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[ "Foods high in antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D may help maintain health among people with asthma. ", "Heartburn, or gastroesophageal reflux disease, is a common trigger for asthma attacks, so avoiding foods that cause it may also help.", "\n\nAlso eliminate any foods to which you’re allergic or sensitive, possibly including wheat, dairy, nuts, or preservatives such as sulfites.’", "\n\nThe information contained on www.lifescript.com(the \"Site\") is provided for informational purposes only and is not meant to substitute for advice from your doctor or health-care professional. ", "This information should not be used for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease, or prescribing any medication. ", "Always seek the advice of a qualified health-care professional regarding any medical condition. ", "Information and statements provided by the site about dietary supplements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. ", "Lifescript does not recommend or endorse any specific tests, physicians, third-party products, procedures, opinions, or other information mentioned on the Site. ", "Reliance on any information provided by Lifescript is solely at your own risk." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhich javascript library should I use?", "\n\nI'll try to present my problem clearly, but I'm bit of a novice in programming so try to bear with me.", "\nI'm currently working on a piece of map which I eventually need to get up and running on a website. ", "I'm working on the file in Adobe Illustrator and I have several layers to the map. ", "What I need is an intuitive, graphically pleasing, application where the user can pan and zoom in the map á la Google Maps. ", "Another key feature I need is the ability to hide/show layers and being able to click on some of the highlighted points on one of these layers to bring up additional information. ", "I've played around creating layer toggles straight in to an SVG but I really need them on a separate sidebar so they stay static when the user is eventually panning and zooming in to the map.", "\nSo far in to my research I've come to the conclusion that OpenLayers and Google Maps API are not for me as the map is relatively small and I don't need to tie it in to a larger map. ", "Instead I think it's best to treat it as a biggish floating vector image.", "\nI've also played around creating layer toggles straight in to an SVG but I really need them on a separate sidebar so they stay static when the user is eventually panning and zooming in to the map.", "\nI tried working with Raphaël and while I especially like the graphical side of it, I'm struggling to work my Illustrator file in to it and the zooming/panning script I found isn't really working for me either.", "\nSo which way should I go? ", "I apologize for my bad knowledge of things, but I'm quite lost here and would appreciate a nudge towards the right direction.", "\nThank you!", "\n-Ilkka\n\nA:\n\nRaphael JS is a very good Javascript vector-handling library, you may find it useful.", "\nBy the way, this question has a link to a tutorial on it.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Screenshots\n\nhttps://www.mybestjournal.com/vsl-page18943676\n\nLink Download\n\n\n\nEven if the price triples...You'll have lifetime access to the member's area and all future updates locked in.", "Complete MyBestJournal Program ($197 Value)Unlock The Power to Coach YourselfYou will get access to the original lessons from MyBestJournal. ", "By the end of these, you'll know exactly how to set up, start, and transform your journal into the best book you've ever read.", "NEW: Journal Flip Throughs ($97 Value)Exclusive Big IdeasI'll be super transparent and give you the BEST lessons I learned through seven years of journaling. ", "These have NEVER been released on YouTube or anywhere else.", "NEW: Expanded Bonus Section ($97 Value)Top Level Videos For YouGet access to curated video selection to enhance your growth.", "The Workshops ($97 Value)Slash YEARS Off Your JourneyGet access to the world's best journal workshops. ", "You will be able to gain new insights, breakthrough roadblocks, and recharge your motivation in every area of life.", "Facebook Members ONLY Group Coaching ($97 Value)Stay Motivated and Inspired Year RoundInside you can post questions, successes and get feedback from hundreds of other success-driven members.", "Mp3 Versions ($97 Value)Take MyBestJournal Wherever You GoEvery unit in My Best Journal 2.0 comes with both PDF and Mp3 versions so you can take the content with you wherever you are.", "HOmepage:Extract files with WinRar 5 or Latest !" ]

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[ "Clinical, psychological, and physiological correlates of patients who defecate after meal.", "\nFood is the most important synchronizer of gastrointestinal motility and secretion. ", "Many patients with functional bowel or anorectal disorders complain of fecal urge and stool output after eating. ", "In this prospective observational study, 408 consecutive outpatients with functional bowel and/or anorectal disorders (74% female, 50.2±15.6 years, 24.8±5.0 kg/m²) filled Rome III questionnaires. ", "Depression and anxiety scores, a physiological evaluation (total and segmental colonic transit time, colonic transit response to eating using a standard 1000 kcal test meal, and anorectal manometry), were measured. ", "Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were carried out according to the presence or not of stool output after eating. ", "Defecation after eating was found in 21% of patients. ", "These patients were not different according to the demographic characteristics of sex ratio (P=0.702), age (P=0.830), and BMI (P=0.314). ", "In contrast, they had lower state anxiety (P=0.032), but similar scores of depression (P=0.240) and trait anxiety (P=0.933). ", "They had similar manometric characteristics (anal pressure and rectal sensitivity), but a greater response to eating in all segments of the colon. ", "There was an increase in the frequency of functional diarrhea (odds ratio=2.576, 95% confidence interval=1.312-5.056; P=0.006) and levator ani syndrome (odds ratio=2.331, 95% confidence interval=1.099-4.944; P=0.017), but no other functional bowel disorder including irritable bowel syndrome and its subtypes was found. ", "Stool output after eating is associated with clinical disorders but not physiological parameters. ", "This symptom is not associated with irritable bowel syndrome, but a higher frequency of functional diarrhea." ]

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[ "Stefan Struve seeking bout with a Brazilian\n\n24-year old heavyweight Stefan Struve is on the cusp of contendership after stringing together a quartet of consecutive victories with each featuring some form of finish. ", "Fresh off a knockout of previously unbeaten Stipe Miocic, Struve sees himself as a win or two away from challenging for the title and already has designs on a few foes who are all coming off impressive victories of their own as well.", "\n\n“I think they are great challenges for me,” said Sturve in an interview with TATAME. “", "A win over Silva, Werdum or ‘Minotauro’ should put me closer to achieving my biggest goal.”", "\n\nAll three of the Brazilians were last seen stopping their opponents with Silva taking out Travis Browne via TKO, Werdum beating Mike Russow with strikes, and Nogueira submitting Dave Herman. ", "With a card headed to the South American hotbed of MMA in mid-January, and all three men relatively healthy and currently available, it seems likely Struve may get his wish with the added backdrop of Brazil to boot.", "\n\nI think Bigfoot would beat him. ", "A little edge to Werdum cause of the ground game but Struve will out strike him. ", "Big Nog is a interesting fight cause you can kind of use it as to see how Nog handles the height and speed difference. ", "All three fights are not gimmies. ", "Got to give it to the kid. ", "He’s calling out some good ones" ]

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[ "With more and more stock market investors considering the option of day trading for a living, the rise of day trading schools is noticeable.", "\n\nSome are really good and some are severely over-selling their true value to day trading beginners. ", "And unfortunately, questionable Day Trading Academy reviews have become a bit of a concern. ", "So we're going to investigate whether or not you can trust the high praises that you'll find for the Day Trading Academy online.", "\n\nThe Day Trading Academy was started in 2011 by Marcello Arrambide, a well-known day trader since 2002, he has his fans but he (and his day trading classes) definitely has some strong critics within the day trading community.", "\n\nLet's look at how The Day Trading Academy operates according to day trading school reviews and later we'll look at some day trading academy complaints.", "\n\nDay Trading Classes With a Personal Touch?", "\n\nAccording to many Day Trading Academy reviews, there is a more personalized teacher/student relationship with this course and a unique style of trading taught. ", "The Day Trading Academy focuses primarily on trading near market open, attempting to profit by only trading for a couple hours each day.", "\n\nStudents can send in trading charts and day trading logs that their teacher will review, critique, and comment on. ", "The corrections and recommendations that the day trading teacher gives about the student's logs will be formatted and sent in a personalized video to the student. ", "And according to day trading academy reviews, the teachers do a great job responding quickly to student questions and concerns via email.", "\n\nAlso, there are live day trading lessons every week, where The Day Trading Academy founder himself, Marcello Arrambide, or sometimes a \"successful\" day trader student, will discuss what's currently happening in the markets. ", "The teacher of these live weekly training sessions will also notify their day trading students of the trading opportunities that are presenting themselves. ", "Again, this is according to day trading school reviews that we may or may not be able to trust. ", "More on that later in this article...\n\nHow Much Does Day Trading Academy Cost?", "\n\nIf you're wondering how much is Day Trading Academy training, it differs depending on which year of training you're in.", "\n\n1st year of day trading class with The Day Trading Academy:\n\n- One time payment of $2000 for 1 Year.", "\n\nAfter the 1st year of day trading classes:\n\n- After your first year ends, you can pay $150 per Month for access.", "\n\nSo while you are able to pay month-to-month after the 1st year, the $150 per month would equal $1,800 per yer, again, that's after the first year of day training classes have been paid off at the sum of $2,000 in a lump sum.", "\n\nNeedless to say, whether this is the best day trading school or not, these day trading classes are far from cheap. ", "Definitely not meant for people trying to learn how to start day trading with 100 dollars.", "\n\nAnd when considering how much it costs to take The Day Trading Academy classes, you'd surely expect to get every penny's worth of day trading education and that is exactly why people search so diligently for The Day Trading Academy reviews before paying such a high price for the school. ", "But that leads us to some sketchy aspects of The Day Trading Academy reviews online that have caused many not to trust them.", "\n\nCan Day Trading Academy Reviews Be Trusted?", "\n\nSo as you search around online for \"how does day trading work?\" ", "and \"Day Trading Academy reviews\", you may find various positive Day Trading Academy reviews saying it's the best day trading school anywhere.", "\n\nBut WHY are these Day Trading Academy reviews so overwhelmingly positive?", "\n\nWell, one thing to consider with the review of these particular day trading classes is that current members receive one free month (the equivalent of $150) when they leave Day Trading Academy reviews of the service on the internet and alert the company. ", "Nothing criminal, but you can imagine how this could skew the results of \"unbiased\" Day Trading Academy reviews.", "\n\nNow don't misunderstand the point, The Day Trading Academy does not instruct their members to leave a positive review, but it seems pretty obvious that the day trading school wouldn't give a free month's subscription to someone who left them a harshly negative review. ", "After members leave a review, they simply tell The Day Trading Academy the name of the review site used, the name they left the review under and afterwards The Day Trading Academy credit's the member's account for a free month of day trade training (normally at the rate of $150).", "\n\nNow to be fair, if The Day Trading Academy was a horrible school people likely wouldn't leave positive reviews in order to get another free month of a worthless product. ", "But it is something to note that The Day Trading Academy does provide a strong incentive for their members to give Day Trading Academy reviews, not every student is doing so out of pure love of the classes.", "\n\nAnd think about it... If a student was on-the-fence about this day trading class, or even mildly underwhelmed after paying for a full year of training, couldn't you easily imagine someone leaving a positive review in order to get one free (extra) month of training so as to figure out if they want to continue or not? ", "It just makes sense to do.", "\n\nFake Day Trading Schools Review From Day Trading Academy Founder\n\nWhen we consider The Day Trading Academy complaints that arise, none are more damning than the accusation of fake reviews from the owner of The Day Trading Academy himself, Marcello Arrambide.", "\n\nOne such incident was caught and exposed on the Futures.", "IO forum.", "\n\nMany of Marcello Arrambide's detractors felt vindicated in seeing his actions being exposed when he was caught red-handed trying to leave a positive Day Trading Academy review on futures.io while posing as a client. ", "Take a look at this screenshot below claiming that DTA is the best day trading school....\n\nThe well-respected website administrator at futures.io banned Marcello after the fake review and left it up for all to see. ", "He left a note saying...\n\n\"He pretends to be a user, but in actuality he is the vendor discussed in this thread - 'The Day Trading Academy'. ", "I have proof of this. ", "This should tell you all that you need to know about doing business with this company. ", "I have left the post intact for others to see.\" ", "-Mike\n\nWhy Many Insiders Don't Respect DTA's Day Trading Class\n\nThe main issue that many day trading insiders have with The Day Trading Academy is that none of the claims made by Marcello Arrambide are supported by any proof, The Day Trading Academy website has been up for 5+ years now but we’re yet to see a 3rd-party verified track-record unlike some of his day trading educator peers. ", "Instead of showing statements or real-time day trading results, investors looking for proof are offered a bunch of questionable testimonials.", "\n\nAnother issue that some in the day trading community have a problem with is the style of trading promoted at The Day Trading Academy.", "\n\nThe Day Trading Academy teaches day trading using several indicators; Bollinger Bands, EMA and MACD. ", "And a 2 point profit target, allowing a 1.25 stop-loss when trading ES contracts. ", "This is not viewed as the most sophisticated way of trading Emini Futures.", "\n\nThen students can move on to a more advanced style of trading, that involves a more \"holistic\" view of the market, and trying to ‘feel’ what the market price is doing. ", "Again, this isn't widely viewed as a sound way to trade because it encourages traders to involve their emotions in day trading, that's not how day trading works. ", "The most basic stock advice among elite and proven day traders is that it's absolutely vital to trade without emotion.", "\n\nKey To Finding The Best Day Trading School: Cautiousness\n\nSo in conclusion, it's obvious that the positive Day Trading Academy reviews you'll find littered online are highly suspect and that if you are searching for day trading schools or online classes, you should choose a mentor that will show you proof of success and is eager to show you their \"receipts\" so to speak.", "\n\nBut on the other hand, real day trading gurus that show their real trading screens and successes get called \"arrogant show-offs\". ", "So, no day trading teacher is without his or her detractors, you'll have to decide for yourself which complaints are frivolous, which are worth listening to saving you wasted time and money.", "\n\n[RELATED ARTICLE: Day Trading For a Living? ", "Is day trading profitable?]" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat's the difference between \"家\" (ya), \"屋\" (ya), and \"や\" (ya) as used in the names of shops/stores/restaurants?", "\n\nAs a gyudon addict I have noticed that the names of the three major national restaurant chains all end in \"ya\" but they used two different characters:\n\n\"吉野家\" (Yoshinoya)\n\"松屋\" (Matsuya)\n\"すき家\" (Sukiya)\n\nOther shops and restaurants I've noticed just use the hiragana instead:\n\n\"や\" (ya)\n\nSo is there a subtle difference where one is more like restaurant and the other is more like shop/store? ", "And is the hiragana a handy way to be ambiguous or would people reading such a sign immediately know whether \"や\" stood for \"屋\" or \"家\" based on their language intuition?", "\nWhile I'm at it, is this yet another character for \"ya\" used in the same contexts?", "\n\n\"店\"\n\nA:\n\n屋 and 家 both roughly mean \"house\", with 屋 tending more towards the meaning of building and 家 more towards home. ", "The choice of which to use is entirely the owner's. ", "や is the ambiguous way to write either and is pretty much a stylistic choice. ", "Do keep in mind that in the olden days Japanese stores tended to be part home, part store, with the owners living in the back while serving guests out front. ", "You can still find such stores today, but they're disappearing in favor of purely business stores. ", "The naming stuck though, possibly due to it's \"homeliness\".*", "\n店 ten has the pure meaning of \"store\".", "\n\n* Note that I'm pretty sure that even in in the olden days there were purely business stores called -ya. ", "I can't say whether 屋 was used for such whereas 家 was used for \"home stores\" or whether the choice was always arbitrary.", "\n\nA:\n\ndeceze's answer may be correct (I do not know), but in present Japanese, 屋 means that it is a store whereas 家 puts more emphasis on the fact that it has been inherited for generations. ", "For 屋, besides your example, it is often combined with the merchandise: 靴屋, 自転車屋, 魚屋, etc. ", "家 usually combines with the family name that is inherited.", "\n\nA:\n\n-屋{や} is also used in some words describing character traits, e.g.\n\n恥{は}ずかしがり屋{や} (bashful person)\n寂{さび}しがり屋{や} (lonely person)\n寒{さむ}がり屋{や} (someone who gets cold easily, cold-blooded)\nくすぐったがり屋{や} (ticklish person)\n目{め}立{だ}ちたがり屋{や} (attention seeker)\nのんびり屋{や} (lazy, laid-back person)\n\nthey usually end in -(が)り屋\nbut also professions (often used to refer to the the shop's owner):\n\n八{や}百{お}屋{や} (greengrocer)\n床{とこ}屋{や} (barber)\n大{おお}屋{や} (landlord/landlady)\n酒屋{さかや} (sake dealer/brewer)\n質屋{しちや} (pawnbroker)\n殺{ころ}し屋{や} (professional killer/hitman)\n\nWhile -家{か} (NB: -ka, not -ya)　is also used for some professions, usually(but not always) related to creativity:\n\n漫画家【まんがか】 (mangaka, manga/comic writer)\n画家 【がか】 (painter)\n作家【さっか】 (writer/author)\n所説家【しょせつか】 (novelist, fiction writer)\n芸術家【げいじゅつか】 (artist (in entertainment industry))\n評論家【ひょうろんか】 (critic)\n農家 【のうか】 (farmer/plant grower)\n実業家【じつぎょうか】 (businessman)\n\n" ]

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[ "Donald Trumphas made no secret of the fact that he intends to rip up Barack Obama's legacy when he takes office - ending the Trans-Pacific Partnership, redrawing Obamacare and loading up Guantanamo with \"some bad dudes\".", "\n\nHowever, one expected action is likely to be less controversial, certainly in Britain: that of restoring the bust of Winston Churchill to the Oval Office.", "\n\nMr Trump, who has frequently professed his admiration for Britain's wartime leader, was asked earlier this week whether he was considering returning the bust, sculpted by Jacob Epstein, to the White House.", "\n\n“I am, indeed, I am,” he said, during an interview at the New York Times, at which he was sitting in front of a picture of Churchill.", "\n\nMr Obama replaced the Churchill bust with one of Martin Luther King in the Oval Office in 2009, soon after he took over the presidency, causing outrage on both sides of the Atlantic.", "\n\nBoris Johnson controversially wrote earlier this year, while he was Mayor of London, that Mr Obama's decision to send the bust back to the British embassy in Washington had been a “snub to Britain”.", "\n\nDonald Trump and Nigel Farage at Trump Tower\n\nMr Johnson, who is now Foreign Secretary, suggested it might have been linked to Mr Obama's \"ancestral dislike of the British Empire”.", "\n\nHowever, Mr Obama later explained that he had a second sculpture of Churchill, who had an American mother and was the only person ever granted an honourary US passport, in his private quarters.", "\n\n“My private office is called the Treaty Room. ", "Right outside the door of the Treaty Room so that I see it every day, including on weekends when I’m going into that office to watch a basketball game, the primary image I see is a bust of Winston Churchill,” he said.", "\n\n“It’s there voluntarily ‘cause I can do anything on the second floor. ", "I love Winston Churchill, I love the guy.\"", "\n\nThe Epstein sculpture had been given to President George W Bush by Tony Blair, the former Prime Minister, and was displayed in the Oval Office from 2001-2009.", "\n\nNigel Farage used an hour-long meeting with Mr Trump last week to persuade him to return the Churchill bust to the Oval Office.", "\n\nMr Farage said that Mr Trump, an Anglophile, was “excited” by the idea and was “very positive” about returning the bust to the Oval Office.", "\n\nMr Trump has called for Britain to install Mr Farage as ambassador to the US." ]

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[ "SCRIP\n\nWhat Is Scrip?", "\n\nScrip is a term that means \"substitute money\". ", "When you purchase scrip, you're purchasing negotiable gift certificates or prepaid cards that are used just like cash. ", "There are NO extra hidden fees. ", "Just pay for the face value of the gift certificate or prepaid card for each retailer you shop; and use them just like cash. ", "You can use scrip to purchase everyday expenses like food, clothing, and gas for your car. ", "You can also use them for appliances (large & small), as well as Home Improvement projects. (", "See the order form)\n\nHow does scrip generate revenue?", "\n\nWhenever you purchase Scrip certificates or cards, Queen of All Saints Church or School receives cash back in the amount of 2% to 25 %. ", "Remember this is at NO cost to you. ", "To order scrip, simply complete the order form. ", "Scrip can be purchased preferably with cash, money order or by check. ", "You can also use a credit card, but this costs QAS a 2.42% processing fee. ", "For example if there is a 5% rebate on a certain card or certificate, the rebate then becomes only 2.58% if a credit card is used.", "\n\nWhen can you buy Scrip?", "\n\nScrip is sold after all weekend masses. ", "And, when school is in session, scrip is sold Monday thru Friday, 7:45 a.m. to 9:30 a.m. You can also send your order in with payment with a student, or call your order to #219-872-4420, ext 202, and pick up your order in the school office. ", "Additionally, you can fax your order to #219-872-1943, or place your order on-line.", "\n\nProfit Designation:\n\nYou can annually designate that your generated scrip profit be given to the Parish, School or for tuition for a particular student. ", "And, you can also designate the 8th Grade Washington DC trip, the 4th Grade Indianapolis trip or the QAS Festival.", "\n\nA Word about \"Profit\":\n\nThe “profit” number reported weekly in the Parish bulletin is “gross profit”. ", "To arrive at the “net profit”, which can be used for various Parish or School projects, you need to deduct the programs' direct costs, including credit card fees and shipping costs. ", "After doing that, you end up with the amount available for distribution. ", "Distributions earned by student families are applied to tuition at Queens and Marquette. ", "Once that is done, you arrive at a “net profit” that is used for various Parish and School projects. ", "The split between the Parish and School is determined by you the customer when you designate so at the top of the scrip order form.", "\n\nFind Out More\n\nAsk your scrip coordinator listed below for the latest participating retailer list. ", "Then put your shopping dollars to work for our school or church!" ]

