Datasets:

tomekkorbak

/

pii-pile-chunk3-1550000-1600000

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[ "Practical application of predictive microbiology software programs to HACCP plans.", "\nWe studied how predictive microbiology models could practically be applied to HACCP plans with two predictive software programs that are currently available. ", "The software programs were the Food Micromodel elaborated by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, U.K. and the Pathogen Modeling Program of Eastern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture. ", "They successfully provided useful information on (i) the determination of Critical Control Points (CCPs), (ii) the estimation of critical limits at CCPs, (iii) the decision of abused products, (iv) the assessment of equivalence of HACCP plans, and further (v) the development of new products. ", "With the information simulated by the software programs, HACCP teams could make scientific and objective decisions for developing their individual plans. ", "It was also confirmed that microbiological process standards for food processing are indispensable for the application of the predictive programs to HACCP plans." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Here is a recap of the stories that appeared last week at Science-Based Medicine, a multi-author skeptical blog that separates the science from the woo-woo in medicine.", "\n\nBreast cancer myths: No, antiperspirants do not cause breast cancer(David Gorski) The idea that antiperspirants are a leading cause of breast cancer is a myth that refuses to die; it is based on ignorance of biology and implausible hypotheses about aluminum, parabens, toxins, and lymphatic drainage. ", "The fearmongers cite studies that don’t really show what think they show. ", "A causal relationship is unlikely, especially since no one has been able to convincingly demonstrate even a correlation.", "\n\nWhy Does This Immunologist Reject Vaccinations? (", "Harriet Hall) An immunologist, Tetyana Obukhanych, has written about the “vaccine illusion,” saying vaccination compromises our natural immunity. ", "She makes a lot of unsubstantiated assertions and even offers a false definition of immunology. ", "Her book is biased, inaccurate, irresponsible and dangerous; unfortunately it will appeal to those who have decided not to vaccinate and are looking for a “scientific” rationalization.", "\n\nThe Miracle Cure for Everything(Steven Novella) Proponents of pseudoscience tend to exaggerate the scope of their beliefs and think they have found a panacea that will cure everything. ", "This may be good for marketing, but it is out of contact with reality and does not lead to scientific progress. ", "Biology is complicated, diseases have many causes, and it is highly improbable that any one treatment could address a significant portion of human illness.", "\n\nNaturopathy vs. Science: Infertility Edition (Scott Gavura) A comparison between naturopathic and mainstream treatment of infertility shows that naturopaths are paternalistic and disregard the scientific evidence. ", "Naturopaths routinely and consistently offer treatments that are unproven or even have been proven ineffective, including homeopathy, herbs, acupuncture, and gluten avoidance.", "\n\nDelaying School Start Time for Sleep Deprived Teens(Clay Jones) Puberty alters the circadian rhythm and sleep drive; teenagers tend to stay up later at night and have a hard time waking up in the morning. ", "Inadequate sleep has a negative impact on health. ", "Later school start times have increased student sleep times and have had a significant impact on mood, motivation, grades, test scores, attendance, dropouts, and even car accidents.", "\n\nComments are closed.", "\n\nSWIFTis named after Jonathan Swift, the author of Gulliver's Travels. ", "In the book, Gulliver encounters among other things a floating island inhabited by spaced-out scientists and philosophers who hardly deal with reality. ", "Swift was among the first to launch well-designed critiques against the flummery - political, philosophical, and scientific - of his time, a tradition that we hope to maintain at The James Randi Foundation." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Oak Knoll District of Napa Valley AVA\n\nThe Oak Knoll District of Napa Valley AVA is an American Viticultural Area located within Napa Valley AVA at the southern end of the valley floor. ", "The appellation's close proximity to San Pablo Bay results in a climate that is cooler and more moderate than any region in Napa Valley other than the Los Carneros AVA. ", " The AVA has more vines planted to it than any other wholly contained appellation within the Napa Valley. ", " A wide variety of wine grapes do well in this climate, including varieties not widely grown in other parts of Napa Valley, such as Riesling and Pinot noir. ", " The district is planted largely to Merlot, Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon, in that order. ", "Oak Knoll District Chardonnay has a reputation for a restrained, delicate style. ", " The appellation was officially designated an appellation within the Napa Valley AVA on April 26, 2004.", "\n\nVineyards in Oak Knoll District\nBehrens Family Vineyards,\nBengier Family Vineyards,\nBlackbird Vineyards,\nFortunati Vineyards,\nCorley Family/Monticello Vineyards,\nKelly Family Vineyards,\nLobos Wines,\nMattera Wines,\nO'Brien Estate,\nPadis Vineyards,\nRobert Biale Vineyards,\nTrefethen Family Vineyards,\nWhitehall Lane Vineyards,\nMaterra | Cunat Family Vineyards,\nO'Connell Family Vineyards,\nBoyd Family Vineyards,\nBartlett Bear Vineyard,\nRobert Mueller Vineyards (McKenzie-Mueller Vineyards)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:American Viticultural Areas of the San Francisco Bay Area\nCategory:Napa Valley\nCategory:Geography of Napa County, California\nCategory:2004 establishments in California\nCategory:American Viticultural Areas" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Kids These Days – My Days (Video)\n\n29112010\n\nKids These Days is a group of talented high school kids. ", "The group consists of a rapper, horns, a female vocalist, and a blues-rock trio. ", "The group is relatively new, as a matter of fact about 18 months new, and are already blowing up. ", "I even heard they opened for Joel Ortiz. ", "Their EP called The Hard Times drops this December. ", "Stay tuned for more of these guys." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "\"If I had a Star for all the times you made me smile,I would Hold the sky in my hand.\"", "\n\nSaturday, January 21, 2012\n\nNew Art Journal Page!", "\n\nHey Bloggy friends!", "\n\nI'm super excited to show ya'll my new art journal page! ", "This page is really close to my heart and I titled it as my \"No place like home\" page. ", "I thought it would be fun to start naming my art pages (Why not?) ", "I dare to say it's a girl thing! ", "Anyways hope you guys enjoy this page and the video I made showing the process of it all. ", "For this page I did my (tissue paper) technique on camera because I know there must be a few curious crafters who might wonder what they could do with left over tissue paper from Christmas ( I know I did). ", "Thanks again for stopping by my Blog and I hope you leave with some new found inspiration!", "\n\nScraps from \"My Minds Eye\" , Old Book pages, Old vintage baggy scrap.", "\n\nMy Doodles with Zig Pen\n\nTissue paper technique used on this die cut frame from \"Artful Dwellings\" by Tim Holtz\n\nRemember To checkout this Site Below if you get a chance they have great sales like Authentic paper pads 6x6 for $4.00 dollars ,and distress stains for $2.99 and there sales change every week! (", "just saying) http://blitsy.com/rewardsref/index/refer/id/15352/\n\n{Crafty Followers}\n\nFollow by Email\n\nFirst place Challenge winner at Some Odd Girl!", "\n\nAwarded!", "\n\nAbout Me\n\nI'm Sandra, a sassy Italian girl born in NY.I love all things crafty and love to meet others with similiar interest.", "Life is great when I'm getting to spread my creative wings.", "I have fur baby named \"Daisy\" and shes the love of my life hehe.", "All my inspirtion comes from God and my amazing Family.", "My hometown is Miami, Florida.", "Please feel free to Email me and leave comments I love making new crafty friends!(I would say my artistic style really depends on my Mood but I really enjoy playing with texture and dimensions." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2000-2005 Silicon Graphics, Inc.\n * Copyright (c) 2013 Red Hat, Inc.\n * All Rights Reserved.", "\n *\n * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or\n * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as\n * published by the Free Software Foundation.", "\n *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it would be useful,\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the\n * GNU General Public License for more details.", "\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n * along with this program; if not, write the Free Software Foundation,\n * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA\n */\n#include \"xfs.h\"\n#include \"xfs_fs.h\"\n#include \"xfs_format.h\"\n#include \"xfs_log_format.h\"\n#include \"xfs_trans_resv.h\"\n#include \"xfs_bit.h\"\n#include \"xfs_mount.h\"\n#include \"xfs_da_format.h\"\n#include \"xfs_da_btree.h\"\n#include \"xfs_inode.h\"\n#include \"xfs_trans.h\"\n#include \"xfs_inode_item.h\"\n#include \"xfs_bmap.h\"\n#include \"xfs_attr.h\"\n#include \"xfs_attr_sf.h\"\n#include \"xfs_attr_remote.h\"\n#include \"xfs_attr_leaf.h\"\n#include \"xfs_error.h\"\n#include \"xfs_trace.h\"\n#include \"xfs_buf_item.h\"\n#include \"xfs_cksum.h\"\n#include \"xfs_dir2.h\"\n\nSTATIC int\nxfs_attr_shortform_compare(const void *a, const void *b)\n{\n\txfs_attr_sf_sort_t *sa, *sb;\n\n\tsa = (xfs_attr_sf_sort_t *)a;\n\tsb = (xfs_attr_sf_sort_t *)b;\n\tif (sa->hash < sb->hash) {\n\t\treturn -1;\n\t} else if (sa->hash > sb->hash) {\n\t\treturn 1;\n\t} else {\n\t\treturn sa->entno - sb->entno;\n\t}\n}\n\n#define XFS_ISRESET_CURSOR(cursor) \\\n\t(!((", "cursor)->initted) && !((", "cursor)->hashval) && \\\n\t !((", "cursor)->blkno) && !((", "cursor)->offset))\n/*\n * Copy out entries of shortform attribute lists for attr_list().", "\n * Shortform attribute lists are not stored in hashval sorted order.", "\n * If the output buffer is not large enough to hold them all, then we\n * we have to calculate each entries' hashvalue and sort them before\n * we can begin returning them to the user.", "\n */\nint\nxfs_attr_shortform_list(xfs_attr_list_context_t *context)\n{\n\tattrlist_cursor_kern_t *cursor;\n\txfs_attr_sf_sort_t *sbuf, *sbp;\n\txfs_attr_shortform_t *sf;\n\txfs_attr_sf_entry_t *sfe;\n\txfs_inode_t *dp;\n\tint sbsize, nsbuf, count, i;\n\tint error;\n\n\tASSERT(context !", "= NULL);\n\tdp = context->dp;\n\tASSERT(dp !", "= NULL);\n\tASSERT(dp->i_afp !", "= NULL);\n\tsf = (xfs_attr_shortform_t *)dp->i_afp->if_u1.if_data;\n\tASSERT(sf !", "= NULL);\n\tif (!", "sf->hdr.count)\n\t\treturn 0;\n\tcursor = context->cursor;\n\tASSERT(cursor !", "= NULL);\n\n\ttrace_xfs_attr_list_sf(context);\n\n\t/*\n\t * If the buffer is large enough and the cursor is at the start,\n\t * do not bother with sorting since we will return everything in\n\t * one buffer and another call using the cursor won't need to be\n\t * made.", "\n\t * Note the generous fudge factor of 16 overhead bytes per entry.", "\n\t * If bufsize is zero then put_listent must be a search function\n\t * and can just scan through what we have.", "\n\t */\n\tif (context->bufsize == 0 ||\n\t (XFS_ISRESET_CURSOR(cursor) &&\n (dp->i_afp->if_bytes + sf->hdr.count * 16) < context->bufsize)) {\n\t\tfor (i = 0, sfe = &sf->list[0]; i < sf->hdr.count; i++) {\n\t\t\terror = context->put_listent(context,\n\t\t\t\t\t sfe->flags,\n\t\t\t\t\t sfe->nameval,\n\t\t\t\t\t (int)sfe->namelen,\n\t\t\t\t\t (int)sfe->valuelen,\n\t\t\t\t\t &sfe->nameval[sfe->namelen]);\n\n\t\t\t/*\n\t\t\t * Either search callback finished early or\n\t\t\t * didn't fit it all in the buffer after all.", "\n\t\t\t */\n\t\t\tif (context->seen_enough)\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\t\tif (error)\n\t\t\t\treturn error;\n\t\t\tsfe = XFS_ATTR_SF_NEXTENTRY(sfe);\n\t\t}\n\t\ttrace_xfs_attr_list_sf_all(context);\n\t\treturn 0;\n\t}\n\n\t/* do no more for a search callback */\n\tif (context->bufsize == 0)\n\t\treturn 0;\n\n\t/*\n\t * It didn't all fit, so we have to sort everything on hashval.", "\n\t */\n\tsbsize = sf->hdr.count * sizeof(*sbuf);\n\tsbp = sbuf = kmem_alloc(sbsize, KM_SLEEP | KM_NOFS);\n\n\t/*\n\t * Scan the attribute list for the rest of the entries, storing\n\t * the relevant info from only those that match into a buffer.", "\n\t */\n\tnsbuf = 0;\n\tfor (i = 0, sfe = &sf->list[0]; i < sf->hdr.count; i++) {\n\t\tif (unlikely(\n\t\t ((char *)sfe < (char *)sf) ||\n\t\t ((char *)sfe >= ((char *)sf + dp->i_afp->if_bytes)))) {\n\t\t\tXFS_CORRUPTION_ERROR(\"xfs_attr_shortform_list\",\n\t\t\t\t\t XFS_ERRLEVEL_LOW,\n\t\t\t\t\t context->dp->i_mount, sfe);\n\t\t\tkmem_free(sbuf);\n\t\t\treturn -EFSCORRUPTED;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tsbp->entno = i;\n\t\tsbp->hash = xfs_da_hashname(sfe->nameval, sfe->namelen);\n\t\tsbp->name = sfe->nameval;\n\t\tsbp->namelen = sfe->namelen;\n\t\t/* These are bytes, and both on-disk, don't endian-flip */\n\t\tsbp->valuelen = sfe->valuelen;\n\t\tsbp->flags = sfe->flags;\n\t\tsfe = XFS_ATTR_SF_NEXTENTRY(sfe);\n\t\tsbp++;\n\t\tnsbuf++;\n\t}\n\n\t/*\n\t * Sort the entries on hash then entno.", "\n\t */\n\txfs_sort(sbuf, nsbuf, sizeof(*sbuf), xfs_attr_shortform_compare);\n\n\t/*\n\t * Re-find our place IN THE SORTED LIST.", "\n\t */\n\tcount = 0;\n\tcursor->initted = 1;\n\tcursor->blkno = 0;\n\tfor (sbp = sbuf, i = 0; i < nsbuf; i++, sbp++) {\n\t\tif (sbp->hash == cursor->hashval) {\n\t\t\tif (cursor->offset == count) {\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tcount++;\n\t\t} else if (sbp->hash > cursor->hashval) {\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tif (i == nsbuf) {\n\t\tkmem_free(sbuf);\n\t\treturn 0;\n\t}\n\n\t/*\n\t * Loop putting entries into the user buffer.", "\n\t */\n\tfor ( ; i < nsbuf; i++, sbp++) {\n\t\tif (cursor->hashval !", "= sbp->hash) {\n\t\t\tcursor->hashval = sbp->hash;\n\t\t\tcursor->offset = 0;\n\t\t}\n\t\terror = context->put_listent(context,\n\t\t\t\t\tsbp->flags,\n\t\t\t\t\tsbp->name,\n\t\t\t\t\tsbp->namelen,\n\t\t\t\t\tsbp->valuelen,\n\t\t\t\t\t&sbp->name[sbp->namelen]);\n\t\tif (error) {\n\t\t\tkmem_free(sbuf);\n\t\t\treturn error;\n\t\t}\n\t\tif (context->seen_enough)\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\tcursor->offset++;\n\t}\n\n\tkmem_free(sbuf);\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nSTATIC int\nxfs_attr_node_list(xfs_attr_list_context_t *context)\n{\n\tattrlist_cursor_kern_t *cursor;\n\txfs_attr_leafblock_t *leaf;\n\txfs_da_intnode_t *node;\n\tstruct xfs_attr3_icleaf_hdr leafhdr;\n\tstruct xfs_da3_icnode_hdr nodehdr;\n\tstruct xfs_da_node_entry *btree;\n\tint error, i;\n\tstruct xfs_buf *bp;\n\tstruct xfs_inode\t*dp = context->dp;\n\tstruct xfs_mount\t*mp = dp->i_mount;\n\n\ttrace_xfs_attr_node_list(context);\n\n\tcursor = context->cursor;\n\tcursor->initted = 1;\n\n\t/*\n\t * Do all sorts of validation on the passed-in cursor structure.", "\n\t * If anything is amiss, ignore the cursor and look up the hashval\n\t * starting from the btree root.", "\n\t */\n\tbp = NULL;\n\tif (cursor->blkno > 0) {\n\t\terror = xfs_da3_node_read(NULL, dp, cursor->blkno, -1,\n\t\t\t\t\t &bp, XFS_ATTR_FORK);\n\t\tif ((error !", "= 0) && (error !", "= -EFSCORRUPTED))\n\t\t\treturn error;\n\t\tif (bp) {\n\t\t\tstruct xfs_attr_leaf_entry *entries;\n\n\t\t\tnode = bp->b_addr;\n\t\t\tswitch (be16_to_cpu(node->hdr.info.magic)) {\n\t\t\tcase XFS_DA_NODE_MAGIC:\n\t\t\tcase XFS_DA3_NODE_MAGIC:\n\t\t\t\ttrace_xfs_attr_list_wrong_blk(context);\n\t\t\t\txfs_trans_brelse(NULL, bp);\n\t\t\t\tbp = NULL;\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\tcase XFS_ATTR_LEAF_MAGIC:\n\t\t\tcase XFS_ATTR3_LEAF_MAGIC:\n\t\t\t\tleaf = bp->b_addr;\n\t\t\t\txfs_attr3_leaf_hdr_from_disk(mp->m_attr_geo,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t &leafhdr, leaf);\n\t\t\t\tentries = xfs_attr3_leaf_entryp(leaf);\n\t\t\t\tif (cursor->hashval > be32_to_cpu(\n\t\t\t\t\t\tentries[leafhdr.count - 1].hashval)) {\n\t\t\t\t\ttrace_xfs_attr_list_wrong_blk(context);\n\t\t\t\t\txfs_trans_brelse(NULL, bp);\n\t\t\t\t\tbp = NULL;\n\t\t\t\t} else if (cursor->hashval <= be32_to_cpu(\n\t\t\t\t\t\tentries[0].hashval)) {\n\t\t\t\t\ttrace_xfs_attr_list_wrong_blk(context);\n\t\t\t\t\txfs_trans_brelse(NULL, bp);\n\t\t\t\t\tbp = NULL;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\tdefault:\n\t\t\t\ttrace_xfs_attr_list_wrong_blk(context);\n\t\t\t\txfs_trans_brelse(NULL, bp);\n\t\t\t\tbp = NULL;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\t/*\n\t * We did not find what we expected given the cursor's contents,\n\t * so we start from the top and work down based on the hash value.", "\n\t * Note that start of node block is same as start of leaf block.", "\n\t */\n\tif (bp == NULL) {\n\t\tcursor->blkno = 0;\n\t\tfor (;;) {\n\t\t\t__uint16_t magic;\n\n\t\t\terror = xfs_da3_node_read(NULL, dp,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t cursor->blkno, -1, &bp,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t XFS_ATTR_FORK);\n\t\t\tif (error)\n\t\t\t\treturn error;\n\t\t\tnode = bp->b_addr;\n\t\t\tmagic = be16_to_cpu(node->hdr.info.magic);\n\t\t\tif (magic == XFS_ATTR_LEAF_MAGIC ||\n\t\t\t magic == XFS_ATTR3_LEAF_MAGIC)\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\tif (magic !", "= XFS_DA_NODE_MAGIC &&\n\t\t\t magic !", "= XFS_DA3_NODE_MAGIC) {\n\t\t\t\tXFS_CORRUPTION_ERROR(\"xfs_attr_node_list(3)\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\t XFS_ERRLEVEL_LOW,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t context->dp->i_mount,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t node);\n\t\t\t\txfs_trans_brelse(NULL, bp);\n\t\t\t\treturn -EFSCORRUPTED;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\tdp->d_ops->node_hdr_from_disk(&nodehdr, node);\n\t\t\tbtree = dp->d_ops->node_tree_p(node);\n\t\t\tfor (i = 0; i < nodehdr.count; btree++, i++) {\n\t\t\t\tif (cursor->hashval\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<= be32_to_cpu(btree->hashval)) {\n\t\t\t\t\tcursor->blkno = be32_to_cpu(btree->before);\n\t\t\t\t\ttrace_xfs_attr_list_node_descend(context,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t btree);\n\t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tif (i == nodehdr.count) {\n\t\t\t\txfs_trans_brelse(NULL, bp);\n\t\t\t\treturn 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\txfs_trans_brelse(NULL, bp);\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tASSERT(bp !", "= NULL);\n\n\t/*\n\t * Roll upward through the blocks, processing each leaf block in\n\t * order. ", " As long as there is space in the result buffer, keep\n\t * adding the information.", "\n\t */\n\tfor (;;) {\n\t\tleaf = bp->b_addr;\n\t\terror = xfs_attr3_leaf_list_int(bp, context);\n\t\tif (error) {\n\t\t\txfs_trans_brelse(NULL, bp);\n\t\t\treturn error;\n\t\t}\n\t\txfs_attr3_leaf_hdr_from_disk(mp->m_attr_geo, &leafhdr, leaf);\n\t\tif (context->seen_enough || leafhdr.forw == 0)\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\tcursor->blkno = leafhdr.forw;\n\t\txfs_trans_brelse(NULL, bp);\n\t\terror = xfs_attr3_leaf_read(NULL, dp, cursor->blkno, -1, &bp);\n\t\tif (error)\n\t\t\treturn error;\n\t}\n\txfs_trans_brelse(NULL, bp);\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/*\n * Copy out attribute list entries for attr_list(), for leaf attribute lists.", "\n */\nint\nxfs_attr3_leaf_list_int(\n\tstruct xfs_buf\t\t\t*bp,\n\tstruct xfs_attr_list_context\t*context)\n{\n\tstruct attrlist_cursor_kern\t*cursor;\n\tstruct xfs_attr_leafblock\t*leaf;\n\tstruct xfs_attr3_icleaf_hdr\tichdr;\n\tstruct xfs_attr_leaf_entry\t*entries;\n\tstruct xfs_attr_leaf_entry\t*entry;\n\tint\t\t\t\tretval;\n\tint\t\t\t\ti;\n\tstruct xfs_mount\t\t*mp = context->dp->i_mount;\n\n\ttrace_xfs_attr_list_leaf(context);\n\n\tleaf = bp->b_addr;\n\txfs_attr3_leaf_hdr_from_disk(mp->m_attr_geo, &ichdr, leaf);\n\tentries = xfs_attr3_leaf_entryp(leaf);\n\n\tcursor = context->cursor;\n\tcursor->initted = 1;\n\n\t/*\n\t * Re-find our place in the leaf block if this is a new syscall.", "\n\t */\n\tif (context->resynch) {\n\t\tentry = &entries[0];\n\t\tfor (i = 0; i < ichdr.count; entry++, i++) {\n\t\t\tif (be32_to_cpu(entry->hashval) == cursor->hashval) {\n\t\t\t\tif (cursor->offset == context->dupcnt) {\n\t\t\t\t\tcontext->dupcnt = 0;\n\t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\tcontext->dupcnt++;\n\t\t\t} else if (be32_to_cpu(entry->hashval) >\n\t\t\t\t\tcursor->hashval) {\n\t\t\t\tcontext->dupcnt = 0;\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\tif (i == ichdr.count) {\n\t\t\ttrace_xfs_attr_list_notfound(context);\n\t\t\treturn 0;\n\t\t}\n\t} else {\n\t\tentry = &entries[0];\n\t\ti = 0;\n\t}\n\tcontext->resynch = 0;\n\n\t/*\n\t * We have found our place, start copying out the new attributes.", "\n\t */\n\tretval = 0;\n\tfor (; i < ichdr.count; entry++, i++) {\n\t\tif (be32_to_cpu(entry->hashval) !", "= cursor->hashval) {\n\t\t\tcursor->hashval = be32_to_cpu(entry->hashval);\n\t\t\tcursor->offset = 0;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tif (entry->flags & XFS_ATTR_INCOMPLETE)\n\t\t\tcontinue;\t\t/* skip incomplete entries */\n\n\t\tif (entry->flags & XFS_ATTR_LOCAL) {\n\t\t\txfs_attr_leaf_name_local_t *name_loc =\n\t\t\t\txfs_attr3_leaf_name_local(leaf, i);\n\n\t\t\tretval = context->put_listent(context,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tentry->flags,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tname_loc->nameval,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(int)name_loc->namelen,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbe16_to_cpu(name_loc->valuelen),\n\t\t\t\t\t\t&name_loc->nameval[name_loc->namelen]);\n\t\t\tif (retval)\n\t\t\t\treturn retval;\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\txfs_attr_leaf_name_remote_t *name_rmt =\n\t\t\t\txfs_attr3_leaf_name_remote(leaf, i);\n\n\t\t\tint valuelen = be32_to_cpu(name_rmt->valuelen);\n\n\t\t\tif (context->put_value) {\n\t\t\t\txfs_da_args_t args;\n\n\t\t\t\tmemset((char *)&args, 0, sizeof(args));\n\t\t\t\targs.geo = context->dp->i_mount->m_attr_geo;\n\t\t\t\targs.dp = context->dp;\n\t\t\t\targs.whichfork = XFS_ATTR_FORK;\n\t\t\t\targs.valuelen = valuelen;\n\t\t\t\targs.rmtvaluelen = valuelen;\n\t\t\t\targs.value = kmem_alloc(valuelen, KM_SLEEP | KM_NOFS);\n\t\t\t\targs.rmtblkno = be32_to_cpu(name_rmt->valueblk);\n\t\t\t\targs.rmtblkcnt = xfs_attr3_rmt_blocks(\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\targs.dp->i_mount, valuelen);\n\t\t\t\tretval = xfs_attr_rmtval_get(&args);\n\t\t\t\tif (!", "retval)\n\t\t\t\t\tretval = context->put_listent(context,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tentry->flags,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tname_rmt->name,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(int)name_rmt->namelen,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvaluelen,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\targs.value);\n\t\t\t\tkmem_free(args.value);\n\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\tretval = context->put_listent(context,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tentry->flags,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tname_rmt->name,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(int)name_rmt->namelen,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tvaluelen,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNULL);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tif (retval)\n\t\t\t\treturn retval;\n\t\t}\n\t\tif (context->seen_enough)\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\tcursor->offset++;\n\t}\n\ttrace_xfs_attr_list_leaf_end(context);\n\treturn retval;\n}\n\n/*\n * Copy out attribute entries for attr_list(), for leaf attribute lists.", "\n */\nSTATIC int\nxfs_attr_leaf_list(xfs_attr_list_context_t *context)\n{\n\tint error;\n\tstruct xfs_buf *bp;\n\n\ttrace_xfs_attr_leaf_list(context);\n\n\tcontext->cursor->blkno = 0;\n\terror = xfs_attr3_leaf_read(NULL, context->dp, 0, -1, &bp);\n\tif (error)\n\t\treturn error;\n\n\terror = xfs_attr3_leaf_list_int(bp, context);\n\txfs_trans_brelse(NULL, bp);\n\treturn error;\n}\n\nint\nxfs_attr_list_int(\n\txfs_attr_list_context_t *context)\n{\n\tint error;\n\txfs_inode_t *dp = context->dp;\n\tuint\t\tlock_mode;\n\n\tXFS_STATS_INC(dp->i_mount, xs_attr_list);\n\n\tif (XFS_FORCED_SHUTDOWN(dp->i_mount))\n\t\treturn -EIO;\n\n\t/*\n\t * Decide on what work routines to call based on the inode size.", "\n\t */\n\tlock_mode = xfs_ilock_attr_map_shared(dp);\n\tif (!", "xfs_inode_hasattr(dp)) {\n\t\terror = 0;\n\t} else if (dp->i_d.di_aformat == XFS_DINODE_FMT_LOCAL) {\n\t\terror = xfs_attr_shortform_list(context);\n\t} else if (xfs_bmap_one_block(dp, XFS_ATTR_FORK)) {\n\t\terror = xfs_attr_leaf_list(context);\n\t} else {\n\t\terror = xfs_attr_node_list(context);\n\t}\n\txfs_iunlock(dp, lock_mode);\n\treturn error;\n}\n\n#define\tATTR_ENTBASESIZE\t\t/* minimum bytes used by an attr */ \\\n\t(((struct attrlist_ent *) 0)->a_name - (char *) 0)\n#define\tATTR_ENTSIZE(namelen)\t\t/* actual bytes used by an attr */ \\\n\t((ATTR_ENTBASESIZE + (namelen) + 1 + sizeof(u_int32_t)-1) \\\n\t & ~(sizeof(u_int32_t)-1))\n\n/*\n * Format an attribute and copy it out to the user's buffer.", "\n * Take care to check values and protect against them changing later,\n * we may be reading them directly out of a user buffer.", "\n */\nSTATIC int\nxfs_attr_put_listent(\n\txfs_attr_list_context_t *context,\n\tint\t\tflags,\n\tunsigned char\t*name,\n\tint\t\tnamelen,\n\tint\t\tvaluelen,\n\tunsigned char\t*value)\n{\n\tstruct attrlist *alist = (struct attrlist *)context->alist;\n\tattrlist_ent_t *aep;\n\tint arraytop;\n\n\tASSERT(!(context->flags & ATTR_KERNOVAL));\n\tASSERT(context->count >= 0);\n\tASSERT(context->count < (ATTR_MAX_VALUELEN/8));\n\tASSERT(context->firstu >= sizeof(*alist));\n\tASSERT(context->firstu <= context->bufsize);\n\n\t/*\n\t * Only list entries in the right namespace.", "\n\t */\n\tif (((context->flags & ATTR_SECURE) == 0) !", "=\n\t ((flags & XFS_ATTR_SECURE) == 0))\n\t\treturn 0;\n\tif (((context->flags & ATTR_ROOT) == 0) !", "=\n\t ((flags & XFS_ATTR_ROOT) == 0))\n\t\treturn 0;\n\n\tarraytop = sizeof(*alist) +\n\t\t\tcontext->count * sizeof(alist->al_offset[0]);\n\tcontext->firstu -= ATTR_ENTSIZE(namelen);\n\tif (context->firstu < arraytop) {\n\t\ttrace_xfs_attr_list_full(context);\n\t\talist->al_more = 1;\n\t\tcontext->seen_enough = 1;\n\t\treturn 1;\n\t}\n\n\taep = (attrlist_ent_t *)&context->alist[context->firstu];\n\taep->a_valuelen = valuelen;\n\tmemcpy(aep->a_name, name, namelen);\n\taep->a_name[namelen] = 0;\n\talist->al_offset[context->count++] = context->firstu;\n\talist->al_count = context->count;\n\ttrace_xfs_attr_list_add(context);\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/*\n * Generate a list of extended attribute names and optionally\n * also value lengths. ", " Positive return value follows the XFS\n * convention of being an error, zero or negative return code\n * is the length of the buffer returned (negated), indicating\n * success.", "\n */\nint\nxfs_attr_list(\n\txfs_inode_t\t*dp,\n\tchar\t\t*buffer,\n\tint\t\tbufsize,\n\tint\t\tflags,\n\tattrlist_cursor_kern_t *cursor)\n{\n\txfs_attr_list_context_t context;\n\tstruct attrlist *alist;\n\tint error;\n\n\t/*\n\t * Validate the cursor.", "\n\t */\n\tif (cursor->pad1 || cursor->pad2)\n\t\treturn -EINVAL;\n\tif ((cursor->initted == 0) &&\n\t (cursor->hashval || cursor->blkno || cursor->offset))\n\t\treturn -EINVAL;\n\n\t/*\n\t * Check for a properly aligned buffer.", "\n\t */\n\tif (((long)buffer) & (sizeof(int)-1))\n\t\treturn -EFAULT;\n\tif (flags & ATTR_KERNOVAL)\n\t\tbufsize = 0;\n\n\t/*\n\t * Initialize the output buffer.", "\n\t */\n\tmemset(&context, 0, sizeof(context));\n\tcontext.dp = dp;\n\tcontext.cursor = cursor;\n\tcontext.resynch = 1;\n\tcontext.flags = flags;\n\tcontext.alist = buffer;\n\tcontext.bufsize = (bufsize & ~(sizeof(int)-1)); /* align */\n\tcontext.firstu = context.bufsize;\n\tcontext.put_listent = xfs_attr_put_listent;\n\n\talist = (struct attrlist *)context.alist;\n\talist->al_count = 0;\n\talist->al_more = 0;\n\talist->al_offset[0] = context.bufsize;\n\n\terror = xfs_attr_list_int(&context);\n\tASSERT(error <= 0);\n\treturn error;\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Non-communicating rudimentary uterine horn pregnancy.", "\nPregnancy in a non-communicating rudimentary horn is an extremely rare form of ectopic gestation. ", "The rudimentary horn may or may not communicate with the uterine cavity with the majority of cases being non-communicating. ", "The patient exhibits features of acute abdomen and carries a high risk of maternal death. ", "Even modern scans remain elusive whereas laparatomy remains the confirmatory procedure for the diagnosis. ", "Because of the varied muscular constitution in the thickness and distensibility of the wall of the rudimentary horn, pregnancy is accommodated for a variable period of gestation. ", "Here, we report three cases of pregnancy in a non-communicating rudimentary horn of the uterus in different periods of gestation, their outcome and a review of the available literature." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "---\nabstract: |\n We study mimetic gravity in the presence of a DBI-like term which is a non-canonical setup of the scalar field’s derivatives. ", "We consider two general cases with varying and constant sound speeds and construct the potentials for both the DBI and Mimetic DBI models. ", "By considering the power-law scale factor as $a=a_{0}\\,t^{n}$, we seek for the observational viability of these models. ", "We show that, the Mimetic DBI model in some ranges of the parameters space is free of ghost and gradient instabilities. ", "By studying $r-n_{s}$ and $\\alpha_{s}-n_{s}$ behavior in confrontation with Planck2018 data, we find some constraints on the model’s parameters. ", "We show that for the case with varying sound speed, although power-law DBI inflation is not consistent with Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+low E+lensing data, but the Mimetic DBI inflation is consistent with Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+low E+lensing data at 95$\\%$ CL, in some ranges of the model’s parameters space as $40\\leq n \\leq 55$ where the model is instabilities-free in these ranges of parameters too. ", "For the constant sound speed, by adopting some sample values of $c_{s}$, we study both DBI and Mimetic DBI model numerically and find $n\\sim 10^{2}$ for DBI model and $n\\sim 10$ for Mimetic DBI model. ", "We also compare the results with Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+low E+lensing+BK14+BAO data and see that the DBI and Mimetic DBI model with varying sound speed are ruled out with these joint data. ", "However, these models with constant sound speed are consistent with Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+low E+lensing+BK14+BAO data with $n\\sim 10^{2}$ for DBI model and $n\\sim 10$ for Mimetic DBI model. ", "In this case, we find some tighter constraints on the corresponding sound speed.\\\n [**PACS**]{}: 98.80.Bp, 98.80.Cq, 98.80.Es\\\n [**Key Words**]{}: Cosmological Inflation, DBI Model, Mimetic Gravity, Observational Constraints\n---\n\n\\\n$^{a,b,}$[^1] and $^{a,}$[^2]\\\n$^{a}$Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran,\\\nP. O. Box 47416-95447, Babolsar, IRAN\\\n$^{b}$ Research Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics of Maragha (RIAAM),\\\nP. O. Box 55134-441, Maragha, Iran\\\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIn 2013, Chamseddine and Mukhanov have proposed a new approach to General Relativity, respecting the conformal symmetry as an internal degree of freedom [@Cham13]. ", "In their proposal, the authors have introduced a model in which the physical metric is written in terms of an auxiliary metric and a scalar field as follows $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq1}\ng_{\\mu\\nu}= -\\tilde{g}^{\\alpha\\beta}\\,\\phi_{,\\alpha}\\,\\phi_{,\\beta}\n\\,\\tilde{g}_{\\mu\\nu}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ The scalar field $\\phi$ is a free and non-dynamical field which encodes the conformal mode of the gravity. ", "Considering the definition given in equation (\\[eq1\\]), we see that the physical metric ($g_{\\mu\\nu}$) remains invariant with respect to the Weyl transformation of the auxiliary metric ($\\tilde{g}_{\\mu\\nu}$). ", "Note that, the definition (\\[eq1\\]) leads to the following constraint on the scalar field [@Cham13] $$\\label{eq2}\ng^{\\mu\\nu}\\phi_{,\\mu}\\phi_{,\\nu}=-1\\,,$$ In Ref.", " [@Cham13], the action consists of the Einstein-Hilbert term and the contribution of the matter coupled to $g_{\\mu\\nu}$. The Einstein’s field equations in this model consist of an extra term which corresponds to the mimetic field. ", "This extra term is considered as a source of the dark matter. ", "Actually, in the energy density, there is a term corresponding to $a^{-3}$ which “mimics\" the dark matter. ", "In Ref.", " [@Gol13], by using the Lagrange multipliers in the action, the author has introduced another mathematical approach to explore the mimetic matter scenario (see also [@Ham13]). ", "The ghost free models of the mimetic dark matter theory have been discussed in [@Bar13]. ", "The lagrange multiplier approach has been followed in [@Cham14] where the authors have considered the Lagrange multiplier in the action and also a potential for the mimetic field. ", "The authors in this paper have shown that by adopting the appropriate potentials, it is possible to consider the mimetic field as quintessence, phantom or inflaton fields. ", "Other extensions of the mimetic model, such as the non-minimal mimetic model [@Myr15; @Hos18], braneworld mimetic model [@Sad17] and mimetic gravity in the spirit of $f(R)$ theories [@Noj14; @Ast16; @Noj16], mimetic $f(G)$ gravity [@Ast15], mimetic Horndeski gravity [@Co16; @Arr15], mimetic Galileon gravity [@Hag14], unimodular mimetic $f(R)$ gravity [@Odi16] and mimetic Born-Infeld theory [@Bou17; @Che17] have been studied.", "\n\nIn the ordinary mimetic model, where even a potential is included, the sound speed of the perturbations is vanishing and the perturbations behave like a dust [@Cham14]. ", "In this regard, adding higher derivative terms such as $\\gamma\\square \\phi$ (where $\\gamma$ is a constant) leads to a non-zero sound speed of the perturbations [@Cham14]. ", "By appropriate choosing of $\\gamma$, the mimetic model with $\\gamma\\square \\phi$ term can be ghost free, however, it still suffers from the gradient instability [@Ij16]. ", "The authors of [@Zhe17] have shown that by considering the direct couplings of the higher derivatives of the mimetic field to the curvature of the space-time, it is possible to overcome such instabilities in some ranges of the parameters space. ", "For more papers on the (in)stability issue see [@Cap14; @Mir14; @Mal14; @Ram15; @Lan15; @Ram16; @Arr16; @Ac16; @Hir17; @Cai17; @Cai17; @Tak17; @Yos17].", "\n\nIn this paper, instead of including the higher order derivatives of the scalar field, we consider a non-canonical setup of the scalar field’s derivatives. ", "DBI [@Sil04; @Che07; @Ali04; @Che05] and tachyon [@Se99; @Se02a; @Se02b; @Noz13; @Noz14; @Noz18] fields are examples of the non-canonical scalar fields. ", "We add a DBI like term, $f^{-1}(\\phi)\\,\\sqrt{1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}}$, in the action of the simple mimetic model with potential. ", "Here, the field $\\phi$ in DBI term is the mimetic scalar field. ", "In the string based DBI (Dirac-Born-Infeld) model, the scalar field is characterized by the radial position of a $D3$ brane [@Sil04; @Ali04]. ", "This brane moves in a “throat” region of a warped compactified space while there is a speed limit on its motion [@Sil04]. ", "This scalar field can be considered as inflaton with non-canonical kinetic term. ", "In the DBI inflation model the sound speed of the primordial perturbation is different from unity (considering $c$, the speed of light, to be unity) which can lead to large non-Gaussianity [@Ali04; @Che05; @Li08]. ", "For more work on the DBI inflation see [@Che05b; @Spa07; @Noz13a; @Li14; @Naz16; @Qiu16; @Kum16; @Cho15; @Ras18; @Che18; @ama18; @Soul18]. ", "However, in this paper we assume the field in the DBI term to be the mimetic scalar field. ", "We are going to explore the cosmological dynamics of the mimetic model in the presence of the DBI-like term. ", "We wonder, by adding this term, if the the mimetic model would be stable- meaning that, it would be free of the gradient and ghost instabilities or not. ", "We also seek for the observational viability of the model. ", "To this end, we study the Mimetic DBI (from now on, MDBI) model with power-law scale factor [@Luc85; @Hal87; @Lid89; @Spa07b; @Un13; @Spa07]. ", "In this regard we consider a mimetic model with DBI-like term and potential, and also use the lagrange multiplier in the action. ", "We follow Refs.", " [@Bam14; @Odi15] to find the appropriate potential and lagrange multiplier corresponding to the power-law scale factor, and then check the observational viability of the model.", "\n\nThis paper is organized as follows: In section 2, we consider the case with varying sound speed. ", "In subsection 2.1, we consider an ordinary DBI model and obtain the main background equations of the model. ", "By introducing the slow-roll parameters and the sound speed of the model, we obtain the main perturbation parameters like as the tensor-to-scalar ratio, scalar spectral index and its running. ", "We also construct the potential of the model in terms of the Hubble parameter and its derivatives. ", "In subsection 2.2 we consider a power-law scale factor and recast the slow-roll parameters (and therefore the perturbation parameters) of the DBI model in terms of the new parameters of the introduced scale factor. ", "Given that, for the DBI model we obtain two forms of potential and we analyze the perturbations parameters for both cases. ", "As we shall see, the DBI model that we study here, is not observationally viable. ", "But this not the end of the road. ", "In section 2.3, we introduce the Mimetic DBI inflation. ", "In this section, by using the Lagrange multiplier, we enter the mimetic constraint. ", "In this section also, we obtain the background equations of the model. ", "By using the Friedmann equations, we obtain the Lagrange multiplier and the potential in terms of the Hubble parameter and its derivatives. ", "We also find the slow-roll parameters in our MDBI model which differs from the ones in usual DBI model. ", "In section 2.4, we study the power-law MDBI model. ", "We show that, by adding a DBI-like term in the action of the mimetic model with potential term, and by considering a power-law scale factor, the mimetic model would be free of gradient instability in some ranges of the model’s parameters space. ", "We show that the model is free of ghost instability in some ranges of the model’s parameters space which mach with the ranges leading to the gradient instability free MDBI model. ", "We also explore the perturbation parameters numerically. ", "The interesting point is that, $r-n_{s}$ and $\\alpha_{s}-n_{s}$ are consistent with observational data in ranges of the model’s parameters space where the MDBI model is stable. ", "Although these ranges lead to small non-Gaussianity, but it is consistent with observational data. ", "We use the constraints obtained from $r-n_{s}$ and $\\alpha_{s}-n_{s}$ to find the viable values of the non-Gaussianity. ", "In section 3 we use the constraint on the nonlinearity parameter (in the non-Gaussianity) and constraint on the sound speed to explore other features of the model. ", "In this regard, we consider constant sound speed and adopt some observationally viable values of this quantity. ", "By using the adopted values of the sound speed, we study $r-n_{s}$ and $\\alpha-n_{s}$ for DBI model in subsection 3.1 and MDBI model in subsection 3.2 and find some constraints on the model’s parameters. ", "In section 4, we consider the B-mode polarization and use the BICEP2/Keck Array 2014 and Planck2018 joint data to explore the models. ", "As another important result, the DBI and MDBI models with power-law scale factor and varying sound speed are ruled out by the BICEP2/Keck Array 2014 and Planck2018 joint data. ", "Therefore, in section 4 we only perform numerical analysis on these models with constant sound speed and find some constraints on the model. ", "In section 5, we present the summary and conclusion.", "\n\nVarying Sound speed\n===================\n\nIn this section, we consider the case with varying sound speed where the sound speed is expressed in terms of the model’s parameters. ", "In this case, by using the observational viability of $n_{s}$, $r$ and $\\alpha_{s}$, we obtain some constraints on $n$ (remember that $a=a_{0}\\,t^{n}$). ", "Then, by using the constraints on $n$, we obtain the observational viable values of $c_{s}$ and the prediction of the model for non-Gaussian features.", "\n\nDBI Model\n---------\n\nWe consider the following action for the DBI model $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq3} S=\\int\nd^{4}x\\sqrt{-g}\\Bigg[\\frac{1}{2\\kappa^{2}}R-f^{-1}(\\phi)\\,\\sqrt{1-2f(\\phi)X}-V(\\phi)\n\\Bigg],\\end{aligned}$$ where, $R$ is the Ricci scalar, $V(\\phi)$ is the potential of the field, $f^{-1}(\\phi)$ is the inverse brane tension, related to the geometry of the throat of the compact manifold passed by the D3-brane and $X=-\\frac{1}{2}\\partial_{\\nu}\\phi\\,\\partial^{\\nu}\\phi$.\n\nVariation of the action (\\[eq3\\]) with respect to the metric leads to the following Einstein’s field equations $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq4}\nG_{\\mu\\nu}=\\kappa^{2}\\Bigg[-g_{\\mu\\nu}f^{-1}\\sqrt{1+f\\,g^{\\mu\\nu}\\,\\partial_{\\mu}\\phi\\,\\partial_{\\nu}\\phi}-g_{\\mu\\nu}V\n+\\partial_{\\mu}\\phi\\,\\partial_{\\nu}\\phi\n\\Big(1+f\\,g^{\\mu\\nu}\\,\\partial_{\\mu}\\phi\\,\\partial_{\\nu}\\phi\\Big)^{-\\frac{1}{2}}\\Bigg]\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ which by considering the flat FRW metric $$\\label{eq5} ds^{2}=-dt^{2}+a^{2}(t)\\delta_{ij}dx^{i}dx^{j}\\,,$$ lead to the following Friedmann equations $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq6}\n3H^{2}=\\kappa^{2}\\Bigg[\\frac{f^{-1}}{\\sqrt{1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}}}+V\\Bigg]\\,,\\end{aligned}$$\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq7}\n2\\dot{H}+3H^{2}=\\kappa^{2}\\Bigg[f^{-1}\\,\\sqrt{1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}}+V\\Bigg]\\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nVariation of the action (\\[eq3\\]) with respect to $\\phi$ gives the equation of motion as [@Ras18] $$\\label{eq8}\\frac{\\ddot{\\phi}}{(1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2})^{\\frac{3}{2}}}+\\frac{3H\\dot{\\phi}}{(1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2})^{\\frac{1}{2}}}\n+V'=-\\frac{f'}{f^{2}}\n\\Bigg[\\frac{3f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}-2}{2(1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2})^{\\frac{1}{2}}}\\Bigg]\\,.$$\n\nIn this paper we are going to study the cosmic inflationary phase in this setup. ", "To have the inflation phase, the slow-roll parameters should be much smaller than unity. ", "These parameters are defined as $$\\label{eq9}\\epsilon\\equiv-\\frac{\\dot{H}}{H^{2}}\\,,\\quad\n\\eta=-\\frac{1}{H}\\frac{\\ddot{H}}{\\dot{H}}\\,,\\quad\ns=\\frac{1}{H}\\frac{d \\ln c_{s}}{dt}\\,,$$ where $c_{s}$ is the sound speed of the perturbations. ", "To have inflation phase, the constraints $f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}\\ll 1$ and $\\ddot{\\phi}\\ll 3H\\dot{\\phi}$ should be satisfied.", "\n\nIn this model, the square of sound speed which is defined as $c_{s}^{2}=\\frac{P_{,X}}{\\rho_{,X}}$ (where the subscript “$,X$\" shows derivative with respect to $X$), is given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq10} c_{s}^{2}=1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ The sound speed should satisfy two constraints as follows [@Eli07; @Qui17]. ", "To avoid the appearance of gradient instabilities, the square of the sound speed of the perturbation should be positive, that is, $c_{s}^{2}>0$. Also, by considering the causality requirement, the maximum value of the sound speed should be equal to the value of the local speed of light- that means $c_{s}\\leq c$, where $c$ is the local speed of light. ", "By adopting $c\\equiv 1$, these constraints imply that $0<c_{s}^{2}\\leq\nc^2$.\n\nIn this paper, we are going to seek for the observational viability of the model by comparing the results of our model with the Planck2018 observational data [@pl18a; @pl18b] and constraining the perturbation parameters. ", "To constraint the perturbation parameters, Planck collaboration has used this fact that the two-point correlations of the CMB anisotropies are described by the angular power spectra $C_{l}^{TT}$, $C_{l}^{TE}$, $C_{l}^{EE}$ and $C_{l}^{BB}$ ($l$ is the multipole moment number), under the assumption of statistical isotropy [@kam97; @zal30; @sel97; @Hu97; @Hu98]. ", "Via the transfer functions $\\Delta_{l,A}^{s}$ and $\\Delta_{l,A}^{T}$ (whic are generally computed by using the Boltzmann codes such as CMBFAST [@sel96] or CAMB [@Lew00]), the Planck collaboration has related the CMB angular power spectra to the scalar and tensor primordial power spectra. ", "If we consider $a,b=T,E,B$, the contributions from scalar and tensor perturbations in the CMB angular power spectra are given by [@pl15] $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq11} C_{l}^{ab,s}=\\int_{0}^{\\infty} \\frac{dk}{k}\n\\Delta_{l,a}^{s} (k) \\, \\Delta_{l,b}^{s} (k)\\, {\\cal{A}}_{s} (k)\\,,\\end{aligned}$$\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq12} C_{l}^{ab,T}=\\int_{0}^{\\infty} \\frac{dk}{k}\n\\Delta_{l,a}^{T} (k) \\, \\Delta_{l,b}^{T} (k)\\, {\\cal{A}}_{T} (k)\\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThe linear transformations encoded in $\\Delta_{l,B}^{i} (k)$ (with $i=s,T$) are corresponding to the physics of the late time and the primordial power spectra ${\\cal{A}}_{i}(k)$ are identified by the physics of the primordial universe [@pl15]. ", "To explore the transfer functions, and seek for the CMB anisotropies, the Planck team has adopted the $\\Lambda$CDM model as the one governing on the late time background dynamics of the universe. ", "Also, to compare the perturbations parameters with data, they expand the scalar and tensor power spectra as [@pl18b; @pl15] [^3] $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq13} {\\cal{A}}_{s}\n(k)=A_{s}\\left(\\frac{k}{k_{*}}\\right)^{n_{s}-1+\\frac{1}{2}\\frac{dn_{s}}{d\\ln\nk}\\ln\\big(\\frac{k}{k_{*}}\\big)+\\frac{1}{6}\\frac{d^{2}n_{s}}{d\\ln\nk^{2}}\\ln\\big(\\frac{k}{k_{*}}\\big)^{2}+...}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq14} {\\cal{A}}_{T}\n(k)=A_{T}\\left(\\frac{k}{k_{*}}\\right)^{n_{T}+\\frac{1}{2}\\frac{dn_{T}}{d\\ln\nk}\\ln\\big(\\frac{k}{k_{*}}\\big)+...}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ which are model independent and where, $A_{i}$ is the amplitude of the scalar ($i=s$) or tensor ($i=T$) perturbations. ", "Also, $\\frac{dn_{i}}{d\\ln k}$ is the the running of the scalar ($i=s$) or tensor ($i=T$) spectral index and $\\frac{d^{2}n_{s}}{d\\ln k^{2}}$ is the running of the running of the scalar spectral index. ", "Using the power spectra, it is possible to find the ratio of the tensor to scalar amplitudes of the perturbations as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq15} r=\\frac{{\\cal{A}}_{T}(k_{*})}{{\\cal{A}}_{s}(k_{*})}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ which is an important perturbation parameter. ", "In this paper, we consider the constraints on the perturbation parameters obtained by Planck2018 team, based on the $\\Lambda$CDM$+r+\\frac{dn_{s}}{d\\ln k}$ model which supports quasi-de Sitter expansion during inflation epoch. ", "In the $\\Lambda$CDM$+r+\\frac{dn_{s}}{d\\ln k}$ model, the amplitude and the scale dependence of the tensor perturbations, the amplitude and the scale dependence of the scalar perturbations and the scale dependence of the scalar spectral index are taken into account. ", "From the Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+ low EB+ lensing data, the constraint on the scalar spectral index in $\\Lambda$CDM$+r+\\frac{dn_{s}}{d\\ln k}$ model is as $n_{s}=0.9647\\pm\n0.0044$, the constraint on the tensor-to-scalar ratio is as $r<0.16$ and the constraint on the running of the scalar spectral index is as $\\frac{dn_{s}}{d\\ln k}=-0.0085\\pm 0.0073$, which are calculated at pivot scale $k_{*}=0.002 Mpc^{-1}$ [@pl18b]. ", "Note that, Planck2018 team has obtained some constraints based on $\\Lambda$CDM$+r$ model too ($n_{s}=0.9659\\pm 0.0041$ and $r<0.10$ from Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+ low EB+ lensing), however, here we focus on the results of $\\Lambda$CDM$+r+\\frac{dn_{s}}{d\\ln k}$ model [@pl18b].", "\n\nNow, we should obtain the perturbation parameters in the DBI model. ", "Following the Planck collaboration assumption, we assume the late-time background dynamics is governed by $\\Lambda$CDM model and the running of the spectral index is taken into account. ", "The scale dependence of the scalar spectral index is identified by $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq16} n_{s}-1=\\frac{d \\ln {\\cal{A}}_{s}}{d\\ln\nk}\\Bigg|_{c_{s}k=aH}\\end{aligned}$$ In this equation, the subscript $c_{s}k=aH$ means that the scalar spectral index is calculated at the time of sound horizon exit of the physical scales. ", "Note that, although we consider the running of the scalar spectral index, but since the inflationary parameters are calculated at pivot scale $k=k_{*}$, the running term doesn’t appear in definition (\\[eq16\\]). ", "The amplitude of the scalar spectral index, which Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+ low EB+ lensing data gives its value as ${\\cal{A}}_{s}\\simeq 2.0989\\times10^{-9}$ [@pl18b], is given by (see [@Ras18] for instance) $$\\label{eq17}{\\cal{A}}_{s}=\\frac{H^{2}}{8\\pi^{2}{\\cal{W}}_{s}c_{s}^{3}}\\,,$$ where $$\\label{eq18} {\\cal{W}}_{s}=\\frac { \\dot{\\phi}^{2}}{2{H}^{2} \\left(\n1-f\\, \\dot{\\phi}^{2} \\right) ^{3/2}}\\,.$$ To avoid the ghost instability, ${\\cal{W}}_{s}$ should be positive.", "\n\nWe can write the scalar spectral index, in terms of the slow-roll parameters, as follows $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq19} n_{s}=1-6\\epsilon+2\\eta-s\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ As we have mentioned earlier, the Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+low EB+lensing data gives the value of the scalar spectral index as $n_{s}=0.9647\\pm 0.0044$ (in the $\\Lambda$CDM$+r+\\frac{dn_{s}}{d\\ln\nk}$ model) [@pl18b]. ", "Another important parameter is the running of the scalar spectral index which is given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq20}\n\\alpha_{s}=8\\epsilon\\,\\eta-12\\epsilon^{2}-2\\zeta+2\\eta^{2}-\\frac{1}{H}\\dot{s}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq21} \\zeta=\\frac{\\dddot{H}}{H^{2}\\dot{H}}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ The value of the running of the scalar spectral index, from Planck2018 TT, TE, EE + low EB+ lensing data is as $\\alpha_{s}=-0.0085\\pm\n0.0073$ [@pl18b].", "\n\nFrom equation (\\[eq14\\]) we see that the tensor spectral index is defined as follows $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq22} n_{T}=\\frac{d \\ln {\\cal{A}}_{T}}{d\\ln\nk}\\Bigg|_{k=aH}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where, the subscript $k=aH$ means that the tensor spectral index is calculated at Hubble horizon crossing of the physical scale. ", "In definition (\\[eq22\\]), ${\\cal{A}}_{T}$, the amplitude of the tensor perturbations, is given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq23} {\\cal{A}}_{T}=\\frac{2\\kappa^{2}H^{2}}{\\pi^{2}}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Now, we have the tensor spectral index as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq24} n_{T}=-2\\epsilon\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Considering that there is no detection of a non-zero tensor amplitude by current data [@pl18b], when $r$ is very small (actually enough close to zero), any values of the tensor perturbations is viable in essence [@pl18b]. ", "By relaxing the inflationary consistency relation and considering Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+ low E +lensing+ BK14+ LIGO $\\&$ Virgo2016 data the Planck team have obtained the constraint on the tensor part as $-0.62<n_{T}<0.53$. However, there is no exact value of $n_{t}$. In Ref.", " [@Sim07], one can see the different delensing techniques and their ability to constraint the tensor spectral index.", "\n\nBy using equations (\\[eq15\\]) and (\\[eq24\\]) we obtain the tensor-to-scalar ratio as follows $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq25} r=16\\,c_{s}\\,\\epsilon\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ or $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq26} r=-8\\,c_{s}\\,n_{T}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Equation (\\[eq26\\]) is named the consistency relation. ", "Note that in the simple single filed inflation with a canonical scalar field we have $c_{s}^{2}=1$ and therefore $r=16\\epsilon$. However, in the non canonical DBI field the tensor-to-scalar ratio is given by Eq. (", "\\[eq26\\]). ", "In some extended models, there is some additional terms in consistency relation. ", "In other words, in those cases, the consistency relation is modified [@Noz13; @Noz14; @Fel11a; @Fel11b; @Noz17]. ", "As we said, the constraint on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, from Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+ lowEB + lensing data, is as $r<0.16$ [@pl18b].", "\n\nNow, following Refs.", " [@Bam14; @Odi15], we use the Friedmann equations to obtain the potential in terms of the Hubble parameter and its derivatives. ", "First of all, we adopt $f^{-1}(\\phi)=V(\\phi)$. Then, we introduce a new scalar field $\\varphi$ which is identified by the number of e-folds $N$ and parameterizes the scalar field $\\phi$ as $\\phi=\\phi(\\varphi)$. By using these points, equation (\\[eq7\\]) gives the following expression for the potential $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq27} V_{\\pm}=-{\\frac {{12H}^{2}(N)\\,H'(N)}{{\\kappa}^{2}\n\\left( \\pm\\sqrt {3}\\sqrt {H(N)} \\sqrt\n{3\\,H(N)+8\\,H'(N)}+3\\,H(N)-4\\,H'(N) \\right) }}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where a prime shows a derivative of the parameter with respect to $N$. We also find the following expressions for the slow-roll parameters in terms of the Hubble parameter and its derivatives $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq28}\\epsilon_{\\pm}={\\frac { \\left( H^{3}H''\n+H^{2}H'^{2}+\\frac{4}{3} H^{2}H'H''+4HH'^{3}\\pm \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{3}} e\nH^{\\frac{5}{2}}H'' \\pm \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{3}} eH^{\\frac{3}{2}}H'^{2}\\mp\n\\frac{8}{3\\sqrt{3}}e H'^{3}\\sqrt {H } \\right) ^{2}}{-\\frac{4}{27} H\n^{2} \\left( \\sqrt {3}e\\sqrt {H }+3\\,H -4 H' \\right) ^{2} H'^{3}\n\\left( 3\\,H +8\\,H' \\right) }}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where, $e\\equiv\\sqrt {H+8\\,H'}$ and $H\\equiv H(N)$.\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq29}\\eta_{\\pm}=- \\Bigg\\{ \\frac{1}{4V_{\\pm}^{2}} \\Bigg[\n-\\frac{{\\kappa}^{2}}{2} \\left( 1-{\\frac {HH'' }{ H'^{2}}} \\right)\nV'_{\\pm} -{\\frac {{\\kappa}^{2}H V''_{\\pm} }{H' }} -2 \\Bigg(\n\\frac{{\\kappa}^{2}}{4} \\left( 1-{\\frac {H H'' }{ H'^{2}}} \\right)\n\\frac{V'_{\\pm}}{V_{\\pm}^{2}}\\nonumber\\\\-\\frac{\\kappa^{2}}{2}\\frac{H}{H'}\n\\left( 2{\\frac { V_{\\pm}'^{2}}{ V_{\\pm}^{3}}}-{ \\frac {V''_{\\pm} }{\nV_{\\pm}^{2}}} \\right) \\Bigg) V_{\\pm}^{ 2} \\Bigg]+\\frac{1}{2}{\\frac {\nV_{\\pm}'^{2}{\\kappa}^{2}H }{ H'V_{\\pm}^{2}}} \\Bigg\\} {\\kappa}^{\n-2}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq30}s=\\frac{1}{2H} \\Bigg\\{ -2{\\frac { V'_{\\pm} H^{2}\\,H' }{\nV_{\\pm}^{2}\\,{\\kappa}^{ 2}}}-2 \\frac{H^{2}}{V_{\\pm}} \\Bigg[ - \\left(\n{ \\frac {H'' }{H }}-{\\frac { H'^{2}}{ H^{2}}} \\right) {\\frac\n{{\\kappa}^{-2}H }{\\sqrt {-{\\frac {2H' }{{\\kappa}^{2}H\n}}}}}\\nonumber\\\\+ {\\frac {H' }{\\sqrt {-{\\frac {{ \\kappa}^{2}H }{2H'\n}}}} } \\Bigg]{\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {-{\\frac {{ \\kappa}^{2}H }{2H'}}}}}\n\\Bigg\\} \\left( 1+2\\,{\\frac {H H' }{V_{\\pm} {\\kappa}^{2}}} \\right)\n^{-1}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nNow, the perturbation parameters $n_{s}$ and $r$ can be expressed in terms of the Hubble parameter and its derivatives. ", "By adopting some functions for the Hubble parameter, corresponding to some inflation model, we can analyze the observable parameters numerically.", "\n\nNote that the tensor-to-scalar ratio is corresponding to the sound speed. ", "This parameter is related to the other important property in the inflationary models, named “non-Gaussianity”. ", "This property which is generated during the inflation era, can be used to test the observational viability of the inflation models. ", "The Gaussian perturbations are characterized by two-point correlation. ", "However, the additional statistical information corresponding to the non-Gaussian distribution can be obtained from three and higher order correlations. ", "The 3-point correlation in the interaction picture is defined as [@Mal03] $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq31}<\\Phi(\\textbf{k}_{1})\\,\\Phi(\\textbf{k}_{2}\\,\\Phi(\\textbf{k}_{3}))=(2\\pi)^{7}\\,\\delta^{3}(\\textbf{k}_{1}\n+\\textbf{k}_{2}+\\textbf{k}_{3}){\\cal{B}}_{\\Phi}(k_{1},k_{2},k_{3})\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where the potential $\\Phi$, which is equivalent to the Bardeen gravitational potential, is defined as $\\Phi=\\frac{3}{5}\\xi$ with $\\xi$ to be the co-moving curvature perturbation. ", "As we see from equation (\\[eq31\\]), the bispectrum ${\\cal{B}}_{\\Phi}$ depends on the three momenta $\\textbf{k}_{1}$, $\\textbf{k}_{2}$ and $\\textbf{k}_{3}$. By considering the translational and rotational invariance and depending on the amount of momenta, we are faced with different shapes of the non-Gaussianity with different corresponding amplitudes. ", "In studying the non-Gaussian feature of the perturbation using the three-point correlation function, the so-called “nonlinearity parameter” measuring the amplitude of the non-Gaussianity of the primordial perturbations, is an important parameter which is related to the sound speed (see [@Ali04; @Che05]). ", "The Planck collaboration has obtained a constraint on the nonlinearity parameter in DBI model. ", "To obtain this constraint, the Planck team has used the following bispectrum of the primordial perturbations [@Ali04; @Che05] $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq32}\n{\\cal{B}}_{\\Phi}(k_{1},k_{2},k_{3})=\\frac{6{\\cal{A}}^{2}f_{NL}}{(k_{1}k_{2}k_{3})^{3}}\\,\\frac{-3}{7(k_{1}+k_{2}+k_{3})^{2}}\n\\Bigg[\\sum_{i} k_{i}^{5}+\\sum_{i\\neq\nj}\\Big(2k_{i}^{4}k_{j}-3k_{i}^{3}k_{j}^{2}\\Big)\\nonumber\\\\+\\sum_{i\\neq\nj \\neq\nl}\\Big(k_{i}^{3}k_{j}k_{l}-4k_{i}^{2}k_{j}^{2}k_{l}\\Big)\\Bigg]\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where the power spectrum of the potential $\\Phi$, ${\\cal{P}}_{\\Phi}(k)=\\frac{{\\cal{A}}}{k^{4-n_{s}}}$, has been normalized to ${\\cal{A}}^{2}$. By constraining the non-separable shape given by the above equation, the Planck collaboration has obtained the value of the nonlinearity parameter as $f_{NL}=15.6\\pm\n37.3$ from temperature and polarization data at 68% CL [@pl15]. ", "The nonlinearity parameter of the DBI model, given in the above bispectrum, is related to the sound speed of the perturbations.\\\nIn the slow-roll approximation, the important terms in the amplitude of the non-Gaussianity are as follows [@Che07] $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq33a} f_{NL}=f_{NL}^{\\sigma}+f_{NL}^{c}\\end{aligned}$$ with $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq33b}\nf_{NL}^{\\sigma}=-\\frac{5}{81}\\left(\\frac{1}{c_{s}^{2}}-1-\\frac{2\\sigma}{\\Sigma}\\right)+\\Big(3-2c_{1}\\Big)\\frac{l\\sigma}{\\Sigma}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq33c}\nf_{NL}^{c}=\\frac{35}{108}\\Bigg(\\frac{1}{c_{s}^{2}}-1\\Bigg)\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where $c_{1}\\approx 0.577$ is the Euler constant and $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq33d} \\sigma=X^{2}P_{,XX}+\\frac{2}{3}X^{3}P_{,XXX}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq33d} \\Sigma=XP_{,X}+2X^{2}P_{,XX}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq33d} l=\\frac{\\dot{\\sigma}}{\\sigma H}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ In the above equations ${,X}$ means derivative with respect to $X$ and a dot shows the derivative with respect to the time. ", "If we consider the DBI model in which $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq33e} P(X,\\phi)=-f^{-1}(\\phi)\\sqrt{1-2Xf(\\phi)}-V(\\phi)\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ the leading order contribution in $f_{NL}^{\\sigma}$ vanishes [@Che07]. ", "In this regard, only equation (\\[eq33c\\]) contributes in the amplitude of the non-Gaussianity.\\\nTherefore, we have [@Che07; @Ali04; @Che05] $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq33}\nf_{NL}=-\\frac{35}{108}\\Bigg(\\frac{1}{c_{s}^{2}}-1\\Bigg)\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ So, by having the values of the nonlinearity parameter, it is possible to get some constraints on the sound speed. ", "Indeed, the Planck team by using the constraint on $f_{NL}$ at 95% CL and equation (\\[eq33\\]) has obtained constraints on the sound speed at 95% CL. ", "The constraints are as $c_{s}\\geq 0.069$ from temperature data only at 95% CL, and $c_{s}\\geq 0.087$ from temperature and polarization data at 95% CL.", "\n\nPower-Law Inflation in DBI Model\n--------------------------------\n\nNow, we study the power law inflation which is described by the following scale factor $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq34}a=a_{0}\\,t^n\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ leading to the following Hubble parameter $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq35}H(N)=n\\,e^{-\\frac{N}{n}}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Actually, the scale factor (\\[eq34\\]) leads to $H=\\frac{n}{t}$, which in terms of the e-fold’s number is written as (\\[eq35\\]). ", "By adopting the power law inflation, the slow-roll parameters take the following form $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq36}\\epsilon_{\\pm}={\\frac { \\left( 3\\,{n}^{\\frac{3}{2}}\\sqrt\n{3\\,n-8}\\pm3\\,\\sqrt {3}{n}^{2}+4\\, \\sqrt {n}\\sqrt\n{3\\,n-8}\\mp8\\,\\sqrt {3}n \\right) ^{2}}{{n}^{2} \\left( \\sqrt {n}\\sqrt\n{3\\,n-8}\\sqrt {3}\\pm3\\,n\\pm4 \\right) ^{2} \\left( 3\\,n-8 \\right)\n}}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq37} \\eta_{\\pm}=4\\,{\\frac {\\mp9\\,\\sqrt\n{3}{n}^{3}\\pm12\\,{n}^{2}\\sqrt {3}+9\\,{n}^{\\frac{5}{2}} \\sqrt\n{3\\,n-8}\\pm32\\,\\sqrt {3}n+8\\,\\sqrt {n}\\sqrt\n{3\\,n-8}}{{n}^{\\frac{3}{2}} \\left( \\sqrt {n}\\sqrt {3\\,n-8}\\sqrt\n{3}\\mp3\\,n\\mp4 \\right) ^{2}\\sqrt {3\\, n-8}}}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq38} s=0\\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nBy using the above relations, the scalar spectral index, its running and tensor-to-scalar ratio can be expressed in terms of $N$ and $n$ and explored numerically. ", "However, note that the tensor-to-scalar ratio is corresponding to the sound speed (see equations (\\[eq25\\]) and (\\[eq26\\])). ", "On the other hand, as we have stated earlier, to avoid the instabilities, the sound speed of the perturbations should be as $0<c_{s}^{2}\\leq 1$. DBI power-law inflation for some values of $n$ is free of the gradient instabilities and also satisfies the causality requirement for both cases with $V_{+}$ and $V_{-}$. The left panel of figure 1 shows the evolution of the square of the sound speed versus $n$ for the case with $V_{+}$. For all values of $n\\geq 8$, the sound speed is positive and also smaller than unity. ", "The right panel of figure 1 shows evolution of ${\\cal{W}}_{s}$ versus $n$. As figure shows, for all values of $n\\geq 8$ this model is free of ghost instabilities too.", "\n\n![ ", "versus $n$ in the DBI model with power-law scale factor as $a=a_{0}\\,t^{n}$ and $V_{+}$. As figures show, for all values of $n$, the DBI model is free of the gradient and ghost instabilities and also satisfies the causality requirement.[]{data-label=\"fig1\"}](1a \"fig:\") ![ ", "versus $n$ in the DBI model with power-law scale factor as $a=a_{0}\\,t^{n}$ and $V_{+}$. As figures show, for all values of $n$, the DBI model is free of the gradient and ghost instabilities and also satisfies the causality requirement.[]{data-label=\"fig1\"}](1b \"fig:\")\n\nNow, we find the constraints on the parameter $n$ by exploring the observational viability of the tensor-to-scalar ratio, in confrontation with the Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowEB+lensing data. ", "By using equations (\\[eq10\\]), (\\[eq25\\]) and (\\[eq37\\]), for $V_{+}$ we find $$\\label{eq39} r<0.16 \\,\\,\\Big(\\Lambda CDM +r+\\frac{d n_{s}}{d \\ln\nk}\\Big)\\,\\,\\Longrightarrow \\,\\, n \\geq 97.914\\,.$$ Now, from the constraint obtained on $n$ we can constraint the sound speed of the model as $$\\label{eq40} n\\geq 97.914 \\Longrightarrow \\,\\, c_{s}\\geq\n0.97914\\,.$$ By implying this constraint on equation (\\[eq33\\]), we find $$\\label{eq41} c_{s} \\geq 0.97914 \\Longrightarrow \\,\\, -0.01395\\leq\nf_{NL}\\leq 0\\,.$$ Therefore, in the power law DBI inflation the amplitude of the non-gaussianity is small. ", "However, the obtained range of $n$ doesn’t lead to the observationally viable values of the scalar spectral index. ", "Actually, considering the scalar spectral index in the $\\Lambda$CDM$+r+\\frac{dn_{s}}{d \\ln k}$ model, as $n_{s}=0.9647\\pm\n0.0044$ from Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowEB+lensing data, gives the following constraint on $n$ $$\\label{eq42} 50.378\\leq n \\leq 64.725\\,.$$ In fact, if we plot $r$-$n_{s}$ diagram in the background of Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing data, it is completely out of the $68\\%$ and $95\\%$ confidence levels of the data set (see figure 2). ", "In this regard, the power law inflation in DBI model is not observationally viable. ", "Also, in this case there is no running of the scalar spectral index.", "\n\n![[]{", "data-label=\"fig2\"}](2)\n\nWe can also study the case corresponding to $V_{-}$. With this potential, the behavior of the square of the sound speed is as the left panel of figure 3. ", "As figure shows, in this case also, the DBI power law model with $V_{-}$, for $n\\geq 8$ is free of the gradient instabilities and also satisfies the causality requirement. ", "The right panel of figure 3 shows the ghost instability issue. ", "As figure shows, the DBI power law model with $V_{-}$ suffers from ghost instability. ", "By using equations (\\[eq10\\]), (\\[eq25\\]) and (\\[eq37\\]), for $V_{+}$ we find the following constraint on $n$ $$\\label{eq43} r<0.16 \\,\\,\\Big(\\Lambda CDM +r+\\frac{d n_{s}}{d \\ln\nk}\\Big)\\,\\,\\Longrightarrow \\,\\, n\\geq 15.373\\,.$$ On the other hand, numerically exploring the tensor-to-scalar ratio gives another constraint on $n$. By using equations (\\[eq19\\]) and (\\[eq36\\])-(\\[eq38\\]), and considering $n_{s}=0.9647\\pm 0.0044$ from Planck2018 TT,TE,EE+lowEB+lensing data, we get $$\\label{eq44} 50.378\\leq n \\leq 64.725\\,.$$ This constraint limits the one obtained by exploring the tensor-to-scalar ratio. ", "Now, to obtain the constraint on the sound speed of the perturbations in this model, we study $r-n_{s}$ plane and find $$\\label{eq45} 45.1\\leq n \\leq 85.1 \\Longrightarrow \\,\\,\n0.04408 \\leq c_{s} \\leq 0.04651 \\,.$$ We note that, instead of using the constraint on $n$ and definition of the sound speed, one can use relation (\\[eq25\\]) and observationally viable values of $r$ to obtain the observational constraint on the sound speed [@Noz18b]. ", "This constraint on the sound speed leads to the following constraint on the amplitude of the non-Gaussianity $$\\label{eq46} 0.04408 \\leq c_{s} \\leq 0.04651\n\\Longrightarrow \\,\\, -9.63\\times 10^{5} \\leq f_{NL} \\leq\n-6.93\\times 10^{4}\\,,$$ which is too large to be consistent with observational data.", "\n\n![ ", "versus $n$ in the DBI model with power-law scale factor $a=a_{0}\\,t^{n}$ and $V_{-}$. As the left panel shows, for all values of $n$, the DBI model is free of the gradient instabilities and also satisfies the causality requirement. ", "However, this model suffers from the ghost instabilities as the right panel shows.