \\cdot \\frac{d\\;}{dr}\\biggl( \\frac{r}2 -\n\\frac{r}{2(1+\\frac12r\\Phi^\\prime)^2} \\biggr) \\equiv \\frac2{r^2} w^\\prime(r)\\equiv 8\\pi \\rho_f \\quad ,$$ where $w(r)\\equiv \\frac{r}2 - \\frac{r}{2(1+\\frac12 r\\Phi^\\prime)^2}$. Hence $$\\Phi^\\prime(r)= \\frac2r\\biggl[\\bigl(1-\\frac{2w(r)}{r}\\bigr)^{-\\frac12} - 1\\biggr] \\quad .$$ Thus $$g_{rr}=\\bigl(1+\\frac12r\\Phi^\\prime\\bigr)^2=\\biggl(1-\\frac{2w(r)}{r}\\biggr)^{-1} \\; \\; ,$$ and $$g_{tt}= -e^{2\\Phi(r)} \\quad \\mathtt{ , where } \\;\\; \\Phi(r)= \\int \\frac2r\\biggl[\\Bigl(1-\\frac{2w(r)}{r}\\Bigr)^{-\\frac12} - 1\\biggr] \\, dr \\quad$$ (this defines $\\Phi(r)$ up to a constant). ", "The function $w(r)$ (as shown below) is related to the mass inside a ball of radius $r$ for the free field and $\\rho_f$ represents the density of the free field in the manifold interpretation.", "\n\nLet $p_R$ represent the radial pressure of the free field. ", "Then we find \\[7\\] that the radial pressure of the free field is given by $$8\\pi p_R= \\frac{G_{rr}}{\\bigl(1+\\frac12r\\Phi^\\prime\\bigr)^2} =\n\\frac{r\\Phi^\\prime - \\frac14(r\\Phi^\\prime)^2}{r^2\\bigl(1+\\frac12r\\Phi^\\prime\\bigr)^2}$$ and from (12) we find that $$8\\pi p_R = \\frac{ 4r\\sqrt{1-\\frac{2 w(r)}{r}} - 4r + 6w(r)}{r^3} \\quad .$$\n\nLet the tangential pressure \\[7\\] of the free field be denoted by $p_T$. We also find that $8\\pi\np_T=\\frac{G_{\\theta\\theta}}{r^2}=\\frac{G_{\\phi\\phi}}{r^2\\sin^2\\theta}$ and thus, $$8\\pi p_T=\\frac{\\frac12(r\\Phi^\\prime)^3+(r\\Phi^\\prime)^2\n+\\frac12r\\Phi^\\prime+\\frac12r^2\\Phi^{\\prime\\prime}}{r^2\\bigl(1+\\frac12r\\Phi^\\prime \\bigr)^3} \\quad .$$ Using (12), the tangential pressure may be expressed in terms of $w(r)$ and $r$ by $$8\\pi p_T=\\frac{8r-9w(r)-8r\\sqrt{1-\\frac{2w(r)}{r}}+r w^\\prime(r)}{r^3} \\quad .$$ Note that $p_R\\neq p_T$.\n\nWe now take the trace of the Einstein tensor and using (11), (16) and (18). ", "Note that $G^\\mu_\\nu=8\\pi \\cdot diag (-\\rho_f, p_R, p_T, p_T)$. Hence, when we take the trace, the $w^\\prime(r)$ terms cancel and the remaining terms are easily combined to yield $$G^\\mu_{\\; \\mu} = \\frac{12}{r^2}\\Biggl(\\; 1 - \\sqrt{1-\\frac{2w(r)}r}\\, - \\, \\frac{w(r)}r \\; \\Biggr)$$ which can be factored to $$G^\\mu_{\\; \\mu} = \\frac6{r^2} \\Biggl(\\; \\sqrt{1-\\frac{2w(r)}r} \\, - 1 \\; \\Biggr)^2$$ Assuming that $\\frac{w(r)}r < 1$, we find that $\\sqrt{1-\\frac{2w(r)}r} - 1 \\, = \\, \\frac{w(r)}r\\bigl(1 + \\frac{w(r)}{2r}+ \\dots \\bigr)$. Hence $$G^\\mu_{\\; \\mu}= \\frac{\\, 6[w(r)]^2}{r^4} \\, \\biggl(\\; 1+\\frac{w(r)}{2r} + \\dots \\; \\biggr)^2$$\n\nLet $M$ be the total mass that is within a radius of $R_0$ of the center of our coordinate system. ", "This could apply to a star, a galaxy or the entire universe. ", "Suppose that for $r>R_0$, no ordinary matter exists. ", "In order to agree with the weak-field solution as $r\\to \\infty$, we require that $\\lim_{r\\to\\infty} w(r)=\\frac12M$. From (14), this requirement implies that $\\Phi(r) = \\int \\frac2r\\biggl[\\bigl(1-\\frac{M}r)^{-\\frac12} - 1 \\biggr] \\, dr \\approx \\int \\frac{M}{r^2} \\, dr$ for $r>>R_0$. Thus from (14) we see that $g_{tt} \\approx -(1-\\frac{2M}r)$ which agrees with the weak-field solution of standard general relativity. ", "We also assume that $\\frac{M}r$ is near zero for $r>>R_0$. In this case (21) yields the following result: $$G^\\mu_{\\; \\mu} = \\frac{3M^2}{2r^4} \\biggl( \\; 1 + \\frac{M}{4r} + \\dots \\; \\biggr)^2 \\qquad$$ and using $G^\\mu_{\\; \\mu} = -R$ we see that the scalar curvature is given by $$R = - \\frac{3M^2}{2r^4} \\biggl( \\; 1 + \\frac{M}{4r} + \\dots \\; \\biggr)^2 \\qquad \\qquad .$$ Since $C_\\mu = 0$ for this tetrad field, (3) yields $0 = R + \\gamma^{\\alpha\\beta\\nu} \\gamma_{\\alpha \\nu \\beta}$. Thus $$\\gamma^{\\alpha\\beta\\nu} \\gamma_{\\alpha \\nu \\beta} = \\frac{3M^2}{2r^4} \\biggl( \\; 1 + \\frac{M}{4r} + \\dots \\; \\biggr)^2 \\qquad \\qquad .$$\n\nIf we assume that our spherically symmetric coordinate system is centered at the center of the universe, then an approximate value of radius of the entire universe in Planck units is $R_u\\approx 10^{60}$. An approximate value for the mass of the universe in Planck units is $M_u\\approx 10^{60} $ as well. ", "The resulting value of the scalar curvature computed in Planck units with $r=R_u$ and $M=M_u$ is $$R \\approx - \\frac{3M^2}{2r^4} \\approx - 10^{-120} \\qquad .$$\n\nWe remark that this value is close to the value of the cosmological constant \\[10\\] and occurs in a natural way in our theory. ", "Let us investigate the situation further. ", "In standard general relativity, in regions $\\Omega$ free of sources and fields, we have the curvature tensor is identically zero and hence at the extremum, $${\\cal L}_{f({\\rm ext})}= \\frac1{16\\pi}\\int_{\\Omega} R \\, h \\; d^4 x = 0$$ If we introduce a cosmological constant, $\\Lambda$, into the standard theory the free-field Lagrangian \\[7,10\\] is $${\\cal L}_f= \\frac1{16\\pi}\\int \\Bigl(R-2\\Lambda\\Bigr) \\, h \\; d^4 x$$ resulting in field equations $G_{\\mu\\nu}+\\Lambda g_{\\mu\\nu}=0$. Suppose we assume that $\\Lambda>0$ and view the introduction of $\\Lambda$ as a perturbation of general relativity. ", "Our first guess would be that the value of ${\\cal L}_f$ would become negative on $\\Omega$. However the trace of the Einstein tensor yields $ R = 4\\Lambda $ and hence $R\\approx 4\\times 10^{-120}$. At the extremum, on a region $\\Omega$ which contains no ordinary mass-energy, with $t$ coordinate values between $0$ and $\\Delta t$, $${\\cal L}_{f({\\rm ext})} \\; = \\; \\frac1{16\\pi}\\int_{\\Omega} 2\\Lambda \\, h \\; d^4 x \\; = \\; \\frac{\\Lambda \\cdot vol(\\Omega)\\Delta t }{8\\pi}$$ We see that this yields an arbitrary positive value and that our perturbation actually increases the value of ${\\cal L}_f$ on $\\Omega$. Also, there is no particular reason to choose $\\Lambda\\approx 10^{-120}$. No such dilemma occurs with the theory based on the conservation group. ", "From (2) and (3) with the $C^\\alpha_{\\; ;\\alpha}$ term dropped (since a pure divergence contributes nothing to the field equations), we have $${\\cal L}_{f({\\rm ext})}\\; = \\; \\frac1{16\\pi}\\int_{\\Omega} \\, 0 \\cdot h \\; d^4 x \\; = \\; 0 \\qquad .$$\n\nAnother consideration is that the theory based on the conservation group, basically says that although the mass-energy of an object may be localized, the curvature effects are not localized. ", "That implies that every massive object in the universe contributes curvature to the entire (reachable) universe (limited by the speed of light). ", "This may yield an explanation of Mach’s principal.", "\n\nThese considerations and calculations give support to the conclusion that the theory based on the conservation group is the correct model for gravitation.", "\n\nExample Solutions.", "\n==================\n\nExample with compact density.", "\n-----------------------------\n\nFor this example \\[6\\] we take $w(r)=\\frac12M$ for $r > R$, the radius of the closed system of mass $M$. Thus from (21) we have $\\frac12M=\\frac{r}2 -\\frac{r}{2(1+\\frac12r\\Phi^\\prime)^2}$ and hence $$\\Phi(r) = \\int \\Biggl[\\; \\frac{2}{r\\sqrt{1-\\frac{M}r}}-\\frac{2}{r} \\, \\Biggr] \\; dr$$ which can be easily integrated to find $\\Phi(r)=4\\ln(1+\\sqrt{1-\\frac{M}r})+ \\frac12\\ln C$ for some arbitrary $C>0$. The arbitrary constant $C$ is determined by the usual weak field approximation \\[8\\] which is $g_{tt}\\approx -1 + \\frac{2M}{r}$. This implies that $C=\\frac{1}{256}$. Hence $$g_{tt}=-\\frac1{256}\\biggl(1+\\sqrt{1-\\frac{M}r} \\biggr)^8 \\quad .$$ We thus obtain the following line element: $$ds^2 = -\\frac1{256}\\biggl(1+\\sqrt{1-\\frac{M}r}\\biggr)^8 dt^2 + \\Bigl(1-\\frac{M}r\\Bigr)^{-1} dr^2 + r^2 d\\theta^2 + r^2\\sin^2\\theta d\\phi^2 \\; .$$ We note that $g_{tt} \\approx -1+\\frac{2M}{r} -\\frac{5M^2}{4r^2} $ to second order in $\\frac{M}r$. Using (11), (16) and (18), the Einstein field equations for the external solution are $$\\begin{aligned}\n G_{tt} = \\; 8\\pi T_{tt} &= \\;\\; 0 \\nonumber \\\\\nG_{rr} = 8\\pi T_{rr} &=\\; \\frac{M \\Bigl(3\\sqrt{1-\\frac{M}r}-1 \\Bigr)}{r^3\\Bigl(1-\\frac{M}r \\Bigr)\\Bigl(1+\\sqrt{1-\\frac{M}r}\\Bigr)} \\\\\n\\frac{G_{\\theta\\theta}}{r^2} = \\frac{G_{\\phi\\phi}}{r^2\\sin^2\\theta} & = \\frac{8\\pi T_{\\theta\\theta}}{r^2}= \\frac{8\\pi T_{\\phi\\phi}}{r^2\\sin^2\\phi} = \\; \\frac{-M\\Bigl(9\\sqrt{1-\\frac{M}r}-7\\Bigr)}{2r^2\\Bigl(1+\\sqrt{1-\\frac{M}r}\\Bigr)} \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ which are also imply $$\\begin{aligned}\n 8\\pi \\rho \\; &= \\; 0 \\qquad \\qquad \\qquad \\nonumber \\\\\n8\\pi p_R &= \\; \\frac{M\\Bigl(3\\sqrt{1-\\frac{M}r}-1 \\Bigr)}{r^3\\Bigl(1+\\sqrt{1-\\frac{M}r}\\Bigr)} \\\\\n8\\pi p_T &= \\; \\frac{-M\\Bigl(9\\sqrt{1-\\frac{M}r}-7\\Bigr)}{2r^3\\Bigl(1+\\sqrt{1-\\frac{M}r}\\Bigr)} \\quad .", "\n\\nonumber \\end{aligned}$$ Thus from (21) $$R = -\\frac{6M\\Bigl(1-\\sqrt{1-\\frac{M}r}\\Bigr)}{r^3\\Bigl(1+\\sqrt{1-\\frac{M}r}\\Bigr)} \\qquad .$$ Asymptotically for $r>>M$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n 8 \\pi p_R & \\approx \\;\\; \\frac{M}{r^3} \\Bigl(1-\\frac{M}{2r}\\Bigr) \\qquad \\qquad \\nonumber \\\\\n8\\pi p_T &\\approx \\; -\\frac{M}{2r^3} \\Bigl(1-\\frac{2M}r\\Bigr)\n \\end{aligned}$$ and hence $R \\approx - \\frac{3M^2}{2r^4}$. Note the negative tangential pressure.", "\n\nExamples with non-compact densities.", "\n------------------------------------\n\nOne particularly simple model is given by $$w(r)=\\frac{M}2 - \\frac{M^2}{8r} \\quad .$$ With this choice, $1-\\frac{2w(r)}r = 1 - \\frac{M}r + \\frac{M^2}{4r^2} = (1- \\frac{M}{2r})^2$. Thus, using (11), (13-14), (16) and (18) we have $$ds^2 = -\\Bigl(1-\\frac{M}{2r}\\Bigr)^4 dt^2 + \\Bigl(1-\\frac{M}{2r}\\Bigr)^{-2} dr^2 + r^2 d\\theta^2 + r^2\\sin^2\\theta d\\phi^2 \\quad ,$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n 8\\pi\\rho &= \\frac{M^2}{4r^4} \\nonumber \\\\\n8\\pi p_r &= \\frac{M}{r^3}\\Bigl(1-\\frac{3M}{4r}\\Bigr) \\\\\n8\\pi p_T &= -\\frac{M}{2r^3}\\Bigl( 1 - \\frac{5M}{2r}\\Bigr) \\nonumber \\end{aligned}$$ and hence $$R = -\\frac{3M^2}{2r^4} \\qquad .$$These equations are exact.", "\n\nA second non-compact example is given by $$w(r)=\\frac{M\\bigl(1-\\frac{7M}{4r}\\bigr)}{2\\bigl(1-\\frac{3M}{2r}\\bigr)^2 } \\quad .$$ With this choice, we find from (11-18) that the metric is $$ds^2 = -\\Bigl(1-\\frac{2M}{r}\\Bigr) dt^2 + \\frac{\\bigl(1-\\frac{3M}{2r}\\bigr)^2}{\\bigl(1-\\frac{2M}{r}\\bigr)^2} dr^2 + r^2 d\\theta^2 + r^2\\sin^2\\theta d\\phi^2 \\quad ,$$ whose $g_{tt}$ term matches with the exterior Schwarzschild metric. ", "Furthermore $$\\begin{aligned}\n 8\\pi\\rho &= -\\frac{5M^2\\bigl(1-\\frac{21M}{10r}\\bigr)}{4r^4\\bigl(1-\\frac{3M}{2r}\\bigr)^3} \\nonumber \\\\\n 8\\pi p_r &= \\frac{M\\bigl(1-\\frac{9M}{4r}\\bigr)}{r^3\\bigl(1-\\frac{3M}{2r}\\bigr)^2}\\\\\n 8\\pi p_T &= -\\frac{M\\bigl(1-\\frac{M}r \\bigr)\\bigl(1-\\frac{3M}r \\bigr)}{2r^3\\bigl(1- \\frac{3M}{2r}\\bigr)^3 } \\nonumber \\end{aligned}$$ and $$R = - \\frac{3M^2}{2r^4\\Bigl(1-\\frac{3M}{2r}\\Bigr)^2}$$ Note the negative density term and the negative tangential pressure.", "\n\nConclusion.", "\n===========\n\nAsymptotic values of the scalar curvature have been developed from the theory based on the conservation group. ", "The computation of the scalar curvature yields $R\\approx -\\Lambda \\approx - 10^{-120}$. This may lead to an explanation of the value of the cosmological constant. ", "This result supports the conclusion that the theory based on the conservative transformation group provides a theoretical basis for a unifying the fields of nature as well as explaining dark matter.", "\n\nAcknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}\n---------------\n\nThe authors would like to thank Peter Musgrave, Denis Pollney and Kayll Lake for the GRTensorII software package which was very helpful. ", "Also the authors thank North Georgia College & State University for travel support.", "\n\nReferences {#references .unnumbered}\n==========\n\n[10]{}\n\nPandres D 1981 Quantum unified field theory from enlarged coordinate transformation group. [*", "Phys. ", "Rev.*]{} D [**24**]{} 1499-1508\n\nPandres, D, Jr. 1984 Quantum unified field theory from enlarged coordinate transformation group. ", "II. [*", "Phys. ", "Rev.*]{} D [**30**]{} 317-324\n\nPandres, D, Jr. 2009 Gravitational and electroweak unification by replacing diffeomorphisms with larger group. [*", "Gen. Rel. ", "Grav.*]{} [**", "41**]{} 2501-2528\n\nGreen, E L 2009 Unified field theory from enlarged transformation group. ", "The covariant derivative for conservative coordinate transformations and local frame transformations, [*Int. ", "J. Theor. ", "Phys.*]{} [**", "48**]{} 323-336\n\nPandres D and Green E L 2003 Unified field theory from enlarged transformation group. ", "The consistent Hamiltonian. [*", "Int. ", "J. Theor. ", "Phys.*]{} [**", "42**]{} 1849-1873\n\nGreen E L 2011 Enlargement of the Transformation Group of General Relativity: Spherically Symmetric Solutions [*Preprint*]{} arXiv:1107.2605 \\[gr-qc\\]\n\nMisner C, Thorne K and Wheeler J A 1973 [*Gravitation*]{} (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company)\n\nWeinberg S 1972 [*Gravitation and Cosmology*]{} (New York: Wiley)\n\nde Felice F and Clarke C J S 1990 [*Relativity on curved manifolds*]{} (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)\n\nBarrow J D and Shaw D J 2011 [*Gen. Relativ. ", "Gravit.*]{} [**", "43**]{} 2555-2560\n" ]

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[ "Investigations on the influence of copper succinate on the production of superoxide anion radicals by bovine small intestinal mucosa cells.", "\nThe effect of an experimental ischemia lasting for 45 minutes and a subsequent period of reperfusion of equal length on the activity of xanthine oxidase (XO) and microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH-CR) were investigated in the small intestinal mucosa of male neonatal calves of the breed German \"Schwarzbunte\". ", "The activity of the NADPH-CR was determined by chemiluminescence. ", "The activity of XO decreased during ischemia, but rose to values above the control level following reperfusion. ", "5 mg of Cu2(succinate)2 (CuSu) administered either intraarterially or intraluminally during reperfusion prevented the rise in XO. ", "Formation of malondialdehyde decreased in the presence of CuSu. ", "The NADPH-CR likewise showed subnormal activity values during ischemia, but also remained at a low level during reperfusion. ", "The activity of this enzyme was further lowered by local intraarterial or intraluminal administration of 5 mg of CuSu and by 120 mg of CuSu administered intravenously during the reperfusion. ", "These results are discussed with regard to the superoxide anion radical induced tissue lesions observed during reperfusion." ]

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[ "Audio Clip Navajo Veteran Housing Insufficient\n\nMany of the 10,000 veterans who live on the Navajo Nation must put up with substandard housing.", "\n\nIn September the Navajo Council approved a bill that funnels a small portion of its $86 million veterans' trust fund into veteran homes and home repairs. ", "The funds allow 75 new homes to be built in the next four years.", "\n\nBut veterans' advocate Etta Arviso said it’s not enough. ", "She said many veterans, including Navajo Code Talkers, still need basic housing services and repairs.", "\n\n“The winter time is the hardest when some of our veterans are still using wood burning stoves and they still have no heating system in their home,” Arviso said.", "\n\nOne local veterans' advocacy group in the small town of Chinle has a waiting list of 145 veterans requesting housing." ]