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[ "---\nauthor:\n- |\n Pablo Morales-Álvarez, Pablo Ruiz, Scott Coughlin,\\\n Rafael Molina, , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos, [^1]\nbibliography:\n- 'refs.bib'\ntitle: |\n Scalable Variational Gaussian Processes\\\n for Crowdsourcing: Glitch Detection in LIGO\n---\n\nIntroduction {#sec:intro}\n============\n\nProbabilistic model and inference {#sec:theory}\n=================================\n\nThis section introduces the theoretical formulation of the proposed method. ", "It follows the rationale of previous GP-based crowdsourcing approaches [@Rodrigues:14; @CR_PR], but achieves scalability through the sparse GP approximation behind SVGP. ", "Figure \\[fig:model\\] shows a graphical representation of the proposed model, which will be useful throughout this section.", "\n\n![", "Probabilistic graphical model for the novel SVGPCR. ", "Observed variables are depicted in yellow, and those to be estimated in blue. ", "In the latter case, the intensity indicates whether the estimation is through a posterior distribution (light blue) or a point value (dark).[]{data-label=\"fig:model\"}](figures/pgm_iguanatex_crop.pdf){width=\"0.8\\columnwidth\"}\n\nThe model {#sec:model}\n---------\n\nVariational inference {#sec:inference}\n---------------------\n\nLIGO data description {#sec:data}\n=====================\n\nExperimental results {#sec:experiments}\n====================\n\nConclusions and future work {#sec:conclusions}\n===========================\n\n[Pablo Morales-Álvarez]{} received the B.Sc. ", "degree in Mathematics from the University of Granada (UGR), Spain, in 2014. ", "He obtained the First End of Studies Award by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, to the most outstanding undergraduate in mathematics. ", "Then, he received the M.Sc. ", "degrees in Mathematical Physics (2015) and Data Science (2016), both from UGR. ", "Funded by the highly competitive Ph.D. fellowship from *La Caixa* Foundation, he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence at UGR under the supervision of Prof. Rafael Molina, co-supervised by Prof. Aggelos K. Katsaggelos (Northwestern University, USA). ", "He was selected in a very competitive process (15% international acceptance ratio) to attend the 2017 Machine Learning Summer School at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems at Tübingen (Germany), organized by Prof. Bernhard Schölkopf’s group. ", "He will be visiting the Machine Learning Group at the University of Cambridge (UK) in 2019, to work with Prof. José Miguel Hernández-Lobato and his team. ", "His main research interests are probabilistic machine learning methods, specially (Deep) Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Neural Networks, and their applications to crowdsourcing and citizen science problems.", "\n\n[Pablo Ruiz]{} received his BS Degree in Mathematics (2008), Master Degree in Multimedia Technologies (2009) and PhD in Information and Communication Technologies (2015), all of them from the University of Granada. ", "Currently he is in his third year as a postdoctoral fellow at Northwestern University under the supervision of Prof. Katsaggelos. ", "In his research he studies probabilistic models and inference applied to the solution of inverse problems. ", "Using these tools he is addressing a number of signal and image processing problems such as image restoration, blind deconvolution, image and 3D volume restoration from images acquired with computational tomography, phase retrieval, as well as Machine Learning problems, where he is using the Gaussian Processes theory to solve regression and classification problems, active learning, feature learning and crowdsourcing among others.", "\n\n[Scott Coughlin]{} received a BA degree from Northwestern University, in 2014. ", "He is currently working as a research specialist at the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA, Northwestern University), and enrolled as a graduate student at the School of Physics and Astronomy at Cardiff University (UK). ", "He leads and manages the citizen science project known as Gravity Spy. ", "Gravity Spy is an interdisciplinary research project that combines his interests of gravitational-wave data analysis, machine learning and citizen science with the goal of classifying non-astrophysical noise artifacts in gravitational wave data.", "\n\n[Rafael Molina]{} received the degree in mathematics (statistics) and the Ph.D. degree in optimal design in linear models from the University of Granada, Granada, Spain, in 1979 and 1983, respectively. ", "He was the Dean of the Computer Engineering School, University of Granada, from 1992 to 2002. ", "In 2000, he joined the University of Granada, as a Professor of computer science and artificial intelligence. ", "He was the Head of the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Department, University of Granada, from 2005 to 2007. ", "He has co-authored the paper that received the runner-up prize at reception for early stage researchers at the House of Commons. ", "His research interest focuses mainly on using Bayesian modeling and inference in problems like image restoration (applications to astronomy and medicine), super-resolution of images and video, blind deconvolution, computational photography, source recovery in medicine, compressive sensing, low-rank matrix decomposition, active learning, fusion, and machine learning. ", "He was a recipient of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing Paper Award in 2007 and the ISPA Best Paper Award in 2009. ", "He served as an Associate Editor for Applied Signal Processing from 2005 to 2007 and the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING from 2010 to 2014. ", "He has been serving as an Associate Editor for Progress in Artificial Intelligence since 2011. ", "He has been serving as an Area Editor for Digital Signal Processing since 2011.", "\n\n[Aggelos K. Katsaggelos]{} received the Diploma degree in electrical and mechanical engineering from the Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Greece, in 1979, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1981 and 1985, respectively. ", "In 1985, he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University. ", "He was the Ameritech Chair of information technology and the AT&T Chair. ", "He is currently a Professor of the Joseph Cummings Chair, Northwestern University. ", "He is also an Academic Staff Member with NorthShore University Health System and an Affiliated Faculty Member with the Department of Linguistics. ", "He has an appointment with the Argonne National Laboratory. ", "He has published extensively in the areas of multimedia signal processing and communications, computational imaging, and machine learning (over 250 journal papers, 600 conference papers, and 40 book chapters). ", "He holds 25 international patents. ", "He has co-authored Rate-Distortion Based Video Compression (Kluwer, 1997), Super-Resolution for Images and Video (Claypool, 2007), Joint Source-Channel Video Transmission (Claypool, 2007), and Machine Learning Refined (Cambridge University Press, 2016). ", "He has supervised 56 Ph.D. dissertations. ", "Among his many professional activities, he was the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Signal Processing Magazine from 1997 to 2002, a BOG Member of the IEEE Signal Processing Society from 1999 to 2001, a member of the Publication Board of the IEEE PROCEEDINGS from 2003 to 2007, and a member of the Award Board of the IEEE Signal Processing Society. ", "He is a fellow of the IEEE in 1998, SPIE in 2009, EURASIP in 2017, and OSA in 2018. ", "He was a recipient of the IEEE Third Millennium Medal in 2000, the IEEE Signal Processing Society Meritorious Service Award in 2001, the IEEE Signal Processing Society Technical Achievement Award in 2010, the IEEE Signal Processing Society Best Paper Award in 2001, the IEEE ICME Paper Award in 2006, the IEEE ICIP Paper Award in 2007, the ISPA Paper Award in 2009, and the EUSIPCO Paper Award in 2013. ", "He was a Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Signal Processing Society from 2007 to 2008.", "\n\n[^1]: This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under project DPI2016-77869-C2-2-R, the US National Science Foundation through the NSF INSPIRE 15-47880 grant (Gravity Spy project), the US Department of Energy under grant DE-NA0002520, and the University of Granada through the Visiting Scholar Program. ", "PMA is supported by La Caixa Banking Foundation (ID 100010434, Barcelona, Spain) through La Caixa Fellowship for Doctoral Studies LCF/BQ/ES17/11600011. ", "We would also like to thank Mike Zevin and Neda Rohani for useful discussions.", "\n" ]

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[ "Lymphocyte subpopulations in human cerebrospinal fluid.", "\nLymphocyte subpopulations in both human cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood were identified and compared by rosette techniques. ", "In patients without neuroaxial disease, the percent distribution of Fc receptor and T-lymphocytes reflected peripheral blood values, although there was a significantly higher percentage of T cells in normal CSF. ", "Alterations in lymphocyte cerebrospinal fluid populations were observed in various systemic and neurologic diseases." ]

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[ "The Automobile Association, on the other hand, was formed in 1905 with the decidedly anti-governmental intention of helping its members avoid police speed traps, which had been implemented following the Motor Car Act of 1903. ", "Within a few years, it had put up thousands of directional road signs as well, and was the principal erector of such until local authorities took over in the 1930s. ", "From 1910, it also produced maps to guide its members to the best routes, hostelries, and amenities along the newly motorized highways.", "\n\nThe map dispute arose when the Automobile Association was accused by the Ordnance Survey of tracing its careful surveys onto the association’s maps, thereby stealing its data, carefully collated from historical triangulations and aerial photography, from the work of surveyors on the ground and in the air. ", "The process of assembling a map is costly and time-consuming, and its execution forms the prime value of any cartographic business; hence, theft of this nature is taken seriously.", "\n\nThe dispute—which had been rumbling on for some time, first surfacing in the courts in 1996 and dating back as far as 1990—ended when the Automobile Association agreed to pay twenty million pounds to the Ordnance Survey in a settlement agreed just hours before the case was due before a judge. ", "Centrica, the multinational utility which acquired the Automobile Association in 2001, made a statement that “the AA ’s processes were not as robust as they should have been,” while stressing that they had “genuinely sought” to create their own maps from scratch.", "\n\nThe case rested on a series of unique fingerprints within the maps themselves described by the Ordnance Survey’s chief executive Vanessa Lawrence as “design elements in the way we show things which are not obvious to either the user or the copier. ", "When we see the two versions side by side, we can spot clues.” ", "The Guardian reported that these features were pure design elements such as the width of roads, and did not extend to putting misleading features into the maps themselves, corroborating what Lawrence had claimed: “There are some publishers who put deliberate mistakes in their maps. ", "We don’t do that—it would mislead our customers. ", "For us, it’s more about the style we use.”", "\n\nOther map-makers are not so scrupulous. ", "Anecdotally, many cartographers relate the stories of deliberate errors introduced into maps to prove their provenance, from kinks in rivers and the addition of small buildings to exaggerated curves in roads and the systematic alteration of minor digits in geographic coordinates; nothing that would put the user off-track, but enough to make a map’s actual origin certain. ", "Most of the time, such tricks are indistinguishable from errata, but across enough sheets or data points they form a pattern, and organizations such as the Ordnance Survey employ teams of experts to ferret them out in their competitors’ products.", "\n\nSuch interventions are known colloquially as “trap streets,” a collective term for cartographic fictions with the intent to deter copyists. ", "And, as noted, they may not all be streets: any geographic alteration can be used, from the fabrication of a remote nonexistent town to the mislabeling of the elevation of a mountain range. ", "The existence of such doctored locations is routinely denied in public statements by publishers, even when acknowledged in closed legal proceedings, and so the Ordnance Survey’s denials should be viewed with a certain circumspection.", "\n\nOpen Street Map, whose intention is to create a copyright-free cartography of the world distinct from the proprietary versions that preceded it, is particularly susceptible to such intrusions unwittingly added by its contributors, and so takes pains to warn of the dangers of trap streets. ", "Its copyright guidance references a number of such fictions, many of which have been removed after their exposure.", "\n\nMoat Lane in Finchley, North London—a suburban street specified in the TeleAtlas directory, used as the basis for Google Maps. ", "On Google’s map rendering, it carved, until it was recently removed, at right angles from the end of Clandon Gardens, turning plausibly parallel to the North Circular Road. ", "In satellite view, however, Moat Lane flashed into falsity: Clandon Gardens is a cul-de-sac, and the fat white finger of Moat Lane overlaid trees, gardens, and a pitch-roofed house. ", "It does not exist.", "\n\nIn the market town of Shrewsbury, Kerbela Street once took a hard right and extended right through the Shropshire Learners & Driving Instructor Training center, an unexpected gift for new drivers reliant on satellite navigation. ", "A similar twist used to occur at the foot of Nether Craigour in Edinburgh, where Oxygen Street purportedly ran between two houses. ", "The hairpinned Adolph-Menzel-Ring and Otto-Dix-Ring, real streets in the German town of Zeuthen, were at one time erroneously attached to Wiesenstrasse in a location that the satellite would reveal to be suburban woodlands. ", "The A–Z Map of Bristol appends to the east side of the well-heeled Canynge Square another cul-de-sac, which does not appear in the index, or in reality. ", "The name of this fictional addition? ", "Lye Close. ", "Someone at TeleAtlas has an intriguing sense of humor.", "\n\nNot all errors on maps are intentional. “", "Paper streets” are the result of failed planning applications that have festered long enough to appear on speculative, proposed maps of city’s futures and have thus been incorporated into the official cartographies without ever making the leap to macadam. ", "As such, they may appear on official city maps and land deeds, and even constitute legal rights of way, approved by courts and enforceable by them, and yet undriveable, unnavigable, unobtainable." ]

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[ "Home\n\nIf you want to be at the center of controversy these days, here how you do it: become a dad, have a daughter, style her hair, then sit back and watch the fireworks. ", "You might get hearty applause because you're bustin' stereotypes and representing the new generation of involved dads. ", "On the other hand, you could get internet rocks thrown at you because why should you get credit for something that moms do thanklessly each and every day?", "\n\nIf you don't know what I'm talking about, here's one story. ", "And here's the other.", "\n\nIdiotic racist comments from the first story aside, I understand the conflict. ", "I get it that moms do these things each day without applause, and if a man does it, isn't it just as much his job? ", "Yes, yes it is. ", "I completely agree, and so do you -- if you subscribe to that premise. ", "The reality, however, is that we're far from internalizing that premise as a society. ", "Applauding such acts, as mundane and everyday as they are, is our collective way of telling the world that more of this should happen. ", "Not in the moralistic sense, but in the \"why the hell don't we see more of this\" sense. ", "Sure, one guy ends up getting a frustratingly disproportionate amount credit for one small everyday thing, but I don't care about him. ", "I care that the applause sends a signal to the greater world that we should encourage more of this, because there certainly is a shortage. ", "We should applaud now, so that dads doing their daughters' hair, or moms throwing a football with their sons, or dads taking over the kitchen is no big deal, as it should be. ", "So no, I don't think that dad deserved a standing ovation for making a perfect bun. ", "But I think society needed that applause to push us all in the direction that we should be barreling toward.", "\n\nActually, change that. ", "He does deserve a standing ovation, from me at least. ", "Because seriously:" ]