[]{data-label=\"fig3\"}](3a \"fig:\") ![ ", "versus $n$ in the DBI model with power-law scale factor $a=a_{0}\\,t^{n}$ and $V_{-}$. As the left panel shows, for all values of $n$, the DBI model is free of the gradient instabilities and also satisfies the causality requirement. ", "However, this model suffers from the ghost instabilities as the right panel shows.[]{data-label=\"fig3\"}](3b \"fig:\")\n\n![[]{", "data-label=\"fig4\"}](4)\n\nWe conclude this section that the DBI model with action (\\[eq3\\]) and a power-law scale factor is not consistent with Planck2018 observational data. ", "A question then arises: how can this tension be overcome? ", "In the next section, we are going to study the DBI model in the *mimetic gravity* framework hoping to overcome this issue. ", "As we shall see, the Mimetic DBI (MDBI) model with power-law scale factor in some subspaces of the model parameter space is consistent with Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing data.", "\n\nMimetic DBI Model\n-----------------\n\nWe construct a DBI cosmological model in the spirit of mimetic gravity. ", "The action of this DBI mimetic gravity, by considering the Lagrange multiplier and a potential term, is constructed as follows $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq47} S=\\int\nd^{4}x\\sqrt{-g}\\Bigg[\\frac{1}{2\\kappa^{2}}R-f^{-1}(\\phi)\\sqrt{1-2f(\\phi)X}+\\lambda(g^{\\mu\\nu}\\partial_{\\mu}\\phi\\,\\partial_{\\nu}\\phi+1)-V(\\phi)\n\\Bigg],\\end{aligned}$$ where, $\\lambda$ is a Lagrange multiplier which lets us to enter the mimetic constraint (\\[eq2\\]) in the action. ", "We note that one may argue that this action cannot provide a propagating curvature perturbation since if one exerts the mimetic constraint $g^{\\mu\\nu}\\partial_{\\mu}\\phi\\partial_{\\nu}\\phi = -1$ in the DBI term, this term effectively behaves like a potential term ($\\sqrt{1-f(\\phi)}$) and therefore the action (\\[eq47\\]) is equivalent to the original mimetic scenario. ", "However, this is not actually the case since in Lagrangian formalism one is not allowed to impose the constraints on the action from the beginning. ", "The constraints should be imposed on equations of motion just after derivation of the equations. ", "With this point in mind, as we will show action (\\[eq47\\]) provides propagating curvature perturbation ($c_{s}\\neq 0$). ", "We note also that in the original mimetic scenario, to have propagating curvature perturbation (with nonzero sound speed) the authors added the higher derivative term $(\\square\n\\phi)^{2}$ (see Ref.", " [@Cham14] for details). ", "Here we are able to provide such a propagating modes in a mimetic DBI scenario without additional $(\\square \\phi)^{2}$ term, provided that the mimetic constraint to be imposed after derivation of the field equations.", "\n\nVarying the action (\\[eq47\\]) with respect to $\\lambda$ recovers the constraint equation (\\[eq2\\]). ", "Variation of the action with respect to the metric leads to the following Einstein’s field equations $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq48}\nG_{\\mu\\nu}=\\kappa^{2}\\Bigg[-g_{\\mu\\nu}f^{-1}\\sqrt{1+f\\,g^{\\mu\\nu}\\,\\partial_{\\mu}\\phi\\,\\partial_{\\nu}\\phi}-g_{\\mu\\nu}V\n+g_{\\mu\\nu}\\,\\lambda\\Big(g^{\\mu\\nu}\\,\\partial_{\\mu}\\phi\\,\\partial_{\\nu}\\phi+1\\Big)\\nonumber\\\\+\\partial_{\\mu}\\phi\\,\\partial_{\\nu}\\phi\n\\Big(1+f\\,g^{\\mu\\nu}\\,\\partial_{\\mu}\\phi\\,\\partial_{\\nu}\\phi\\Big)^{-\\frac{1}{2}}-2\\lambda\\,\\partial_{\\mu}\\phi\\,\\partial_{\\nu}\\phi\\Bigg]\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ With the flat FRW metric (\\[eq5\\]) the Einstein’s field equations (\\[eq48\\]) lead to the following Friedmann equations $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq49}\n3H^{2}=\\kappa^{2}\\Bigg[\\frac{f^{-1}}{\\sqrt{1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}}}+V-\\lambda\\Big(1+\\dot{\\phi}^{2}\\Big)\\Bigg]\\,,\\end{aligned}$$\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq50}\n2\\dot{H}+3H^{2}=\\kappa^{2}\\Bigg[f^{-1}\\,\\sqrt{1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}}+V+\\lambda\\Big(\\dot{\\phi}^{2}-1\\Big)\\Bigg]\\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nVariation of the action (\\[eq47\\]) with respect to $\\phi$ gives the following equation of motion $$\\label{eq51}\\frac{\\ddot{\\phi}}{(1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2})^{\\frac{3}{2}}}+\\frac{3H\\dot{\\phi}}{(1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2})^{\\frac{1}{2}}}\n-2\\lambda\\Big(\\ddot{\\phi}+3H\\dot{\\phi}\\Big)+V'-\\lambda'(1-\\dot{\\phi}^{2})=-\\frac{f'}{f^{2}}\n\\Bigg[\\frac{3f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}-2}{2(1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2})^{\\frac{1}{2}}}\\Bigg]\\,.$$ The slow-roll parameters in the MDBI model are given by equations (\\[eq9\\]), however, the Hubble parameter and sound speed take new forms. ", "The Hubble parameter is given by the Friedmann equation (\\[eq49\\]) and the square of sound speed is defined as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq52}\nc_{s}^{2}=\\frac{\\left(1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}\\right)^{-\\frac{1}{2}}-2\\lambda}{\\left(1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}\\right)^{-\\frac{3}{2}}-2\\lambda}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nIn the MDBI model, the tensor-to-scalar ratio and the scalar spectral index are defined by equations (\\[eq15\\]) and (\\[eq16\\]), where the amplitudes of the perturbations are given by (\\[eq17\\]) and (\\[eq23\\]).\\\nIn fact, now the amplitude of the scalar perturbation is given by $$\\label{eq53a}{\\cal{A}}_{s}=\\frac{H^{2}}{8\\pi^{2}{\\cal{W}}_{s}c_{s}^{3}}=\\frac{H^{2}}{8\\pi^{2}({\\cal{W}}_{s}^{(DBI)}+\\lambda\nW)c_{s}^{3}}\\,,$$ where we have used ${\\cal{W}}_{s}={\\cal{W}}_{s}^{(DBI)}+\\lambda W$, with $$\\label{eq53b} W=\\frac {\\left( f\\,\\dot{\\phi}^{2}\\,\\sqrt\n{1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}}-\\,\\sqrt {1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}} \\right)\n\\dot{\\phi}^{2}}{2{H}^{2} \\left( 1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2} \\right) ^{3/2}}\\,.$$ and ${\\cal{W}}_{s}^{(DBI)}$ is given by the equation (\\[eq18\\]).\\\nThis means that in the MDBI model, the parameter ${\\cal{W}}_{s}$ is given by $$\\label{eq53} {\\cal{W}}_{s}=\\frac {\\left(\nf\\,\\dot{\\phi}^{2}\\lambda\\,\\sqrt {1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}}-\\lambda\\,\\sqrt\n{1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}}+1 \\right) \\dot{\\phi}^{2}}{2{H}^{2} \\left(\n1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2} \\right) ^{3/2}}\\,.$$ In the case with $\\lambda=0$, the above equations reduce to the ones obtained in ordinary DBI setup. ", "Although we have derived a new ${\\cal{W}}_{s}$, but we can still use equations (\\[eq19\\]), (\\[eq20\\]) and (\\[eq25\\]) for the scalar spectral index, its running and tensor-to-scalar ratio (where, the slow-roll parameters and sound speed are now corresponding to the MDBI model).\\\nFor instance, the tensor-to-scalar ratio in the MDBI model becomes $$\\label{eq53c} r=16\n\\left(\\frac{\\left(1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}\\right)^{-\\frac{1}{2}}-2\\lambda}{\\left(1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}\\right)\n^{-\\frac{3}{2}}-2\\lambda}\\right)^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\epsilon\\,,$$ or $$\\label{eq53c} r=-8\n\\left(\\frac{\\left(1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}\\right)^{-\\frac{1}{2}}-2\\lambda}{\\left(1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}\\right)\n^{-\\frac{3}{2}}-2\\lambda}\\right)^{\\frac{1}{2}} n_{T}\\,.$$ Here also, if we take $\\lambda=0$ the above equations become the same as equations (\\[eq25\\]) and (\\[eq26\\]).\\\nAlso, to seek for the non-Gaussian features of the primordial perturbations we can use equation (\\[eq31\\]), (\\[eq32\\]) and (\\[eq33\\]). ", "It is important to notice that, although our model is the MDBI model, but the relations (\\[eq31\\]), (\\[eq32\\]) and (\\[eq33\\]) are applicable. ", "This is because the MDBI model is still $P(X,\\phi)$ one and the differences appear in the definitions of the slow-roll parameters and also the sound speed.\\\nThis is because for the MDBI model $P(X,\\phi)$ is given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq54a}\nP(X,\\phi)=-f^{-1}(\\phi)\\sqrt{1-2Xf(\\phi)}-V(\\phi)+\\lambda\\Big(1-2X\\Big)\\end{aligned}$$ which differs from $P(X,\\phi)$ of the DBI model in $\\lambda(1-2X)$ term. ", "This term is linear in $X$, so there would be no change in the contribution of equation (\\[eq33b\\]) and we end up with the amplitude of the non-Gaussianity as given by equation (\\[eq33\\]).\\\nThe Lagrange Multiplier $\\lambda$ in equations (\\[eq48\\])-(\\[eq53\\]) is not determined yet. ", "This parameter can be found by taking trace of the Einstein’s field equation (\\[eq48\\]). ", "However, we don’t track this way. ", "As before, following Refs.", " [@Bam14; @Odi15], we use the Friedmann equations to obtain the Lagrange Multiplier and potential in terms of the Hubble parameter and its derivatives. ", "Here also, we adopt $f^{-1}(\\phi)=V(\\phi)$. Now, by considering $\\phi=t$, leading to $\\dot{\\phi}=1$, equation (\\[eq50\\]) gives the following expression for the potential $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq54} V=\\frac {\\Big[2H(N) H'(N) +3H^{2}(N)\n\\Big]^{2}}{{\\kappa}^{2} \\Big[-{\\kappa}^{2}+4H(N) H'(N)+6H^{2}(N)\n \\Big] }\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where a prime shows a derivative of the parameter with respect to $N$. We can obtain the Lagrange Multiplier from equations (\\[eq49\\]) and (\\[eq54\\]) as follows $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq55} \\lambda=\\frac\n{9\\,{H}^{4}B-3\\,{H}^{2}B{\\kappa}^{2}-9\\,{H}^{4}-\n12\\,{H}^{3}H'-4\\,H^{2}H'^{2}B-4\\,H^{2}H'^{2}}{-2AB{\\kappa}\n^{2}},\\nonumber\\\\\\end{aligned}$$ where $H=H(N)$ and $$\\label{eq56} A=6\\,{H}^{2}+4\\,H\\,H'-{\\kappa}^ {2} \\quad\n,\\quad B=\\sqrt {1-{\\frac {{\\kappa}^{2}\\,A }{ \\Big(\n3\\,{H}^{2}+2\\,H\\,H' \\Big) ^{2}}}}\\,.$$ We also find the following expressions for the slow-roll parameters in terms of the Hubble parameter and its derivatives $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq57}\\epsilon=\\frac{\\kappa}{2}\\,\\sqrt{-\\frac{2H'}{H^{3}}}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq58}\\eta=\\frac{\\sqrt {2}\\,\\kappa}{4}\\,\\frac {\\left( H\\,\nH''+H'^{2 } \\right) }{ \\left( -H\\, H' \\right) ^{\\frac{3}{2}}}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThe third parameter $s$ is lengthy and has been shifted to the Appendix. ", "By having the slow-roll parameters, we can write the scalar spectral index, its running and the tensor-to-scalar ratio in terms of the Hubble parameter and its derivatives to explore them numerically.", "\n\nPower-Law Inflation in Mimetic DBI Model\n----------------------------------------\n\nTo study the power-law inflation in MDBI model, we use the scale factor defined in equation (\\[eq34\\]), corresponding to the Hubble parameter (\\[eq35\\]). ", "By this scale factor, the slow-roll parameters in the MDBI model take the following form $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq59}\\epsilon=\\eta=\\frac{1}{2}\\,\\frac{\\sqrt {2}\\kappa\\,{{\\rm\ne}^{{\\frac {N}{n}}}}}{{n}^{\\frac{3}{2}}}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq60}s=-\\frac{\\sqrt {2}}{2}{{\\rm e}^{-{\\frac {N}{n}}}} \\left(\n108{{\\rm e}^{-2{ \\frac {N}{n}}}}{n}^{4}-216\\,{{\\rm e}^{-2\\,{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}}{n}^{3}+144 \\,{n}^{2}{{\\rm e}^{-2\\,{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}}-9\\,{n}^{2}{\\kappa}^{2}-32\\,n{ {\\rm e}^{-2\\,{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}}+12\\,n{\\kappa}^{2}-4\\,{\\kappa}^{2} \\right) \\nonumber\\\\\n{\\kappa}^{5}{n}^{-\\frac{3}{2}} \\left( 3{n}^{2}{{\\rm e}^{-2\\,{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}}-2\\,n{{\\rm e}^{-2{\\frac {N}{n}}}}-{\\kappa}^{2} \\right) ^{-1\n} \\Big( 54{{\\rm e}^{-6\\,{\\frac {N}{n}}}}{n}^{5}-108\\,{{\\rm e}^{-6\\,\n{\\frac {N}{n}}}}{n}^{4}+72\\,{{\\rm e}^{-6\\,{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}}{n}^{3}-54\\, {n}^{3}{{\\rm e}^{-4\\,{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}}{\\kappa}^{2}\\nonumber\\\\-16{{\\rm e}^{-6{ \\frac\n{N}{n}}}}{n}^{2}+72{n}^{2}{{\\rm e}^{-4{\\frac {N}{n}}}}{\n\\kappa}^{2}+18{n}^{2}{{\\rm e}^{-2{\\frac {N}{n}}}}{\\kappa}^{4}-24\nn{{\\rm e}^{-4{\\frac {N}{n}}}}{\\kappa}^{2}-6n{{\\rm e}^{-2{\\frac {\nN}{n}}}}{\\kappa}^{4}-4{{\\rm e}^{-2{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}}{\\kappa}^{4}-3 {\\kappa}^{6} \\Big) ^{-1}.\\nonumber\\\\\\end{aligned}$$\n\nBy using the above relations, the scalar spectral index, its running and tensor-to-scalar ratio can be expressed in terms of $N$ and $n$ and then explored numerically. ", "However, we first analyze the stability issue in the MDBI model. ", "We study $c_{s}^{2}$ and ${\\cal{W}}_{s}$ numerically to find some subspaces of the model parameters space for which the model is free of gradient and ghost instabilities. ", "In the left panel of figure 5, we see the behavior of the sound speed versus $n$ in the interval $50\\leq N\\leq 70$. Our numerical analysis shows that for $N=50$ the MDBI model is free of gradient instabilities and also satisfies the causality requirement if $n\\leq 14.6$. For $N=60$, it is free of the gradient instabilities and satisfies the causality requirement if $n\\leq 16.7$. Also, for $N=70$, the constraint on $n$ in order to get rid of gradient instabilities is $n\\leq 19$. Table 1 shows the viable ranges of $n$ for several sample values of $N$. In the right panel of figure 5, we see the behavior of ${\\cal{W}}_{s}$ versus $n$ in the interval $50\\leq N\\leq 70$. Our numerical analysis shows that for $N=50$, in the domains $n\\leq 15.3$ and $n\\geq 18.2$, the parameter ${\\cal{W}}_{s}$ is positive and therefore the power-law MDBI model is free of the ghost instability. ", "For $N=60$, in the domains $n\\leq 17.6$ and $n\\geq 20.9$, and also for $N=70$, in the domains $n\\leq 19.8$ and $n\\geq\n23.4$, the parameter ${\\cal{W}}_{s}$ is positive and the model is free of ghost instability. ", "Table 2 shows the acceptable ranges of $n$, leading to positive ${\\cal{W}}_{s}$ for several sample values of $N$. So, regarding the stability issue of the MDBI model, there are some subspaces of the model parameters space that the model is free of the ghost and gradient instabilities.", "\n\n![[]{", "data-label=\"fig5\"}](5a \"fig:\") ![[]{", "data-label=\"fig5\"}](5b \"fig:\")\n\n[cccccccccc]{}\\\n$N$& $50$&&$55$&&$60$ &&$65$&&$70$\\\n\\\nMDBI& $14.6\\leq n$ &&$15.6\\leq n$&&$16.7\\leq n$ &&$17.8\\leq n$ &&$19\\leq n$\\\n\n[cccccccccc]{}\\\n$N$& $50$&&$55$&&$60$ &&$65$&&$70$\\\n\\\nMDBI& $n\\leq 15.3$ &&$ n \\leq 16.5$&&$n\\leq 17.6$ &&$n\\leq 18.7$ &&$n\\leq 19.8$\\\n& $\\&$ &&$\\&$ && $\\&$ && $\\&$ && $\\&$\\\n& $18.2\\leq n$ &&$ 19.6\\leq n$&&$20.9 \\leq n$ &&$22.1 \\leq n$ &&$23.4 \\leq n$\\\n\n![[]{", "data-label=\"fig6\"}](6a \"fig:\") ![[]{", "data-label=\"fig6\"}](6b \"fig:\") ![[]{", "data-label=\"fig6\"}](6c \"fig:\")\n\nNow, we find some constraints on the parameter $n$ by exploring the observational viability of $n_{s}$, $r$ and $\\alpha_{s}$, in confrontation with the Planck2018 dataset. ", "Firstly, we study $n_{s}$, $r$ and $\\alpha_{s}$ separately. ", "The results are shown in figure 6. ", "The upper-left panel of figure 6 shows the parameters space of the MDBI model which leads to $n_{s}=0.9647\\pm 0.0044$. Our numerical analysis shows that for $N=50$ the scalar spectral index would be viable if $39.71\\leq n \\leq 43.55$. For $N=60$ we get the viable scalar spectral index if $43.25\\leq n \\leq 47.29$. For $n=70$ the scalar spectral index is viable if $46.665\\leq n \\leq 50.75$. The upper-right panel of figure 6 shows the parameter space of the MDBI model leading to the observationally viable values of the tensor-to-scalar ratio. ", "Based on this numerical analysis, the tensor-to-scalar is observationally viable if $n\\geq 39.21$ for $N=50$, $n\\geq 43.02$ for $N=60$ and $n\\geq 46.07$ for $N=70$. The lower panel of figure 6 shows the parameter space of the MDBI model leading to the observationally viable values of the running of the scalar spectral index. ", "This numerical analysis shows that the running of the scalar spectral index is observationally viable if $40.79\\leq\nn \\leq 70.23$ for $N=50$, $44.51\\leq n \\leq 74.55$ for $N=60$ and $47.78\\leq n \\leq 78.81$ for $N=70$.\n\nAlthough by studying $n_{s}$, $r$ and $\\alpha_{s}$ we have obtained some constraints on the parameter $n$, however, it is useful to find the constraints by exploring $\\alpha_{s}-n_{s}$ and $r-n_{s}$ behavior in comparison to the Planck2018 data. ", "We have performed numerical analysis to obtain some constraints on the parameter $n$. These constraints show the ranges of the parameters in which both the scalar spectral index and tensor-to-scalar ratio are consistent with Planck2018 data. ", "Scalar spectral index versus the running of the scalar spectral index is shown in figure 7, where we have used the Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing data at $68\\%$ and $95\\%$ CL in the background. ", "In this figure, we have plotted $n_{s}$ versus $\\alpha_{s}$ for three values of the e-folds number as $N=50, 60$ and $70$. As figure shows, $\\alpha_{s}-n_{s}$ plane in the MDBI model lies in the 68% and 95% CL of the Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+low E+lensing data. ", "By using this dataset, we have obtained some constraints on $n$. Our numerical analysis shows that, $\\alpha_{s}-n_{s}$ in the MDBI model is observationally viable if $38.7 \\leq n\\leq 47.6$ for $N=50$, $42.2\\leq n\\leq 51.2$ for $N=60$ and $45.6 \\leq n\\leq 54.9$ for $N=70$. In table 3 the constraints obtained for some sample values of the e-folds number are presented. ", "Figure 8 shows the tensor-to-scalar ratio versus the scalar spectral index in the MDBI model, in the background of the Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+low E+lensing data at the $68\\%$ and $95\\%$ CL, for $N=50, 60$ and $70$. Although $r-n_{s}$ planes for all three values of the e-folds number overlap, however, the observationally viable ranges of $n$ are different for each cases. ", "Our numerical analysis shows that $r-n_{s}$ in the MDBI model is observationally viable if $43.3\\leq n\\leq 46.2$ for $N=50$, $47.0 \\leq n\\leq 50.1$ for $N=60$ and $50.5 \\leq n\\leq 53.5$ for $N=70$. In table 4 the constraints obtained for some sample values of the e-folds number are presented. ", "Note that, the constraints obtained from $r-n_{s}$ analysis are the subsets of the ones obtained by analyzing $\\alpha_{s}-n_{s}$. Therefore, these constraints are more viable in the sense of leading to observationally viable behavior of both $r-n_{s}$ and $\\alpha_{s}-n_{s}$. In this regard, we use the constraint obtained from $r-n_{s}$ analysis to constraint the sound speed of the model and non-Gaussian feature. ", "In table 4, you also see the constraints on $c_{s}$ and $f_{NL}$ corresponding to the observationally viable values of the scalar spectral index, its running and tensor-to-scalar ratio. ", "Figure 9 shows the nonlinearity parameter versus the sound speed in the MDBI model. ", "The right panel of this figure shows the observationally viable ranges of the nonlinearity parameter which is obtained from the viable values of the sound speed in this model. ", "According to our numerical analysis, the MDBI model with power-law scale factor is consistent with observational data for some ranges of $n$ and predicts small amplitudes of the non-Gaussianity.", "\n\n[cccccccccc]{}\\\n$N$& $50$&&$55$&&$60$ &&$65$&&$70$\\\n\\\n& $37.9\\leq n \\leq 47.2$ &&$39.7\\leq n \\leq 49.1$&&$41.5\\leq n \\leq\n50.7$ &&$43.1\\leq n \\leq 52.6$ &&$44.8\\leq n \\leq 54.3$\\\n\n![[]{", "data-label=\"fig7\"}](7a \"fig:\") ![[]{", "data-label=\"fig7\"}](7b \"fig:\")\n\n![[]{", "data-label=\"fig8\"}](8)\n\n![[]{", "data-label=\"fig9\"}](9a \"fig:\") ![[]{", "data-label=\"fig9\"}](9b \"fig:\")\n\n[ccccc]{}\\\n\\\n$N=50$&$43.3\\leq n\\leq 46.2$&$-0.20214\\times 10^{-3}\\leq\n\\alpha_{s}\\leq -0.14817\\times 10^{-3} $&$0.99978\\leq\nc_{s}\\leq 0.99987$\\\n\\\n&&&$-0.13764\\times 10^{-3}\\leq f_{NL} \\leq -0.846199\\times 10^{-4}$\\\n\\\n$N=55$&$45.1\\leq n\\leq 48.1$&$-0.19870\\times 10^{-3}\\leq\n\\alpha_{s}\\leq-0.14482\\times 10^{-3} $ &$0.99976\\leq c_{s} \\leq 0.99985$\\\n\\\n&& &$-0.15777\\times 10^{-3}\\leq f_{NL} \\leq-0.95739\\times 10^{-4} $\\\n\\\n$N=60$&$47.0 \\leq n\\leq 50.1$&$-0.19273\\times 10^{-3} \\leq\n\\alpha_{s}\\leq -0.13989\\times 10^{-3}$ &$ 0.99973\\leq\nc_{s}\\leq 0.99984$\\\n\\\n&& &$ -0.17508\\times 10^{-3}\\leq f_{NL} \\leq-0.10517\\times 10^{-3} $\\\n\\\n$N=65$&$48.8 \\leq n\\leq 52.0$&$-0.18862\\times 10^{-3} \\leq\n\\alpha_{s}\\leq -0.13626\\times 10^{-3}$ &$0.99969\\leq c_{s}\\leq\n0.99982 $\\\n\\\n&& &$-0.19512\\times 10^{-3}\\leq f_{NL} \\leq -0.11594\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n$N=70$&$50.5 \\leq n\\leq 53.5$&$-0.15809\\times 10^{-3} \\leq\n\\alpha_{s}\\leq -0.11817\\times 10^{-4}$ &$0.99966 \\leq\nc_{s}\\leq 0.99979$\\\n\\\n&& &$-0.21862\\times 10^{-3}\\leq f_{NL} \\leq -0.13446\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\nConstant Sound Speed\n====================\n\nIn this section, we consider the case in which the sound speed is constant and study the DBI and MDBI models with constant $c_{s}$. In this section, we use the Planck constraint on $f_{NL}$ and $c_{s}$ to obtain the observationally viable values of $n$. In fact, for some constant values of the sound speed- which is corresponding to the observationally viable values of nonlinearity parameter- we study $r-n_{s}$ and $\\alpha_{s}-n_{s}$ and find some constraints on $n$. The background equations are the same as the previous sections but now with constant sound speed. ", "However, the potential and Lagrange multiplier change and therefore some parameters such as the slow-roll parameters, scalar spectral index and tensor-to-scalar ratio change accordingly. ", "We start the issue with DBI model.", "\n\nDBI model\n---------\n\nTo obtain the DBI parameter $f$ in terms of the sound speed, we use equation (\\[eq10\\]). ", "The result is as follows $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq61} f=\\frac{1}{2}\\frac {{\\kappa}^{2} \\left( c_{s}^{2}-1\n\\right) }{H H'}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ By substituting this expression for $f$ in equation (\\[eq6\\]), we find the potential of the model as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq62} V=-{\\frac {H \\left( -3\\,c_{s}^{3}\\,H +3\\,H \\,\nc_{s}+2\\,H' \\right) }{{\\kappa }^{2} \\left( c_{s}^{2}-1 \\right)\nc_{s}}}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Now, by having the functions $f$ and $V$, we use equations (\\[eq6\\]), (\\[eq9\\]) and (\\[eq34\\]) to find the following slow-roll parameters $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq63} \\epsilon={\\frac\n{9c_{s}^{6}{n}^{2}-18c_{s}^{4}{n}^{2}+12n\nc_{s}^{3}-12c_{s}^{4}n+9c_{s}^{2}{n}^{2}-12nc_{s}+ 12c_{s}^{2}n-8\nc_{s}+4 c_{s}^{2}+4}{n \\left( 3c_{s}^{3}n-3c_{s}\\,n+2-2\\,c_{s}\n\\right) ^{2}}}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq64} \\eta=-\\frac{1}{2}\\Bigg( 6c_{s}^{6}n{{\\rm e}^{-4{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}}{\\kappa} ^{2}-9c_{s}^{6}{n}^{3}{{\\rm e}^{-6{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}}-12c_{s}^{4}n{{\\rm e}^{-4{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}}{\\kappa}^{2}+18c_{s}^{4} {n}^{3}{{\\rm e}^{-6{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}}+4{{\\rm e}^{-4{\\frac {N}{n}}} } c_{s}^{3}{\\kappa}^{2}+4{\n{\\rm e}^{-4{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}}c_{s}^{4}{\\kappa}^{2}\\nonumber\\\\-12{n}^{2}{ {\\rm\ne}^{-6{\\frac {N}{n}}}} c_{s}^{3}+12c_{s}^{4}{n}^{2}{{\\rm\ne}^{-6{\\frac {N}{n}}}}+6c_{s}^{2}n{{\\rm e}^{-4{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}}{\\kappa}^{2}-9c_{s}^ {2}{n}^{3}{{\\rm e}^{-6{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}}-4{{\\rm e}^{-4{\\frac {N}{n }}}}c_{s}{\\kappa}^{2}-4{ {\\rm\ne}^{-4{\\frac {N}{n}}}}c_{s}^{2}{\\kappa}^{2}\\nonumber\\\\+12{n}^{2}{\n{\\rm e}^{-6{\\frac {N}{n}}}} c_{s}-12c_{s}^{2}{n}^{2}{{\\rm\ne}^{-6{\\frac {N}{n}}}}+8n{ {\\rm e}^{-6{\\frac {N}{n}}}} c_{s}-4n{{\\rm\ne}^{-6{\\frac {N}{n}}}}c_{s}^{2}-4n{{\\rm e}^{-6 {\\frac {N}{n}}}}\n\\Bigg) \\frac{{{\\rm e}^{6{\\frac {N}{n}}}}{n}^{-2}}{ \\bigg(\n3c_{s}^{3}n -3c_{s}n+2 \\bigg) ^{2}}.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nIn this case also, the third slow-roll parameter, $s$, is zero. ", "After obtaining the slow-roll parameters, we can find scalar spectral index, its running and tensor-to-scalar ratio and then analyze the parameters space of the model numerically. ", "Since the sound speed is constant in this section, we can use Planck constraint on this quantity to analyze the model numerically. ", "We adopt some sample values of the sound speed which are larger than $0.087$ (the lower limit from Planck2015 temperature and polarization data at 95% CL [@pl15]). ", "Note that, although $\\eta$ is related to the number of e-folds parameter, but it has not an impressive effect on the numerical analysis of the model. ", "In fact, the difference between the values of $n_{s}$ and $r$ for different values of $N$ is of the order of $10^{-7}$. Therefore, the constraint that we obtain, is very nearly independent of the values of the e-folds number. ", "We perform a numerical analysis on the model’s parameters for some sample values of the sound speed as $c_{s}=0.1$, $0.4$, $0.7$ and $0.9$. By using these values of $c_{s}$, we study $r-n_{s}$ plane in comparison with Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing data. ", "The results are shown in figure 10. ", "As this figure shows, the DBI model with constant sound speed and the power-law scale factor, in some ranges of $n$ is consistent with Planck2018 observational data. ", "The ranges of $n$ leading to the observationally viable values of the scalar spectral index and tensor-to-scalar ratio are shown in tables 5 and 6. ", "Then, we study $\\alpha_{s}-n_{s}$ plane in comparison with Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing data, as shown in figure 11. ", "In this regard, we obtain the values of the running of the scalar spectral index corresponding to these ranges of $n$. The results are shown in tables 5 and 6.", "\n\nNote that, the power-law DBI model, with $f$ and $V$ as given in equations (\\[eq61\\]) and (\\[eq62\\]) is ghost free. ", "This is because that in this case, the parameter ${\\cal{W}}$, given by (\\[eq18\\]), is always positive for values of $n\\geq 8$ and $c_{s}\\geq 0.087$.\n\n![[]{", "data-label=\"fig10\"}](10)\n\n![[]{", "data-label=\"fig11\"}](11a \"fig:\") ![[]{", "data-label=\"fig11\"}](11b \"fig:\")\n\n[ccccc]{}\\\n\\\n$c_{s}$&$f_{NL}$&$n$&$\\alpha_{s}$\\\n\\\n$0.1$&$-32.08333$&$112.7\\leq\nn\\leq 211.1$&$-0.58770\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.16783\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n$0.4$&$-1.70139$&$118.5\\leq n\\leq 210.3$ &$-0.53110\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.16899\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n$0.7$&$-0.33730$&$126.3\\leq n\\leq 208.7$ &$-0.46504\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.17102\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n$0.9$&$-0.07602$&$134.1\\leq n\\leq 204.8$ &$-0.40302\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.17490\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\n[ccccc]{}\\\n\\\n$c_{s}$&$f_{NL}$&$n$&$\\alpha_{s}$\\\n\\\n$0.1$&$-32.08333$&$123.4\\leq\nn\\leq 181.8$&$-0.49035\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.22620\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n$0.4$&$-1.70139$&$132.4\\leq n\\leq 176.5$ &$-0.42564\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.23978\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n$0.7$& not consistent& not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n$0.9$&not consistent&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\nMimetic DBI (MDBI) model\n------------------------\n\nBy using equations (\\[eq49\\]) and (\\[eq50\\]), we obtain the lagrange multiplier in terms of the brane tension as follows $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq65} \\lambda=\\frac{1}{2}{\\frac {2\\,H'\\,\\sqrt\n{1-f}+{\\kappa}^{2}}{\\sqrt {1-f }{\\kappa}^{2}}}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Now, by using the above equation and equation (\\[eq52\\]) we find $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq66} f=- \\Bigg[ \\frac{1}{6}{\\frac {\\sqrt\n[3]{{\\kappa}^{2}c_{s}^{2} \\left( -{ {\\it\ncs}}^{4}\\,{\\kappa}^{4}+54\\,H'^{2}\\,c_{s}^{4}-108\\,H'^{2}\\,c_{s}^{2}+c_{s}^{2}z+54\\,H'^{2}-z\n\\right) }} {H'\\, \\left( c_{s}^{2}-1 \\right) }}-\\frac{1}{6}{\\frac\n{{\\kappa}^{2}\\,c_{s}^{2}}{H'\\, \\left( c_{s}^{2}-1 \\right)\n}}\\nonumber\\\\+\\frac{1}{6}{\\frac {c_{s}^{4}{\\kappa}^{4}}{H'\\, \\left(\nc_{s}^{2}-1 \\right) \\sqrt [3] {{\\kappa}^{2}c_{s}^{2} \\left(\n-c_{s}^{4}\\,{\\kappa}^{4}+54\\,H'^{2}c_{s}^{4}-108\\,H'^{2}{{\\it\ncs}}^{2}+c_{s}^{2}\\,z+54\\,H'^{2}-z \\right) }}} \\Bigg] ^{ 2}+1\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq67} z=6\\,H'\\,\\sqrt\n{-c_{s}^{4}{\\kappa}^{4}+27\\,H'^{2}c_{s}^{4}-54\\,H'^{2}c_{s}^{2}+27\\,H'^{2}}\n\\sqrt {3}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ By using equation (\\[eq50\\]), we obtain the potential as follows $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq68} V=-{\\frac {{\\kappa}^{2}\\sqrt {1-f}- \\left( 2\\,H \\,\nH'+3\\, H^{2} \\right) f}{f{\\kappa}^{ 2}}}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where $f$ is given by equation (\\[eq66\\]). ", "Here, by adopting the scale factor (\\[eq34\\]), we firstly study possible existence of ghost instability in this model. ", "By substituting equations (\\[eq65\\]), (\\[eq66\\]) and (\\[eq68\\]) in equation (\\[eq53\\]), we explore ${\\cal{W}}_{s}$ numerically. ", "The results are shown in figure 12, where we have used $50\\leq N \\leq 70$ and $c_{s}=0.1,0.4,0.7,0.9$. Our numerical analysis shows that, for all values of $n\\geq 5$ the parameter ${\\cal{W}}_{s}$ is positive and therefore the power-law MDBI model with constant sound speed is free of ghost instability (in fact, for $n<5$, the parameter ${\\cal{W}}_{s}$ becomes imaginary).", "\n\n![[]{", "data-label=\"fig12\"}](12a \"fig:\") ![[]{", "data-label=\"fig12\"}](12b \"fig:\") ![[]{", "data-label=\"fig12\"}](12c \"fig:\") ![[]{", "data-label=\"fig12\"}](12d \"fig:\")\n\nIn this case, the slow-roll parameters take the following form $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq69} \\epsilon=\\frac{1}{2}\\,\\frac{\\sqrt {6}\\kappa\\, \\left(\n3\\,{{\\rm e}^{-{\\frac {N}{n}}}}{ n}^{2}-2\\,{{\\rm e}^{-{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}}n+1 \\right) {{\\rm e}^{{\\frac {N}{2n}}}}}{\\sqrt {n} \\left(\n3\\,{{\\rm e}^{-{\\frac {N}{n}}}}{n}^{2}-2\\,{{\\rm e}^{-{\\frac {N}\n{n}}}}n+2 \\right) ^{-\\frac{3}{2}}}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq70} \\eta=-6\\, \\Bigg\\{ \\frac{\\sqrt {3}}{6}{\\kappa}^{2}\n\\Bigg[\\frac{n}{2}\\left( -\\frac{8}{n} \\left( {{\\rm e}^{-{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}} \\right) ^{2}+12\\left( { {\\rm e}^{-{\\frac {N}{n}}}} \\right)\n^{2} \\right) -\\frac{1}{2}{\\frac {{\\kappa} ^{2}nf''}{ f^{2}\\sqrt\n{1-f}}}+{\\frac {{\\kappa}^{2}nf'^{2}}{ f^{3}\\sqrt\n{1-f}}}-\\frac{1}{2}{ \\frac {{\\kappa}^{2}nf'^{2}}{ f^{2} \\left(\n1-f\\right) ^{\\frac{3}{2}}}}\\nonumber\\\\+\\frac{1}{4}{ \\frac\n{{\\kappa}^{2}nf''}{f \\left( 1-f \\right)\n^{\\frac{3}{2}}}}+\\frac{3}{8}{\\frac {{\\kappa}^{2}nf'^{2}}{f \\left(\n1-f \\right) ^{\\frac{5}{2}}}}-{ \\kappa}^{2}n\\lambda' \\Bigg] \\Bigg[\n\\Bigg( - \\bigg( {\\kappa}^{2}\\sqrt {1-f }- \\Big( -2n \\left( {{\\rm\ne}^{-{\\frac {N}{n}}}} \\right) ^{2}+{ \\frac {1}{f \\sqrt {1-f }}}-2\n\\lambda\\nonumber\\\\+3{n}^{2} \\left( { {\\rm e}^{-{\\frac {N}{n}}}}\n\\right) ^{2} \\Big) f \\bigg) f^{-1} \\Bigg)\n\\Bigg]^{-\\frac{1}{2}}-\\frac{\\sqrt {3}}{12}{\\kappa}^{4} \\Bigg[\n\\frac{\\sqrt {2}}{2} \\sqrt {\\frac{n}{{\\kappa}^{2}}} \\left( 4 \\left(\n{{\\rm e}^{-{\\frac {N}{n}}}} \\right) ^{2}-6n \\left( {{\\rm e}^{-{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}} \\right) ^{2} \\right) -\\frac{1}{2}{\\frac {\\sqrt {2}\\sqrt\n{{\\kappa}^{2}n}f'}{ f^{2}\\sqrt {1-f}}}\\nonumber\\\\+\\frac{1}{4}{\\frac\n{\\sqrt {2}\\sqrt {{\\kappa}^{2}n}f'}{f \\left( 1-f \\right) ^{3/2}}}-\n\\sqrt {2}\\sqrt {{\\kappa}^{2}n}\\lambda' \\Bigg] ^{2} \\Bigg[ {\\kappa}^{\n2} \\bigg( - \\bigg( {\\kappa}^{2}\\sqrt {1-f }+ \\left( 2n \\left( {{\\rm\ne}^{-{\\frac {N}{n}}}} \\right) ^{2}-3{n}^{2} \\left( {{\\rm e}^{-{\\frac\n{N}{n}}}} \\right) ^{2} \\right) f \\bigg)\\frac{f^{-1}}{{\\kappa}^{2}}\\nonumber\\\\\n+{\\frac {1}{f \\sqrt {1-f }}}-2\\, \\lambda \\bigg) \\Bigg]\n^{-\\frac{3}{2}} \\Bigg\\} {\\kappa}^{-2} \\Bigg( \\frac{\\sqrt\n{2}}{2}\\sqrt {{\\kappa}^{2}n} \\left( 4 \\left( {{\\rm e}^{-{\\frac {N}\n{n}}}} \\right) ^{2}-6n \\left( {{\\rm e}^{-{\\frac {N}{n}}}} \\right) ^{\n2} \\right) {\\kappa}^{-2}\\nonumber\\\\-\\frac{1}{2}{\\frac {\\sqrt\n{2}\\sqrt {{\\kappa}^{2}n}f'}{ f^{2}\\sqrt {1-f }}}+\\frac{1}{4}{\\frac\n{\\sqrt {2}\\sqrt {{\\kappa}^{2}n}f'}{f \\left( 1-f \\right) ^{3/2}}}-\n\\sqrt {2}\\sqrt {{\\kappa}^{2}n}\\lambda' \\Bigg) ^{-1}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq71} s=\\frac{\\sqrt {6}}{8}{\\frac {1}{ \\sqrt {n}}} {\\frac\n{{\\kappa}^{3}\\left( -ff'\\,n+2\\,{f}^{2}- 2\\,f\\,n-2\\,f \\right) {{\\rm\ne}^{{\\frac {N}{2n}}}}}{(f-1)\\sqrt {3\\,{{\\rm e}^{-{ \\frac\n{N}{n}}}}{n}^{2}-2\\,n{{\\rm e}^{-{\\frac {N}{n}}}}+2}\\left( 2\\, f\\sqrt\n{1-f}{{\\rm e}^{-{\\frac {N}{n}}}}-f{\\kappa}^{2}-2\\,{{\\rm e}^{-{ \\frac\n{N}{n}}}}\\sqrt {1-f} \\right)}}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nAs before, by using the obtained slow-roll parameters, we can write the scalar spectral index, its running and tensor-to-scalar ratio in terms of the model’s parameters and analyze them numerically. ", "In this case, the slow-roll parameters depend on the number of e-folds. ", "Therefore, to obtain the observational constraints we should specify the values of e-fold’s number. ", "We adopt three values as $N=50$, $60$ and $70$. Firstly, by using equations (\\[eq19\\]) and (\\[eq25\\]) (where the slow-roll parameters are given by equations (\\[eq69\\])-(\\[eq71\\])), we obtain the parameter space of $c_{s}$ and $n$ leading to the observationally viable values of $r-n_{s}$ in the power-law MDBI model. ", "To this end, we have used the Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing constraints at 68% CL and 95% CL. ", "The results are shown in figure 13, in which the dark magenta region is corresponding to 68% CL and the light magenta region is corresponding to 95% CL of the Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing data.", "\n\n![[]{", "data-label=\"fig13\"}](13a \"fig:\") ![[]{", "data-label=\"fig13\"}](13b \"fig:\") ![[]{", "data-label=\"fig13\"}](13c \"fig:\")\n\nAlso, to obtain more specific numerical constraints on $n$ and use them in order to explore the running of the scalar spectral index, we study $r-n_{s}$ plane of the model in the background of Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing. ", "In this regard, we use the previously adopted values of the sound speed (which are consistent with the constraint obtained from Planck2015 temperature and polarization data). ", "Figure 14 shows the tensor-to-scalar ratio versus the scalar spectral index for power-law MDBI model. ", "By a numerical analysis we have obtained some constraints on $n$ in which $r-n_{s}$ plane lies within the regions of 68% CL and 95% CL of the Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing data. ", "These constraints are presented in tables 7 and 8. ", "Here also, by using the obtained constraints on $n$ and observationally viable values of $n_{s}$, we explore the running of the scalar spectral index and find the observationally viable values of it. ", "The results are shown in the last column of tables 7 and 8. ", "Also, in figure 15 the evolution of the running of the scalar spectral index versus the scalar spectral index in the background of Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing dataset is presented. ", "As figure shows, for some values of $n$, $\\alpha_{s}-n_{s}$ is consistent with observational data.", "\n\nNote that the results of the amplitude of the non-Gaussianity are the same for both MDBI and DBI models. ", "This is because for MDBI model also, we use equation (\\[eq33\\]). ", "Generally, the smaller values of $c_s$ lead to the larger values of $f_{NL}$. The reason that for the constant sound speed in DBI and MDBI models, the non-Gaussianity is not very large is related to the form of $P(X,\\phi)$ for both DBI and MDBI models. ", "In fact, considering that the mimetic constraint is linear in $X$, allows us to use equation (\\[eq33\\]) which leads to the observationally viable values of the non-Gaussianity.\\\nAt this stage, the difference between the obtained results for a varying sound speed and a constant sound speed needs to be more clarified. ", "In the DBI model with $V_{+}$, the varying sound speed is relatively large, leading to relatively small non-Gaussianity and consistent with observational data. ", "However, in this case the tensor-to-scalar ratio is large and not consistent with observation. ", "So this case is ruled out by observation. ", "In the DBI model with $V_{-}$, the varying sound speed is small and the amplitude of the non-Gaussianity is too large to be consistent with the observational data. ", "This case is also ruled out by observation. ", "When we consider the MDBI model, the effect of the mimetic field is that it reduces the value of the tensor-to-scalar ratio. ", "In this regard, $r-n_{s}$ plane in the MDBI model in some ranges of the parameter $n$ becomes consistent with Planck2018 observational data. ", "For the observationally viable ranges of $n$, the sound speed is large and the amplitude of the non-Gaussianity is small, which is consistent with observation. ", "For the varying sound speed case, we have considered $c_{s}$ as a function of the model’s parameters. ", "In this regard, the amplitude of the non-Gaussianity also becomes a function of the model’s parameters. ", "To constrain $c_{s}$ and $f_{NL}$ we firstly constrained the parameters of the model in confrontation with observational data. ", "In this regard, we have compared $r-n_{s}$ values in the MDBI model with Planck2018 data and found some constraints on the parameter $n$. Since $c_{s}$ and $f_{NL}$ are functions of $n$, with obtained constraints on $n$ we were able to constrain the sound speed and the amplitude of the non-Gaussianity in MDBI model.\\\nIn the case with a constant sound speed we have considered the sound speed as a free constant parameter. ", "Then the amplitude of the non-Gaussianity would be a constant corresponding to the value of $c_{s}$. In this case, both DBI and MDBI models have the same $f_{NL}$. In the constant sound speed case, we have obtained the potential $V$ and the DBI function $f$ (and also the Lagrange Multiplier $\\lambda$ for the MDBI model) in terms of the sound speed and other model’s parameters. ", "Then we have used $V$, $f$ and $\\lambda$ to obtain the inflation and perturbation parameters such as $\\epsilon$, $\\eta$, $s$, $n_s$, $\\alpha_s$ and $r$. We have adopted some sample values of $c_s$ and by probing the observational viability of $r-n_{s}$, we have found some constraints on the parameter $n$. Then, we have used the observationally viable ranges of $n$ to obtain the constraints on $\\alpha_s$. Note that the dependence of the potential, DBI function and Lagrange multiplier on $c_s$ is different for the DBI and MDBI models, so the constraints on $n$ and $\\alpha_s$ are different in these two models. ", "These are the reasons that why the results in the two sections 2.4 and 3.2 are different.\\\nIn summary, our proposed MDBI model with constant sound speed in some ranges of the model’s parameter space is ghost-free and consistent with Planck2018 observational data. ", "We shall compare the DBI and MDBI models in details at the end of the paper.", "\n\n![[]{", "data-label=\"fig14\"}](14)\n\n![[]{", "data-label=\"fig15\"}](15a \"fig:\") ![[]{", "data-label=\"fig15\"}](15b \"fig:\") ![[]{", "data-label=\"fig15\"}](15c \"fig:\") ![[]{", "data-label=\"fig15\"}](15d \"fig:\")\n\n[cccccc]{}\\\n\\\n$N$& $c_{s}$&&$n$&$\\alpha_{s}$\\\n\\\n50& $0.1$&&$38.35\\leq\nn\\leq 48.45$&$-0.37230\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11930\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n50 &$0.4$&&$39.20\\leq n\\leq 48.31$ &$-0.32868\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.12052\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n50& $0.7$&&$40.7\\leq n\\leq 47.9$ &$-0.26408\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.12353\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n50&$0.9$&&$42.0\\leq n\\leq46.9$ &$-0.22348\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.13480\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n55& $0.1$&&$40.1\\leq\nn\\leq 50.5$&$-0.36395\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11523\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n55 &$0.4$&&$41.1\\leq n\\leq 50.3$ &$0.31643\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11698\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n55& $0.7$&&$42.5\\leq n\\leq 49.9$ &$-0.25662\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11977\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n55&$0.9$&&$43.8\\leq n\\leq48.8$ &$-0.21779\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.13161\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n60& $0.1$&&$41.84\\leq\nn\\leq 52.3$&$-0.35576\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11396\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n60 &$0.4$&&$42.8\\leq n\\leq 52.15$ &$-0.31063\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11488\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n60& $0.7$&&$44.2\\leq n\\leq 51.8$ &$-0.25180\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11689\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n60&$0.9$&&$45.6\\leq n\\leq50.6$ &$-0.21207\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.12956\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n65& $0.1$&&$43.5\\leq\nn\\leq54.2$&$-0.34997\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11128\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n65 &$0.4$&&$44.5\\leq n\\leq 54.0$ &$-0.30429\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11265\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n65& $0.7$&&$46.0\\leq n\\leq 53.6$ &$-0.24362\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11501\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n65&$0.9$&&$47.3\\leq n\\leq52.5$ &$-0.20854\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.12598\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n70& $0.1$&&$45.15\\leq\nn\\leq 55.95$&$-0.34392\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11006\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n70 &$0.4$&&$46.2 \\leq n\\leq 55.85$ &$-0.29688\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11047\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n70& $0.7$&&$47.8\\leq n\\leq 55.4$ &$-0.23506\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11278\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n70&$0.9$&&$49.0\\leq n\\leq 54.2$ &$-0.20467\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.12484\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\n[cccccc]{}\\\n\\\n$N$& $c_{s}$&&$n$&$\\alpha_{s}$\\\n\\\n50& $0.1$&&$39.65\\leq\nn\\leq 45.68$&$-0.31403\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.15690\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n50 &$0.4$&&$41.15\\leq n\\leq 44.8$ &$-0.25848\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.17134\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n50& $0.7$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n50&$0.9$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n55& $0.1$&&$41.4\\leq\nn\\leq 47.6$&$-0.30811\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.15303\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n55 &$0.4$&&$43.0\\leq n\\leq 46.7$ &$-0.25128\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.16717\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n55& $0.7$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n55&$0.9$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n60& $0.1$&&$43.18\\leq\nn\\leq 49.45$&$-0.29979\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.14984\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n60 &$0.4$&&$44.7\\leq n\\leq 48.6$ &$-0.24780\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.16234\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n60& $0.7$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n60&$0.9$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n65& $0.1$&&$44.9\\leq\nn\\leq 51.3$&$-0.29447\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.14642\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n65 &$0.4$&&$46.5\\leq n\\leq 50.4$ &$-0.24100\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.15921\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n65& $0.7$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n65&$0.9$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n70& $0.1$&&$46.58\\leq\nn\\leq 53.05$&$-0.28944\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.14437\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n70 &$0.4$&&$48.2 \\leq n\\leq 52.1$ &$-0.23676\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.15722\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n70& $0.7$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n70&$0.9$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\nConfrontation with BICEP2/Keck Array 2014 and Planck2018 data\n=============================================================\n\nPlanck2018 data are really powerful in constraining the cosmological parameters. ", "However, the constraints on the parameters are somewhat model dependent. ", "For instance, and as we have mentioned in the Introduction, the constraints on the scalar spectral index and tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, are rather different in the $\\Lambda$CDM$+r$ and $\\Lambda$CDM$+r+\\frac{dn_{s}}{d\\ln k}$ models [@pl18b]. ", "Especially, when the variation of the scalar spectral index is considered, the upper limit of $r$ is larger [@pl18b]. ", "To reduce the degeneracies of the tensor-to-scalar ratio with other cosmological parameters, the Planck2018 team have used the B-mode polarization data from BICEP2/Keck Array 2014 [@Ade16]. ", "By using the BICEP/Keck Array-Planck joint cross-correlation, the Planck2018 collaboration have obtained the tighter constraint on the tensor-to-scalar ratio [@pl18b]. ", "In this regard, from Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing+BK14+BAO data, for the $\\Lambda$CDM$+r$ model we have [@pl18b] $$\\label{eq72} r<0.065\\,\\quad and \\quad\\, n_{s}=0.9670\\pm 0.0037$$\n\nand for $\\Lambda$CDM$+r+\\frac{dn_{s}}{d\\ln k}$ we have [@pl18b] $$\\label{eq73} r<0.072\\,\\quad and \\quad\\, n_{s}=0.9658 \\pm 0.0038$$\n\nOur consideration shows that non of the DBI and MDBI models with varying sound speed are consistent with Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing+BK14+BAO data, however, these models with *constant sound speed* are consistent with the mentioned joint data. ", "We use Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing+BK14+BAO data at 68$\\%$ CL and 95$\\%$ CL to find the the parameter space of $c_{s}$ and $n$ leading to the observationally viable values of $r-n_{s}$ in the power-law MDBI model. ", "The results are shown in figure 16.", "\n\n![[]{", "data-label=\"fig13\"}](16a \"fig:\") ![[]{", "data-label=\"fig13\"}](16b \"fig:\") ![[]{", "data-label=\"fig13\"}](16c \"fig:\")\n\nHere also, we obtain more specific numerical constraints on $n$ and use them to explore the running of the scalar spectral index. ", "In this regard, we study $r-n_{s}$ plane of the model in the background of Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing+BK14+BAO data. ", "The adopted values of $c_{s}$ are the same as the ones in previous section. ", "Figure 17 shows the tensor-to-scalar ratio versus the scalar spectral index for the power-law DBI (left panel) and power-law MDBI (right panel) models. ", "By a numerical analysis we have obtained some constraints on $n$ in which $r-n_{s}$ plane in these two models lies on the region of 68$\\%$ CL and 95$\\%$ CL of the Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing+BK14+BAO data. ", "These constraints are presented in tables 9-12.", "\n\n![", "\\[fig11\\]](17a \"fig:\") ![", "\\[fig11\\]](17b \"fig:\")\n\n[ccccc]{}\\\n\\\n$c_{s}$&$f_{NL}$&$n$&$\\alpha_{s}$\\\n\\\n$0.1$&$-32.08333$&$119.5\\leq\nn\\leq 205.95$&$-0.52282\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.17632\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n$0.4$&$-1.70139$&$126.1\\leq n\\leq 206$ &$-0.46914\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.17611\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n$0.7$&$-0.33730$&$145.1\\leq n\\leq 195$ &$-0.35280\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.19580\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n$0.9$&$-0.07602$&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\n[ccccc]{}\\\n\\\n$c_{s}$&$f_{NL}$&$n$&$\\alpha_{s}$\\\n\\\n$0.1$&$-32.08333$&$130.9\\leq\nn\\leq 179.1$&$-0.43586\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.23306\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n$0.4$&$-1.70139$&$141.3\\leq n\\leq 176.8$ &$-0.37381\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.23897\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n$0.7$&$-0.33730$&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n$0.9$&$-0.07602$&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\n[cccccc]{}\\\n\\\n$N$& $c_{s}$&&$n$&$\\alpha_{s}$\\\n\\\n50& $0.1$&&$39.16\\leq\nn\\leq 48.08$&$-0.33491\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.12342\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n50 &$0.4$&&$40.4\\leq n\\leq 47.8$ &$-0.28310\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.12646\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n50& $0.7$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n50&$0.9$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n55& $0.1$&&$40.90\\leq\nn\\leq 50.0$&$-0.32817\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.12076\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n55 &$0.4$&&$42.19\\leq n\\leq 49.74$ &$0.27690\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.12335\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n55& $0.7$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n55&$0.9$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n60& $0.1$&&$42.7\\leq\nn\\leq 51.93$&$-0.31891\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11777\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n60 &$0.4$&&$43.95\\leq n\\leq 51.6$ &$-0.27040\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.12097\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n60& $0.7$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n60&$0.9$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n65& $0.1$&&$44.33\\leq\nn\\leq53.81$&$-0.31548\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11532\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n65 &$0.4$&&$45.68\\leq n\\leq 53.51$ &$-0.26469\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11790\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n65& $0.7$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n65&$0.9$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n70& $0.1$&&$46.02\\leq\nn\\leq 55.60$&$-0.30923\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11373\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n70 &$0.4$&&$47.37 \\leq n\\leq 55.31$ &$-0.25966\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.11600\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n70& $0.7$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n70&$0.9$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\n[cccccc]{}\\\n\\\n$N$& $c_{s}$&&$n$&$\\alpha_{s}$\\\n\\\n50& $0.1$&&$40.42\\leq\nn\\leq 45.57$&$-0.28504\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.15878\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n50 &$0.4$&&$42.7\\leq n\\leq 44.51$ &$-0.21590\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.17677\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n50& $0.7$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n50&$0.9$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n55& $0.1$&&$42.24\\leq\nn\\leq 47.46$&$-0.27768\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.15516\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n55 &$0.4$&&$44.58\\leq n\\leq 46.37$ &$-0.20992\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.17298\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n55& $0.7$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n55&$0.9$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n60& $0.1$&&$43.98\\leq\nn\\leq 49.29$&$-0.27264\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.15220\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n60 &$0.4$&&$46.4\\leq n\\leq 48.2$ &$-0.20487\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.16918\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n60& $0.7$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n60&$0.9$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n65& $0.1$&&$45.72\\leq\nn\\leq 51.12$&$-0.26718\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.14898\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n65 &$0.4$&&$48.15\\leq n\\leq 49.98$ &$-0.20101\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.16596\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n65& $0.7$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n65&$0.9$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n70& $0.1$&&$47.39\\leq\nn\\leq 52.88$&$-0.26329\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.14667\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n70 &$0.4$&&$49.84 \\leq n\\leq 51.79$ &$-0.20052\\times10^{-3}\\leq \\alpha_{s} \\leq -0.16368\\times 10^{-3}$\\\n\\\n70& $0.7$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\\\n70&$0.9$&&not consistent &not consistent\\\n\nSummary and Conclusion\n======================\n\nIn the mimetic gravity, to have a non-zero sound speed, one should consider higher order terms as $\\gamma\\square \\phi$ in the action. ", "However, this model suffers from gradient instabilities. ", "By considering the direct couplings of the higher derivatives of the mimetic field to the curvature of the space-time, one can overcome the instabilities issue in some regions of the models’ parameters space. ", "In this paper, instead of including the higher order derivatives of the scalar field, we have proposed a new model by adding a DBI like term as $f^{-1}\\sqrt{1-f\\dot{\\phi}^{2}}$ in the action of the simple mimetic model with a potential. ", "By adding this term, we can have an instabilities-free mimetic model, at least in some regions of the model’s parameters space. ", "Indeed, in this paper, we have considered both the DBI and our newly proposed Mimetic DBI (MDBI) models in details and for the sake of comparison. ", "We have studied the power-law inflation in these models and compared the results with Planck2018 data to seek for the observational viability of the models. ", "In this regard, we have considered two general cases: varying sound speed and constant sound speed. ", "For the case of varying sound speed, by studying $r-n_{s}$ and $\\alpha-n_{s}$ planes and comparing with Planck2018 observational data, we have found some constraints on the parameter $n$ where $a=a_{0}\\,t^{n}$. The constraints on $n$ gave us the observationally viable values of $c_{s}$ and $f_{NL}$. For the constant sound speed, we have used the observationally viable values of $f_{NL}$ to find the viable values of the sound speed. ", "Then, with the viable values of the sound speed, we have found some constraints on $n$ leading to the observationally viable values of $r$, $n_{s}$ and $\\alpha_{s}$.\n\nIn the varying sound speed case, we have firstly studied the DBI model. ", "We have obtained the main background equations in this setup. ", "By using these equations, we have obtained the perturbation parameters such as the scalar spectral index, its running and tensor-to-scalar ratio in this setup and also the corresponding potential in terms of the Hubble parameters and its derivatives. ", "By studying the power-law inflation in this model and constructing the corresponding potential, we have shown that this model is not consistent with Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing data. ", "Note that, although $r-n_{s}$ plane in this model with $V_{-}$ is consistent with Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing data at the 68$\\%$ CL and 95$\\%$ CL, but the constraints on $n$ lead to the values of $f_{NL}$ which are too large to be consistent with observational data. ", "Then we have proceeded to see the situation in the mimetic DBI scenario.", "\n\nIn the MDBI model, we firstly obtained the main background equations of model. ", "We have also found the Lagrange multiplier and potential in this setup in terms of the Hubble parameter. ", "By numerical studying of the power-law MDBI model, we have shown that this model, in some regions of the model’s parameters space, is free of the ghost and gradient instabilities. ", "By obtaining the the perturbation’s parameters in this model and comparing the results with the observational data, we have found that our MDBI model is consistent with Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing data at the 95$\\%$ CL. ", "In this case, the constraints on $n$ lead to the small amplitude of the non-Gaussianity which is consistent with observation.", "\n\nIn the constant sound speed case also, we have studied both DBI and MDBI inflation with power-law scale factor. ", "We have obtained the potential, the DBI function ($f$) and the slow-roll parameters in terms of $c_{s}$, $N$ and $n$. We have adopted some sample values of the the sound speed allowed by the Planck2015 data. ", "By these adopted values of the sound speed we have studied $r-n_{s}$ and $\\alpha_{s}-n_{s}$ planes numerically and have obtained some constraints on parameter $n$. Both the DBI and MDBI models with power-law scale factor are consistent with Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing data at the 68$\\%$ CL and 95$\\%$ CL. ", "However, for the DBI model, the constraint on $n$ is as $n\\sim\n10^{2}$ while, for the newly proposed MDBI model it is as $n\\sim 10^{1}$. We have also obtained the parameters space of $c_{s}$ and $n$ in which the scalar spectral index and tensor-to-scalar ratio in a power-law MDBI inflation with constant sound speed fulfill the constraints obtained from Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing at the 68% CL and 95% CL. ", "According to our analysis, the constraint on the constant sound speed in the power-law MDBI inflation is as $c_{s}\\leq 0.95$.\n\n[ccccc]{}\\\n\\\nModel &Sound Speed &Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE&Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE\\\n&&+lensing&+lensing+BK14+BAO\\\n\\\nDBI&varying&not consistent&not consistent\\\n\\\nMDBI&varying&consistent (with $n\\sim 10^{1}$) &not consistent\\\n\\\nDBI&constant&consistent (with $n\\sim 10^{2}$) &consistent (with $n\\sim 10^{2}$) &\\\n\\\nMDBI&constant&consistent (with $n\\sim 10^{1}$) &consistent (with $n\\sim 10^{1}$)\\\n\nFinally, we note that to reduce the degeneracies of the tensor-to-scalar ratio with other cosmological parameters and obtain the tighter constraint on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, Planck2018 collaboration has used the B-mode polarization data from BICEP2/Keck Array 2014. ", "In this regard, we have explored the DBI and newly proposed MDBI model in confrontation with Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE +lensing+BK14+BAO data, where BK14 refers to BICEP2/Keck Array 2014 data. ", "The results show that in this case also, the constraint on $n$ for the DBI model is as $n\\sim 10^{2}$ and for the MDBI model it is as $n\\sim 10^{1}$. However, by obtaining the parameters space of $c_{s}$ and $n$ in which the scalar spectral index and tensor-to-scalar ratio in a power-law MDBI inflation are consistent with Planck2018 TT, TE, EE+lowE+lensing+BK14+BAO at 68% CL and 95% CL, we have found a tighter constraint on the constant sound speed as $c_{s}\\leq\n0.64$. Table 13 summarizes the final results of this paper.\\\n**Appendix: The Third Slow-Roll Parameter in the Mimetic DBI (MDBI) Model**\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\ns=\\frac{{\\sqrt {2}\\,\\kappa}^{5}}{4}\\Bigg[\\frac { 54\\,\nH^{5}(N)H''(N)+162 {H'}^{2}(N)H^{4}(N)+144H^{4}(N )H'(N) H''(N)}{\n\\Big( -H'(N)H(N) \\Big) ^{3/2} \\Big( 3\\, H ^{2} ( N ) +2\\,H \\left(\nN \\right) H'(N)-{\\kappa}^{2} \\Big) J}\\nonumber\\\\\n+\\frac {288 {H'}^{3}(N) H^{3} ( N ) +120H^{3} ( N ){\nH'}^{2}(N)H''(N)-27H^{3} ( N ) H''(N){\\kappa}^{2}+168{H'}^{4}(N)\nH^{2}( N )}{ \\Big( -H'(N)H(N) \\Big) ^{3/2} \\Big( 3\\, H ^{2} ( N )\n+2\\,H \\left(\nN \\right) H'(N)-{\\kappa}^{2} \\Big) J}\\nonumber\\\\\n+\\frac {32 H^{2} ( N){H'}^{3}(N)H''(N)+9 H^{2}( N )\n{H'}^{2}(N){\\kappa}^{2} -24H^{2} ( N ) H'(N)H''(N)\\,{\\kappa}^{2}}{\n\\Big( -H'(N)H(N) \\Big) ^{3/2} \\Big( 3\\, H ^{2} ( N ) +2\\,H \\left(\nN \\right) H'(N)-{\\kappa}^{2} \\Big) J}\\nonumber\\\\\n+\\frac {32\\,{H'}^{5}(N) H( N) -4H ( N ) {H'}^{2}(N)H''(N)\\,\n{\\kappa}^{2}+3H ( N )\nH''(N)\\,{\\kappa}^{4}-4{H'}^{4}(N){\\kappa}^{2}-3{H'}^{2}(N){\\kappa}^{4}\n}{ \\Big( -H'(N)H(N) \\Big) ^{3/2} \\Big( 3\\, H ^{2} ( N ) +2\\,H\n\\left( N \\right) H'(N)-{\\kappa}^{2} \\Big) J}\\Bigg]\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$\n\nwith\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\nJ=54H'(N)\\, H^{5} ( N ) +108\\,{H'}^{2}(N) H^{4}(N) +72{H'}^{3}(N)\nH^{3} ( N ) -54 H^{3} ( N\n)H'(N)\\,{\\kappa}^{2}\\nonumber\\\\+16{H'}^{4}(N) H^{2} ( N ) -72 H^{2}\n( N ) {H'}^{2}(N){\\kappa}^{2}-18 H^{2} ( N ) {\\kappa}^{4}-24H ( N )\n{H'}^{3}(N){\\kappa}^{2}\\nonumber\\\\-6H( N)\nH'(N)\\,{\\kappa}^{4}+4\\,{H'}^{2}(N){\\kappa}^{4}+3\\,{\\kappa}^{6}\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$\n\n[**Acknowledgement**]{}\\\nThis work has been supported financially by Research Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics of Maragha (RIAAM) under research project number 1/6275-6.\\\n\n[100]{}\n\nA. 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", "For more details see [@pl15].", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Corsican Crisis\n\nThe Corsican Crisis was an event in British politics during 1768–69. ", "It was precipitated by the invasion of the island of Corsica by France. ", "The British government under the Duke of Grafton failed to intervene, for which it was widely criticised and was one of many factors that contributed to its downfall in early 1770.", "\n\nBackground\nCorsica had been owned by Republic of Genoa for five centuries when a major rebellion broke out on the island in the 1750s. ", "In 1755 their leader Pasquale Paoli had declared the Corsican Republic establishing rule over much of the island. ", "After nine years of attempts to re-establish their rule over the island, the Genoese sold the island to the French in 1764 in a secret treaty.", "\n\nPaoli had created a liberal Corsican Constitution heavily influenced by that of Britain. ", "He created the most extensive voting franchise in the world, and attempted radical reforms in education. ", "Because of Britain's enmity of France, and because the British had historically been supportive of Corsican exiles — Paoli sought to establish an alliance with Great Britain. ", "Britain opened a consulate on the island, but events in Corsica did not feature prominently in Britain until 1768.", "\n\nBritain's relations with France had remained strained since the Treaty of Paris had brought the Seven Years' War to an end. ", "Since that treaty, France had expanded its territory, inheriting Lorraine and reasserting itself in Guiana.", "\n\nFrench Invasion\n\nIn 1768 French troops landed and attempted to establish control over the island, while the Treaty of Versailles (1768) officially acknowledged the transfer of the island from Genoa to France. ", " The scheme had been the project of Choiseul, who had been searching for a way for France to strike back at Britain since the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763.", "\n\nThe people rose in resistance led by Paoli, determined to defend their independence. ", "Immediately there were calls for the British government to intervene on the side of the Corsicans. ", "While Grafton and his foreign minister, Lord Shelburne, opposed the French seizing the island they saw there being little they could do to prevent it. ", " The ministers were young and largely inexperienced in foreign affairs, and had accorded much more importance to events in Britain's Thirteen Colonies in America. ", "Consequently the British were inclined to appease France over the Corsican Crisis.", "\n\nBritish response\nIn contrast to the government's lack of interest, news of the invasion sparked popular support in favour of the Corsicans. ", "James Boswell, a long-standing champion of the Corsicans, lobbied leading members of society and organised thirty cannons to be sent from the Carron Ironworks in Falkirk. ", "Boswell's book An Account of Corsica became a best-seller and helped to fan public interest in the plight of the Corsicans.", "\n\nGreat Britain in the 1760s was unable to build a system of alliances with other European states as it had done in the past, a problem that became acute during the Corsican crisis and the later American War of Independence. ", "France's invasion had been unpopular with Spain and Sardinia and, prodded into action by the public attacks on them, the British government began tentative negotiations to try to build a coalition of states that would oppose French annexation of the island. ", "However, with a lack of will on either side, these soon collapsed. ", "Despite calls in Parliament, Grafton refused to consider sending troops to Corsica or mobilising the navy.", "\n\nFall of the Corsican Republic\n\nOn 9 May 1769 Corsican resistance was crushed at the Battle of Ponte Novu, forcing Paoli and his followers into exile. ", "Paoli went first to Vienna, but finally took up residence in Britain, where he remained for twenty years.", "\n\nThe weak British response convinced Choiseul that the British were not prepared for another major war and would back down when threatened — reasoning that British naval superiority was nothing in the hands of a government that was not prepared to use it. ", " This boosted his hopes of leading France to a crushing victory over Britain to avenge the Seven Years' War.", "\n\nIn 1770 Grafton resigned as first minister, and was replaced by Lord North. ", "The same year Corsica was formally annexed as a province of France.", "\n\nAftermath\nThe fall of Corsica was attacked in the Junius Letters which asserted that Corsica would never have been invaded had Britain showed firmness. ", " The other major powers of Europe took note of the British failure to act, and severe damage was done to Britain's international standing. ", " This had the knock-on effect of discouraging the Russians from concluding a treaty of alliance with Britain, leaving the British without a major ally entering into the run-up to the American War of Independence.", "\n\nThe failure of the Grafton Ministry to act was compared unfavourably with the firmer action of the North Ministry during the Falklands Crisis of 1770, when the Royal Navy was successfully mobilised to prevent Spain from occupying the Falklands Islands. ", "A number of Corsican exiles served with British troops during the American War of Independence, and many made their home in Britain. ", "British forces later tried to restore an independent Corsica in the 1790s, during the French Revolutionary War, in the form of an Anglo-Corsican Kingdom.", "\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n .", "\n .", "\n .", "\n .", "\n . ", "see also Account of Corsica\n\nCategory:1768 in Great Britain\nCategory:1769 in Great Britain\nCategory:Violence against indigenous peoples" ]