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[ "Junior Latisha Belcher is averaging at team-best 15.2 points per game in six conference games this season.", "\n\nWednesday, January 14, 2009\n\nJOHNSON CITY, Tenn. (Jan. 14, 2009) - Thursday night's match-up between the Lady Bucs and Belmont will not only feature the last two Atlantic Sun champions, but a battle for first-place in the conference standings is at stake when the instate rivals tipoff at 7 p.m. inside Memorial Center.", "\n\nETSU - who have won its last four conference games since falling to Mercer in the league opener - begin a much-needed four-game homestand on Thursday. ", "The Lady Bucs have played eight of the last 10 games on the road - including their last three - where ETSU went 2-1.", "\n\nThe Lady Bucs (7-7, 5-1 in the A-Sun) had their four-game winning streak come to a halt on Tuesday night at Liberty (64-54), but that contest marked ETSU's final non-conference game - meaning the final 14 games will be played against conference foes. ", "A win over Belmont tomorrow night will let the Lady Bucs control their own destiny for a run at a second consecutive regular season conference crown.", "\n\nPlaying against A-Sun teams has fueled junior post Latisha Belcher (Martinsville, Va.). ", "The 2008 Atlantic Sun Tournament MVP is averaging a team-high 15.2 points per game in six contests against conference clubs. ", "As a team, ETSU is averaging 68.3 points, 15.2 assists and 11.0 steals in the six A-Sun battles this season.", "\n\nBelmont brings a record of 10-5, 5-1 in the A-Sun into Thursday's game. ", "The Bruins are coming off a shocking 76-66 loss to Lipscomb on Monday night, where the Bruins allowed the Lady Bisons to go to the free throw line 41 times (hitting 31 of them). ", "Junior guard Amber Rockwell leads the team in scoring (15.4), and senior post Jessica Bobbitt is averaging 11.9 points, 9.7 rebounds and 2.9 blocks per game. ", "Bobbitt's 2.9 blocks also rank 10th in the nation.", "\n\nThe all-time series is tied, 5-5, and ETSU swept Belmont in the season series a year ago. ", "The Lady Bucs knocked off the Bruins, 73-63, on Jan. 21, 2008 in the CurbEventCenter, and then followed that up with a 43-point romp (102-59) inside the MemorialCenter on Feb. 18, 2008.", "\n\nReserved seat tickets for Lady Buccaneer Basketball games are $5 for adults and $3 for children 17 and under. ", "ETSU students are admitted to games free of charge with a valid ETSU ID.", "\n\nTickets are available on game days at the center gate on the upper concourse, and can be purchased in advance by calling the ETSU Ticket Office at 423-439-3878 or online at ETSUBucs.com. ", "Tickets can also be picked up in person at the ETSU Ticket Office in the MemorialCenter from 8:30-4:30 from Monday through Friday.", "\n\nFans unable to make the trip to Johnson City can view all the action live through ASun.", "TV. ", "Live stats will also be available by clicking the link shown above." ]