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[ "Staff Writers\n\nDavid Archuleta Wikipedia\n\nDavid James Archuleta (born December 28, 1990) is an American singer-songwriter and actor. ", "At ten years old, he won the children's division of the Utah Talent Competition leading to other television singing appearances.[6] When he was twelve years old, Archuleta became the Junior Vocal Champion on Star Search 2.[6] In 2007, at sixteen years old, he became one of the youngest contestants on the seventh season of American Idol.[7] In May 2008 he finished as the runner-up, receiving 44 percent of over 97 million votes.", "\n\n@DavidArchie\n\nMy Kind Of Christmas Concert ~ Click On Picture To Watch Concert!", "\n\nCharities David Supports\n\nDavid Archuleta ~ Crossing The Bridge\n\nPosted by MT on Saturday, June 30, 2012\n\nThere is no finite line between childhood and adulthood. ", "No one can pinpoint the exact moment in time that he or she becomes an adult. ", "It is a blurred line that takes some time to cross, like a bridge over a river that one must cross carefully with slow, measured steps.", "\n\nFor some celebrities, that bridge is crossed by going out in public and drinking, doing drugs, or making spectacles of themselves in an effort to show the world that they are no longer children and are taking part in “grown up” activities. ", "But no matter how hard they try, they can’t shake the world’s opinion that they are still children. ", "The world simply sees them as unruly children. ", "This method of making the transition is also very unhealthy for the celebrity.", "\n\nHmmm … perhaps time out of the public’s view is a better answer. ", "As fans, we have watched David grow and can easily see the difference between the young person David was and the man David is today. ", "But like many others, he still has some growing/maturing to do in order to leave the teen label behind and be seen as an adult. ", "So, at what point in time can he definitively say he is now a full-fledged adult? ", "There is no easy answer to that question.", "\n\nDavid leaving for two years to go on a mission is not something that most fans are happy about. ", "While his reasons are understandable and we readily agree that we accept it as something he needs to do for himself, he is greatly missed. ", "David spreads joy in a way that few others can. ", "Actually, I’ve never known anyone else who could bring so much happiness to so many with just a smile, a laugh, or a song. ", "And yet, he does it so easily just by being himself.", "\n\nBut, although we miss him, I can’t help but think that this time might be the bridge that David needs in order to cross from “adolescent David” to “adult David” in the world’s view without having to resort to any of the nonsense that some celebrities feel the need to partake in. ", "These two years will give him the gift of time and allow his growth and maturity to be real, not something manufactured in an effort to gain the attention and acceptance of a disinterested public. ", "His mission work will give him a knowledge and maturity that comes from serving others. ", "And it will allow him to cross his bridge in relative anonymity, emerging as a man who is ready to bring that new maturity to his music and his performances, a man ready to take on the music industry.", "\n\nWithout having seen him in over two years, the world will be taking a “fresh” look at the new David Archuleta. ", "It could be just what he needs to remove that blurred line, making it a clean and clear transition. ", "Returning with a new maturity at age 23 should make it easier for the world to see and accept that he is no longer a “teen star” and that it’s time to take him seriously, time for him to be treated with the respect that his tremendous talent deserves.", "\n\n127 Responses to “David Archuleta ~ Crossing The Bridge”\n\nAbrrasaid\n\nA bridge is a wonderful metaphor when we discuss David. ", "When I look at the beautiful graphic in the top photo, it seems like David is telling us with his eyes to join him. ", "Come with him across this bridge of life. ", "Grow with him, not in age but in experience. ", "Follow his example as he makes his way across. ", "He is excited to see what is waiting for him on the other side, as are we. ", "I agree with you MT that David will come back more defined as a person. ", "It follows that he will also gain new insight into his career direction. ", "Back when he spoke of building his foundation, I have to think that was the very first clue that he had made his mind up to go on his mission. ", "What had been pushed back , was now leaping to the forefront. ", "Free of contracts, he now had the opportunity to map out his plan for life. ", "First on the list, pay back his Heavenly Father for the blessings he had received.", "\n\ncredit juan art\n\nAs he tells us in the quote on the left sidebar, ” I can’t wait to bring back the person that I become.” ", "It will most certainly be a “new” David. ", "One who has gained the confidence and knowledge that he can make a difference in the world. ", "One person at a time.", "\n\nkayceesaid\n\nMT, really great article…so many interesting points. ", "The transition from teen star to an adult is truly a hard one, and very few have done it successfully. ", "Like many have noted, David has always been an old soul in a young body–I think his adult years will be a “good place” for him. ", "Perhaps these two years will also help “bridge” the gap between the two. ", "And, (wishful thinking), perhaps these next to years will be a “bridge” from the troubled music scene of today to one that will welcome David’s incredible talent.(“Bridge Over Troubled Waters”!).", "\n\nbebereadersaid\n\nMT,\nI loved your excellent, well-thought-out article. ", "I believe David will mature in these two years, away from home and away from his regular life. ", "He will come back more seasoned in all ways and ready to face the challenges that lie ahead. ", "While there’s no guarantee that the state of the music industry will be any better than it is now, when he returns, at least he will be better equipped to handle it, as you say:\n\n“…emerging as a man who is ready to bring that new maturity to his music and his performances, a man ready to take on the music industry.”", "\n\nHis song choices on BEGIN., ", "including “Bridge of Troubled Waters”, “Everybody Hurts”, “Angel” and “Don’t Give Up” lead me to believe that the transition from teen to adult already occurred before he left. ", "The songs are inspirational from a mature standpoint.", "\n\nI was enjoying last night’s discussion at the end of the last thread about David’s hairstyles when poof, the article changed! ", "LOL. ", "For the record, I agree with you, sky and bluesky that David’s off the forehead hairstyle is my favorite.", "\n\nMTsaid\n\nFirst of all, thanks to Angelica for the beautiful graphics! ", "I love the pictures with the bridges.", "\n\nI miss David a lot, as I know you all do. ", "I miss the funny tweets, the interviews, the vlogs, the concerts/videos. ", "So, I guess I’m trying to be like David and trying to find that “silver lining hiding in the grey,” seeing the possible long term benefits for him (and for us in the long term) and when I think about it I see many.", "\n\nAs Abrra said, “he will come back “more defined as a person ” and as Kaycee said, “perhaps these next two years will be a “bridge” from the troubled music scene of today to one that will welcome David’s incredible talent.(“Bridge Over Troubled Waters”!).”", "\n\nThe rapid rise in his twitter followers and the fact that many of the sites that report news on him have begun to use updated photos makes me think that just the simple announcement of his mission has them seeing him in a different light already.", "\n\nI really am trying to see the positves in this. ", "I do believe he is worth waiting for. ", "I think we’ll see a new and more determined David upon his return.", "\n\nI think we’ve only seen the tip of the iceburg in respect to what he is capable of and I’m really looking forward to what happens when he returns.", "\n\nAbrrasaid\n\nI am off to a family get together. ", "My sister and her husband are passing through on their way to Cape Cod. ", "Bebe ( many thanks!) ", "has graciously agreed to play DJ tonight in Unplugged. ", "I’ll pop in when I get back home 😉\n\nmarlie7said\n\nMT – lovely writing and your metaphor of a bridge is so fitting at this time. ", "I am anticipating a change in David’s song choices – or his writing – when he returns. ", "And although I’d love it if David took the music world by storm, I won’t be disappointed if he continues to build a following one-by-one and is able to support himself doing what he loves to do – make music. ", "The music scene is fragmented into genres, sub-genres, and, it seems to me, sub-sub-genres. ", "So David is likely to own a genre, but not all of them, not the pop music scene as people did years ago. ", "And I rather think that David’s is maturing already beyond the top 40 type pop music and will settle somewhere in the some alternative arena like, adult contemporary or singer-songwriter.", "\n\nPS – I was listening to the new Kris Allen album the other day – and I just had the feeling that he had some of the same writers that David had for his first album. ", "There is a song that starts with whistling 🙂 and is a bit jaunty like Your Eyes Don’t Lie, and one that has lots of little flings into falsetto and then the last verse begins with a low and quiet phrase so similar to “something ’bout love…” Very interesting.", "\n\nMT♥ Absolutely love your article! ", "What you say, and how you have thought it out, makes so much sense, and I agree with your conclusions. ", "I love the pictures, the beautiful graphics.", "Bothe the top and bottom one. ", "Gorgeous.", "\n“There is no finite line between childhood and adulthood. ", "No one can pinpoint the exact moment in time that he or she becomes an adult. ", "It is a blurred line that takes some time to cross, like a bridge over a river that one must cross carefully with slow, measured steps.”", "\n\nAs shocking and painful as it was, to hear his decision to step away for 2 years on THAT night ,the person who stood on that SLC stage and ,took the first step onto his bridge…. ", "did so as an adult.", "\nWhen I look back, It took so much courage to make his annoucement in front of so many.", "He did it with such love and heart and honesty, trusting his Heavenly Father, his faith, and us too…. ", "It took the courage of a real man to do that IMO. ", "I can’t wait to see him step off of that bridge, and to see the person he has become, in 2014.", "\n\n” I think we’ve only seen the tip of the iceburg in respect to what he is capable of and I’m really looking forward to what happens when he returns.” ", "~ MT\n\nkayceesaid\n\nFunny thing happened yesterday. ", "After a church activity, I was the last one to leave the building and was turning off all the lights and getting ready to lock up, when I started hearing the faintest sound. ", "I walked around and started checking rooms, trying to figure out where it was coming from. ", "After wandering around the building for a bit, the sound got louder and louder and I realized it was music. ", "I finally found the door where it was coming from and discovered that it wasn’t just any music it was David… from Christmas From the Heart CD! ", "A good friend of mine in our church was cleaning out some closets and brought along a bit of David to keep her motivated! ", "It was awesome to find a fellow Archie right here in my neighborhood!", "\n\nMTsaid\n\nMarlie,\nAfter you mentioned the whistling, I spent an hour and a half looking for my favorite vid of YEDL. (", "It’s always been one of my favs.) ", "Well, not all of it was looking for that vid. ", "haha I got lost in youtube!", "\n\nSky,\nI agree. ", "I took a lot of courage to make that public announcement.", "\n\nKaycee,\nLove your story. ", "I hope I find an unexpected Archie near me one day. ", "🙂\n\nbebereadersaid\n\nIf you’re having problems logging into The Voice Unplugged tonight, it’s not just you. ", "Seems Livestream is experiencing difficulties tonight. ", "They are “investigating the issue and should be up and running soon”. ", "I’ll be hanging around here in the hopes that it clears up soon.", "\n\nDayzeesaid\n\nbebereadersaid\n\nThat’s pretty long Marlie!", "\nWell, it seems to be working now.", "\nDon’t want to talk so soon but yeah it seems to be okay.", "\nVideo is playing.", "\nChat is working but there is a huge delay for your words to appear on the screen after you type.", "\nDelay is disappearing, slowly.", "\n\nmarlie7said\n\npocoelsysaid\n\nMT, what a well written article here, love every words you said “David’s crossing the bridge from adolescent to Adulthood”..me too I’ll be patiently waiting to see “the person that he become” in 2014, love all the comments here too. ", "David is such a special young man\n\nAbrrasaid\n\ntawna21said\n\nLovely, well written article MT. ", "Count me amongst those who are ‘patiently waiting’ for 2014 to witness a more mature David. ", "Having crossed the bridge, that he needed to, is going to bring us a David that will knock us over. ", "♥\n\npocoelsysaid\n\nRead about the storm that hit mid atlantic region and the havoc and power shortage it left behind, my thought and prayer go out to those effected and hope all Archies and everyone else there are safe and get back to normal life the soonest.", "\n\npocoelsysaid\n\nMTsaid\n\nAaaand … Good morning to you all! ", "Chat was great last night once we finally got in. ", "🙂 Had a blast! ", "You guys are all awesome. ", "Pocoelsy, so glad you decided to join in! ", "And yes, it takes some getting used to. ", "lol\n\nThere was a time when I was nervous about joining in on chat night. ", "It seemed like everyone else knew each other so well and I felt like an outsider. ", "But that chages, so don’t be shy folks. ", "Sometimes we get quite chatty (3 different convos going on at one time haha) and it’s hard to keep up, but you get used to it. ", "And if you ever ask a question and no one answers, it’s probably because it got lost in the chatter. ", "Just ask again, someone will eventually notice and answer. ", "🙂\n\n30. ", "Marlie,\nI couldn’t get that video to play last night, but it sure brought a big smile to my face this morning. ", "😀\n\nAbrra,\nSo glad you had a great evening and also managed to make it to chat. ", "Thanks for playing all of our favs too. ", "♥\n\nAnnasaid\n\nHi, All!", "\nThere are two things that really helps me with this time away on his mission:\n\n1, I’m very proud to be part of a group that helps give such a worthy person the courage & confidence to do somethng like this. ", "I have very little doubt that David is very aware of, & trust in, our collective love & support. ", "I’m young enough to be his older sister, and actually have a younger borther myself, and I feel like I have two younger brothers now. ", "We’ve done a GREAT job making sure David can feel our love for him.", "\n\n2. ", "I’m very proud of suppoorting someone who has the faith & strengh of convictions David has CONSTANTLY shown. ", "I refuse to be upset with him for showing these qualities yet again. ", "I also can’t forget how he chose to spend that precious time before his missiion;and intend to do my part to ensure that effort doesn’t go to waste. ", "I’m confident that his personal growth will be yet another point of pride for him & us,\n\nAnnasaid\n\nThanks for the thoughtful Article MT!! ", "Love the concept of crossing a bridge!! ", "Yes David will be 23 when he returns.( ", "On a side not Josh Bradley reportedly turns 23 July 15!!) ", "One of my favorite David quotes: “I can’t wait to bring back the person I become while I have that time away..I’ll be growing in my own way…so I’m looking forward to that challenge…”\n\nLove the pictures Angelica!!", "\n\nHappy July and Day 95 of service. ", "One more month off the side post!! ", "Yea!!", "\n\nMTsaid\n\nSandyBeachessaid\n\nToday is July 1st, Canada’s birthday with celebrations, picnics, gatherings of all kinds going on in cities and towns. ", "Cottage country weekend with fireworks tonight and the biggest light show in our capitol, Ottawa.", "\n\nIt is celebrated much like you will do on July fourth. ", "We decorate with flags and we use the birthday as an excuse to have B’Day cake! ", "Soldiers at war are always remembered.", "\n\nTOfan has her humor in gear to celebrate as can be seen on SnowAngelz..\n\nBy the bracelet requests I can see that there are many Canadian fans. ", "So all the best Canada and enjoy the fireworks tonight!", "\n\nbebereadersaid\n\nAnother fun Saturday night was had by all who attended chat last night at The Voice Unplugged, after Livestream finally decided to cooperate. ", "Pocoelsy, hope you enjoyed yourself as much as we enjoyed having you there with us!", "\n\nIf you missed chat last night then you also missed one of the highlights of the evening, djafan’s mashup of David’s vlogs, originally posted here on The Voice about a year ago but always a pleasure to watch again:\n\nAbrrasaid\n\nI will echo the sentiments about how much fun we have on Saturday nights in Unplugged.", "\n\nMT, I am glad you commented “There was a time when I was nervous about joining in on chat night. ", "It seemed like everyone else knew each other so well and I felt like an outsider. ", "But that chages, so don’t be shy folks. ”", "\n\nI hope that anyone who decides to drop in will feel comfortable to jump into the chat conversation. ", "We are all equally fans of David and he is the reason we meet here at The Voice and its the same in Unplugged. ", "We let our hair down and say some crazy things 🙂 but mainly we have a good time sharing the experience of watching David perform. ", "It’s kinda like talking during the show LOL\n\ncredit Rebecca-taken at Verona MKOC tour\n\nMarlie, Thanks! ", "Its a challenge to keep things fresh with not many new videos lately.", "\n\nbebereadersaid\n\nWTG MT! ", "You mentioned this in chat last night and I didn’t get a chance to respond. ", "I think I was involved in the other two conversations going on at the same time. ", "LOL j/k\n\nOthers have said the same thing; that their friends or family members are “coming around”. ", "And I’ve been reading the same type of comment on YouTube and Twitter, that people who didn’t get David before, are finally getting him. ", "While it’s exciting to hear I can’t help but wonder why now? ", "Do they respect him now because he had the courage to leave music for two years to go on a mission? ", "Or is it that they finally realize how heavenly his voice is?", "\n\nMT, Crossing bridges, I agree with everything you’ve said. ", "I think that David’s prayers, his gut feelings, and following his heart is indeed what “he” needed to do at this time. ", "This time away will do everything you’ve outlined. ", "With all the attention he’s receiving for his work he left for us is making it for an epic comeback. ", "I really feel that the media will be interested to see and hear what David has to say in 2014.", "\n\ndakgalsaid\n\nMT—Your article makes the anticipation of the day he comes home even sweeter,,,,,David has had many spurts of personal growth….and if he has as much personal growth in this 2 years as he did in the time between these two videos\n( which I think was about 2 yrs) we should be afraid—–very afraid!!!", "\n\nBy the way , they both melt my heart. ", "I hope they are in the right order.", "\n\ndakgalsaid\n\njans11said\n\nLove the crossing the bridge post….love all the posts, they all convey things so well the way all of us feel. ", "And much better than I can ever say. ", "Love coming here knowing everyone thinks the same about the same subject. ", "Sometimes I’m like David trying to get something out of my mouth that makes sense!! ", "lol I think that is one thing that draws everyone to him…he is just so down to earth and friendly. ", "Just a normal person with abnormal talents and looks!", "♥\n\nYou bring new perspective to David’s mission decision and the outcome it may have on his career that I completely agree with. ", "Against the general consensus out there in the fandom that seems to want success for him now, I have always maintained a real fear that David would get too big too fast, before he has had the time to mature fully as a person and an artist. ", "Most teen star’s whose rise is meteoric, see their star rather quickly fade and are never able to recover. ", "I would hate it if David was only around for a few years to enjoy. ", "My one over-riding thought during AI7 was, “he must continue; he must survive.” ", "I wasn’t concerned so much that he win, but that he never got sent home. ", "I wanted him to endure all the way to the end and remain on that stage, still standing. ", "No one knocked David Archuleta out or played any swan song for him. ", "He declared with all the energy of his soul on that final night that no one could ever take that moment away from him and that his sun would never go down.", "\n\nIt is so true what you say,\n\n“For some celebrities, that bridge is crossed by going out in public and drinking, doing drugs, or making spectacles of themselves in an effort to show the world that they are no longer children and are taking part in “grown up” activities. ", "But no matter how hard they try, they can’t shake the world’s opinion that they are still children. ", "The world simply sees them as unruly children. ", "This method of making the transition is also very unhealthy for the celebrity.”", "\n\nWe have seen this happen so many times. ", "It’s almost painful to watch, usually doesn’t work and if it does, does so only briefly. ", "There is almost the smell of desperation about it. ", "For fame and fortune they give their power away. ", "The little time bought is soon spent, and that, sadly as the metaphorical equivalent to a dancing bear…”something manufactured in an effort to gain the attention and acceptance of a disinterested public.” ", "But no matter its diversity in culture and taste, the public will always respect sacrifice, honor and courage as a rite of passage to adulthood.", "\n\nDavid has taken as his bridge a firmer foundation, one that I believe and hope will stand the test of time. ", "Thank you and others for acknowledging my artwork for your article. ", "The last image in particular I made with this poem in mind…\n\nThe Road Not Taken\n\nTwo roads diverged in a yellow wood,\nAnd sorry I could not travel both…\n\nI took the one less traveled by,\nAnd that has made all the difference.", "\n\nAbrrasaid\n\nI loved watching the first video! ", "Carley said the word “food” and you can hear David’s quick agreement. ", "Some things never change 🙂 That must have been day 1 of rehearsal because his hair is very long compared to how it looked on the tour. ", "You made a good visual point in comparing the 2 videos.", "\n\nBebe #60\n\nI think it might be that people who had dismissed David as “that kid singer in Idol” have now realized he is a person of conviction. ", "He is taking the time to do service regardless of the price on his career. ", "They are discovering him on YouTube and can see how much hard work he has put into his career (and charity service) to this point.", "\n\npocoelsysaid\n\nFirst of all, I’d to thank everyone at the chat last night, you all made me feel so welcome and at home I had a blast with a bit of struggle to catch up with the convo it move with the bullet train speed haha will certainly do it again when time (and hubby lol) permit 🙂\n\nHappy Canada day !!!", "\n\nAngelica #65 Love what you said there …everything, David is very special and a rare young man, I really admire him for letting himself grows at his own pace and not fall into the whirlpool of fame fortune drug bad relationship like most typical celebrities, I have faith that when he comes back to the music scene he will be taken seriouly and earn more respect by his peers as well as the press and casual fans, I’m wishing the best for him always. ", "Love you art work up top 🙂\n\njans11 Just a normal person with abnormal talents and looks!", "♥, Jans that’s how he captured my attention and admiration.", "\n\nMorning all♥ Catching up on yesterday…\n67. ", "Pocoelsy,was great to see you in chat♥glad the tech. ", "problems were solved and we all made it in… It’s my weekly therapy session, got to have it!", "\n62. ", "Dak,\nlove those 2 videos.that first one had me smiling so big, hes so dang cute!", "\n” Can we keep him Mom, can we?can we? ", "pretty please with sugar on it!?” ", "♥such rare breed of cutiemus maximus♥\nand the second one..purrr purrr. ", "excuse me. ", "He just killed it that night at the ALMA’s.", "One of my all time favorite performances. ", "And he looked amazing that night.", "Confident,.gorgeous,Perfect,a pro.", "\n\n66. ", "Abrra, I think the way to David’s ♥, is definitely through his stomach. ", "btw, love that picture at 59. ", "thud\n\n64. ", "Jans, “Just a normal person with abnormal talents and looks!", "♥”\nI love that. ", "so true.", "\n\nAngelica,I find such wonderful ‘peace’ when I dwell in your art , (don’t know if that makes any sense to you)but it’s a wonderful feeling.", "♥\n\nDja, nice video. ", "David is indeed exceptional.", "\n“With all the attention he’s receiving for his work he left for us is making it for an epic comeback. ", "I really feel that the media will be interested to see and hear what David has to say in 2014.”", "\nI agree Dja\n.I really never thought about his fan base growing while he was away, I was worried some would leave, but by all appearances,it has only grown,(by leaps and bounds!) ", "if you read comments on the you tube videos.", "Many discovering him, or rediscovering him for the first time♥ Makes me so happy…:))\n\nemmegirl14said\n\nMT, just loved your article, so very well said. ", "And this,\n“Returning with a new maturity at age 23 should make it easier for the world to see and accept that he is no longer a “teen star” and that it’s time to take him seriously, time for him to be treated with the respect that his tremendous talent deserves.”", "\n\nHe never misses an opportunity to learn, to grow – he even seems to seek them. ", "Maybe this is why it’s been said many times he took a “quantum leap” in growth. ", "This experience will deepen and widen his perspective on an entirely different scale. ", "This could be an epic leap.", "\n\nFG – you, your family and most importantly, your son, are truly inspiring with your courage and your faith in overcoming an incredible challenge.", "\n\nI’ve been out a lot and been busy the past few days, so never got a chance to check on in “The Voice.” ", "It feels like I’ve missed so much. ", "My day is not complete without lurking or commenting here.", "\n\nMT, what a wonderful article! ", "One thing I like here at “The Voice” is you are all such good writers. ", "You are able to express in writing the same thoughts and feelings I have about David. ", "I am not good in writing, so when I see articles that express my feelings and thoughts, I couldn’t help but smile. ", "We can all be rest assured in two years, a more mature David will come back to keep his promise to his fans.", "\n\nI love, love, love the video of “Contigo En La Distancia.” ", "I don’t speak Spanish or even understand the lyrics to the song, but this song has captured my heart. ", "He sang it with so much passion and emotion, I can feel it go thru my heart. ", "I have so many favorite songs of David and right now, this one goes to the top.", "\n\nDjafan, we missed you at the fan get-together this past Saturday. ", "It was a blast! ", "I feel like a full-pledge Archie now. ", "hahaha! ", "I’ll try to send later some pictures taken at the meeting. ", "You can post it if you want.", "\n\nMTsaid\n\n75. ", "Thank you all so much for your comments on the article. ", "I agree with you all. ", "I can see so many ways this personal journey he is on will benefit him both on a personal level and a professional one. #", "DA2014\n\nAbrra, Thanks for bringing Kari’s tweet and that lovely photo.", "\n\nhaha Is it me or does that shirt look a different color in each new pic we see?", "\n\nWhoo Hoooo BEGIN. ", "is now #5 in Walmart’s music bestsellers and is on the bestseller bar under the main ad! ", "Love seeing it there. ", "♥\n\ngoodkarmaseekersaid\n\nSorry but I’m off topic here, guess my mind was wandering….. Anyway, does anyone remember David’s performance of Don’t Let Go from the Rave in Milwaukee (2009)? ", "I don’t think this is the same video that was\n“going around” at the time but it’s what I can find. ", "Anyway I remember communicating with a couple people here,\nI believe Abrra, was one about it being “too hot” for my daughter, then 13, to see.", "\n\nWhat a memory……. ", "I hope we don’t loose this David after he comes home from his mission!!!!!", "\n\nAbrrasaid\n\nIt wasn’t so much the video, but the adults in the chat that were freaking out. ", "He has a “stance” that was killer. ", "Maddy was 13 and I didn’t want her to witness the ODD comments of her elders. ", "😉 I miss her coming to chat. ", "She was so energetic and lit up the room. ", "🙂 Thanks for posting the video. ", "I will swap that back into the tour set.", "\n\nMTsaid\n\nBebe,\nI tweeted to Kari today, mentioning the “snippets”, no response. ", "😦 But I’m hoping we get some. ", "I can’t wait to have that gorgeous BEGIN CD in my hot little hands. ", "LOL I’m gonna pop that baby in the CD player in my car and drive all day. ", "😀\n\nblueskysaid\n\n3: Bebereader: Amen on the hair… and I love that first photo. ", "Ageless!", "\n\nMT: I read your article and I thought it was lovely. ", "What a fun idea you have! ", "A great comparison between “coming of age” rituals or challenges: actions that depict responsibility or a lack thereof. ", "Thank you for your tender considerations and positive outlook.", "\n\n74: Abrra: Can’t get much better looking than that! (", "What does Kari think she is doing, anyway? ", "Does she have hundreds and hundreds of these BTS photos and she just closes her eyes and picks one? ", "Or does she have her friends and family vote on which one to send us? ", "Or does she consult a horoscope? ", "I only hope she has increased the insurance on her home…. ", "cause if she doesn’t unload these soon… they are gonna burn a hole in some drawer or backpack. ", "I swear. ", "Just sayin’)\n\nMT, loved the article, so sorry for the late comment. ", "I’ve been on a mini vacay.", "\n\nI was up really late two nights ago, sitting outside with my daughter, just enjoying our time together. ", "It may have been the wine, it may have been the karaoke I could hear next door (they were singing Adele), but I opened up youtube on my phone and found the video of David playing piano and singing a bit of Someone Like You. ", "I merely said (to my daughter and a good friend of hers) “Listen to this good Adele cover)\nSo they took my phone and watched/listened. ", "They loved the girl’s voice. ", "Then my daughter said “WAIT, ISN’T THAT DAVID? ", "OMG HE’S SO PRECIOUS. ", "HOW OLD IS HE NOW?”", "\nShe is forever asking me how old he is, lol.", "\n\nHere’s my point: This time away could lesson the age factor. ", "Which believe me, is still an issue.", "\nOne more thing. ", "She told me how glad she is that I feel free to share my ODD with her without feeling weird. (", "I am paraphrasing)\nOh, then we watched Verona Good Place/Let it Be under the Northern Michigan stars.", "\n‘Twas a great night. ", "🙂\n\njans11said\n\nThat “Don’t Let Go” is something else!", "♥ What was it that David said when he sings it? ", "Something on the order of “I don’t know what it is that makes me feel the way I do when I sing DLG, but something does”. ", "Maybe one of you remember what he said. ", "Whatever it is, I like it! ", "haha\n\nI don’t think David is in Chile! ", "He’s the new manager where I work! ", "The other day I seen this short, dark headed guy with a white shirt and black tie and pants come out of the break room across the hall from me. ", "I thought OMG, that looks like David!! ", "He resembles him, but he doesn’t have David’s big smile and he can’t sing! ", "haha And he’s married and has a 10 month old baby! ", "It’s is ironic though that he looks so much like my favorite person! ", "And his hair is a lot like D’s! ", "whoa!!", "\n\ntawna21said\n\nNo Jan, he’s my neighbor. ", "It really is the most strange thing. ", "My neighbor is 22yo, looks like David, has a gorgeous smile,returned from his mission about a year ago, and his name is David! ", "🙂 Seriously, my daughter even commented on it one day when she was here.", "\n\nAbrrasaid\n\nThis morning about 6 am I walked out the back door to go retrieve some dog food from my car trunk. ", "As I walked I heard what sounded like a dragon breathing (!!) ", "behind me. ", "For some reason I decided to ignore the sound because my brain did not compute it as anything familiar to my world. ", "😉 WHAT? ", "I heard the breathing again 4 more times as I got the dog food and headed around to the back door. ", "Finally it dawned on me to look up.", "\n\nWhat I saw was a HUGE orange air balloon drifting just out of sight over the neighbors house. ", "What a beautiful surprise! ", "I wish I had been awake enough to get a closer shot.", "\n\nAbrra\nI’m going to Chile, I’m looking into flights, cost, schedules and hotels. ", "I think I’ll buy a package that includes everything. ", "If I have luck, maybe my sobrima can accompany me.", "\nayyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy I’m in the clouds\n\nThen I speak with my conscience on any photo or video.", "\nMy heart is galloping.", "\nAbrra, I have a smile on my face very very big, I hold you, THANK YOU, :)))))))))\n\nblueskysaid\n\nGah!!! ", "I LOVE “Somewhere only we know”. ", "And I think it is such an intimate commentary on him, his relationship to music, his relationship to his fans, and being “separated” for a bit from the world to build a better foundation.", "\n\nErm… I would kinda LOVE to hear that one.", "\n\n(Did I mention that …. ", "I would… um… yeah… DA: That would be fine with me. ", "^_^)\n\nOne of my favorite songs!!! ", "Want the whole thing…how about every 3 days we get a snippet of a song until the cd comes out??!!", "\nLove this article….I think it will definitely help the whole age thing people have a problem with.", "\nAnd I was thinking…this album might actually be the one that brings people around..they’re going to be curious about the covers…heck Susan Boyle’s album of covers was popular!", "\n\nMTsaid\n\nThere’s a flyer that says David’s performing in a Devotional Musical in Chile, then we get a snippet of Somewhere Only We Know, now news of a Rainbow video? ", "Who said there was an Archudrought? ", "LOL *excited* I love it!", "\n\nSandyBeachessaid\n\nI have tried to comment but I am having difficulties with brain function I guess because I keep knocking myself off! ", "Geesh!", "\nok, try # 3…lets see, first I said eeeeeeeeeeeek!, ", "then I said vjnrfhwupojfhejfuhxt!!! ", "I think thats when I must have hit something I shouldnt have. ", "both times!", "\nnow that I have composed myself, does anyone hear when he sings ““So tell me when ♫♪,you’re gonna let me in” a teeny couple seconds, a Paul McCartney sound? ", "Just right there. ", "anyway, going to Nandito Ako now. ", "I love the snippet This cd is gonna be a big hit!", "\n\npocoelsysaid\n\nStop by to say “Happy 4th July” to all American Archies outthere , have a fatastic celebration :)!!!", "\n\nLots of good news today in Archuland, make me so happy. ", "Lost in the vortex of that little snippet, so sweet<3<3 Oh well gotta go get things done around the house, have a nice day/night all (hope you all can sleep after all the exciting news) 🙂" ]