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[ "Tag: \"recognize\" at biology news\n\n...and. ", "They first measured the students' ability to recognize the words. ", "They then trained them to recognize the words and then tested them again to see how effective the training was. ", "None of the students he...\n\n...ent of Energy and NREL support this initiative and recognize that bio-science offers feasible solutions to meet our energy needs while reducing our environmental footprint. ", "The scarcity of non-renewable resources amplifies the need to develop sustainable science-based solutions.\" \"", "We at NREL are pleased to pa...\n\n...treatment. ", "The researchers also want to learn to recognize when stem cells begin the transformation to bone, as opposed to turning into cartilage or fat. \"", "Markers already exist for fully differentiated mature bone cells,\" said Plopper, \"but it is more difficult to discern the point where stem cells begin to ...\n\n... Milling, AGI Executive Director. \"", "AGI is proud to recognize him for these very significant accomplishments.\" ", "Ron Redfern is an award-winning author and illustrator of natural science books for the general public. ", "His first book, the highly acclaimed Corridors of Time , was published in 1980 and provides an...\n\n...tion. ", "But that same end of the lung collectins can recognize and binds to fragments of foreign microorganisms. ", "When it does, the other end of the lung collectin binds to receptors on the cells that promote inflammation. \"", "These findings should help clarify confusion about the lung collectins,\" said Henson. \"", "Lun...\n\n...\" Coley says. \"", "The next step is for the country to recognize those jobs depend on the intact rainforest.\" ", "Why should drug companies set up labs and hire staff in developing nations? \"", "They collaborate all the time with academic scientists and small biotech firms in the developed world,\" says Coley. \"", "If the ca...\n\n... plover, almost everyone walking the beach can now recognize the shorebird. ", "According to Stroh, \"The program helped beach goers understand about snowy plovers and how to share the beach with them. ", "The community is now incredibly supportive and more than 100 individuals have volunteered. ", "It is an amazing plac...\n\n...k at different signaling systems in cells, you can recognize many of the same components the same subfragments of proteins linked together in different ways. ", "We showed that the components are modular the equivalent of electronic components. ", "By mixing and matching components we can generate novel and divers...\n\n...hritis, as well as those in which the body doesn't recognize the attacker, such as tumors. \"", "This could be the hidden factor in autoimmune disease,\" says Dr. Dustin. ", "The study was led by Dr. Dustin, Arup Chakraborty, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry at the University of California at Berke...\n\n...ave not, suggesting that Americans continue not to recognize the extent to which GM foods are present in foods they eat every day. ", "Opposition to GM foods has softened somewhat in the last two years but opinions about safety remain split. ", "Today, 25% of people polled reported they would support the introduc...\n\n...y Review. \"", "Now, more than ever, it's important to recognize that there is no one technology driving the next wave of success, but rather several that, when fused together, will create another era of significant change for our society. ", "The members of this year's TR100 hail from fields such as nanotechnology, b...\n\n... Andes. \"", "Creating a series of protected areas that recognize the Gran Ruta's historical importance and help reestablish the traditional ties that existed between communities along the route would be invaluable to the region and the world,\" explains IUCN's Pellerano. \"", "The Quechua, Aymara and other communities t...\n\n...ol of Medicine, he showed that these three enzymes recognize and read the messages encoded in distinct classes ...s, essential for the individual RNA polymerases to recognize start sites on specific target genes. ", "Significantly, he simultaneously identified the first gene-sp...\n\n...k the specific sugar molecule that the macrophages recognize in the receptor cluster. ", "By adding a single substance to a supply of platelets, the researchers induced a reaction that stacked a different sort of sugar molecule on top of the platelet receptor's tell-tale sugar. ", "This treatment seemed to be effectiv...\n\n... offspring. ", "The finding that male baboons somehow recognize their own genetic offspring -- despite the fact th...only explanation we're left with is that the males recognize and prefer their genetic offspring.\" ", "According to Alberts, previous studies of baboons had not been...\n\n... observed larval asexual reproduction, but did not recognize what they saw, said Palmer. ", "Even more remarkably, at least one early report of larval cloning was dismissed as an artifact of laboratory culture conditions. \"", "These data make it clear that people have likely seen this spontaneous cloning for many ye...\n\n...shedding light on the mechanisms our bodies use to recognize and repair mistakes in our genetic code, mistakes ...'proofread' the DNA, where they look, and how they recognize a DNA bulge will help us better understand what goes wrong when the protein can't recognize the erro...\n\n..., health professionals and the public have come to recognize that the world's human population comprises a global village,\" said Mike Levine, director of the center for vaccine development of the University of Maryland School of Medicine and RCE project leader. \"", "Most pathogens, however, have global reservoirs ...\n\n...ner said. ", "With cancers, the immune system fails to recognize tumors as invaders -- that is where drugs can step in and make a difference. \"", "Using antibodies is a way of taking the immune system and redirecting it toward killing the cancer,\" Weiner said. ", "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is cancer of the lymphatic system, ...\n\n...anding puzzle,\" says Dr. Jacob. \"", "T cells that will recognize a given foreign protein are quite rare, so it was hard to imagine how the T cells and dendritic cells would ever meet. ", "It is still remarkable that they do.\" ", "The gene gun used to send the DNA into the skin uses gold pellets coated with the DNA. ", "The...\n\n(Date:3/31/2015)... March 31, 2015 As the scientific ... Energy Balance Network (GEBN) is poised to make ... public health. ", "GEBN is a network of scientists ... Africa, Asia and Oceania who have banded together to ... by the body (energy balance) and apply this understanding ...\n\n(Date:3/31/2015)... Texas (PRWEB) March 31, 2015 As a ... the value of a good teacher when it comes to ... educators for their instrumental service to the community, Metro Express ... during the summer, all area teachers can be too cool ... teachers and educators put in to help our children get ...\n\n(Date:3/31/2015)... Fitbody Personal Training LLC invites participants to get ... Saturday morning workouts away from the gym and prepare to ... Personal Training LLC. ", "The classes are moving outdoors. , ... ", "boot camp outdoors on Thursday evenings starting April 2, 2015 ... next session starts on April 11th and ends on May ..." ]