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[ "To protect participant confidentiality data are available upon request from the Corresponding Author.", "\n\nIntroduction {#sec001}\n============\n\nEffective HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses are central to immune control of HIV infection \\[[@pone.0153849.ref001],[@pone.0153849.ref002]\\]. ", "CD8^+^ T cell responses against HIV emerge during the course of acute infection, concurrently with falling plasma viremia \\[[@pone.0153849.ref003],[@pone.0153849.ref004]\\]. ", "The small minority of patients who naturally control HIV infection maintain highly effective HIV-specific CTL responses over time, exhibiting both polyfunctionality and potent HIV-suppressive effects \\[[@pone.0153849.ref005],[@pone.0153849.ref006]\\]. ", "On the other hand, most patients chronically infected with HIV progressively lose HIV-specific CD8^+^ T cell responses \\[[@pone.0153849.ref007]\\], through reduced CD4^+^ T cell help \\[[@pone.0153849.ref008]\\], clonal T cell loss \\[[@pone.0153849.ref009]\\], immune exhaustion \\[[@pone.0153849.ref010]\\] and other negative regulatory mechanisms. ", "Importantly, these defects in HIV-specific T cell immunity are not fully restored by antiretroviral therapy (ART) \\[[@pone.0153849.ref011],[@pone.0153849.ref012]\\].", "\n\nDespite its ability to durably suppress HIV replication, ART does not eradicate the latent viral reservoir, and lifelong therapy is necessary to avoid rapid viral rebound \\[[@pone.0153849.ref013]\\]. ", "This has sparked efforts to develop therapeutic strategies able to establish durable viral control in the absence of ART, a so-called functional cure \\[[@pone.0153849.ref014],[@pone.0153849.ref015]\\]. ", "Many of these approaches will require an induction or boosting of the patients' impaired HIV-specific CTL function in order to eliminate reactivated, latently infected cells \\[[@pone.0153849.ref016]\\] and maintain viral control. ", "This may be attained by therapeutic vaccination or other immunomodulatory therapy.", "\n\nAntigen-induced T cell activation and proliferation are subject to negative regulation through a variety of signalling pathways, including the anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) 10 and transforming growth factor (TGF) β as well as negative co-signalling molecules programmed death (PD) 1 and CD160. ", "We have recently explored an assay for assessing negative regulation of HIV-specific T cell function mediated by IL-10 and TGF-β. ", "This regulation parameter was associated with clinical progression in untreated HIV infection \\[[@pone.0153849.ref017]\\]. ", "Moreover, pre-existing and evolving regulation of HIV vaccine-specific CD8^+^ T cell responses coincided with low final responses against therapeutic Gag peptide-vaccines in ART-treated patients \\[[@pone.0153849.ref018],[@pone.0153849.ref019]\\]. ", "Thus, such an approach of assessing antigen-induced T cell regulation may prove clinically useful and these data suggest that regulation should be taken into account when considering patients for immunomodulatory therapy as part of a functional cure. ", "In addition, quantifying the contribution of various pathways in suppressing T cell function may allow individually tailored interventions directed at these mechanisms \\[[@pone.0153849.ref020]--[@pone.0153849.ref023]\\].", "\n\nThe aim of this study was to further explore mechanisms of functional T cell regulation (FTR) of CD8^+^ T cell responses against HIV Gag and Env antigens, mediated by not only IL-10 and TGF-β, but also PD-1/PD-L1 and CD160/HVEM pathways. ", "We observed substantial heterogeneity in FTR between patients, inhibitory pathways and HIV antigens, and an apparent detrimental effect on clinical parameters of isolated Env-related FTR.", "\n\nMethods {#sec002}\n=======\n\nStudy participants {#sec003}\n------------------\n\nTwenty-six asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive patients from the Department of Infectious Diseases, University Oslo Hospital were included in the study. ", "All included patients were above 18 years of age, ART-naïve and none fulfilled the criteria of elite or viremic controllers. ", "No patients were co-infected with hepatitis B or C virus and none had symptoms or findings of intercurrent or opportunistic infections. ", "CD4^+^ and CD8^+^ T cell counts and plasma HIV RNA were determined by routine clinical assays. ", "Clinical characteristics are shown in [Table 1](#pone.0153849.t001){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0153849.t001\n\n###### Clinical characteristics (n = 26).", "\n\n![](", "pone.0153849.t001){#pone.0153849.t001g}\n\n -------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------\n **Age (years)** 42.5 (40.0--49.0) [\\*](#t001fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}\n **Gender (male/female)** 23/3\n **Time since HIV diagnosis (years)** 2.0 (1.0--3.9) \n **CD4^+^ T cell counts (cells/uL)** 416 (337--514)\n **CD8^+^ T cell counts (cells/uL)** 1 325 (1 054--1 611)\n **Plasma HIV RNA (copies/mL)** 34 500 (10 000--81 000)\n -------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------\n\n\\*: Data given as median (lower---upper quartile)\n\nThe study was approved by The Norwegian South-Eastern Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics. ", "Written, informed consent was obtained from all study participants.", "\n\nSamples {#sec004}\n-------\n\nPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated using Vacutainer Cell Preparation Tubes (Becton Dickinson (BD), NJ, USA). ", "Cells were frozen in RPMI containing 40% FCS and 10% DMSO and stored at -145°C. ", "CD4^+^ and CD8^+^ T cell counts and plasma HIV RNA loads were determined by routine clinical assays.", "\n\nProliferation/Regulation assays {#sec005}\n-------------------------------\n\nCells were thawed, washed and reconstituted in AIM V serum-free medium (Life Technologies, Oslo, Norway) containing 0.1% human serum albumin. ", "After an overnight rest, cells were pulse-labelled with *carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester* (CFSE, Life Technologies) at a concentration of 2 μM for 5 minutes. ", "The following blocking antibodies were added to parallel culture wells at a final concentration of 10 μg/mL: anti-IL-10 (R&D Systems, MN, USA; clone 23738), anti-TGF-β (R&D; clone 1D11), anti-PD-L1 (eBioscience, CA, USA; clone MIH1), and anti-HVEM (R&D; clone 94801).", "\n\nAfter a 30 minute incubation, cultures were stimulated with either Gag or Env 15-mer overlapping peptide panels (NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program, MD, USA) at a final concentration of 2 μg/mL/peptide. ", "Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB, Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) at a final concentration of 0.5 μg/mL was used as a positive control.", "\n\nCells were cultured at 37°C in 5% CO~2~ for 5 days, harvested, and stained with the following fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies: CD3 V450, CD8 APC-H7, HLA-DR BV605, CD45RA APC (all BD) and CD25 PE (Biolegend). ", "7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD, BD) was added for dead cell exclusion. ", "Flow cytometry data were acquired on a BD FACS Canto II with BD Diva 6.1 software, and analyzed in FlowJo X (FlowJo LLC, OR, USA).", "\n\nGating, readouts and parameter definitions {#sec006}\n------------------------------------------\n\nAntigen-specific, proliferated CD8^+^ T cells were defined by CFSE fluorescence between the second and sixth generation of CFSE^dim^ cells ([Fig 1A](#pone.0153849.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The first generation was omitted based on the assumption that these late proliferating cells more likely represent unspecific bystander proliferation. ", "Activated CD8^+^ T cells were defined by co-expression of CD25 and HLA-DR. ", "Activated regulatory T cells (aTregs) were defined by the phenotype CD3^+^CD8^-^CD25^hi^CD45RA^-^ \\[[@pone.0153849.ref024]\\]. ", "In the absence of discrete cell populations, gating cut-offs were determined by the Fluorescence Minus One (FMO) method. ", "Examples of all gates are given in [S1 Fig](#pone.0153849.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.", "\n\n{#pone.0153849.g001}\n\nProliferative responses were defined as the difference in CFSE^dim^ CD8^+^ T cell fractions between antigen-stimulated and unstimulated cultures. ", "Functional T cell regulation (FTR) was defined as the difference in the percentage of CFSE^dim^ CD8^+^ T cells between stimulated cultures with and without blocking antibodies, respectively ([Fig 1A](#pone.0153849.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In addition, a lower threshold of 0.5% was set to signify FTR beyond potential intra-assay variability, as we observed occasional negative FTR values between 0 and -0.5% (excluding a few outliers). ", "FTR values \\>0.5% were consistently found on repeated analysis of selected samples.", "\n\nStatistics {#sec007}\n----------\n\nAll statistical methods used were non-parametric. ", "Comparisons between groups were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. ", "Correlations between parameters were assessed by Spearman rank sum tests. ", "Paired data was assessed by Wilcoxon matched pair tests. ", "Analyses were performed in SPSS v. 21 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY) and Graphpad Prism 6 (Graphpad Software, La Jolla, CA). ", "P-values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant.", "\n\nResults {#sec008}\n=======\n\nHeterogeneity in Gag and Env regulation {#sec009}\n---------------------------------------\n\nSamples from all patients were first assessed for CD8^+^ FTR mediated by IL-10/TGF-β, the PD-1/PD-L1 and the CD160/HVEM pathways, respectively. ", "Overall, 14 patients (54%) had detectable FTR. ", "In a subgroup of 12 patients who had quantifiable Gag and/or Env FTR detected by IL10/TGF-β dual blockade, we repeated the experiments with single blockade of IL-10 and TGF-β, to quantify the individual regulatory contribution of these two cytokines. ", "In addition, we investigated the FTR effects of PD-L1, IL-10/PD-L1 and HVEM blockade in Gag and Env-stimulated cultures, respectively ([Fig 1B](#pone.0153849.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nWe observed considerable heterogeneity, not only between Gag and Env FTR, but also between the regulatory effects of the different inhibitory pathways ([Fig 1B](#pone.0153849.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "For example, we found no Gag or Env FTR mediated by IL-10 alone, while four patients had Gag FTR mediated by TGF-β alone, one of which also had Env FTR mediated by TGF-β. ", "However, Env FTR assessed by IL-10/TGF-β dual blockade was observed in eight patients, suggesting additive or synergistic effects of the two cytokines on Env responses. ", "For Gag FTR, an additive effect was obtained by blocking IL-10 in combination with PD-L1 (p = 0.05), but no such synergy was found for Env FTR ([Fig 1B](#pone.0153849.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nBlockade of the CD160 ligand HVEM identified only two patients with Gag FTR and another patient with Env FTR. ", "No clear associations were found between HVEM FTR assessments and FTR obtained by the other inhibitory pathways.", "\n\nTaken together, substantial inter-individual differences were noted for FTR in relation to both signalling pathways and HIV antigens.", "\n\nDifferent blocking conditions best identify patients with Gag and Env FTR {#sec010}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nBecause we hypothesized that HIV antigen-specific FTR is important to quantify in a clinical immunotherapy setting, we next selected the assay conditions which revealed the highest number of patients with quantifiable Gag and Env FTR, respectively. ", "Notably, dual blockade of IL-10/PD-L1 revealed all patients with Gag FTR, whereas combined blockade of IL-10/TGF-β identified all patients with Env FTR ([Fig 2](#pone.0153849.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#pone.0153849.g002}\n\nThe heterogeneity among patients who had detectable FTR was once again exemplified by there being no significant concordance between Gag and Env FTR mediated by the same signalling pathways (data not shown).", "\n\nRegulation associated with viremia and CD4 counts {#sec011}\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nDespite the heterogeneity in FTR by signal pathways and antigens, patients were tentatively grouped on the basis of whether they exhibited FTR associated with Gag only (Gag-regulators, n = 6), Env only (Env-regulators, n = 3), both Gag and Env (Pan-regulators, n = 5), or neither Gag nor Env (Non-regulators, n = 12). ", "There were no differences in age or time since HIV diagnosis between the regulator subgroups. ", "While the paucity of Env-regulators hampered statistical analysis, this group nevertheless had lower CD4 counts (p = 0.03) and higher viral loads (p = 0.05) than Pan-regulators ([Fig 3A and 3B](#pone.0153849.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "All Env regulators had a low CD4/CD8 ratio, although there were no differences between groups ([Fig 3C](#pone.0153849.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Pan-regulators, on the other hand, had higher CD4 counts (p = 0.02) and higher both Gag- and Env-specific proliferative responses than Non-regulators (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04, respectively) ([Fig 3D and 3E](#pone.0153849.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#pone.0153849.g003}\n\nIn order to confirm these observations, in particular the characteristics of more rapidly progressive HIV disease exhibited by Env-regulators, we reanalyzed CD8^+^ T cell Gag and Env FTR in another cross-sectionally sampled HIV cohort of 23 ART-naïve viremic patients. ", "This supplementary cohort had similar clinical characteristics to the study cohort (CD4^+^ T cell count 425 (255--549) cells/uL; CD8^+^ T cell count 1222 (771--2019) cells/uL; plasma HIV RNA 52 000 (13 000--130 000) copies/mL; n.s.). ", "When regulator subgroups were compared in the two cohorts combined (n = 49; 13 Gag-, 5 Env-, 6 Pan-, and 25 Non-regulators), we found that Env-regulators indeed had lower CD4 counts and higher HIV RNA than both Non- and Pan-regulators (see [Fig 4](#pone.0153849.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#pone.0153849.g004}\n\nConcordant *proliferative* responses to HIV Gag and Env {#sec012}\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\nAs observed in previous studies, the proliferative responses of CD8^+^ T cells to Gag stimulation were greater than those induced by Env (p = 0.046, data not shown). ", "In contrast to assessments of FTR, the CD8^+^ proliferative responses to the two antigens correlated (r = 0.65, p\\<0.001). ", "The CD8^+^ T cell activation phenotype, as defined by co-expression of CD25 and HLA-DR, correlated closely with the proliferative responses in all culture conditions (r = 0.76--0.89, p\\<0.001).", "\n\nUnderscoring the complex relationship between proliferation and regulatory mechanisms, no significant correlations were found between antigen-specific proliferative responses and FTR mediated by any inhibitory pathway.", "\n\nFrequencies of activated Tregs following HIV antigen stimulation and signal blockade {#sec013}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn the study cohort as a whole, the percentage of aTregs increased significantly after both Gag and Env stimulation *in vitro* (p\\<0.01, [Fig 5](#pone.0153849.g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Dual blockade of IL-10/PD-L1 in Gag-stimulated cultures increased the aTreg fraction further (p = 0.007), whereas no such increase were observed in Env-stimulated cultures with dual blockade of IL-10/TGF-β.", "\n\n{#pone.0153849.g005}\n\nDiscussion {#sec014}\n==========\n\nThe primary aim of this study was to explore and quantify antigen-specific functional T cell regulation by blocking defined inhibitory pathways in HIV antigen-stimulated cultures, with an ultimate goal of testing such parameters in the setting of functional HIV cure interventions. ", "Our previous work to assess regulation with combined blockade of IL-10 and TGF-β was here expanded to include the PD-L1/PD-1 and CD160/HVEM pathways. ", "We cross-sectionally tested samples from 26 HIV-infected, ART naïve patients, of who 14 (54%) had detectable FTR. ", "Our main finding was substantial heterogeneity in the prevalence and magnitude of FTR between patients, inhibitory pathways as well as Gag and Env antigens, consistent with our previous observations \\[[@pone.0153849.ref017]\\]. ", "Moreover, we have previously reported a similar variability in patients on ART, where this type of assay may help select patients for and/or predict the efficacy of therapeutic HIV vaccines \\[[@pone.0153849.ref019]\\].", "\n\nIn preliminary experiments, Antigen-specific, Cytokine-mediated regulation (R~AC~), as defined in our previous work \\[[@pone.0153849.ref017]\\] was also determined, taking into account downregulation of bystander proliferation in control cultures. ", "We found minimal effects on background proliferation of blocking any of the assessed inhibitory pathways and thus a high concordance between RAC and FTR (data not shown).", "\n\nWe chose to use T cell proliferation after 5 days of culture as our primary read-out in assessing FTR. ", "While interferon (IFN) γ secretion detected by ELISPOT or intracellular cytokine staining \\[[@pone.0153849.ref025]\\] and polyfunctionality \\[[@pone.0153849.ref005],[@pone.0153849.ref026]\\] are commonly used measures of effector T cell responses to HIV peptides, these assays typically involve 6--18 hours of culture before analysis. ", "We expected antigen-related regulation to develop more slowly, secondary to primary cell activation. ", "In addition, the capacity of HIV-specific effector T cells to proliferate has been linked to delayed or non-progression of HIV infection \\[[@pone.0153849.ref027],[@pone.0153849.ref028]\\], even at an epitope level \\[[@pone.0153849.ref029]\\]. ", "Furthermore, proliferation has been linked to perforin expression by CD8^+^ T cells \\[[@pone.0153849.ref028]\\], essential for cytolysis of infected target cells. ", "The high concordance between T cell proliferation and expression of the activation markers CD25 and HLA-DR was here additional evidence of T cell activation processes involving proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-2 \\[[@pone.0153849.ref030],[@pone.0153849.ref031]\\].", "\n\nIn our previous studies, we have quantified functional regulation by dual blockade of IL-10 and TGF-β \\[[@pone.0153849.ref017]--[@pone.0153849.ref019]\\]. ", "This assay condition still proved most effective in revealing Env FTR in the current study cohort. ", "By contrast, Gag FTR was best identified by combined IL-10 and PD-L1 blockade, in keeping with Porichis et al. ", "\\[[@pone.0153849.ref023]\\]. ", "Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is known to restore cytokine secretion and proliferative capacity of exhausted CD8^+^ T cells in HIV infection \\[[@pone.0153849.ref032]\\]. ", "We found that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway was involved in both Gag and Env FTR, but Gag-specific responses were more affected. ", "As Gag-specific T cell responses in particular have been linked to control of HIV viremia \\[[@pone.0153849.ref002],[@pone.0153849.ref033]\\], our data may lend further support to the use of anti-PD-1 antibodies in HIV immunotherapy \\[[@pone.0153849.ref022]\\]. ", "Of note, the additive effect of concurrent PD-1 and IL-10 blockade was only apparent upon Gag stimulation.", "\n\nSomewhat surprisingly, our assay neither detected Gag nor Env regulation by blocking IL-10 alone, as effects of IL-10Ra blockade on Gag p24-specific CD8^+^ T cell proliferation have been reported \\[[@pone.0153849.ref034]\\]. ", "Notably, the monoclonal antibody used in our study (clone 23738) neutralises IL-10 bio-activity \\[[@pone.0153849.ref017],[@pone.0153849.ref035]\\]. ", "On the other hand, TGF-β alone mediated regulation in some patients, in accordance with Garba et al. ", "\\[[@pone.0153849.ref036]\\]. ", "The additive effect of blocking IL-10 and TGF-β in the same cultures may therefore suggest a potential recruitment of IL-10 dependent mechanisms during TGF-β blockade.", "\n\nRegulatory effects of the CD160/HVEM pathway were detected in very few patients; two upon Gag stimulation and another patient upon Env stimulation. ", "This contrasts with the results of Peretz et al. ", "\\[[@pone.0153849.ref037]\\], who found significantly increased HIV-specific proliferation and cytokine secretion of CD8^+^ T cells during HVEM blockade. ", "However, their experiments utilized peptides from HIV antigens other than Gag and Env.", "\n\nNon-regulator patients with little or no detectable FTR by any of the two HIV peptide pools were clinically heterogeneous, with a wide range of CD4 counts and viral loads. ", "This group was, however, also characterised by weak antigen-specific proliferative responses (i.e. unblocked), an observation which was confirmed in the expanded cohort (data not shown). ", "Whether other regulatory mechanisms may be at play, or whether these HIV-specific T cell clones have in fact been deleted cannot be determined by our experiments. ", "In a recent trial of therapeutic vaccination in another HIV-positive cohort, however, we have observed that patients who would have been denominated Non-regulators at study baseline may still develop FTR against the vaccine antigens \\[unpublished data\\].", "\n\nRegulator patients displayed the same clinical heterogeneity as Non-regulators. ", "While the apparent paucity of Env-regulators (approx. ", "10% in the expanded cohort) limits the conclusions which can be drawn, one may speculate that this group, exhibiting low HIV-specific proliferative capacity of CD8^+^ T cells, constitutes a patient phenotype more prone to clinical progression, in keeping with their higher HIV RNA levels compared to Non- and Pan-regulators. ", "These findings are also in accordance with our previous work in another patient cohort, in which Env regulation was associated with accelerated CD4 loss \\[[@pone.0153849.ref017]\\]. ", "Pan-regulators, meanwhile, had better T cell responses to both antigens, and induction of FTR may merely be a bystander effect of a strong proliferative drive in this group.", "\n\nAs could be expected, HIV antigen stimulation of PBMC increased the frequency of activated Tregs in culture. ", "This potential for generation of Tregs after antigen exposure of CD4^+^ T cells is well established \\[[@pone.0153849.ref038]\\]. ", "Interestingly, we observed a further increase in aTreg frequencies in Gag-stimulated cultures with dual blockade of IL-10 and PD-L1, but not in Env-stimulated cultures with IL-10/TGF-β blockade. ", "As both TGF-β and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has been implicated in the induction of Tregs \\[[@pone.0153849.ref039]--[@pone.0153849.ref042]\\], the mechanisms contributing to these antigen-dependent differences are unclear, and cannot be elucidated by our straightforward *in vitro* assay.", "\n\nThe increase in ART coverage and potential shift of focus to functional cure strategies in HIV infection encourage the extension of our study to ART-treated patients with suppressed viremia. ", "The limited number of patients in this study as well as the substantial heterogeneity in T cell proliferation, FTR and HIV antigen dependency restrict the conclusions we can draw. ", "Furthermore, while the regulation profiles of CD8^+^ T cells as described here may have clinical significance, a cross-sectional approach cannot ascertain whether they represent a cause or consequence of progression.", "\n\nIn conclusion, assuming that enhanced proliferation of CD8^+^ T cells by blockade of key inhibitory pathways represents functional regulation *in vivo*, our data confirm that FTR of HIV-specific CTL responses is common in HIV-infected patients. ", "Although our data indicate that Gag and Env antigens are differentially regulated in patients, we nevertheless found combinations of inhibitory pathway blockers that identified all patients with Gag and Env FTR, respectively. ", "Taken together, our data support the notion that interventions to improve HIV-specific immunity should be individually tailored and that assessments of FTR should be further explored in clinical trials.", "\n\nSupporting Information {#sec015}\n======================\n\n###### \n\n(TIF)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n\n[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: CP AL AMDR DK. ", "Performed the experiments: CP. ", "Analyzed the data: CP AL AMDR DK. ", "Wrote the paper: CP AL AMDR DK.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "\n180 F.Supp.2d 427 (2001)\nCheryl MACRO and Kim Zastrow, Individually and as Representatives of a Class of Persons Similarly Situated, Plaintiffs,\nv.\nINDEPENDENT HEALTH ASSOCIATION, INC., ", "and Independent Health Corporation, Defendants.", "\nNo. ", "01-CV-0504C(SC).", "\nUnited States District Court, W.D. New York.", "\nOctober 25, 2001.", "\n*428 Brown & Kelly, LLP, Buffalo, NY (Lisa T. Sofferin, of Counsel), for Plaintiffs.", "\nIndependent Health Association, Inc., Buffalo, NY (Frederick B. Cohen, of Counsel), for Defendants.", "\n\nINTRODUCTION\nCURTIN, District Judge.", "\nPlaintiffs commenced this action in New York State Supreme Court, Erie County, against defendants Independent Health Association, Inc., and Independent Health Corporation (referred to collectively herein as \"Independent Health\" or \"defendant\") seeking to challenge a notice of modification of medical insurance coverage for the treatment of infertility. ", "The case was removed by defendant to this court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441 on the basis of original jurisdiction under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (\"ERISA\"). ", "Plaintiffs have moved pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1447 to remand the action to state court, and for alternative relief should the court retain jurisdiction (Item 2). ", "Defendant has filed a cross-motion to dismiss or for summary judgment pursuant to Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 12(b) and 56(c) (Item 8). ", "For the following reasons, plaintiffs' motion to remand is granted.", "\n\nBACKGROUND\nIndividual plaintiffs Cheryl Macro and Kim Zastrow are covered by medical insurance provided under Independent *429 Health's Encompass Group Health Contract through their husbands' employer, the Tonawanda City School District. ", "Both plaintiffs are currently receiving medical treatment to assist conception, including the prescription drug Repronex and intrauterine insemination (\"IUI\"), which is covered by Independent Health. (", "See Macro and Zastrow Affs., ", "attached to Item 1, Ex. ", "C).[1]\nIndependent Health is a health maintenance organization (\"HMO\"), certified under Article 44 of New York Public Health Law to operate in eight counties in the Western New York region, \"through which members of an enrolled population are each entitled to receive comprehensive health services for an advance or periodic charge ....\" N.Y. Pub. ", "Health Law § 4400 (see Item 11, ¶ 1). ", "According to defendant, 80 percent of Independent Health members are covered under group health contracts offered through their employers and governed by the substantive provisions of ERISA (id., ¶ 20).