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[ "The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is frequently injured during basketball, soccer, and many other sporting activities. ", "In recent studies examining ACL injury, the mechanism of injury is widely considered to involve biomechanical factors^[@bibr10-2325967115626412],[@bibr34-2325967115626412]^ as the majority of injuries involve little or no contact with other players.^[@bibr20-2325967115626412],[@bibr28-2325967115626412]^ In those studies, it was reported that up to approximately 70% of all ACL injuries occurred in noncontact situations while only approximately 30% of ACL injuries occurred with contact.^[@bibr1-2325967115626412],[@bibr4-2325967115626412],[@bibr19-2325967115626412]^ For these reasons, ACL injury prevention programs have been widely incorporated into a variety of different sporting activities.^[@bibr13-2325967115626412],[@bibr14-2325967115626412],[@bibr26-2325967115626412],[@bibr27-2325967115626412],[@bibr29-2325967115626412],[@bibr32-2325967115626412]^ Based on a range of biomechanical studies, landing from a jump and other movements with rapid deceleration have been reported as 2 major causes of noncontact ACL injury.^[@bibr1-2325967115626412],[@bibr4-2325967115626412],[@bibr28-2325967115626412]^ These studies have identified a number of risk factors for ACL injury, including increased knee abduction and internal rotation angle and decreased trunk flexion angle.^[@bibr14-2325967115626412],[@bibr22-2325967115626412],[@bibr23-2325967115626412]^\n\nIt has been shown that some injuries, such as noncontact ACL injury, have a greater risk of occurring in the final period of a game or at the end of a practice session, indicating fatigue may be a component of the problem.^[@bibr11-2325967115626412],[@bibr12-2325967115626412],[@bibr30-2325967115626412]^ Altered movement patterns as a result of fatigue may explain noncontact ACL injuries and other injuries during sporting activities. ", "Indeed, fatigue has been indicated as one of the main causative factors for lower extremity injury in recent years.^[@bibr7-2325967115626412],[@bibr22-2325967115626412],[@bibr25-2325967115626412]^ Similarly, altered movement patterns under fatigue conditions decrease the ability of the lower extremity to attenuate shock and cause a lack of stability during landing.^[@bibr17-2325967115626412],[@bibr21-2325967115626412],[@bibr24-2325967115626412],[@bibr36-2325967115626412]^\n\nRecent reports have suggested that altered lower extremity kinematics during landing might increase ACL injuries.^[@bibr2-2325967115626412],[@bibr22-2325967115626412],[@bibr24-2325967115626412],[@bibr28-2325967115626412],[@bibr36-2325967115626412]^ However, knee flexion, abduction kinematics, and shock attenuation in the knee joint during the landing phase during fatigue conditions have not been previously investigated. ", "The purpose of this study was to investigate characteristics of knee kinematics and shock attenuation by comparing these variables between fatigued and nonfatigued conditions during the landing phase of a single vertical drop jump. ", "The hypothesis was that knee kinematics during the landing phase of a single vertical drop jump would demonstrate significant difference between fatigued and nonfatigued conditions.", "\n\nMethods {#section1-2325967115626412}\n=======\n\nParticipants {#section2-2325967115626412}\n------------\n\nThirty-four females (mean age, 20.7 ± 1.8 years; mean height, 159.9 ± 5.6 cm; mean weight, 52.7 ± 5.9 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. ", "For inclusion, participants were required to have no history of orthopaedic hip, knee, and ankle surgery and equal leg length. ", "The dominant foot was the right in 30 subjects and the left in 4 subjects. ", "The dominant foot was determined based on which foot was used to kick a ball. ", "All participants gave written informed consent for participation prior to testing. ", "Participants were randomly assigned to either the fatigue group (n = 17; mean age, 21.2 ± 2.1 years; mean height, 160.5 ± 5.0 cm; mean weight, 52.9 ± 7.1 kg) or the control group (n = 17; mean age, 20.2 ± 1.4 years; mean height, 159.3 ± 6.3 cm; mean weight, 52.6 ± 4.5 kg) by using cards. ", "This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee at the Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (M-54).", "\n\nInstrumentation {#section3-2325967115626412}\n---------------\n\nA 3-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system with 8 cameras (Vicon MX; Vicon Motion Systems) was used to record lower extremity kinematic data during the single-leg vertical drop jump. ", "The sampling rate for kinematic data was set at 240 Hz. ", "Thirty-five reflective markers were placed on specific anatomical landmarks (left and right front heads, left and right back heads, 7th cervical vertebrae, 10th thoracic vertebrae, clavicle, sternum, right back, shoulders, lateral epicondyles of elbow, medial wrists, lateral wrists, second metacarpal heads, anterior superior iliac spines, posterior superior iliac spines, lateral thighs, lateral epicondyles of knee, lateral thigh tibias, lateral malleoli, second metatarsal heads, and heels). ", "The Vicon Plug-in-Gait model was used to drive lower extremity kinematic data. ", "Two force plates (AMTI MSA-6) were used to record ground reaction force during the landing phase of each single-leg vertical drop jump. ", "The sampling rate for ground reaction forces was set at 1200 Hz.", "\n\nExperimental Procedures {#section4-2325967115626412}\n-----------------------\n\nAll participants wore closely fitted dark shorts to aid data collection. ", "Each participant performed a single-leg vertical drop jump on her dominant leg. ", "A single-leg vertical drop jump consists of landing after dropping down from a 40-cm box and then landing after a maximal vertical jump rebounding from the drop ([Figure 1](#fig1-2325967115626412){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "All participants were shown the testing sequence by an assistant researcher. ", "Several practice trials were conducted to enable the participants to perform the vertical jumps in the correct fashion. ", "Subsequent trials were repeated until data from 5 successful trials were achieved. ", "Trials were excluded if the participant lost her balance during the landing process.", "\n\n{#fig1-2325967115626412}\n\nAfter the first series, all participants were required to pedal a bike ergometer (COMBI). ", "Participants in the fatigue group pedaled at 100 W/min for 5 minutes or until they exceeded 17 (very hard) on the Borg scale.^[@bibr6-2325967115626412],[@bibr37-2325967115626412]^ A poster showing the Borg scale was set in front of a bike ergometer. ", "The level of fatigue on the Borg scale was recorded at 30-second intervals. ", "In contrast, all participants in the control group pedaled a bike ergometer without load (\\<10 W) for 5 minutes. ", "Fatigue level was also verified by the Borg scale.", "\n\nAfter pedaling on the bike, all participants repeated the vertical drop jump task (the second series), following the same procedure as the first series.", "\n\nData Collection {#section5-2325967115626412}\n---------------\n\nThe landing phase of the single-leg vertical drop jump was defined as the period from initial ground contact to take-off. ", "The initial ground contact was defined as the point when force plate data indicated that the vertical ground reaction force had reached more than 10 N. Take-off was defined as the point when force plate data indicated that the vertical ground reaction force was less than 10 N. All outcome measures were analyzed with an average of 3 trials for the first and second series. ", "All variables were measured at the first landing phase of first and second series.", "\n\nKnee flexion and adduction angles, angular velocities, and angular accelerations were analyzed during the first landing phase of each series. ", "Knee flexion and adduction angles were calculated from the filtered 3D coordinate data and were calculated as positive values. ", "Knee flexion and adduction angles were defined on the basis of static anatomical position. ", "To reduce data fluctuation, knee flexion and adduction angular velocities were calculated by differentiating mean knee flexion and adduction angles from 5 frames using a moving average. ", "Knee flexion and adduction angular accelerations were calculated in the same fashion.", "\n\nPeak knee flexion angle during the first landing phase of the first series was dichotomously categorized into either a large knee flexion subgroup (mean knee flexion angle, 70.1° ± 5.4°; fatigue group, n = 5; control group, n = 8), where subjects had a knee flexion angle above the mean, or a small knee flexion subgroup (mean knee flexion angle, 54.7° ± 6.3°; fatigue group, n = 12; control group, n = 9), where subjects had a knee flexion angle below the mean according to distribution of our results.", "\n\nPeak knee adduction/abduction angle (adduction in relation to abduction angle) during the first landing phase of the first series was dichotomously categorized into either a peak knee adduction subgroup (mean knee adduction angle, 15.8° ± 7.6°; fatigue group, n = 9; control group, n = 7), where subjects had peak knee adduction angle, or a peak knee abduction subgroup (mean knee abduction angle, 13.1° ± 5.3°; fatigue group, n = 8; control group, n = 10), where subjects had peak knee abduction angle.", "\n\nPeak knee flexion angle and angular velocity were determined from each maximum value during the first landing phase of each series. ", "Maximum and minimum angular acceleration values, as well as peak knee adduction angular velocity, were determined during the first landing phase of each series. ", "In addition, we calculated the ratio (%) of the first to the second series of each kinematic variable.", "\n\nThe vertical position, velocity, and acceleration of the center of gravity were analyzed during the first landing phase of each series. ", "The vertical position of the center of gravity was calculated from the filtered 3D coordinate data during the first landing phase of each series. ", "To reduce data fluctuation, the vertical velocity of the center of gravity was calculated by differentiating mean vertical position in 5 frames using the moving average method. ", "The vertical acceleration of the center of gravity was also calculated in the same fashion but using the vertical velocity. ", "Minimum vertical position and velocity, which were defined as the lowest position and peak velocity in the ground direction, were determined from each minimum value during the first landing phase of each series. ", "Peak vertical acceleration was determined from the maximum values recorded during the first landing phase of each series. ", "The ratio of the first to the second series for each variable with respect to the center of gravity was calculated.", "\n\nThe total ground contact time (ms) from initial ground contact to take-off and the peak angle time period (ms) were recorded during the first landing phase of each series. ", "The ratio of the first to the second series for the peak angle duration of knee flexion and adduction/abduction to the total ground contact duration was calculated.", "\n\nStatistical Analysis {#section6-2325967115626412}\n--------------------\n\nAll data were analyzed using SPSS version 19.0 (IBM Corp). ", "Unpaired *t* tests were used to compare changes in kinematic variables between the fatigue group and control group, 2 groups categorized into either a large knee flexion group or a small knee flexion group and 2 groups categorized into either a peak knee adduction group or a peak knee abduction group. ", "Significant differences were set at a level of .05.", "\n\nResults {#section7-2325967115626412}\n=======\n\nKnee flexion angle, angular velocity ([Figure 2](#fig2-2325967115626412){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and angular acceleration of the fatigue and control groups are shown in [Table 1](#table1-2325967115626412){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The ratio of peak knee flexion angular velocity from the first to second series increased significantly in the fatigue group (106.1% ± 8.0%) in comparison with the control group (100.7% ± 6.6%) (*P* \\< .05). ", "This indicates that knee flexion angular velocity during landings increased after the fatigue protocol. ", "The knee flexion angle was not altered after the fatigue protocol (fatigue group, 99.5% ± 5.6%; control group, 101.5% ± 5.9%; *P* \\> .05). ", "Maximum and minimum knee flexion accelerations were not altered after the fatigue protocol at maximum value (fatigue group, 125.4% ± 40.7%; control group, 92.1% ± 67.1%; *P* \\> .05) and minimum value (fatigue group, 113.2% ± 21.9%; control group, 107.0% ± 15.9%; *P* \\> .05). ", "Furthermore, comparison of the large knee flexion and small knee flexion subgroups during the first series indicated that there were no differences between the fatigue and control groups in the degree of knee flexion angle, angular velocity, or angular acceleration.", "\n\n{#fig2-2325967115626412}\n\n###### \n\nDifferences in Knee Flexion Variables Before and After Fatigue*^a^*\n\n![](", "10.1177_2325967115626412-table1)\n\n Knee Flexion*^b^* Fatigue Group (n = 17) Control Group (n = 17) *P* \n ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------ -------------- ----------\n Angle (all subjects), deg 60.5 ± 8.6 99.5 ± 5.6 60.7 ± 10.8 101.5 ± 5.9 .31\n 60.1 ± 8.4 61.3 ± 9.8 \n  Large knee flexion 70.8 ± 4.7 98.4 ± 8.0 69.7 ± 6.1 99.4 ± 3.6 .78\n 69.5 ± 3.8 69.2 ± 6.2 \n  Small knee flexion 56.2 ± 5.5 99.9 ± 4.7 52.8 ± 7.1 103.4 ± 6.8 .18\n 56.2 ± 6.5 54.3 ± 6.5 \n Angular velocity (all subjects), deg/s 419.0 ± 55.2 106.1 ± 8.0 451.8 ± 55.6 100.7 ± 6.6 .04*^d^*\n 442.4 ± 53.1 453.2 ± 49.4 \n  Large knee flexion 443.7 ± 43.0 107.2 ± 10.8 458.6 ± 42.8 98.3 ± 6.7 .09\n 475.0 ± 65.1 450.9 ± 54.0 \n  Small knee flexion 408.7 ± 58.0 105.6 ± 7.1 445.8 ± 67.1 102.8 ± 6.0 .35\n 428.9 ± 43.2 455.2 ± 48.1 \n Angular acceleration, deg/s^2^ \n  Maximum value (all subjects) 3712.7 ± 975.0 125.4 ± 40.7 3804.7 ± 2198.9 92.1 ± 67.1 .09\n 4524.7 ± 1578.2 4334.8 ± 2082.8 \n   Large knee flexion 3922.2 ± 327.9 114.5 ± 65.5 4375.7 ± 1822.6 98.9 ± 36.0 .59\n 4538.7 ± 2589.2 4663.1 ± 2783.8 \n   Small knee flexion 3625.5 ± 1146.9 130.0 ± 27.9 3297.1 ± 2479.4 86.0 ± 88.2 .12\n 4518.9 ± 1088.4 4043.0 ± 1300.6 \n  Minimum value (all subjects) --5664.8 ± 1455.9 113.2 ± 21.9 --6514.7 ± 858.6 107.0 ± 15.9 .35\n --6265.7 ± 1544.4 --6964.1 ± 1408.4 \n   Large knee flexion --4638.4 ± 1472.5 123.8 ± 34.5 --6272.4 ± 895.6 105.4 ± 19.7 .24\n --5483.5 ± 1591.6 --6622.1 ± 1714.3 \n   Small knee flexion --6082.4 ± 1271.3 108.8 ± 13.9 --6730.2 ± 813.4 108.3 ± 12.8 .94\n --6591.6 ± 1467.7 --7268.0 ± 1083.8 \n\n*^a^*Data are reported as mean ± SD.", "\n\n*^b^*All kinematic variables were categorized into a large knee flexion subgroup (subjects with mean knee flexion angle above the mean) and a small knee flexion subgroup (subjects with mean knee flexion angle below the mean). ", "The fatigue group had 5 female patients with large knee flexion and 12 with small knee flexion, and the control group had 8 female patients with large knee flexion and 9 with small knee flexion.", "\n\n*^c^*The ratio of the first series to the second series for each kinematic variable.", "\n\n*^d^*Statistically significant (*P* \\< .05).", "\n\nKnee adduction/abduction angles and angular velocities and angular accelerations of the fatigue and control groups are shown. ", "A comparison of the peak knee adduction and peak knee abduction subgroups during the first series indicated that there were no differences between the fatigue and control groups (*P* \\> .05).", "\n\nVertical position, velocity, and acceleration of the center of gravity of the fatigue group and control group are shown in [Table 2](#table2-2325967115626412){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The ratios of each variable from the first to second series were not altered by the fatigue protocol (*P* \\> .05).", "\n\n###### \n\nDifferences in the Vertical Component of the Center of Gravity Before and After Fatigue*^a^*\n\n![](", "10.1177_2325967115626412-table2)\n\n Center of Gravity Fatigue Group (n = 17) Control Group (n = 17) *P* \n ----------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------ -------------- ------------- -----\n Position, mm 830.6 ± 40.4 99.5 ± 2.7 815.8 ± 45.9 100.4 ± 1.5 .21\n 836.3 ± 48.6 819.0 ± 46.4 \n Velocity, mm/s 22.9 ± 3.5 100.8 ± 5.5 19.9 ± 7.5 99.0 ± 4.2 .29\n 22.5 ± 4.3 20.1 ± 7.2 \n Acceleration, mm/s^2^ 314.8 ± 63.5 97.8 ± 5.7 317.3 ± 78.0 98.5 ± 9.4 .79\n 308.4 ± 68.0 310.4 ± 76.8 \n\n*^a^*Data are reported as mean ± SD.", "\n\n*^b^*The ratio of the first series to the second series for each kinematic variable.", "\n\nThe time period (ms) from initial ground contact to peak knee flexion and adduction/abduction angles are shown in [Table 3](#table3-2325967115626412){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The ratios of maximum time of peak knee flexion and adduction/abduction to total ground contact time were also calculated. ", "There were no differences in these variables between the fatigue and control groups (*P* \\> .05). ", "Even though kinematics such as knee flexion angular velocity and adduction/abduction angular accelerations changed after the fatigue protocol, the time periods from initial ground contact to peak knee flexion and adduction/abduction were unchanged.", "\n\n###### \n\nDurations and Ratios for Initial Ground Contact to Peak Knee Flexion and Adduction/Abduction Angles*^a^*\n\n![](", "10.1177_2325967115626412-table3)\n\n Fatigue Group (n = 17) Control Group (n = 17) *P*\n ------------------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ -----\n Duration at maximum angle, ms*^b^* \n  Knee flexion 19.1 ± 4.7 19.6 ± 5.6 .79\n  Knee adduction/abduction 20.9 ± 1.2 18.3 ± 8.7 .47\n Ratio, %*^c^* \n  Knee flexion 46.0 ± 5.5 47.8 ± 4.8 .30\n  Knee adduction/abduction 48.8 ± 21.8 54.2 ± 24.1 .49\n\n*^a^*Data are reported as mean ± SD.", "\n\n*^b^*Length of time from initial ground contact to peak knee flexion or adduction/abduction angle.", "\n\n*^c^*Ratio of the duration at peak knee flexion angle or adduction/abduction angle to the total ground contact duration.", "\n\nDiscussion {#section8-2325967115626412}\n==========\n\nWith regard to angular velocity, knee flexion angular velocity increased significantly after the fatigue protocol; however, the knee flexion angle was not found to be influenced by fatigue in our study. ", "These results indicate that increased knee flexion angular velocity in the fatigue condition was caused by losing motor control of the direction of knee flexion during the landing phase. ", "The shock experienced by the body during ground contact must be attenuated mostly by the lower extremity structure or kinematics. ", "It is considered that the most of the shock attenuation is achieved by eccentric muscle contraction during landings. ", "Many studies have also suggested that knee kinematics have an important role in attenuating shock during running or jump landings.^[@bibr8-2325967115626412],[@bibr9-2325967115626412],[@bibr25-2325967115626412],[@bibr35-2325967115626412]^ Additionally, many studies have reported that fatigue causes changes in knee kinematics such as peak knee angle during landings.^[@bibr3-2325967115626412],[@bibr7-2325967115626412],[@bibr18-2325967115626412],[@bibr22-2325967115626412],[@bibr25-2325967115626412]^ Furthermore, decreasing the capacity for knee joint shock attenuation in the fatigue condition may induce increased risk of acute knee injuries, including those to the ACL. ", "Therefore, some kinematic factors of the knee joint should have been revealed for evaluating the capacity for knee joint shock attenuation. ", "According to our results, kinematic changes to the knee joint induced by fatigue can be evaluated by measuring knee flexion angular velocity as a possible means of the ability of shock attenuation during landings. ", "However, the rate of increased knee flexion angular velocity after fatigue protocol may depend on the level of fatigue or the type of the fatigue protocol. ", "In the future, these assumptions in the degree of the rate of increased knee flexion angular velocity need to be discussed in more detail by changing the level of fatigue or the type of fatigue protocol.", "\n\nSubjects had no change in knee adduction angular velocity and angular acceleration after fatigue. ", "Furthermore, each subject group that had peak knee adduction or abduction during landing in the no fatigue condition did not show any significant characteristic differences on angular velocity and angular acceleration after fatigue. ", "These results indicate that changes in knee kinematics in the frontal plane after fatigue do not depend on the direction of knee adduction or abduction.", "\n\nMany studies have reported that peak knee abduction angle significantly increases after fatigue.^[@bibr18-2325967115626412],[@bibr22-2325967115626412]^ These findings suggest that an increase in knee abduction angle as result of fatigue may be a potential biomechanical factor for knee injury, such as that to the ACL. ", "However, knee kinematics on the frontal plane were found to be unaffected by fatigue in this study. ", "The fatigue protocol of our study involved a motion in the sagittal plane using a bike ergometer. ", "For this reason, fatigue induced by a bike ergometer may be influential in a specific direction and an intermediate range of knee flexion and extension. ", "In previous reports, fatigue protocols including a knee flexion or extension motion such as a parallel squat exercise^[@bibr18-2325967115626412]^ and landing activity^[@bibr21-2325967115626412]^ have been used. ", "These reports have shown that only knee flexion and extension variables during landings were altered significantly by fatigue protocols. ", "From these reports, it is suggested that the change of knee flexion and extension variables after fatigue protocols in the sagittal plane may be caused by applying loads to mostly the quadriceps and hamstrings. ", "Additionally, in most sport activity, there is a possibility that fatigue occurs in all ranges of motion, including but not exclusive to intermediate range of knee flexion or extension---such as deep knee flexion during full squatting---or a change in direction.^[@bibr18-2325967115626412],[@bibr22-2325967115626412]^ Therefore, other fatigue protocols that include these motions may affect the biomechanical parameters in directions of knee adduction or abduction. ", "Further studies are needed to investigate characteristics of these parameters in other fatigue conditions.", "\n\nIn our study, kinematics of the center of gravity and the time period from initial ground contact to maximum knee flexion and adduction/abduction angles were also measured. ", "First, this study showed that fatigue did not affect the vertical position of the center of gravity. ", "A higher position of the center of gravity decreases postural control during quiet standing.^[@bibr31-2325967115626412]^ Moreover, Sheehan et al^[@bibr33-2325967115626412]^ reported that the distance from the center of mass to the base of support was larger at the time of ACL injury. ", "From these studies, the higher position of the center of gravity during landing may be one of the risk factors for ACL injury. ", "Additionally, this study showed that the velocity and acceleration of the center of gravity did not change after fatigue. ", "These findings indicate that kinematic changes may have been isolated to the knee joint and were not widespread, such as affecting the kinematics of the center of gravity. ", "Second, the time period from initial ground contact to peak knee flexion and adduction/abduction also did not change after fatigue. ", "These parameters are relevant to performance ability such as quick movements. ", "These results indicate that changes in knee kinematics such as increasing knee velocity after fatigue occurred without decreasing agility. ", "Despite these results, kinematics of the hip and other joints was not investigated in this study. ", "It is important to evaluate this in future studies because some kinematic analysis studies indicate that alignment of the hip or trunk during ground contact is one of the biomechanical factors for ACL injury.^[@bibr4-2325967115626412],[@bibr5-2325967115626412],[@bibr15-2325967115626412],[@bibr16-2325967115626412],[@bibr28-2325967115626412]^\n\nOur study shows that fatigue decreased the ability to attenuate shock by increasing angular velocity in the direction of knee flexion during single-leg jump landing. ", "Additionally, kinematic changes to the center of gravity and the time period of maximum knee angles to the total ground contact duration were unaffected by fatigue. ", "The results might indicate the need to evaluate the quality of movement over time by measuring knee flexion angular velocity when fatigue or other risk factors for knee injury are considered. ", "Our results indicate that we may need to pay attention to the knee flexion angular velocity during single-leg jump landings, which might be missed if we only observe specific times, such as time from initial ground contact to peak knee angle, by visual feedback or video analysis.", "\n\nThere are several potential limitations of our study. ", "First, a bike ergometer was used in the fatigue protocol. ", "The knee movement in a bike ergometer is mainly in directions of knee flexion and extension. ", "For this reason, fatigue induced by a bike ergometer may influence predominantly knee flexion or extension during the landing phase. ", "Second, the fatigue protocol of our study was performed for only 5 minutes by using a bike ergometer and the degree of fatigue was verified by the Borg scale, which is a scale better used to measure exertion than fatigue. ", "Therefore, landing trials of our study were not performed under fatigue conditions that duplicate the fatigue in sporting activities in which the ACL is injured. ", "Finally, the outcome measure of our study was knee kinematics. ", "Several kinematic analysis studies have reported that the alignment of the hip or trunk during the landing phase is one of the biomechanical factors for ACL injury.^[@bibr5-2325967115626412],[@bibr15-2325967115626412]^ We should take this into account when evaluating other biomechanical variables in the fatigue condition in future research.", "\n\nConclusion {#section9-2325967115626412}\n==========\n\nThe shock experienced by the body during landings must be attenuated by knee kinematics. ", "Additionally, fatigue may alter some knee kinematics and decrease the ability of shock attenuation in the knee joint. ", "After the fatigue protocol of our study, knee flexion angular velocity increased significantly; however, the knee flexion angle and acceleration were not influenced in the fatigue condition. ", "Knee adduction/abduction kinematics were not influenced by the fatigue protocol of our study. ", "From these results, it was indicated that fatigue decreased the ability to attenuate shock by increasing angular velocity in the direction of knee flexion during single-leg jump landings.", "\n\nThe authors thank Dr Toby Hall, who contributed to proofreading as a native English speaker and gave critical advice for this article.", "\n\nThe authors declared that they had no conflicts of interest in the authorship and publication of this contribution.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ " UNPUBLISHED\n\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT\n\n\n No. ", "01-6815\n\n\n\nTHOMAS CASEY,\n\n Petitioner - Appellant,\n\n versus\n\n\nWILLIAM HAINES, Warden, Huttonsville Correc-\ntional Center; CECIL H. UNDERWOOD, Governor of\nWest Virginia; SANDRA ILDERTON, Chairperson of\nthe West Virginia Parole Board; QUEWANNCOIL C.\nSTEPHEN, Member; VERNON BARLEY, Member; DOUGH\nSTUMP, Member; GEORGE SIDEROPLIS, Member,\n\n Respondents - Appellees.", "\n\n\n\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Southern\nDistrict of West Virginia, at Charleston. ", "Joseph Robert Goodwin,\nDistrict Judge. (", "CA-00-616-2)\n\n\nSubmitted: July 12, 2001 Decided: July 20, 2001\n\n\nBefore WILLIAMS, MICHAEL, and MOTZ, Circuit Judges.", "\n\n\nDismissed by unpublished per curiam opinion.", "\n\n\nThomas Casey, Appellant Pro Se. ", "Darrell V. McGraw, Jr., David Paul\nCleek, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF WEST VIRGINIA, Charleston,\nWest Virginia, for Appellees.", "\n\n\nUnpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.", "\nSee Local Rule 36(c).", "\n\fPER CURIAM:\n\n Thomas Casey seeks to appeal the district court’s order de-\n\nnying relief on his petition filed under 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254 (West\n\n1994 & Supp. ", "2000). ", " We have reviewed the record and the district\n\ncourt’s opinion accepting the recommendation of the magistrate\n\njudge and find no reversible error. ", " Accordingly, we deny a cer-\n\ntificate of appealability and dismiss the appeal on the reasoning\n\nof the district court. ", " Casey v. Haines, No. ", "CA-00-616-2 (S.D.W.\n\nVa. May 3, 2001). ", " We dispense with oral argument because the facts\n\nand legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials\n\nbefore the court and argument would not aid the decisional process.", "\n\n\n\n\n DISMISSED\n\n\n\n\n 2\n\f" ]