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[ "Sega Confirms PS2 and Game Boy Advance Negotiations\n\nShare.", "\n\nStraight from the horse's mouth... well, from Sega of Japan's PR department, that is.", "\n\nBy IGN Staff\n\nSega of Japan issued a press release today (1/24 in Japan), commenting on various \"Dreamcast is Dead\" reports that circulated yesterday through news sources in Japan and America. ", "The press release at long last confirms a few of those countless stories that we've been asked by Sega of America to treat as nothing more than rumors.", "\n\nThe release confirms three specific things being planned by Sega as part of the company's New Management Strategy first announced on October 27th of last year:\n\n1. ", "A structural reformation of Dreamcast manufacturing, sales and distribution is being planned. ", "However, the company will still be continuing its Dreamcast business with a focus on software. ", "Over 100 titles are planned for this year (see this story for a partial list of some newly announced DC games).", "\n\n2. ", "Sega is currently in negotiations to supply software for PS2 and Game Boy Advance.", "\n\n3. ", "Sega is continuing to pursue the installation of the Dreamcast architecture in PCs, Set top boxes and various other electronic devices.", "\n\nKeep in mind that this information is not from a news site - it's taken directly off of Sega of Japan's website as a translation of a press release issued by the company. ", "The release specifically mentions Game Boy Advance and PS2, rather than mentioning \"Home Electronics Devices\" as previous releases have. ", "That said, keep in mind that Sega has yet to confirm development for either system - just negotiations." ]

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[ " T.C. Summary Opinion 2018-47\n\n\n\n UNITED STATES TAX COURT\n\n\n\n JAMES MERLO, Petitioner, AND TRACY NELSON, f.k.a. ", "TRACY MERLO,\n Intervenor v.\n COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent\n\n\n\n Docket No. ", "10366-14S. Filed September 24, 2018.", "\n\n\n\n James Merlo, pro se.", "\n\n Nicole Appleberry, for intervenor.", "\n\n John D. Davis, for respondent.", "\n\n\n\n SUMMARY OPINION\n\n\n GALE, Judge: This case was heard pursuant to the provisions of section\n\n7463 of the Internal Revenue Code in effect when the petition was filed.1 Pursuant\n\n\n 1\n Unless otherwise indicated, section references are to the Internal Revenue\n (continued...)\n\f -2-\n\nto section 7463(b), the decision to be entered is not reviewable by any other court,\n\nand this opinion shall not be treated as precedent for any other case.", "\n\n Respondent mailed a notice of deficiency to petitioner and intervenor\n\n(Merlos) determining that for 2011 they had failed to report $4,628 in taxable\n\nwages that intervenor had received from Prudential Insurance Co. of America\n\n(Prudential), as had been reported to respondent on a Form W-2, Wage and Tax\n\nStatement, filed by Prudential. ", "Petitioner timely petitioned for redetermination,2\n\naverring that he had no knowledge of, and had not received, the Form W-2 or the\n\nincome referenced in the notice of deficiency. ", "He further averred that the Form\n\nW-2 “references a different taxpayer and social security number”.", "\n\n Respondent later learned that the “different taxpayer” was petitioner’s\n\nformer spouse (now the intervenor) with whom petitioner had filed a joint return\n\nfor 2011. ", "On the basis of this information, respondent construed petitioner’s\n\nclaims in the petition as a request under section 6015 for relief from joint and\n\n\n\n\n 1\n (...continued)\nCode of 1986, as amended and in effect at all relevant times. ", "All dollar amounts\nhave been rounded to the nearest dollar.", "\n 2\n Intervenor did not file a petition with respect to the notice of deficiency.", "\n\f -3-\n\nseveral liability.3 Respondent thereupon served notice of the filing of the petition\n\nand the right to intervene upon intervenor, who timely intervened in this case.", "\n\n Shortly before trial, respondent granted petitioner (hereafter, Mr. Merlo)\n\nrelief under section 6015(c) with respect to the deficiency arising from the\n\nunreported income, on the grounds that it could not be established that Mr. Merlo\n\nhad actual knowledge of the unreported Prudential wages of intervenor (hereafter,\n\nMs. Nelson). ", "Ms. Nelson opposes that relief. ", "The issue for decision is whether\n\nMr. Merlo is entitled to relief under section 6015(c) for 2011.4\n\n Background\n\n Some of the facts are stipulated and are so found. ", "The stipulation of facts\n\nand its exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference. ", "At the time Mr. Merlo\n\nfiled his petition, he resided in Michigan and Ms. Nelson resided in Ohio.", "\n\n For 2011 the Merlos received wage income totaling $112,674 consisting of:\n\n(1) $106,863 in wages paid to Mr. Merlo by the Department of the Treasury for his\n\nwork as a revenue agent for the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), (2) $1,182 in\n\n\n 3\n Five days before filing his petition, petitioner filed an administrative claim\nfor relief under sec. ", "6015. ", "Presumably respondent’s counsel’s discovery of this\nclaim prompted him to characterize the issue raised in the petition as sec. ", "6015\nrelief. ", "In any event there is no dispute that the only issue in this case is petitioner’s\nentitlement to sec. ", "6015 relief.", "\n 4\n Mr. Merlo has not sought relief under either sec. ", "6015(b) or (f).", "\n\f -4-\n\nwages paid to Ms. Nelson by Ethan Allen, Inc. (Ethan Allen), and (3) $4,629 in\n\ndisability income paid to Ms. Nelson by Prudential, which Prudential reported as\n\nwage income on a Form W-2.", "\n\n Although the Merlos maintained a joint checking account in 2011 and 2012,\n\nMs. Nelson maintained a separate checking account during 2011 to which she had\n\nexclusive access.", "\n\n Forms W-2 were mailed in early 2012 to the Merlos covering their\n\nrespective items of the foregoing income at the residence they were still jointly\n\noccupying at the time.", "\n\n Sometime before April 15, 2012, the Merlos timely filed a Form 4868,\n\nApplication for Automatic Extension of Time To File U.S. Individual Income Tax\n\nReturn, extending the due date of their 2011 Federal income tax return to\n\nOctober 15, 2012. ", "Shortly thereafter, in May 2012, Ms. Nelson moved out of the\n\nmarital residence and filed for divorce. ", "Between the divorce filing and early\n\nOctober 2012 the Merlos seldom spoke, lived in separate households, and\n\ncommunicated primarily through their divorce counsel.", "\n\n On October 12, 2012, three days before the return due date as extended,\n\nMr. Merlo sent an email to his counsel for forwarding to Ms. Nelson. ", "In the email\n\nhe inquired whether Ms. Nelson wished to file a joint return with him for 2011.", "\n\f -5-\n\nThe email also stated: “I believe the information for * * * [Ms. Nelson] is correct.", "\n\nA paper return does require the Form W-2 for * * * [Ms. Nelson] be attached\n\nwhich I do not have.” ", "Attached to the email was a draft of the Merlos’ 2011\n\nFederal income tax return (draft Federal return) prepared by Mr. Merlo, which\n\nreported $112,674 as the Merlos’ total wage income. ", "Mr. Merlo also attached to\n\nthe draft Federal return a worksheet he had prepared that listed Ms. Nelson’s wages\n\nfrom Ethan Allen and his wages from the Department of the Treasury as the only\n\nsources of the Merlos’ total wage income of $112,674. ", "On his worksheet\n\nMr. Merlo treated Ms. Nelson’s wages from Ethan Allen as $5,811 in reaching the\n\ntotal wages figure of $112,674 because Ms. Nelson had at some point advised him\n\nthat she had total wages for 2011 in that amount.", "\n\n On October 14, 2012, the Merlos communicated directly with each other\n\nthree times via email. ", "Therein, Ms. Nelson confirmed to Mr. Merlo that she had\n\nreceived a copy of his October 12 email and agreed to file a joint return with him\n\nfor 2011. ", "She proposed various changes to the draft Federal return, none of which\n\nconcerned wage income.", "\n\n Mr. Merlo also prepared a draft of the Merlos’ 2011 Michigan income tax\n\nreturn (draft Michigan return). ", "The Schedule W, 2011 Michigan Withholding Tax\n\nSchedule, attached to the draft Michigan return listed the components of the\n\f -6-\n\nMerlos’ total wage income of $112,674 as coming from two sources: wages of\n\n$106,863 from the Department of the Treasury attributable to Mr. Merlo and wages\n\nof $5,811 from Ethan Allen attributable to Ms. Nelson.", "\n\n Early on the morning of October 15, 2012, the due date for filing the 2011\n\nreturn, Mr. Merlo emailed Ms. Nelson the draft Federal return and draft Michigan\n\nreturn for her to review for accuracy. ", "Ms. Nelson responded by text, informing\n\nMr. Merlo that he had misstated her wages from Ethan Allen on the draft returns as\n\nequal to $5,811 rather than $1,182, the correct figure. ", "Mr. Merlo, now believing\n\nthe draft returns to be incorrect, revised them by reducing Ms. Nelson’s wage\n\nincome from $5,811 to $1,182, a $4,629 difference. ", "Mr. Merlo thereafter emailed\n\nMs. Nelson a revised draft Form 1040 worksheet for her to review at 7:20 a.m.\n\nThe worksheet listed the Merlos’ wage income as $108,045, consisting of\n\n$106,863 in wages from the Department of the Treasury and $1,182 in wages from\n\nEthan Allen.", "\n\n Mr. Merlo agreed to leave copies of the revised Federal and Michigan\n\nreturns for Ms. Nelson to sign at the residence they had previously occupied\n\ntogether. ", "Ms. Nelson confirmed with Mr. Merlo that she needed to attach her\n\nForm W-2 for the Ethan Allen wages to the returns, and he clarified that the Form\n\f -7-\n\nW-2 needed to be attached only to the Federal return. ", "The Merlos’ Federal return\n\nwas timely filed on October 15, 2012, reporting total wage income as $108,045.", "\n\n On June 14, 2013, the Merlos divorced. ", "As noted, respondent issued a\n\nnotice of deficiency for 2011 to the Merlos in which he determined that they had\n\nfailed to report $4,6285 of Ms. Nelson’s wage income from Prudential. ", "Mr. Merlo\n\nsought section 6015 relief for 2011 administratively and also timely petitioned for\n\nredetermination of the deficiency for that year. ", "Respondent granted Mr. Merlo\n\nrelief under section 6015(c) with respect to the unreported Prudential income\n\nshortly before trial. ", "Ms. Nelson intervened in the deficiency case and opposes such\n\nrelief.6\n\n Discussion\n\n Married taxpayers may elect to file a joint Federal income tax return. ", "Sec.", "\n\n6013(a). ", "If a joint return is made, generally each spouse is jointly and severally\n\n 5\n In the notice of deficiency, respondent apparently rounded down\nMs. Nelson’s $4,628.57 of wage income from Prudential to $4,628. ", "In our\nfindings we have used $4,629 as the correctly rounded figure, consistent with\nMr. Merlo’s computations when he prepared the 2011 return.", "\n 6\n Our jurisdiction over this case is unimpaired by respondent’s concession\nthat Mr. Merlo is entitled to sec. ", "6015 relief with respect to the deficiency, as the\nnotice of deficiency was timely petitioned and Mr. Merlo’s entitlement to sec. ", "6015\nrelief is an affirmative defense to the deficiency, which Ms. Nelson as intervenor\ndisputes. ", "See Butler v. Commissioner, 114 T.C. 276, 288 (2000); Young v.\nCommissioner, T.C. Memo. ", "2012-255, at *3; see also Corson v. Commissioner,\n114 T.C. 354, 363 (2000).", "\n\f -8-\n\nliable for the entire tax due on their aggregate income for that year. ", "Sec.", "\n\n6013(d)(3); Butler v. Commissioner, 114 T.C. 276, 282 (2000). ", "However, in\n\ncertain circumstances, section 6015 allows a spouse to obtain relief from joint and\n\nseveral liability. ", "Sec. ", "6015(a). ", "One such circumstance is found in section 6015(c),\n\nunder which respondent has granted Mr. Merlo relief. ", "Ms. Nelson opposes that\n\nrelief. ", "The standard and scope of our review of Mr. Merlo’s entitlement to section\n\n6015(c) relief is de novo. ", "See Porter v. Commissioner, 132 T.C. 203, 210 (2009).", "\n\n Section 6015(c) generally allows a separated or divorced spouse to elect to\n\nlimit the liability for any deficiency assessed with respect to a joint return to the\n\nportion of the deficiency that is properly allocable to the electing individual under\n\nsection 6015(d). ", "See Estate of Capehart v. Commissioner, 125 T.C. 211, 214\n\n(2005); Barnes v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. ", "2004-266; sec. ", "1.6015-3(a), Income\n\nTax Regs. ", "Section 6015(d) generally allocates the items giving rise to the\n\ndeficiency as if the spouses had filed separate returns. ", "Sec. ", "6015(d)(3)(A). ", "The\n\nparties do not dispute that the disability income from Prudential (reported as\n\nwages) is properly allocable to Ms. Nelson pursuant to section 6015(d).", "\n\n To be eligible for section 6015(c) relief, the electing spouse must establish\n\nthat: (1) the spouses filed a joint return for the year at issue; (2) the spouses were,\n\nat the time the election for relief was made, legally separated or divorced or had\n\f -9-\n\nnot been members of the same household at any time during the previous 12\n\nmonths; (3) the election for relief was made after a deficiency was determined but\n\nno later than two years after the Commissioner began collection activities; and\n\n(4) the deficiency remains unpaid. ", "See sec. ", "6015(c)(1), (3)(A) and (B); Stergios v.\n\nCommissioner, T.C. Memo. ", "2009-15; sec. ", "1.6015-3(c)(1), Income Tax Regs. ", "The\n\nparties do not dispute that these threshold requirements are satisfied.", "\n\n The dispute here involves section 6015(c)(3)(C), which denies otherwise\n\navailable section 6015(c) relief to the electing spouse if it is shown that he or she\n\n“had actual knowledge, at the time such individual signed the return, of any item\n\ngiving rise to a deficiency (or portion thereof) which is not allocable to such\n\nindividual under subsection (d)”. ", "Sec. ", "6015(c)(3)(C).", "\n\n The statute imposes upon the Commissioner the burden of proof to\n\ndemonstrate actual knowledge. ", "See, e.g., Mitchell v. Commissioner, 292 F.3d 800,\n\n804 (D.C. Cir. ", "2002), aff’g T.C. Memo. ", "2000-332; Culver v. Commissioner, 116\n\nT.C. 189, 195-196 (2001); Martin v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. ", "2000-346;\n\nWiksell v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. ", "1999-32, aff’d without published opinion,\n\n215 F.3d 1335 (9th Cir. ", "2000). ", "The level of proof required is by a preponderance\n\nof the evidence. ", "Culver v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. at 196.", "\n\f - 10 -\n\n Actual knowledge “is an actual and clear awareness (as opposed to reason to\n\nknow) of the existence of an item which gives rise to the deficiency (or portion\n\nthereof). ", "In the case of omitted income * * *, the electing spouse must have an\n\nawareness of the omitted income.” ", "Cheshire v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. 183, 195\n\n(2000), aff’d, 282 F.3d 326 (5th Cir. ", "2002). ", "The applicable standard is the electing\n\nspouse’s “actual subjective knowledge.” ", "Culver v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. at\n\n197. ", "Actual knowledge is not to be inferred from evidence that the electing spouse\n\nmerely had reason to know of the omitted income. ", "See S. Rept. ", "No. ", "105-174, at 59\n\n(1998), 1998-3 C.B. 537, 595 (“[A]ctual knowledge must be established by the\n\nevidence and shall not be inferred based on indications that the electing spouse had\n\na reason to know.”).", "\n\n Respondent concedes Mr. Merlo’s entitlement to relief under section\n\n6015(c), having concluded that it cannot be demonstrated that he had actual\n\nknowledge of Ms. Nelson’s Prudential income. ", "Ms. Nelson disagrees. ", "While, as\n\nnoted, the burden of proof is ordinarily on the Commissioner to demonstrate actual\n\nknowledge, a procedural issue arises where the Commissioner concedes the\n\nrequesting spouse’s entitlement to section 6015(c) relief and the only party\n\nopposing it is the nonrequesting spouse. ", "The Court has resolved this problem by\n\ndetermining whether actual knowledge has been demonstrated by a preponderance\n\f - 11 -\n\nof the evidence as presented by all three parties. ", "See Young v. Commissioner, T.C.\n\nMemo. ", "2012-255, at *10; Pounds v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. ", "2011-202, slip op.", "\n\nat 13; Stergios v. Commissioner, slip op. ", "at 10-11. ", "We therefore consider whether\n\nMr. Merlo’s actual knowledge of the omitted Prudential income has been\n\ndemonstrated by a preponderance of the evidence presented by all three parties.", "\n\n We conclude that it has not been established by a preponderance of the\n\nevidence that Mr. Merlo had actual knowledge of the omitted Prudential income.", "\n\nMr. Merlo testified that he believed Ms. Nelson’s only source of wage income for\n\n2011 was Ethan Allen and that he was unaware that she had received any disability\n\nincome from Prudential during that year. ", "He further testified that Ms. Nelson had\n\norally advised him at some point that her total wage income for that year was\n\n$5,811. ", "Thus, Mr. Merlo contends, when he sent Ms. Nelson the draft Federal\n\nreturn with a worksheet indicating that her Ethan Allen wages were $5,811 and she\n\nresponded by asserting that the correct figure was $1,182, he believed his initial\n\nfigure was erroneous and adjusted it to $1,182. ", "In so doing he reduced reported\n\nincome by $4,629--the amount of the omitted Prudential income.", "\n\n Mr. Merlo’s testimony is corroborated by contemporaneous documentation.", "\n\nThe worksheet attached to the draft Federal return and the Schedule W attached to\n\nthe draft Michigan return, both prepared by Mr. Merlo, listed $5,811 as Ms.\n\f - 12 -\n\nNelson’s wages from Ethan Allen. ", "That figure actually represented the total of Ms.\n\nNelson’s Ethan Allen wages of $1,182 and her Prudential income of $4,629, but\n\nMr. Merlo’s having listed the total as all coming from Ethan Allen confirms that he\n\nbelieved Ethan Allen was the source of all of Ms. Nelson’s wage income at the\n\ntime he prepared the 2011 return. ", "Moreover, in his email of October 12, 2012, he\n\nadvised the couple’s respective divorce counsel that he did not have any Form W-2\n\nfrom her. ", "At the time that was not a self-serving statement.", "\n\n Mr. Merlo’s lack of knowledge of the Prudential income is supported\n\ncircumstantially as well. ", "Ms. Nelson maintained a separate bank account during\n\n2011. ", "It can be readily inferred that she deposited her checks from Prudential\n\nthere, which removes a means by which Mr. Merlo could have obtained actual\n\nknowledge of the income. ", "Moreover, in contrast to her having worked at Ethan\n\nAllen, she could have applied for and obtained disability benefits without\n\nMr. Merlo’s having become aware of these actions.", "\n\n We are persuaded that Mr. Merlo’s lack of knowledge of Ms. Nelson’s\n\nPrudential income and his good-faith belief that the only source of her wage\n\nincome was Ethan Allen are what caused him to adjust her total wage income\n\ndownward from $5,811 to $1,182 when she advised him that the latter figure was\n\nthe correct amount of her wage income from Ethan Allen.", "\n\f - 13 -\n\n Ms. Nelson testified that when she moved out of the marital residence she\n\nleft copies of all of her Forms W-2, including those from Ethan Allen and\n\nPrudential, in a tax file maintained there by Mr. Merlo, retaining the originals for\n\nherself. ", "Her testimony is uncorroborated, and it is contradicted by Mr. Merlo’s\n\ncontemporaneous email of October 12, 2012, in which he stated that he did not\n\nhave a Form W-2 from her. ", "Moreover, we are not persuaded that Mr. Merlo, an\n\nIRS revenue agent, would have prepared worksheets that listed Ms. Nelson’s Ethan\n\nAllen wages as $5,811 if he in fact had copies of her Forms W-2 showing that her\n\nwage income, while in total equal to $5,811, actually consisted of $1,182 from\n\nEthan Allen and $4,629 from Prudential. ", "Finally, we note that Ms. Nelson, having\n\nbeen provided Mr. Merlo’s worksheet accompanying the draft Federal return that\n\nmade no mention of the Prudential income, had ample opportunity to alert Mr.\n\nMerlo to the omission but failed to do so, even though by her own admission she\n\nhad the originals of the Forms W-2 that had been issued to her. ", "Her silence tended\n\nto confirm Mr. Merlo’s belief that he had merely overstated her Ethan Allen wages\n\nin the worksheet and had not omitted income from another source.", "\n\n We likewise are unpersuaded by Ms. Nelson’s contention that Mr. Merlo, as\n\nher estranged spouse, deliberately omitted her Prudential income from the 2011\n\nreturn as filed in order to create problems for her with the IRS. ", "As an IRS revenue\n\f - 14 -\n\nagent, Mr. Merlo surely knew that failing to report income that had been reported\n\nto the IRS on a Form W-2 would trigger IRS scrutiny of the return that would\n\nalmost certainly result in a determination of a deficiency for which he would be\n\njointly and severally liable. ", "Indeed, that is what happened here. ", "Given Mr.\n\nMerlo’s familiarity with IRS procedures, it is not reasonable to believe he\n\ndeliberately failed to report Form W-2 income for which he had actual knowledge,\n\nas he would have been aware that he was creating the same problems with the IRS\n\nfor himself as Ms. Nelson speculates he intended to cause for her.", "\n\n In sum, Mr. Merlo’s version of events, premised on his lack of actual\n\nknowledge of the omitted Prudential income, is plausible and corroborated by\n\ncontemporaneous documents. ", "Ms. Nelson’s contentions and testimony to the\n\neffect that Mr. Merlo had actual knowledge of that income are implausible and\n\nwithout support from, and to some extent are contradicted by, the record. ", "In view\n\nof the foregoing, we conclude that a preponderance of the evidence does not\n\nestablish that Mr. Merlo had actual knowledge of the Prudential income, as would\n\nbe required to disqualify him from the section 6015(c) relief to which he is\n\notherwise entitled. ", "Accordingly, pursuant to section 6015(c), Mr. Merlo is not\n\nliable for the deficiency for the Merlos’ 2011 taxable year determined by\n\f - 15 -\n\nrespondent, as it is attributable entirely to the failure to report income allocable to\n\nMs. Nelson under section 6015(d).", "\n\n To reflect the foregoing,\n\n\n Decision will be entered for\n\n petitioner.", "\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Mad Men Season 5 Delayed?", "\n\nSince there is no deal between Lionsgate and series creator Matthew Weiner yet, it is very likely that season 5 of the AMC drama will be delayed.", "\n\nThe show typically starts shooting in the spring and debuts in July, but without an agreement for a new season in place the company will probably have to delay debuting the next batch of episodes. ", "If a deal is reached, it is likely that the show will not air until late 2011 or even early 2012.", "\n\nPeople involved in the talks suggested this week that one or both deals may be imminent, but that may not be enough to ensure a summer start. ", "Todd Gold, the editor in chief of XfinityTV.com, Comcast’s television news site, said it was becoming clear that the show was “right on the cusp of going one way or the other.”", "\n\n“By now, the writing staff should be humming along, maybe about a month or more into work for a summer premiere,” he said. “", "Unless Weiner is secretly manufacturing outlines in preparation of some crazy all-night writing sessions with his staff, it might be time for fans to grow concerned.” ", "NYT\n\nSeries lead Jon Hamm recently told EW that “We’re still in limbo. ", "Usually we start shooting in April or May, and it doesn’t seem like it’s happening now because the writers’ room is not in place.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "+ 3*x + 4*x.", "\n6*x\nCollect the terms in 90*m**2 - 195*m**2 + 95*m**2.", "\n-10*m**2\nCollect the terms in 6*m + 17*m - 8*m + 20*m.", "\n35*m\nCollect the terms in -57*i**3 - 3 + 63*i**3 + 3.", "\n6*i**3\nCollect the terms in -4*q + 205 - 3*q - 205.", "\n-7*q\nCollect the terms in 30*a**2 - 5 - 8 + 11.", "\n30*a**2 - 2\nCollect the terms in 18 - 97 + 4*c**2 - 5*c**2 + 0*c**2.", "\n-c**2 - 79\nCollect the terms in -48*w**3 + 88*w**3 - 52*w**3.", "\n-12*w**3\nCollect the terms in 74 - 34*g - 74.", "\n-34*g\nCollect the terms in 197*w - 197*w - 13*w**2.", "\n-13*w**2\nCollect the terms in -649*u**2 + 13*u**3 + 649*u**2.", "\n13*u**3\nCollect the terms in -14*y + 15*y + 0*y.", "\ny\nCollect the terms in -59*h**2 + 27*h**3 - 64*h**2 + 123*h**2.", "\n27*h**3\nCollect the terms in -15*b + 53 - 24 - 29.", "\n-15*b\nCollect the terms in 0 + 13*m + 20*m + 0.", "\n33*m\nCollect the terms in 33*m - 60*m + 15*m.", "\n-12*m\nCollect the terms in 47*r**3 - 16*r**3 + 106*r**3.", "\n137*r**3\nCollect the terms in -2 - 10*t + 2 - 103*t.", "\n-113*t\nCollect the terms in 14*o + 13*o + 13*o - 33*o.", "\n7*o\nCollect the terms in 9 - 23 - 2*v + 14.", "\n-2*v\nCollect the terms in 4*j + 3266*j**2 - 4*j - 3263*j**2.", "\n3*j**2\nCollect the terms in 3*z**2 - 2*z**2 + 3*z**2 - 5*z**2.", "\n-z**2\nCollect the terms in 16*v**3 + 14*v**3 + 7*v**3 - 10*v**3.", "\n27*v**3\nCollect the terms in -9 + 7*c - 3 + 12.", "\n7*c\nCollect the terms in 0*c + c - 4*c + c.\n-2*c\nCollect the terms in 41*b**2 - 40*b**2 + 1 - 1.", "\nb**2\nCollect the terms in -642*n + 1260*n - 627*n.", "\n-9*n\nCollect the terms in 7*j + 10*j - 5*j - 9*j.", "\n3*j\nCollect the terms in 2*k**3 + 3*k**3 - 3*k**3 + 6*k**3.", "\n8*k**3\nCollect the terms in -3 + 3 - 3*h**2 - 76*h**3.", "\n-76*h**3 - 3*h**2\nCollect the terms in 5*p**3 + 2*p**3 - 9*p**3 - 47 - 28.", "\n-2*p**3 - 75\nCollect the terms in -3*v + 632*v**2 - 628*v**2 + 3*v.", "\n4*v**2\nCollect the terms in -19*d**3 - 387*d**2 + 387*d**2 + 4*d**3.", "\n-15*d**3\nCollect the terms in 6*f - 21*f + 1 - 1.", "\n-15*f\nCollect the terms in 89 - 252 + 82 + 80 - 12*p.", "\n-12*p - 1\nCollect the terms in 183*m - 375*m + 191*m.", "\n-m\nCollect the terms in 29719*j + j**2 - 29719*j.", "\nj**2\nCollect the terms in -2 + 662*b + 5 - 1.", "\n662*b + 2\nCollect the terms in -34*j**2 - 38*j**2 + 72*j**2 + 14*j**3.", "\n14*j**3\nCollect the terms in 0 + 22*x**2 + 0.", "\n22*x**2\nCollect the terms in 2*b + 34 + 2*b**2 - 2*b.", "\n2*b**2 + 34\nCollect the terms in -12*j**2 + 29*j**2 - 12*j**2.", "\n5*j**2\nCollect the terms in -317*o + 154*o + 155*o.", "\n-8*o\nCollect the terms in -2*b**2 + 0*b**2 - 36*b + 4*b**2.", "\n2*b**2 - 36*b\nCollect the terms in -11*h**3 + 20*h**3 - 13*h**3.", "\n-4*h**3\nCollect the terms in 3*t**3 + 2943*t + 2940*t - 5883*t.", "\n3*t**3\nCollect the terms in -k - 9*k + 3*k - k.\n-8*k\nCollect the terms in -13*b + 26*b - 8*b - 13*b.", "\n-8*b\nCollect the terms in 8*s**3 - 26*s**3 + 17*s**3.", "\n-s**3\nCollect the terms in -31 - 2*j**3 + 31.", "\n-2*j**3\nCollect the terms in -2 - 3 + 5 + 7*b**2.", "\n7*b**2\nCollect the terms in -94 - 90 + 186 + 36*d.", "\n36*d + 2\nCollect the terms in -5 - 1 + 25*l**2 + 0 - 4.", "\n25*l**2 - 10\nCollect the terms in 13*w**3 + 37*w**3 + 4*w**3.", "\n54*w**3\nCollect the terms in 0*k**3 + 0*k**3 - 12*k**3.", "\n-12*k**3\nCollect the terms in -5*z**3 - 10*z**3 + 5*z**3.", "\n-10*z**3\nCollect the terms in -15 - y + 27 - 12.", "\n-y\nCollect the terms in -21*d**2 + 26*d**2 + d - d.\n5*d**2\nCollect the terms in -76*m**3 - 74*m**3 + 153*m**3.", "\n3*m**3\nCollect the terms in -21*c**2 - 7*c**2 - 8*c**2.", "\n-36*c**2\nCollect the terms in -844*h + 400*h + 406*h.", "\n-38*h\nCollect the terms in o**3 + 1043509*o - 1043509*o.", "\no**3\nCollect the terms in -26*y**3 + 13*y**3 + 14*y**3.", "\ny**3\nCollect the terms in -29324 + 7*w + 29324.", "\n7*w\nCollect the terms in 19*s + 19*s - 74*s + 19*s + 18*s.", "\ns\nCollect the terms in -2*c - 11*c - 4*c - 6*c.", "\n-23*c\nCollect the terms in -277 - 2*w**3 + 139 + 138.", "\n-2*w**3\nCollect the terms in 1397*f + 17*f**3 - 1397*f.", "\n17*f**3\nCollect the terms in 56*l**3 + 216*l**3 - 28*l**3.", "\n244*l**3\nCollect the terms in 26 - 2*j + 28 - 5 - 12.", "\n-2*j + 37\nCollect the terms in -3925 + 3925 + 2*v.", "\n2*v\nCollect the terms in -20*i**2 - 3*i + 3*i + 21*i**2.", "\ni**2\nCollect the terms in 158*q + 0*q**2 - 2*q**2 + 0*q**2 - 158*q.", "\n-2*q**2\nCollect the terms in -3 + 41*z**2 - 12*z**2 - 17*z**2 + 3.", "\n12*z**2\nCollect the terms in -5*k**2 + 8*k**2 + 0*k**2.", "\n3*k**2\nCollect the terms in -78*m + 54*m + 40*m.", "\n16*m\nCollect the terms in 50 - 50 - 231*a.", "\n-231*a\nCollect the terms in 0*a**3 + 0*a**2 + 0*a**2 + a + 7*a**3.", "\n7*a**3 + a\nCollect the terms in 15*j - 1 - 10*j + 3 - 18*j.", "\n-13*j + 2\nCollect the terms in 258*p**2 - 258*p**2 - 5*p**3.", "\n-5*p**3\nCollect the terms in 105 - 105 - 157*b.", "\n-157*b\nCollect the terms in -20 + 0*b**3 + 3*b**3 - 2*b**3.", "\nb**3 - 20\nCollect the terms in -302*m + 6*m**2 + 302*m.", "\n6*m**2\nCollect the terms in 71 - 71 - 7*d.", "\n-7*d\nCollect the terms in -6*r**3 - 597*r + 597*r.", "\n-6*r**3\nCollect the terms in -226 - 3*x**2 + 459 - 233.", "\n-3*x**2\nCollect the terms in -7*s**3 - 29 + s**3 + 29.", "\n-6*s**3\nCollect the terms in -12 - o**2 + 69 - 57.", "\n-o**2\nCollect the terms in -2*i - 117*i**2 + 8*i**2 + 2*i.", "\n-109*i**2\nCollect the terms in -l + 3*l - 4*l - 3*l.", "\n-5*l\nCollect the terms in -58*x**2 + 32*x**2 + 23*x**2.", "\n-3*x**2\nCollect the terms in 416*m**3 - 415*m**3 + 139*m - 139*m.", "\nm**3\nCollect the terms in 46*i**2 + 38*i**2 - 19*i**2 - 4*i**2.", "\n61*i**2\nCollect the terms in 2 + 2*b + 0 - 2 + 9*b**2.", "\n9*b**2 + 2*b\nCollect the terms in 17 + 13*g**2 - 10 - 7.", "\n13*g**2\nCollect the terms in 30*r + 36*r - 50*r + 0*r.", "\n16*r\nCollect the terms in 15192 - 15192 + 3*d**2.", "\n3*d**2\nCollect the terms in 3 - 10 + 2*b + 7.", "\n2*b\nCollect the terms in -3 - 5 + 13 - 5 + 11*p**2.", "\n11*p**2\nCollect the terms in 31*o + 1 - 2 + 1 - 42*o.", "\n-11*o\nCollect the terms in 19*u + 10*u - 23*u.", "\n6*u\nCollect the terms in 89*p**2 + 91*p**2 - 180*p**2 - 20*p**3.", "\n-20*p**3\nCollect the terms in 40*y**3 + y**3 + 34*y**3.", "\n75*y**3\nCollect the terms in 7*u + u**2 - 7*u + u**3.", "\nu**3 + u**2\nCollect the terms in h**2 - 145662 + 145662.", "\nh**2\nCollect the terms in 36*x - 76*x + 42*x.", "\n2*x\nCollect the terms in 127*k**3 - 66*k**3 - 67*k**3.", "\n-6*k**3\nCollect the terms in 12*d - 12*d - 24*d**3.", "\n-24*d**3\nCollect the terms in 3*o + 24*o**2 - 31*o**2 - 3*o - 18.", "\n-7*o**2 - 18\nCollect the terms in 8*p**3 - 2*p**2 + 19*p**3 + 23*p**3 + 6*p**3.", "\n56*p**3 - 2*p**2\nCollect the terms in 44093 + 2*g**2 - 44093.", "\n2*g**2\nCollect the terms in -2 - 20*x**2 - 7*x**2 + 5.", "\n-27*x**2 + 3\nCollect the terms in -2 + 12*l - 12*l - 2*l**2.", "\n-2*l**2 - 2\nCollect the terms in 3*z + 6*z + 9*z - 24*z + 7*z.", "\nz\nCollect the terms in -26*v + 16*v + 4*v.", "\n-6*v\nCollect the terms in 0*n**2 + 3*n**3 - 10*n**3 + 0*n**2.", "\n-7*n**3\nCollect the terms in -2*v + 13*v + 3*v.", "\n14*v\nCollect the terms in 2*y - y + 1 - 11*y.", "\n-10*y + 1\nCollect the terms in 34*n**3 - 1555*n**2 + 1555*n**2.", "\n34*n**3\nCollect the terms in 0*a + 4*a**2 - 1 + 0*a - 12*a**2.", "\n-8*a**2 - 1\nCollect the terms in -2*z**2 - 3*z + z - 255 - 115.", "\n-2*z**2 - 2*z - 370\nCollect the terms in 193 - 378 - 8*o + 185.", "\n-8*o\nCollect the terms in 64*c**2 - 28*c**2 - 60*c**2.", "\n-24*c**2\nCollect the terms in -33 - 4*j + 29 + 4.", "\n-4*j\nCollect the terms in 4*m + 3854 - 7702 - m + 3848.", "\n3*m\nCollect the terms in 11 - 78*x + 80*x + 2.", "\n2*x + 13\nCollect the terms in -261 + 261 + 4*b**2.", "\n4*b**2\nCollect the terms in -1 - 4 + 2 - 52*t**3.", "\n-52*t**3 - 3\nCollect the terms in -16*k + 2*k**2 - 19*k + 35*k.", "\n2*k**2\nCollect the terms in 2*a**2 + 132*a + 143*a - 275*a.", "\n2*a**2\nCollect the terms in 70 - 70 + 2*u - 3*u.", "\n-u\nCollect the terms in -3*h**2 + 591*h + 584*h + 0*h**2 - 1175*h.", "\n-3*h**2\nCollect the terms in 173*l**2 - 55*l**2 - 56*l**2 - 60*l**2.", "\n2*l**2\nCollect the terms in 7*j**2 + 40368 - 40368.", "\n7*j**2\nCollect the terms in -4*u**2 + 0*u - 3*u + 8*u.", "\n-4*u**2 + 5*u\nCollect the terms in 2*h - 4*h - 7*h.", "\n-9*h\nCollect the terms in -x + 18*x**2 + x + 15*x**2.", "\n33*x**2\nCollect the terms in -880*a - 786*a + 3258*a + 3035*a.", "\n4627*a\nCollect the terms in -60*t - 76*t - 7*t**2 + 136*t.", "\n-7*t**2\nCollect the terms in 4*i**2 - 3*i**2 + 8*i**2.", "\n9*i**2\nCollect the terms in 15*z - 765 + 765.", "\n15*z\nCollect the terms in -138*x + 42*x - 17*x - 286*x.", "\n-399*x\nCollect the terms in -97 - 100 + 2*x**3 + 197.", "\n2*x**3\nCollect the terms in 19 - q + 24 - 57 + 18.", "\n-q + 4\nCollect the terms in -3*s**3 - 2*s**3 - 6*s - 3*s.", "\n-5*s**3 - 9*s\nCollect the terms in -20461*o**3 + 20465*o**3 + 2 - 2.", "\n4*o**3\nCollect the terms in -12*f**2 - 1795 + 1795.", "\n-12*f**2\nCollect the terms in -4*w**2 + " ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0002872737719046251, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0004, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nValue of option arguments: FALSE or NULL\n\nWhen you have optional arguments that can have different types, which value is most suited to point out that the argument should not be taken into consideration? ", "False or Null?", "\n\nA:\n\nnull is the value used to represent \"no value\", whereas false means \"no\", \"bad\", \"unsuccessful\", \"don't\" etc.", "\nTherefore: null.", "\n\nA:\n\nFor me this depends on what I'm going to do with the value of said argument...\nI am writing a database function where I can have default values as NULL\nfunction somedbfunc($id = NULL, $column1 = NULL)\n\nIf these values are null my function may insert a blank record..\nIf I need to stop my function because of a non argument I may use FALSE\nfunction blah($this = FALSE, $that = FALSE)\n{\n if ( ! ", "$this || ! ", "$that)\n {\n return FALSE;\n ....\n\nSo I am saying that both are totally valid, but it depends on the situation you find yourself in.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "CONSTANTINE MIRROR\n\n£756.00\n£1,325.00\n\nSize\n\nSmall\n\nLarge\n\nQTY\n\n£756.00\n\nDescription\n\nReview\n\nLike its namesake Constantine the Great, this mirror is a powerful statement piece to add a regal touch to any room. ", "Perfect for adding drama and emphasising space, with a nod to the industrial too. ", "Composed of 30 x 30cm square mirrored tiles joined together.", "\n\nSmall\n\nHeight:120cm\n\nWidth:x 90cm\n\nDepth: 4cm\n\n(12 square mirror tiles)\n\nLarge\n\nHeight: 180cm\n\nWidth: 90cm\n\nDepth: 10cm\n\n(18 square mirror tiles)\n\nMade to order -\n\nDelivery: Dispatch within 6-8 weeks.", "For any further delivery support please 02076845320 or email [email protected]" ]