[2]\nIn April 2001, Independent Health sent a notice to its group health insurance plan subscribers advising as follows:\n[W]e would like to inform you of a change to the infertility benefit, which will not become effective until your group health plan's renewal date, beginning with groups that renew on July 1, 2001. ", "As some of the other local plans have done, Independent Health will no longer cover the treatment of infertility as part of your group health contract, however diagnosis of infertility will be covered as it has in the past.", "\n(State Court Complaint, Item 2, Ex. ", "A) (emphasis in original). ", "Plaintiffs' group health plan renewal date is January 1, 2002 (Item 8, Cohen Aff., ¶ ", "11).", "\nOn June 25, 2001, plaintiffs commenced a proposed class action in state court on behalf of themselves and all persons similarly situated as insured members of health plans issued by Independent Health who are being treated for infertility or correctable medical conditions related to infertility and have received (or will receive) the above notice (see Item 1, Ex. ", "A). ", "The proposed class is alleged upon information and belief to consist of more than 1,200 members (id., ¶ 6). ", "The amended state court complaint, served and filed on July 9, 2001, sets forth eight causes of action challenging the purported exclusion of coverage for infertility treatment on state statutory and common law grounds (id., Ex. ", "B). ", "Specifically, in the first cause *430 of action, plaintiffs allege that the exclusion violates several express provisions of New York Insurance Law, including § 3216(i), which provides as follows:\n(A) Every policy which provides coverage for hospital care shall not exclude coverage for hospital care for diagnosis and treatment of correctable medical conditions otherwise covered by the policy solely because the medical condition results in infertility.", "\n(B) Every policy which provides coverage for surgical and medical care shall not exclude coverage for surgical and medical care for diagnosis and treatment of correctable medical conditions otherwise covered by the policy solely because the medical condition results in infertility.", "\nN.Y. Ins. ", "Law § 3216(i)(13)[3] (see Item 1, Ex. ", "B, ¶¶ 20-24).", "\nIn the second cause of action, plaintiffs challenge the April 2001 notice as discriminatory in violation of New York Insurance Law and Human Rights Law in that it results in the provision of diminished health care benefits for persons disabled by infertility (see Item 1, Ex. ", "B, ¶¶ 25-31). ", "The third cause of action seeks declaratory relief with respect to the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract (id., ¶¶ 32-36). ", "The fourth cause of action seeks to enjoin the termination or modification of coverage for the treatment of infertility or correctable medical conditions related to infertility (id., ¶¶ 37-40). ", "The fifth cause of action alleges that the April 2001 notice constitutes a breach of contract (id., ¶¶ 41-44). ", "The sixth cause of action alleges breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing (id., ¶¶ 45-52). ", "The seventh cause of action alleges intentional misrepresentation as to the nature and extent of the coverage offered by defendant for treatment related to infertility (including conception and pregnancy maintenance), causing plaintiffs to suffer severe emotional distress (id., ¶¶ 53-62). ", "The eighth cause of action, which was added by the amended complaint, alleges that the April 2001 notice is deceptive and misleading in violation of New York General Business Law § 349 (id., ¶¶ 63-71). ", "Plaintiffs seek compensatory and punitive damages \"in a sum according to proof,\" in addition to the specific requests for declaratory and injunctive relief.", "\nMeanwhile, on July 5, 2001, New York State Supreme Court Justice Joseph G. Makowski granted plaintiffs' application for an order to show cause why the proposed class should not be certified and why discovery should not be expedited *431 (Item 1, Ex. ", "C). ", "The order directed Independent Health to answer the complaint by July 16, 2001, and further directed the parties to submit responding and reply papers to the court by July 11, 2001 (id.).", "\nOn July 13, 2001, defendant served and filed a notice of removal of the action to this court, asserting original federal jurisdiction and preemption under ERISA, 29 U.S.C. § 1001, et seq., ", "and/or the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (\"HIPAA\"), 42 U.S.C. § 300gg, et seq. ", "On July 18, 2001, plaintiffs filed a motion to remand the action to state court on the ground that defendant has failed to establish removal jurisdiction, and in the alternative for expedited class certification and discovery should the court retain jurisdiction (see Item 3). ", "In response, Independent Health filed a cross-motion to dismiss or for summary judgment. ", "Because I find remand to be appropriate, plaintiff's motion to remand is granted, and the court is without subject matter jurisdiction to rule on the issues raised by defendant's motion.", "\n\nDISCUSSION\nPlaintiffs contend removal of the action to this court was improper because the causes of action set forth in the amended state court complaint are based primarily on New York Insurance Law, and as such are not preempted by ERISA. ", "According to plaintiffs, because ERISA preemption does not apply, this court has no subject matter jurisdiction and the case must be remanded to state court.", "\nAs an initial matter, when an action is removed from state court, the district court first must determine whether it has subject matter jurisdiction over the claims before considering the merits of a motion to dismiss, for summary judgment, or for other relief. ", "See University of South Alabama v. The American Tobacco Company, 168 F.3d 405, 410 (11th Cir.1999). ", "If removal was inappropriate, the court must remand for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, notwithstanding the pendency of the other motions. ", "Id. at 411; see also Toumajian v. Frailey, 135 F.3d 648, 655 (9th Cir.1998) (district court should have remanded for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and should not have dismissed on grounds of ERISA preemption).", "\nUnder the removal statute, any civil action brought in state court may be removed by the defendant to federal district court if the district court has original jurisdiction. ", "28 U.S.C. § 1441(a); see Franchise Tax Bd. ", "of Cal. ", "v. Construction Laborers Vacation Trust for Southern Cal., ", "463 U.S. 1, 7, 103 S.Ct. ", "2841, 77 L.Ed.2d 420 (1983). ", "The defendant carries the burden of establishing removal jurisdiction. ", "See United Food & Commercial Workers Union, Local 919 v. CenterMark Properties Meriden Square, Inc., 30 F.3d 298, 301 (2d Cir.1994). \"", "If at any time before final judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded.\" ", "28 U.S.C. § 1447(c); Franchise Tax Bd., ", "463 U.S. at 7, 103 S.Ct. ", "2841. ", "Because of its mandatory language, and the significant federalism concerns raised by removal jurisdiction, the federal courts are directed to construe the removal statute strictly. ", "See Shamrock Oil & Gas Corp. v. Sheets, 313 U.S. 100, 108-09, 61 S.Ct. ", "868, 85 L.Ed. ", "1214 (1941). ", "All doubts about jurisdiction should be resolved in favor of remand to state court. ", "See University of South Alabama, 168 F.3d at 411(presumption in favor of remand is necessary because if federal court reaches merits of pending motion in removed case where subject matter jurisdiction is lacking, it deprives state court of its right under Constitution to resolve controversies in its own courts; citing cases).", "\n*432 District courts have original jurisdiction over cases \"arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.\" ", "28 U.S.C. § 1331. ", "Under the \"well-pleaded complaint\" rule, a cause of action is said to arise under federal law only if a federal question is presented on the face of the plaintiff's complaint. ", "Metropolitan Life Ins. ", "Co., v. Taylor, 481 U.S. 58, 62, 107 S.Ct. ", "1542, 95 L.Ed.2d 55 (1987). ", "Because federal preemption is a defense not appearing on the face of the complaint, a defendant generally may not remove an action on the basis of federal preemption. ", "Id. However, a narrow exception to this rule exists where the \"preemptive force of a statute is so `extraordinary' that it `converts an ordinary state common-law complaint into one stating a federal claim for purposes of the well-pleaded complaint rule.'\" ", "Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 393, 107 S.Ct. ", "2425, 96 L.Ed.2d 318 (1987) (quoting Taylor, 481 U.S. at 63-64, 107 S.Ct. ", "1542); see also Marcus v. AT & T Corp., 138 F.3d 46, 52 (2d Cir.1998).", "\nERISA is one such statute. ", "Taylor, 481 U.S. at 65-66, 107 S.Ct. ", "1542. ", "ERISA comprehensively regulates employee welfare benefit plans, including those that provide medical care \"through the purchase of insurance or otherwise ....\" 29 U.S.C. § 1002(1); Metropolitan Life Ins. ", "Co. v. Massachusetts, 471 U.S. 724, 732, 105 S.Ct. ", "2380, 85 L.Ed.2d 728 (1985). ", "The statute's express preemption clause provides that ERISA \"shall supersede any and all State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to any employee benefits plan\" covered by the Act. ", "29 U.S.C. § 1144(a). ", "A state law \"`relates to' an employee benefit plan, in the normal sense of the phrase, if it has a connection with or reference to such a plan.\" ", "Shaw v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 463 U.S. 85, 96-97, 103 S.Ct. ", "2890, 77 L.Ed.2d 490 (1983).", "\nClaims falling within ERISA's civil enforcement provisions[4] seeking to recover benefits, to enforce rights, or to clarify rights to future benefits under a plan covered by ERISA are said to be \"completely pre-empted.\" ", "Rubin-Schneiderman v. Merit Behavioral Care Corp., 2001 WL 363050, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. April 10, 2001) (citing Lupo v. Human Affairs Int'l, Inc., 28 F.3d 269, 272 (2d Cir.1994)). ", "That is, even if the complaint on its face makes only state law claims, those claims are generally considered as claims arising under federal law and removable to federal court if they seek to enforce or clarify rights under an employee benefit plan that is covered by ERISA. ", "See, e.g., In the Matter of Applications of Nuclear Generation Employees Association, 145 F.Supp.2d 291, 297 (S.D.N.Y.2001).", "\nIn support of their motion to remand, plaintiffs primarily contend that the claims in this case are not preempted, and therefore do not arise under federal law, because they fall within the exception provided by ERISA's \"saving clause.\" ", "Plaintiffs also contend, though less forcefully, that their claims are not preempted because they do not \"relate to\" an employee benefit plan within the scope of ERISA's preemption clause.[5] Because claims based on *433 state laws which purport to \"regulate[] insurance\" are not preempted \"even if they also `relate to' employee benefit plans,\" Shackelton v. Conn. General Life Ins. ", "Co., 817 F.Supp. ", "277, 281 (N.D.N.Y.1993), the court's analysis will focus on the application of the saving clause (cf., ", "Marcella v. Capital District Physicians Health Plan, Inc., 47 F.Supp.2d 289, 293 (N.D.N.Y.1999) (citing Shackelton)).", "\nThe saving clause, set forth at 29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(2)(A), provides that \"nothing in [the ERISA statute] shall be construed to exempt or relieve any person from any law of any State which regulates insurance, banking, or securities.\" ", "As explained by the Second Circuit in Franklin H. Williams Ins. ", "Trust v. Travelers Ins., ", "50 F.3d 144 (2d Cir.1995), two tests have been used by the courts to determine if a state law is one which \"regulates insurance\" for the purpose of applying the saving clause. ", "Id. at 150 (citing Metropolitan Life, 471 U.S. at 740, 105 S.Ct. ", "2380 (1985)). ", "Under the so-called \"common sense\" test, a court considers the ordinary, common-sense meaning of the term \"regulate,\" which \"lead[s] to the conclusion that in order to regulate insurance, a law must not just have an impact on the insurance industry, but must be specifically directed toward that industry.\" ", "Id., 50 F.3d at 150 (quoting Pilot Life Ins. ", "Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 50, 107 S.Ct. ", "1549, 95 L.Ed.2d 39 (1987)). ", "The second test is borrowed from cases interpreting the McCarran-Ferguson Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1012, which subjects the insurance industry to the federal antitrust laws. ", "Under this test, three factors are considered: first, whether the practice has the effect of transferring or spreading policyholder's risk; second, whether the practice is an integral part of the policy relationship between the insurer and the insured; and third, whether the practice is limited to entities within the insurance industry. ", "Franklin H. Williams, 50 F.3d at 149 (citations omitted).", "\nIn the Metropolitan Life case, the Massachusetts Attorney General brought suit in state court for declaratory and injunctive relief to enforce a state statute which mandated minimum mental healthcare benefits. ", "Applying both a \"common sense\" approach and the McCarran-Ferguson factors, the Supreme Court held that the state statute was not preempted because it regulated insurance within the meaning of ERISA's saving clause. ", "Metropolitan Life, 471 U.S. at 742-45, 105 S.Ct. ", "2380. ", "The Court described Massachusetts' mandated-benefit law as \"only one variety of a matrix of state laws that regulate the substantive content of health-insurance policies ...,\" id. at 729, 105 S.Ct. ", "2380, and noted that while ERISA \"establishes various uniform procedural standards\" for employee benefit plans, \"[i]t does not regulate the substantive content of welfare-benefit plans.\" ", "Id. at 732, 105 S.Ct. ", "2380 (citing Shaw, 463 U.S. at 91, 103 S.Ct. ", "2890). ", "The Court also found\n[no] contrary case authority suggesting that laws regulating the terms of insurance contracts should not be understood as laws that regulate insurance. ", "In short, the plain language of the saving clause, its relationship to the other ERISA pre-emption provisions, and the traditional understanding of insurance regulation, all lead us to the conclusion that mandated-benefit laws such as [the Massachusetts statute] are saved from *434 pre-emption by the operation of the saving clause.", "\nId. at 744, 105 S.Ct. ", "2380.", "\nIn Franklin H. Williams, an insurance trust sued the Travelers Insurance Company in state court seeking compensatory and punitive damages for violations of New York Insurance Law § 3214(c), which requires interest on the proceeds of a life insurance policy to be computed from the date of death (as opposed to the date of filing of the claim, which was the date used by Travelers). ", "The plaintiff also asserted common law causes of action for breach of contract and conversion. ", "Invoking ERISA preemption, Travelers removed the action to federal court. ", "Summarizing pertinent Supreme Court precedent, the Second Circuit explained:\n\"ERISA preemption, without more, does not convert a state claim into an action arising under federal law\" for removal purposes.... [T]he \"more\" [is] provided when the state claim falls \"within the scope of [ERISA's civil enforcement provisions]\". ", "But there must first be preemption, which is a necessary precondition to removal. ", "Thus, when preemption is precluded by the saving clause, removal is also barred.", "\nFranklin H. Williams, 50 F.3d at 149 (citations omitted). ", "Upon application of both the \"common sense\" and McCarran-Ferguson tests, the Second Circuit found that § 3214(c) was saved from preemption under § 1144(b)(2)(A). ", "Franklin H. Williams, 50 F.3d at 149-51. ", "The court viewed the state insurance law provision at issue, concerning the amount of payment to which an insured is ultimately entitled, \"similar to the statute addressed in Metropolitan Life, and ... precisely the type of statute that Congress intended to save from ERISA preemption.\" ", "Id. at 151. ", "Finding the case improperly removed, the Circuit directed remand of the entire action-statutory and common law claims alike-to state court.", "\nOther cases decided within this circuit have followed the precedent of Metropolitan Life and Franklin H. Williams, holding that claims brought under state statutes which regulate insurance are not subject to ERISA preemption for the purpose of federal court removal jurisdiction. ", "For example, in Trapanotto v. Aetna Life Insurance Co.-Aetna Health Plans, 1996 WL 417519 (S.D.N.Y. July 25, 1996), the plaintiff brought an action in state court against his group health plan insurer to enforce provisions of New York Insurance Law §§ 3216 and 3221 (the same general statutes relied upon by plaintiffs in this case) which except certain medical expenses for minors from annual deductibles and coinsurance payments. ", "The plaintiff also stated claims for breach of contract, common law fraud, and unfair trade practices under New York General Business Law § 349, and styled the case as a class action on behalf of all persons similarly situated. ", "The insurer removed the case to federal court, asserting ERISA preemption. ", "The district court remanded, finding that the state statutes relied on were not preempted because they did not sufficiently \"relate to\" an employee benefits plan; and even if they did, they were exempted from preemption by ERISA's saving clause. ", "The court focused primarily on § 3221, which sets forth standard provisions, guidelines and basic requirements for insurers. ", "First, discussing at length the impact of the holdings in New York State Conference of Blue Cross & Blue Shield Plans v. Travelers Ins. ", "Co., 514 U.S. 645, 115 S.Ct. ", "1671, 131 L.Ed.2d 695 (1995) (\"Travelers I\"), and Travelers Ins. ", "Co. v. Pataki, 63 F.3d 89 (2d Cir. ", "1995) (\"Travelers II\"), the Trapanotto court found as follows:\n\n*435 Section 3221 solely targets the insurance industry. ", "Its effect on employee benefit plans is no different, and no more acute, than scores of New York statutes which can be said to indirectly bring some economic pressure to bear on the costs of health insurance. ", "While doing nothing to further ERISA's primary purpose, preempting § 3221 would read the limiting \"relate to\" language out of ERISA and invite, without Congressional direction, preemption in an area traditionally left to the states.", "\nTrapanotto, 1996 WL 417519, at *6. ", "The court then addressed the application of the saving clause, finding that § 3221 easily passed both the \"common sense\" and McCarran-Ferguson tests. ", "Specifically, the Trapanotto court stated that § 3221 \"`does not merely have an impact on the insurance industry; it is aimed at it....' Therefore, even if it were sufficiently `related to' employee benefit plans to trigger ERISA's preemption clause, § 3221 would be excepted from preemption by ERISA's saving clause.\" ", "Id. at *7.", "\nMore recently, in Natoli v. First Reliance Standard Life Insurance Co., 2001 WL 15673 (S.D.N.Y. January 5, 2001), the plaintiff brought a state court action against his employer's long-term disability insurance carrier alleging that the carrier's policy, which limited benefits for \"mental\" disabilities to two years but did not limit benefits for \"physical\" disabilities, violated the anti-discrimination provisions of New York Insurance Law § 4224. ", "The insurer removed the case to federal court, and moved to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) on the basis of ERISA preemption. ", "Recognizing the plaintiff's apparent concession that § 4224 \"relates to\" an employee benefit plan within the meaning of ERISA's preemption clause, the court focused on \"the crux of the parties' dispute,\" i.e., whether the statute \"`regulates insurance' such that it escapes preemption under ERISA's saving clause.\" ", "Id., 2001 WL 15673, at *2. ", "Upon application of the \"common-sense\" and McCarran-Ferguson tests, the court in Natoli found the statute exempt from ERISA preemption under the saving clause. ", "Id. at *3-*5. ", "The court also found no need to reach the plaintiff's alternative argument that his insurance law claim did not come within ERISA's civil enforcement provisions, id. at *5 & n. 3, and neither subject matter jurisdiction nor supplemental jurisdiction to reach the defendant's arguments for dismissal. ", "Id. at *5 & n. 4.", "\nSelby v. Principal Mutual Life Insurance Company, 2000 WL 178191 (S.D.N.Y. February 16, 2000), is apparently the only decision thus far to have considered whether ERISA's saving clause applies to any of the state insurance law provisions sought to be enforced by plaintiff in this case. ", "Selby did not involve removal jurisdiction. ", "Instead, the Selbys brought suit in federal court under both ERISA and the state insurance law after their health insurance company denied coverage for treatment related to Ms. Selby's several miscarriages. ", "Specifically, Count Two of the complaint sought relief pursuant to § 3221(k)(6) of the New York Insurance Law, one of the provisions relied upon by plaintiffs here. ", "The insurer moved to dismiss Count Two on the ground that it was preempted by ERISA. ", "Relying on Metropolitan Life and Franklin H. Williams, and based primarily on the defendant's concession that § 3221(k)(6) is not preempted by ERISA because it falls within the scope of the saving clause, the district court denied the motion to dismiss the state law claim. ", "The court noted in passing, \"without deciding, that § 3221(k)(6) is a law regulating insurance and thus is saved from preemption ... [and] that the statute may also withstand preemption because it may not `relate to' employee benefit *436 plans within the meaning of ERISA's preemption clause.\" ", "Selby, 2000 WL 178191, at *3 n. 6 (citing Trapanotto, 1996 WL 417519, at *5-6).", "\nBased on this precedent, and focusing on \"the crux of the parties' dispute,\" Natoli, 2001 WL 15673, at *2, I find that the state law claims set forth in plaintiff's amended complaint fall within ERISA's saving clause, and are exempt from preemption. ", "First of all, a common-sense reading of the statutory language reveals that the Insurance Law provisions sought to be enforced by plaintiff are clearly and obviously directed toward the insurance industry. ", "Each provision contains a mandatory prohibition against an insurance policy's exclusion of health insurance coverage for diagnosis and treatment of a correctable medical condition solely because the condition results in infertility. ", "As noted in the Selby case, these provisions \"regulate[] the substantive content of benefit plans by requiring coverage for correctable medical conditions that result in infertility if those conditions are otherwise covered by the plan.\" ", "Selby, 2000 WL 178191, at *3 n. 4. ", "Under this straight-forward, \"common-sense\" analysis, the state law relied upon by plaintiff undeniably regulates insurance. ", "See Trapanotto, 1996 WL 417519, at *7 (N.Y. Ins. ", "Law § 3221 \"does not merely have an impact on the insurance industry; it is aimed at it.\") (", "quoting FMC Corp. v. Holliday, 498 U.S. 52, 61, 111 S.Ct. ", "403, 112 L.Ed.2d 356 (1990)).", "\nIn addition, the three McCarran-Ferguson factors are met. ", "First, each Insurance Law provision cited by plaintiff prohibits medical insurance carriers from excluding coverage for certain conditions, thereby increasing the cost of the policy and ultimately having the effect of transferring or spreading the cost — and the risk — among policyholders. ", "Second, since the prohibition is framed in mandatory language, it constitutes \"an integral part of the policy relationship between the insurer and the insured.\" ", "In Metropolitan Life, the Supreme Court held that a statute meets this prong if it \"limit[s] the type of insurance that an insurer may sell to the policyholder.\" ", "471 U.S. at 743, 105 S.Ct. ", "2380. ", "Sections 3216(i)(13), 3221(k)(6) and 4303(s) satisfy this criterion by prohibiting the exclusion of coverage for treatment of a correctable medical condition solely because the condition results in infertility. ", "Third, because these provisions directly regulate the terms of health insurance policies, rather than express a general rule of law, they are \"limited to entities within the insurance industry.\" ", "Cf. ", "Franklin H. Williams, 50 F.3d at 150 (\"At a minimum, there is no clear failure to satisfy any McCarran-Ferguson standard in this case.\"). ", "Finally, defendant has cited \"[no] contrary case authority suggesting that [the state insurance laws relied on by plaintiffs] should not be understood as laws that regulate insurance.\" ", "Metropolitan Life, 471 U.S. at 744, 105 S.Ct. ", "2380.", "\nSeeking to bolster the argument for remand, plaintiffs additionally contend that the group health care plan under which they are covered, maintained for the employees of the Tonawanda City School District, is a \"governmental plan\" as defined at 29 U.S.C. § 1002(32),[6] and exempt from ERISA's coverage pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1003(b)(1).[7] Indeed, this was the holding *437 of United States Magistrate Judge Leslie G. Foshio in Clark v. Group Plan for Employees of North Tonawanda Public Schools, 845 F.Supp. ", "117 (W.D.N.Y. 1994), with respect to a self-insured group health plan formed by the North Tonawanda Public Schools for the benefit of its employees. ", "See id. at 120 (citing Feinstein v. Lewis, 477 F.Supp. ", "1256 (S.D.N.Y. 1979) (employee benefits plans established under collective bargaining agreements between union and school districts, funded entirely by employees, are governmental plans exempted from ERISA), aff'd, 622 F.2d 573 (2d Cir.1980); Lovelace v. Prudential Insurance Company of America, 775 F.Supp. ", "228 (S.D.Ohio 1991) (same for plan covering city public school system employees, even though plan was issued and administered by private insurer); see also Opinion of U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Pension and Welfare Benefit Programs, No. ", "79-83A (November 20, 1979) (Health and Welfare Fund of the Philadelphia Federation of Teachers, which provided health, disability, retirement, and death benefits to employees and their families, held to be a governmental plan within the meaning of ERISA)).", "\nDespite ample opportunity to do so, defendant has not come forward with any explanation as to why the group health care plan maintained for the employees of the Tonawanda City School District should not be subject to the same exemption from ERISA as the plan maintained for the employees of the North Tonawanda Public Schools. ", "Accordingly, based on the authority of Clark v. Group Plan for Employees of North Tonawanda Public Schools and the cases cited therein, I agree that the group health care plan under which the individual plaintiffs are covered is a \"governmental plan\" as defined at 29 U.S.C. § 1002(32), and is exempt from ERISA's coverage pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1003(b)(1).", "\nPlaintiffs also contend their claims are not preempted because Independent Health is not a \"fiduciary\" against whom suit can be brought under ERISA, citing Pegram v. Herdrich, 530 U.S. 211, 120 S.Ct. ", "2143, 147 L.Ed.2d 164 (2000). ", "In light of the court's finding that the claims fall within the saving clause, as well as defendant's concession of this point (see Item 22, p. 3 n. 1), I find it unnecessary to address this contention.", "\nFinally, defendant argues that even if the claims of the named representative plaintiffs are not preempted, the amended complaint makes allegations on behalf of prospective class members that implicate ERISA plans. ", "The same argument was expressly rejected by the court in Berthelot v. Stallworth, 2000 WL 222155 (E.D.La. ", "February 18, 2000), a case cited by both parties. ", "As noted in Berthelot, prior to class certification pursuant to Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 23, the only plaintiff before the court is the representative party. ", "Id. at *2. \"", "Consequently, a court without jurisdiction over the claims of the named party likewise has no jurisdiction over the claims as they pertain to the prospective class\". ", "Id. (citing Board of School Comm'rs of City of Indianapolis v. Jacobs, 420 U.S. 128, 95 S.Ct. ", "848, 43 L.Ed.2d 74 (1975)). ", "As stated in Berthelot, \"[t]he court's ability to assert jurisdiction over potential members of a potential class is irrelevant for purposes of determining whether this court has federal question jurisdiction over this matter ... because none of these individuals with ERISA plans are before the court.\" ", "Id.\n*438 Based on this analysis, I find that plaintiffs' claims are saved from ERISA preemption under 29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(2)(A), and are exempt from ERISA regulation under 29 U.S.C. § 1003(b)(1). ", "Defendant has therefore failed to meet its burden of establishing removal jurisdiction based on a cause of action arising under federal law. ", "Accordingly, the court is without jurisdiction to consider defendant's motion to dismiss, removal was improper, and the entire case must be remanded to state court for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.", "\n\nCONCLUSION\nBased on the foregoing, plaintiffs' motion (Item 2) to remand the case to New York State Supreme Court is granted. ", "The Clerk of the Court is directed to take whatever steps may be necessary to cause the remand, and to close the file. ", "Defendant's cross-motion to dismiss (Item 8) is hereby rendered moot.", "\nSo ordered.", "\nNOTES\n[1] Ordinarily on a motion to remand, the court's determination of removal jurisdiction is confined to a consideration of the claims set forth in the \"well-pleaded\" complaint. ", "See, e.g., Metropolitan Life Ins. ", "Co. v. Taylor, 481 U.S. 58, 63, 107 S.Ct. ", "1542, 95 L.Ed.2d 55 (1987). ", "However, in a case such as this where ERISA preemption is asserted as the basis for removal, the court may \"look beyond the face of the complaint to determine whether a plaintiff has artfully pleaded his suit so as to couch a federal claim in terms of state law.\" ", "Jass v. Prudential Health Care Plan, Inc., 88 F.3d 1482, 1488 (7th Cir.1996); see also 14C Charles A. Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3734 at 370 (in practice, federal courts usually do not limit remand inquiry to face of complaint, but rather consider facts disclosed on record of case as a whole).", "\n[2] An \"employee welfare benefit plan\" governed by ERISA is defined as:\n\nany plan, fund, or program which was heretofore or is hereafter established or maintained by an employer or by an employee organization, or by both, to the extent that such plan, fund, or program was established or is maintained for the purpose of providing for its participants or their beneficiaries, through the purchase of insurance or otherwise, (A) medical, surgical, or hospital care or benefits ....\n29 U.S.C. § 1002(1).", "\n[3] Similarly, N.Y. Ins. ", "Law § 3221(k)(6) provides:\n\n(A) Every group policy issued or delivered in this state which provides coverage for hospital care shall not exclude coverage for hospital care for diagnosis and treatment of correctable medical conditions otherwise covered by the policy solely because the medical condition results in infertility.", "\n(B) Every group policy issued or delivered in this state which provides coverage for surgical and medical care shall not exclude coverage for surgical and medical care for diagnosis and treatment of correctable medical conditions otherwise covered by the policy solely because the medical condition results in infertility.", "\nN.Y. Ins. ", "Law § 4303(s) provides:\n(1) A hospital service corporation or health service corporation which provides coverage for hospital care shall not exclude coverage for hospital care for diagnosis and treatment of correctable medical conditions otherwise covered by the policy solely because the medical condition results in infertility.", "\n(2) A medical expense indemnity or health service corporation which provides coverage for surgical and medical care shall not exclude coverage for surgical and medical care for diagnosis and treatment of correctable medical conditions otherwise covered by the policy solely because the medical condition results in infertility.", "\n[4] Section 1132(a) provides, in pertinent part:\n\nA civil action may be brought ... by a participant or beneficiary ... to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan, to enforce his rights under the terms of the plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits under the terms of the plan ....\n29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B).", "\n[5] At oral argument, plaintiffs cited New York State Conference of Blue Cross & Blue Shield Plans v. Travelers Ins. ", "Co., 514 U.S. 645, 115 S.Ct. ", "1671, 131 L.Ed.2d 695 (1995), and American Drug Stores, Inc. v. Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Inc., 973 F.Supp. ", "60 (D.Mass. ", "1997), as general caselaw support for their contention that the state Insurance Law provisions at issue in this case are not preempted because they do not \"relate to\" employee benefit plans. ", "Because I find that those provisions fall squarely within ERISA's saving clause (as demonstrated in the text infra), and are exempted from preemption even if they also \"relate to\" employee benefit plans, I do not find it necessary to directly address the precedential value of these additional cases cited by plaintiff.", "\n[6] 29 U.S.C. § 1002(32) provides:\n\nThe term \"governmental plan\" means a plan established or maintained for its employees by the Government of the United States, by the government of any State or political subdivision thereof, or by any agency or instrumentality of any of the foregoing.....\n[7] 29 U.S.C. § 1003(b)(1) provides:\n\nThe provisions of [ERISA] shall not apply to any employee benefit plan if ... such plan is a governmental plan (as defined in section 1002(32) of this title) ....\n" ]