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[ "Post navigation\n\n#2399: Indomie My Noodlez Mi Goreng Rasa Pizza Cheese\n\nThis one came by way of Kamran R, from Australia – thanks again! ", "He went with hie family on vacation to Bali. ", "I read about these a while back and definitely have been wanting to try them. ", "I mean c’mon – pizza cheese flavor mi goreng? ", "Here’s a translation about the My Noodlez line of products –\n\nIntroducing Indomie My Noodlez, first noodles for children made with carrot and seaweed with a sprinkling of crunchy topping exciting. ", "For children who love to eat instant noodles, Indomie My Noodlez will be their favorite food as it comes topping crunchy exciting and have good taste, Indomie My Noodlez available in 3 delicious flavors, Indomie Indomie Rasa Pizza Cheese, Taste Salmon Teriyaki, and Indomie Rasa Seaweed. ", "Guaranteed eating experience they become more exciting and fun!", "\n\nSo these are for the kids! ", "Awesome! ", "Well I’m excited about this! ", "Let’s check out Indomie My Noodlez!", "\n\nIndomie My Noodlez Mi Goreng Rasa Pizza Cheese – Indonesia\n\nHere’s the back of the package (click to enlarge). ", "Looks to be meat free but check for yourself. ", "To prepare, add noodles to 400ml boiling water and cook 3 minutes. ", "Drain. ", "Add in sachet contents. ", "finally, stir and enjoy!", "\n\nThe noodle block.", "\n\nThe seasoning base.", "\n\nA fine, light powder.", "\n\nA liquid sachet.", "\n\nReminds me of pizza sauce.", "\n\nA garnish sachet.", "\n\nLittle crunchy fried bits.", "\n\nFinished (click to enlarge). ", "Added turkey pepperoni, mozzarella cheese and coriander. ", "The noodles come out pretty well and have a good texture and mouthfeel. ", "So, the next question – does it taste like cheese pizza in its unadulterated form? ", "Indeed, it tastes like pizza! ", "I am very pleased with that. ", "Undoubtedly, the idea of cheese pizza flavored noodles sounds strange, however it works with noodles quite well. ", "I would have eaten this by the truckload as a kid! ", "4.0 out of 5.0 stars. ", "UPC bar code 089686054033." ]

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[ "Hormonal stimulation alters the type of plasminogen activator produced by Sertoli cells.", "\nPrimary cultures of immature rat Sertoli cells, maintained in serum-free medium, secrete two types of plasminogen activator (PA). ", "When cultured under basal conditions, the preparations predominantly produce PA having a relative molecular weight (Mr) of 45,000 to 48,000. ", "This PA activity is inactivated by antiserum against urokinase-type PA. ", "When Sertoli cells are stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or by dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (dbcAMP), PA secretion is increased. ", "The PA produced under these conditions has an Mr of 70,000, and is inactivated by antiserum against tissue-type PA but not by antiserum against urokinase-type PA. ", "We conclude that, under basal conditions, Sertoli cells primarily secrete PA having the characteristics of urokinase-like PA (mu PA), and that Sertoli cells stimulated by FSH or by dbcAMP predominantly produce PA having the properties of tissue-type PA (tPA). ", "Segments of adult rat seminiferous tubules, at defined stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, also produce and secrete two types of PA into the medium when maintained in organ culture. ", "Segments at all stages examined release primarily mu PA in preparations cultured under basal conditions. ", "In contrast, segments cultured in the presence of FSH synthesize larger amounts of PA, predominantly of the tPA type. ", "An additional protease, which is independent of plasminogen, is secreted by tubule segments stimulated by FSH. ", "The activity of this novel protease is not detectable in cultures maintained under basal conditions. ", "We discuss the data in relation to the possible role of proteases in the restructuring of the seminiferous tubule during spermatogenesis." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "/*\n * SELinux support for the Audit LSM hooks\n *\n * Most of below header was moved from include/linux/selinux.h which\n * is released under below copyrights:\n *\n * Author: James Morris <jmorris@redhat.com>\n *\n * Copyright (C) 2005 Red Hat, Inc., James Morris <jmorris@redhat.com>\n * Copyright (C) 2006 Trusted Computer Solutions, Inc. <dgoeddel@trustedcs.com>\n * Copyright (C) 2006 IBM Corporation, Timothy R. Chavez <tinytim@us.ibm.com>\n *\n * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify\n * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2,\n * as published by the Free Software Foundation.", "\n */\n\n#ifndef _SELINUX_AUDIT_H\n#define _SELINUX_AUDIT_H\n\n/**\n *\tselinux_audit_rule_init - alloc/init an selinux audit rule structure.", "\n *\t@field: the field this rule refers to\n *\t@op: the operater the rule uses\n *\t@rulestr: the text \"target\" of the rule\n *\t@rule: pointer to the new rule structure returned via this\n *\n *\tReturns 0 if successful, -errno if not. ", " On success, the rule structure\n *\twill be allocated internally. ", " The caller must free this structure with\n *\tselinux_audit_rule_free() after use.", "\n */\nint selinux_audit_rule_init(u32 field, u32 op, char *rulestr, void **rule);\n\n/**\n *\tselinux_audit_rule_free - free an selinux audit rule structure.", "\n *\t@rule: pointer to the audit rule to be freed\n *\n *\tThis will free all memory associated with the given rule.", "\n *\tIf @rule is NULL, no operation is performed.", "\n */\nvoid selinux_audit_rule_free(void *rule);\n\n/**\n *\tselinux_audit_rule_match - determine if a context ID matches a rule.", "\n *\t@sid: the context ID to check\n *\t@field: the field this rule refers to\n *\t@op: the operater the rule uses\n *\t@rule: pointer to the audit rule to check against\n *\t@actx: the audit context (can be NULL) associated with the check\n *\n *\tReturns 1 if the context id matches the rule, 0 if it does not, and\n *\t-errno on failure.", "\n */\nint selinux_audit_rule_match(u32 sid, u32 field, u32 op, void *rule,\n\t\t\t struct audit_context *actx);\n\n/**\n *\tselinux_audit_rule_known - check to see if rule contains selinux fields.", "\n *\t@rule: rule to be checked\n *\tReturns 1 if there are selinux fields specified in the rule, 0 otherwise.", "\n */\nint selinux_audit_rule_known(struct audit_krule *krule);\n\n#endif /* _SELINUX_AUDIT_H */\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "In recent years, image processing apparatuses such as digital multi-function peripherals have increased the number of their functions. ", "The multi-function image forming apparatuses can perform a printing operation which combines plural printing conditions into a complex condition. ", "For example, some digital multi-function peripherals in recent years have a stapling function, a punching function, and the like which are laborious if done manually. ", "However, since the number of setting items increases with an increase in the number of functions or an improvement in function quality of the digital multi-function peripherals, the setting details are complicated. ", "For example, in some digital multi-function peripherals, several tens of setting items may be often set on a single operation screen (setting screen). ", "Accordingly, some users who are poor at operation thereof may suffer from mental pains in operating the complicated setting screen or may not satisfactorily use various functions of the digital multi-function peripherals.", "\nFor example, JP-A-2008-234000 discloses a technique of disposing a common display area in a setting screen comprising plural tabs and changing setting items in the common display area depending on setting frequencies of the setting items. ", "The setting items in the common display area can be changed by a user by dragging and dropping a setting item in the tabs. ", "However, the user does not have a fixed object for printing. ", "For example, the details of the print setting can be greatly changed depending on the object of the printing. ", "Accordingly, in such operation types that printing operations having different objects are frequently performed, the technique described in JP-A-2008-234000 has a problem in that it is difficult for the user to always provide the setting items suitable for the printing object in the common display area and the print settings may be complicated." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe invention relates generally to wireless communication and more particularly to systems and methods for voice buffering in wireless communication.", "\n2. ", "Background\nWireless communication device users are demanding faster and faster connection times. ", "Instant connectivity is the goal. ", "Push to talk (PTT) communications are one method of reducing delays in wireless communications, especially in cellular communications, such as communication by cellular telephone (also known as cell phones). ", "In PTT communications, the user merely has to push a button on the cell phone to be connected with another person by cell phone. ", "The other person does not have to hear a ring or even answer the cell phone. ", "In other words, the cell phones can be configured to be automatically connected, without any intervention by the receiving party. ", "PTT systems are described further in U.S. patent application Ser. ", "No. ", "10/903,174 “CALL PROCESSING SYSTEM AND METHOD”, filed on Jul. 30, 2004, by Murtuza Chhatriwala and Joseph Giacalone, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.", "\nPTT communication is typically faster than standard cell phone communications. ", "However, many PTT users want even shorter call set-up times. ", "Call set-up time can be can be between five and 20 seconds, or more. ", "Delays between initiating a push to talk (PTT) session and the time when the initiator is allowed to begin speaking are frustrating to PTT wireless communication device users.", "\nIn voice over internet protocol (VoIP) PTT systems, the problem is solved by buffering the audio data (e.g., voice) in a memory buffer while waiting for the call to set up. ", "One problem with buffering in a voice over voice channel (VOVC) is that traditionally, at the time of completion of the set-up of a VOVC call, commands are sent to initialize the vocoder on the wireless communication device. ", "Buffering audio works smoothly in VoIP systems, among other reasons, because the set-up of a data call does not trigger initialization of the vocoder.", "\nOther problems with buffering in a VOVC relate to receiving incoming messages such as other PTT calls and normal voice calls. ", "Again, buffering in a VoIP call works smoothly, because normal VoIP calls do not allow incoming calls such as other PTT calls and normal voice calls. ", "Thus, voice buffering can be added to VoIP calls smoothly without problems caused by other incoming messages, such as other PTT calls and normal voice calls." ]

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[ "Non-market economies in health. ", "Introduction.", "\nThis paper introduces analyses of the state of health and of the health-care system in four Eastern European countries. ", "The analyses focus on the issue of inequality in countries which share many characteristics including non-market economies, rapid urbanization and industrialization, and health systems which formally aim to provide equal access and treatment to all citizens. ", "The measurement of social inequality in a non-market economy dominated by the state economy cannot be based on traditional class divisions; nor is income a good indicator of class position, salaries for professional and non-manual workers being lower than the average. ", "Major relevant variables for which data are available are occupation, educational level and area of residence. ", "Despite many system similarities the countries differ sharply in the level of resources devoted to health care and in health status based on mortality rates." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Software Testing Best Practices\n\nThe Foundational practices are the rock in the soil that protects your efforts against harshness of nature, be it a redesign of your architecture or enhancements to sustain unforeseen growth. ", "Every time we conclude a study or task force on the subject of software development process I have found one recommendation that comes out loud and clear." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWhen will the classification of a property of a group be complete\n\nI am studying pronormal Hall $\\pi$-subgroups of a finite group $G$\nAll Hall $\\pi$-subgroups of a finite solvable groups are known to be pronormal as this follows from Hall's theorem\nRecently, it has been proven that Hall $\\pi$-subgroups of finite simple groups are pronormal.", "\nCan we then say that in general that Hall $\\pi$-subgroups of a finite group $G$ are pronormal?", "\nI am posing this question as I want to investigate pronormality of Hall $\\pi$-subgroups of finite almost simple groups\n\nA:\n\nI don't know whether it is true for almost simple groups, but it is not true in general.", "\nFor $\\pi = \\{2,3\\}$, ${\\rm PSL}(2,7)$ has two non-conjugate Hall $\\pi$-subgroups of order $24$, and we can use that to construct a counterexample.", "\nLet $G = {\\rm PSL}(2,7) \\wr C_5$ be the wreath product of ${\\rm PSL}(2,7)$ and a cyclic group of order $5$. Then $G$ has a normal subgroup $N$ isomorphic to ${\\rm PSL}(2,7)^5$, which has $2^5$ conjugacy classes of Hall $\\pi$-subgroups. ", "They are also Hall $\\pi$-subgroups of $G$, but $G$ has only $8$ such classes.", "\nSo if $H_1$ and $H_2$ are Hall $\\pi$-subgroups of $G$ that are conjugate in $G$ but not in $N$, then they are not conjugate in $\\langle H_1,H_2 \\rangle \\le N$.\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "\n\nThis Week in Rust - cmrx64\nhttp://cmr.github.io/blog/2014/02/09/this-week-in-rust/\n\n======\nstcredzero\nSomeone needs to write a \"History of Programming Language Design Mistakes.\"", "\n(Not saying Rust is one of these.)", "\n\nWhile working for a Smalltalk vendor, I got to see that the various Smalltalk\nimplementations all made the same mistakes. (", "Visualworks, ObjectStudio,\nDigitalk) Then later on, I've seen eerie reminders of those things I saw in\nother environments/languages.", "\n\nThis is a highly complex subject, not only spanning a great deal of technical\nmaterial, but also interactions within communities of many programmers,\ndecision makers, and others.", "\n\nI think such a book would be highly valuable to the programming field. (", "Or, as\nAlan Kay says, \"not quite a field.\")", "\n\n~~~\nchubot\nHere's one that's been on my mind that I haven't seen people talk about:\nmaking O(1) and O(n) operations look the same.", "\n\nExample in Python:\n\n \n \n d = { ... }\n for ...\n if 'key' in d:\n func()\n \n L = [ ... ]\n for ...\n if 'key' in L:\n func()\n \n\nPython is my favorite language, and I teach Python classes, but the number of\nboth beginner and production programs I've seen with quadratic blowups because\nof this issue is crazy.", "\n\nI think a lot of the problem is the subtle syntax. ", "People with a solid CS\nbackground find this distinction fairly natural, but most Python programmers\napparently don't.", "\n\nI guess the alternative syntax would be L.find(), which sort of emphasize the\nlinear search. ", "It seems WAY more elegant to have the polymorphic \"in\", but the\nnumber of mistakes is too high.", "\n\nActually now that I think about it, this was question #0 on the stripe CTF3.", "\nSo I guess the same thing happens often enough in Ruby for them to use it as a\nquestion.", "\n\n~~~\nj_baker\nI see this as ultimately being a much better from an optimization standpoint.", "\nNow I can change L to a set or a linked list if I find that more efficient\nwithout having to change it _everywhere_. ", "Language features are no substitute\nfor algorithm and data structure knowledge, which your students can likely be\nforgiven for not knowing about.", "\n\n~~~\nchubot\nI don't buy it. ", "Physically editing text is never the problem when changing a\ndata structure like this. ", "The work is ensuring your program is still correct\nand performs better.", "\n\n~~~\ndragonwriter\nEnsuring code is \"still correct and performs better\" is made easier if only\nthe data structure used has to change to get \"performs better\", and the \"still\ncorrect\" comes free with it because the operation that performs the same\nfunction is the same operation regardless of the efficiency of the algorithm.", "\n\n------\nnoelwelsh\nAs some of the Rust developers hang around here, a question:\n\nResult is the Either monad in Scala / Haskell? ", "So IO functions return either a\nsuccess wrapping a value, or a failure? ", "This is great -- I'm a big fan of this\nstyle of error handling. ", "However it seems that Rust doesn't have syntax for\nmonads -- the equivalent of Haskell's do and Scala's for. ", "This makes monads a\nbit of a PITA. ", "Is there a plan to address this?", "\n\n~~~\ndbaupp\nPeople keep wanting monadic syntax (I'm one of them), but I believe the\ngeneral suggestion is to do it via macros/syntax extensions. ", "E.g. write\nsomething that desugars\n\n \n \n do! {", "\n bind x = foo();\n let bar = baz(10);\n ret x + bar\n }\n \n\ninto the equivalent of Haskell's\n\n \n \n do \n x <- foo\n let bar = baz 10\n return $ x + bar\n \n\nRust currently lacks higher-kinded types, so it would be hard to write\nfunctions that are generic over monads but the above would at least give some\nlocal reprieve.", "\n\nAlso, note the `if_ok!", "` macro alluded to in the point about IO errors is\ngiving the shortcircuiting behaviour of the Either monad (specific to Either,\nthough).", "\n\n(NB. ", "the macro probably can't be called `do` just yet, but we may remove that\nas a keyword. ", "Maybe.)", "\n\n~~~\nYgg2\nWait, how don't macro need to take escaped sigils?", "\n\nLike range! ", "takes range!('[' ", "0 , Inf ')' )?", "\n\nIs 'do' still a keyword? ", "I remember it being removed, pretty much everywhere.", "\nI just assumed it was thrown away.", "\n\n~~~\nlucian1900\n> Wait, how don't macro need to take escaped sigils?", "\n\nThese are proper (hygienic) syntax macros, much like Scheme's syntax-rules.", "\nC's \"macros\" only work at the token level.", "\n\n> Is 'do' still a keyword?", "\n\nI believe it is still a reserved keyword, but not used anymore.", "\n\n~~~\ndbaupp\nIt appears to not be a reserved word at all:\n\n \n \n $ echo 'fn main() { let do = 1; }' | rustc -\n \n\nruns with just an unused variable warning (if it were reserved it would fail\nwith \"error: `do` is a reserved keyword\").", "\n\n~~~\nbrson\nIt probably should be reserved.", "\n\n------\nsehugg\nI noticed that rustpkg has been removed, leaving Rust essentially without an\nofficial package manager for the time being. ", "Can't say I'm heartbroken, but\nwhat's the plan?", "\n\n------\ntomp\n> Rust is a systems language pursuing the trifecta: _safe_ , concurrent, and\n> fast.", "\n\n> It was also discovered that we closed the second largest number of issues of\n> any repository on GitHub!", "\n\nDoesn't make me very confident...\n\n~~~\ncoldtea\n> _Doesn 't make me very confident..._\n\nThis makes no sense at all. ", "For one, it's a language under heavy development.", "\nObviously most of these issues where things not implemented already, library\nftuff missing, temporary implementations that had to be changed to the new\none, small and bigger regressions due to syntax and library changes etc etc.", "\n\nSecond, you'd rather those issues remained open? ", "Or that magically some\nrainbow unicorns perhaps would have prevented the language from having any\nissues in the first place?", "\n\nWhat matters is that the number of issues drops low enough, as the language\ntries to reach version 1.0. ", "And what the announce here is very well aligned\nwith that goal.", "\n\n~~~\nPacabel\nThere's no need to be snide.", "\n\nI think he may just be surprised that those bugs still occurred, given how the\nRust toolchain is itself implemented in Rust, by the designers of Rust, and\nhow Rust is supposedly designed in a way that prevents bugs to a larger extent\nthan other languages do.", "\n\nIt's understandable where he's coming from. ", "If those who know Rust the best\nare still subject to bugs in their Rust code, it's perfectly valid and\nreasonable to wonder if the rest of us really be any better off than we are\nwith Java, or C#, or Python, or whatever language(s) we're currently using.", "\n\n~~~\ncoldtea\n> _I think he may just be surprised that those bugs still occurred, given how\n> the Rust toolchain is itself implemented in Rust, by the designers of Rust,\n> and how Rust is supposedly designed in a way that prevents bugs to a larger\n> extent than other languages do._", "\n\nWell, then what he probably doesn't understand is that those bugs are not in\ntheir majority memory bugs or sound-ness bugs or bugs in the things Rust is\nsupposed to protect you from.", "\n\nMost are issues related to half or mis-implemented features, syntax that\nchanged and libs that need to change in accordance, etc. ", "If I have:\n\nrandom() { return 6;}\n\nas a stub, I could post an issue to remind me to implement a actual random\nnumber generator later. ", "Doesn't mean the language has some inherent problem\nitself.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The great scientist was a hapless investor, careful research by scholarAndrew Odlyzko found. ", "Now, in an updated version of his study, Prof. Odlyzko documents that Newton fell even harder than previously thought for one of the worst speculative bubbles of all time…." ]

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[ "Q:\n\n1) Is $\\Bbb R \\setminus \\Bbb Q$ compact? ", "2) Prove $[0, 1] \\times [0, 1]$ and $(0, 1) \\times (0, 1)$ are not homeomorphic\n\nI have 2 topology questions with respect to the standard topology:\n1) Is it true or false, justify the answer: $\\Bbb R \\setminus \\Bbb Q$ is compact.", "\n2) Prove that $[0, 1] × [0, 1]$ and $(0, 1) × (0, 1)$ are not homeomorphic using compactness.", "\n\nHere is what I have:\n1） $\\Bbb R\\setminus \\Bbb Q$ is a set of irrational numbers, which are not bounded. ", "In $\\Bbb R$, compactness means being closed and bounded. ", "Thus, $\\Bbb R\\setminus \\Bbb Q$ is not compact. ", "\n2) For the sake of contradiction, assume they are homeomorphic. ", "$[0, 1] × [0, 1]$ is compact because it's closed and bounded, thus $(0, 1) × (0, 1)$ is compact and it's closed as well as bounded. ", "However, $(0, 1) × (0, 1)$ is not closed because finite product of open sets are still open(is this correct?)", "\nThank you in advance for the help!", "\n\nA:\n\n1) Is it true or false, justify the answer: $R $\\ $Q$ is compact.", "\nIt is false, because $R$ \\ $ Q$ is not bounded. ", "Compact sets are bounded.", "\n2) Prove that $[0, 1] × [0, 1]$ and $(0, 1) × (0, 1)$ are not homeomorphic using compactness.", "\n$[0, 1] × [0, 1]$ is compact because it is closed and bounded. ", "\n$(0, 1) × (0, 1)$ is not compact because it is not closed.", "\nSince compactness is a topological property, a compact set and a non-compact set are not homeomorphic. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "ACT 069, SB902 SD1 HD1 CD1, 7/03/2017\n\nChanges the name of the High Technology Development Corporation to the Hawaii Technology Development Corporation. ", "Changes all references in Chapter 206M, Hawaii Revised Statutes, from “high technology” to “technology.” ", "Repeals the Hawaii Software Service Center established within the High Technology Development Corporation." ]

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[ "Blog\n\nMay 01\n\nHandling Negative Customer Experience\n\nThough many people are quick to say failure is not an option, it doesn’t make a lot of sense. ", "If we never failed at anything, how would we learn from our mistakes? ", "Mistakes create the building blocks to success — it might be rough and bumpy, but we learn and move forward. ", "It's the same when you find an angry customer on your hands. ", "You can use the opportunity to learn and make sure their next experience is better.", "\n\nHow do you handle a mistake? ", "First, don’t point fingers. ", "If a customer wasn’t satisfied with their interaction with your business, own up to it. ", "When you try to defend yourself, it creates more issues. ", "The customer wants the problem resolved. ", "They don’t care about the reason you failed.", "\n\nApproach the problem with an open mind and calm demeanor. ", "Let the customer know that you are sorry for your mistake, and be empathetic. ", "As a bonus, offer them a free coupon of some kind to entice the customer to come back to your company. ", "It shows that you are truly sorry for what they went through.", "\n\nFacing negative feedback through online reviews can be a tricky circumstance. ", "It can feel as though they’ll make or break your company. ", "This, similar to talking to an angry customer, depends on how you handle the situation. ", "One option is to focus on getting the review removed. ", "If you have proof that the review is untrue, this may be possible. ", "However, if the review is correct, addressing it as politely and calmly as you can will be the best approach. ", "Let them know you are aware of the problem and that it’s being addressed.", "\n\nEveryone makes mistakes, but it’s how we fix and learn from our mistakes that shows our true colors. ", "Showing your customers you are able to handle mistakes will leave a far more lasting impression than the mistake ever will." ]