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[ "High glucose-induced ROS activates TRPM2 to trigger lysosomal membrane permeabilization and Zn2+-mediated mitochondrial fission.", "\nDiabetic stress increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction. ", "We hypothesized that ROS-sensitive TRPM2 channels mediated diabetic stress-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. ", "We found that chemical inhibitors, RNAi silencing, and genetic knockout of TRPM2 channels abolished the ability of high glucose to cause mitochondrial fission in endothelial cells, a cell type that is particularly vulnerable to diabetic stress. ", "Similar to high glucose, increasing ROS in endothelial cells by applying H2O2 induced mitochondrial fission. ", "Ca2+ that entered through TRPM2 induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization, which led to the release of lysosomal Zn2+ and a subsequent increase in mitochondrial Zn2+ Zn2+ promoted the recruitment of the fission factor Drp-1 to mitochondria to trigger their fission. ", "This signaling pathway may operate in aging-associated illnesses in which excessive mitochondrial fragmentation plays a central role." ]

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[ "Commentary\n\nDon’t worry about the end of the world; just worry\n\nCommentary: TV mentalist has a plan to knock some heads together\n\nBy\n\nAlLewis\n\nDENVER (MarketWatch) — The world will not end Friday, despite popular predictions to the contrary. ", "I base this forecast on a single source, who I find as credible as the Maya, the Hopi, and even Nostradamus. ", "He is almost as ancient, too.", "\n\nI am talking about The Amazing Kreskin — the TV mentalist who appeared on the Johnny Carson show 61 times between 1970 and 1980, and has also appeared several times on the late night shows of David Letterman and Jimmy Fallon.", "\n\nThe Amazing Kreskin\n\nAt 77 years old, Kreskin is still performing his comedic, mind-reading act, making more than 260 appearances in the last year. ", "He also recently put out a book, “Conversations with Kreskin.”", "\n\n“The day after the end of the world, I’m going to take up drinking,” he said in a telephone interview. “", "I don’t drink, but I’m having a party celebrating the incident.”", "\n\nIf Kreskin is right, he is truly amazing. ", "He’ll have successfully bet against all those doomsday documentaries we’ve suffered over the years on the History Channel, the Discovery Channel and even the National Geographic channel.", "\n\nAnd if he is wrong? ", "Well, there won’t be anyone around to call him on it.", "\n\nKreskin, born in Montclair, N.J., as George Joseph Kresge, claims to read thousands of minds every year. ", "He says he knows why so many people choose to believe in apocalyptic prophecies: “Unconsciously, they are pissed off.”", "\n\nSome religious people are so angry, they practically pray for the world to end, because the world is not the way their traditions say it ought to be. ", "Recall preacher Harold Camping who posted billboards around the globe, and took to the airwaves, predicting the end would come May 21, 2011.", "\n\n“If you’re saying the world is going to end, and you’re not a con artist, then give everything you have away,” Kreskin said. “", "Let people spend it in the next few days, if what you say is true.”", "\n\nMeanwhile, those who aren’t particularly religious don’t have to look any further than the news to feel incensed. ", "We’ve had an economic recovery teetering on edge, national and international crises, scandals, wars, acts of terror, and now we have senselessness rising to absurd new heights with elementary school students gunned down in Connecticut.", "\n\n“People have become so damn frustrated,” Kreskin said. “", "And the scientists, the sociologists, and the politicians — they have not given us realistic answers.", "\n\n“The good thing is, [Dec. 21] will not be the end of the world,” Kreskin predicted. “", "The bad news is that we will still have the same problems, and we will still have the same politicians in Congress.”", "\n\nThe fiscal cliff, no matter how it’s allegedly left resolved or unresolved by year-end, will still be with us next year, he predicts. ", "It doesn’t take much of a mind-reader to surmise there is no easy way around trillion-dollar budget deficits.", "\n\n“If we picked, historically, the day Christ was born, and had a million dollars for every single day up to today, it would not add up to our debt,” Kreskin said.", "\n\nThat’s some Christmas greeting. ", "But at least on his website, Kreskin has offered to fix our fiscal problems, himself. ", "He said he would like to get all the key players into a room with no phones, TVs, computers or contact with anyone else.", "\n\n“If I could get them alone, I could cause them, through the power of suggestion, to reflect and meditate, and inwardly see what their unconscious is telling them,” he explained.", "\n\n“They already know the answers. ", "Both sides do. ", "But they need to somehow be brought into harmony.", "\n\n“Most of the problems we have in life, we create for ourselves. ", "And politicians have certainly been able to create things,” he said.", "\n\n“Watch them on camera. ", "They look like they are on the Jerry Springer show. ", "They unconsciously know that they are part of a scene that Shakespeare called a stage. ", "These people have been on stage for too long. ", "We need to get them off the stage.", "\n\n“They better get together and start harmonizing, mentally...”\n\nSo far, nobody in Washington is taking Kreskin’s offer seriously.", "\n\n“If we pass any more laws, one of the major laws we need is for Congress to meet every three months, and before they meet, they should have a heavy drinking bout. ... ", "Because I don’t think what’s being done now is working.”", "\n\nKreskin said his fans routinely ask him to run for office. “", "I refuse to become involved in politics,” he said, “because I have much greater respect for organized crime.", "\n\n“If you think I sound sarcastic, you’re damned right,” he said. “", "The American people have paid for the right to be sarcastic.”", "\n\nIntraday Data provided by SIX Financial Information and subject to terms of use. ", "Historical and current end-of-day data provided by SIX Financial Information. ", "All quotes are in local exchange time. ", "Real-time last sale data for U.S. stock quotes reflect trades reported through Nasdaq only. ", "Intraday data delayed at least 15 minutes or per exchange requirements." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to access store instance within react component\n\nI'm trying to differentiate different redux state changes and saw this github solution: Redux-watch In order to the watch function you're supposed to provide the redux store which can't figure out how to do. ", "I'm passing the store down to this component through a provider for reference.", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you need access to the store state in a component, you should be using the useSelector hook or the connect higher-order component. ", " Don't try to set up store subscriptions yourself in components - React-Redux does that for you already.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "[prev in list] [next in list] [ prev in thread ] [ next in thread ] List: openbsd-tech Subject: Disable SMT/Hyperthreading in all Intel BIOSes From: Theo de Raadt <deraadt () openbsd ! ", "org> Date: 2018-08-23 18:35:22 Message-ID: 87827.1535049322 () cvs ! ", "openbsd ! ", "org [Download RAW message or body] Two recently disclosed hardware bugs affected Intel cpus: - TLBleed - T1TF (the name \"Foreshadow\" refers to 1 of 3 aspects of this bug, more aspects are surely on the way) Solving these bugs requires new cpu microcode, a coding workaround, *AND* the disabling of SMT / Hyperthreading. ", "SMT is fundamentally broken because it shares resources between the two cpu instances and those shared resources lack security differentiators. ", "Some of these side channel attacks aren't trivial, but we can expect most of them to eventually work and leak kernel or cross-VM memory in common usage circumstances, even such as javascript directly in a browser. ", "There will be more hardware bugs and artifacts disclosed. ", "Due to the way SMT interacts with speculative execution on Intel cpus, I expect SMT to exacerbate most of the future problems. ", "A few months back, I urged people to disable hyperthreading on all Intel cpus. ", "I need to repeat that: DISABLE HYPERTHREADING ON ALL YOUR INTEL MACHINES IN THE BIOS. ", "Also, update your BIOS firmware, if you can. ", "OpenBSD -current (and therefore 6.4) will not use hyperthreading if it is enabled, and will update the cpu microcode if possible. ", "But what about 6.2 and 6.3? ", "The situation is very complex, continually evolving, and is taking too much manpower away from other tasks. ", "Furthermore, Intel isn't telling us what is coming next, and are doing a terrible job by not publically documenting what operating systems must do to resolve the problems. ", "We are having to do research by reading other operating systems. ", "There is no time left to backport the changes -- we will not be issuing a complete set of errata and syspatches against 6.2 and 6.3 because it is turning into a distraction. ", "Rather than working on every required patch for 6.2/6.3, we will re-focus manpower and make sure 6.4 contains the best solutions possible. ", "So please try take responsibility for your own machines: Disable SMT in the BIOS menu, and upgrade your BIOS if you can. ", "I'm going to spend my money at a more trustworthy vendor in the future. [", "prev in list] [next in list] [ prev in thread ] [ next in thread ]" ]

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[ "Related Articles\n\nYour advertising agency's future depends on your ability to adapt to consumers' changing media use habits and clients' more conservative advertising budgets. ", "IBIS World, a research firm reporting on advertising trends through 2012, projected that ad agencies would retool their media mixes to meet these challenges. ", "Coupons, flyers and other affordable direct mail materials will gain prominence along with mobile-based messages. ", "IBIS World forecasts that businesses will also revisit radio and television.", "\n\nMarket Expertise\n\nYour agency's knowledge of your clients' target markets, along with economic trends affecting each client's business, provides you with information you need to create effective advertising campaigns. ", "Your regional advertising firm is better positioned to serve nearby clients compared to a national agency that uses telephone and email communications to service accounts. ", "For example, your keen familiarity with your city's restaurant landscape enables you to help a restaurant client stand out against the blur of competitive eateries.", "\n\nClient Knowledge\n\nUnderstanding each client's business goals, operational constraints and potential customers' needs and wants enables you to see an advertising opportunity from your client's perspective. ", "Once you adopt that view, you'll be better able to develop a campaign that appeals to those customers. ", "Clearly written, graphics-rich ads will help communicate your client's message if you avoid the excessive wordiness and visual clutter that often make readers skip the ads entirely.", "\n\nMedia Selection\n\nSet the stage for successful advertising campaigns by placing well-crafted ads in the appropriate media for that market and message. ", "For example, schedule your garden center client's television ads during a wildly popular local gardening show. ", "Reach a young professional audience by placing a coffee bar's ad on local social media pages. ", "When your media choices provide positive results, your satisfied clients are more likely to provide referrals that help increase your client list and revenues.", "\n\nTechnology-Savvy Staff\n\nDeveloping and executing a successful ad campaign never happens by accident. ", "You'll need a top-notch agency staff with specific knowledge bases and expertise in specialty technologies. ", "If your agency specializes in Internet advertising and video production, for example, recruit professionals who excel at that demanding work. ", "If you represent hospitality firms, include seasoned hotel and leisure experts on your account executive team. ", "Taking the time to build your staff provides your agency with the credibility you need to grow your client base.", "\n\nAbout the Author\n\nBased in North Carolina, Felicia Greene has written professionally since 1986. ", "Greene edited sailing-related newsletters and designed marketing programs for the New Bern, N.C. \"Sun Journal\" and New Bern Habitat ReStore. ", "She earned a Bachelor of Science in business administration from the University of Baltimore." ]

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[ "DepotPoint Inc. has added a short-sale module to its TrackPoint suite of default and foreclosure applications that’s intended to help mortgage lenders, servicers and property managers track and collect documents and improve communications during negotiations between homeowners, buyers and mortgage companies.", "\n\nThe short-sale module can be used on a standalone basis or in conjunction with the company’s REO TrackPoint or Default TrackPoint applications, the company said." ]

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[ "Toronto police have mayor drug video\n\nToronto Mayor Rob Ford tells to the media to get off his property as he leaves his home in Toronto on Thursday, Oct. 31, 2013. ", "A judge on Wednesday ordered the release of police documents in the drug case against a friend of Ford. ", "Peter Jacobsen, a lawyer for various Canadian news organizations that pushed to release the records, said the case against Alexander Lisi involves the mayor. (", "AP Photo/, Nathan Denette)\nThe Associated Press\n\nToronto Mayor Rob Ford tells to the media to get off his property as he leaves his home in Toronto on Thursday, Oct. 31, 2013. ", "A judge on Wednesday ordered the release of police documents in the drug case against a friend of Ford. ", "Peter Jacobsen, a lawyer for various Canadian news organizations that pushed to release the records, said the case against Alexander Lisi involves the mayor. (", "AP Photo/, Nathan Denette)\n\nThe police documents, ordered released by a judge, show Ford receiving packages from Lisi on several occasions.", "\n\n\"Lisi approached the driver's side of the Mayor's vehicle with a small white gift bag in hand; he then walked around to the passenger side and got on board,\" reads one document dated July 30, 2013. \"", "After a few minutes Lisi exited the Escalade empty handed and walked back to his Range Rover.\"", "\n\nAnother dated July 28 says Lisi \"constantly used counter surveillance techniques\" when he met with Ford that day.", "\n\nOn August 13 documents say Lisi and Ford met and \"made their way into a secluded area of the adjacent woods where they were obscured from surveillance efforts and stayed for approximately one hour.\"", "\n\nFord recently vouched for Lisi in a separate criminal case, praising his leadership skills and hard work in a letter filed with the court. ", "The letter was part of a report prepared by a probation officer after Lisi was convicted of threatening to kill a woman.", "\n\nFord said previously that he was shocked when Lisi was arrested earlier this month, calling him a \"good guy\" and saying he doesn't abandon his friends.", "\n\nThe documents also say that Ford met Lisi through Payman Aboodowleh, a volunteer football coach at Don Bosco Catholic Secondary School, where Ford coached the team while also serving as mayor. ", "He told police he was \"mad at Lisi because he was fuelling the mayor's drug abuse,\" the document says.", "\n\nFormer Ford staffer Chris Fickel told police he didn't know where the mayor got marijuana from, but \"has heard that 'Sandro', Lisi's nickname, may be the person who provides the mayor with marijuana and possibly cocaine,\" the document alleges. ", "However, Fickel added, he has never seen Lisi provide the mayor with drugs. ", "The mayor would call Fickel and tell him to tell \"Sandro\" that \"I need to see him,\" Fickel told police.", "\n\nFord's controversies range from the trivial to the serious: Walking face-first into a TV camera. ", "Falling down during a photo op while pretending to play football. ", "Being asked to leave an event for wounded war vets because he appeared intoxicated, according to the Toronto Star. ", "Being forced to admit he was busted for marijuana possession in Florida in 1999, after repeated denials. ", "Making rude gestures at Torontonians from his car.", "\n\nFord has long vilified the Toronto Star, accusing the paper of trying to take him down. ", "Blair's revelations vindicated the paper's reporting.", "\n\n\"The mayor has said there wasn't a video,\" Toronto councilor Paula Fletcher Fletcher said. \"", "He has said there is a conspiracy against him. ", "With Chief's Blair's press conference I think that's put to rest.\"", "\n\nCouncilor Joe Mihevc said he continues to be shocked by the \"depth and revelations that are coming out.\"", "\n\n\"The mayor has to come clean and do it as soon as possible,\" Mihevc said. \"", "He needs to talk honestly about his use of illicit drugs.\"" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIscroll - Jquery - Get position on a list item\n\nThe error I'm having is the following:\nTo the right of my page, I have a list of interesting points (displayed on a map to the left of the page).", "\nBecause the list is so long, I am using iScroll 4 (great plugin).", "\nHowever, what I would like to do is fire an event when the user has scrolled the list, so I can check which items are currently visible to the user. ", "iScroll already has an event set up for that, so I have a function that fires when needed. ", "However, I cannot seem to get the proper coordinates of my list items.", "\nWhat happens is the following:\n\nWhen the list loads, I get an .offset() value for the first element. ", "offset.top = 35, because my list starts 35px lower than the top edge of the page. ", "This is good.", "\nWhen I scroll the list; say I pull it down for 500px; I would expect the new location to be 35px - 500px = -465px. ", "However, it sill says 35. ", "Scrolling though the list does not affect the elemen'ts coordinates even though it has moved.", "\n\nHow can I get the actual coordinates?", "\n\nA:\n\nPlaying with iScroll, I think I found the solution. ", " the offset() function is javascript refering to the #scroller div, which doesn't change. ", " However internally, iScroll uses its own x and y properties.", "\nSo you can refer to the iScroll offset like this\nvar myScroll = new iScroll(...)\nalert(myScroll.y) // -- will return your offset (negative number)\n\n" ]

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[ "Now Commenting On:\n\nMotte ups the intensity of his throwing sessions\n\n4/9/13: Cardinals GM John Mozeliak updates Jason Motte's injury status, explaining that he faces surgery if he does not improve by May\n\nBy Jenifer Langosch\n/\nMLB.com |\n\nST. ", "LOUIS -- Jason Motte increased the intensity of his throwing on Tuesday, four days after he resumed playing catch to test the durability of his right elbow.", "\n\nMotte estimated that he made 25 throws from about 60 feet before throwing 10 more times at a 90-foot distance. ", "He said the elbow responded well to the session.", "\n\nMotte was diagnosed with a ligament tear in the elbow earlier in April, at which time general manager John Mozeliak said the organization would make a decision around May 1 whether season-ending Tommy John surgery is needed. ", "Motte's ability to resume throwing from flat ground during this homestand has subsequently delayed that decision.", "\n\n\"I'm in no way worried about anything,\" Motte said after Tuesday's session. \"", "I don't know if that's a good or bad way to be, but I'm in no way worried about it. ", "I'm perfectly at peace with whatever happens. ", "If I end up having surgery tomorrow, then I have surgery tomorrow. ", "If I don't have to have it at all, that would be great. ", "It's going to happen just the way it's supposed to happen. ", "I'm doing what I can do to get the arm in shape, doing my rehab stuff, doing my throwing stuff with the intensity that we've talked about doing it in.\"", "\n\nIn addition to throwing with more exertion, Motte is throwing without the constant concern that the next throw could push his elbow back to a bad place.", "\n\n\"I think today we were at the point where you have to have faith in it,\" he said. \"", "It's either going to feel great or it's not. ", "The way today went, the way the past couple of weeks went, we have a positive attitude.\"" ]

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[ "A review of displaced olecranon fractures treated conservatively.", "\nTwenty-two patients with a total of 23 fractures of the olecranon were reviewed after an average period of 26 months (range 5-96 months). ", "All fractures were either comminuted, transverse or oblique fractures with separation of the fragments and all were treated without operation by early active mobilization within 10 days of fracture. ", "Results compare favourably with cases treated by operation." ]

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[ "Barry Pearl\n\nBarry Pearl (born Barry Lee Pearl in Lancaster, Pennsylvania on March 29, 1950) is an American actor.", "\n\nPearl is best known for his role as \"Doody\", one of the three supporting T-Birds, in the 1978 film version of Grease. ", "He also had a cameo as Mr. Weaver in the Grease: Live television special on FOX in 2016.", "\n\nHe played \"Professor Tinkerputt\" in the primetime special Barney's Imagination Island and the US tour of Barney's Big Surprise, a stage production based on the popular TV showas well as a video of the same name. ", "\n\nHe also starred in an episode of Disney Channel's Even Stevens. ", "He began his career in 1961 replacing Johnny Borden as “Randolph MaAfee” in Broadway’s Bye Birdie. ", "Other Broadway credits include Oliver! ", "in 1962, A Teaspoon Every Four Hours in 1969, The Producers in 2005, Lenny's Back in 2008 and Baby It's You! ", "in 2011. ", "In 2012 he starred in the Lionsgate release The Newest Pledge. ", "He also starred as \"Arnold\" in the national tour of Happy Days, A New Musical. ", " In 2014, he was part of the series Summer with Cimorelli.", "\n\nDuring the summers he teaches film arts all across the US to the special needs community with Joey Travolta’s Inclusion Film Company.", "\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1950 births\nCategory:Actors from Lancaster, Pennsylvania\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Male actors from Pennsylvania\nCategory:American male musical theatre actors\nCategory:American male film actors\nCategory:American male television actors\nCategory:20th-century American male actors\nCategory:21st-century American male actors" ]

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[ "Friday, September 4, 2015\n\nLeon for Friday\n\nThe other day while listening to Morning Becomes Eclectic and typing at my work's computer, I heard one of the most amazing voices I've hears in a long, long time. ", "It was smooth and soothing like a good glass of red wine. ", "The name of the singer was Leon Bridges, and have to admit for a while I was transfixed with his music with notes of soul that reminded me of Marvin Gaye, mixed with some sexy lyrics.", "\n\nAs I plan my trip for the long Labor Day weekend, this album will be on a loop on my road trip all the way to the Florida West Coast. ", "Check out the presentation I heard(LINK!) ", "and you'll agree this guy's voice will be part of your next dinner party , or romantic escapade!" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCustom MBean in Tomcat - cannot find javaURLContextFactory when creating InitialContext\n\nI've written a custom MBean that deploys in Tomcat 6. ", "One of its tasks is to query a database value. ", "I'm doing this by loading up the database resource using JNDI - the resource is defined in Tomcat's server.xml. ", "\nThe problem is that when I create an instance of javax.naming.", "InitialContext it throws a ClassNotFoundException as it can't find org.apache.naming.java.javaURLContextFactory. ", "\nThis class is in catalina.jar and loaded by the common classloader. ", "The jar containing my MBean code is loaded by a shared classloader. ", "\nAny ideas as to how I can get around this?", "\nTo note: my MBean is loaded by a ContextListener which I've defined in the tomcat/conf/web.xml. ", "I've also defined it in a webapp web.xml which makes no difference. ", "I can't really move my jar so as to be loaded by the common classloader as it relies on classes loaded by the shared classloader.", "\nThanks in advance, \nWill\n\nA:\n\nIt looks a weird classloading or security/permission issue. ", "Below is a workaround.", "\nThe main idea: Since the ServletContextListener could call the new InitialContext() without the ClassNotFoundException get it in the listener and pass it to the constructor of the MBean object before you register the MBean. ", "I used a simple web application and I have not modified tomcat/conf/web.xml.", "\nResource configuration in the tomcat/conf/context.xml:\n<Context>\n...\n <Resource name=\"jdbc/TestDB\" auth=\"Container\" type=\"javax.sql.", "DataSource\"\n maxActive=\"100\" maxIdle=\"30\" maxWait=\"10000\"\n username=\"root\" password=\"...\" driverClassName=\"com.mysql.jdbc.", "Driver\"\n url=\"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/javatest?autoReconnect=true\"/>\n...\n<Context>\n\nThe web.xml resource configuration:\n<resource-ref>\n <description>DB Connection</description>\n <res-ref-name>jdbc/TestDB</res-ref-name>\n <res-type>javax.sql.", "DataSource</res-type>\n <res-auth>Container</res-auth>\n</resource-ref>\n\nThe ServletContextListener which registers the MBean:\nimport java.lang.management.", "ManagementFactory;\n\nimport javax.management.", "MBeanServer;\nimport javax.management.", "ObjectName;\nimport javax.naming.", "Context;\nimport javax.naming.", "InitialContext;\nimport javax.servlet.", "ServletContextEvent;\nimport javax.servlet.", "ServletContextListener;\nimport javax.servlet.annotation.", "WebListener;\n\n@WebListener\npublic class ContextListener implements ServletContextListener {\n\n private ObjectName objectName;\n\n public void contextInitialized(final ServletContextEvent sce) {\n System.out.println(\"---> bean context listener started\");\n\n final MBeanServer mbeanServer = \n ManagementFactory.getPlatformMBeanServer();\n try {\n final InitialContext initialContext = new InitialContext();\n final Context envContext = \n (Context) initialContext.lookup(\"java:/comp/env\");\n\n objectName = new ObjectName(\"com.example:type=Hello\");\n final Hello helloMbean = new Hello(envContext);\n mbeanServer.registerMBean(helloMbean, objectName);\n System.out.println(\"---> registerMBean ok\");\n } catch (final Exception e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n }\n\n public void contextDestroyed(final ServletContextEvent sce) {\n System.out.println(\"---> bean context listener destroyed\");\n final MBeanServer mbeanServer = \n ManagementFactory.getPlatformMBeanServer();\n try {\n mbeanServer.unregisterMBean(objectName);\n System.out.println(\"---> unregisterMBean ok\");\n } catch (final Exception e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n }\n}\n\nMBean interface:\npublic interface HelloMBean {\n void sayHello();\n}\n\nMBean implementation:\nimport java.sql.", "Connection;\n\nimport javax.naming.", "Context;\nimport javax.sql.", "DataSource;\n\npublic class Hello implements HelloMBean {\n\n private final Context envContext;\n\n public Hello(final Context envContext) {\n this.envContext = envContext;\n System.out.println(\"new hello \" + envContext);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void sayHello() {\n System.out.println(\"sayHello()\");\n\n try {\n final DataSource ds = \n (DataSource) envContext.lookup(\"jdbc/TestDB\");\n final Connection conn = ds.getConnection();\n System.out.println(\" conn: \" + conn);\n // more JDBC code\n } catch (final Exception e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n }\n}\n\nThe MBean Descriptor How To says a mbeans-descriptor.xml is required but it's worked without it well. ", "I could connect to the HelloMBean with jconsole. ", "Calling sayHello() through jconsole printed the following:\nconn: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/javatest?autoReconnect=true, \\\nUserName=root@localhost, MySQL-AB JDBC Driver\n\nSources:\n\nMBeans and Tomcat: A HOWTO Guide for Managing YOUR Application\nJNDI Datasource HOW-TO\n\n" ]

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[ "package me.loda.jpa.manytomany;\n/*******************************************************\n * For Vietnamese readers:\n * Các bạn thân mến, mình rất vui nếu project này giúp \n * ích được cho các bạn trong việc học tập và công việc. ", "Nếu \n * bạn sử dụng lại toàn bộ hoặc một phần source code xin để \n * lại dường dẫn tới github hoặc tên tác giá.", "\n * Xin cảm ơn!", "\n *******************************************************/\n\nimport javax.persistence.", "Entity;\nimport javax.persistence.", "GeneratedValue;\nimport javax.persistence.", "Id;\n\nimport lombok.", "Builder;\nimport lombok.", "Data;\n\n/**\n * Copyright 2019 {@author Loda} (https://loda.me).", "\n * This project is licensed under the MIT license.", "\n *\n * @since 4/5/2019\n * Github: https://github.com/loda-kun\n */\n@Entity\n@Data\n@Builder\npublic class Person {\n\n @Id\n @GeneratedValue\n private Long id;\n private String name;\n\n}\n" ]

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[ "Nelson Piquet Jr. says Formula 1’s proposed future design concepts for 2021 have been effectively “copied” from Formula E, adding it highlights the impact the all-electric series is having on motorsport.", "\n\nF1 provided the first glimpse of what the future of the sport could look like in line with the next major regulation cycle planned for post-2020, revealing three concept car designs during the Singapore Grand Prix.", "\n\nBut ex-Renault F1 driver and season one Formula E champion Piquet feels the designs have been influenced by Formula E’s latest generation of cars – dubbed the 'Gen2' - introduced for the upcoming season five campaign.", "\n\n“It seemed like they copied the design over here. ", "It definitely shows that we are the series to look at,” Piquet said at the launch of Jaguar’s 2018/19 Formula E car earlier this week in London.", "\n\n“In season one you couldn’t even compare it, people were laughing at us when we did the first season and now it’s the place to be.", "\n\n“[It's] the place where all the drivers and manufacturers want to be. ", "Everyone is looking to be in Formula E.”\n\nWhen asked to elaborate on his comments by Crash.net, Piquet added: “I don’t know if the guys producing the new spec F1 saw this car and couldn’t escape from the idea of the lines this one had.", "\n\n“For me when I first looked at it, it looked a little bit like a Formula E car with the lines and being so smooth, trying to look a bit futuristic.”", "\n\nFormula E is set to be boosted by the arrival of new squad HWA - an affiliate of Mercedes – taking the grid up to 22 cars for 2018/19, while German giants Mercedes and Porsche will join rivals Audi and BMW in the coming years.", "\n\nThat will take the number of competing manufacturer’s into double figures, while F1 is currently considering delaying the introduction of planned new engine regulations amid struggles in attracting new entrants to the sport.", "\n\nPiquet is confident Formula E’s growth will only continue to increase in the coming years with greater “force and power” from the impending arrival of additional manufacturers.", "\n\n“I think the rapid rise will be once all the manufacturers are on board, once Porsche and Mercedes are finally in, they will elevate everything for everybody,” he explained.", "\n\n“Not because of them but all these big premium manufacturers together, they are going to expect more from Formula E and everything will be bigger and more serious. ", "We’re going to have more force and power to make things happen.", "\n\n“When you have 12 manufacturers with the strength that they have, anybody linked to car manufacturers are going to be in Formula E. All of a sudden there’s three or four manufacturers in F1 and 12 in Formula E.\n\n“There’s no way that won’t make the headlines, it’s going to grow massively in the next couple of years. ", "Even at a bigger rate than it has done in the last few years.”" ]

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[ "In the article, LA Business Journal writer Justin Yang examines the massive brick and mortar furniture industry, and how it is assimilating with online stores like Bachelor Haus that specialize on delivering curated products to very specific niches.", "\n\n\"While the e-commerce companies try to take a small slice of the online furniture market, which Australian research company IBISWorld said had grown by 9.6 percent since 2008 to become a $9 billion industry last year, their greatest competition still comes from those retailers that do offer everything.", "\n\n“We’re not being all things to everybody,” Acheson said. “", "When you walk into a big-box store, they are all things to everybody.”", "\n\nThe Founder Institute is the world's largest entrepreneur training and startup launch program, helping aspiring founders across the globe build enduring technology companies. ", "Based in Silicon Valley and with chapters across 50 countries, the Founder Institute has helped launch over 1,550 companies in 6 years. ", "The company's mission is to \"Globalize Silicon Valley\" and build sustainable startup ecosystems that will create one million new jobs worldwide." ]

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[ "Callao, Virginia\n\nCallao is an unincorporated community in Northumberland County, Virginia, United States. ", "It is located on U.S. Route 360 (the Northumberland Highway) Northwest of Heathsville and East of Warsaw.", "\n\nThe name of the town was derived from the name of the first Postmaster, Jacob Callaway, in 1893. ", "Callaway wanted the post office named after himself. ", "However, there was already a town named Callaway in Virginia, so he dropped the \"way\" and added the \"o\".", "\n\nWheatland was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Northumberland County, Virginia\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Virginia" ]

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[ "THE VILLAGE CONNECT\n\nBuilding, Connecting, Healing\n\nReady to Take on Houston\n\nWe are very thankful to continue our insightful conversations with Marc Eichenbaum and Sean Quitzau with the City of Houston. ", "Marc, who is the Special Assistant to the Mayor on Homeless Initiatives has kindly agreed to speak at our first benefit event with Wander Like Wonder at the Annex HTX on August 30th 2019!" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nProducerTemplate is there supposed to be only one instance\n\nWe are using Spring and Camel in our web application. ", " In one of our controllers we are using the ProducerTemplate to send a message on a route and now I want to add another controller that will send a message down a separate route. ", " I an trying to understand if we are only suppose to have one ProducerTemplate for the whole application?", "\nI ask this because I got a little confused after reading this.", "\n\nA:\n\nQuoted from the link you gave:\n\nYou are not meant to create a ProducerTemplate for each message invocation; you are meant to create a single instance on startup and keep it around.", "\nAlso when you have finished using the ProducerTemplate you should call the stop() method to close down all the resources it has been using.", "\n\nSo, in a typical Web application you would not create a ProducerTemplate for every request like:\nProducerTemplate template = camelContext.createProducerTemplate();\n\nThis is considered a bad practice, for obvious reasons.", "\nInstead the endpoint should be injected, e.g. by using the @EndpointInject annotation\n@EndpointInject(uri = \"file:{{file.inbox}}\")\nprivate ProducerTemplate inbox;\n\nas described here.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nTextView doesn't show the message, NSLog does\n\nI'm trying to send and return data from a server. ", "I'm sure that the data are available because I can print them out in Target Output using NSLog in ResultsViewController.m, but using TextView I can't. ", "\nhere is the code:\nResultsViewController.h\n@interface ResultsViewController : UIViewController <ServiceConnectorDelegate, UITextViewDelegate>\n{}\n\n@property (assign, nonatomic) IBOutlet UITextView *output;\n@property (retain, nonatomic) IBOutlet UITextView *value1TextView;\n@property (retain, nonatomic) IBOutlet UITextField *value1TextField;\n\n- (void)sendString:(NSString *)str;\n\n@end\n\nResultsViewController.m \n- (void)sendString:(NSString *)str\n{ \n ServiceConnector *serviceConnector = [[ServiceConnector alloc] init];\n serviceConnector.delegate = self;\n [serviceConnector getTest: str];\n}\n\n- (void)requestReturnedData:(NSData *)data //called when data is returned\n{ \n NSDictionary *dictionary = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithJSONData:data];\n output.text = dictionary.", "JSONString; // set the textview to the raw string value of the data received\n\n value1TextField.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@\"%d\",[[dictionary objectForKey:@\"value\"] intValue]];\n value1TextField.text = @\"test\";\n NSLog(@\"%@\",dictionary);\n}\n\nServiceConnector.m\n@implementation ServiceConnector\n{\n NSData *receivedData;\n}\n\n- (void)getTest:(NSString *)str\n{\n NSString *storedURL = str;\n NSString *urlstring = [NSString stringWithFormat:@\"%@\",storedURL];\n\n NSMutableURLRequest *request = [[NSMutableURLRequest alloc] initWithURL:[NSURL URLWithString:urlstring]];\n\n [request setHTTPMethod:@\"GET\"];\n [request addValue:@\"getValues\" forHTTPHeaderField:@\"METHOD\"]; //selects what task the server will perform\n\n //initialize an NSURLConnection with the request\n NSURLConnection *connection = [[NSURLConnection alloc] initWithRequest:request delegate:self];\n if(!connection){\n NSLog(@\"Connection Failed\");\n }\n}\n\nProbably there is a problem with TextView because it doesn't respond to such a simple code:\nvalue1TextField.text = @\"test\";\n\nTo connect the app to the server I use a delegate of Service Connector, but I'm not sure that I have implemented the delegate in the right way. ", "Especially when I define\nserviceConnector.delegate = self;\n\nIn another app I implement the delegate using a Button and it works:\n- (IBAction)getDown:(id)sender \n{\n //perform get request\n ServiceConnector *serviceConnector = [[ServiceConnector alloc] init];\n serviceConnector.delegate = self;\n [serviceConnector getTest];\n}\n\nA:\n\nA couple of things:\n@property (assign, nonatomic) IBOutlet UITextView *output;\n\nshould be a strong property like this:\n@property (strong, nonatomic) IBOutlet UITextView *output;\n\nAlso, make sure to use property accessors like this:\nself.value1TextField.text = @\"test\";\n\nAnd make sure your File Owner is ResultsViewController and that it is connected in the .xib\n\n" ]

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[ "Sunset sequence from the southern route to Diamante\n\nSunset sequence from the southern route to Diamante: near the center Alpesisa, with a veil of remaining snow on the NW slope; on its left the summits of Monte Bano and in the background, near the left edge of the photo, the snowy Monte Antola" ]

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[ "Donald Trump has launched yet another attack on a group of Democrat congresswomen who have accused him of racism, calling them the \"four horsewomen of the apocalypse\".", "\n\nThe US president has been embroiled in a row with the four representatives since Sunday, when he suggested they \"go back and help fix the totally broken and crime infested places from which they came\".", "\n\nPrime Minister Theresa May was among a number of high-profile politicians to denounce the remarks, which have led to the passing of a House of Representatives resolution denouncing Mr Trump for \"racist comments\".", "\n\nDoubling down on his criticism of the congresswomen, the president used a Twitter post on Wednesday afternoon to quote Louisiana senator John Kennedy, who appeared on Fox News overnight.", "\n\nImage: 'The Squad' are all US citizens and only Ilhan Omar is foreign-born\n\nMr Trump wrote: \"'In America, if you hate our Country, you are free to leave. ", "The simple fact of the matter is, the four\n\n\nCongresswomen think that America is wicked in its origins, they think that America is even more wicked now, that we are all racist and evil.", "\n\n\"They're entitled to their opinion, they're Americans. ", "Now I'm entitled to my opinion, & I just think they're left wing cranks. ", "They're the reason there are directions on a shampoo bottle, & we should ignore them.", "\n\n\"The 'squad' has moved the Democrat Party substantially LEFT, and they are destroying the Democrat Party.", "\n\n\"I'm appalled that so many of our Presidential candidates are falling all over themselves to try to agree with the four horsewomen of the apocalypse. ", "I'm entitled to say that they're Wack Jobs.' ", "Louisiana Senator John Kennedy.\"", "\n\nThe four congresswomen at the centre of the row, known as The Squad, are Ayanna Pressley, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Rashida Tlaib and Ilhan Omar.", "\n\nAll are US citizens, with only the latter being born outside the country.", "\n\nOn Tuesday evening, the Democrat-controlled House of Representatives voted 240-187 in favour of the resolution against Mr Trump, with four Republicans also voting in support.", "\n\nIt \"strongly condemned President Donald Trump's racist comments that have legitimised and increased fear and hatred of new Americans and people of colour\".", "\n\nIt added that Mr Trump's comments \"do not belong in Congress or in the United States of America\".", "\n\nResponding to the censure, the president claimed the tweets were not racist and that he does not have a \"racist bone\" in his body.", "\n\nAppearing to move his comments away from the group, a follow-up tweet on Wednesday morning read: \"The Democrats in Congress are getting nothing done, not on drug pricing, not on immigration, not on infrastructure, not on nothing!", "\n\n\"Sooo much opportunity, yet all they want to do is go \"fishing.\" ", "The American people are tired of the never ending Witch Hunt, they want results now!\"" ]

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[ "You are here\n\nRiver of News\n\nThe River of News is an aggregation of news feeds about environment-related topics from a wide variety of sources. ", "While SEJ selects the individual feeds, SEJ does not select the stories that the feeds provide. ", "SEJ neither endorses nor bears responsibility for their content. ", "They are provided as a service to SEJ members who many want to glean story ideas from them. ", "SEJ urges all users to check the accuracy of assertions made in these feeds.", "\n\nThe feeds in the River of News span many content types — from professional news services and newspaper blogs to government agency press releases and public relations or activist group releases. ", "Some are grouped topically. ", "You can see a list of feed categories in the dark grey box to the right.", "\n\nSAINT-DENIS, Reunion (Reuters) - As experts on the Indian Ocean island Reunion studied plane debris for clues in the search for missing flight MH370, scientist Nicolas Villeneuve was making his own discovery: the island's volcano was about to erupt...\n\nANTANANARIVO (Reuters) - Perched on the muddy bank of a river meandering through rolling green hills, the Lemurs' Park near Madagascar's capital is rated one of the city's top attractions, but you would not know it from the number of visitors.", "\n\n(Reuters) - The killing of Cecil the lion by a U.S. hunter in Zimbabwe has turned up the pressure on Washington to extend legal protection to the African lion by declaring it an endangered species, but some hunting advocates said that would lead to...\n\nThe United States gets its electricity from a complex mix of sources — coal fired power plants, gas plants, hydroelectric dams, wind and solar installations, and much more. ", "The Clean Power Plan, soon to be finalized by the Obama...\n\nAboard a ferry off the coast of Rhode Island, state and federal officials take a close look at a steel structure poking out of the ocean. ", "It's the first foundation affixed to the seafloor for a five-turbine wind farm off the state's coast.", "\n\nFrom sewage plants and landfills, drugs make their way into streams, rivers, lakes, seawater, and even into drinking water. ", "Currently, however, the EPA does not regulate even a single human pharmaceutical in drinking water.", "\n\nPresident Barack Obama made a personal plea late Saturday for the nation’s most ambitious environmental regulation in decades — a crackdown on power plants’ greenhouse gas emissions that the administration will announce Monday, in hopes of putting...\n\nThree hundred sixty-five companies and investors sent letters on Friday to more than two dozen governors supporting the Environmental Protection Agency's plans to significantly reduce carbon emissions from power plants, urging even the most...\n\nAnother summer of record-breaking drought and heat has seized the West, setting off costly and destructive wildfires from Southern California, where a single blaze burned more than 30,000 acres of national forest east of Los Angeles, to Montana,...\n\nBill Nye is a glutton for punishment, apparently. ", "The Internet’s favorite Science Guy (well, perhaps second favorite since Neil DeGrasse Tyson took the time to explain the ending of Interstellar to us mere mortals) engaged in the ultimate Internet...\n\nIn this week’s trip beyond the headlines, Peter Dykstra tells host Steve Curwood about how limiting coal power plant emissions has led to lower mercury levels in bluefish and describes a new certification program that encourages marijuana growers to...\n\nThe simple fact is that pollution is no respecter of state borders, whether particulates in the air or mercury in the water. ", "Earlier this month, a coalition of Republicans and coal-state Democrats in the House of Representatives voted to roll back..." ]

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[ "Effect of interface-induced exchange fields on cuprate-manganite spin switches.", "\nWe examine the anomalous inverse spin switch behavior in La0.7Ca0.3MnO3(LCMO)/YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO)/LCMO trilayers by combined transport studies and polarized neutron reflectometry. ", "Measuring magnetization profiles and magnetoresistance in an in-plane rotating magnetic field, we prove that, contrary to many accepted theoretical scenarios, the relative orientation between the two LCMO's magnetizations is not sufficient to determine the magnetoresistance. ", "Rather the field dependence of magnetoresistance is explained by the interplay between the applied magnetic field and the (exponential tail of the) induced exchange field in YBCO, the latter originating from the electronic reconstruction at the LCMO/YBCO interfaces." ]