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[ "Responses to a novel food acquisition task in three species of lemurs.", "\nIn order to study learning and social processes in lemurs, a food acquisition task was presented to three groups: Lemur macaco, L. fulvus and L. catta. ", "The lid of a box had to be pivoted horizontally in order to expose figs contained therein. ", "Individuals in all three groups learned the task, but they showed only limited comprehension. ", "In L. macaco, two adult females learned, with one female showing increasing aggressive monopolization of the new food-source. ", "In L. fulvus, two adult males learned, and one of them increasingly prevented the other from approaching. ", "In L. catta, the adult female frequently threatened away the most efficient opener - a young adult male. ", "The simultaneous presentation of two boxes led to a more equal distribution of the figs. ", "Social processes revealed in the test situation included female dominance in L. macaco and L. catta, and an intermale dominance relationship in L. fulvus. ", "The experimental situation also highlighted the privileged position of the offspring of the dominant female in L. macaco, reduced competitiveness of females with very young infants in L. fulvus, and a general tolerance towards others in L. fulvus." ]

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{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nAquatic microbial food webs encompass interactions between bacteria, cyanobacteria, phototrophic and heterotrophic protists, and viruses ([@bib4]; [@bib46]; [@bib59]). ", "Models of these food webs generally characterize eukaryotic microbes as either phototrophic (capable of producing energy and fixing carbon for growth using only inorganic compounds and light) or heterotrophic (dependent on the consumption of organic material for nutrition). ", "These characterizations greatly oversimplify trophic interactions because many microbial eukaryotic algae are mixotrophic, capable of using both inorganic and organic forms of carbon and major nutrients ([@bib15]). ", "Although the mixotrophic nature of many algae is now recognized, the impact of this behavior in terms of carbon and nutrient cycling, as well as its ecological significance for the algae that conduct this behavior, is not widely acknowledged or understood. ", "Some attempts have been made to classify mixotrophs in a few conceptual models ([@bib54]; [@bib1]; [@bib30]; [@bib56]), but the importance of mixotrophic organisms to food web structure and function has not yet routinely been entrained into mathematical models of food web dynamics.", "\n\nMixotrophic species exhibit a range of nutritional behaviors. ", "Some species are predominantly phototrophic but supplement photosynthesis with a small amount of heterotrophy, while other species are predominantly heterotrophic and use photosynthesis only for extending survival when prey are scarce ([@bib20], [@bib21]; [@bib42]). ", "Mixed nutrition appears to provide an advantage particularly in oligotrophic ecosystems ([@bib19]; [@bib53]), presumably because nutrients are often limiting to purely phototrophic protists, while strict heterotrophs are limited by prey availability. ", "In contrast, mixotrophic protists may meet their elemental and energy demands through a mixture of photosynthesis and prey ingestion. ", "Yet, mixotrophic algae do not dominate all ecosystems, and therefore mixed nutrition appears to impose tradeoffs that are not well understood ([@bib39]; [@bib50]).", "\n\nMore than 100 mixotrophic species of Chrysophyceae have been described, and sequence-based surveys of natural samples point to potentially larger diversity ([@bib2]; [@bib12]). ", "The group presents interesting model species for investigating mixotrophy due to the wide diversity of nutritional strategies among these species. ", "Some, such as *Uroglena americana*, appear to be primarily autotrophic but require a phospholipid that is obtained via phagocytosis of prey ([@bib22]). ", "A similar case has been reported for *Dinobryon cylindricum*, where phagocytosis might also provide essential growth factors and/or nutrients for photosynthetic growth ([@bib9]). ", "At the other end of the spectrum, species exist that exhibit primarily heterotrophic metabolism where phototrophy appears to be of minor significance ([@bib3]; [@bib8]; [@bib5]; [@bib44]; [@bib16]; [@bib11]; [@bib58]).", "\n\nExperiments with mixotrophic algae have yielded results that outline the overall metabolism of these organisms ([@bib43]; [@bib45]), but most studies have not clearly defined the sources (phototrophy or heterotrophy) of carbon and nutrients in these species. ", "Similarly, recent molecular studies offer insights into the metabolic potential of these algae ([@bib26]; [@bib52]; [@bib27]), but do not specifically quantify the contributions of photosynthesis and heterotrophy to mixotrophic nutrition. ", "Stable isotope probing (SIP) offers a method to address this issue. ", "Combining SIP with high-resolution nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS), researchers have been able to quantify and map elemental and isotopic abundances at 50--100 nm resolution in order to assess the metabolic activities and elemental flow within individual cells ([@bib6]; [@bib17]). ", "The approach has been used to characterize the metabolic potential and anabolic activity in environmental microorganisms ([@bib34]; [@bib33]), including the utilization of different carbon substrates by deep sub-seafloor bacterial cells ([@bib31]), carbon and nitrogen utilization by cyanobacteria ([@bib36]; [@bib13]), the flux of nitrogen within coral symbionts ([@bib24]), the transfer of nitrogen from lysed algae to bacteria ([@bib47]) and the transfer of carbon to bacterial surface symbionts of a large cellulolytic protist symbiont of a lower termite ([@bib10]).", "\n\nHere we apply stable isotope probing and nanoSIMS to an axenic culture of the mixotrophic chrysophyte, *Ochromonas sp*. ", "strain BG-1 ([@bib44]). ", "Incubations were conducted with the alga in the presence of either labeled inorganic substrates or labeled heat-killed bacteria, in order to identify and quantify the sources of carbon and nitrogen utilized by this alga. ", "Given its affinity for bacterial prey ([@bib44]), we hypothesize that this *Ochromonas* strain, in the presence of high bacterial abundances, would acquire an elevated percentage of its carbon and nitrogen requirements through heterotrophy via the ingestion and assimilation of bacteria. ", "Our analysis showed that while defined as a mixotroph, this strain of *Ochromonas* relies primarily on bacterial phagotrophy for both carbon and nitrogen acquisition and that photosynthesis remains a minor aspect of its nutrition.", "\n\nMaterials and methods\n=====================\n\nBacterial isolation and production of heat-killed bacteria\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nHeat-killed bacteria (HKB) were prepared as non-living prey for all experimental work in this study to avoid uptake or release of organic or inorganic substances by bacteria in the axenic culture of the chrysophyte. ", "Bacteria from a bacterized culture of *Ochromonas* BG-1 were streaked on petri dishes with a solid agar medium containing a minimal M9 medium ([@bib29]) using ammonium as the sole source of nitrogen and glucose as the sole source of carbon. ", "Individual colonies were transferred to 25 ml tubes containing the M9 medium (without agar), which were used to inoculate 1.5 l of medium and incubated at 20 °C on a shaker table in order to obtain large numbers of bacteria for the production of HKB. ", "Cultures were grown to stationary phase, and cells were transferred into 200 ml bottles and heat-killed in a water bath at 70 °C for at least 1 h. Cells were transferred into 50 ml sterile Falcon tubes and concentrated by centrifugation using an Allegra 25 R centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, CA, USA) equipped with a TS-5.1-500 swinging bucket rotor (Beckman Coulter) at 5000 r.p.m for 15 min. ", "Supernatant was discarded and cells re-suspended using sterile Milli-Q water by vortexing. ", "Cells were centrifuged and washed at least three times. ", "After the final wash, cells were re-suspended in sterile Milli-Q water, and aliquots were stored frozen in 2 ml Eppendorf tubes until use. ", "The effectiveness of the heat-killing process was verified by inoculating aliquots of the HKB into rich nutrient broth and monitoring for growth.", "\n\nIn order to label bacteria with stable isotopes, the glucose and ammonium in the M9 medium were substituted with [d]{.smallcaps}-glucose-1-^13^C (glucose 4% final concentration, 99 atom % ^13^C, Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St Louis, MO, USA) and ammonium-^15^N chloride (18 m[m]{.smallcaps} final concentration, 98 atom % ^15^N, Sigma-Aaldrich Corp., St Louis, MO, USA). ", "Growth, heat-killing and processing of the labeled bacteria followed the same protocol described above.", "\n\nOchromonas cultures and experimental incubations\n------------------------------------------------\n\nCultures of *Ochromonas* sp. ", "strain BG-1 were maintained axenic and bacteria-free on a modified DY-V recipe: medium was prepared following the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota protocol (see <https://ncma.bigelow.org/algal-recipes>) but without either MES buffer or nitrate, and with the addition of sodium bicarbonate at 95 μ[M]{.smallcaps}; the sole inorganic source of nitrogen in this medium was ammonium chloride at 50 μ[M]{.smallcaps}. ", "Prior to the experimental incubations, an axenic *Ochromonas* culture was supplemented with HKB in order to increase the abundance of *Ochromonas*. ", "The resulting culture was used as the inoculum for the experimental incubations once HKB had been depleted for 2--3 days (4--5 days of growth following inoculation). ", "Three experiments combining different sources of labeled substrates/prey and light conditions were performed:\n\nExperiment 1: *Ochromonas* was grown in triplicate cultures with labeled-inorganic substrates; ammonium-^15^N chloride (98 atom % ^15^N, Sigma-Aldrich Corp.) was added as 50% of the total ammonium (25 μ[M]{.smallcaps} ammonium-^15^N and 25 μ[m]{.smallcaps} ammonium-^14^N) and sodium bicarbonate-^13^C (98 atom % ^13^C, Sigma-Aldrich Corp.) was added as 100% of the total bicarbonate (95 μ[m]{.smallcaps}). ", "A separate set of triplicate control cultures with unlabeled ammonium and bicarbonate was run in parallel. ", "Initial abundances of *Ochromonas* in these cultures were \\~5 × 10^3^ cells ml^−1^. Unlabeled HKB were added at abundances of 5 × 10^7^ HKB ml^−1^ to both sets of triplicate cultures at the time of inoculum with the alga to ensure that prey was initially present at high abundance. ", "Cultures were incubated at 20 °C with constant illumination and constant mixing using a magnetic stirrer to avoid settlement of non-motile HKB. ", "We chose stirring based on preliminary work with other *Ochromonas* strains in the lab that compared constant gentle stirring vs constant gentle shaking. ", "In these preliminary experiments, no significant differences were observed in growth rates between these methods of mixing.", "\n\nExperiment 2: *Ochromonas* was grown in triplicate cultures with ^13^C- and ^15^N-labeled HKB. ", "A separate set of triplicate control cultures with unlabeled HKB was run in parallel. ", "Unlabeled ammonium and bicarbonate were added to the media at the same concentrations as in Experiment 1, and initial abundances of the alga (\\~ 5 × 10^3^ cells ml^−1^) and HKB (\\~ 5 × 10^7^ HKB ml^−1^) were also the same. ", "Cultures were incubated at 20 °C with constant illumination and constant mixing using a magnetic stirrer.", "\n\nExperiment 3: *Ochromonas* was grown in triplicate cultures with ^13^C- and ^15^N-labeled inorganic substrates at the same concentrations previously used, unlabeled HKB at the same starting abundances, and culture conditions exactly as in Experiment 1, except that the incubation was carried out in continuous darkness. ", "A set of control cultures with unlabeled ammonium and bicarbonate was incubated in parallel in continuous darkness.", "\n\nCultures were sampled daily for determinations of HKB and *Ochromonas* abundance and chlorophyll *a* (Chl *a*) concentration. ", "Samples for counts of HKB were preserved with formaldehyde (3.7% final concentration) and stored at 4 °C prior to staining with DAPI using standard methods ([@bib37]). ", "HKB were enumerated using an Olympus BX-51 epifluorescence microscope (Olympus Scientific Solutions Americas, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). ", "Algal densities were determined from 1 ml samples preserved with 50 μl of Lugol's solution and stored at 4 °C until enumeration by light microscopy using a Palmer-Maloney chamber. ", "Chl *a* was measured from 50 ml samples filtered onto 25 mm diameter glass fiber filters (GF/F, Whatman), extracted with 4 ml 100% acetone at −20 °C overnight in the dark, and measured using a non-acidification protocol with a Trilogy Lab fluorometer (Turner Designs, Sunnyvale, CA, USA; [@bib57]).", "\n\nSamples for nutrients (ammonium and soluble reactive phosphate) were collected at the time of inoculation and periodically throughout the course of the experiments. ", "Approximately 15 ml of sample was filtered through a 0.2 μm filter into a clean glass vial that had been previously triple-rinsed with 0.2 μm filtered Milli-Q water then triple-rinsed with 0.2 μm filtered sample water. ", "Duplicate blanks of 0.2 μm filtered Milli-Q water were stored and analyzed for each sampling date. ", "The vials were stored frozen until analysis at the Marine Science Institute Analytical Lab at the University of California Santa Barbara (MSI-UCSB) by flow injection analysis using a QuikChem 8000 (Lachat Instruments Div., ", "Zellweger Analytics, Inc., Hach Company, Loveland, CO, USA).", "\n\nBulk particulate carbon and nitrogen, and ^13^C- and ^15^N-isotopes, were determined from 30--50 ml of the cultures filtered onto pre-combusted glass fiber filters (GF/F, Whatman). ", "Samples were collected at the time of inoculation and when HKB abundance had been reduced three orders of magnitude. ", "Carbon and nitrogen were also measured in 50--150 μl aliquots of the stock suspensions of HKB. ", "Blank filters consisting of 20 ml of 0.2 μm filtered Milli-Q water were also analyzed. ", "Filters were dried at 60 °C. ", "Analysis of CHN was done at the MSI-UCSB using a CEC 440HA (Exeter Analytical; EA) following standard protocols, and an acidification step with HCl to remove inorganic carbon. ", "The C- and N-isotopic composition of the particulate organic matter was determined as CO~2~ and N~2~ released by flash combustion using a Finnigan DELTAplus Advantage in Continuous Flow Mode coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) Costech ECS 4010 Elemental Combustion System.", "\n\nNanoSIMS analysis\n-----------------\n\nNanoSIMS analysis was conducted in order to examine the source of carbon and nitrogen (that is, inorganic vs HKB) incorporated by *Ochromonas*. ", "Sample preparation for nanoSIMS included 2 ml of culture collected at the time of inoculation and at 48 h (the end of rapid growth of *Ochromonas* when bacterial prey had been exhausted). ", "Samples of HKB stocks were also collected. ", "Samples were preserved with 2X EM grade glutaraldehyde (2.5% final concentration) and stored at 4 °C until analysis. ", "Cells were deposited onto silicon wafers (7 × 7 mm, 725 +/−25 μm thick, P-type/Boron 0.028 Ω-cm resistivity; Active Business Company GmbH, Munich Germany), washed with Milli-Q water and air dried. ", "NanoSIMS was performed at the Caltech Microanalysis Center using a Cameca NanoSIMS 50 L instrument. ", "Individual cells were located using the nanoSIMS CCD camera and random areas on the wafer were chosen for analysis. ", "Algal cells were pre-sputtered with a 30 pA primary Cs^+^ beam current for 1 frame (\\~12 min) and then analyzed using a 1 pA primary Cs^+^ beam current with a nominal spot size of 100 nm.", "\n\nFor all analyses, the beam was rastered over a square region of 10 × 10 μm for 12 min per analytical frame. ", "Pre-sputtering was carried out on a larger region of at least 13 × 13 μm to make sure that the analytical frame was fully within the pre-sputtered area. ", "Four masses, ^12^C~2~^−^, ^12^C^13^C^−^, ^12^C^14^N^−^ and ^12^C^15^N^−^, were collected in parallel using electron multipliers. ", "Secondary electrons were also collected during the analysis, providing secondary electron images of the cells. ", "Ion images were recorded at 512 × 512 pixel resolution with a dwell time of 2.5 ms per pixel and at least 4 frames per analysis, which were merged into a single frame during post-processing. ", "A total of 33 *Ochromonas* cells from the end of the rapid growth phase of the alga were analyzed, with a minimum of 4 cells analyzed per treatment. ", "Unlabeled HKB with a known ^15^N and ^13^C composition were measured at the start and end of all nanoSIMS measurements in order to determine the magnitude of instrumental isotope fractionation and drift during the analysis. ", "The average nanoSIMS acquired ^15^N/^14^N and ^13^C/^12^C ratios were then compared and corrected with the elemental analysis-IRMS acquired values for the unlabeled HKB. ", "The offset between the nanoSIMS and the elemental analysis-IRMS resulted in a correction factor of 1.1165 for ^13^C ratios and 1.0724 for ^15^N ratios. ", "^13^C and ^15^N cellular enrichments measured by bulk elemental analysis-IRMS and single-cell nanoSIMS analyses for the HKB were: ^15^N F~HKB~ was 0.779±0.011 (bulk elemental analysis-IRMS) or 0.901±0.001 (nanoSIMS) and ^13^C F~HKB~ was 0.041±0.00003 (bulk elemental analysis-IRMS) or 0.050±0.001 (nanoSIMS). ", "Error values indicate standard errors.", "\n\nThe raw data from ion images were processed using the open-source MATLAB plugin Look\\@NanoSIMS ([@bib35]). ", "Ion images from multiple frames were corrected for dead time and quasi-simultaneous arrival (QSA) effect, accumulated and aligned. ", "Each cell was defined as a region of interest (ROI) using the ^14^N^12^C^−^ image and compared with the corresponding secondary electron image as a guide.", "\n\nCalculations\n------------\n\nThe growth rates of *Ochromonas* were calculated between sampling intervals using the formula:\n\nwhere μ is growth rate, (*Ochromonas*~f~) is the final abundance of *Ochromonas*, (*Ochromonas*~i~) is the initial abundance of *Ochromonas* and T~f~ and T~i~ are the final and initial sampling times in hours, respectively. ", "Ingestion rates were calculated for the alga up to time when bacterial abundances were greatly reduced as in ([@bib44]), using the formula:\n\nwhere I is ingestion rate, Δ (*Ochromonas)* the change in abundance of the alga, and T~f~ and T~i~ are the final and initial sampling times in hours, respectively.", "\n\nMolar concentrations of nitrogen in HKB were calculated from CHN values of known abundances of HKB. ", "Molar concentrations of nitrogen in *Ochromonas* were calculated from CHN values of known abundances of the alga in the inoculum at time 0, and at successive time points. ", "Molar concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen were obtained from ammonia concentrations in the cultures. ", "Nitrogen molar concentrations associated with both HKB and *Ochromonas* biomass at the time of inoculum and when HKB were grazed to very low abundances (after 48 h, at which time nitrogen associated with HKB was negligible), were used to calculate grazing assimilation efficiency.", "\n\nFor nanoSIMS, all ion ratios were converted to fractional abundance using the relationship F~sample~=R~sample~/1+R~sample~, where F is the fractional abundance and R is the ratio of either ^13^C/^12^C or ^15^N/^14^N. The carbon isotope data were collected using the molecular ions ^13^C^12^C- and ^12^C~2~- and to accurately calculate the ^13^C fractional abundance from our raw ion counts, the R~sample~ was multiplied by 0.5.", "\n\nFinally, to determine the sources responsible for the isotopic enrichment in *Ochromonas* cells (*f*~HKB~ or *f*~Inorg.)~, the following isotope mass balance was used for both carbon and nitrogen calculations:\n\nassuming that:\n\nwhere F~*Ochromonas*~ is the ^13^C or ^15^N fractional abundance for the alga, F~HKB~ is the ^13^C or ^15^N fractional abundance for the heat-killed bacteria, and F~Inorg~ is the ^13^C or ^15^N fractional abundance of the inorganic substrate. ", "Nitrogen F~Inorg~ was assumed to be either 0.49 for treatments with ^15^N-ammonium chloride (based on molar additions), or 0.00367 for non-labeled treatments (based on natural abundance); Carbon F~Inorg~ was assumed to be 0.98 for treatments with ^13^C-bicarbonate or 0.0109 for non-labeled treatments. ", "Using equations [(iii)](#equ3){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} and [(iv)](#equ4){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} we solved for *f*~HKB~ (the fraction of HKB) and *f*~Inorg~ (the fraction of inorganic nitrogen or carbon) in the different experimental treatments.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nGrowth of Ochromonas sp. ", "strain BG-1\n------------------------------------\n\nInitial abundances of *Ochromonas* in all experimental incubations ranged from 5 × 10^3^ to 1.2 × 10^4^ *Ochromonas* cells ml^−1^. Rapid growth of *Ochromonas* lasted \\~2 days ([Figure 1a](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The growth rate throughout this entire growth phase ranged from 1.7 to 2.0 day^−1^ ([Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}), and cell abundances increased 30- to 60-fold ([Figure 1a](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "HKB abundances decreased 3 orders of magnitude during this period of rapid algal growth, from the average inoculum of 5 × 10^7^ HKB ml^−1^ to an average value of 9 × 10^4^ HKB ml^−1^ after 48 h of algal grazing ([Figure 1b](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "HKB abundances were too low to be counted confidently after 100 h of incubation. ", "Although algal abundance increased many-fold in the first 48 h, total Chl *a* increased only 1.4- to 3-fold for algae incubated in the light ([Figure 1c](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), effectively resulting in decreases in the chlorophyll concentration alga^−1^ in all treatments ([Figure 1d](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Ammonium and phosphate during this period showed no net removal, but rather accumulated substantially in the medium during the first 48 h of the experiments ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Blank measurements of 0.2-μm filtered Milli-Q water were consistently two orders of magnitude lower than culture samples, or below the detection limit.", "\n\n*Ochromonas* abundances in cultures incubated in the light did not increase significantly beyond the first 48 h of incubation ([Figure 1a](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Nevertheless, total Chl *a* concentrations continued to increase in those cultures after 48 h, resulting in increases in chlorophyll content cell^−1^ ([Figures 1c and d](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Concurrently, ammonium concentrations decreased in cultures receiving light following 48 h of rapid algal growth, although phosphate concentrations continued to increase ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Cultures incubated in continuous darkness exhibited low total Chl *a* concentrations throughout the entire experiment, as well as very low cellular Chl content (dotted lines in [Figures 1c and d](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Both ammonium and phosphate concentrations continued to increase throughout the experiment in *Ochromonas* cultures incubated in continuous darkness ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nConsumption of HKB by *Ochromonas* averaged 15 bacteria cell^−1^ h^−1^ through the 2 days of rapid growth of the alga ([Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Ingestion rates were higher for the first 24 h, with values up to 50 bacteria cell^−1^ h^−1^. *Ochromonas* reduced HKB abundances three orders of magnitude after 2 days, to less than 10^5^ HKB ml^−1^. A grazing efficiency for nitrogen by the alga was estimated from algal and bacterial abundance measurements and the molar concentrations of nitrogen contained in HKB and *Ochromonas*. ", "On the basis of those estimates, \\~50% of nitrogen contained in HKB was assimilated by *Ochromonas* when grown in the light; cultures that were grown in the dark presented a slightly lower nitrogen transfer efficiency, with up to 30% of nitrogen in HKB assimilated by *Ochromonas* ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nStable isotope analysis\n-----------------------\n\nIncubations were carried out with either labeled inorganic nitrogen and carbon (as ^15^N-ammonium chloride and ^13^C-bicarbonate) or labeled heat-killed bacteria (HKB; previously grown on labeled substrates; ^15^N-ammonium and ^13^C-glucose) in order to determine the sources of nitrogen and carbon incorporated by *Ochromonas.* ", "Isotopic ratios measured by nanoSIMS were consistent both within single cells and between cells within the same treatment. ", "The error associated with repeated measures of the same cell (measured as a Poisson error) was always at least 2 orders of magnitude lower than the measured isotopic fractionation. ", "For cells within the same treatment, the standard error was at least 1 order of magnitude lower than their average isotopic ratio. ", "At the end of the period of rapid growth, all three experiments presented a significantly higher fractional abundance of both ^15^N and ^13^C in replicates incubated with an enriched isotopic substrate compared to the control replicates (ANOVA, for each treatment and isotope *P*\\<0.01). *", "Ochromonas* was most enriched in the incubations with labeled HKB (fractional abundance for ^15^N=0.793±0.007, ^13^C=0.044±0.001; [Figures 4a and b](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) followed by the incubations amended with ^15^N-ammonium and ^13^C-bicarbonate in the light (fractional abundance for ^15^N=0.028±0.003, ^13^C=0.017±0.001; [Figures 4a and b](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The experiment performed with labeled inorganic substrates in the dark yielded low values (fractional abundance for ^15^N=0.012±0.0004, ^13^C=0.012±0.0001; [Figures 4a and b](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nThere was good agreement between nanoSIMS and bulk elemental analysis-IRMS measurements showing the same trends in enrichment ([Figures 4c and d](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), although there was a somewhat greater offset between these measurements for samples that were highly enriched, particularly for ^13^C carbon. ", "Additional bulk elemental analysis-IRMS measurements were collected after 48 h, at time points beyond the period of rapid growth of the alga when HKB had been reduced to insignificant abundances. ", "These measurements revealed a decrease in F for ^13^C in the treatments with labeled HKB (Experiment 2 in [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}), while the treatments with labeled inorganic nitrogen and carbon in the light exhibited a slight increase in fractional ^15^N (Experiment 1 in [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Fractional abundances for the culture incubated in continuous darkness did not show significant changes after the depletion of HKB (Experiment 3 in [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nWe used the stable isotope mass balance calculations (iii) and (iv) described in the Material and Methods in order to determine the relative contributions of either organic or inorganic nitrogen and carbon sources during mixotrophic growth of *Ochromonas*. ", "The nanoSIMS measurements of ^15^N and ^13^C enrichment of algal cells recovered from the different incubation conditions revealed that most of the nitrogen and carbon assimilated by *Ochromonas* was derived through bacterivory of the HKB, rather than CO~2~ fixation and ammonium assimilation. ", "The results of Experiment 1 (incubated in light) and Experiment 3 (incubated in continuous darkness) using heavy isotope-labeled inorganics and unlabeled HKB indicated that 95 or 98% of algal nitrogen, and 99.4 or 99.9% of algal carbon, respectively, was derived from HKB. ", "Experiment 2, using heavy isotope-enriched bacteria and incubated in the light, yielded slightly lower values of incorporation of nitrogen (88%) and carbon (84%) from HKB, but bacteria were still the major source of nitrogen and carbon in all experiments.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nGrowth and nutrient dynamics of Ochromonas sp., ", "strain BG-1\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nPhagotrophy by phototrophic flagellates is believed to confer significant ecological advantages on algae that exhibit the behavior ([@bib14]), but there also appear to be limitations (although largely uncharacterized) for conducting mixed nutrition simultaneously in a single cell ([@bib39]). ", "These constraints may involve costs or tradeoffs for maintaining dual cellular machineries (compared to specialized competitors), or perhaps cross-talk between anabolic and catabolic biochemical pathways that confound the performance of both activities simultaneously. ", "Unfortunately, there is virtually no quantitative information on the costs and benefits of mixotrophic behaviour, nor whether both processes are carried out sequentially or simultaneously by these species. ", "Temporal partitioning might be a mechanism for maintaining both abilities in minute cells (albeit putting one process 'on hold' at any given time). ", "Assessing whether both behaviors are occurring simultaneously, the specific physiological benefit(s) for heterotrophic nutrition in mixotrophic algae, and the responsiveness of this behavior to abiotic and biotic variables are aspects of mixotrophic nutrition that have been difficult to establish using traditional approaches and methods.", "\n\nWe studied the mixotrophic chrysophyte *Ochromonas* sp. ", "strain BG-1 because it can be grown in axenic culture (bacteria-free) and it has been previously reported to be a predominantly heterotrophic organism that attains high growth rates only in the presence of bacteria ([@bib44]). ", "Growth in axenic culture prevented potentially complicating biological interactions and elemental flows resulting from the activities of other living microorganisms in the cultures, thereby enabling a comparison between nanoSIMS and bulk IRMS measurements and a better understanding of the specific sources of carbon and nitrogen used for growth by the alga.", "\n\nAdditionally, the use of a single inorganic source of nitrogen simplified our experimental design so that the only sources of nitrogen in the medium were ammonium or HKB. ", "Algae generally possess mechanisms for the uptake and assimilation of both ammonium and nitrate, but transcriptomic data indicate that some chrysophytes, including *Ochromonas* sp. ", "strain BG-1, might be missing the genetic capability for nitrate assimilation ([@bib52]; [@bib25]). ", "Furthermore, MES buffer was not added to the medium in our experiments because this might have provided an alternative source of nitrogen. ", "MES might also have constituted a source of organic carbon for the alga ([@bib44]), and its elimination ensured that the only sources of carbon in the medium were either bicarbonate or HKB. ", "Transcriptomic analysis from experiments carried out in the same way as the ones presented in this manuscript show that the photosynthetic machinery of *Ochromonas* sp. ", "strain BG-1 is expressed and upregulated in the presence of light ([@bib25]). ", "This simplified approach, combined with stable isotope labeling, allowed us to determine which source(s) of nitrogen and carbon were used for growth by the alga.", "\n\nSignificant growth rates of *Ochromonas* in the present study were achieved only while HKB were abundant as prey ([Figure 1a](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Chl *a* dynamics in the culture also reflected the high growth rates due to grazing on HKB, as the concentration of Chl *a* cell^−1^ decreased by one order of magnitude during the first 48 h of incubation for cultures grown in the light as well as in continuous darkness ([Figure 1d](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These changes in cellular chlorophyll might be related to a dilution of Chl *a* inside the cells due to the high growth rates of the alga ([@bib18]), so that the reduction of Chl *a* cell^−1^ was a consequence of fast growing rates of the alga and not a direct reduction of chlorophyll biosynthesis rate. ", "Nevertheless, it is also possible that there was some regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis when HKB were present as transcriptomic analysis on this alga suggests upregulation of genes related to chlorophyll synthesis in the presence of light when HKB were depleted ([@bib25]). ", "In any case, these observations are in agreement with previous studies of *Ochromonas* ([@bib38]; [@bib44]) that observed a well-developed heterotrophic capability, suggesting that carbon fixation and perhaps other cellular structures and processes involved in photosynthesis are reduced when growing mixotrophically, as observed for some other algae ([@bib55]).", "\n\nDissolved ammonium, as well as phosphate, accumulated in the *Ochromonas* cultures during the first 48 h of the experiments, when HKB were actively grazed ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This result indicates that excess nitrogen and phosphorous from grazed HKB were excreted by the alga. ", "Mass balance calculations based on changes in prey/algal abundances and their cellular nitrogen contents indicated that up to 50% of the nitrogen contained in consumed HKB was assimilated by the alga, while a considerable amount of the excess nitrogen was released primarily as ammonium during the period of active bacterial grazing ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These values for nitrogen assimilation (and excretion) are consistent with assimilation efficiencies of heterotrophic protists of similar size ([@bib51]; [@bib7]), consistent with the conclusion that *Ochromonas* was growing predominantly as a heterotroph when prey were abundant. ", "Further, transcriptomic analyses have demonstrated that different ammonium transporters are expressed by *Ochromonas* sp. ", "strain BG-1 growing on HKB compared to growth after bacteria have been grazed to very low abundances ([@bib25]). ", "It therefore appears that transporters for the export of ammonium out of the cell may be different than those used for ammonium uptake, as has been observed for other organisms ([@bib48]).", "\n\nInterestingly, concentrations of ammonium, but not phosphate, decreased in the medium once the HKB had been removed by grazing (that is, after 48 h; [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) when *Ochromonas* was grown in the light. ", "This result appears to indicate that the alga actively took up ammonium (but not phosphate) from the medium when bacteria were no longer available and photosynthesis was induced ([Figure 1d](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In contrast, both ammonium and phosphate in the cultures grown in the dark continued to rise throughout the experiment (dotted lines in [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "No significant net algal population growth occurred following depletion of prey even in the light, and the explanation for the dichotomy in the uptake of these two elements is unclear. ", "We speculate that ammonium was taken up because it was specifically required for rebuilding the photosynthetic machinery of the cell.", "\n\nThe continued appearance of phosphate in the culture medium during the later part of the experiments contrasts with studies of some other *Ochromonas* species that have reported an uptake of phosphate when the alga is growing autotrophically ([@bib41]). ", "The lack of phosphate uptake by strain BG-1 might indicate that this *Ochromonas* was incapable of effective phosphate uptake (which might also explain, in part, the poor phototrophic growth capacity of this strain), or that phosphorus was not needed in significant amounts for cellular reorganization associated with the change to phototrophic growth, and therefore uptake was not stimulated by the change to phototrophy. ", "It is unlikely that the continued increases in the concentration of phosphate were due to the decomposition of dissolved organic phosphorus compounds in the medium because the cultures had no live bacteria.", "\n\nInferences from stable isotope probing experiments\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nStable isotope analysis (nanoSIMS and bulk elemental analysis-IRMS) revealed that both inorganic (^13^C-bicarbonate and ^15^N-ammonium) substrates and ^13^C/^15^N-labeled HKB were assimilated by *Ochromonas*, contributing to ^15^N and ^13^C cellular enrichment after 48 h of incubation ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, the magnitude of enrichment from inorganic substrates or HKB indicated that, during mixotrophic growth, the primary sources of carbon and nitrogen were derived from phagotrophy. ", "Isotopic mass balance indicated that 88--95% of the nitrogen and 84--99% of the carbon were derived from HKB when *Ochromonas* was growing mixotrophically in the light. ", "An enrichment of ^13^C was observed in algae grown in the light compared to the dark (Experiment 1 vs Experiment 3) when ^13^C-bicarbonate was available ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, the calculated contribution of photosynthetic carbon fixation was only 1--10% of the carbon assimilated into biomass. ", "The greater efficiency of nitrogen incorporation from prey observed in the light relative to continuous darkness ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}; Experiments 1, 2 vs Experiment 3) suggests that light played a role, albeit a minor one, in phagotrophic efficiency of the alga. ", "Therefore, despite putative reductions in the photosynthetic machinery of *Ochromonas* growing phagotrophically on HKB (as evidenced by low cell quotas of Chl *a*; [Figure 1d](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), light did have a minor and positive impact on algal nutrition. ", "Because the amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis represented a small fraction of carbon assimilated by the alga when growing on HKB, we speculate that the photosynthetic apparatus might be providing energy rather than carbon for cellular material, as it has been hypothesized for *Ochromonas danica* ([@bib58]).", "\n\nOur isotopic mass balance calculations have two caveats. ", "First, we did not control the pH evolution within the cultures, which would have given better insights on the carbonate equilibrium that might have been affected by respiration and carbon fixation, and exchange with the atmosphere. ", "As such, our estimate based on the experiments using labeled inorganic carbon might have underestimated the amount of inorganic carbon fixed by *Ochromonas* sp. ", "BG-1 (1% according to the isotopic mass balance). ", "In any case, the experiment using labeled HKB should not have been affected by this caveat, and the estimate of 10% of carbon derived from inorganic substrate is likely realistic. ", "Second, *Ochromonas* is considered an inefficient carbon fixer due to missing carbon concentration mechanisms ([@bib28]) that increase CO~2~ concentration via the transport of CO~2~ and/or bicarbonate to the RubisCO enzyme ([@bib40]). ", "On the other hand, transcriptomic analysis have shown that the photosynthetic machinery of strain BG-1 is functional ([@bib25]), and our experiments using labelled bicarbonate showed a significant enrichment of the ^13^C fractional abundance in *Ochromonas* ([Figures 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}); therefore, *Ochromonas* sp. ", "strain BG-1 has some capability to use inorganic carbon, albeit inefficiently.", "\n\nNevertheless, the strong heterotrophic activity of *Ochromonas* while growing mixotrophically is likely to increase the intracellular CO~2~ pool as well as its flux. ", "As a rule of thumb, it is considered that heterotrophic protists assimilate 40% of ingested organic matter, while they release 30% and respire another 30% ([@bib49]). ", "Based on this, the total amount of carbon released by *Ochromonas* as CO~2~ during exponential growth could be as high as the total bicarbonate added at the beginning of the incubation, which has consequences for the isotopic mass balance we have presented. ", "If we assume that the isotopically enriched CO~2~ derived from the HKB respiration is available at the same levels as the dissolved inorganic carbon, the incubation performed with *Ochromonas* and labeled HKB indicated that \\~84% of carbon was derived from the HKB. ", "Up to 20% of the assimilated carbon derived from HKB could actually correspond to carbon that was initially respired and then fixed by *Ochromonas*. ", "If correct, respiration derived from the phagotrophic activity would act as a carbon concentration mechanism of sorts for this *Ochromonas*. ", "While the primary source of carbon for *Ochromonas* growing mixotrophically was derived from HKB, a non-negligible amount might have been derived from the respiration and then CO~2~ fixation of the bacterial biomass.", "\n\n*Ochromonas* shifted its metabolism towards autotrophy when incubated in the light, but only after it had depleted the HKB in the cultures (≈ 48 h of growth). ", "This shift was reflected in the bulk IRMS ^13^C fractional abundance for the treatment using labeled HKB where a reduction was observed between 48 h and 145 h (Experiment 2 in [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}), indicative of the incorporation of unlabeled carbon into algal biomass via light processes. ", "Chrysophytes are generally considered poor autotrophic carbon fixers due to poor carbon concentration mechanisms ([@bib28]). ", "Nonetheless, these results indicate that there was a significant level of inorganic carbon assimilation. ", "A comparison of cultures grown in the light (Experiment 1 in [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and continuous darkness (Experiment 3 in [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) revealed that the ^15^N fractional abundance of the dark cultures did not change after 95 h while cultures in the light continued to enrich in ^15^N, indicating that *Ochromonas* continued to assimilate nitrogen to maintain its metabolism once HKB were depleted. ", "These results were consistent with observed decreases in the concentration of ammonium in the medium during this time period ([Figure 3a](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), although the continued appearance of phosphate in the medium during this period is unexplained.", "\n\nWe obtained good overall agreement between the bulk isotope measurements and nanoSIMS measurements for nitrogen, consistent with observations in previous studies ([@bib36]; [@bib34]; [@bib23]; [Figure 4c](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, the bulk measurements were somewhat lower in terms of fractional abundance values for carbon, particularly for highly enriched samples ([Figure 4d](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We speculate that the differences between nanoSIMS and the bulk isotope measurements for carbon may be related to the fact that nanoSIMS samples were preserved with glutaraldehyde, whereas the samples for bulk analysis were not. ", "Fixation has been shown to influence cellular carbon ([@bib32]), although we might have expected this to dilute the ^13^C in the nanoSIMS measurements relative to the bulk values. ", "A more likely explanation is that the single-cell measurements are not influenced by cellular debris in the culture that may be less enriched. ", "The bulk ^13^C value may be diluted by these components relative to the nanoSIMS measurements, implying that the nanoSIMS data may more accurately reflect carbon and nitrogen uptake by the algae. ", "However, cell to cell variability may also have contributed to the minor differences between the bulk and nanoSIMS measurements.", "\n\nThe use of nanoSIMS in this study represents its first application towards the study of carbon and nutrient fluxes in a mixotrophic alga, and has enabled a better understanding of carbon and energy acquisition by this species, and cellular metabolism. ", "Our findings expand information available from traditional analyses of *Ochromonas* sp. ", "strain BG-1 grown under various conditions of light and prey availability ([@bib44]), confirming that most of the nitrogen and carbon used for growth are obtained through its bacterial prey. ", "Although the results cannot be directly extrapolated to all species along the continuum of algae with different mixotrophic strategies, our work validates the use of stable isotope probing experiments and nanoSIMS to better understand the metabolic underpinnings of mixotrophy in one species. ", "Moreover, it provides an approach for assessing mixotrophic nutrition in environmental samples. *", "Ochromonas* sp. ", "strain BG-1 provided an ideal model system for comparing bulk isotope analysis to nanoSIMS because bacteria were quickly removed by grazing within the first 48 h of the experiments. ", "The agreement between these two measurements demonstrates that nanoSIMS accurately captured the dynamics of carbon and nutrient acquisition in this mixotroph, and could therefore be more broadly applied to explore mixotrophy in complex mixed communities where bulk measures would be insufficient to capture these dynamics. ", "This and future detailed studies will continue to yield improvements in our understanding of the nutrition of mixotrophic algae.", "\n\nThis collaborative research was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through Grant GBMF3299 to DAC and KBH at USC, and Grant (GBMF3780) to VJO at California Institute of Technology.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n\n{#fig1}\n\n![", "Ammonium and phosphate concentrations (μ[M]{.smallcaps}) in three experiments with *Ochromonas* grown with heat-killed bacteria (HKB) and inorganic nutrients. ", "Averages and standard errors for three replicates are represented. ", "Solid lines represent cultures incubated in 24 h light regimes, dotted lines cultures in continuous darkness. ", "Circles represent cultures incubated with stable isotope labeled HKB and non-labeled inorganics, triangles indicate cultures with stable isotope labeled inorganics and non-labeled HKB, and squares are control cultures grown with both unlabeled inorganics and unlabeled HKB.](ismej201768f2){#fig2}\n\n![", "Nitrogen mass balance for the three different experiments with *Ochromonas*. ", "All nitrogen at the beginning of the experiments was either present as organic nitrogen (associated with *Ochromonas* or HKB) or inorganic nitrogen in the medium (ammonium). ", "Nitrogen associated with *Ochromonas* or the inoculum of HKB was calculated from CHN analysis of the two populations and cell abundances in the cultures, with values transformed to μ[M]{.smallcaps}. ", "Dissolved ammonium was measured and transformed to μ[M]{.smallcaps} concentrations. ", "After \\~48 h of incubation, virtually all HKB were consumed by *Ochromonas*, and the nitrogen contained within HKB was assimilated into cells (area of column with dots at time 48 h) or released into the medium. ", "Arrows represent an estimate of the percentage of nitrogen associated with HKB at time 0 and assimilated by *Ochromonas* at time 48 h, assuming that the excess nitrogen was released as ammonium.](ismej201768f3){#fig3}\n\n{#fig4}\n\n{#fig5}\n\n###### Growth rates and ingestion rates of *Ochromonas* in three different experiments\n\n   *Experiment 1* *Experiment 2* *Experiment 3* \n ------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ------------ ------------ ------------\n Light Yes Yes Yes Yes No No\n Label None Inorganics None HKB None Inorganics\n Growth rate 0--48 h (μ, per day) 1.74±0.08 1.72±0.04 2.04±0.04 1.99±0.12 1.76±0.38 1.93±0.10\n Growth rate 48--148 h (μ, per day) 0.01±0.04 −0.01±0.05 -0.01±0.03 −0.01±0.03 −0.04±0.03 −0.07±0.09\n Ingestion rate (HKB per alga per h) 13.90±0.48 13.06±1.99 19.99±3.10 16.87±3.63 16.02±1.71 15.00±1.35\n\nEach experiment had triplicate unlabeled controls and triplicate labeled cultures. ", "Labels for the inorganic constituents were ^13^C-bicarbonate and ^15^N-ammonium. ", "Growth rates for the alga during the first 48 h of incubation (0--48 h) and after HKB were depleted (48--148 h) are presented; ingestion rates are presented for the initial 48 h period as no ingestion was observed after HKB were depleted. ", "HKB stands for heat-killed bacteria.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Bioactive compounds in human milk and intestinal health and maturity in preterm newborn: an overview.", "\nPremature births are increasing worldwide (about 15 millions per year) due to several reasons (an advanced maternal age, fertility treatments, stress, smoking, nutritional deficiencies) and lead to a high societal overall cost. ", "Among neonatal care procedures, the clinical nutrition practices are essential to promote the development and to minimize the sequelae. ", "Premature newborns are at major risk of death by infections due to the immaturity of their intestine. ", "Human milk provides not only nutrients but also a plethora of biologically active components that are tailored to contribute to the development of the intestinal tract early in postnatal life. ", "Among them, some bioactive molecules exhibit trophic effects (LC—PUFA, sphingomyelin, IGF—I and IGF—II, EGF, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, lactoferrin, lactadherin, probiotics, prebiotics, miRNA) or are part of the intestinal cell membranes (PUFA, LC—PUFA, phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol), others educate the intestine for innate microbial recognition (sCD14, sTLR—2, miRNA), many of them display direct fighting against pathogens (some fatty acids and monoglycerides, some phospholipids and sphingolipids, BSSL, insulin, lactoferrin, sIgAs, MUC—1, lactadherin, probiotics, prebiotics), or contribute to establish the gut microbiota (LC—PUFA, lactoferrin, probiotics, prebiotics). ", "A synergetic action exists between several bioactive molecules. ", "All together these precious agents regulate the maturation of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and might program early in postnatal life the future adult intestinal health. ", "This review lists the main bioactive compounds and addresses their plausible roles and mechanisms of action." ]