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[ "4.21.2011\n\nI am always blown away when I see how much babies change in just the first year of their life! ", "Here's a couple side-by-sides (or a top-to-bottoms, whichever way you look at it) of my cutie nephew Zach...he's getting so big and has such a great personality! ", "The top was from his newborn shoot and the bottom is from his 8 month shoot. ", "Can you believe it's the same baby!?", "\n\n4.12.2011\n\nWhen I went home to California this March to visit family, I took the opportunity to do a mini photo shoot with my cutie nephew, Zachary. :) ", "He makes me so happy inside! ", "Here are some of the pictures from that day.", "\n\nI am usually a fan of black and white pictures more than color for their classic look, but with this little boy's baby blue eyes, color is the way to go!", "\n\nLove his cute little vans!", "\n\nThis little boy loves his mama (she's holding him in this next picture).", "\n\nAnd now for my most favorite picture of the shoot that makes me giggle every time I look at it. ", "I call it \"Grumpy Old Baby\"\n\n4.11.2011\n\nWhen my sister called to tell me she was pregnant I literally cried with happiness! ", "I love my sister, well, like a sister and I was so excited for her and her husband. ", "These posts are slightly out of order because I already posted the pictures of my cutie nephew Zachary, but these photos are worth sharing.", "\n\nHad my sister not gotten pregnant, I may not have made the choice to purchase my Nikon. ", "She was my inspiration to start experimenting with portrait and photo journalism style photography.", "\n\nThere is something so beautiful about a pregnant woman. ", "I loved being able to capture this beauty in my sister.", "\n\nThe next group of pictures are titled, \"The Bump\" :).", "\n\nNo baby bump shoot can be complete without a sneak peek of the nursery. ", "Erica, her husband Matt, my dad and I put some good ol' DIY work into this one so it's worth showing off!", "\n\nAnd since, as we all know, it takes two to make a baby, here are some final shots that include daddy. ;)", "\n\n2.04.2011\n\nUnless you are hiding under a rock, you have probably heard that the midwest experienced some radical weather this week! ", "Prior to our power going out, massive damage to trees, power lines, and homes, (basically the end of the world), and subsequently moving ourselves and our pup to a friend's house who actually had heat, Dane and I found some time to go out and take a walk with the pup and take some pictures. ", "This California, beach-lovin' girl had never seen anything like an ice storm before so I was in awe of how beautiful plants covered in ice could be! ", "Especially since the sharp contrast of the vibrant leaves of Ohio's fall and the stark twigs of Ohio's winter was a bit of a depressing shock to me. ", "So, seeing some beauty in winter was very welcomed!", "\n\nI'd also like to take this opportunity to discuss the fact that I am an amateur photographer and would like to share of bit of my journey of becoming somewhat less of an amateur and somewhat more of a professional. ", "I read recently that it is okay to use auto focus! ", "Shocking, I know. ", "Some people seem to think that you aren't a real photographer unless you are moving the focus around yourself, but I have found that I have been able to get some pretty awesome shots with a good camera (my beloved Nikon D90) and good ol' auto focus!", "\n\nI started in my backyard where this bush (which is actually our neighbor's that hangs over our fence) was the very last tree in the yard to lose its leaves in the fall. ", "I loved the color of the small berries and with the help of my favorite (and rather affordable, I might add) editing software, Lightroom 3, I was able to really pull out the beauty of the colors.", "\n\nThen after a slip on our ice rink of a driveway (luckily I didn't actually fall), we began our walk around the neighborhood. ", "The salted roads weren't anywhere near as slippery as our driveway as long as you walked towards the middle and that wasn't a problem seeing as most people didn't have to go into work or school and weren't driving on the roads.", "\n\nThis next photo was taken just around the block from our house while Dane and Roman walked ahead of me. ", "Once again, on auto focus. ", "This shot would have been impossible to get on manual save me laying on my stomach on the icy roads (not gonna happen) which shows how useful auto focus can be. ", "Now for a word on editing. ", "Since I bought Lightroom, I have only really used it for editing photos of people which is waaaaay different than editing these nature shots. ", "I have found that there is no real science to editing; you just keep experimenting and changing levels until you get the look you want. ", "In Lightroom there are two settings named clarity and sharpness and when editing photos of people, I like these to be a little on the low side, but with these shots, I turned the clarity and sharpness all the way up to really bring out every detail.", "\n\nThis photo is another tree in our backyard. ", "I love the simplicity of the crazy mess of branches and ice.", "\n\nI took this photo because I loved the fact that it was such an everyday thing which has now become a work of art because of ice. ", "With the help of Lightroom, I was really able to make the red color of the mail flags pop. ", "Once again, I upped the clarity and sharpness levels to make the grain of the wood and the icicles really stand out.", "\n\nThis photo required almost no touch ups because I just liked the way it was in all of its natural glory.", "\n\nThese frozen blue berries were a neat sight to see and turned out to be Dane's favorite of the shoot.", "\n\nThis tree's branches were hanging super low under the weight of all the ice and reminded me of little fireworks.", "\n\nAnother example of how auto focus can help you take a cool shot at a strange angle.", "\n\nI will finish this post with one of my favorite shots of the day. ", "Can you believe this pretty little stream is right around the corner from my house? ", "There are some things about Ohio that I might be able to get used to. ", "Now, if only we could get our power turned back on!", "\n\n~What are your thoughts on using auto focus? ", "Have some favorite photo editing software?", "\n\n1.29.2011\n\nThis baby girl has the sweetest little face! ", "Just last weekend, I had the pleasure of taking some newborn pictures of our friends' baby, little Sophia. ", "Her name is just as adorable as she is! ", "We were lucky enough to have some real life sunlight here in Dayton, Ohio which is not all that common so it was a good day. ", "Sophia's nursery has some awesome jungle animals that her dad hand painted on the walls for her...my favorite was the monkey. :) ", "Here's just a sneak peek of some of the photos I took...Thanks Aaron and Meghan!", "\n\nAhhh...babies! ", "Gotta love them! ", "This past summer, I was blessed to become an aunt! ", "I was lucky enough to still be living in California when Zach was born and was able to take these pictures when he was only 12 days old! ", "He just melts my heart! ", "Looking at these six months after the fact is so strange because he's a totally different baby now. ", "They just grow up too fast!", "\n\nA little background on the monkey...my Grandma and Grandpa on my Dad's side gave my sister and I each a monkey when we were little. ", "Rickie's monkey is next to Zach in this pic. ", "Love it!", "\n\n1.18.2011\n\nI'm not talking about some kind of yummy tropical drink, although that would also be nice. :) ", "From my last post, speaking of photography capturing memories, here is one of my favorite photos that I have taken. ", "It was the first morning that I was in Kauai with my good friend, Cara. ", "It was before my body had adjusted to the time change so waking up before dawn actually seemed like a good idea at the time. ", "That's saying a lot for this girl who LOVES to sleep in. ", "I woke up and walked down to the beach to find an amazing sunrise which got even prettier as it continued to come up over the mountains. ", "I think one of the biggest differences between sunrises and sunsets is the stillness that sunrise brings. ", "At sunset, the hustle and bustle of the day is already in full swing and it is hard to find yourself alone. ", "At sunrise, I was all by myself...just me, the sun, the beach, and my camera. ", "Ahhhh.... :)\n\nThis photo not only helps me remember that sunrise, but the entire trip to Kauai which was awesome and amazing and wonderful...can't wait to go back." ]

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[ "Slippery Rocky quarterback Roland Rivers and Notre Dame (Ohio) running back Jaleel McLaughlin, both finalists for the Division II player of the year award, were selected to The Associated Press D-II All-America team.", "\n\nThe team, presented by Regions Bank and released Wednesday, was selected by a panel of sports information directors and the AP.", "\n\nRivers passed for 4,460 yards and 52 touchdowns to lead Division II this season. ", "McLaughlin is D-II's leading rusher with 2,316 yards and 30 touchdowns. ", "Both are among eight finalists for the Harlon Hill Trophy, the winner of which will be announced Friday.", "\n\nMinnesota State, which will play West Florida for the Division II championship, placed three players on the first team, tied with Tarleton State for the most of any school.", "\n\nRunning back Nate Gunn, offensive lineman Evan Heim and receiver Shane Zylstra made the first team from Minnesota State.", "\n\nTarleton State was represented on the first team by receiver Zimari Manning, defensive lineman B.J. Jefferson and defensive back Prince Robinson.", "\n\nFIRST TEAM\n\nOFFENSE\n\nQuarterback — Roland Rivers III, senior, Slippery Rock.", "\n\nRunning backs — Nate Gunn, senior, Minnesota State; Jaleel McLaughlin, sophomore, Notre Dame (Ohio). ", "Linemen — Tyler Allison, senior, Ferris State; Evan Heim, senior, Minnesota State; Chris Larsen, senior, Slippery Rock; Jason Poe, junior, Lenoir-Rhyne; Grant Stewart, senior, Colorado School of Mines.", "\n\nTight end — Zach Davidson, junior, Central Missouri.", "\n\nReceivers — Zimari Manning, senior, Tarleton State; Shane Zylstra, senior, Minnesota State.", "\n\nAll-purpose player — Dominique Ramsey, junior, Texas A&M-Commerce.", "\n\nKicker — Dante Brown, senior, Fort Hays State.", "\n\nDEFENSE\n\nLinemen — Jaquan Artis, senior, Lenoir-Rhyne; Austin Edwards., ", "senior, Ferris State; Chris Garrett, junior, Concordia-St. Paul; B.J. Jefferson, senior, Tarleton State.", "\n\nLinebackers — Chris Hoad, senior, Texas-Permian Basin; Rondrow Peebles, junior, Carson-Newman; Drew Seers, junior, Lindenwood.", "\n\nSecondary — Nick Ciccio, sophomore, Colorado Mesa; Christopher Jefferson, sophomore, Findlay; Lamont McPhatter II, senior, California (Pa.); Prince Robinson, senior, Tarleton State.", "\n\nPunter — Isaac Parks., ", "junior, North Carolina Pembroke.", "\n\nSECOND TEAM\n\nOFFENSE\n\nQuarterback — Brook Bolles, senior, Central Missouri.", "\n\nRunning backs — Daniel McCants, senior, Tarleton State; Al McKeller, junior, Indianapolis.", "\n\nLinemen — Jeff Arnold, senior, Indiana (Pa.); Cori Gooseberry, senior, Ouachita Baptist; Brandon Kemp, senior, Valdosta State; Adonis Sealey, senior, Valdosta State; Amon Simon, junior, Texas A&M-Commerce\n\nTight end — Jack Pilkerton, senior, Kutztown.", "\n\nReceivers — Henry Litwin, junior, Slippery Rock; Shae Wyatt, junior, Central Missouri.", "\n\nAll-purpose player — Tobias Harris, sophomore, West Texas A&M.\n\nKicker — Jordan Walters, senior, East Stroudsburg.", "\n\nDEFENSE\n\nLinemen — Chauncy Haney, senior, North Greenville; Chad Kuhn, junior, Slippery Rock; Spencer Phillips, senior, Northwest Missouri State; Sha’haun Williams, senior, Notre Dame (Ohio).", "\n\nLinebackers — Damon Lloyd, senior, Indiana (Pa.); Maurice Wright Jr., senior, Northwestern Oklahoma State; Brad Zaffram, senior, Slippery Rock.", "\n\nSecondary — James Caesar, senior, Ferris State; Desmond Fairell, senior, Carson-Newman; Michael Junker, senior, Bemidji State; Daryus Skinner, senior, Winston-Salem State.", "\n\nPunter — JoseLuis Moreno, senior, Minot State." ]

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[ "Life doesn’t get any better than during a day at the beach, so whether you and your buds are sitting around your home bar or if you’ve taken it on the road to the real beach, let you mind wander as you enjoy they day and a fine beverage in your Tervis Life is Better at the Beach Tumbler.", "\n\nAvailable in 16-oz and 24-oz tumblers and water bottle\n\nTervis is the original customizable, double-wall insulated drinkware that keeps hot drinks hot, cold drinks cold and is backed by a Made for Life™ Guarantee\n\nIt may or may not be the Era of the Great Beard, but regardless of what others may think, those of us of the bearded nation hardily agree and celebrate, yes, CELEBRATE our beardedness, and how better than with a bearded Tervis Great Beard Great Responsibility Tumbler?", "\n\nAvailable in 16-oz and 24-oz tumblers sizes\n\nTervis is the original customizable, double-wall insulated drinkware that keeps hot drinks hot, cold drinks cold and is backed by a Made for Life™ Guarantee\n\nSay goodbye to messy condensation rings and burned fingertips with this amazing new line from Danish kitchenware hero Bodum. ", "Winner of numerous international design awards, unique ‘Pavina’ glasses have two walls that capture air to insulate the beverage inside. ", "Use them for espresso, tea, beer—just about any drink, hot or cold. ", "Mouth-blown glass, in easy-to-hold shapes. ", "Dishwasher safe." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nFind a GameObject and check if the user has clicked on it\n\nI have recently been making the UI for a game I am creating and have run into a problem.", "\nI have been trying to find a way in the new Unity 4.6 for the user to be able to click on a player card and have it select the player they clicked on. ", "\npublic void Panel1Click()\n{\n GameManager.", "Player1Select ();\n}\n\nThis is the way I am doing it at the moment, calling this when the player clicks on Panel 1, there are also 3 more for each of them. ", "\nI have been researching different methods on how to find the object the player clicks the execute the correct selecting code.", "\nif (GameObject.", "Find (\"Panel 1\")) \n{\n print (\"Click Panel 1\");\n GameManager.", "Player1Select();\n} \n\nThis is one of the methods I tried, however nothing gets called. (", "Because it just checks if the object exists/is true? ", "I think).", "\nAll these methods are linked to the EventSystem component on the panels.", "\nIs there a more efficient way of condensing all the functions and just checking which panel the player clicks on?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can add a collider to the game object (sprite), and then in the OnMouseDown function to test if it is clicked.", "\nSelect the card --> Add a box collider to it --> Add a MonoBehaviour script and attach to the card --> In the script, add function:\n bool bClicked = false;\n void OnMouseDown()\n {\n Debug.", "Log(gameObject.name + \" is clicked\"); \n bClicked = true;\n }\n\n" ]

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[ "Development of the IL-12/23 antagonist ustekinumab in psoriasis: past, present, and future perspectives--an update.", "\nSince the original publication of the article \"Development of the IL-12/23 antagonist ustekinumab in psoriasis: Past, present and future perspectives\" in March 2011 (see Appendix),(1) there have been several new publications and developments of note. ", "A number of new reports from the ustekinumab psoriasis clinical development program have been published. ", "The analysis of efficacy and safety in the PHOENIX 1 long-term extension demonstrated that continuous stable maintenance dosing of ustekinumab was generally well tolerated and sustained durable efficacy through up to three years of treatment.(2) Pooled safety data from the phase 2 and phase 3 global trials showed that the safety profile of long-term continuous ustekinumab treatment through up to three years(3,4) and four years(5) of follow-up was favorable and comparable to what has been reported previously in the shorter-term ustekinumab psoriasis studies.(6-8) This represents the greatest exposure and longest follow-up of psoriasis patients treated with a biologic published to date. ", "Additional phase 3 trials in Asian populations demonstrated similar high levels of efficacy and favorable safety profiles in Japanese,(9,10) Korean,(11,12) and Taiwanese(11,12) patients as those observed in trials conducted in mostly White populations in North America and Europe.(6-8) These data support the positive benefit:risk profile and consistency of response to ustekinumab over years of usage, and in multiple ethnic groups. ", "Results from up to five years of treatment with ustekinumab in the long-term extensions of the phase 3 trials, and the efficacy, safety, and effect on quality of life in Chinese patients will be available in 2012. ", "In addition to clinical trials of ustekinumab for the treatment of psoriasis, 24-week data from one phase 3 study of ustekinumab for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis has recently been presented(13) and another study is ongoing. ", "A Phase 2b trial in Crohn's disease has also been presented,(14) and three phase 3 studies in Crohn's disease are currently in progress." ]

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[ "New Member\n\nconsidering that it has already been confirmed that they are making an iPhone with 3G capability, do you think this iPhone at launch will be a lower price in June, or they will launch at announced price and lower the price of the iPhone without 3G, either way with a profit of $300 on each and a 3G enabled version, a price drop is inevitable.", "\n\nNew Member\n\nA 3G version was announced during the keynote. ", "A time frame for its release was not. ", "If you haven't had a chance to watch the keynote, I recommend you visit Apple's site and watch it. ", "IMO, it is well worth the time.", "\n\nWhat makes you think that Apple is making $300 on each iPhone? ", "If you are referring to iSuppli's Analysis, take it with a huge grain of salt. ", "You have to keep in mind that they are guessing on what components are in the iPhone. ", "Even if they are right as far as the component cost, that does not take into consideration the money spent on R&D. According to Apple, it took over two and a half years to develop the iPhone. ", "That cost has to be included in the price of the iPhone. ", "There are other factors which add to the cost as well. ", "Just be aware that the component cost is only one piece of the puzzle.", "\n\nBasically what I am saying is I doubt that the future release of a 3G version or the component cost will cause Apple to release the iPhone at a lower price point than they have announced. ", "The may do it for other reasons though. ", "We can only wait and hope .", "\n\nconsidering that it has already been confirmed that they are making an iPhone with 3G capability, do you think this iPhone at launch will be a lower price in June, or they will launch at announced price and lower the price of the iPhone without 3G, either way with a profit of $300 on each and a 3G enabled version, a price drop is inevitable.", "\n\nMember\n\nDidn't Steve mention that the Cingular/GSM partnership would let them develop a 3G phone? ", "I didn't think he went so far as to announce it. (", "I don't have the energy to sit through the whole keynote again just to check.)", "\n\nNew Member\n\nDidn't Steve mention that the Cingular/GSM partnership would let them develop a 3G phone? ", "I didn't think he went so far as to announce it. (", "I don't have the energy to sit through the whole keynote again just to check.)", "\n\nMaybe announce was the wrong word. ", "I have the podcast version of the keynote. ", "I will post the exact wording Steve used later (after I get home from work), but from memory he said that a 3G version was being developed.", "\n\nNew Member\n\nSteve’s comments weren’t as decisive as I remembered. ", "At about 50 minutes into the keynote (at least on the podcast version from iTunes Store) he said “We have decided to go with the most popular international standard, which is GSM. ", "We’re on that bandwagon, headed on that roadmap, and plan to make 3G phones and all sorts of amazing things in the future.”", "\n\nAs Kabeyun pointed out, AT&T's 3G service is only in limited areas so EDGE makes sense for the US version. ", "I don't think that is true for the rest of the world. ", "To be competitive, I think the global version of the iPhone will have to have 3G. Let's hope that Apple finds a way to implement it more efficiently than the current technology allows. ", "I certainly don't want any less battery life than what has already been published. ", "I guess will have to add this one to \"wait and see\" bag (which is getting pretty full ).", "\n\nNew Member\n\nSteve’s comments weren’t as decisive as I remembered. ", "At about 50 minutes into the keynote (at least on the podcast version from iTunes Store) he said “We have decided to go with the most popular international standard, which is GSM. ", "We’re on that bandwagon, headed on that roadmap, and plan to make 3G phones and all sorts of amazing things in the future.”", "\n\nAs Kabeyun pointed out, AT&T's 3G service is only in limited areas so EDGE makes sense for the US version. ", "I don't think that is true for the rest of the world. ", "To be competitive, I think the global version of the iPhone will have to have 3G. Let's hope that Apple finds a way to implement it more efficiently than the current technology allows. ", "I certainly don't want any less battery life than what has already been published. ", "I guess will have to add this one to \"wait and see\" bag (which is getting pretty full ).", "\n\nThe only thing negative i have to say about this phone (technology-wise) is that I think it was stupid to put an Edge-only adapter in the phone, when the 3G adapter will fall back on to the Edge network when it's not available, anyway. ", "That's just dumb.", "\n\nNew Member\n\nThe only thing negative i have to say about this phone (technology-wise) is that I think it was stupid to put an Edge-only adapter in the phone, when the 3G adapter will fall back on to the Edge network when it's not available, anyway. ", "That's just dumb.", "\n\nI have to disagree with you. ", "From what I have read, 3G is a power hog even when not in use. ", "IOW, when it is just scanning to see if a 3G is source is present it uses significant power.", "\n\nIn a Windows Mobile phone forum, I have read threads about members who use 3rd party apps to force their phones to disable 3G and only use EDGE. ", "Some have done this because 3G is not available where they are and others don't feel the trade off in battery life is not worth the bandwidth they gain using 3G instead of EDGE.", "\n\nNew Member\n\nI have to disagree with you. ", "From what I have read, 3G is a power hog even when not in use. ", "IOW, when it is just scanning to see if a 3G is source is present it uses significant power.", "\n\nIn a Windows Mobile phone forum, I have read threads about members who use 3rd party apps to force their phones to disable 3G and only use EDGE. ", "Some have done this because 3G is not available where they are and others don't feel the trade off in battery life is not worth the bandwidth they gain using 3G instead of EDGE.", "\n\nHmm, i would have to agree with that, now that I know that.", "\nI didn't really think it was that bad.....although, I would have to say, I can remember one particular day when I used Googlemaps a lot during the day (on my Blackjack) and by the end of the work day, the battery was almost dead. ", "It was using 3G all day, of course.", "\n\nNew Member\n\nHmm, i would have to agree with that, now that I know that.", "\nI didn't really think it was that bad.....although, I would have to say, I can remember one particular day when I used Googlemaps a lot during the day (on my Blackjack) and by the end of the work day, the battery was almost dead. ", "It was using 3G all day, of course.", "\n\nYes it is a huge power drain. ", "My aunt got about 10 hours battery life on her CDMA phone, because of the EV-DO high speed network, so she had me disable it and now she can go for two days without charging." ]