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[ "Obituary: Cornelius H. Vanderwolf.", "\nC.H. Vanderwolf described motor correlates of hippocampal theta oscillations and uncovered two broad classes: atropine-sensitive and atropine-resistant rhythm with likely different behavioral and cognitive significance." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "# /* **************************************************************************\n# * *\n# * (C) Copyright Paul Mensonides 2012. ", " *\n# * Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (", "See *\n# * accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at *\n# * http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) *\n# * *\n# ************************************************************************** */\n#\n# /* See http://www.boost.org for most recent version. */", "\n#\n# ifndef BOOST_PREPROCESSOR_SEQ_VARIADIC_SEQ_TO_SEQ_HPP\n# define BOOST_PREPROCESSOR_SEQ_VARIADIC_SEQ_TO_SEQ_HPP\n#\n# include <boost/preprocessor/cat.hpp>\n# include <boost/preprocessor/config/config.hpp>\n#\n# /* BOOST_PP_VARIADIC_SEQ_TO_SEQ */\n#\n# if BOOST_PP_VARIADICS\n# define BOOST_PP_VARIADIC_SEQ_TO_SEQ(vseq) BOOST_PP_CAT(BOOST_PP_VARIADIC_SEQ_TO_SEQ_A vseq, 0)\n# define BOOST_PP_VARIADIC_SEQ_TO_SEQ_A(...) ((__VA_ARGS__)) BOOST_PP_VARIADIC_SEQ_TO_SEQ_B\n# define BOOST_PP_VARIADIC_SEQ_TO_SEQ_B(...) ((__VA_ARGS__)) BOOST_PP_VARIADIC_SEQ_TO_SEQ_A\n# define BOOST_PP_VARIADIC_SEQ_TO_SEQ_A0\n# define BOOST_PP_VARIADIC_SEQ_TO_SEQ_B0\n# endif\n#\n# endif\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to print name from a list/dict where the first element is T and second is A in Python\n\nFrom the given list of Countries in my Python code.", "I only want to print name of the countries from the same list, where the first element is 'T' and second is 'A' like-\nTaiwan\nTajikistan\nTanzania\nI tried below code\nfor country in countries:\n if country[0]=='T' and country[1]=='A':\n print(country)\n\nA:\n\nIn case, if you don't want to explicitly convert string i.e. country name to upper case then here is a very simple method to get the result in 1 line using list comprehension and regular expression as shown below.", "\n\nNew to list comprehension, check https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/list-comprehension.", "\nNew to regular expression, check https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_regex.asp.", "\n\n>>> import re\n>>> \n>>> countries = [\"Bangladesh\", \"taiwan\", \"Srilanka\", \"India\", \"tAjikistan\", \"Tanzania\", \"Pakistan\"]\n>>> \n>>> new_countries = [country for country in countries if re.match(r\"^[tT][aA]\", country)]\n>>> new_countries\n['taiwan', 'tAjikistan', 'Tanzania']\n>>> \n\nOther usages:\n>>> # If you want matched country names in caps \n... \n>>> new_countries = [country.upper() for country in countries if re.match(r\"^[tT][aA]\", country)]\n>>> new_countries\n['TAIWAN', 'TAJIKISTAN', 'TANZANIA']\n>>> \n>>> # If you want matched country names in title case\n... \n>>> new_countries = [country.title() for country in countries if re.match(r\"^[tT][aA]\", country)]\n>>> new_countries\n['Taiwan', 'Tajikistan', 'Tanzania']\n>>> \n>>> \n\n" ]

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[ "Femaleadda\n\nHot Spices That Promotes Weight Loss\n\nA recent study suggests that spicy food can lessen your appetite and boosts your metabolism and therefore burn fat quickly. ", "Reason being, these hot spices constrict overeating as they make you feel full post eating. ", "Also, these species have a thermogenic effect which heats up the body from within and stimulates the metabolism. ", "So here are some of the top spices which can help you in losing healthy weight.", "\n\nGinger: – Ginger has the ability to increase your body temperature and improves metabolism that helps to burn more fat. ", "It also helps to improve digestion and regulates your body internal movement. ", "If you are prone to car sickness ginger might help in inhibiting nausea. ", "To enjoy its rich flavor you can add it to tea or healthy smoothies.", "\n\nTurmeric: – Turmeric triggers the metabolism for short period of time after you ingest it, further helping in weight loss…" ]

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[ "Last season, perhaps in celebration of Fashion Week, Target opened four Bulls eye Bodega pop-up shops all of which were filled with twenty-two of the retailer’s designer collaborations.", "\n\nManhattanites, deprived of a Target year-round, found themselves delighted at the Jonathan Saunders, John Derian, Rachel Ashwell, Sonia Kashuk, Jemma Kidd, Dean Harris, Anya Hindmarch, Mossimo, Converse, and Sigerson Morrison offerings – just to name a few. ", "If the mob of enthusiasts from last year’s pop-up shops are any indication, expect another frenzy this year as it has just been announced that there will be a pop-up McQ Market at St. John’s Center — 330 West Street at West Houston Street.", "\n\nFrom noon until 10pm on February 14th and 15th, fashion enthusiasts can go pick-up coveted looks from the McQ for Target collection in the massive space. ", "To boot, the pop-up store brings the wares to Manhattan almost a month before the rest of the world can get their hands on it (the collection officially launches online and in stores on March 4th).", "\n\nTarget is calling the pop-up shop “The Target McQ Market” and it will feature booths made of chain link fence, distressed plywood and graffiti covered grates evoking the gritty ambience of Camden Market and the nostalgia of a rock ‘n roll club. ", "The Target McQ Market will also feature young NYC artists who will be creating one-of-a-kind pieces using prints, fabrics and embellishments from the McQ Alexander McQueen for Target line." ]

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[ "Fiat 500 gets makeover for 2007\n\nFiat has taken its iconic Fiat 500 the way of the VW Beetle and BMW mini and revamped it for the 21st century.", "\n\nReleasing details earlier today, the new 500 will be launched in Turin on July 4, the 50th anniversary of the launch of the original 500. ", "It will go on sale immediately afterward in Europe, the company said.", "\n\nThe new Fiat 500 will be launched with a choice of three engines: a 69-horsepower 1.2-litre eight-valve four, a 100HP 1.4-litre 16-valve four or a 75HP 1.3-litre 16-valve MultiJet turbodiesel. ", "Transmission choices include five- and six-speed manuals.", "\n\nThe new 500 is three-door model, measuring only 139.8 inches long and riding on a 90.5-inch wheelbase. ", "It is 58.7 inches tall and 64.9 inches wide.", "\n\nLast year Top Gear Magazine’s readers voted the original Fiat 500 as the world's sexiest car beating the Aston Martin DBS, the Maserati Quattroporte, the Chevrolet Camaro and the Citroën C6.", "\n\nStuart has been a tech journalist since 1998 and written for a number of publications around the world. ", "Regularly turning up on television, radio and in newspapers, Stuart has played with virtually every gadget available." ]

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[ "Peyser Building—Security Savings and Commercial Bank\n\nThe Peyser Building—Security Savings and Commercial Bank is an historic structure located in the Golden Triangle section of Downtown Washington, D.C. It was listed on both the DC Inventory of Historic Sites and on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. ", " The building was designed by architect George N. Ray and built between 1927-1928.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Office buildings completed in 1928\nCategory:Office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.\nCategory:1928 establishments in Washington, D.C." ]

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[ "by\n\nI’m going to channel my inner @alanbleiweiss and rant for a minute about some things I saw over the last few days in the SEO world. ", "I also want to apologize for any spelling mistakes from the start, as my right arm is in a cast and I’m typing this entirely left-handed until I can find an intern. (", "If you’re curious as to how I broke my arm, it was with a softball. ", "there’s a video here. )", "\n\nThere’s been lots of SEO chatter lately about a recent SEL post called More Proof Google Counts Press Release Links. ", "and I want to address a couple of issues that came up both in this thread and on Twitter.", "\n\nFirst point: what works for one small made-up keyword may not scale or be indicative of search as a whole. ", "Scientists see this in the real world when they notice that Newton’s laws don’t really work at the subatomic level. ", "In SEO algorithms, we have the same phenomenon – and it’s covered in depth by many computer science classes. (", "Note: I have a computer science degree and used to be a software engineer, but I haven’t studied too much in the information retrieval field. ", "There’s more in depth and profound techniques than the examples I am about to provide.)", "\n\nA long time ago the Google algorithm was probably just a couple of orders more complex than an SQL statement that says something like “Select * from sites where content like ‘%term’ order by pagerank desc.”", "\n\nIt’s not that simple anymore. ", "Most people think of the algorithm like a static equation. ", "Something like Pagerank + KeywordInTitle – ExactMatchDomain – Penguin – Panda + linkDiversity-Loadtime. ", "I’m pretty sure it’s not.", "\n\nWhen I think of the Google Algorithm, (especially with things like Panda and Penguin) I instantly think of a neural network where the algorithm is fed a training set of data and it builds connections to constantly learn and improve what good results are. ", "I’ll refrain from talking more about neural nets because that’s not my main point.", "\n\nI also want to talk about the branch of information retrieval within computer science. ", "Most of the basic theories (on which, the more complicated ones are built) in IR talk about dynamic weighting based on the corpus. (", "Corpus, being latin for body and referring here to all of the sites that Google could possible return for a query.)", "\n\nHere’s an example that talks about one such theory (which uses’s everybody’s favorite @mattcutts over-reaction from 2 years ago: inverse document frequency)\n\nBasically, what this says is that if every document in the result set has the same term on it, that term becomes less important. ", "That makes sense. ", "The real learning here though, is that the weighting of terms is dynamic based on the result set. ", "If term weights can be dynamic for each result set, why can’t anchor text, links, page speed, social signals, or whatever other crazy thing is correlated to rankings? ", "They Can Be!", "\n\nSo let’s look at the made up keyword example. ", "In the case of a made up term, the corpus is very very small. ", "In the SEL example, it’s also very very small.", "\n\nNow, in this instance, what should Google do? ", "It has pages that contain that word, but they don’t have any traditionally heavily weighted ranking signals. ", "Rather than return no results, the ranking factor weights are changed and the page is returned. ", "That one link actually helps when there’s no other factors to consider. ", "get it?", "\n\nThink of it as kind of a breadth first search for ranking factors. ", "Given a tree of all factors Google knows about, it first looks at the main ones. ", "If they aren’t present, it goes further down the tree to the less important ones and keeps traversing the tree until it finds something it can use to sort the documents.", "\n\nIt’s like choosing a car. ", "First you decide SUV or Car. ", "Then Brand, Then manual or automatic. ", "Then maybe the color, and finally it’s down to the interface of the radio. ", "But what if the entire car lot only had Red Automatic SUVs? ", "That radio interface would be a LOT more important now wouldn’t it? ", "Google is doing the same thing.", "\n\nOK, point number 2. ", "Still with me?", "\n\nWe need to stop analyzing every word @mattcutts says like it’s some lost scripture and start paying attention to the meaning of what he says. ", "In this example, Matt was right. ", "Press releases aren’t helping your site – because your site is probably going after keywords that exist on other sites, and since there’s other sites that means the press release link factor is so far down the tree of factors that it’s probably not being used.", "\n\nRemember when Matt said that Page Speed was a “all else being equal we’ll return the faster site” type of factor? ", "That fits perfectly with the tree and dynamic weights I just talked about.", "\n\nInstead of looking at the big picture, the meaning, and the reasoning behind what Matt says, we get too caught up on the literal definitions. ", "It’s the equivalent of thinking David and Goliath is a story about how there are giants in the world rather than a story about how man’s use of technology helps him overcome challenges and sets him apart from beasts. ", "We keep taking the wrong message because we’re too literal.", "\n\nThat’s all I want to say. ", "Feel free to leave feedback in the comments." ]

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[ "Porpolomopsis lewelliniae\n\nPorpolomopsis lewelliniae, commonly known as the mauve splitting wax-cap, is a gilled fungus of the waxcap family found in wet forests of eastern Australia and New Zealand. ", "The small mauve- or lilac-coloured mushrooms are fairly common and appear in moss or leaf litter on the forest floor in autumn, and are biotrophic. ", "The key distinguishing feature is the splitting of the cap dividing down the middle of the individual gills.", "\n\nTaxonomy\nIt was initially described as Hygrophorus lewelliniae by Hungarian mycologist Károly Kalchbrenner in 1882, and later as Hygrocybe lewelliniae by Brittlebank in 1940, before being placed in the genus Humidicutis by Australian mycologist Tony Young in 1997. ", "A molecular phylogenetics study found it to be more closely related to the type species of the genus Porpolomopsis, Porpolomopsis calyptriformis so it was transferred to Porpolomopsis. ", "The original holotype specimen had been collected on 14 June 1880 in the vicinity of Western Port in Victoria by a Miss M.R. Lewellin and sent by Ferdinand von Mueller to Kalchbrenner in Budapest. ", "It was likely destroyed in the First World War, although a watercolour of it by the collector survives and is located in the National Herbarium of Victoria. ", "It has been compared with collections made by E. J. H. Corner of a Mycena rimosacuta in Borneo and found to be the same species. ", "It may be that Humidicutis mavis is merely a white-coloured form of this species.", "\n\nDescription\nThe mauve splitting waxcap is a small mushroom with an umbonate cap 3–6.5 centimetres (1⅓–2½ in) in diameter, initially conical and later flattening to almost flat. ", "It is smooth and mauve or lilac in colour with a greyish boss. ", "The cap is textured with radial fibres, along which it may split, with the gills dividing between the split. ", "The lilac stipe is 3–7 cm (1⅓–2½ in) high and 0.4–0.8 cm thick and may be tinged yellow at the base. ", "The lilac gills are adnexed or free, and thick or distant with even margins. ", "The spore print is white and the hyaline spores are more or less oval, measuring around 5.5 x 9 μm.", "\n\nDistribution and habitat\nSaprotrophic, this species is fairly common. ", "Fruiting bodies appear in autumn and winter (March to August) with some records from October, in moss or among leaf litter in wet sclerophyll forest or rainforest in temperate, subtropical or tropical climates. ", "It also appears in sandy areas. ", "It has been recorded from southeastern Queensland, eastern New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, as well as New Zealand and from Mount Kinabalu in Sabah. ", "Although not recorded from North Queensland, it is predicted to occur there.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCited text\n\nCategory:Hygrophoraceae\nCategory:Fungi native to Australia\nCategory:Fungi of New Zealand\nCategory:Fungi of Asia" ]

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[ "La productora y distribuidora de alimentos perteneciente al Estado, Pdval, prometió vender leche la tarde del martes en el sector Lagunillas del estado Mérida. ", "Sin embargo, la venta no se llevó a cabo y el incumplimiento del compromiso inició una protesta pasada las 7:30 de la noche.", "\n\nLa protesta inició con trancas de calles con basura y cauchos quemados, de esta manera, los vecinos de Lagunillas exigían la venta del lácteo. ", "Minutos después, sin tener una respuesta positiva del Pdval del sector, los lugareños decidieron arreciar la manifestación e incendiar una sede del oficialista Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela (PSUV).", "\n\nEn esa misma revuelta, un grupo de sujetos encapuchados incendiaron entrada de la Alcaldía del municipio Sucre y destruyeron parte de un depósito del ayuntamiento, al igual que un automóvil de marca Malibú, según informaron funcionarios policiales en el lugar.", "\n\nUniformados de Polimérida reprimieron la manifestación con perdigones y gases lacrimógenos, lo cual dio como resultado una decena de heridos y asfixiados. ", "Horas después, efectivos de la Guardia Nacional Bolivariana (GNB) llegaron al lugar para restablecer el orden.", "\n\nNo se puede seguir engañando al pueblo con venta de alimentos que no llega. ", "El pueblo de Lagunillas dijo: Basta pic.twitter.com/uKGaVyht6m — Carlos Paparoni (@CarlosPaparoni) 15 de junio de 2016\n\nJhonny Nava, sub director de Polimérida, informó a medios de comunicación que los funcionarios están trabajando para dar con los responsables de las acciones violentas en Lagunillas, ubicada en el municipio Sucre.", "\n\nEl diputado por el estado Mérida, Carlos Paparoni, informó vía Twitter que hay 11 personas detenidas el día de hoy por estos sucesos.", "\n\nMe confirman 11 detenidos por protestas en Lagunillas y hasta ahora el alcalde, Aron Varela, se resguarda en el silencio — Carlos Paparoni (@CarlosPaparoni) 15 de junio de 2016\n\nEn este mismo estado pero en el municipio Santos Marquina, específicamente en la población de Tabay, vecinos protestaron porque los «combos de comida» que estaban vendiendo en la zona solo tenían un paquete de 1 kilo de harina de maíz y solo podían volver a acceder al mismo producto en el mismo establecimiento 15 días después.", "\n\nFrente al limitado acceso al alimento el día de ayer, los ciudadanos se reunieron y acordaron trancar la calle. ", "Sin embargo, un pequeño grupo de personas no identificadas intentaron saquear los centros de comida del sector.", "\n\nEn Tabay, efectivos de Polimérida y de la GNB arremetieron de la misma manera como lo hicieron en Lagunillas.", "\n\nLa tercera protesta del día de ayer en Mérida se dio en Doña Rosa, municipio Libertador, donde vecinos trancaron calles con basura y cauchos quemados obstaculizando así el tránsito vial. ", "Se presume que fue en rechazo a los Comités Locales de Abastecimiento y Producción (CLAP), pues consideran que no satisfacen las necesidades de los ciudadanos." ]

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[ "Stocks edge lower on investor fears\n\nNEW YORK – Investors recovered their poise after a shaky start to Wall Street trading that sent stocks sharply lower.", "\n\nU.S. markets plummeted immediately after the opening bell Thursday, following a global slump prompted partly by an unexpected slowdown in Chinese manufacturing. ", "Concern that the Federal Reserve might ease back on its economic stimulus program sooner than expected also riled investors.", "\n\nAdditional Photos\n\nTrader Vincent Quinones works on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange at the close of trading Thursday. ", "The Associated Press\n\nThe dip gave investors who missed this year’s stock market surge an opportunity to get into the market, and by midday the market had recouped most of its early loss. ", "Stocks even climbed into positive territory by midday, then ended the day marginally lower.", "\n\n“Most institutions, most hedge funds and most individuals have watched the market go up without them, so the dips are being bought,” said Jim Russell, regional investment director at U.S. Bank. “", "There’s a very strong case for U.S. stocks.”", "\n\nFor the most part, the U.S. stock market has been going up steadily since the beginning of the year, with only infrequent declines. ", "Investors’ optimism has been stoked by a pickup in hiring at U.S. employers, a recovery in the housing market and record profits at U.S. corporations.", "\n\nAll that has helped push the Dow up 16.7 percent this year. ", "The Standard & Poor’s 500 index is 15.7 percent higher than at the start of 2013.", "\n\nOn Thursday, however, trading was volatile. ", "The Dow Jones industrial average ended the day just 12.67 points lower, or 0.1 percent, at 15,294.50. ", "It fell as much as 127 points during the first hour of trading.", "\n\nA sell-off in global markets came after minutes from the latest Fed meeting, released Wednesday afternoon, indicated that several policymakers were leaning toward slowing the central bank’s bond-buying program as early as June if the economy continues to recover.", "\n\nThe central bank is spending $85 billion a month buying bonds. ", "That program has been keeping interest rates low in an effort to encourage borrowing, spending and investing. ", "It’s also meant to encourage investors to buy risky assets such as stocks.", "\n\nInvestors were also unsettled by the report that showed manufacturing in China, the world’s No. ", "2 economy, unexpectedly shrank this month. ", "HSBC Corp. said the preliminary version of its monthly purchasing managers index had dropped to a seven-month low. ", "China’s booming economy has been a major driver of global growth in recent years and investors worry when they see signs that it’s slowing down.", "\n\nStocks fell sharply in Asia on Thursday. ", "Japan’s Nikkei index dropped 7.3 percent after news was released about the slowdown in Chinese manufacturing. ", "The declines extended to Europe, where Germany’s DAX index, which has been at a record high, slid 2.1 percent.", "\n\nThe sell-off looked set to continue when trading opened in New York, but the market quickly hit bottom and reversed course.", "\n\nSome investors also reevaluated the concern about the Fed easing, or tapering, its economic stimulus program.", "\n\nAny pullback of the Fed’s stimulus should be seen as a positive signal because it would mean that the U.S. economy is getting stronger, said Joe Quinlan, chief market strategist at U.S. Trust.", "\n\n“When the Fed starts to taper, the fundamentals of the U.S. economy have improved even further than we have already seen,” Quinlan said. “", "The Fed tapering is actually a good story for U.S. equities and the economy.”", "\n\nEncouraging news about the U.S. economy also helped the case for stock market bulls Thursday.", "\n\nSales of new homes rose in April to the second-highest level since the summer of 2008, the Commerce Department reported Thursday. ", "Also, the median price for a new home hit a record high, another sign that housing is recovering.", "\n\nThere was good news on the labor market, too.", "\n\nThe number of Americans applying for unemployment benefits fell 23,000 last week to 340,000, a level consistent with solid job growth, the Labor Department said. ", "That suggests employers are laying off fewer workers. ", "The decline in claims has coincided with steady job growth over the past six months.", "\n\nPortland Press Herald e-edition\n\nHere at MaineToday Media we value our readers and are committed to growing our community by encouraging you to add to the discussion.", "\n\nTo ensure conscientious dialogue we have implemented a strict no-bullying policy. ", "To participate, you must follow our Terms of Use. ", "Click here to flag and report a comment that violates our terms of use." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nLAN port suddenly stopped working\n\nI have Ubuntu 12.04. ", "My LAN port was working well and good till yesterday when I shut down my system. ", "When I wanted to use my laptop today the wired network was not being detected. ", "When the port works the blue light glows as an indicator but right now just an orange light indicating failure is glowing. ", "\nThis light keeps glowing and tries to connect even when I have removed my LAN cable. ", "The output of sudo rfkill list all shows nothing is blocked. ", "Also even when LAN used to work in Ubuntu it did not work in Windows 7.", "\n\nA:\n\nRemounted the filesystem, restarted the network manager and the problem was solved.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Next Match: Stanford 2/3/2019 | 6:00 p.m. HT Spectrum Sports ESPN 1420AM\n\n#HawaiiMVB\n\nHONOLULU – The second-ranked University of Hawai'i men's volleyball team continued its streak of straight-set wins to start the 2019 season, defeating No. ", "8 Stanford Friday night in the first of two non-conference matches at the Stan Sheriff Center. ", "Set scores were 25-15, 27-25, 25-22.The teams play again on Sunday at 6:00 p.m.The Rainbow Warriors (4-0) were led by junior opposite17 kills on .375 hitting with six digs, and four blocks. ", "Senior outside hitteradded 11 kills and two aces while senior setterdished out 41 assists and a career-high five kills, leading the UH attack to a .364 clip.", "As a team, the Warriors had 8.5 team blocks compared to only 1.0 for the Cardinal (7-2), who were led by Jordan Ewert's 14 kills and 10 digs. ", "Jaylen Jasper, the son of former UH football quarterback Ivin Jasper, added seven kills and four digs.", "UH liberohad a match-high 11 digs while middle blockerhad five blocks.", "The Warriors dominated Set 1, taking a 16-8 lead with four straight point including a pair of Parapunov kills and an ace and kill by van Tilburg. ", "Parapunov would go on to finish the frame with five kills as the Warriors hit .407.Set 2 was a back-and-forth battle. ", "With the score tied at 20-20, Parapunov's tough serve forced an overpass and akill. ", "The Cardinal responded with back-to-back points, including an ace by Ewert that trickled over the net. ", "The teams traded points and the Cardinal fended off two set points but not the third as Parapunov's blast ended it.", "UH jumped out to a 6-2 lead in Set 3. ", "The Cardinal fought back to tie it at 13 with four unanswered. ", "The Warriors regained the lead with consecutive kills by Gasman andfor a 17-14 lead. ", "Stanford pulled to within one on four occasions before the Warriors closed out the match with kills by Parapunov and Cowell." ]

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[ "import { default as tokens } from \"./tokens\";\nimport abi from \"./abi/ERC20.json\";\n\nexport = {\n ...tokens,\n abi,\n};\n" ]

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[ "Bistabilities and annihilation phenomena in electrophysiological cardiac models.", "\nWe have investigated the oscillatory behavior of cardiac cellular elements simulated by two electrophysiological models: the van Capelle and Durrer (VCD) model and the sinoatrial node cell model of Yanagihara, Noma, and Irisawa (YNI). ", "The VCD model behavior was examined systematically by using continuation-bifurcation analysis. ", "Bifurcation diagrams were constructed as a function of Qit1, an intrinsic parameter of the model, which sets both maximum diastolic potential and depolarization threshold of the cell. ", "The existence of stable high amplitude oscillations was evidenced between two Hopf bifurcation points (HB). ", "Near each HB, a zone of bistability was detected. ", "Close to the HB that corresponded to high values of Qit1, a high amplitude periodic stable state coexisted with a stable steady state. ", "Close to the other HB, in a narrow range of lower Qit1 values, a relatively high amplitude periodic stable state coexisted with a low amplitude periodic stable state. ", "There was no stable steady state in the latter bistability zone. ", "Through the use of phase-plane representations and the determination of separatrices between the different attractor basins, we could deduce the conditions of timing, polarity, and strength needed for a pulse perturbation to send the system from one state to another and vice versa. ", "The YNI model was analyzed by numerical simulation, and the oscillatory behavior of the sinoatrial node cell was explored while applying a depolarizing bias current of various strengths. ", "Results were similar to those obtained from the VCD model in that there were two bistability regions for two different ranges of applied bias current. ", "Depending on current intensity, annihilation of pacemaker activity could be achieved in both zones. ", "However, the coexistence of two oscillatory stable states was never observed in the YNI model. ", "From the behavioral similarities of these different models, we can conclude that bistabilities and annihilation phenomena can be found in transitional zones between quiescence and rhythmic activity." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "John Croall & Sons Edinburgh\n\nJohn Croall & Sons were a Castle Terrace, Edinburgh firm of funeral undertakers and carriage hirers founded in 1850 who expanded their business to include coaches, cabs and coachbuilding. ", "In February 1897 the firm was incorporated as John Croall & Sons Limited. ", "After 1960 ownership changed a number of times and the company was liquidated in 1992.", "\n\nJohn Croall\n\nJohn Croall established his Castle Terrace, Edinburgh coaching and posting firm in 1820. ", "He had an independent booking office at 2 Princes Street. ", "Croall's four-in-hand coaches went to the Forth Bridge and to Musselburgh races. ", "The firm was awarded the Royal Warrant as \"Postmasters in Scotland\" in 1843. ", "About 1907 they placed the first (motor) taxi-cabs on the streets of Edinburgh.", "\n\nRussia mail\nCaledonian Mercury, Edinburgh, Thursday, 14 June 1849 reported: \"Mr John Croall, the enterprising coach-builder and coach proprietor of this city, is now manufacturing an extensive series of mail coaches for the Emperor of Russia. ", "Each coach weighs about twenty-two hundred weight, and is intended to be drawn by six horses.\" ", "Four days later the story was continued: \"Three have been completed. ", "Although fifteen feet long, they are constructed in two chief compartments, calculated to carry each only two inside passengers, besides the capacious hind-boot for the mail-bags, and a fore-basket fitted with leather aprons and glasses, holding the guard, in addition to its two passenger occupants; whilst the driver only can be said to be mounted outside, being on the box. ", "Thus the whole occupants of the capacious Russian mail travel in the most luxurious manner, amid Elysian padding and cushions, with their faces to the horses. ", "The exterior panels are most elaborately painted, and varnished until they shine like glass, in the Russian Imperial livery of dark green, relieved with heads of gold, size etc. ", "and adorned only with double crowned heads of the black eagle, with the sceptre and globe in its talons, the Imperial crest and shield representing the equestrian Peter the Great\".", "\nCaledonian Mercury, Edinburgh, Thursday, June 18, 1849\n\nPeter Croall & Sons\nThe firm of Peter Croall & Sons who carried on business as coach builders at 126 George Street Edinburgh and Roxburghshire Coach Works at Kelso was dissolved on 28 May 1896. ", "The partners had been John Croall and Robert Croall.", "\n\nJohn Croall & Sons - Incorporation with limited liability\n\nThe first directors were Robert Croall, Thomas Aitken and J. Hay Irons.", "\nJohn Croall & Sons Ltd was incorporated in February 1897 to acquire and carry on the businesses of \n John Croall & Sons, undertakers, coach and cab proprietors and coach builders, of Edinburgh \n Scott, Croall & Sons, job and postmasters, horse and carriage auctioneers, valuators and livery stable keepers, of Edinburgh \n Robert Croall & Co, job and postmasters and livery stable keepers, of Edinburgh.", "\n\nH J Mulliner & Co, London\n\nIn December 1909 John Croall & Sons Ltd purchased a controlling shareholding in the Chiswick, west London, coachbuilding firm H. J. Mulliner & Co. which it held until 1959 when it disposed of it to Rolls-Royce Limited.", "\n\nCroall & Croall\n\nCoachbuilders, York Lane, Edinburgh (previously the premises of J & W Croall) and Kelso but separate from John Croall & SonsThey held a Warrant of Appointment with authority to use the Royal Arms, Croall & Croall, Edinburgh\nPartners 1915:\n Peter Croall\n John M Croall\n Robert G Croall\n\nCroall & Croall were purchased in 1937 by Scottish Motor Traction Sales and Service Company Limited.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Peter Croall & Sons staff at Kelso 1880\n The Cross Keys at Kelso from which Croall's daily stage coach left for Prince's Street, Edinburgh\n\nCategory:Coachbuilders of the United Kingdom\nC\nCroall" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Deferasirox selectively induces cell death in the clinically relevant population of leukemic CD34+CD38- cells through iron chelation, induction of ROS, and inhibition of HIF1α expression.", "\nDespite a high remission rate after therapy, only 40-50% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients survive 5 years after diagnosis. ", "The main cause of treatment failure is thought to be insufficient eradication of CD34+CD38- AML cells. ", "In order to induce preferential cell death in CD34+CD38- AML cells, two separate events may be necessary: (1) inhibition of survival signals such as nuclear factor kappa-beta (NF-κB) and (2) induction of stress responses such as the oxidative stress response. ", "Therefore, regimens that mediate both effects may be favorable. ", "Deferasirox is a rationally designed oral iron chelator mainly used to reduce chronic iron overload in patients who receive long-term blood transfusions. ", "Our study revealed that clinically relevant concentrations of deferasirox are cytotoxic in vitro to AML progenitor cells, but even more potent against the more primitive CD34+CD38- cell population. ", "In addition, we found that deferasirox exerts its effect, at least in part, by inhibiting the NF-κB/hypoxia-induced factor 1-alpha (HIF1α) pathway and by elevating reactive oxygen species levels. ", "We believe that, pending further characterization, deferasirox can be considered as a potential therapeutic agent for eradicating CD34+CD38- AML cells." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nCan Silverlight communicate with a MIDI instrument?", "\n\nCan Silverlight communicate with a MIDI instrument connected to the machine running the Silverlight application? ", "In- or out-browser.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt appears that this is not possible in Silverlight. ", " To communicate with a MIDI device, you would have to PInvoke methods in winmm.dll, and this (apparently) cannot be done in Silverlight. ", " See:\nhttp://forums.silverlight.net/forums/t/123673.aspx\nThis could be done easily in a WPF or WinForms application. ", " It could also be done in a browser with XBAP, although you would need elevated permissions to access the winmm API, which would require a certificate. ", " You can also still make ActiveX controls with .Net, but I think you would still need a certificate for this to get the proper permissions (although it might work with just a scary security confirmation dialog).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "I represent the first generation who, when we were born, the television was now a permanent fixture in our homes. ", "When I was born people had breakfast with Barbara Walters, dinner with Walter Cronkite, and slept with Johnny Carson.", "\nRead the full \"Pre-ramble\"\n\nTuesday, January 20, 2009\n\nYour Special Inauguration Edition Mental Sorbet: January 20th. ", "2009\n\nHere is another \"Mental Sorbet\" that we could use to momentarily forget about those things that leave a bad taste in our mouths.", "\n\nPresident Barack Obama takes the oath of office and delivers his inaugural address from the steps of the Capitol.", "\n\nGood Luck in your new location President Obama... I like the sound of that.", "\n\nCHILD OF TELEVISION @ iTunes\n\nPre-ramble\n\nI represent the first generation whom, when we were born, the television was now a permanent fixture in our homes. ", "When I was born people had breakfast with Barbara Walters, dinner with Walter Cronkite, and slept with Johnny Carson.", "\nRead the full \"Pre-ramble\"" ]

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[ " United States Court of Appeals\n FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT\n ___________\n\n No. ", "96-4125\n ___________\n\nMary Brooks, *\n *\n Appellant, *\n * Appeal from the United States\n v. * District Court for the\n * Eastern District of Missouri.", "\nSpecial School District of St. Louis *\nCounty, * [UNPUBLISHED]\n *\n Appellee. ", " *\n ___________\n\n Submitted: October 9, 1997\n Filed: October 15, 1997\n ___________\n\nBefore FAGG, BOWMAN, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.", "\n ___________\n\nPER CURIAM.", "\n\n Mary Brooks appeals from the District Court&s1 order dismissing her Title VII,\n42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. (", "1994), action for failing to pay the District Court filing fee.", "\nWe affirm.", "\n\n Brooks filed a Title VII complaint against her former employer, Special School\nDistrict of St. Louis County, paying the filing fee by check. ", "Three weeks later, the\n\n\n 1\n The Honorable Carol E. Jackson, United States District Judge for the Eastern\nDistrict of Missouri.", "\n\fDistrict Court clerk sent a letter stating that the check had been returned due to\ninsufficient funds, and that “[i]t is imperative that this check is covered immediately.”", "\nBrooks failed to pay the fee, and four months after the clerk&s letter was sent, the Court\nentered an order dismissing Brooks&s claim without prejudice for failure to pay the\nfiling fee. ", "Brooks filed a motion to set aside the dismissal. ", "The District Court denied\nthis motion, and Brooks appealed. ", "On appeal, Brooks argues the District Court abused\nits discretion in dismissing her complaint without prejudice, and asserts the dismissal\nwas, in effect, a dismissal with prejudice because she is now time-barred from re-filing\nthe action.", "\n\n The District Court has the inherent power to control its docket, see M.S. v.\nWermers, 557 F.2d 170, 175 (8th Cir. ", "1977), and may dismiss an action for failure to\ncomply with a court order or failure to prosecute, see Fed. ", "R. Civ. ", "P. 41(b); First Gen.\nResources Co. v. Elton Leather Corp., 958 F.2d 204, 206 (8th Cir. ", "1992) (per curiam);\nGarrison v. International Paper Co., 714 F.2d 757, 759 (8th Cir. ", "1983). ", "We review\nsuch dismissals only for abuse of discretion. ", "See First Gen. Resources Co., 958 F.2d\nat 206. ", "Payment of a filing fee is mandatory for a party instituting a civil action. ", "See\n28 U.S.C. § 1914 (1994).", "\n\n After carefully reviewing the record, we conclude the District Court did not\nabuse its discretion in dismissing Brooks&s action for failure to pay the filing fee.", "\n\n Accordingly, the judgment is affirmed.", "\n\n A true copy.", "\n\n Attest:\n\n CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.", "\n\n\n -2-\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "TOLEDO, OH—Describing how the child entered a state of complete mental serenity free from any stress or anxiety as soon as he closed the flaps of the large shipping carton over him, sources confirmed Thursday that sitting inside his cardboard box is the safest local 6-year-old Kyle Wolfe will feel for the remainder of his life. “", "Countdown to blastoff,” said the child, who reportedly will not experience a greater sense of security, comfort, or self-assuredness during the next seven decades than he does right now sitting cross-legged between the crayon-covered corrugated walls of his pretend spaceship. “", "Hold on tight. ", "Let’s explore outer space..” At press time, Wolfe’s father was reportedly tossing the flattened cardboard box into the recycling.", "\n\nAdvertisement" ]

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[ "Prediction of lithium response in young adult psychotic patients.", "\nThrough an assessment of affectivity by means of the Crabtree - Horsham Affective Trait Scale, the author was able to predict, with 83-90% accuracy, who would and who would not be judged to be lithium responsive in a sample of hospitalized young adult psychotic patients who received a trial of lithium carbonate. ", "The scale combines an assessment of the psychosis, premorbid personality, family pedigree, family interactional character and the presence or absence of a history of minimal brain dysfunction and drug-induced hypomania. ", "Treatment outcome was found to be significantly better in the group of high affect psychotic patients who received a trial of lithium, when compared with the comparison group of high affect psychotic patients who did not." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Hughton proud of Blues victory\n\nProud Chris Hughton felt Birmingham were worthy winners over CD Nacional as they reached the group stages of the Europa League and saluted the impact of inspirational teenager Nathan Redmond.", "\n\nSeventeen-year-old man of the match Redmond set the midlands outfit on their way to a comprehensive 3-0 play-off second-leg victory over their Portuguese visitors, with the tie goalless from the opening encounter in Madeira last Thursday.", "\n\nHughton said: \"I'm extremely proud. ", "We knew it was going to be a very tough game. ", "It was similar to the first leg where Nacional started very well. ", "We took a little while to get into the game but once we did, I thought we were very good value for the win.\"", "\n\nBlues now face the prospect of balancing at least a further six European matches with their quest for immediate promotion back to the Barclays Premier League.", "\n\n\"I think the important thing is that we are here, which of course brings us extra games, whether that is something we could do with or not,\" admitted Hughton\n\n\"But I think if you look at the atmosphere tonight and the performance, you had a team that very much wanted to go through and a full house that very much came to cheer the team on and, if you asked any of them if they wanted to go through, it would be an emphatic 'yes'.", "\n\n\"So we have to work around it. ", "How far we can go? ", "We don't know. ", "But for as long as we're in it we will try and enjoy it.\"", "\n\nUndoubtedly, the start of the show was winger Redmond - a Birmingham-born boyhood Blues fan and graduate of City's Academy - who broke his duck for the club with a fairytale goal in what was his full home debut.", "\n\n\"He's a lad that we rate very highly here,\" said Hughton. \"", "You don't know how good he can be. ", "He's a young man with a lot of potential and can play either flank.", "\n\n\"Certainly these performances won't do him any harm. ", "It's very early days. ", "He's very much on a high but we will have some lows and it's up to us to manage him. ", "He's a young man with a lot of potential.\"", "\n\nReport author of article\n\nDISCLAIMER\n\nThis article has been written by a member of the GiveMeSport Writing Academy and does not represent the views of\nGiveMeSport.com or SportsNewMedia. ", "The views and opinions expressed are solely that of the author credited at the top of this article.", "\nGiveMeSport.com and SportsNewMedia do not take any responsibility for the content of its contributors.", "\n\nWant more content like this?", "\n\nLike our GiveMeSport Facebook Page and you will get this directly to you." ]

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[ "Overview\n\nThis document details the procedure for upgrading the Cisco UC Virtualization Hypervisor (VMware vSphere Hypervisor) that is used by Cisco Business Edition servers. ", "The following table provides the links to additional information for each of the upgrades.", "\n\nWhile VMware offers a number of different upgrade strategies for the vSphere Hypervisor, the following interactive update process is suitable for any Cisco Business Edition server deployment and can be carried out either locally or remotely.", "\n\nAs common licenses are used for ESXi 5.x software releases, you do not have to upgrade licenses when upgrading between ESXi 5.0, ESXi 5.1, or ESXi 5.5.", "\n\nProcedure\n\nProcedure\n\nStep 1\n\nUsing either a Firefox or Internet Explorer browser, log in to the Business Edition server CIMC interface. ", "If prompted, accept any untrusted certificates from the server host address.", "\n\nStep 2\n\nVerify that access to the remote server console is possible by launching the KVM Console from the Server Summary page.", "\n\nNote\n\nChrome browsers may not automatically run the Java KVM Console. ", "In this case, click on the downloaded file, then follow the options to run the Java script using the javaws.exe application. ", "For Java 7 installed on a Windows 7 PC, this file location would typically be C:\\Program Files(x86)\\Java\\jre7\\bin.", "\n\nStep 3\n\nUsing the vSphere client, access the Business Edition Hypervisor management interface.", "\n\nMake a note of which virtual machines are running.", "\n\nMake a note of the active license key. ", "Select the host object in the inventory list, then select Licensed Features from the Configuration tab.", "\n\nNote\n\nDo not use free or trial licenses provided by VMware, as these licenses may time expire. ", "Use either the UC Virtualization Hypervisor license provided with the Business Edition server, or licenses that are purchased through Cisco or VMware.", "\n\nStep 4\n\nSelect each running virtual machine in turn and power it down by pressing CTRL+D or using the virtual machine shortcut menu to select Shut Down Guest.", "\n\nStep 5\n\nAfter the virtual machines have shut down, select the host entry at the top of the inventory list, then select Enter Maintenance Mode and then Shut Down. ", "You can access these commands through the host context menu (right click).", "\n\nStep 6\n\nFrom the CIMC Server Summary web interface, verify that the server power state is off.", "\n\nStep 7\n\nUsing the CIMC KVM console, select the Virtual Media tab to connect the hypervisor installation file as follows:\n\nClick Add Image… and select the installation ISO file from the local disk.", "\n\nSelect the Mapped option for the ISO image file to create a Virtual CD/DVD drive for the server.", "\n\nStep 8\n\nEnsure that the server is configured to boot from CD-ROM by using the Configure Boot Order option on the CIMC Server > BIOS. ", "Adjust the device priority, if required.", "\n\nStep 9\n\nRestart the server by clicking Power On Server from the CIMC Server > Summary.", "\n\nStep 10\n\nSelect the KVM tab of the KVM console. ", "As the server boots from the ESXi installation package, the Installer interface is displayed. ", "Use the following choices to complete the upgrade process:\n\nWelcome Screen: Press Enter to continue.", "\n\nEnd User License Agreement: Press F11 to accept and continue.", "\n\nDisk Selection: Ensure that the local disk array is highlighted and press Enter to continue.", "\n\nThe installer will detect the presence of an existing hypervisor and datastore. ", "Select Upgrade ESXi, preserve VMFS datastore and press Enter to continue.", "\n\nConfirm Upgrade: Press F11 to start the upgrade process.", "\n\nStep 11\n\nWhen the upgrade has completed successfully, use the CIMC Virtual Media interface tab to remove the ESXi installation file and mapping before pressing Enter in the KVM tab to reboot the server.", "\n\nStep 12\n\nAfter the server reboots, use the vSphere client to access the hypervisor management interface. ", "When accessing the upgraded hypervisor for the first time, the vSphere client will automatically upgrade. ", "Accept default options and license to complete this process.", "\n\nNote\n\nWhen you upgrade to ESXi 5.5, the updated vSphere client carries a warning that new features are only available through the vSphere web client. ", "As it is possible to manage Business Hosts without using new vSphere features, you can continue to use the traditional vSphere client.", "\n\nStep 13\n\nSelect the host entry in the inventory list and select Exit Maintenance Mode.", "\n\nStep 14\n\nVerify that the license key recorded in Step 3B is active (Configuration > Licensed Features) for the host object.", "\n\nStep 15\n\nPower on all virtual machines that were running at the start of this process to finish the upgrade.", "\n\nNote\n\nWhen upgrading Virtualization Hypervisor hosts that are not managed by vCenter, to ESXi 5.5, do not upgrade virtual machines to vmv10 or later. ", "You can edit vmv10 clients only by using the vSphere web client, that is not supported by the Virtualization Hypervisor license.", "\n\nTHE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS\nMANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ", "ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND\nRECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED\nWITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. ", "USERS MUST TAKE FULL\nRESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS.", "\n\nTHE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT\nARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE\nINCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. ", "IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE\nLICENSE OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY.", "\n\nNOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND\nSOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS\" WITH ALL FAULTS. ", "CISCO AND THE\nABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING,\nWITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE\nAND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE\nPRACTICE.", "\n\nIN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT,\nSPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION,\nLOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO\nUSE THIS MANUAL, EVEN IF CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE\nPOSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.", "\n\nAny Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and phone numbers used in this document are not intended to be actual addresses and phone numbers. ", "Any examples, command display output, network topology diagrams, and other figures included in the document are shown for illustrative purposes only. ", "Any use of actual IP addresses or phone numbers in illustrative content is unintentional and coincidental.", "\n\nCisco and the Cisco logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Cisco and/or its affiliates in the U.S. and other countries. ", "To view a list of Cisco trademarks, go to this URL: http:/​/​www.cisco.com/​go/​trademarks. ", "Third-party trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners. ", "The use of the word partner does not imply a partnership relationship between Cisco and any other company. (", "1110R)" ]