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[ "After-turkey musical helpings; shopping with aloha\n\nWhat better way to wind down from holiday stress than listening to Hawaiian music? ", "If you’re not ready to load your MP3 and CD players with Hawaiian Christmas music (the subject of today’s Aloha Friday column), the Union Room at San Francisco’s Biscuit and Blues is serving up nonseasonal slack-key guitar and ‘ukulele music tonight and tomorrow.", "\n\nIn case you missed the previous alert, tonight’s 8pm show features slack-key guitarists and composers Jim Kimo West from Southern California and the East Bay’s Patrick Landeza; tickets are $8. ", "The Saturday night concert showcases ‘uke master Hiram Bell; tickets are $5.", "\n\nBut if you’d rather hit the sales, Aloha Warehouse in Japantown sent a Facebook alert out today that all in stock clothing is 25 percent off, and there’s a free gift with a purchase of $25 or more. ", "And speaking of music, the store also has the brand-new Nā Palapalai CD “Nanea” in stock now.", "\n\nNormally I’d try to post more info on local Hawaiiana for the Friday Hawai’i Insider, but having followed the islands’ maxim — eat till you’re tired, not just till you’re full — we’ll leave it at that. ", "Mahalo nui loa to all the readers who’ve written me over the first year of this blog with such kind remarks and mahalo too to those who’ve challenged my thinking. ", "Sharing your aloha for Hawai’i is always welcome!" ]