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[ "The House of Mystery (1923 film)\n\nThe House of Mystery (French: La maison du mystère) is a French silent serial film that ran from 1921 to 1923. ", "The serial chapters were directed by Alexandre Volkoff and star Ivan Mozzhukhin, Charles Vanel and Hélène Darly. ", "A number of those involved with the film were exiles from the Russian Revolution. ", "It was remade as a sound film of the same name in 1933.", "\n\nCast\nIvan Mozzhukhin as Julien Villandrit \nCharles Vanel as Henri Corradin \nHélène Darly as Régine de Bettigny \nFrancine Mussey as Christiane \nBartkevitch as Marjory \nClaude Benedict as Général de Bettigny \nGilbert Dacheux as Urbain \nJosé Davert\nSimone Genevois as Christiane bambina \nSylvia Gray as Marjorie \nFabien Haziza as Pascal bambino \nPierre Hot as Il sostituto \nNicolas Koline as Rudeberg \nNina Raievska as Mme de Bettigny \nVladimir Strizhevsky as Pascal giovane\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\nRollberg, Peter. ", "Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. ", "Scarecrow Press, 2008.", "\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1921 films\nCategory:Film serials\nCategory:Films directed by Alexandre Volkoff\nCategory:French films\nCategory:French silent feature films\nCategory:French-language films\nCategory:French black-and-white films" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "// Measure the cost of\n// adding members to an object, and iterating over them.", "\n/* exported loopX10ObjectTest */\n\nfunction loopX10ObjectTest(count, validate) {\n var n = 10;\n\n var obj = this.api.wrap({});\n for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {\n var key = \"x\" + i;\n obj[key] = i;\n }\n\n while (count--) {\n obj[\"x0\"];\n obj[\"x1\"];\n obj[\"x2\"];\n obj[\"x3\"];\n obj[\"x4\"];\n obj[\"x5\"];\n obj[\"x6\"];\n obj[\"x7\"];\n obj[\"x8\"];\n obj[\"x9\"];\n }\n\n if (validate) {\n var expected = 5;\n var actual = obj[\"x5\"];\n this.api.assert(actual === expected, expected, actual);\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "{:text=>[{:text=>\"The value of x is \"@0}, {:expression=>{:ruby=>\" x \"@21}}, {:text=>\".", "\"@26}]}\n{:text=>[{:code=>{:ruby=>\" 1 + 2 \"@2}}]}\n{:text=>[{:comment=>{:ruby=>\" commented \"@3}}]}\nThe not printed result of \"a = 2\".", "\nThe not printed non-evaluated comment \"a = 1\", see the value of a below.", "\nThe nicely printed result.", "\nThe value of a is 2, and b is 3.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Simulation training for breast and pelvic physical examination: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "\nBreast and pelvic examinations are challenging intimate examinations. ", "Technology-based simulation may help to overcome these challenges. ", "To synthesise the evidence regarding the effectiveness of technology-based simulation training for breast and pelvic examination. ", "Our systematic search included MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Scopus, and key journals and review articles; the date of the last search was January 2012. ", "Original research studies evaluating technology-enhanced simulation of breast and pelvic examination to teach learners, compared with no intervention or with other educational activities. ", "The reviewers evaluated study eligibility and abstracted data on methodological quality, learners, instructional design, and outcomes, and used random-effects models to pool weighted effect sizes. ", "In total, 11 272 articles were identified for screening, and 22 studies were eligible, enrolling 2036 trainees. ", "In eight studies comparing simulation for breast examination training with no intervention, simulation was associated with a significant improvement in skill, with a pooled effect size of 0.86 (95% CI 0.52-1.19; P < 0.001). ", "Four studies comparing simulation training for pelvic examination with no intervention had a large and significant benefit, with a pooled effect size of 1.18 (95% CI 0.40-1.96; P = 0.003). ", "Among breast examination simulation studies, dynamic models providing feedback were associated with improved outcomes. ", "In pelvic examination simulation studies, the addition of a standardised patient to the simulation model and the use of an electronic model with enhanced feedback improved outcomes. ", "In comparison with no intervention, breast and pelvic examination simulation training is associated with moderate to large effects for skills outcomes. ", "Enhanced feedback appears to improve learning." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.", "\n\nIntroduction {#sec001}\n============\n\nProtein *S*-nitrosylation (SNO) is a reversible, NO-dependent thiol modification that has been implicated in the regulation of protein function and stability, protein-protein interaction, and cellular localization. ", "Recent work from our group and others has shown that protein SNO increases in male hearts with many different forms of cardioprotective stimuli, including ischemic pre- and post-conditioning \\[[@pone.0177315.ref001]--[@pone.0177315.ref010]\\]. ", "The moderate and transient increase in protein SNO observed with acute cardioprotection is thought to contribute to the maintenance of nitroso-redox balance following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury \\[[@pone.0177315.ref001]--[@pone.0177315.ref010]\\], in part by shielding critical cysteines from irreversible oxidation. ", "Importantly, we and others have also shown that the protective effects of protein SNO can be blocked with the SNO-specific reducing agent ascorbate \\[[@pone.0177315.ref011]\\], but not with soluble guanylate cyclase or protein kinase G inhibition \\[[@pone.0177315.ref004], [@pone.0177315.ref012]--[@pone.0177315.ref014]\\], supporting a protective role for protein SNO in the setting of I/R injury.", "\n\nThe female heart also exhibits intrinsic protective mechanisms that reduce susceptibility to myocardial damage following I/R injury \\[[@pone.0177315.ref015]\\]. ", "Improved post-ischemic functional recovery and reduced infarct size are typically observed in female hearts following I/R injury compared to males \\[[@pone.0177315.ref016]--[@pone.0177315.ref019]\\], although this male-female difference has not been observed in all reports \\[[@pone.0177315.ref020], [@pone.0177315.ref021]\\]. ", "Studies from our group and others support a protective role for NO in the female heart \\[[@pone.0177315.ref022]--[@pone.0177315.ref024]\\], and we recently identified a sex difference in myocardial SNO signaling that may be related to sex-dependent cardioprotection \\[[@pone.0177315.ref025]\\]. ", "Specifically female hearts exhibited 65% more total SNO proteins, and higher eNOS expression, phosphorylation, and NO production at baseline compared to male hearts. ", "We also found considerable overlap amongst the SNO proteins modified at baseline in female hearts and those modified with cardioprotective stimuli in male hearts. ", "A high number of SNO modified proteins were found in the mitochondria of female hearts at baseline, which exhibited 30% more mitochondrial SNO protein identifications compared to male hearts. ", "A recent study also demonstrated enhanced mitochondrial protein SNO in non-failing human female hearts compared to males \\[[@pone.0177315.ref026]\\], suggesting relevance to human physiology.", "\n\nAlthough studies from our group and others have demonstrated a protective role for protein SNO in ischemic pre- and post-conditioning and sex-dependent cardioprotection, studies have not examined a role for protein SNO in models of pharmacologic preconditioning in both male and female hearts. ", "Studies also have yet to determine whether an increase in protein SNO levels, which is protective in male hearts, is similarly protective in female hearts and sufficient to further reduce I/R injury beyond the intrinsic protection observed at baseline. ", "Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine whether pharmacologic preconditioning induces cardioprotection from I/R injury by increasing protein SNO levels in male and female hearts. ", "We conducted experiments to determine if a moderate increase in protein SNO affords additional protection in female hearts using an established model of pharmacological preconditioning with the adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclohexyl adenosine (CHA) \\[[@pone.0177315.ref027]\\]. ", "Adenosine A1 receptor stimulation leads to activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signaling cascade \\[[@pone.0177315.ref028], [@pone.0177315.ref029]\\], which we surmised may increase SNO protein levels. ", "Indeed, perfusion with CHA increased phospho-Akt and phospho-eNOS levels, enhanced protein SNO levels and improved functional recovery in both male and female hearts.", "\n\nMaterials and methods {#sec002}\n=====================\n\nAnimals {#sec003}\n-------\n\nMale and female C57BL/6J mice were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME). ", "All animals utilized in this study were between the ages of 12--16 weeks. ", "Mice were housed in a vivarium facility at Johns Hopkins University under specific pathogen-free barrier conditions in rooms that maintain constant temperature, humidity, and a 12-hour light/dark cycle. ", "Animals were provided water and chow *ad libitum*. ", "Each individual cage was supplied with HEPA filtered air and sterile water, and bedding was changed 2--3 times per week. ", "A total of 52 mice were used in this study. ", "For all procedures, mice were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine (Hofspira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL; 90 mg/kg) and xylazine (Sigma, St. Louis, MO; 10 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection, and anticoagulated with heparin (Fresenvis Kabi USA, Lake Zurich, IL). ", "After verifying adequate anesthesia via toe pinch, mice were subsequently euthanized via myocardial excision and exsanguination. ", "This investigation conforms to the *Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals* published by the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH publication No. ", "85--23, revised 2011) and was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Johns Hopkins University.", "\n\nSolutions and drugs {#sec004}\n-------------------\n\nKrebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB) consisted of (in mmol/L): NaCl (120), KCl (4.7), KH~2~PO~4~ (1.2), NaHCO~3~ (25), MgSO~4~ (1.2), D-Glucose (11), CaCl~2~ (1.75); pH 7.4. ", "KHB was bubbled with 95%O~2~/5%CO~2~. CHA (Sigma) was used as an adenosine A1 receptor agonist. ", "Ascorbate (Sigma) was used as a SNO-specific reducing agent. ", "All solutions were made fresh on the day of experimentation.", "\n\nI/R treatment protocol {#sec005}\n----------------------\n\nHearts were excised from male and female mice and placed in ice-cold KHB. ", "The aorta was cannulated and the heart was perfused in a retrograde fashion on a Langendorff apparatus with KHB at a constant pressure of 100 cm of water at 37°C in the dark, in order to prevent light-induced cleavage of SNO. ", "Male and female hearts were then randomly subjected to an I/R protocol ([Fig 1a](#pone.0177315.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}; 20 minute equilibration period, 20 minute ischemic period, 30 minute reperfusion period) or a CHA-I/R protocol ([Fig 1a](#pone.0177315.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}; 15 min equilibration period, 5 minute CHA perfusion period, 20 minute ischemic period, 30 minute reperfusion period). ", "A latex balloon connected to a pressure transducer was inserted into the left ventricle to measure left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP); LVDP and heart rate were recorded and digitized through a PowerLab system (AD Instruments, Dunedin, New Zealand). ", "The rate pressure product was calculated and used as a measure of cardiac contractile function. ", "Postischemic functional recovery was expressed as a percentage of the preischemic rate pressure product.", "\n\n{#pone.0177315.g001}\n\nWhole heart homogenate preparation {#sec006}\n----------------------------------\n\nWhole heart homogenates were prepared as described previously \\[[@pone.0177315.ref003], [@pone.0177315.ref030]\\]. ", "Briefly, control male and female hearts were excised and rinsed in ice-cold KHB in the dark and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. ", "A separate set of male and female hearts were Langendorff-perfused with CHA for 5 minutes in the dark and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. ", "All subsequent procedures were performed in the dark. ", "Hearts were powdered on liquid nitrogen with a mortar and pestle, and resuspended in 1.0 mL of homogenization buffer containing (in mmol/L): sucrose (300), HEPES-NaOH pH 8.0 (250), EDTA (1), neocuproine (0.1), and Triton-X 100 (0.5%). ", "An EDTA-free protease inhibitor tablet (Roche, Indianapolis, IN) was added just before use. ", "Samples were then homogenized using a Dounce glass homogenizer on ice and centrifuged at 14,000 g for 30 minutes to pellet debris. ", "The supernatant was recovered as total crude homogenate. ", "Protein concentration was determined using the Bradford protein assay. ", "Total homogenates were then aliquoted and stored at -80°C.", "\n\nSNO-RAC {#sec007}\n-------\n\nSNO sites were identified using the SNO-RAC protocol, as previously described \\[[@pone.0177315.ref003], [@pone.0177315.ref030]\\]. ", "Briefly, samples (whole heart homogenate; 1 mg) were diluted in HEN buffer containing (in mmol/L): **H**EPES-NaOH pH 8.0 (250), **E**DTA (1), and **N**eocuproine (0.1) with 2.5% SDS and an EDTA free protease inhibitor tablet. ", "All buffers were degassed before use to prevent oxidation of the resin; subsequent procedures were also performed in the dark. ", "Homogenates were incubated with 50 mmol/L N-ethylmaleimide for 20 minutes at 56°C to block unmodified thiol groups from modification; iodoacetamide was removed via acetone precipitation. ", "Samples were then resuspended in HEN with 1% SDS (HENS). ", "Thiopropyl sepharose resin (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ) was rehydrated for 25 minutes in HPLC-grade water. ", "Following rehydration, 25 μL of the resin slurry was added to a Handee Mini Spin Column (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA) and washed with 5 x 0.5 mL HPLC-grade water, followed by 10 x 0.5 mL HEN buffer. ", "Blocked samples were then added to the thiopropyl sepharose-containing spin column along with 20 mmol/L ascorbate, and rotated for 4 hours in the dark at room temperature. ", "Resin-bound proteins were washed with 8 x 0.5 mL HENS buffer, followed by 4 x 0.5 mL HENS buffer diluted 1:10. ", "Samples were then subjected to trypsin digestion (sequencing grade modified; Promega, Madison, WI) overnight at 37°C with rotation in 50 mmol/L NH~4~HCO~3~. Resin-bound peptides were then washed with 5 x 0.5 mL HENS buffer 1:10, 5 x 0.5 mL NaCl, 5 x 0.5 mL 80% acetonitrile, and 5 x 0.5 mL HPLC-grade water. ", "Resin-bound peptides were then eluted for 15 minutes at room temperature in elution buffer containing (in mmol/l): dithiothreitol (20) and NH~4~CO~3~ (10). ", "The resin was then washed with an additional volume of elution buffer. ", "All fractions were combined and concentrated by SpeedVac (Thermo Fisher), resuspended in 50 mmol/L NH~4~HCO~3~, and all detergent was removed using HiPPR columns (Thermo Fisher) per the manufacturer's instruction. ", "Samples were then resuspended in 0.1% formic acid and cleaned with C~18~ column ZipTips (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) prior to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis.", "\n\nLC-MS/MS analysis and database search {#sec008}\n-------------------------------------\n\nLC-MS/MS was performed using an Eksigent nanoLC-Ultra 1D plus system (Dublin, CA) coupled to an LTQ Orbitrap Elite mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher) using CID fragmentation. ", "Peptides were first loaded onto a Zorbax 300SB-C~18~ trap column (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) at a flow rate of 6 μL/minute for 6 minutes, and then separated on a reversed-phase PicoFrit analytical column (New Objective, Woburn, MA) using a 40-minute linear gradient of 5--40% acetonitrile in 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 250 nL/minute. ", "LTQ Orbitrap Elite settings were as follows: spray voltage 1.5 kV, and full MS mass range: m/z 230 to 2000. ", "The LTQ Orbitrap Elite was operated in a data-dependent mode (i.e., one MS1 high resolution \\[60,000\\] scan for precursor ions followed by six data-dependent MS/MS scans for precursor ions above a threshold ion count of 2000 with collision energy of 35%). ", "Raw files generated from the LTQ Orbitrap Elite were analyzed using Proteome Discoverer 1.4 (Thermo Fisher) with the MASCOT database search engine. ", "The following search criteria were used: database, Swiss-Prot (Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics); taxonomy, Mus musculus (mouse); enzyme, trypsin; miscleavages, 3; variable modifications, Oxidation (M), Nethylmaleimide (C), Deamidation (NQ); MS peptide tolerance, 25 ppm; MS/MS tolerance, 0.8 Da. ", "Peptides were filtered at a false discovery rate (FDR) of 1%.", "\n\nLabel-free peptide quantification {#sec009}\n---------------------------------\n\nThe label-free peptide quantification feature of Proteome Discoverer 1.4 was used to determine the ratio or relative abundance for a given SNO-modified residue. ", "This label-free peptide quantification function uses a proprietary algorithm to calculate the area for each peptide based upon the area-under-the-curve peak for a given peptide from each LC-MS/MS run. ", "Quantitative ratios were then obtained by normalizing the peptide peak areas against a chosen reference (i.e., baseline male heart for common peptides). ", "The resulting ratios reflect the relative quantity of a peptide (and hence the corresponding SNO level) in different samples.", "\n\nWestern blot {#sec010}\n------------\n\nSamples were separated on a 4--12% Bis-Tris SDS-PAGE gel and transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane (Life Technologies). ", "Membranes were blocked with 5% (w/v) nonfat dried milk in Tris-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween-20 for one hour, and subsequently incubated with primary antibodies against phospho-Akt Ser473 (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, 4060S), total Akt (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technologies, 4691S), phospho-eNOS Ser1177 (1:500; Cell Signaling), total eNOS (1:250; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX), or GSNOR (1:1000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology). ", "Membranes were then probed with the corresponding secondary antibodies for 1 hour and visualized by electrogenerated chemiluminescence (Life Technologies). ", "Densitometry was assessed using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD).", "\n\nGSNO-R activity assay {#sec011}\n---------------------\n\nGSNO-R activity was assessed in whole heart homogenates as previously described \\[[@pone.0177315.ref031], [@pone.0177315.ref032]\\]. ", "Briefly, male and female hearts were rinsed in KHB and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. ", "Hearts were then homogenized in cell lysis buffer (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA) with protease/inhibitor cocktail (Cell Signaling) using a Polytron (Kinematica Inc.). ", "Homogenates (100 μg) were then diluted in assay buffer (in mmol/L): Tris-HCl pH 8.0 (20), EDTA (0.5), neocuproine (0.5) with 0.1% NP-40 and protease/phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Cell Signaling). ", "NADH (200 μmol/L) and GSNO (400 μmol/L) were then added to initiate the reaction, and NADH consumption was monitored via absorbance at 340 nm over 30 minutes at 25°C. ", "GSNO-R activity was then calculated as the rate of NADH consumption in samples containing GSNO, after subtracting the background rate of NADH consumption in samples that did not contain GSNO.", "\n\nAmplex Red assay {#sec012}\n----------------\n\nH~2~O~2~ production was assessed in post-ischemic male and female hearts using the Amplex Red H~2~O~2~ production assay kit (Thermo Fisher) per the manufacturer's instruction. ", "Briefly, samples (whole heart homogenate; 100 μg) were diluted in Amplex Red reaction buffer. ", "The reaction was then initiated with the addition of horseradish peroxidase and Amplex Red reagent, and H~2~O~2~ production was followed for 30 minutes at 25°C. ", "The slope of the line over the 30 minute incubation period was used to calculate the rate of H~2~O~2~ production. ", "A standard H~2~O~2~ curve was used to determine the concentration of H~2~O~2~ production. ", "To assess H~2~O~2~ production with purified alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KGDH), the same protocol was used with the purified enzyme complex (Sigma Aldrich).", "\n\nStatistics {#sec013}\n----------\n\nResults are expressed as the mean±SEM. ", "Statistical significance (p\\<0.05) was determined between groups using a Student's *t*-test for two groups or a two-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison correction for multiple groups.", "\n\nResults {#sec014}\n=======\n\nCHA improves post-ischemic functional recovery in male and female hearts {#sec015}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nMale and female hearts were subjected to I/R injury via Langendorff perfusion with or without the adenosine A1 receptor agonist CHA ([Fig 1](#pone.0177315.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and post-ischemic functional recovery was assessed after 30 minutes of reperfusion. ", "Measurement of initial hemodynamic parameters in male and female hearts perfused with or without CHA revealed no difference in baseline LVDP, heart rate, or rate-pressure product ([Table 1](#pone.0177315.t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Following 20 minutes of ischemia and 30 minutes of reperfusion, contractile function was significantly impaired in both male and female hearts ([Fig 2](#pone.0177315.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and consistent with our previous study \\[[@pone.0177315.ref025]\\], control female hearts exhibited improved post-ischemic functional recovery compared to control male hearts. ", "Perfusion with CHA for 5 minutes prior to the onset of ischemia significantly improved post-ischemic functional recovery in both male and female hearts ([Fig 2](#pone.0177315.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}), with CHA-perfused female hearts exhibiting the highest recovery of function.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0177315.t001\n\n###### Baseline contractile parameters with and without CHA.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0177315.t001){#pone.0177315.t001g}\n\n *Treatment* *LVDP* *Heart Rate* *Rate-Pressure Product*\n -------------- ------------- ------------ -------------- -------------------------\n ***Male*** *Control* 76.7±1.3 250.7±10.6 19195±499.0\n *CHA* 77.8±3.0 230.0±3.4 17911±865.0 \n ***Female*** *Control* 69.0±4.2 271.9±9.1 18789±1510\n *CHA* 69.1±3.0 268.1±13.6 18103±1592 \n\nBaseline left ventricular developed pressure, heart rate and rate-pressure product in male and female hearts perfused with and without CHA.", "\n\n{#pone.0177315.g002}\n\nCHA perfusion increases phospho-Akt and phospho-eNOS levels in male and female hearts {#sec016}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAdenosine A1 receptor stimulation has been shown to activate the Akt signaling cascade \\[[@pone.0177315.ref028], [@pone.0177315.ref029]\\]. ", "Therefore, we next examined Akt phosphorylation at Ser473. ", "Consistent with previous studies \\[[@pone.0177315.ref033]\\], control female hearts exhibited higher phospho-Akt levels compared to control male hearts, independent of total Akt levels ([Fig 3a](#pone.0177315.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Perfusion with CHA for five minutes significantly increased phospho-Akt levels in both male and female hearts, with CHA-perfused female hearts exhibiting the highest phospho-Akt levels ([Fig 3a](#pone.0177315.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Consistent with the CHA-induced increase in phospho-Akt levels, we also found that perfusion with CHA significantly increased eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177 in male hearts ([Fig 3b](#pone.0177315.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These findings are in agreement with previous studies demonstrating enhanced phospho-Akt and phospho-eNOS levels with adenosine \\[[@pone.0177315.ref028], [@pone.0177315.ref029]\\]. ", "However, phospho-eNOS levels did not change with CHA in female hearts ([Fig 3b](#pone.0177315.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}), but phospho-eNOS levels were already higher in control and CHA-perfused female hearts compared to control male hearts. ", "These results support the potential for an alternative mechanism of protection in female hearts.", "\n\n{#pone.0177315.g003}\n\nCHA perfusion enhances protein SNO levels in male and female hearts {#sec017}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSince we detected increased phospho-Akt and phospho-eNOS levels with CHA perfusion, we next examined whether this could produce a corresponding increase in protein SNO levels in male and female hearts. ", "We utilized SNO-RAC in tandem with mass spectrometry as a high-throughput approach to identify specific SNO sites in male and female hearts. ", "In total, we identified 130 different SNO proteins in control male and female hearts ([S1](#pone.0177315.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [S2](#pone.0177315.s002){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} Tables), and consistent with our previous study \\[[@pone.0177315.ref025]\\], we found that female hearts exhibited over 50% more unique SNO protein identifications compared to male hearts ([Fig 4a](#pone.0177315.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Of the proteins identified in control hearts, 51 were unique to female hearts (i.e., proteins were detected in at least one of eight female samples, but not detected in any male samples) and eight were unique to male hearts (i.e., proteins were detected in at least one of eight male samples, but not detected in any female samples) ([Fig 4b](#pone.0177315.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "SNO protein identifications that were unique to the baseline female heart included the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), ATP synthase ε, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, peroxyredoxin-6, protein DJ-1, and tripartite motif-containing protein 72 (TRIM72).", "\n\n{#pone.0177315.g004}\n\nFollowing myocardial perfusion with CHA for five minutes, we identified a total of 165 unique SNO proteins in male and female hearts ([S3](#pone.0177315.s003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [S4](#pone.0177315.s004){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} Tables), noting a modest increase in protein SNO levels in both male (11.4%) and female (12.3%) hearts compared to control ([Fig 4a](#pone.0177315.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Of the proteins identified in CHA-perfused hearts, 65 were unique to female hearts and 16 were unique to male hearts ([Fig 4c](#pone.0177315.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "A number of SNO proteins that were not detected at baseline in male and female hearts were found to be modified after CHA perfusion in both sexes ([Table 2](#pone.0177315.t002){ref-type=\"table\"}), including cysteine and glycine rich protein 3, cytochrome C oxidase 6B1, reactive species modulator 1, and voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) 3. ", "Comparison of control and CHA-perfused male hearts revealed 37 unique SNO proteins in control hearts vs. 46 in CHA-perfused hearts ([Fig 5a](#pone.0177315.g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Interestingly, a number of the unique SNO proteins identified in control female hearts were identified in CHA-perfused male hearts, including ANT, glutathione S-transferase kappa 1, metallothionein-1 and peroxyredoxin-6. ", "For control and CHA-perfused female hearts, we detected 51 SNO proteins in control hearts versus 66 in CHA-perfused hearts ([Fig 5b](#pone.0177315.g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0177315.t002\n\n###### Unique SNO protein identifications from CHA-perfused hearts.