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[ "Aram Roston\n\nAram Roston is an American investigative journalist, and author of The Man Who Pushed America to War: The Extraordinary Life, Adventures, and Obsessions of Ahmad Chalabi He is a correspondent for Reuters. ", "\n\nHe has written for Newsweek, The New York Times, GQ, Mother Jones, The Nation, \"Playboy Magazine,\"The Guardian, The Observer, New Statesman and other publications.", "\n\nIn 2010, Roston was awarded the Daniel Pearl Award by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, for a story called \"How the US Funds the Taliban.\" ", "The expose, which ran in November 2009 in The Nation Magazine, sparked a congressional investigation, and disclosed how a web of Pentagon contractors in Afghanistan routinely pay millions of dollars in protection money to the Taliban. ", "The Daniel Pearl Award is named after the Wall Street Journal correspondent murdered in 2002 in Pakistan and recognizes outstanding international investigative journalism.", "\n\nIn 2016 Roston and his colleague Jeremy Singer-Vine were awarded the Scripps Howard investigative journalism Farfel Award for a BuzzFeed News story called \"Fostering Profits,\" exposing abuses and deaths at the largest for-profit foster care company in the United States, The Mentor Network. ", "The series sparked a U.S. Senate investigation.", "\n\nOther journalism awards include a 2011 Investigative Reporters and Editors prize, two Emmy awards for investigative business reporting, and a merit award from the Society of Silurians.", "\n\nHe has been a correspondent for BuzzFeed News from 2014 to 2018, was a correspondent for CNN from 1998 through 2001, a producer for the investigative unit at NBC Nightly News from 2003 through 2008, Newsweek in 2011 and 2012, and a police reporter for NY1 News in New York City, and has reported from around the world, including assignments in Iraq, Colombia, Liberia and Afghanistan.", "\n\nWorks\n The Man Who Pushed America to War: The Extraordinary Life, Adventures, and Obsessions of Ahmad Chalabi, Nation Books (2008) , (2009) \n Meet the 'Prince of Marbella' - is he really supporting Iraq's insurgency?, ", "Aram Roston, The Guardian, October 1, 2006\n Crossing Jordan: Iraq fuel deal sparks lawsuit, Aram Roston, investigative producer NBC News, June 18, 2008\n Former Iraq security contractors say firm bought black market weapons, T. Christian Miller, ProPublica, and Aram Roston, September 18, 2009\n How the US army protects its trucks – by paying the Taliban, Aram Roston, The Guardian, November 13, 2009\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Aram Roston archive from \"BuzzFeed\"\n Aram Roston archive from AlterNet\n Aram Roston archive from The Huffington Post\n Aram Roston archive from Mother Jones\n Aram Roston archive from The Nation\n Aram Roston archive from Democracy Now!", "\n The Man Who Pushed America to War; The Extraordinary Life, Adventures, And Obsessions of Ahmad Chalabi official book website\n Writer Aram Roston, Parsing Ahmad Chalabi's Past Fresh Air from WHYY at NPR, March 17, 2008, interview and book excerpt\n Aram Roston interview on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, April 10, 2008\n The Man Who Conned the Pentagon, Playboy (magazine), December 2009 (about Dennis L. Montgomery)\n 'The Man Who Conned The Pentagon', Guy Raz, All Things Considered'' from WBUR at NPR, December 19, 2009, audio interview with transcript\n \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American foreign policy writers\nCategory:American male writers\nCategory:American male journalists\nCategory:Columbia University alumni\nCategory:American political writers\nCategory:American investigative journalists\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:BuzzFeed people" ]

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[ "Agricultural machines, such as harvesting combines and cotton pickers, typically have a hydraulically released and spring applied parking brake which is controlled electronically. ", "In a normal operating mode, when the engine is running and the machine is moving, conventional brake circuits typically disengage the park brake by continuously energizing a park brake solenoid, which is controlled electronically by an ignition key switch located in the cab. ", "When the key switch is in the on position, power is supplied to the park brake solenoid which keeps the park brake released. ", "When the key switch is in the off position, the park brake solenoid is de-energized which sets the park brake.", "\nIn a towing situation, when the engine is inoperable, power must be supplied to the park brake solenoid to release the park brake. ", "This is typically done by turning the ignition key switch to the on position which energizes the park brake solenoid. ", "However, after the machine is towed, it is very common for an operator to believe that all of the functions of the machine are off since the engine is inoperable. ", "As a result, the operator may forget to turn the key switch off. ", "If this happens, the solenoid will continue to be energized and will eventually drain all of the power from the battery.", "\nAnother disadvantage of conventional brake circuits is that the key switch can be turned off while the machine is moving without turning off the engine, which is usually turned off by a push-pull cable from a throttle lever. ", "As a result, if the machine is traveling at a high rate of speed on a road or highway and the key switch is inadvertently turned off, the park brake solenoid will be de-energized and the park brake will be engaged creating an undesirable situation.", "\nAccordingly, it would be desirable to have a towing and brake circuit that overcomes the disadvantages described above, and to provide a simple and cost effective towing and brake circuit." ]

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[ "Online Casino Gambling Comics Experience Points\n\nThis is an awesome gaming comic called Experience Points by Scott Johnson. ", "At CrispyGamer we love gaming comics, but besides comics we also love to gambling. ", "So why not check out some of our today’s free spins to see if something fits your liking." ]

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[ "\n6 Cal.", "Rptr.3d 363 (2003)\n113 Cal.", "App.4th 389\nThe PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent,\nv.\nBert Gene ROBERTSON, Defendant and Appellant.", "\nNo. ", "F040143\nCourt of Appeal, Fifth District\nNovember 17, 2003\nRehearing Denied December 4, 2003\nReview Denied February 18, 2004.", "\n*364 Mark Alan Hart, Northridge, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.", "\nBill Lockyer, Attorney General, Robert R. Anderson, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Jo Graves, Assistant Attorney General, Stan Cross and Susan Rankin Bunting, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.", "\nCertified for Partial Publication.[*]", "\n\nOPINION\nVARTABEDIAN, J.\nDefendant Bert Gene Robertson was found guilty of five sex crimes against C.S. and one sex crime against SM. ", "The crime against SM was charged under the authority of Penal Code section 803, subdivision (g), a special supplementary statute of limitations for certain sex crimes against minors.[1] In the published portion of this opinion, we reject defendant's claim that section 803, subdivision (g) violates ex post facto and due process and, even if constitutional, did not have retroactive effect until 1997. ", "Defendant also argues the evidence is insufficient to satisfy the corroboration requirement in section 803, subdivision (g), and the trial court erred in admitting evidence of uncharged prior sexual offenses and in giving a related jury instruction. ", "We affirm.[2]\n\nPROCEDURAL BACKGROUND\nDefendant was charged in count 1 with a lewd and lascivious act with a child under *365 the age of 14 against S.M. occurring between January 1, 1990 and November 30, 1991. (§ ", "288, subd. (", "a).) ", "It was alleged that the statute of limitations for this crime had been extended pursuant to section 803, subdivision (g). ", "Counts 2, 3, 5 and 6 alleged a lewd and lascivious act with a child 14 or 15 years of age where the defendant is at least 10 years older than the victim. (§ ", "288, subd. (", "c)(1).) ", "In count 4 defendant was charged with an act of sexual penetration with a person under the age of 16 and a defendant over the age of 21. (§ ", "289, subd. (", "i).) ", "It was alleged as to all counts that the crimes involved multiple victims. (§ ", "1203.066, subd. (", "a)(7).)", "\nPrior to trial, defendant filed a motion to set aside count 1 of the information based on the extension of the statute of limitations pursuant to section 803, subdivision (g). ", "The trial court denied the motion. ", "Defendant objected to the admission of prior uncharged acts against SM. ", "The trial court allowed the evidence to be admitted.", "\nThe jury found defendant guilty of counts 1 through 5 and not guilty on count 6. ", "It found the multiple-victim allegation to be true. ", "Defendant was sentenced to prison for a total term of eight years, eight months.", "\n\nFACTS[**]\n\nDISCUSSION\n\nI. Ex Post Facto\nDefendant was charged and convicted in count 1 of a lewd and lascivious act (§ 288, subd. (", "a)) against SM occurring between January 1, 1990 and November 30, 1991. ", "In 1990 and 1991 (and unchanged to date), the punishment for a violation of section 288, subdivision (a) was three, six, or eight years. ", "Pursuant to section 800, because this offense is punishable by eight years or more in prison, the statute of limitations is six years.", "\nCount 1 was charged pursuant to section 803, subdivision (g), a special supplementary statute of limitations for certain sex crimes against minors. ", "Section 803, subdivision (g) as originally enacted went into effect on January 1, 1994. ", "It provided in part that a \"criminal complaint may be filed within one year of the date of a report to a law enforcement agency by a person of any age alleging that he or she, while under the age of 18 years, was the victim of a crime described in Section 261, 286, 288, 288a, 288.5, 289 or 289.5.\"", "\nThe original legislation did not expressly state whether or not the enactment was retroactive. ", "In 1995 and 1996, some appellate courts issued decisions finding that section 803, subdivision (g) should not be given retroactive effect. ", "In response to these decisions, section 803, subdivision (g) was amended in 1996, going into effect on January 1, 1997, expressly stating that a pleading could be filed within one year of a qualifying report even where the defendant acquired a statute of limitations defense before 1994. (", "People v. Bunn (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1, 7-8, 115 Cal.", "Rptr.2d 192, 37 P.3d 380.)", "\nIn 1999, the California Supreme Court held that section 803, subdivision (g) could be applied retroactively without violating ex post facto principles. (", "People v. Frazer (1999) 21 Cal.4th 737, 88 Cal.", "Rptr.2d 312, 982 P.2d 180.) ", "In 2003, the United States Supreme Court held that section 803, subdivision (g), as applied to crimes that were already time-barred when the section was enacted, violates ex post facto principles. *", "366 (Stogner, supra, 539 U.S. 607, 123 S.Ct. ", "2446, 156 L.Ed.2d 544 (2003).)", "\nThe parties filed supplemental briefing in this court after the Stogner opinion was issued. ", "Defendant claims that although the statute of limitations for count 1 did not run until January 1, 1996,[3] a date after January 1, 1994, when section 803, subdivision (g) first went into effect, the statute was not made retroactive until January 1, 1997 when the 1996 amendment went into effect. ", "He asserts that statutes of limitations are to be strictly construed in favor of the accused and this court should not assume that the statute, as originally enacted, applied to crimes committed before the statute's effective date, even in cases where the statute of limitations had not expired on those crimes at the time the statute first took effect.", "\n\"While an intention to change the law is usually inferred from a material change in the language of the statute [citations], a consideration of the surrounding circumstances may indicate, on the other hand, that the amendment was merely the result of a legislative attempt to clarify the true meaning of the statute.\" (", "Martin v. California Mut. ", "B. & L. Assn. (", "1941) 18 Cal.2d 478, 484, 116 P.2d 71.) ", "Although the United States Supreme Court in Stogner disapproved of the California Supreme Court's holding in Frazer on the question of the applicability of ex post facto principles to an already expired statute of limitations, Stogner does nothing to questions answered in the Frazer opinion that do not have constitutional underpinnings. ", "The question whether the legislative change in 1996 was a clarification of the previous statute or was intended to be a material change to the existing statute is purely a question of California law. ", "The Frazer court found that the 1996 amendment was to repudiate the earlier Court of Appeal decisions finding that the statute was not retroactive and the \"1996 amendment sought to `clarify,' through express `retroactivity' and `revival' provisions.\" (", "People v. Frazer, supra, 21 Cal.4th at p. 753, 88 Cal.", "Rptr.2d 312, 982 P.2d 180.) ", "Thus the California Supreme Court held the 1996 amendment was a clarification of, not a change to, the original version of 1994. ", "We are bound by that decision. (", "Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455, 20 Cal.", "Rptr. ", "321, 369 P.2d 937.)", "\nStogner acknowledged that \"courts have upheld extensions of unexpired statutes of limitations....\" (Stogner, supra, 539 U.S. at p. 618, 123 S.Ct. ", "at p. 2453.) ", "Section 803, subdivision (g) was retroactive for instances of unexpired statutes of limitations at the time it was originally passed in 1994. ", "Because the statute of limitations in count 1 had not expired when this section went into effect in 1994, the defendant was properly prosecuted under this new statute extending the statute of limitations.", "\n\nII.-III.[***]", "\n\nDISPOSITION\nThe judgment is affirmed.", "\nWE CONCUR: DIBIASO, Acting P. J., and CORNELL, J.\nNOTES\n[*] Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 976(b) and 976.1, this opinion is certified for publication with the exception of the Facts and parts II and III of the Discussion.", "\n[1] All future code references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise noted.", "\n[2] While this case was pending in this court, we received a request from defendant to dismiss this appeal. ", "The basis asserted for the request is defendant's claim that following a request by the district attorney the trial court modified the judgment pursuant to Stogner v. California (2003) 539 U.S. 607, 123 S.Ct. ", "2446, 156 L.Ed.2d 544 (Stogner) dismissing count 1 and resentencing defendant on the remaining counts. ", "Because the issues raised on appeal involve only count 1, defendant claims the appeal is moot. ", "We deny the request for dismissal. ", "First, any action by the trial court after jurisdiction was properly established in this court is not properly before us. ", "Second, as evidenced by our discussion in the published portion of this case, our decision regarding the viability of count 1 is clearly in conflict with the reasoning for the purported dismissal in the trial court; thus we find that the matter is one of continuing public interest and is likely to recur. ", "We exercise our discretion to resolve the legal issues raised. (", "People v. Eubanks (1996) 14 Cal.4th 580, 584, fn. ", "2, 59 Cal.", "Rptr.2d 200, 927 P.2d 310.)", "\n[**] See footnote *, ante.", "\n[3] Although the charging period for count 1 ran from January 1, 1990 to November 30, 1991, we shall use the earliest date because it is not clear from SM's testimony the exact date of the crime. (", "People v. Angel (1999) 70 Cal.", "App.4th 1141, 83 Cal.", "Rptr.2d 222.)", "\n[***] See footnote *, ante.", "\n" ]

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[ "WARSAW, Poland — Poland's Ministry of Defence has launched the tender to acquire a battlefield management system (BMS) for its fleet of eight-wheel drive Rosomak armored modular vehicles (AMV). ", "In line with the new approach presented by the ministry, under which Poland is seeking to steer defense contracts to local manufacturers, state-run companies were the only ones invited to participate in the tender.", "\n\n\"It is expected that, in the long-term, the [BMS] will be installed onboard about 4,000 combat platforms,\" the ministry's Armament Inspectorate said in a statement.", "\n\nIn the first phase of the procurement, 16 vehicles will be fitted with the BMS. ", "The second phase will see the system installed onboard a further 44 AMVs. ", "In the procurement's third phase, the BMS will be provided to 250 Rosomaks. ", "In total, 310 AMVs are to be covered by the system. ", "The procurement is to be completed within a period of four years and two months following the signing of the deal, according to the Armament Inspectorate.", "\n\nUnder the released terms, companies in which the Polish Treasury does not have a stake of more than 50 percent or names more than 50 percent of its management board cannot take part in the tender.", "\n\nThe Rosomak is manufactured by the state-owned Rosomak S.A., a military-vehicle plant based in Siemianowice Slaskie, in Poland's southwestern part. ", "The AMV is produced under a license from Finland's Patria." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nC#/ASP.NET Core: Is this proper usage of .Wait()?", "\n\nContext:\nWe've got a big inheritance tree with interfaces and the whole shabang. ", "We feed a request to a factory, which creates the proper object, then we call a DoStuff() method that all of these objects expose. ", "The method doesn't return anything, just sets some properties.", "\nProblem:\nIn just a single case, inside the DoStuff() method, we have to call an async method, there's just no way around it because we don't have control over that method. ", "Refactoring the entire inheritance tree to turn the DoStuff() method to use an async Task signature is not something we look forward to.", "\nWe're fine with blocking the thread until the operation finishes. ", "\nQuestion:\nWe've tried using RunSynchronously() on the method but we've got the following error: \nSystem.", "InvalidOperationException: RunSynchronously may not be called on a task not bound to a delegate, such as the task returned from an asynchronous method.", "\n at System.", "ThrowHelper.", "ThrowInvalidOperationException(ExceptionResource resource)\n at System.", "Threading.", "Tasks.", "Task.", "InternalRunSynchronously(TaskScheduler scheduler, Boolean waitForCompletion)\n\nShould we use Wait() instead?", "\n\nA:\n\nIt depends if you are happy with the downsides. ", "This is a web application, so you want to keep your threads as free as possible, however by using .Wait() you have one additional thread unavailable on top of whatever threads are needed inside the async method for the continuations (or thread bound tasks, again not typical for a web app).", "\nYou won't see any deadlocks however, if this was what you were afraid of. ", "ASP.NET Core doesn't use a non-default SynchronizationContext, so you won't lock up, but be warned, it's a slippery slope to not being able to cope under load, as this is worse than the synchronous version.", "\nIf this were regular ASP.NET you would see deadlocks if any of the awaits inside of the async method aren't using ConfigureAwait(false) (it's not quite as black and white as that, but that's near enough the truth).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nProving that the Minkowski metric tensor is invariant under Lorentz transformations\n\nI'm studying special relativity.", "\nA general Lorentz transformation is defined by $\\Lambda^T\\eta\\Lambda=\\eta$.\nNow,\n\\begin{align}\n\\eta'^{\\mu\\nu} &= \\Lambda^\\mu_{\\;\\;\\alpha}\\Lambda^\\nu_{\\;\\;\\beta}\\eta^{\\alpha\\beta}\\\\\n&= (\\Lambda\\eta\\Lambda^T)^{\\mu\\nu}\n\\end{align}\nHow does this equal $\\eta^{\\mu\\nu}$? ", "All we know is that $\\Lambda^T\\eta\\Lambda=\\eta$.\n\nA:\n\nAs you pointed out, the matrix form for the transformation equation of $\\eta$ is:\n$$\\eta' = \\Lambda \\eta \\Lambda^T$$\nIt's possible to show that $\\eta' = \\eta$, given that $\\eta = \\Lambda^T \\eta \\Lambda$, recalling that $\\eta = \\eta^{-1}$:\n$$\\begin{align}\n\\eta &= \\Lambda^T \\eta \\Lambda \\\\ \\Lambda \\eta \\eta &= (\\Lambda \\eta \\Lambda^T) \\eta \\Lambda \\\\ \\Lambda &=(\\Lambda \\eta \\Lambda^T) \\eta \\Lambda\n\\end{align}$$\nThis means that $\\Lambda \\eta \\Lambda^T = \\eta$ as well, so $\\eta = \\eta'$.\nAlternatively, we can use the fact that $\\eta = \\Lambda^T \\eta \\Lambda$ must hold for all Lorentz transformations $\\Lambda$ and if $\\Lambda$ is a Lorentz transformation, then so is $\\Lambda^{-1}$. Taking the inverse of both sides:\n$$\\begin{align}\n\\eta = \\Lambda^{-1} \\eta {(\\Lambda^{-1})}^T \n\\end{align}$$\nHowever, what actually is $\\Lambda^{-1}$ is semantics since this equation holds for all $\\Lambda$ anyway, so we could just as well write $\\eta = \\Lambda \\eta \\Lambda^T$.\nOne final way to show that $\\eta' = \\eta$ is through the transformation of $\\eta_{\\mu \\nu}$ instead of $\\eta^{\\mu \\nu}$:\n$$\\begin{align}\n\\eta'_{\\mu \\nu} &= \\Lambda^{\\alpha}{}_{\\mu} \\Lambda^{\\beta}{}_{\\nu} \\eta_{\\alpha \\beta} \\\\ &= (\\Lambda^T)_{\\mu}{}^{\\alpha} \\eta_{\\alpha \\beta} \\Lambda^{\\beta}{}_{\\nu}\n\\end{align}$$\nwhich has the direct matrix interpretation of $\\eta' = \\Lambda^T \\eta \\Lambda = \\eta$. This can then also be used to show why $\\Lambda^T \\eta \\Lambda = \\Lambda \\eta \\Lambda^T$.\n\n" ]

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[ "Una tifosa russa durante il Mondiale. ", "Afp\n\nLa Fifa ha deciso di richiedere alle emittenti e alle troupe televisive di diminuire le riprese delle tifose durante le partite del Mondiale in Russia in quanto considerate di carattere sessista. ", "Lo ha dichiarato il capo del dipartimento per la responsabilità sociale Fifa Federico Addiechi, secondo quanto riportato dall’agenzia Ap. ", "Lo stesso Addiechi ha fatto notare che durante il Mondiale in corso di svolgimento i casi di sessismo sono stati più frequenti di quelli di razzismo.", "\n\nMOLESTIE — In particolare sono stati registrati una trentina di casi di molestie nei confronti delle croniste televisive. ", "Il funzionario Fifa ha aggiunto che la decisione è una \"normale evoluzione\", facendo notare che rispetto al precedente Mondiale, le riprese delle partite sono migliorate significativamente. ", "Addiechi ha poi ricordato che la Fifa era già intervenuta nel lavoro delle emittenti televisive in passato ma solo in \"casi individuali e piuttosto evidenti\"." ]

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[ "---\ntitle: Source Control Integration Overview | Microsoft Docs\nms.date: 11/04/2016\nms.topic: conceptual\nhelpviewer_keywords:\n- source control [Visual Studio SDK], about source control\nms.assetid: 3a46e4eb-e677-49c3-8647-d927d035a19a\nauthor: acangialosi\nms.author: anthc\nmanager: jillfra\nms.workload:\n- vssdk\n---\n# Source Control Integration Overview\nThis section compares the two ways to integrate into Visual Studio source control; a source control Plug-in and a VSPackage that provides a source control solution and highlights the new source control features. ", "Visual Studio allows for manual switching between source control VSPackages and source control plug-ins as well as automatic solution-based switching.", "\n\n## Source Control Integration\n [!", "INCLUDE[vsprvs](../../code-quality/includes/vsprvs_md.md)] supports two types of source control integration options. ", "In all versions of [!", "INCLUDE[vsprvs](../../code-quality/includes/vsprvs_md.md)], you can still integrate a plug-in based on the Source Control Plug-in API (previously also referred to as the MSSCCI API), which provides basic source control functionality while using Visual Studio source control user interface (UI). ", "A source control VSPackage, on the other hand, provides a new, deep-integration [!", "INCLUDE[vsipsdk](../../extensibility/includes/vsipsdk_md.md)] path suitable for source control integration that demands a high level of sophistication and autonomy in its source control model.", "\n\n ![", "Source Control Overview](../../extensibility/internals/media/sourcectnrloverview.gif \"SourceCtnrlOverview\")\n\n## Source Control Plug-in\n All versions of Visual Studio support the Source Control Plug-in API specification version 1.2 as an integration path. ", "A source control plug-in implementer writes a DLL that implements the Source Control Plug-in API functions for source control integration and registration as described in [Creating a Source Control Plug-in](../../extensibility/internals/creating-a-source-control-plug-in.md). ", "In this approach, the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) uses the [!", "INCLUDE[vsprvs](../../code-quality/includes/vsprvs_md.md)] UI for dialog boxes, such as check in, checkout, tools/options property pages, toolbars, and source control glyphs. ", "Strict adherence to the Source Control Plug-in API insures an easy integration into Visual Studio and a trouble-free experience for the user. ", "This means the source control plug-in must implement most of the functions and callbacks detailed in the API.", "\n\n To implement a source control plug-in using the Source Control Plug-in API, follow these steps:\n\n1. ", "Create a DLL that implements the functions specified in [Source Control Plug-ins](../../extensibility/source-control-plug-ins.md).", "\n\n2. ", "Register the DLL by making the appropriate registry entries (described in [How to: Install a Source Control Plug-in](../../extensibility/internals/how-to-install-a-source-control-plug-in.md)).", "\n\n3. ", "Create a helper UI and display when prompted by the Source Control Adapter Package (the Visual Studio component that handles source control functionality via source control plug-ins)\n\n In response to a source control command, the Visual Studio IDE presents a standard UI for the basic operations and then passes the information to the source control plug-in via the functions defined in the Source Control Plug-in API. ", "For advanced options, the source control plug-in may be called on to present its own UI, for example, browsing for a source-controlled project. ", "This means that the user may be presented with two possibly different styles of UI when dealing with source control: the UI that Visual Studio presents and the UI that the source control plug-in presents. ", "This is most noticeable with advanced source control operations.", "\n\n### Drawbacks to Implementing a Source Control Plug-in\n\n- For advanced features, the user may see two different styles of interfaces, leading to possible confusion.", "\n\n- The source control plug-in is confined to the source control model implied by the Source Control Plug-in API.", "\n\n- The Source Control Plug-in API may be too restrictive for some source control scenarios.", "\n\n### Advantages to Implementing a Source Control Plug-in\n\n- Visual Studio supplies all the UI for all the basic source control operations so that the source control plug-in does not have to implement potentially complex UI.", "\n\n- Because of the strict API, the source control plug-in can readily interact with external source control programs to provide more extensive functionality; Visual Studio does not care too much how the source control functionality is accomplished, only that it is accomplished according to the Source Control Plug-in API.", "\n\n- It is easier to implement a source control plug-in than a source control VSPackage.", "\n\n## Source Control VSPackage\n [!", "INCLUDE[vsipsdk](../../extensibility/includes/vsipsdk_md.md)] allows for deep integration into Visual Studio with full control of source control functionality and complete replacement of the Visual Studio-provided source control user interface. ", "A source control VSPackage is registered with Visual Studio and provides source control functionality. ", "Although several source control VSPackages can be registered with Visual Studio, only one of them can be active at any one time. ", "A source control VSPackage has full control over the source control functionality and appearance in Visual Studio while it is active. ", "All other source control VSPackages that may be registered in the system are inactive and will not display any UI at all.", "\n\n Implementing a source control VSPackage requires an \"all or nothing\" strategy. ", "The creator of a source control VSPackage must invest a significant amount of effort in implementing a number of source control interfaces and new UI elements (dialog boxes, menus, and toolbars) to cover the entire source control functionality. ", "See [Creating a Source Control VSPackage](../../extensibility/internals/creating-a-source-control-vspackage.md) for more details.", "\n\n### Drawbacks to Implementing a Source Control VSPackage\n\n- The VSPackage must implement a number of complex interfaces to integrate successfully with Visual Studio.", "\n\n- The VSPackage must supply all the UI required for source control; Visual Studio will provide no assistance in this area.", "\n\n- A source control VSPackage is intimately tied to Visual Studio and cannot operate with stand-alone programs, so functionality cannot be as easily shared with an external version of the source control program.", "\n\n### Advantages to Implementing a Source Control VSPackage\n\n- Because the VSPackage has full control over the source control UI and functionality, the user is presented with a seamless interface for source control.", "\n\n- The VSPackage is not confined to a particular source control model.", "\n\n## See also\n- [Source Control](../../extensibility/internals/source-control.md)\n- [Creating a Source Control Plug-in](../../extensibility/internals/creating-a-source-control-plug-in.md)\n- [Creating a Source Control VSPackage](../../extensibility/internals/creating-a-source-control-vspackage.md)\n- [What's New in Source Control](../../extensibility/internals/what-s-new-in-source-control.md)\n" ]

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[ "This is a series of community meetups where we welcome Drupal developers, users and people who are keen to find out more about this open-source content management system (CMS). ", "Events are organized by Drupal Developer Network (Singapore) RoS Registered with UEN T12SS0015F. Drupal is a registered trademark of Dries Buytaert.", "\n\nYou may sign up for our meetup page to stay in touch and be informed about our meetups.", "\n\nOfficial membership in the society requires signing up and paying an annual membership fee of S$5. ", "Contact membership@drupal.org.sg for more information.", "\n\nMembership entitles benefits such as discounts for our events. ", "Signing up for the meetup page does NOT enroll you as member in the society.", "\n\nThe meetup details for each event will indicate if the meetup is open for public, whether there's a charge, etc.", "\n\n\"By the way, please give some comments and rating or anything about the training. ", "We know there'­s still huge room for improvement­, but would be greatly appreciated­ if you guys can give a feedback. ", "Thank you.\"", "\n\n\"I would like to say thank you for those who participate in the Drupal Global Training Days. ", "Please keep exploring Drupal and have fun by it, and hopefully I will see guys again in other Drupal events or meetups....\"" ]

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[ "if on the off chance you've not done Psychoville yet. ", "Please do. ", "Second season gets even more out of control than the LOG Christmas episode with the vampire pedo priest that turns kids into vampires by sodomizing them.", "\n\nRado wrote:Yeah, loving it. ", "Just started season 3.", "\nRe-watching Alan Partridge as well. ", "Never gets old for me. ", "Have you seen the movie yet, Mobes?", "\n\nNot yet. ", "We're working out when we can do a mass 10+ people scheduled viewing of it.", "\n\nRado wrote:Can I just tell you it's from Barbara Canepa and Anna Merli's comic 'End'? ", "Canepa's got another series called Sky Doll. ", "Stumbled across her on Facebook...\n\nIf you hadn't named names I would have sworn it was Mark Ryden. ", "Next time I have money I will get 'a dog named jesus' tattood on my beautiful pasty skin. ", "Wanted to do it for like 8 years now.", "\n\nAs for old more old TV, not so much an individual show, but I've started watching the TV Carnage dvds. ", "Amazingly edited bits and pieces of insanity from mostly 90's tv on VHS. ", "Interlaced footage of The Fonz doing a 'speak up if you've been touched down there' vid, to evangelists, to a collection of US Politicians and Advertisers doing 'raps' cos it was cool, to you fucking name it. ", "Vague thematic ties throughout." ]

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[ "Modern microelectronics has allowed for considerable progress to be made in medical technology in the last thirty years. ", "Due to the increasing miniaturization of electronic components, it has been possible to develop a number of implantable medical devices in recent years for perceiving electrical signals of the human body and providing electrical signals, e.g. in the form of energy shocks or pulses, thereby exerting an influence on biological processes within the human body. ", "Such devices include e.g. implantable cardiac defibrillators or implantable devices for stimulating nerves or muscles, including so-called neurostimulators, which are intended to relieve chronic pain by overstimulating a certain neuromere. ", "Other such devices are stimulators for restoring a muscle tone if endogenic nerve pathways have failed, e.g. in the case of paraplegia. ", "These implantable devices also include so-called defibrillators, which can reestablish a regular cardiac rhythm in the case of ventricular fibrillation by providing an electric shock to the cardiac tissue. ", "These implantable defibrillators save lives in the case of certain asrhythmias.", "\nDefibrillation has been known for more than thirty years. ", "In the early years, it served in particular to help a fibrillating heart back to its regular beating rhythm during open heart surgery; cf. ", "J. B. Rosenbaum in Surgery, May 1955, pp. ", "712 and 713.", "\nIn the early 1980's, a defibrillator was implanted for the first time. ", "Experiences with this implanted device can be found in the survey by L. Watkins et al.: ", "Automatic defibrillation in man, in J. Thorac, Cardiovasc. ", "Surg. ", "82, 1981, pp. ", "492 to 500. ", "The implantation method, which has not changed essentially up to now, consisted in applying two electrodes to the myocardium after opening the chest cavity. ", "In addition to this method, one already introduced in early years was that of applying to the heart a usually large-surface electrode, a so-called patch, and placing an opposite electrode transvenously in the vena cava or in the atrium or right ventricle. ", "The surgical method used for this purpose world-wide is also described in the article by L. Watkins et. ", "al. ", "After opening the thorax one exposes the pericardium and the heart, so that one can sew on the patch electrode required for defibrillation.", "\nSince the patients in need of an implantable defibrillator generally have a very poor pumping function of the heart, one must not underestimate the complications of such a great surgical operation. ", "Along with the risks of general anesthesia, problems occurred in past years in particular with respect to the placing of the electrodes and with respect to inadequate energy release or stimulus threshold conditions which even made it necessary to explant the entire defibrillator. ", "There were also wound-healing impairments, pocket infections and large hematomas in the pericardium as a result of the operation. ", "Post and perioperative fatalities were described, and repeatedly an additional further deterioration of the cardiac pumping function due to the sewn on patch electrode. ", "A survey of such problems is found in the article by D. Echt et al., ", "Clinical experience, complications and survival in 70 patients with the automatic implantable cardioverter/defibrillator, in Circulation, vol. ", "71, no. ", "2, 1985, pp. ", "289 to 296.", "\nThe patent literature describes, in addition to the above-mentioned patch or pad electrodes, a number of other electrode constructions and arrangements as well as methods of defibrillation.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,614,955 together with reissue patents nos. ", "27,652 and 27,757 describe an electrode which is introduced into the right ventricle of the heart and serves there not only to give shocks but also to monitor the cardiac activity. ", "An electrode for defibrillation that is also introduced into the right ventricle and disposed on a catheter is known from U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,942,536. ", "However, these two methods have not gained acceptance in practice due to insufficient functioning.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,857,398 discloses the combination of a defibrillator with a demand pacemaker. ", "The defibrillator is triggered by cardiogenic electrical signals which are perceived with an electrode. ", "The triggering of a defibrillator on the basis of perception of the electrical and mechanical activity of the heart is described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,291,699. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,641,656 describes a pad electrode provided on the myocardium in conjunction with a large-surface opposite electrode in the right ventricle, for distributing the current conduction evenly over different muscle areas of the heart. ", "According to U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,548,203, two pairs of spatially remote electrodes are disposed on the myocardium, whereby ventricular fibrillation and tachyrhythmia can be controlled by two pulses at different times. ", "An endocardial electrode having an electrical connection between different conductor structures with low resistance is described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,481,953. ", "A transvenous electrode arrangement is also known from U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,355,646, in which an endocardial electrode with two electrode points in the ventricle and two electrode points in the atrium is connected by a triaxial lead with low electrical resistance to an implantable cardioverter or defibrillator, for optimally measuring the changes in impedance of the ventricle and allowing for cardioversion to be performed via the same electrode. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,355,642 discloses a disk-shaped electrode arrangement suitable both for perceiving the cardiogenic beat and for defibrillation. ", "According to U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,738,370, a bipolar coaxial catheter is placed in the atrium, the electrode points thereof being used to perform the defibrillation. ", "In U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,708,145, a pad electrode is placed on the myocardium while an opposite electrode is disposed within the heart. ", "By sequential stimulation one can therefore eliminate ventricular fibrillation. ", "In U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,787,389, electrode points are also provided outside on the myocardium as well as in the atrium and in the ventricle. ", "There is a possibility here of performing antitachycardiac stimulation and defibrillation of the heart jointly, coded pulses being provided by the defibrillator to protect the antitachycardiac pacemaker from being damaged by the defibrillation pulse. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,774,952 describes a multiple electrode arrangement for improved concentration of the current in the muscular areas of the heart during defibrillation. ", "A similar electrode arrangement having a plurality of electrodes attached to the myocardium is also known from Soviet author's certificate no. ", "1,263,260. ", "By evenly disposing a plurality of heteropolar electrodes about the heart, one reduces the harmful effects of the current on the myocardial cells. ", "British patent application no. ", "2,182,566 shows an elastic disk electrode which is applied to the myocardium and, thanks to its elasticity, can better follow the movements of the heart. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "4,270,549 and 4,291,707 describe a pad electrode which can be attached to the myocardium. ", "A fine titanium wire structure serves as an electrode pole, whereby the mean current density can be increased by applying lateral insulators. ", "These patents also mention a method by which the patch electrode can be applied without opening the upper chest cavity. ", "This is done with a spatula-like instrument which is introduced into the chest cavity through a cut. ", "However, the dimensions of the electrode presented here make it necessary for this introducing instrument to be of considerable size, having a width of four to six centimeters and a thickness of one to three centimeters. ", "It is understood that this kind of opertion also needs general asesthesia and cannot be performed simply under local anesthesia.", "\nOther patent art representative of the state of the defibrillation art and implantable cardiac electrodes therefor include U.S. Pat. ", "4,765,341, M. M. Mower, et al. ", "and 4,512,351 P. J. Pohndorf, and European patent application 0,317,490 T. J. Fogarty published May 24, 1989 based upon a U.S. priority date of Nov. 13, 1987.", "\nNone of this art has resolved the problems encountered in interfacing electrodes with body tissue for low resistance conductivity, large surface area, low polarization and little intrinsic stiffness with interchange of electrical signals over long life with the capacity for good communication and high current levels. ", "Additionally it still remains complicated to introduce and manipulate prior art electrodes and associated electrical therapeutic instruments.", "\nIn particular, the methods and apparatus described in the aforesaid literature and patents have not been able to solve essential aspects and problems of defibrillation of the heart. ", "The basic problem relates to the energy transmission from an electrical device to the excitable human tissue via the electrode arrangement. ", "Excitable tissue is understood to refer to those cells whose membrane field strength can be affected by the application of an electrical current in such a way as to result in a depolarization of the cell.", "\nIn the case of a nerve this results in a transmitted pulse, while in the case of a muscle cell a transmitted contraction results. ", "The basic problems of energy transmission between an implantable device and the excitable tissue are accordingly found, as described at the outset, not only in defibrillators but also in neurostimulators, muscle stimulators, cochlear implants, and the like.", "\nOn the other hand for implantable cardiac pacemakers the problem of transmitting the energy from the pacemaker electrode to the heart has been intensely investigated in the past. ", "A survey of these problems can be found in the article by A. Ripart and J. Muciga: Electrode heart interface: definition of the ideal electrode, in PACE, vol. ", "6, Mar. 1983, pp.410 to 421. ", "The energy transmission was acceptably solved by materials with low polarization and an electrode head at the tip of the pacemaker electrode having an internal surface enlargement. ", "The surface area required for the energy exchange between the myocardial tissue and the electrode is 10 square millimeters on the average. ", "This surface suffices for transmitting the pacemaker pulses with voltages between 2.5 and 5 volts to the heart and stimulating the latter to beat. ", "The cardiogenic action can also be perceived via this electrode surface. ", "Materials for such electrodes are platinum iridium, pyrolyzed carbon and similar solids. ", "However, the conditions described there for cardiac pacing are completely different from those requirments to be met by electrode systems for defibrillation of the heart, since with defibrillation a manyfold surface (10,000 mm.sup.2) is mandatory in order to apply voltages of several hundred volts to the heart.", "\nOne electrode example is set forth in German Democratic Republic patent No. ", "263,239 Oct. 30, 1987 wherein a heart pacing lead comprises a bundle of anisotropic carbon fibers, which are effective for transmission of the pulse along the longitudinal axis toward the heart tissue. ", "These electrodes could never support the large electrically active surface area needed in defibrillators because of the very small point contact surface area with heart tissue and would have a tendency to erode in time biologically in the electrode to body interface. ", "Furthermore, this point contact characteristic cannot reliably support electrical signal communication for neurostimulation or muscle stimulation for instance because of a relatively undefined region of communication in body tissue disposed over larger surface areas. ", "There must therefore be in essence a joining of each body nerve junction with a point contact, which makes potential use of such electrodes prohibitive.", "\nUnsolved problems arise in the case of defibrillation of the heart. ", "Here, voltages between 500 and 2000 volts are required, depending on the energy release of the implanted defibrillator, to rectify the heart, that is in a state of chaotic excitation, and restore a regular beating activity by providing shocks and defibrillation. ", "In order to couple such energies into the heart, the defibrillation electrodes must have a surface between 50 and 100 square centimeters to avoid local burns. ", "Transvenously applied electrodes also have a surface between 4 and 20 square centimeters to ensure an even energy flow through the heart. ", "The large surface for the energy exchange, however, is only one of many requirements with respect to an optimal energy transmission between an implantable defibrillator and the heart. ", "Other requirements are low energy consumption due to nonpolarizing materials, and an even larger surface that can expand further, if possible, thereby contacting many structures of the heart. ", "The electrode providing the energy exchange with the heart should furthermore be very flexible and also allow for myocardial contact upon movement of the heart. ", "Such high flexibility also prevents any further restriction of the myocardial function, which is usually already restricted in these patients, whether with respect to the systolic pumping function or with respect to the diastolic relaxation. ", "High flexibility would furthermore restrict a mechanically induced foreign-body reaction. ", "Such improvements with respect to the energy transmission would also allow for more economical utilization of the available energy, thereby making it possible to use smaller implantable devices with a longer life without increasing the battery capacity. ", "The electrode should furthermore be easy to apply in order to minimize the risk of the operation. ", "If possible, the risks of a thoracotomy should be avoided, to put an end to the wound-healing impairments, hemorrhages in the pericardium and other infections occurring in the past. ", "It is desirable to be able to apply an electrode to patients who have already been operated on several times, even if these patients have developed corresponding adhesions due to a previous thoracotomy. ", "An easier application would also result in lower hospital costs and could also be performed in hospitals which do not have their own heart surgery departments. ", "It is also desirable to make the application readily repeatable if, for example, a change in the course of the disease due to new infarctions alters the demands to be made on the electrode arrangement, necessitating e.g. a higher energy exchange." ]

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[ "[Occupational differentials in cigarette smoking in South Korea: findings from the 2003 Social Statistics Survey].", "\nThe purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in smoking rates according to the major occupational categories in South Korea. ", "The study subjects were a weighted sample of 24,495 men and 26,121 women aged 25-64 from the 2003 Social Statistics Survey, which was conducted by the Korea National Statistical Office. ", "Occupation was classified according to the Korean Standard Occupation Classification. ", "We computed the age-standardized smoking rates according to gender and occupations after adjusting for the education level, marital status, and self-rated health. ", "For men, the smoking rate in elementary occupations was two times higher than that of clerks (OR= 1.98, 95% CI=1.74-2.26). ", "In general, a more prestigious job(professionals) correlated with lower smoking rates, and less prestigious jobs correlated with higher smoking rates, except for legislators, senior officials and managers. ", "For women, smoking among service workers was 4.1 times higher than among clerical workers (OR=4.11, 95% CI= 2.87-5.88). ", "For women, their occupations, except elementary workers, and the unemployed, the retired and the armed forces, failed to show significant differences in smoking compared with the clerical workers. ", "After adjusting for education, occupational differences in the smoking rate for men were attenuated in most occupations, except for legislators, professionals, and technicians. ", "Further adjustment for marital status and self-rated health had a minimal effect on the occupational differences in the smoking rate for men. ", "For women workers with service or elementary occupations, the ORs of smoking were attenuated with adjustment of the educational levels. ", "However, the ORs of smoking were increased in workers with service, sales or elementary occupations, as well as for legislators, and the unemployed, the retired and the armed forces, after additionally adjusting for marital status. ", "More prestigious jobs generally correlated with lower smoking rates in both sexes. ", "The anti-tobacco policy should consider smoking rate differentials by occupations." ]

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[ "CCR9-CCL25 interaction suppresses apoptosis of lung cancer cells by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway.", "\nCC chemokine receptor-9 (CCR9) is highly expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and cell lines. ", "However, the biological functions and the signals elicited by the interaction between CCR9 and its natural ligand CCL25 in NSCLC are unknown. ", "Here, we selectively depleted CCR9 and inhibited CCR9-CCL25 interaction in NSCLC cells using small recombinant lentivirus-mediated miRNA, and investigated the tumorigenic effects in vitro and in vivo. ", "Compromised CCR9-CCL25 interaction promoted apoptosis in NSCLC cells by activating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt in vitro. ", "In addition, we showed that CCR9-CCL25 interaction mediated the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in NSCLC cells, resulting in the up-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins, as well as the down-regulation of apoptotic proteins in a PI3K-/Akt-dependent manner. ", "These CCR9-CCL25-mediated effects were abrogated in the presence of a PI3K inhibitor (wortmannin 10 nM) or by inhibiting the CCR9-CCL25 interaction through CCR9 silencing, which also suggested that the biological function of CCR9-CCL25 was mainly regulated by PI3K. In vivo studies also demonstrated a significantly lower tumor burden in mice receiving CCR9-silence cells than those in mice receiving control cells. ", "Together, these data suggested that CCR9-CCL25 interaction induced tumorigenesis of NSCLC cells and that this induction might be accomplished through the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. ", "These findings may lead to a better understanding of the biological effects of CCR9-CCL25 interaction and provide clues for identifying novel therapeutic and preventive molecular markers for NSCLC." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "[Conservative treatment of urogenital fistula following gynecological surgery: the value of fibrin glue].", "\nUreteric and bladder vaginal fistulas are recognized complications of gynaecologic surgery. ", "We report on 4 cases of fistulas (2 uretero-vaginal and 2 vesico-vaginal) successfully treated by urinary drainage associated with plugging of fistula with fibrin sealant. ", "Efficiency of conservative treatments is directly related to early application. ", "Mechanical and biological properties of fibrin sealant explain its possible role in recovery, without increasing risk of viral transmission." ]

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[ "\n\n\n\nSpaceShipTwo, also known as the VSS Enterprise, had made its first flight with a crew aboard, and we’ve got video.", "\n\nThursday’s flight marked the first time a captive-carry flight of the spacecraft and its mothership, Eve, has included pilots on SpaceShipTwo. ", "The video includes preparation of the morning flight and air-to-air footage from the Beechcraft Starship chase plane.", "\n\nThe flight lasted more than six hours and included tests of systems aboard board the spacecraft, according to Virgin Galactic. ", "The flight is part of the test program that will lead to the first glide flight of the spacecraft.", "\n\nThere have been several preparation flights during the last month, suggesting the team is preparing for the glide flight even though no date has been released. ", "Though with the Farnborough International Airshow taking place this week and Airventure in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, next week, the media-savvy Virgin Galactic team has ample motivation to create a headline or two.", "\n\nVideo: Virgin Galactic" ]

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[ "The present invention relates to cooking apparatus for the household kitchen.", "\nMany labor-saving and time-saving devices have been devised to assist the home cook. ", "Some such devices are used for preparing the ingredients prior to cooking. ", "These include devices for chopping, grinding and mixing of ingredients and range from the familiar variable-speed electric mixer and blender to the more elaborate food processor with interchangeable blades for preparing such items as chopped onions, sliced potatoes and julienne carrots in a matter of seconds. ", "Other such devices are specially adapted to assist in cooking the prepared ingredients. ", "These include devices dedicated to particular types of food, such as toaster ovens and electric corn poppers, and devices for controlling cooking temperature, such as electric frying pans and woks and electrically heated, insulated crocks for long, slow simmering.", "\nAdvances in solid-state electronics and microprocessors have also benefited the experienced home cook and the non-cook alike. ", "For example, kitchen stoves are available with solid state monitoring apparatus for keeping the cook apprised of the temperature in the stove's oven during cooking. ", "Programmable microwave ovens may be used first to defrost and then to cook frozen cuts of meat or frozen pre-prepared dinners.", "\nAlthough devices of the above sort are of great assistance, the home cook must still interpret and execute a written recipe. ", "The following recipe for a chicken dish known as coq an vin illustrates the cooking steps to be followed without the use of the present invention.", "\nFirst, roughly three tablespoons of butter are melted in an appropriate pan situated on the top of a stove or in an electric frying pan. ", "To the pan are added one-quarter pound minced salt pork, three-quarters cup chopped onions, one sliced carrot, one peeled clove of garlic, and, if desired, three minced shallots. ", "These ingredients are lightly stirred until browned. ", "The temperature for browning is left to the cook's judgment. ", "The vegetables are then removed, and a disjointed chicken or boned and cut-up chicken breasts are browned in the fat, the temperature and cooking time again being left to the cook's judgment. ", "After the chicken is browned, the temperature is reduced and the following ingredients are added while the contents of the pan are stirred intermittently: two tablespoons flour, two tablespoons minced parsley, and appropriate amounts of chopped fresh chervil, thyme, salt, pepper, the perfunctory bay leaf, and the previously browned vegetables. ", "Finally, one and one-half cups of dry red wine are added. ", "The mixture is simmered, covered, over low heat for roughly one hour. ", "One-half pound of sliced mushrooms is added for the last five minutes of cooking.", "\nFor those unpolished in the cooking arts, yet no less appreciative of coq au vin, the above recipe is more difficult to follow than would appear from the printed word. ", "Notwithstanding all the features of known cooking apparatus, inexperienced cooks tend to burn the vegetables and overbrown the chicken. ", "The inexperienced cook, completing the initial steps and leaving the mixture to simmer for one hour, will generally be in need of rest and want to undertake activity unrelated to cooking while waiting to add the mushrooms. ", "The tendency is to rest longer than one hour with sometimes disastrous results if the cooking liquid should boil off.", "\nEven for the experienced cook, to whom the above recipe presents no special difficulty, the preparation calls for constant attention, at least during the initial period, and that is time better put to other uses." ]