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[ "UFOs and Related Subjects\n\nSt Catharines, ON July 2nd 2011 9:45pm\n\n\"On July 2, 2011, at 9:45pm,, saw a red flash of light in backyard, ran outside to see what it was, it was a red flying object in the sky, my daughter and husband saw it too, we think it was a UFO,, it was moving back and forth, and then it just flew higher into the sky and vanished,,,,,,,it was not a plane, or fireworks, and it did not have any sound......If you think you know what it was let me know.....\"\n\nand another potential witness writes:\n\n\"It started as a very bright orange, not a plane because it didnt have any flashing lights, it was also ornge not white, not a firework because it didnt die down, it just moved through the sky till it was a little dt the the clouds covered it up, Very interesting sight.\"", "\n\nOur thanks goes out to the witnesses for sharing these experiences with us. ", "If you have seen something similar, can add further information to these reports, or have experienced something that you believe may be a UFO in the province of Ontario, Canada please contact us at This email address is being protected from spambots. ", "You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ", "or fill out our reporting form Your privacy will be protected and confidentiality is assured." ]

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[ "Acquired type II von Willebrand's disease associated with adrenal cortical carcinoma.", "\nA case of acquired von Willebrand's disease (AvWD) associated with an adrenal cortical carcinoma is reported. ", "The circulating highest molecular weight multimers (HMWM) of von Willebrand factor (vWF) were decreased when assessed by SDS-agarose plasma electrophoresis, leading to the diagnosis of type II AvWD. ", "No forms of inhibitor could be detected in the plasma of the patient. ", "In contrast, indirect immunoperoxidase studies with a monoclonal antibody to vWF demonstrated an absorption of vWF into malignant cells. ", "Infusion of a vWF-FVIII concentrate, containing significant amounts of HMWM of vWF, allowed surgical resection of the tumour. ", "After the first infusion of the concentrate, the vWF-RCo recovery was found to be low (38%) compared to the vWF:Ag (75%) and FVIII:C (163%) recoveries. ", "The resolution of all biological signs of vWD, including the abnormal multimeric pattern, in the post-operative period was prompt and permanent. ", "Therefore, the absorption of the HMWM of vWF by carcinomatous cells appears to represent a likely pathophysiological mechanism responsible for the AvWD syndrome in this patient." ]

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[ "Leave as is in Sitara.", "\n\n\n\n\nTom Acton@ENRON\n04/14/2000 08:27 AM\nTo: Daren J Farmer/HOU/ECT@ECT, Vance L Taylor/HOU/ECT@ECT\ncc: Lisa Hesse/HOU/ECT@ECT \nSubject: Well head\n\nThis must be change day, Shoreline would like to change meter 6886 from 490 \nto 220. ", " Daily meter actual show it's been running 398 on the 1st and 2nd \nand 6 mmbtu on the 3rd. ", " looks like it may be falling down. ", " Let me know \nDaren thanks." ]

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[ "\nCarnegie Mellon Bio-Inkjet Printer Creates Muscle and Bone - Flemlord\nhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4205063.html\n======\npmichaud\nOnce this matures it'll be incredible. ", "I spent my childhood having various\nparts removed and replaced elsewhere on my body, to questionable effect. ", "To be\nable to grow custom parts at will is huge.", "\n\n~~~\nsteveklabnik\nYeah. ", "It's too bad this article is 3 years old, and while the tech has gotten\nbetter since then, we're still not just printing livers instead of looking for\norgan donors.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Hello there, I'm a newbie here, just run PI/PO on my Pioneer 106D on various media, can anybody give an explanation about what is PI/PO and which is the optimal values?", "\n\nI'll post some picutures tomorrow.", "\n\nso what's the exact meaning of PI total, PI peak? ", "Which of the following media is better? ", "It seems to me that the NEC drive produce more errors, maybe it is because of the higher(8x) speed compare to pioneer's 4x?" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRotating password with PBKDF2\n\nCrypto is hard. ", "Thank you for helping me learn.", "\nMy encryption scheme currently looks like this:\n\nSalt is stored out in the open\nSecret is the user's password, known only to them\nEncKey||AuthKey = PBKDF2(Secret, Salt, n) where n = lots\nMy encrypted payload consists of IV||Ciphertext||HMAC\n\nIV = secure random bytes, unique to each payload\nCiphertext = AES-256 CBC(EncKey, IV, Plaintext)\nHMAC = HMAC-SHA1(AuthKey, IV||Ciphertext)\n\nNow, I want to change Secret. ", " As it stands, this will make all of my already encrypted data unreadable. ", " So, I want to keep the same EncKey.", "\nWill the following be a secure scheme?", "\n\nEncKey||AuthKey = secure random bytes, chosen once ever\nPwdEncKey||PwdAuthKey = PBKDF2(Secret, Salt, n)\nEncKey and AuthKey are encrypted as above, but using the PwdEncKey and PwdAuthKey\nEverything else is encrypted and signed with EncKey and AuthKey\n\nTo rotate my password, I can then decrypt the payload which has EncKey and AuthKey (which now never change) and re-encrypt it with the newly derived PwdEncKey and PwdAuthKey.", "\nDoes it weaken my security having EncKey and AuthKey stored in an encrypted blob alongside the data which they are encrypting? ", " Is there a smarter way to do this?", "\n\nA:\n\nNo, wrapping the data key set seems a good idea to me. ", "It's pretty standard and should even work with e.g. hardware modules.", "\nNote that your old ciphertext would still rely on the security of your old secret (password) when you choose this scheme! ", "If $Enckey$ is ever guessed it can be confirmed by decrypting (the first part of) your ciphertext.", "\n\nThere is a more efficient way: you can simply calculate the difference on bit level using XOR between the keys calculated from your old and new secret. ", "Then store that difference with the ciphertext. ", "So retrieve the old key simply XOR with your newly created key to retrieve the older key.", "\nThis is more efficient CPU-wise and may require fewer bits (if CBC padding is used). ", "I'd still go for your current scheme though. ", "The XOR method is less flexible and will expose your new master key if any of the data keys is ever leaked.", "\n\nNotes:\n\nI would not request too much output from PBKDF2, rather use another KBKDF such as HKDF to split off multiple keys from the derived key;\nPBKDF2 requires an iteration count (work factor) as configuration parameter, which seems to be missing;\nHMAC can be configured to use SHA-1, but it isn't SHA-1 and SHA-1 doesn't take two input parameters;\nyou could consider using SIV to encrypt your keys, in that case you don't need a second authentication key or IV;\nyou might consider storing a random salt with the ciphertext;\na fully random data key set for each separate encryption is more secure;\naddition 1: if you do not use an IV when encrypting the keys then it is easy to spot which ciphertext was encrypted with the old keys. ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Boyfriend Gets Dumped on Vine: Watch, Laugh Now!", "\n\nA Vine user named \"Khoaliti\" posted a seven-second clip to the video-sharing service this week, which depicts him being yelled at by his girlfriend for liking another woman's posts on Instagram. ", "BIG MISTAKE, dude.", "\n\nThe girlfriend then slaps this 19-year old in the back of the head when she sees him filming their exchange. ", "Khoaliti's subsequent message? \"", "You guys just witness my break up... #Damn.\"", "\n\nDoesn't sound like he's too broken up about the split, huh? ", "Watch now:" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDoes Google app engine supports JDBC?", "\n\nI have heard the Google App Engine[java] do not support JDBC and Hibernate. ", "Is it true?", "\nIf yes then how do we access the database in Google App Engine. ", "\nAlso, is there any [basic] sample application which can help me understand how to perform CRUD operations in GAE.", "\n\nA:\n\nJDBC and Hibernate are not supported: http://groups.google.com/group/google-appengine-java/web/will-it-play-in-app-engine\nI'm currently learning app engine too. ", " Here's some resources and projects that have been helpful:\nhttp://code.google.com/appengine/docs/java/overview.html\nhttp://groups.google.com/group/google-appengine-java\nSpringsource Tool Suite is shipped with the Google Plugin for Eclipse (GPE):\nhttp://www.springsource.com/products/sts\nA non-trivial web app example (spring mvc/gwt/jsf + JDO + spring IOC, service layer, DAOs, DTOs, test suite):\nhttp://code.google.com/p/swagswap/ \n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "A communication system can be seen as a facility that enables communication between two or more entities such as user equipment and/or other nodes associated with the system. ", "The communication may comprise, for example, communication of voice, data, multimedia and so on. ", "The communication system may be circuit switched or packet switched. ", "Furthermore, there may be point-to-point, point-to-multipoint or multipoint-to-point connections. ", "The communication system may be configured to provide wireless communication.", "\nBlock transmission refers to transmitting information bearing data in given blocks, where a block contains a fixed or a variable number of symbols or bits. ", "Typically a whole block of symbols needs to be received before it is possible to detect reliably the symbols that were transmitted. ", "In symbol-by-symbol transmission it is possible to detect a transmitted symbol based on a received symbol. ", "Block transmission is used to mitigate effects due to inter-symbol interference (ISI) or, in case of code division, inter-chip interference (ICI) induced by a transmission channel. ", "In transmitting digital data over frequency selective media, inter-symbol interference or inter-chip interference is a major performance limiting factor. ", "Frequency selective media refers to certain frequencies exhibiting significant fading. ", "Frequency selective fading becomes an issue especially for high transmission rates.", "\nBlock transmission using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or code division multiplexing (CDM) waveforms has become popular in current communications systems and in proposals for future communications systems. ", "ODFM is used, for example, in Digital Video Broadcasting—Terrestrial (DVB-T) systems and Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) systems, for example those that meet the IEEE 802.11 specifications. ", "ODFM has also been considered for various future wireless systems. ", "Multicode (CDM) transmission is used in 3G cellular systems, for example in Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and cdma2000 systems. ", "In addition, various combinations of the above have been proposed, for example multi-carrier CDMA systems which contain frequency-spreading (or preceding) before transmitting the symbols via a subcarrier or subcarriers.", "\nBoth of OFDM and CDM systems have their advantages and drawbacks. ", "OFDM has a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAR). ", "PAR results from simultaneous (parallel) transmission of several sub-carriers, and the peak power typically increases as the number of (simultaneously transmitted) summed carriers increases. ", "High PAR typically requires an expensive or complex amplifier and therefore it is of interest to define signaling so that PAR is reduced as much as possible. ", "Furthermore, there are tradeoffs in performance. ", "Namely, due to lack of diversity, the performance of OFDM saturates whenever the outer coding rate is high (above ¾ say). ", "On the other hand, an OFDM receiver is simple, as OFDM signals can be optimally detected with operations involving Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) or Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). ", "This optimal detection assumes the use of cyclic prefix, zero padding or other relevant guarding between transmission blocks. ", "Furthermore, the transmission channels should be perfectly estimated. ", "On the other hand, CDM or combined CDMA-OFDM distributes symbol energy over multiple frequency bins increasing frequency diversity. ", "CDM therefore often has better performance than OFDM, provided that a proper and a more complex receiver is used.", "\nA chip-interleaved, block-spread multiuser communications method and system has been discussed by S. Zhou, G. B. Giannakis, and C. Le Martret, in “Chip-Interleaved Block-Spread Code Division Multiple Access”, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. ", "50, No. ", "2, February 2002. ", "There exists also a relating U.S. patent application 2002/0126740. ", "The chip-interleaved block-spread code division multiple access (CIBS-CDMA) transmission may be implemented by processing symbols to be transmitted in accordance with code division, that is by spreading each symbol with a spreading code consisting of chips. ", "The resulting chips may then be written into a buffer row by row, each row containing chips of a symbol. ", "After chips relating to a set of symbols (block) have been written to the buffer, zero padding (a row of guard chips) is added for avoiding interference between sequential chips relating to a given symbol. ", "The chips are then read out from the buffer column by column.", "\nAn aim of the present invention is to provide a versatile method for block transmission." ]

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[ "141 F.3d 1182\nNOTICE: Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3 provides that dispositions other than opinions or orders designated for publication are not precedential and should not be cited except when relevant under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, or collateral estoppel.", "Jimmie A. WALKER, Jr., Petitioner-Appellant,v.Theresa ROCHA, Respondent-Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "96-16099.D.C. No. ", "CV-95-05618-REC.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.", "\nSubmitted Mar. 10, 1998**.Decided Mar. 13, 1998.", "\n\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California Robert E. Coyle, Chief District Judge, Presiding.", "\nBefore FLETCHER, BEEZER, and LEAVY, Circuit Judges.", "\n\n\n1\nMEMORANDUM*\n\n\n2\nJimmie A. Walker, Jr., a California state prisoner, appeals pro se the district court's denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition challenging his conviction by no contest plea to second degree murder and use of a firearm. ", " We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S .C. § 2253. ", " We review de novo the district court's denial of a section 2254 petition, see Duckett v. Godinez, 67 F.3d 734, 739 (9th Cir.1995), and affirm.", "\n\n\n3\nWalker first contends that his plea was not knowing and voluntary because it was coerced by trial counsel and because he did not receive adequate notice of the requisite intent for second degree murder. ", " This contention lacks merit.", "\n\n\n4\nWe review de novo the voluntariness of a guilty plea. ", " See Chizen v. Hunter, 809 F.2d 560, 561 (9th Cir.1986). ", " A guilty plea is valid if it is both intelligent and voluntary. ", " See Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242, 89 S.Ct. ", "1709, 23 L.Ed.2d 274 (1969). ", " Contemporaneous on-the-record statements by a defendant when he is pleading guilty carry substantial weight in the assessment of the voluntariness of his plea. ", " See Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74, 97 S.Ct. ", "1621, 52 L.Ed.2d 136 (1977) (statements made in open court at time of plea \"carry a strong presumption of verity\" and \"constitute a formidable barrier\" at later proceedings); Chizen, 809 F.2d at 562.", "\n\n\n5\nThe transcript of the plea hearing reflects that the trial judge explained the requisite intent for a second degree murder conviction and, several times confirmed that by pleading no contest, Walker understood that he was waiving his right to have his mental state determined by a jury. ", " Furthermore, Walker admitted that he entered his no contest plea to avoid a possible first degree murder conviction and, that no threats were made in order to induce his plea. ", " In these circumstances, Walker's bare assertion that he was \"coerced\" into pleading no contest is insufficient to undermine his statements regarding voluntariness made at the time of his plea. ", " See Blackledge, 431 U.S. at 74; Chizen, 809 F.2d at 562; see also Iaea v. Sunn, 800 F.2d 861, 866-67 (9th Cir.1986) (recognizing that mere advice or strong urging to plead guilty based on the strength of the state's case does not constitute undue coercion).", "\n\n\n6\nWalker also contends that he is entitled to habeas relief because there was an insufficient factual basis for his plea. ", " This contention lacks merit because absent special circumstances not present here, there is no federal constitutional requirement that a no contest plea in state court be supported by a factual basis. ", " See Rodriguez v. Ricketts, 777 F.2d 527, 528 (9th Cir.1985).", "\n\n\n7\nFinally, Walker contends that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance on various grounds. ", " We review de novo, see Moran v. Godinez, 57 F.3d 690, 699 (9th Cir.1994), and reject Walker's contentions because he failed to demonstrate that counsel's performance was deficient, see Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. ", "2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).", "\n\n\n8\nAFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n**\n The panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without oral argument. ", " Fed. ", "R.App. ", "P. 34(a); 9th Cir. ", " R. 34-4. ", " Accordingly, appellee's request for submission without oral argument is granted\n\n\n*\n This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as provided by 9th Cir. ", " R. 36-3\n\n\n" ]

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[ "In early 2014, the world got its first look at former child actor Macaulay Culkin’s new “band” The Pizza Underground, a group that plays pizza-themed quasi-covers of The Velvet Underground. ", "In their first music video, Culkin plays a kazoo through a slice of pizza worn on his face like a mask.", "\n\nCulkin may be the latest famous actor to foray into music; however, he is hardly the first. ", "Below is a list of 10 other movie stars who have struck out on their own secondary careers as musicians.", "\n\nMaya Rudolph, The Rentals\n\nYou may know Maya Rudolph from “Saturday Night Live,” Bridesmaids, and Idiocracy, but before she became known for comedy, Rudolph was a touring member of The Rentals, the band fronted by former Weezer bassist Matt Sharp.", "\n\nThough she did not appear on The Rentals’ debut album, The Return of The Rentals, she toured with the band in support of the album, performing keys and backing vocals. ", "In 1999, Rudolph provided backing vocals for two tracks on The Rentals’ second album, Seven More Minutes, “Barcelona” and “My Head Is In The Sun.”", "\n\nKeanu Reeves, Dogstar\n\nToday, Keanu may be best known for being sad, but there was a time when people associated him with movies and music. ", "From 1991 to 2002, Keanu rocked out on bass with his band Dogstar, a post-grunge trio he performed with his friends Bret Domrose and actor Robert Mailhouse. ", "They released two full-length albums and an EP, and performed many live shows, including an appearance at the 1999 Glastonbury Festival.", "\n\nRiver Phoenix, Aleka’s Attic\n\nDue to River Phoenix’s commitment to Hollywood, not much recorded material was ever officially released by his band, Aleka’s Attic, which he fronted along with his sister, Rain. ", "The band, which was formed in the Phoenixes’ hometown of Gainesville, Florida, performed off and on for five years, but officially disbanded when River died on October 31, 1993 at the age of 23.", "\n\nAside from self-recorded cassettes the band sold at shows, the only song released during River’s lifetime was “Across the Way,” released on the 1991 compilation album Tame Yourself to benefit PETA. ", "In 1996, their song “Note to a Friend,” featuring Flea of Red Hot Chili Peppers on bass and a duet between Rain and River, was included on the compilation In Defense Of Animals: Volume II.", "\n\nJohnny Depp, P\n\nJohnny Depp primarily played bass in the short-lived alternative/psychedelic rock band P, which featured Gibby Haynes from Butthole Surfers, as well as Bill Carter, Sal Jenco, and a rotating cast of contributors (including, again, Flea from Red Hot Chili Peppers). ", "The band was in existence from 1993 to 1995 and recorded one self-titled full-length album.", "\n\nP regularly performed at The Viper Room, a small club on Sunset Boulevard in West Hollywood which Depp partly owned from its opening in 1993 until 2004. ", "In fact, P was performing onstage while River Phoenix died on the sidewalk outside the club — rumor has it that they were in the middle of their song “Michael Stipe,” which includes the line, “I finally talked to Michael Stipe, but I didn’t get to see his car/Him and River Phoenix were leaving on the road tomorrow.”", "\n\nZooey Deschanel, She & Him\n\nIn the 2003 film Elf, then 23-year-old actress Zooey Deschanel made an impression on audiences for both her onscreen charm and her incredible singing voice. ", "Three years later, in 2006, Deschanel formed She & Him with M. Ward, whom she met on the set of the film The Go-Getter and — at the urging of director Martin Hynes — sang a duet with for the closing credits of the movie.", "\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Effect of atropine, ouabain, antimycin A, and A23187 on \"trigger Ca2+ pool\" in exocrine pancreas.", "\n45Ca2+ fluxes have been analyzed in dispersed acinar cells prepared from rat pancreas. ", "Sudden addition of carbamylcholine (CCh) to 45Ca2+-preloaded acinar cells at quasi-steady state for 45Ca2+ resulted in a quick 45Ca2+ release followed by a slower 45Ca2+ reuptake with net accumulation of 45Ca2+. ", "Subsequent sudden addition of atropine caused a further transient increase in cellular 45Ca2+ followed by a slow decrease to a steady-state value. ", "45Ca2+ release could not be evoked a second time by pancreozymin when prestimulated with CCh. ", "However, if CCh stimulation was abolished by an interposed step of atropine, restimulation by cholecystokinin-pancreozymin was possible. ", "Addition of A23187 or antimycin A to cells induced a fast decrease in cellular 45Ca2+. ", "This effect was not additive to the CCh effect. ", "In ouabain-pretreated cells, the CCh-induced sudden loss of cellular 45Ca2+ was blocked by 60%. ", "The following slow reuptake of 45Ca2+ was blocked completely. ", "Subsequent addition of atropine caused a fast uptake of cellular 45Ca2+ with no secondary decline. ", "The data are consistent with the following model: acetylcholine releases Ca2+ from a cellular \"trigger pool\" into the cytosol located in or near the cell membrane. ", "Then Ca2+ is extruded from the cell via Ca2+ pumps partly by a Na+-dependent Ca2+ transport system (quick phase of 45Ca2+ release). ", "Subsequently, due to increased Ca2+ permeability of the plasma membrane as induced by acetylcholine, Ca2+ influx occurs and Ca2+ is taken up from the cytosol into intracellular Ca2+ pools (slow 45Ca2+ reuptake phase). ", "Atropine causes refilling of the trigger Ca2+ pool and return of the increased Ca2+ permeability of the plasma membrane back to the unstimulated state." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field Of The Invention\nThe present invention relates to an automated machine which may be used for performing various tasks involving the recognition of a predetermined object in its environment, and an intervention on that object after it is detected. ", "This machine is, for example, preferably applied to picking fruit such as apples, pears, peaches, oranges and other citrus fruits, etc. ", "In its application, the automated machine makes it possible to pick fruits individually by their stems and to lay them down without bruising in a container such as a large box.", "\n2. ", "Description Of Background Materials And Relevant Information\nIn agriculture, automated fruit picking has already been attempted so as to remove the contraints of manual picking or the drawbacks of mechanized picking systems, such as shaking, known up to now. ", "Techniques used in prototypes of automated picking machines already achieved are basically of two types:\nthe first consists in placing a camera at the end of a movable arm fitted with a grasping system;\nthe second consists in placing a camera next to or near a movable arm fitted with a grasping tool, this camera being used with a sighting telescope so as to facilitate the detection of objects and responsive movements of the arm.", "\nIn the first example, the camera is quite exposed to adverse movements, such as bumps, which causes a significant obstacle in having the camera placed so close to the grasping system.", "\nIn the second example, as in the first, the grasping tool does not advance directly in the direction of the fruit by moving on the axis of the optic beam of the camera, and this causes a sighting error which prohibits the moveable arm from reaching the fruit in a good position for picking.", "\nThese shortcomings explain why the prototypes of automated machines conceived according to these techniques remain largely in the planning stage." ]

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[ "Pd-catalyzed carbocyclization-Negishi cross-coupling cascade: a novel approach to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and analogues.", "\n[reaction: see text] A mild palladium-catalyzed cascade has been used for the synthesis of the hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol, 1a) and its analogues 1b and 1c. ", "This one-pot process involves two consecutive transformations at room temperature: An initial palladium-catalyzed 6-exo-cyclocarbopalladation of vinyl triflates followed by a Negishi cross-coupling reaction with an alkenyl zinc. ", "This novel strategy opens new possibilities for the preparation of a variety of new vitamin D analogues of therapeutic potential, particularly with modifications at the triene and/or ring-A." ]

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[ "Identifying candidate diagnostic markers for tuberculosis: A critical role of co-expression and pathway analysis.", "\nWe conducted a systematic bioinformatics analysis to explore an important set of gene expression data with 39 samples infected at different time stages withW-Beijing families of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. ", "We took a contrast on the samples at different infection time stages to characterize gene expression features of the THP1 cells to identify sensitive and specific molecular markers for diagnosis. ", "We first confirmed, through the multidimensional scaling unsupervised clustering, that samples were clustered well according to different infection times. ", "Building on this classification result and using the linear modelling and empirical Bayes moderation, we found 287 hits as most significant genes associated with tuberculosis. ", "We generated a gene co-expression network map based on the mutual regulation between the differentially expressed genes. ", "We found that 27 genes are regulatory genes associated with tuberculosis. ", "We constructed 4 gene pathway figures to explain the pathogenicity process that involves 24 key genes. ", "This study implicates that contrast on the gene expression of the classifications in different infection stages provides critical information for the detection of tuberculosis, and our method can be utilized to narrow down the shortlist of disease relevant genes and explore tuberculosis pathogenesis." ]

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[ "The Stone is a forum for contemporary philosophers and other thinkers on issues both timely and timeless.", "\n\nCan the experience of faith be shared by those unable to believe in the existence of a transcendent God? ", "Might there be a faith of the faithless?", "\n\nFor a non-Christian, such as myself, but one out of sympathy with the triumphal evangelical atheism of the age, the core commandment of Christian faith has always been a source of both fascinated intrigue and perplexity. ", "What is the status and force of that deceptively simple five-word command: “you shall love your neighbor”? ", "With Gary Gutting’s wise counsel on the relation between philosophy and faith still ringing in our ears, I’d like to explore the possible meaning of these words through a reflection on a hugely important and influential philosopher not yet even mentioned so far in The Stone: Soren Kierkegaard (1813-55).", "\n\nParadoxically, non-Christian faith might be said to reveal the true nature of the faith that Christ sought to proclaim.", "\n\nIn the conclusion to “Works of Love” (1847) — which some consider the central work in Kierkegaard’s extensive and often pseudonymous authorship — he ponders the nature of the commandment of love that he has been wrestling with throughout the book. ", "He stresses the strenuousness and, in the word most repeated in these pages, the rigor of love. ", "As such, Christian love is not, as many non-believers contend, some sort of “coddling love,” which spares believers any particular effort. ", "Such love can be characterized as “pleasant days or delightful days without self-made cares.” ", "This easy and fanciful idea of love reduces Christianity to “a second childhood” and renders faith infantile.", "\n\nKierkegaard then introduces the concept of “the Christian like-for-like,” which is the central and decisive category of “Works of Love.” ", "The latter is introduced by distinguishing it from what Kierkegaard calls “the Jewish like-for-like,” by which he means “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”: namely a conception of obligation based on the equality and reciprocity of self and other. ", "Although, as a cursory reading of Franz Rosenzweig’s “The Star of Redemption” — one of the great works of German-Jewish thought — could easily show, this is a stereotypical and limited picture of Judaism, Kierkegaard’s point is that Christian love cannot be reduced to what he calls the “worldly” conception of love where you do unto others what others do unto you and no more. ", "The Christian like-for-like brackets out the question of what others may owe to me and instead, “makes every relationship to other human beings into a God-relationship.”", "\n\nThis move coincides with a shift from the external to the inward. ", "Although the Christian, for Kierkegaard, “must remain in the world and the relationships of earthly life allotted to him,” he or she views those relationships from the standpoint of inwardness, that is, mediated through the relationship to God. ", "As Kierkegaard puts it emphatically in Part One of “Works of Love”:\n\nWorldly wisdom thinks that love is a relationship between man and man. ", "Christianity teaches that love is a relationship between: man-God-man, that is, that God is the middle term.", "\n\nThe rigor of Christianity is a conception of love based on radical inequality, namely the absolute difference between the human and the divine. ", "This is how Kierkegaard interprets Jesus’s words from the Sermon on the Mount, “Why do you see the speck that is in your brother’s eye, but do not notice the log that is in your own eye.", "”(Matthew, 7:3) The log in my own eye does not permit me to judge the speck in the other’s. ", "Rather, I should abstain from any judgment of what others might or might not do. ", "To judge others is to view matters from the standpoint of externality rather than inwardness. ", "It is arrogance and impertinence. ", "What others owe to me is none of my business.", "\n\nThis is why it is very hard to be Christian. ", "And maybe there are not as many true Christians around as one might have thought. ", "Kierkegaard writes, “Christianly understood you have absolutely nothing to do with what others do to you.” “", "Essentially,” he continues, “you have only to do with yourself before God.” ", "Once again, the move to inwardness does not turn human beings away from the world, it is rather, “a new version of what other men call reality, this is reality.”", "\n\nThe address of Kierkegaard’s writing has a specific direction: the second person singular, you. ", "He tells the story from the Gospels (versions appears in Matthew and Luke) of the Roman centurion in Capernaum who approached Jesus and asked him to cure his servant or boy, the sense is ambiguous, “sick with the palsy, grievously tormented.", "”(Matthew, 8:6) After Jesus said that he would visit the boy, the centurion confessed that, as a representative of the occupying imperial authority with soldiers under his command, he did not feel worthy that Jesus should enter his house. ", "When Jesus heard this he declared that he had not experienced a person of such great faith in the whole of Israel. ", "He added, and this is the line that interests Kierkegaard, “Be it done for you, as you believed.”", "\n\nLove is that disciplined act of absolute spiritual daring that eviscerates the old self.", "\n\nThis story reveals the essential insecurity of faith. ", "Kierkegaard writes that it does not belong to Christian doctrine to vouchsafe that you — “precisely you,” as he emphasizes — have faith. ", "If someone were to say, “it is absolutely certain that I have faith because I have been baptized in the church and follow its rituals and ordinances,” then Kierkegaard would reply, “Be it done for you, as you believed.” ", "The point of the story is that the centurion, although he was not baptized as a Christian, nonetheless believed. ", "As Kierkegaard writes, “in his faith, the Gospel is first a gospel.” ", "The New Testament Greek for “gospel” is euaggelion, which can mean good tidings, but can also be thought of as the act of proclamation or pledging. ", "On this view, faith is a proclamation or pledge that brings the inward subject of faith into being over against an external everydayness. ", "Such a proclamation is as true for the non-Christian as for the Christian. ", "Indeed, it is arguably more true for the non-Christian, because their faith is not supported by the supposed guarantee of baptism, creedal dogma, regular church attendance or some notion that virtue will be rewarded with happiness if not here on earth, then in the afterlife. ", "Thus, paradoxically, non-Christian faith might be said to reveal the true nature of the faith that Christ sought to proclaim. ", "Even — and indeed especially — those who are denominationally faithless can have an experience of faith. ", "If faith needs to be underpinned by some sort of doctrinal security, then inwardness becomes externalized and the strenuous rigor of faith evaporates.", "\n\nWhat sort of certainty, then, is the experience of faith? ", "Kierkegaard writes, and again the second person singular direction of address should be noted: “It is eternally certain that it will be done for you as you believe, but the certainty of faith, or the certainty that you, you in particular, believe, you must win at every moment with God’s help, consequently not in some external way.” (", "Emphasis mine)\n\nKierkegaard insists — and one feels here the force of his polemic against the irreligious, essentially secular order of so-called Christendom, in his case what he saw as the pseudo-Christianity of the Danish National Church — that no pastor or priest has the right to say that one has faith or not according to doctrines like baptism and the like. ", "To proclaim faith is to abandon such external or worldly guarantees. ", "Faith has the character of a continuous “striving … in which you get occasion to be tried every day.” ", "This is why faith and the commandment of love that it seeks to sustain is not law. ", "It has no coercive, external force. ", "As Rosenzweig writes, “The commandment of love can only proceed from the mouth of the lover.” ", "He goes on to contrast this with law, “which reckons with times, with a future, with duration.” ", "By contrast, the commandment of love “knows only the moment; it awaits the result in the very moment of its promulgation.” ", "The commandment of love is mild and merciful, but, as Kierkegaard insists, “there is rigor in it.” ", "We might say love is that disciplined act of absolute spiritual daring that eviscerates the old self of externality so something new and inward can come into being.", "\n\nFaith is a subjective strength that only finds its power to act through an admission of weakness.", "\n\nAs Kierkegaard puts in earlier in “Works of Love,” citing Paul, “Owe no one anything, except to love one another.", "”(Romans, 13:8) It sounds simple. ", "But what is implicit in this minimal-sounding command is a conception of love as an experience of infinite debt — a debt that it is impossible to repay, “When a man is gripped by love, he feels that this is like being in infinite debt.” ", "To be is to be in debt — I owe therefore I am.", "\n\nIf sin is the theological name for the essential ontological indebtedness of the self, then love is the experience of a countermovement to sin that is orientated around a demand that exceeds the capacity or ability of the self. ", "Love is shaped in relation to what, in my parlance, can be called an infinite demand. ", "Kierkegaard writes, and the double emphasis on the “moment” that finds an echo in Rosenzweig should be noted, “God’s relationship to a human being is the infinitizing at every moment of that which at every moment is in a man.” ", "Withdrawn into inwardness and solitude (“If you have never been solitary, you have never discovered that God exists,” Kierkegaard writes), each and every word and action of the self resounds through the infinite demand of God.", "\n\nAt this point, in the penultimate paragraph of “Works of Love” Kierkegaard shifts to auditory imagery. ", "God is a vast echo chamber where each sound, “the slightest sound,” is duplicated and resounds back loudly into the subject’s ears. ", "God is nothing more than the name for the repetition of each word that the subject utters. ", "But it is a repetition that resounds with “the intensification of infinity.” ", "In what Kierkegaard calls “the urban confusion” of external life, it is nigh impossible to hear this repetitive echo of the infinite demand. ", "This is why the bracketing out of externality is essential: “externality is too dense a\n\nbody for resonance, and the sensual ear is too hard-of-hearing to catch the eternal’s repetition.” ", "We need to cultivate the inner or inward ear that infinitizes the words and actions of the self. ", "As Kierkegaard makes clear, what he is counseling is not “to sit in the anxiety of death, day in and day out, listening for the repetition of the eternal.” ", "What is rather being called for is a rigorous and activist conception of faith that proclaims itself into being at each instant without guarantee or security and which abides with the infinite demand of love.", "\n\nFaith is not a like-for-like relationship of equals, but the asymmetry of the like-to-unlike. ", "It is a subjective strength that only finds its power to act through an admission of weakness. ", "Faith is an enactment of the self in relation to an infinite demand that both exceeds my power and yet requires all my power. ", "Such an experience of faith is not only shared by those who are faithless from a creedal or denominational perspective, but can — in my view — be had by them in an exemplary manner. ", "Like the Roman centurion of whom Kierkegaard writes, it is perhaps the faithless who can best sustain the rigor of faith without requiring security, guarantees and rewards: “Be it done for you, as you believed.”", "\n\nSimon Critchley is chair of philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York, and part-time professor at Tilburg University in the Netherlands. ", "He is the author of several books, including “Infinitely Demanding.” ", "His new book, “The Faith of the Faithless,” is forthcoming from Harvard University Press in 2011.", "\n\nRELATED\n\nFrom the 2009 series, Happy Days, “Kierkegaard on the Couch,” by Gordon Marino.", "\n\nALSO:\n\nWatch a 2009 bloggingheads.tv dialog with Simon Critchley and the author David Shields, in which they discuss living in the present, anxiety and regret and other topics." ]

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[ "Does self-efficacy mediate the association between socioeconomic background and emotional symptoms among schoolchildren?", "\nEmotional symptoms are widespread among adolescents with the highest prevalence among lower socioeconomic groups. ", "Less is known about why and how to reduce this inequality but personal control, e.g., self-efficacy may be crucial. ", "This study examines whether self-efficacy is a mediator in the association between occupational social class (OSC) and emotional symptoms. ", "Data stem from the cross-sectional Health Behavior in School-aged Children-Methodology Development Survey 2012 (HBSC-MDS) conducted among 11-15-year old schoolchildren in two Danish municipalities. ", "Participation rate was 76.8 % of 5165 enrolled schoolchildren, n = 3969. ", "Low OSC is associated with higher odds of daily emotional symptoms and low selfefficacy. ", "Schoolchildren with low self-efficacy have higher odds for daily emotional symptoms. ", "We find a strong and statistically significant direct effect between low OSC and daily emotional symptoms (OR = 1.55, 95 % CI: 1.33; 1.84) and a borderline statistically significant indirect effect of self-efficacy [OR = 1.17 (0.99; 1.38)]. ", "Socioeconomic inequality in emotional symptoms exists. ", "This inequality is partly explained by socioeconomic inequality in self-efficacy. ", "Promotion of personal competences like self-efficacy may reduce emotional symptoms among all socioeconomic groups, thereby reducing socioeconomic inequalities in emotional symptoms." ]

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[ "Probably the first truly impressive con man I ever got to see up close was the gray-haired Korean man who ran the Tae Kwon Do studio I went to when I was a kid. ", "With the wisdom of age I understand now that those posters of him breaking two bricks with a jumping split kick over the back of a blazing tiger were probably made up in a Illinois Sear’s portrait studio, but the man still strutted like he could claim the right of droit du seigneur with any student’s daughter. ", "And when it came time to clean the place, teach classes, or take care of whatever else the sensei needed, a lot of those students hopped to with the free labor. ", "I still never saw him do split-kick, though.", "\n\nOne of the benefits of the rise of MMA is that a lot of the veneer of mysticism so useful in selling yourself as a fighting god has been stripped away. ", "We know now which fighting styles work and which don't. ", "If you’re at an MMA gym and one of the reasons they charge you $200 a month is because the coach is a professional fighter, there’s a good chance you’ll see that coach in competition sometime and find out just how much of an expert you’re paying for. ", "Better yet, get in a fight yourself and find out what you’ve learned.", "\n\nBut for Danny Horgan, a 23-year-old Boston media personality and self-described “former street fighter,” there’s still one fighting style whose secrets have stayed hidden, and he’s using his video camera to separate the real brawlers from the ones who just know how to strut. ", "Horgan is going across America to get a glimpse inside the Chinese art of Wing Chun--what he calls the “world’s least transparent martial art.”", "\n\n“More than anything, I have been looking for sifus (masters) who are willing to put their theories and skills to test on camera,” Horgan tells Fightland. “", "Wing Chun practitioners generally tend to talk a lot about their ‘deadly’ fighting techniques, but very few are actually willing to test themselves on camera for the world to see.", "\n\n“Boxers and mixed martial artists put their skills and reputation on the line every few months in sanctioned fights. ", "World-class Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners are constantly rolling with each other to demonstrate superior technique. ", "Even Tae Kwon Do fighters spar and compete regularly. ", "Wing Chun is one of the world’s few martial arts where its practitioners are not willing to put their reputations as fighters at risk.”", "\n\nHorgan’s being more gracious than some. ", "UFC commentator Joe Rogan doesn’t miss a chance to call out a fighting style he thinks is ineffective at best and a scam at worst. ", "There are very few MMA fighters who claim Wing Chun as one of their disciplines anymore and none with championship belts. ", "Phrases like “impractical” and “total bullshit” get thrown around a lot.", "\n\nBut the mysterious, nearly mythic, stories behind Wing Chun--and especially Bruce Lee’s association with it--still resonate with some martial arts fans and practitioners, even if you never actually hear about a Wing Chun fighter fighting.", "\n\nThough Horgan is cynical himself about the value of Wing Chun, he clearly wants to believe. ", "He came up boxing in Boston and says he was drawn to Wing Chun because of the hand-striking techniques. ", "He’s hoping his project will make a case for the art while tearing down the phonies with their flying kicks and their busted bricks.", "\n\nAnd so the main criteria for fighters on Horgan's show is that they can prove themselves in front of an audience, and aren’t afraid to fight with the host. “", "I am a hands-on host, meaning I actually go against my interview subjects, he says. ", "The first episode of Horgan’s show, Wing Chung Blast, centers around a Chi Sau hand-fighting drill with Illionois-based instructor Dominick Izzo.", "\n\n“Very few ‘masters’ of Wing Chun are willing to perform the Chi Sau drill with resisting partners on camera because of a fear of criticism from the usually harsh Wing Chun community,” Horgan says. “", "Many fall back on the fact that Wing Chun is a self-defense martial art and not a form of sport fighting. ", "While that is true, it does not mean that you can’t demonstrate Wing Chun skill through Chi Sau.”", "\n\nOver the next few weeks, Horgan’s crew will be filming episodes around America, including stops in Boston and New Jersey and a meeting with Wing Chun Sifu legend Jin Young in Los Angeles, whose straight punch has been viewed by 460,000 people. ", "If the show is successful, Horgan plans to visit with fighters in China and England.", "\n\nBut until Horgan captures on tape a real fight in which a Chi Sau master holds his own, the debate over the value of Wing Chun will continue. ", "Still, there’s nothing fighters like to fight about more than how to fight.", "\n\nCheck out these related stories:\n\nThe Grandmaster: The Art of Kung Fu - Wing Chun\n\nBruce Lee Comes to Harlem" ]

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