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[ "Trend Following Trades Chart Trading II (TFT CT II)\n\nThe TFT CT II is the base Charting Indicator Package on which the \"Core\" TFT Method is designed around. ", "It allows Traders to work with all instruments types and time-frames that NT7 can chart (Futures, Forex and Stocks (as well as Options on Stocks Underlying)).", "\n\nRegardless of which type of Instruments or trading you choose, if you follow the Methods path as laid out by TFT, E-mail questions when they arise (not just sit there and find a way to \"break\" the Method) and ASK QUESTIONS, it is our experience that Traders find it difficult to not want to pursue the TFT Method fully.", "\n\nWe don't sell fancy Boxes that look like DVD holders, we don't give \"false\" hope and we certainly don't even make \"divine\" implications of our Methods or products ESPECIALLY in reference to the \"Holy Grail\" or indicators that are \"miraculous\". ", "If you're looking to turn your computer into a ATM machine with $5000, please keep looking, because it isn't here. ", "Here, hope isn't part of what is taught. ", "Hard work, Rules, dedication to our Edge, education of \"Mixed Method Edges\", understanding and definition of Risk, evaluation of a Traders learning \"progress\" of Method understanding and objectives, review of performance once Trading and the mutual understanding of the Traders dedication level towards Trading that he/she has, is what we do.", "\n\nBe honest with yourself and we'll be honest with you, avoid all of the \"Hype\" and \"To good to be true\" sales pitches and remember the old saying, \"if it sounds to good to be true, it almost always is\".", "\n\nA 2:1 Risk to Reward Ratio for target traders or first target and then trail traders is our goal unless support or resistance is in our way\n\nBackground coloring for short, middle and long Term Swing Market Structures can be activated at anytime - Traders Choice\n\nAccess to TFT's \"Base Method Trade Plan Guide\"\n\nMulti-Part Video Training series for that Trade Plan\n\nMulti-Part Video Training series of trade set-ups as well as recorded videos of past group sessions\n\nUnlimited Email and scheduled Skype Support between 2PM and 6PM EST M-F, as available\n\nTFT DDWR (Daily Dynamic Wicked Renko) Bar Access available to ALL Lifetime Futures Members (Please see the DDWR Area of the the Menu Performance Section of the Website for a video explanation of exactly what it is and what it does\n\nLicensed for (1) NT7 Machine ID (subsequent licenses are available for $500 per PC as long as they are being used with the same NT7 license - simulated or live). ", "Please inquire about this and we'll send a separate purchase link for this.", "\n\nTREND FOLLOWING TRADES, LLC\n\nDEFINITIONS\n\nTREND FOLLOWING TRADES, TRENDFOLLOWINGTRADES.COM, TREND FOLLOWING TRADES, LLC hereafter to as \"The Company\" warrants and states the following...\n\nRECITALS\n\nThe Company offers an indicator package and optional support services designed to educate Traders about various trading techniques to be utilized in trading of chartable financial instruments. ", "This service is intended for informational purposes only, considered to always be done in a simulation environment. ", "By subscribing or purchasing any products or services, Trader enters into this agreement even if he/she may have already entered into a similar one previously. ", "These trades, may or may not have been implemented by Trend Following Trades, LLC or its employees, and they may in fact at times have held positions counter to those identified. ", "No representation is being made that any account will or is likely to achieve profits or losses similar to those discussed in the educational materials. ", "The TFT indicator package and support services are neither a solicitation nor an offer to buy or sell commodities or other financial interests. ", "We are not licensed Traders and do NOT under any circumstances offer any buying or selling advice.", "\n\nNow THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements set forth below, Company and Trader agree as follows:\n\nTRAINING MATERIAL\n\nThe Company agrees to provide the Trader with instruction in trading via pre-recorded on-line classes, accessible to members at their convenience. ", "These classes are NOT downloadable and require a PC with a decent internet connection and \"Flash\" Player in order to be viewed properly. ", "Occasionally, our web hosting service will do maintenance or have unexpected issues (rare though) and it is understood that if this happens access to website information will not be possible for the time period that TFT Servers aren't available. ", "This could also effect licensing permission of indicators. ", "By accepting this agreement, you understand and hold harmless Company in any and all ways due to \"down time\" caused by \"disruption of service\". ", "The Company shall provide the Trader with any notice that it receives and that the Company deems necessary to instruct and inform the Trader.", "\n\nNON-DISCLOSURE OF PROPRIETARY INFORMATION\n\nTrader acknowledges and understands that the Company has devoted a substantial amount of time and effort, and has incurred substantial costs, in developing the course materials, the support services, and all information developed in connection with training material.", "\n\nTherefore, it is recognized by the Trader that the Company’s Proprietary Information includes, without limitation, TFT Indicators, all written and online course materials, marketing and advertising materials and methods, trading methods, software programs, charts and indicators developed by the Company, including methods of operations, publications, and business practices.", "\n\nThe Company derives both actual and potential economic value from not having its Proprietary Information generally known by other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use. ", "Additionally, the Company has made substantial efforts to ensure that its Proprietary Information remains secret and confidential, outside of leasing or lifetime Members.", "\n\nDuring the TFT Lease or Lifetime Membership, the Trader will be given access to TFT’s Proprietary Information, and therefore agrees that such Proprietary Information will not be used for any purpose outside of the terms of this Agreement.", "\n\nThe Trader also agrees that not for any reason, at any time, without the written consent of TFT, to disclose, replicate, duplicate, redistribute, broadcast in any way, in whole or part, to any other person, entity or third party, any of TFT’s Proprietary Information.", "\n\nThe above is true during and after any lease term that may have expired or in the case that the user has been “disconnected” because of violation of this agreement.", "\n\nNON-COMPETITION\n\nTrader agrees that he or she is enrolling or has already subscribed to or purchased the Trend Following Trades Membership for the sole purpose to learn to trade chartable financial instruments. ", "Trader further agrees that he or she is not enrolling or has enrolled in the Company's service for any reason whatsoever for the purpose of competing with Company’s business enterprise or otherwise obtaining Company’s Proprietary Information or trade secrets for any use or other reason than to learn to trade from the Company’s training material and methodology.", "\n\nTrader also acknowledges and agrees that the Company has a valid interest in preserving and protecting its business enterprise of offering services and software that teach and identify trading methodologies, both trend following and trend fading.", "\n\nOnce again, a violation of this agreement will result in immediate and permanent disconnection of all website and indicator use and access.", "\n\nAGREEMENTS\n\nBy executing this Agreement, Trader agrees that no one affiliated with the Company has or will guarantee that using the Company’s indicators, software or training will result in financial profits or gains. ", "Trader is also aware that trading chartable financial instruments may result in substantial risk of loss and by opening a trading account, Trader may find such an account at risk of loss as well. ", "Trader also understands that it is possible to lose more than what an account is worth.", "\n\nTrader is aware that the Company is not registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and is not a member of the National Futures Association (NFA) and as such the Trader will not be afforded certain additional regulatory protections.", "\n\nAny reliance on information provided by the Company is at the sole risk of the Trader, and if Trader participates in transactions based on such information, Trader will do so at his or her own risk. ", "Trader agrees that the Company is in no way responsible for any losses incurred by virtue of Trader's participation in such transactions. ", "Also, the Trader agrees that the Company is not responsible for losses incurred by Trader as the result of adverse market conditions, poor order execution, data feed problems, technical difficulties, market disruptions or suspensions, or any other circumstances which may hinder the Trader's trading, whether it is the fault of TFT, its affiliated businesses or not.", "\n\nTrader agrees that none of the Company’s employees, owners, officers or directors has solicited Trader away from any other similar or like business to lease, purchase or participate in Trend Following Trades, LLC.", "\n\nFor good and valuable consideration, and in further consideration for the supplying by Company to Trader of the CT II Day and Swing Trading version using the “taught” strategy rules of the appropriate rules applied to either version, the sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, Trader individually and in all other capacities, including Trader’s officers, employees, agents, assigns, representatives, and successors in interest, does hereby irrevocably agree as follows:\n\nTo indemnify and hold harmless Company from any and all liability, claims, suits, proceedings, demands, losses, damages or expense of any nature whatsoever, including, but not limited to administrative orders, proceeding, arbitration's, court proceedings, lawsuits, claims, or any other form of legal or administrative action which Company sustains, or may sustain or incur, including, but not limited to all claims for losses, damages, diminution in value, loss of profits, or loss of capital, from any or all of Trader’s use of, or trades made by the use of the CT II version using the “taught” strategy rules of the \"Strategy Trade Button\".", "\n\nTrader assumes full and all risk of any loss, injury, or damages whatsoever occurring while Trader is using or utilizing any of the CT II versions using the “taught” \"Strategy Trade Button\" Rules.", "\n\nTrader herein represents, warrants, and covenants that Trader shall not bring action, in law, equity, or administratively for any damage, loss, claim, or other remedy sought by Trader arising out of the use of, or any part of the CT II version using the “taught” \"Strategy Trade Button\" Rules.", "\n\nIn the event it becomes necessary for the Company to enforce this Agreement, or any part thereof, the Company shall be entitled to recover from the Trader its actual attorney’s fees and costs, including, but not limited to court costs, witness fees, travel and investigation cost, and actual attorney fees and cost incurred. ", "This right to indemnity shall be all inclusive, and shall encompass all civil, and or, administrative costs and fees incurred. ", "The Trader also understands that access to all website material and indicator licensing will be immediately and permanently deactivated.", "\n\nTrader solely assumes full risk of all loss, injury, or damages incurred or suffered by Trader as a result of using or relying upon the Company or the CT II version using the “taught” strategy rules.", "\n\nThe Trader understands the inherent risks associated with semi-automated trading strategies and hereby acknowledges and accepts those risks of the CT II version using the “taught” strategy rules of the \"Strategy Trade Button\".", "\n\nThe Trader has accepted, read and understands the concept of Semi-Automated Strategies that the CT II version using the “taught” strategy rules of the \"Strategy Trade Button\".", "\n\nThis Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of Pennsylvania, County of Bucks.", "\n\nDISCLOSURE FOR HYPOTHETICALS\n\nThe Trend Following Trades Methodology is not 100% mechanical. ", "Individual results will vary. ", "Even though, live trading sessions or training material on the Company's website may be traded in a live account, all trades are understood as simulated trades. ", "Also, hypothetical or simulated performance results have certain inherent limitations. ", "Unlike an actual performance record, simulated results do not represent actual trading. ", "Also, since the trades may not have actually have under- or over-compensated for the impact, if any, of certain market factors, such as lack of liquidity, etc.", "\n\nNo representation is being made that any account will or is likely to achieve profits or losses similar to those shown in any trading sessions or training material contained in the Company's website.", "\n\nIn addition, hypothetical or simulated trading does not involve financial risk, and no hypothetical trading record can completely account for the impact of financial risk in actual trading. ", "For example, the ability to withstand losses (and incur account draw downs) or adhere to a particular trading program in spite of trading losses are important issues which may also adversely affect actual trading results. ", "Real time, real money emotional factors have also not been taken into account in a simulation environment.", "\n\nThere are numerous other factors related to the markets in general or to the implementation of any specific trading program, method or system, which cannot be completely taken into consideration with hypothetical performance results and will affect trading results and your profits and losses.", "\n\nENFORCEABILITY\n\nIn the event any breach or threatened breach or intended breach of this Agreement by the Trader, the Company, in addition to any other rights or remedies available to it at law or in equity, shall be entitled to preliminary or final injunctions, enjoining and restraining such breach or threatened breach or intended breach from any state or federal court in the United States of America. ", "If located outside of the United States, TFT will act in “good faith” following the laws of County of Bucks, State of PA, and Country of the United States. ", "This is not an obligation of TFT, just a “good faith” gesture. ", "Any litigation must be filed and executed in the State of Pennsylvania, County of Bucks.", "\n\nThe validity, construction, and performance of this Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted according to the laws of the United States of America and to the laws of the State of Pennsylvania, County of Bucks.", "\n\nWAIVER\n\nThe failure of either Party to exercise any right or remedy available under this Agreement or at law shall not constitute a waiver of the later exercise thereof.", "\n\nRIGHTS\n\nNeither Party of this Agreement may assign this Agreement or any rights or obligations under it, without prior written consent by both Parties, and any attempt to do so is void. ", "The Company does not grant any other Party any license, patents or copyrights. ", "Also, the rights and obligations of the parties under this Agreement may not be sold, assigned or otherwise transferred.", "\n\nBy subscribing to the TFT CT II Day and Swing Trading Lifetime License for NT7 via the PayPal link, Trader and Company acknowledge that payment will be deemed complete for the above stated services, for no more than 1 NT7 Machine ID under the same NT7 License, unless informing the Company of Traders desire to purchase subsequent licenses for $500 EACH. ", "Once payment is received in full for subsequent NT7 Machine ID's, under the same NT7 license, then a \"snapshot\" of your NT7 Control center - Help - About Screen from each PC, must be submitted. ", "This is not necessary if only 1 NT7 machine ID is requested to be activated. ", "Either way Trader agrees to E-mail this information to info@trendfollowingtrades.com before subsequent licenses can be activated.", "\n\nTrader understands that Indicator security is partially controlled by NinjaTrader, LLC and partially by the Company. ", "To date, NinjaTrader, LLC states that they have redundant servers and at no time in the past, with NT7, has there been an instance where both security servers have gone down. ", "To date, Trend Following Trades, LLC has had one instance of licensing permission failing due to server issues, however, this occurred on Labor Day weekend 2015. ", "We use the industries \"best\" server farms with the highest reliability for our licensing tools and only request one license check per NT7 boot up.", "\n\nTrader and company understand that they can change NT7 Machine ID's, under the same license number. ", "Written notice for changes to Machine ID's must come via E-mail to info@trendfollowingtrades.com from Trader with a \"screenshot\" of the NT7 Control Center --> Help --> About screen from each computer that you wish to be licensed.", "\n\nTrader understands that reasonable and timely efforts will be made by company to activate NT7 Security for changes in Machine ID's (i.e purchasing new computer, upgrading hardware which may change Machine ID's). ", "Trader understands that Company won't tolerate abuse and misuse for request of change for Machine ID's (any request for more than 2 changes, in a 3 month time period, will be at the sole discretion of the Company).", "\n\nBy clicking on the \"Accept\" button, I state that I have read and understand this Entire Agreement and agree to be bound by its terms. ", "We recommend that you print out this Agreement, for your records, before executing the PayPal link that you will be taken to when you click the \"Accept\" button. ", "We can also email this to you upon request, within 14 days of payment.", "\n\nDo you agree to the purchase terms?", "\n\nAccept Do NOT Accept\n\nTFT Day & Swing Trading CT II Lifetime Access License: $999\n\nRefund and Disclaimer Policies\n\nRefund Policy\n\nOur refund policy is “NO REFUNDS”. ", "Here is our reason for this policySoftware: Our software/templates/indicators are proprietary digital content that once provided to the client are considered a completed sale.", "\nWe have spent many months developing and coding our system and there is a cost to have access to our TFT Trend System trading tools.", "\nTraining: Training is the provided access to the TFT Trend System intellectual property as you become a new TFT site member. ", "We have spent many months developing the overall system, and the digital content training that you will have access to. ", "Once you are provided with the access to the Trend Following Trades \"Members\" page we consider that portion of the sale completed.", "\n\nDisclaimer Policy : Important, Please Read\n\nTrading performance displayed herein is hypothetical. ", "The following Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) disclaimer should be noted.", "\nHypothetical performance results have many inherent limitations, some of which are described below. ", "No representation is being made that any account will or is likely to achieve profits or losses similar to those shown.", "\nIn fact, there are frequently sharp differences between hypothetical performance results and the actual results subsequently achieved by any particular trading program. ", "One of the limitations of hypothetical performance trading results is that they are generally prepared with the benefit of hindsight.", "\nIn addition, hypothetical trading does not involve financial risk, and no hypothetical trading record can completely account for the impact of financial risk in actual trading. ", "For example, the ability to withstand losses or to adhere to a particular trading program in spite of trading losses are material points which can also adversely affect actual trading results.", "\nThere are numerous other factors related to the markets in general or to the implementation of any specific trading program which cannot be fully accounted for in the preparation of hypothetical performance results and all of which can adversely affect actual trading results.", "\nTrading in the commodities markets involves substantial risk and YOU CAN LOSE A LOT OF MONEY, and thus is not appropriate for everyone. ", "You should carefully consider your financial condition before trading in these markets, and only risk capital should be used.", "\nThe TFT Trend System charting tools are designed to trade primarily in the futures market traded at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME). ", "These markets are perhaps the most volatile markets traded on any exchange in the world, and often experience large daily price movements.", "\nIn addition, these markets are often liquid, making it difficult to execute orders at desired prices. ", "Also, during periods of extreme volatility, trading in these markets may be halted due to so-called \"circuit breakers\" put in place by the CME to alleviate such volatility. ", "In the event of a trading halt, it may be difficult or impossible to exit a losing position." ]

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[ "The Scientific World Journal has retracted the article titled \"Flavonoid-Deficient Mutants in Grass Pea (*Lathyrus sativus* L.): Genetic Control, Linkage Relationships, and Mapping with Aconitase and S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase Isozyme Loci\" \\[[@B1]\\]. ", "The article was found to contain images with signs of duplication and manipulation in Figures 2 and 3.", "\n" ]

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[ "Bald River\n\nThe Bald River is a river located in Monroe County, Tennessee in the Cherokee National Forest. ", " It is a tributary of the Tellico River. ", "Just before it empties into the Tellico, the river falls over a large waterfall, Bald River Falls, which is variously reported as being between 80 and 100 feet (25 and 30 m) high. ", "The river then flows under a bridge on Forest Service Road 210 (the falls and the river mouth are both very readily visible from the bridge). ", "The falls is regarded as the most impressive and scenic waterfall in East Tennessee. ", " The river is short in length but powerful as it flows through a steep, densely wooded valley and it is constantly replenished by the area's frequent rains. ", " It rises just north of the North Carolina state line near the crest of the Unicoi Mountains and flows northeast for a short distance before turning to the northwest.", "\n\nThe forests of the Bald River basin and the Tellico River basin were almost completely logged by the Babcock Lumber Company during the early 20th century, from their local base of operation at Tellico Plains. ", " The present road up the Tellico River was built on the old logging railroad bed built by Babcock. ", " The Bald River and of its watershed are now part of the Bald River Gorge Wilderness, designated as a wilderness area by the U.S. Forest Service in 1984.", "\n\nSee also\nList of rivers of Tennessee\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nBald River Falls Photos & Information\n\nCategory:Rivers of Tennessee\nCategory:Rivers of Monroe County, Tennessee\nCategory:Cherokee National Forest\nCategory:Waterfalls of Tennessee\nCategory:Landforms of Monroe County, Tennessee" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "(t). ", "Suppose 2 + 2 = 4*d. ", "Let i be k(d). ", "Which is bigger: 5 or i?", "\ni\nSuppose 5*j + 12 = 2. ", "Let v be (j - -2) + 2/1. ", "Suppose -v*i - i = -3. ", "Which is bigger: i or -1/16?", "\ni\nSuppose -4*u + 16 = -2*g, -11 - 9 = -5*g. ", "Let b = -2 + 7. ", "Suppose 0 = b*s, 10*s - 5*s + u = -j. ", "Is j < -8?", "\nFalse\nLet k = -606 + 608. ", "Which is smaller: -24 or k?", "\n-24\nLet l = -1.99 - 2.01. ", "Let k = -10 + 7. ", "Is l less than or equal to k?", "\nTrue\nLet s = 39 + -33. ", "Let g be (54/444)/(3 - s). ", "Do g and 1 have the same value?", "\nFalse\nLet b = -101 + 79. ", "Which is bigger: b or -70/3?", "\nb\nLet r(h) = -11*h. ", "Let p be r(-2). ", "Suppose 0 = b + 2*d - 7*d - 26, -5*b + 107 = -2*d. ", "Which is smaller: b or p?", "\nb\nLet t = 25 - 52. ", "Let z = t - -26.74. ", "Which is smaller: z or 1?", "\nz\nLet q = 37 + -22. ", "Let j be (5/6)/((-16)/(-96)). ", "Suppose -b = -0*s - 5*s - 3, -s = -3*b - j. Is q at most as big as s?", "\nFalse\nLet j(z) = z**3 - 9*z**2 - 7 + z + 0*z**2 - 2*z**2. ", "Suppose -v = -2*g + 13 + 6, 4*g + 4*v - 56 = 0. ", "Let l be j(g). ", "Is 2 !", "= l?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 5*m + 20 = 0, 5*m - 6*m = -2*i + 750. ", "Is 374 < i?", "\nFalse\nLet p = -39.1 - -39. ", "Let t = -1 - -5. ", "Suppose -4*x = t + 20. ", "Is x not equal to p?", "\nTrue\nLet i(j) = j**3 - 25*j**2 - 2*j + 10. ", "Let s be i(25). ", "Is -40 at most s?", "\nTrue\nLet b(z) = -z**3 - 4*z**2 - 1. ", "Let t be b(0). ", "Is t greater than or equal to 15/43?", "\nFalse\nLet d = 2 - 2.04. ", "Suppose -10*n = -8*n + 50. ", "Let o = -51/2 - n. Which is smaller: o or d?", "\no\nLet z be (-1 - -5 - -1)*(-1 + 4). ", "Which is smaller: z or 153/11?", "\n153/11\nSuppose -2*y - 13 = 3*p, -3*p - 4 = -y - p. Is y not equal to -6/5?", "\nTrue\nLet c be (-110)/(-15)*(-2)/4. ", "Suppose -23 - 4 = 9*l. ", "Is c at most as big as l?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -5*l - 28 = -j, 5*l + 35 = 5*j + l. Suppose -j = -5*i + 47. ", "Suppose 0 = 2*c - i. Do 6 and c have different values?", "\nTrue\nLet a = -0.122 - 49.878. ", "Let v = a + 57. ", "Let u = -3 + 2. ", "Which is greater: u or v?", "\nv\nLet t = 23 + -17. ", "Suppose -t = -b + 4*b. ", "Let x be (1 + b)/((-2)/8). ", "Which is smaller: 6 or x?", "\nx\nLet w(h) = h**3 + 7*h**2 - 2*h - 10. ", "Let y be w(-7). ", "Suppose 2*j + 6 = y*j. ", "Let k be 58/(-8) + j/(-12). ", "Do k and -8 have the same value?", "\nFalse\nSuppose p + 6*z + 3 = 2*z, -4*p = -5*z - 9. ", "Suppose 8 = -7*d + p. Which is greater: -1/5 or d?", "\n-1/5\nSuppose 3 = -5*j + 13, -5*u - 7 = -j. ", "Let l be 7 + -11 - 8/u. Let c be l + 4 + 324/(-40). ", "Which is bigger: c or -1?", "\nc\nLet m = 47 + -46. ", "Suppose 1 = -5*x + m. Is x greater than 2/37?", "\nFalse\nLet o be (1 - 53/(-5))*7/(-14). ", "Let s(w) = w**3 + 12*w**2 + 21*w + 5. ", "Let p be s(-10). ", "Is o bigger than p?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 244 = -11*m + 7*m. ", "Let c = 63 + m. Which is bigger: 3/5 or c?", "\nc\nLet p(r) = r + 4. ", "Let l be p(7). ", "Let b = -213 + 213. ", "Suppose -3*i - 4*o + 28 = 0, b - 4 = 2*o. ", "Which is smaller: l or i?", "\nl\nSuppose 16 + 104 = -24*d. ", "Is -11 at most as big as d?", "\nTrue\nLet k be (2/(-8))/(34/(-12))*-4. ", "Which is bigger: 0 or k?", "\n0\nLet l = -1.62 - -1.52. ", "Which is smaller: 3/4 or l?", "\nl\nLet q(d) = 146*d - 19. ", "Let l be q(0). ", "Is -26 greater than l?", "\nFalse\nLet h be -2 + (0 - -6 - 4)/2. ", "Let v = 1061/10 + -106. ", "Is h at least as big as v?", "\nFalse\nLet b = 30 - 30. ", "Let t = 71/33 + -4/3. ", "Which is greater: t or b?", "\nt\nLet o be 14*(-5 - (-228)/45). ", "Which is smaller: 2 or o?", "\no\nLet x(p) = 7*p - p + 17 + 6*p + 0*p**2 - p**2. ", "Let z be x(13). ", "Let c be 4/8*z + -3. ", "Is c at least -2/13?", "\nFalse\nLet t(f) = f**2 - 7*f - 3. ", "Let y = 6 + 0. ", "Let w be t(y). ", "Let x be 6/(-21) - 122/14. ", "Are w and x equal?", "\nTrue\nLet i(t) = t**3 + 5*t**2 + 4*t - 2. ", "Let d be i(-4). ", "Let b(u) = 2*u**2 - 8*u - 46. ", "Let v be b(-3). ", "Do d and v have different values?", "\nTrue\nLet t = -0.039 + 3.039. ", "Let f = -11 - -8. ", "Let n = 4 + f. Is n >= t?", "\nFalse\nLet y(z) = -6*z**2 + 32*z + 63. ", "Let o be y(-13). ", "Which is greater: -1366 or o?", "\n-1366\nLet s be 0/((-2)/3*-3). ", "Let q = s + -1. ", "Let i be (56/252 + (-2)/(-9))/(-2). ", "Which is greater: i or q?", "\ni\nLet p be (-46)/3*(1 - -6). ", "Let g = p + 108. ", "Is 1 at most g?", "\nFalse\nLet r = -10024/13299 + 74/93. ", "Let y = -2753/858 + r. Is y > -3?", "\nFalse\nLet p = 0.03 + 17.97. ", "Let u = -18.21 + p. Let i = 0.23 + u. Do i and 2/9 have the same value?", "\nFalse\nLet c = 357 - 313. ", "Which is greater: c or -1?", "\nc\nLet n = 133 + -47. ", "Suppose -6*i - 5*l = -7*i + 107, -194 = -2*i + 5*l. ", "Do i and n have the same value?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -15*k + 63 = 48*k. ", "Are k and -1/1355 equal?", "\nFalse\nLet g be 7/(-18)*(-4 + 7 + -36). ", "Which is smaller: g or 12?", "\n12\nSuppose 4*x + 6 = 26. ", "Suppose 0 = -3*q + x*g + 4, -g + 0 = -1. ", "Suppose 3*h = q*y + h - 16, -y - 3*h - 13 = 0. ", "Which is smaller: 1 or y?", "\n1\nLet z be 1/(-6) + (-1460)/96. ", "Is z >= -14?", "\nFalse\nLet y = 70 - 66. ", "Let b = 1609/372 + 1/124. ", "Which is greater: y or b?", "\nb\nLet i(h) = 8*h + 20. ", "Let y be i(4). ", "Let w = -53 + y. Is w at least -1/63?", "\nFalse\nLet i be 14/(0 + 1/1). ", "Let l be (4/i)/(6/14). ", "Let p = 3818.9 + -3819. ", "Is l at most p?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -8*w + 50 = -3*w. ", "Suppose 18*r = 20*r - j - 20, 2*r - 12 = -j. ", "Which is greater: w or r?", "\nw\nLet u = 402 - 405.09. ", "Let d = u + 0.09. ", "Let y = d - -2. ", "Which is smaller: 4/9 or y?", "\ny\nLet q be (-5 - 114) + 7 - (2 + -3). ", "Is q at most -559/5?", "\nFalse\nLet o(k) = k**3 - 11*k**2 + 7*k + 27. ", "Let m be o(10). ", "Let d be (-1)/(2 + 26/(-16)). ", "Is m > d?", "\nFalse\nLet d be -4 + -586*(2/(-292))/1. ", "Which is smaller: d or 0?", "\n0\nLet c(g) = -g**3 - 14*g**2 - g - 6. ", "Let t be c(-14). ", "Let y = -29 - -33. ", "Let z be (16 + -32)*(-2)/y. ", "Is t smaller than z?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 5*i = -4*d - 162, 48 = -2*i - 0*i + 4*d. ", "Let q = i + 86. ", "Let x be q/(-16) - (-2 + -1). ", "Is x smaller than 0?", "\nTrue\nLet d = -260 + 261. ", "Which is smaller: d or 2/241?", "\n2/241\nLet u = 11 + -16. ", "Which is smaller: u or 17?", "\nu\nSuppose 0 = -7*o + 2*o + 115. ", "Let t(y) = 2*y**2 - 1. ", "Let r be t(-3). ", "Let u = r - o. Which is bigger: u or -7?", "\nu\nLet r = 29 + -20. ", "Suppose 0 = -4*u + 18 - 10. ", "Let d be (u + 2)/1*(0 + 2). ", "Is d > r?", "\nFalse\nLet t = -579 + 696. ", "Which is greater: 114 or t?", "\nt\nLet g = 2471/13 - 190. ", "Let q(v) = v**2 - v - 1. ", "Let w be q(1). ", "Which is bigger: w or g?", "\ng\nLet d be 736/(-20) - 3 - 1/5. ", "Let c be d/(-12)*(-12)/10. ", "Let u = -1 - 5. ", "Which is greater: c or u?", "\nc\nLet f = 477697/15 - 31868. ", "Let r = -884/5 - -196. ", "Let z = r + f. Which is smaller: z or -3?", "\n-3\nSuppose 45*x = 28*x - 4658. ", "Are x and -272 unequal?", "\nTrue\nLet c(t) = t**2 + 4*t - 6. ", "Let k be c(-6). ", "Let d(s) = -s**2 - 10*s - 3. ", "Let o be d(-4). ", "Suppose -5*b + 2*b = -o. ", "Which is smaller: k or b?", "\nk\nLet z = -1.353 - 0.647. ", "Which is bigger: -105 or z?", "\nz\nLet u = -13 - -18. ", "Let o be (6/u)/((-6)/(-20)). ", "Let y = 2144/5 + -426. ", "Which is smaller: o or y?", "\ny\nLet x(g) = 2*g**2 - 6*g - 40. ", "Let l be x(6). ", "Suppose -h = -0*h + 5*s - 30, 2*h + 5*s - 35 = 0. ", "Let m = l + h. Which is greater: -1/8 or m?", "\nm\nLet b = 32 + -26.2. ", "Let i = -5 + b. Let m = 66 + -64. ", "Is m greater than or equal to i?", "\nTrue\nLet j be (-25114)/(-3828) - 2/(-12). ", "Which is bigger: j or 6?", "\nj\nLet b = 26 - 26.052. ", "Is 0.1 greater than b?", "\nTrue\nLet j(z) = 2*z - 8. ", "Let l be (-9)/4*(-32)/12. ", "Let r be j(l). ", "Suppose -2*k = 4*y - 8, -r*y + 8 = -6*k + k. Is -2/3 smaller than k?", "\nTrue\nLet v = 0.342 + -0.842. ", "Let y = 0.02 + 1.98. ", "Which is bigger: y or v?", "\ny\nLet k = -1.13 - -3.83. ", "Is k not equal to -3?", "\nTrue\nLet o be 1 - -149*9/(-915). ", "Let d = -8426/130357 - 2/2137. ", "Let i = o - d. Is i bigger than -0.1?", "\nFalse\nLet m = -59 - -22. ", "Let n = m + 38. ", "Is 1/6 bigger than n?", "\nFalse\nLet i = 3051/738994 + -2/2447. ", "Is i at least -1?", "\nTrue\nLet z = -6 - -9. ", "Suppose -3*g + z = 0, 5*g - 1 = 2*b + 2*g. ", "Which is bigger: -4/11 or b?", "\nb\nSuppose -3*a + 15 + 18 = 0. ", "Suppose 0 = 5*h - a*h - 78. ", "Is -14 !", "= h?", "\nTrue\nLet h = 87 + -102. ", "Let c be (-2)/(-10)*(-25)/h*2. ", "Is 29 !", "= c?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -4*g + 8 = 0, -4*y + 9 - 21 = -4*g. ", "Suppose 4*x = -70 - 18. ", "Let k be -1*((-46)/x - 2). ", "Which is smaller: k or y?", "\ny\nLet w = -32.7 - -38. ", "Let o = 3.3 - w. Which is smaller: -0.13 or o?", "\no\nLet b = -46 - -46. ", "Suppose -x = -b*x. ", "Which is smaller: -2/81 or x?", "\n-2/81\nLet v = -1.2 - 3.8. ", "Let i = 5.1 + v. Let b = -1.8 + 0.3. ", "Is i !", "= b?", "\nTrue\nLet p(f) be the third derivative of 13*f**4/24 + 5*f**3/6 + 7*f**2 + 3*f. ", "Let d be p(-1). ", "Let q(r) = r + 4. ", "Let b be q(-7). ", "Is b > d?", "\nTrue\nLet t = 1.31 + -0.11. ", "Let a = 0.372 + -0.572. ", "Is t at most as big as a?", "\nFalse\nLet z be 5/21 + 2/(-3). ", "Let h = 2.07 - 0.07. ", "Let k = 0 + h. Which is smaller: k or z?", "\nz\nLet p = 64 + -65. ", "Let v be (-79)/2 - p/(-2). ", "Is v bigger than -40?", "\nFalse\nLet i(r) = -32*r - 1. ", "Let h be i(3). ", "Let p = -385/4 - h. Suppose 4 = 2*g - 0*g. ", "Is g < p?", "\nFalse\nLe" ]

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[ "// Copyright David Abrahams 2002.", "\r\n// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (", "See\r\n// accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at\r\n// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\r\n#ifndef CONVERTIBLE_FUNCTION_DWA200278_HPP\r\n# define CONVERTIBLE_FUNCTION_DWA200278_HPP\r\n\r\nnamespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { \r\n\r\ntypedef void* (*convertible_function)(PyObject*);\r\n \r\n}}} // namespace boost::python::converter\r\n\r\n#endif // CONVERTIBLE_FUNCTION_DWA200278_HPP\r\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Noorel Shariff\n\nNoorel Shariff was a table tennis player for Tanzania at the 1992 Paralympic Games in Barcelona. ", "Prior to this Tanzania has never participated in the Paralympic Games, and Shariff was the sole athlete to represent Tanzania during that year.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Sport in Tanzania" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Family Says Man May Have Fallen From Train In Eastern Colorado\n\nRelated Tags:\n\nLINCOLN, Neb. (AP/CBS4) – The family of a retired California firefighter who disappeared from an Amtrak train says it now appears that he may have fallen from the train somewhere in eastern Colorado or western Nebraska.", "\n\n“We want to find him alive and bring him home but either way, we want to bring him home,” said Dowd’s daughter Jennifer Dowd.", "\n\nCharlie Dowd’s family members had been organizing searches in Omaha and Lincoln for the 69-year-old San Mateo man because they believed he may have mistakenly gotten off the train at one of those stops.", "\n\nBut Jennifer Dowd said Tuesday Amtrak police told the family a passenger on the California-to-Chicago train saw Dowd standing near a train door Thursday night. ", "Another passenger later found an exterior door ajar around 11 p.m. Thursday.", "\n\n“I was trying not to led the dread of the open door and the potential that he had fallen off overtake me and what we’re trying to do,” said Jen Dowd.", "\n\nThe train arrived at its final destination Friday with Dowd’s clothing, medication and cell phone, but not him.", "\n\nJennifer Dowd says the search for her father will now focus on the 160 miles of track between Fort Morgan, Colo., and McCook, Neb.\n\n“If he was disoriented he could have fallen and he could be on the tracks somewhere,” said Jennifer Dowd.", "\n\n(credit: CBS)\n\nIn Yuma County, seven deputies covered 40 miles of train tracks on foot but found nothing.", "\n\nA Facebook page dedicated to the search has more than 2,000 followers, some leaving tips and possible sightings, others offering support while the family continues to look for Dowd, and distributes missing person fliers." ]

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[ "labor relations act Archives\n\nThis article is part of an ongoing series about social media in the workplace. ", "We’re interested in your feedback/questions, so please comment and the authors may address your issue in their next article. ", "Tweet from Uncle Sam: Let your employees talk about their working conditions through social media — or else! ", "Social media can get… Read More →" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "// ***************************************************************************\n// *\n// * Copyright (C) 2014 International Business Machines\n// * Corporation and others. ", "All Rights Reserved.", "\n// * Tool: org.unicode.cldr.icu.", "NewLdml2IcuConverter\n// * Source File: <path>/common/main/en_LC.xml\n// *\n// ***************************************************************************\nen_LC{\n %%Parent{\"en_001\"}\n Currencies{\n XCD{\n \"$\",\n \"East Caribbean Dollar\",\n }\n }\n Version{\"2.1.7.12\"}\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "this green sea turtle is providing free\ntransportation to a few hitchhikers the\nturtle was seen swimming with these\npassengers off the coast of dahab egypt\n[Music]\nsea turtles often have organisms that\nattach themselves to their shell some\nare in fact parasitic while others are\ncommensal posing no threat to the turtle\ncrabs barnacles shrimp oysters algae and\nother life-forms have all been seen on\nthe Turtles\nthe non parasitic organisms mainly used\nthe turtle as a form of transportation\ngreen sea turtles have amazingly long\nlifespans often reaching 80 or more\nyears\nsadly green turtles are listed as an\nendangered species they are killed for\ntheir meat and eggs\nloss of habitat boating accidents and\nfishing nets also contribute to a\ndeclining number of the species\n[Music]\n[Applause]\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }

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[ "Role of nerve growth factor in RANTES expression by keratinocytes.", "\nA role of neurogenic inflammation induced by the neuropeptides and nerve growth factor (NGF) has been attributed to the pathogenesis of several cutaneous disorders such as psoriasis, wound healing and eczematous dermatitis. ", "The underlying mechanisms of the inflammatory process induced by NGF are not clearly established. ", "This study explored whether NGF influences the inflammatory process by inducing chemokines. ", "The effects of NGF were investigated on induction of 2 important chemokines, interleukin-8 and RANTES, which are known to be upregulated in the keratinocytes of various inflammatory conditions. ", "NGF significantly increased RANTES production by the keratinocytes (p < 0.001, 2-tailed Student's t-test). ", "Induction of RANTES expression in the keratinocytes by NGF provides further insight regarding the role of NGF-NGF receptor system in cutaneous inflammatory conditions." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to calculate the rank in mysql\n\nI need to calculate the rank in mysql. ", "Suppose I have list of sum of my product sales values of entire month then i need to rank the product from highest sales value in order to rank like 1 ,2 ,3 etc\nMonth Product Sum of Sales\n\nJan Latop 450000\njan Latop 150000\nJan Latop 250000\nFeb Desktop 200000\nFeb Desktop 150000\nFeb Desktop 180000\n\nso from above data output will be like\nMonth Product Sum of Sales rank\nJan Latop 450000 1\nJan Latop 250000 2\njan Latop 150000 3\nFeb Desktop 200000 1\nFeb Desktop 180000 2\nFeb Desktop 150000 3\n\nA:\n\nYou can do something like this:\nSELECT month,product,sumOfSales, @curRank := @curRank + 1 AS rank\nFROM products p, (\nSELECT @curRank := 0\n) q\nORDER BY sumOfSales DESC;\n\nI am assuming the table name is product and column name is sumOfSales.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Condividi Facebook Twitter\n\nJeff Hastings ingegnere agricolo nel Queensland (Australia) qualificato con oltre 30 anni di esperienza nel settore agroindustriale, è il fondatore e CEO di Naturo, ha già sviluppato una tecnologia per bloccare l’eccessiva maturazione dell’avocado (color marrone) utilizzando il trattamento a pressione d’aria, ha detto:\n\n«La nostra società dopo la pastorizzazione ideata da Louis Pasteur nel 1864, ha realizzato la più grande innovazione nel settore dei prodotti lattiero-caseari, a livello globale genera ricavi per 413 miliardi di dollari.", "\n\nNaturo si rivolge ai mercati di esportazione, il suo innovativo processo conserva per 60 giorni in frigorifero il latte fresco al 100% naturale, nessun additivo o conservante, nutrizionalmente superiore, mantiene il suo colore naturale e il sapore come se fosse appena munto dalla mucca».", "\n\nLa minima tecnica di elaborazione di Naturo è delicata, non si basa sul calore ma uccide più agenti patogeni della pastorizzazione, quindi è più sicuro. ", "E’ l’unico metodo conosciuto che uccide il “Bacillus cereus”, indesiderato agente patogeno comune nel latte.", "\n\nE’ più salutare del latte pastorizzato poiché mantiene livelli più elevati di vitamine B2 e B12, essenziali per i bambini, così come gli enzimi, fondamentali per la funzionalità epatica e lo sviluppo delle ossa, altrimenti distrutti dalla pastorizzazione”.", "\n\nLa pastorizzazione è un processo abbastanza aggressivo, il latte è portato velocemente a una temperatura minima di 72 °C per almeno 15 secondi, durante il processo di pastorizzazione o sterilizzazione, può essere omogeneizzato attraverso un processo chiamato omogeneizzazione”.", "\n\nDifferente dal latte a lunga conservazione\n\nCi sono voluti cinque anni per sviluppare il nuovo processo, il latte di Naturo differisce notevolmente da quello che si trova già sugli scaffali dei supermercati. ", "Jeff Hastings spiega:\n\n«La procedura per mantenere il latte fresco per mesi, a differenza dell’avocado, dove abbiamo inventato una macchina per la tecnologia, è un po’ diversa perché non abbiamo avuto bisogno di sviluppare un nuovo macchinario, ma utilizzato una serie di tecnologie esistenti.", "\n\nIl nostro sistema è differente da quello utilizzato per il trattamento del latte a lunga conservazione, un processo UHT, con il latte contenuto in confezioni in cartone Tetrapak.", "\n\nLa nostra tecnologia riguarda la lunga conservazione del latte fresco, mantiene inalterato l’odore e il sapore del latte crudo, questa è la differenza».", "\n\nJeff Hastings negli ultimi due anni ha lavorato per far convalidare la sua ricerca. ", "Il suo latte è stato testato in modo indipendente e convalidato da una delle principali organizzazioni scientifiche australiane, approvato dall’autorità australiana di sicurezza alimentare Dairy Food Safety Victoria (DFSV).", "\n\nAndrew Wilson direttore generale, conformità, forze dell’ordine e servizi tecnici, ha dichiarato che il processo di Naturo ha superato i test:\n\n«Il Codice degli standard alimentari richiede che tutto il latte sia pastorizzato usando qualsiasi altro processo che fornisca un effetto letale equivalente o maggiore sui microrganismi patogeni che causano malattie trasmesse dagli alimenti.", "\n\nAbbiamo verificato tali informazioni, il processo da loro realizzato ha raggiunto quel risultato, è equivalente o addirittura migliore della pastorizzazione. ", "Ha il potenziale di fornire un prodotto basato sul latte fresco di lunga durata, con queste caratteristiche potrà essere venduto nei supermercati».", "\n\nLunga durata significa ampie esportazioni\n\nJeff Hastings ha confermato che i suoi interessi commerciali sono rivolti alle opportunità di esportazione e al trasporto di latte in zone del mondo che hanno limitato o nessun accesso al latte fresco.", "\n\nNaturo ha identificato opportunità in Cina, Giappone, Malesia, Singapore e Indonesia. ", "Ha detto:\n\n«La Cina ha difficoltà per coprire la produzione di latte fresco, le industrie australiane lo commerciano in queste regioni, il trasporto aereo è relativamente costoso, quindi siamo in grado di sfidare questo mercato con un’offerta marittima.", "\n\nC’è anche un enorme potenziale per lo sviluppo di una vasta gamma di prodotti lattiero-caseari e l’utilizzo da parte delle industrie in cui si desidera latte crudo non pastorizzato, come la caseificazione. ", "Il mantenimento della freschezza potrebbe essere applicato al latte di cammello, capra e pecora».", "\n\nMatthew Trace vicepresidente dell’organizzazione Queensland Dairyfarmers, si è detto entusiasta delle opportunità di esportazione, ha detto:\n\n«Aumentando la durata di freschezza di un prodotto, si aprono certamente opportunità per diversi mercati. ", "Il trasporto aereo è costoso per garantire latte fresco in Cina. ", "Mi piacerebbe vedere l’impianto pilota installato nel sud-est del Queensland, diamo ai nostri agricoltori una ragione per aumentare la produzione”.", "\n\nIl governo del Queensland ha già stanziato 250.000 dollari per lo sviluppo della tecnologia di lavorazione del latte di Naturo. ", "Jeff Hastings in conclusione ha detto:\n\n«La società stava cercando investimenti per un impianto pilota in Australia in grado di produrre 10 milioni di litri di latte l’anno. ", "Stiamo valutando siti in Queensland, Victoria e Tasmania. ", "Ciò che vogliamo fare nella creazione della nostra fabbrica pilota è garantire che i nostri agricoltori, i fornitori del latte, ottengano un buon ritorno economico per la loro sostenibilità. ", "Hanno avuto un periodo piuttosto difficile negli ultimi anni, sono sicuro che sarò il benvenuto»." ]

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[ "Anyone can enter the cave. ", "But only a chosen one will be able to go inside to take the treasure and go out aliveThe rest who will try to enter the cave will find their death deep inside the desert sands." ]

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[ "When AMC’s The Walking Dead returns for the second half of Season 7 (Sunday, Feb. 12, 9/8c), Rick, Maggie and a whole lot of other folks will be ready to “rise up” against Negan. ", "But what our heroes are likely to find even more difficult than defeating the formidable Saviors will be convincing the most lily-livered of their potential allies — in other words, Gregory — to march into battle alongside them.", "\n\nThe Walking Dead Season 7 Photos\n\nIn the above image released exclusively to TVLine, Maggie’s Hilltop visitors — among them, Daryl, Michonne, Carl and Tara — appear to be appealing to that community’s weaselly leader to pledge his join the rebellion. ", "And, as you’d expect, he’s giving them a look that suggests his main concern is — same as it’s always been — protecting his own sorry ass.", "\n\nWhat do you think? ", "Shouldn’t Maggie just unseat the coward from his position of power and take over the Hilltop already? ", "Hit the comments with your hopes for Season 7’s second half." ]

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