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0177315.t002){#pone.0177315.t002g}\n\n *Protein Name* *Protein ID* *SNO Cysteine* \n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- ------------------------------ -------------------------\n 40S ribosomal protein S17 P63276 35 35\n BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 3 Q9JLV1 185 185\n BRI3-binding protein Q8BXV2 218 218\n Cysteine and glycine-rich protein 3 P50462 25, 120 25, 58, 120\n Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 P56391 54 54\n Filamin-binding LIM protein 1 Q71FD7 35 36\n Fructosamine-3-kinase Q9ER35 130 130\n Laminin subunit beta-2 Q61292 887, 894, 897, 906, 955, 957 906, 955, 957\n Laminin subunit gamma-1 P02468 314, 349, 914, 917, 930 314, 349, 914, 917, 930\n Membrane-associated progesterone receptor component 2 Q80UU9 75 75\n Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 Q91VS7 50 50\n Myosin light polypeptide 6 Q60605 2 2\n Myosin-6 Q02566 37 37, 949, 1342\n Nascent polypeptide-associated complex subunit alpha, muscle-specific form P70670 1763 1763\n Perilipin-4 O88492 696 696\n Poly(rC)-binding protein 1 P60335 54 54\n Protein NDRG2 Q9QYG0 371 371\n Reactive oxygen species modulator 1 P60603 15 15\n Receptor expression-enhancing protein 5 Q60870 14 14\n Sarcospan Q62147 157 157\n Signal peptidase complex subunit Q9CYN2 26 26\n Tubulin beta-5 chain P99024 303, 354 11, 303, 354\n Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 Q60931 65 2, 8, 65\n\nUnique SNO protein identifications from CHA-perfused male and female hearts as assessed via SNO-RAC in tandem with LC-MS/MS (n = 7 hearts/group; FDR: 1%); these SNO protein identifications were not observed in control male or control female samples. '", "SNO cysteine' represents the modified residue.", "\n\n{#pone.0177315.g005}\n\nSNO protein targets in CHA-induced cardioprotection vs. other forms of cardioprotection {#sec018}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn previous studies, we noted that protein SNO levels increased with a number of different cardioprotective interventions in the male heart, including ischemic pre- and post-conditioning \\[[@pone.0177315.ref001]--[@pone.0177315.ref004]\\]. ", "Therefore, we next compared the SNO protein identifications from male and female hearts perfused with CHA to the SNO proteins that were identified in previous studies also utilizing SNO-RAC with ischemic pre- and post-conditioned male hearts \\[[@pone.0177315.ref003], [@pone.0177315.ref004]\\]. ", "We found a number of proteins that are consistently SNO modified, many at the same cysteine residue(s), irrespective of the model of cardioprotection ([Table 3](#pone.0177315.t003){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "SNO targets included cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, L-lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and triosphosphate isomerase. ", "We also used label-free peptide quantification to quantify the SNO levels of common proteins identified in more than one treatment group, focusing specifically on SNO proteins that were previously identified with other forms of cardioprotection. ", "Interestingly, we found that these SNO proteins clustered into four distinct groups based upon their detection with each of the four experimental treatments. ", "In the first group, protein SNO levels were low at baseline in both male and female hearts, and increased only in the female heart with CHA perfusion. ", "These proteins included aconitase ([Fig 6a](#pone.0177315.g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and electron transfer flavoprotein beta ([Fig 6b](#pone.0177315.g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In the second group, SNO levels were low at baseline in male hearts, but were considerably higher in baseline female hearts and in CHA-perfused male and female hearts. ", "Protein targets included L-lactate dehydrogenase ([Fig 6c](#pone.0177315.g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and VDAC 2 ([Fig 6d](#pone.0177315.g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The third group included proteins that were only detected in CHA-perfused male and female hearts, and these proteins included VDAC3 ([Fig 6e](#pone.0177315.g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and isocitrate dehydrogenase α ([Fig 6f](#pone.0177315.g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Finally, the fourth group contained SNO proteins that were not detected at baseline in the male heart, but were detected in the baseline female heart and in CHA-perfused male and female hearts. ", "These proteins included enoyl-CoA hydratase ([Fig 6g](#pone.0177315.g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and SERCA2a ([Fig 6h](#pone.0177315.g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0177315.t003\n\n###### Common SNO protein identifications resulting from different cardioprotective interventions.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0177315.t003){#pone.0177315.t003g}\n\n *Protein Name* *Protein ID* *SNO Cysteine* \n -------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- ------------------------ ----------------------------------- --------------- ------------------------- --------------- ---------------\n Aconitase Q99KI0 385 385 385 385 385 385\n Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial P05202 295 295 ND 295 295 295\n Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial Q9CZ13 268, 380 268, 380 268, 380 268, 380 268, 380 380\n Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit alpha, mitochondrial Q99LC5 53, 155 53, 155 ND 155 155 ND\n Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta, mitochondrial Q9DCW4 71 71 71 71 66, 71 ND\n Enoyl-CoA hydratase, mitochondrial Q8BH95 225 111, 225 111, 225 111, 225 225 111, 225\n Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A P05064 339 339 339 339 339 339\n Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase P16858 150, 154, 245 150, 154, 245 150, 154, 245 150, 154, 245 150, 154, 245 150, 154, 245\n Isocitrate dehydrogenase \\[NAD\\] subunit alpha Q9D6R2 ND ND 359 359 331 331\n Isocitrate dehydrogenase \\[NADP\\], mitochondrial P54071 113, 402 113, 402 ND 113, 402 308, 402 308, 402\n L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain P06151 84, 163 84, 163 84, 163 84, 163 84, 163 163\n Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic P14152 137, 154 137, 154 137 137, 154 137 ND\n Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial P08249 89, 93, 275, 285 89, 93, 211, 275, 285 89, 93, 275 89, 93, 211, 275, 285 275 89, 275\n Mitochondrial complex I-75 kDa Q91VD9 75, 92 75, 92 75, 92 92, 726 92 75\n Myosin light chain 1 P09542 191 85, 191 ND 85, 191 ND ND\n Propionyl CoA carboxylase alpha chain Q91ZA3 107 107 107 107 107 107\n Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 O55143 349, 364, 447, 471 344, 349, 364, 447, 471, 635, 669 364, 635 344, 364, 447, 635, 998 498 344, 349, 364\n Serum albumin P07724 77, 289, 416, 500, 501 77, 289 77, 289 77, 289 ND ND\n Succinate dehydrogenase \\[ubiquinone\\] flavoprotein, mitochondrial Q8K2B3 536 89, 536, 654 654 536, 654 536 654\n Succinyl-CoA ligase alpha Q9WUM5 172, 181 172, 181 172, 181 172 60 172, 181\n Succinyl-CoA ligase subunit beta, mitochondrial Q9Z2I9 430 152, 158, 270, 430 152, 158, 430 152, 158, 430 430 158, 430\n Triosephosphate isomerase P17751 117, 268 117, 268 117, 268 117, 268 67, 218 117, 268\n Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 Q60932 245 245 245 245 245 245\n Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 Q60930 48 48 48 48 48 48\n\nCommon SNO protein identifications resulting from different cardioprotective interventions (i.e., ischemic pre- and post-conditioning). ", "SNO proteins were identified in male and female hearts (as noted on the top of the table), using SNO-RAC in tandem with LC-MS/MS. '", "SNO cysteine' represents the modified residue; 'ND' indicates that the protein was not identified in the given sample set.", "\n\n{#pone.0177315.g006}\n\nS-nitrosoglutathione reductase activity is increased with CHA perfusion in male and female hearts {#sec019}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSince we were not able to detect a change in phospho-eNOS with CHA in female hearts, we next examined the effect of CHA on the activity of *S*-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) as a potential mechanism underlying the increase in protein SNO levels in female hearts. ", "GSNOR regulates protein SNO levels by mediating catabolism and the genetic deletion of GSNOR results in increased myocardial protein SNO levels \\[[@pone.0177315.ref034]\\]. ", "We found that control female hearts exhibited higher GSNOR activity compared to control male hearts, which is consistent with our prior results \\[[@pone.0177315.ref025]\\]. ", "Interestingly, perfusion with CHA for five minutes induced a robust and significant increase in GSNOR activity in female hearts, and a more modest increase in GSNOR activity in male hearts ([Fig 7](#pone.0177315.g007){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "CHA-perfused female hearts exhibited the highest GSNOR activity. ", "In our prior study, we found that male and female WT mouse hearts exhibit comparable GSNOR expression levels \\[[@pone.0177315.ref025]\\], indicating that the change in activity is likely independent of GSNOR expression. ", "Since increased GSNOR activity would be expected to favor a decrease in protein SNO levels, GSNOR does not appear to contribute to the CHA-induced increase in protein SNO levels in male or female hearts.", "\n\n{#pone.0177315.g007}\n\nPost-ischemic reactive oxygen species production is reduced in female hearts {#sec020}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFemale hearts consistently showed better post-ischemic functional recovery compared to male hearts, both at baseline and following perfusion with CHA. ", "To investigate a potential mechanism for this enhanced protection in female hearts, we next investigated post-ischemic ROS production in male and female hearts after 20 minutes of ischemia and five minutes of reperfusion using Amplex Red fluorescence as a measure H~2~O~2~ production. ", "Consistent with a previous study in rat heart mitochondria \\[[@pone.0177315.ref035]\\], we found that post-ischemic ROS production was significantly reduced in female hearts compared to male hearts ([Fig 8a](#pone.0177315.g008){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Interestingly, we found that dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase was uniquely SNO-modified in the female heart. ", "Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase is a component of the alpha-KGDH complex, which is considered to be a major source for the production of ROS \\[[@pone.0177315.ref036]--[@pone.0177315.ref038]\\]. ", "Therefore, we next examined the effect of SNO on the ROS production of the alpha-KGDH complex using an *in vitro* assay with purified enzyme. ", "Following a 30 minute incubation with 1 mmol/L GSNO, the ROS production of alpha-KGDH was significantly decreased compared to control (GSNO: -43.4±2.3%), as shown in [Fig 8b](#pone.0177315.g008){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "As such, the SNO modification of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase may contribute to the intrinsic protection observed in the female heart.", "\n\n{#pone.0177315.g008}\n\nDiscussion {#sec021}\n==========\n\nIn the current study, we demonstrate for the first time that pharmacologic activation of the adenosine A1 receptor enhances SNO protein levels in multiple cellular compartments and induces cardioprotection from I/R injury in male and female hearts, in part via increased phospho-Akt and phospho-eNOS levels. ", "We first used our Langendorff-perfused heart model of I/R injury to demonstrate that pharmacological activation of the adenosine A1 receptor, via CHA perfusion ([Fig 1](#pone.0177315.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}), increases functional recovery in both male and female hearts ([Fig 2](#pone.0177315.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results are consistent with prior work in the male heart \\[[@pone.0177315.ref027]\\], but to our knowledge, we are the first demonstrate that adenosine A1 receptor activation can further increase the cardioprotective threshold of the female heart. ", "We next examined Akt phosphorylation at ser473. ", "Consistent with previous reports \\[[@pone.0177315.ref033]\\], we observed that baseline Akt phosphorylation was significantly increased in female hearts compared to males ([Fig 3a](#pone.0177315.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This likely underlies, in part, the baseline cardioprotective phenotype that we and others have observed in the female heart \\[[@pone.0177315.ref016]--[@pone.0177315.ref019], [@pone.0177315.ref022]--[@pone.0177315.ref024], [@pone.0177315.ref039]\\]. ", "Perfusion with CHA induced a significant increase in Akt phosphorylation at ser473 compared to baseline in both male and female hearts ([Fig 3a](#pone.0177315.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "eNOS phosphorylation at ser1177 was similarly increased with CHA treatment, but only in male hearts ([Fig 3b](#pone.0177315.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "CHA did not alter eNOS phosphorylation in female hearts, but eNOS phosphorylation was already increased at baseline in female hearts compared to control males, potentially indicating that there may be some redundancy between adenosine-mediated protection and baseline cardioprotection in females, or that cardioprotective adenosine signaling is different between male and female hearts. ", "It is also possible that the five minute CHA perfusion period was insufficient to resolve a change in eNOS phosphorylation in female hearts. ", "We next utilized SNO-RAC in tandem with mass spectrometry to identify SNO proteins and modification sites in male and female hearts at baseline and with CHA perfusion. ", "Consistent with our previous study \\[[@pone.0177315.ref039]\\], SNO protein identifications were more than 50% higher in female hearts at baseline compared to male hearts ([Fig 4](#pone.0177315.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Perfusion with CHA induced a modest increase in protein SNO levels in both male (11.4%) and female hearts (12.3%) (Figs [4](#pone.0177315.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [5](#pone.0177315.g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which is consistent with the CHA-induced enhancement of functional recovery observed in our Langendorff-perfused heart experiments ([Fig 2](#pone.0177315.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We identified a number of SNO proteins that were unique to CHA-perfused male and female hearts, as well as a number of SNO proteins that were not detected at baseline in either sex, but were identified following CHA perfusion ([Table 2](#pone.0177315.t002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Comparison of the SNO proteins identified with CHA-induced protection to other forms of cardioprotection, namely pre- and post-conditioning, revealed considerable overlap amongst SNO-modified protein targets ([Table 3](#pone.0177315.t003){ref-type=\"table\"}), potentially indicating that SNO may provide cardioprotective effects by targeting a similar protein population, regardless of the form of cardioprotection (i.e., pharmacologic preconditioning, ischemic preconditioning, etc.). ", "For common SNO protein identifications, we used label-free peptide quantification and identified a number of different SNO protein populations ([Fig 6](#pone.0177315.g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These ranged from SNO proteins that were modified at low levels at baseline in male and female hearts and increased with CHA perfusion only in female hearts, to SNO proteins that were modified at low levels or undetectable at baseline in male hearts and increased with CHA perfusion to levels observed at baseline or with CHA perfusion in female hearts. ", "This latter group of SNO proteins is of particular interest since these proteins may represent important targets in the male heart that when SNO-modified, may induce a cardioprotective phenotype similar to that observed at baseline in the female heart. ", "In addition, we examined GSNOR as an alternative mechanism underlying the CHA-induced increase in protein SNO levels and found that CHA perfusion actually increased GSNOR activity in male and female hearts ([Fig 7](#pone.0177315.g007){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Since increased GSNOR activity would tend to favor a decrease in protein SNO levels, this suggests that perhaps GSNOR activity follows changes in protein SNO levels. ", "SNO has been shown to increase GSNOR activity in the lung \\[[@pone.0177315.ref040]\\], but we were unable to detect SNO-GSNOR in our proteomic screens. ", "Further, female hearts always performed better following I/R injury compared to male hearts, whether it be at baseline or with CHA perfusion. ", "This can likely be attributed, in part, to the higher level of SNO proteins consistently observed in the female heart and to the modification of specific protein targets like dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, which is a member of the alpha-KGDH complex. ", "We showed that treatment of the purified alpha-KGDH enzyme complex with GSNO to induce SNO of the enzyme, reduces the production of ROS ([Fig 8b](#pone.0177315.g008){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Consistent with this reduction in ROS production, SNO of alpha-KGDH has been shown to inhibit enzyme activity \\[[@pone.0177315.ref041]\\]. ", "We also found that female hearts produced less ROS compared to male hearts after I/R injury ([Fig 8a](#pone.0177315.g008){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which may partly explain the enhanced functional recovery that is consistently observed in female hearts. ", "Consistent with these results, mitochondria isolated from female rat hearts after hypoxia-reoxygenation showed less ROS production compared to mitochondria isolated from male hearts \\[[@pone.0177315.ref035]\\]. ", "Taken together, these results support a potential mechanism whereby activation of the adenosine A1 receptor leads to enhanced Akt and eNOS phosphorylation, increased SNO protein levels and cardioprotection from I/R injury in both male and female hearts. ", "However, since the effect of CHA on other signaling pathways (i.e., MEK1/2 \\[[@pone.0177315.ref042]\\]) was not examined, and we cannot rule out potential contributions from additional signaling pathways.", "\n\nEstrogen, nitric oxide and cardioprotection in the female heart {#sec022}\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n\nEpidemiological studies show that pre-menopausal women have lower rates of cardiovascular disease compared to age-matched men, but disease incidence increases greatly following menopause \\[[@pone.0177315.ref043]--[@pone.0177315.ref045]\\]. ", "This is suggestive of a cardioprotective role for estrogen, but recent hormone replacement therapy trials in postmenopausal women have failed \\[[@pone.0177315.ref046], [@pone.0177315.ref047]\\]. ", "In animals model of I/R injury (i.e., mouse, rat), female hearts display similar intrinsic protection from injury as we and others have shown \\[[@pone.0177315.ref016]--[@pone.0177315.ref019], [@pone.0177315.ref022]--[@pone.0177315.ref024], [@pone.0177315.ref035], [@pone.0177315.ref039], [@pone.0177315.ref048]\\]. ", "Studies have also shown that exogenous estrogen protects both male and female hearts from I/R injury in a number of species, including mouse and rabbit \\[[@pone.0177315.ref035], [@pone.0177315.ref049], [@pone.0177315.ref050]\\]. ", "Our group has also shown that selective activation of G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1), a membrane-bound receptor responsible for the rapid, non-genomic actions of estrogen, induces cardioprotection through the activation of the PI3K and ERK signaling pathways \\[[@pone.0177315.ref051]\\]. ", "Our group and others have further shown that female hearts lose sex-dependent cardioprotection following ovariectomy in a number of species, including mice and rats \\[[@pone.0177315.ref019], [@pone.0177315.ref035], [@pone.0177315.ref052]\\]. ", "We have also shown that this protection can be restored in ovariectomized female hearts via administration of 17beta-estradiol (E2) or 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-proprionitrile (DPN) \\[[@pone.0177315.ref052]\\]. ", "Interestingly, we also find that E2 or DPN administration increases protein SNO levels in ovariectomized female hearts \\[[@pone.0177315.ref052]\\]. ", "GPER1 activation has also been shown to increase eNOS phosphorylation through an Akt-dependent mechanism \\[[@pone.0177315.ref053]\\]. ", "These and other studies support a potential role for nitric oxide and protein SNO in the protective effects of estrogen.", "\n\nIn our prior study, we found that female wildtype mouse hearts exhibited higher baseline eNOS expression and phosphorylation, enhanced NO production, and increased protein SNO levels, and associated with this, protection from I/R injury compared to male hearts. ", "We also found that GSNOR activity levels were higher in female hearts compared to males, which would tend to favor lower protein SNO levels. ", "However, female hearts exhibit higher protein SNO levels, as we show in the current study (and in a previous study \\[[@pone.0177315.ref025]\\]), suggesting that enhanced GSNOR activity may be necessary to protect against hyper-nitrosylation and the development of nitrosative stress in the female heart. ", "Excessive protein SNO has been shown to contribute to disease pathogenesis with neurodegenerative conditions, neuromuscular atrophy and sepsis \\[[@pone.0177315.ref054]--[@pone.0177315.ref056]\\]. ", "In the heart, the effects of many NO donors are also biphasic. ", "For example, we find that administration of 10 μmol/L SNAP, an *S*-nitrosylating agent, induces cardioprotection in the male heart, but this protection is lost when the concentration of SNAP is doubled to 20 μmol/L \\[[@pone.0177315.ref057]\\]. ", "Thus, it was unclear whether a further increase in protein SNO in female hearts would be beneficial, as we have shown in the male heart, or detrimental by inducing nitrosative stress. ", "The results of our current study suggest that the ischemic tolerance of the female heart can be further increased with adenosine A1 receptor activation. ", "Female hearts also appear to be able to tolerate a modest increase in protein SNO levels without detrimental effects due to nitrosative stress. ", "Interestingly, GSNOR activity appears to mirror the increase protein SNO levels, perhaps as a protective measure to combat the potential for excessive protein SNO. ", "Future studies will examine the role of sex hormones in the regulation of protein SNO levels and GSNOR activity in the heart, and determine whether a more robust increase in protein SNO is also protective in the female hearts, as is the case for male hearts (i.e., GSNOR^-/-^ heart \\[[@pone.0177315.ref058]\\]).", "\n\nCommon SNO targets in cardioprotection {#sec023}\n--------------------------------------\n\nProtein SNO is a reversible cysteine modification that is stimulus-mediated, spatially localized and targeted to select cysteine residues \\[[@pone.0177315.ref059]\\]. ", "Specific mechanisms for the addition and removal of protein SNO have also been identified \\[[@pone.0177315.ref034], [@pone.0177315.ref060]\\]. ", "As such, protein SNO is a bona fide signaling mechanism in the heart and other organ systems, and does not simply represent a random event. ", "In the context of cardioprotection, we and others consistently find that enhanced myocardial protein SNO levels are generally protective in the setting of I/R injury \\[[@pone.0177315.ref001]--[@pone.0177315.ref010], [@pone.0177315.ref025]\\]. ", "In the current study, we demonstrate a protective role for enhanced protein SNO levels in a model of pharmacologic preconditioning in male and female hearts. ", "Interestingly, we find that similar populations of proteins are modified via SNO, independent from the model of cardioprotection (i.e., ischemic pre- and post-conditioning, pharmacologic preconditioning, sex-dependent protection) \\[[@pone.0177315.ref001]--[@pone.0177315.ref010], [@pone.0177315.ref025], [@pone.0177315.ref030], [@pone.0177315.ref052]\\], and mitochondrial proteins represent some of the most common targets of SNO. ", "For example, we found ANT to be SNO-modified at cys160 in the current study and in a number of previous studies \\[[@pone.0177315.ref002], [@pone.0177315.ref003], [@pone.0177315.ref030]\\]. ", "The VDAC isoforms, namely VDAC1 at cys245 and VDAC2 at cys48, have been identified to be SNO modified in our previous studies \\[[@pone.0177315.ref003], [@pone.0177315.ref004], [@pone.0177315.ref030]\\]. ", "In the current study, not only did we identify modification of VDAC1 and VDAC2 at the same respective modification site, but we also found that VDAC3 was SNO-modified at cys65 with CHA treatment. ", "Interestingly, ANT and VDAC are both thought to potentially play a role in cell death with I/R injury, and both have been reported to play a role in redox sensitive signaling \\[[@pone.0177315.ref061], [@pone.0177315.ref062]\\]. ", "Additional targets include SERCA2a and many proteins involved in glycolysis. ", "However, specific roles for each of these SNO-modified protein in cardioprotection remains to be determined. ", "Protective roles for many SNO-modified proteins have described in the heart, as we have shown for TRIM72 and CypD \\[[@pone.0177315.ref063], [@pone.0177315.ref064]\\], but modification of other targets, including XIAP, Drp1, CDK5 and Parkin, have been shown to lead to deleterious effects in the brain \\[[@pone.0177315.ref054]\\]. ", "As such, it is possible that SNO of particular protein targets leads to beneficial effects, while the modification of other proteins leads to deleterious effects, but the balance favors reduced injury. ", "Future studies will follow-up on the role of specific SNO-modified protein targets.", "\n\nTherapeutic implications {#sec024}\n------------------------\n\nTimely reperfusion is currently the only strategy that consistently reduces infarct size in humans following myocardial ischemia, but adenosine \\[[@pone.0177315.ref065]--[@pone.0177315.ref067]\\] and nitrate \\[[@pone.0177315.ref068], [@pone.0177315.ref069]\\], which can be metabolized to NO, have shown promise in a limited capacity. ", "However, the majority of recent clinical trials of cardioprotective interventions, including those utilizing NO donor compounds, have failed to demonstrate a reduction in infarct size \\[[@pone.0177315.ref070], [@pone.0177315.ref071]\\] \\[[@pone.0177315.ref072]--[@pone.0177315.ref075]\\]. ", "Although our group recently published a study showing that non-failing female human hearts have higher protein SNO levels compared to non-failing male hearts \\[[@pone.0177315.ref026]\\], suggesting possible relevance to human physiology, a number of confounding factors may contribute to the loss of protective mechanisms in the clinical setting, including age and/or concurrent pathology. ", "Studies in animal models suggest that cardioprotective signaling is attenuated with aging \\[[@pone.0177315.ref076]--[@pone.0177315.ref078]\\], including the loss of adenosine-mediated protection \\[[@pone.0177315.ref079]\\]. ", "Many pathological states of the heart similarly abrogate protection. ", "For example, diabetes mellitus has been shown to disrupt cardioprotective signaling, and as such, diabetic hearts cannot be conditioned or cardioprotected \\[[@pone.0177315.ref080]\\]. ", "Therefore, age and concurrent pathology has the potential to disrupt the protection afforded by adenosine and protein SNO levels in male and female hearts. ", "Since age and concurrent pathology are critical in terms of translating cardioprotective strategies to the clinical setting and most studies of cardioprotection are performed with young healthy animals, future studies of cardioprotective signaling will need to account for these confounding variables.", "\n\nConclusions {#sec025}\n===========\n\nIn summary, we have demonstrated that activation of the adenosine A1 receptor increases post-ischemic functional recovery in both male and female hearts. ", "We found that adenosine A1 receptor activation increases phosphorylated Akt (at ser473) and phosphorylated eNOS (at ser1177) levels and enhances the level of SNO proteins in both male and female hearts, likely contributing to the cardioprotective effects of adenosine A1 receptor activation. ", "This study has not only demonstrated the protective effects of adenosine A1 receptor activation in the male and female heart in the setting of I/R injury, but also suggests that changes in protein SNO levels may play a critical role in pharmacologic cardioprotective mechanisms.", "\n\nSupporting information {#sec026}\n======================\n\n###### SNO protein and peptide identifications from male hearts at baseline as assessed via SNO-RAC in tandem with LC-MS/MS.", "\n\nTo view peptide sequences, click on the '+' symbol found on the left side of the spreadsheet; \\'Nethylmaleimide\\' modified cysteine residues are blocked and do not represent sites of SNO. ", "Each of the eight biological replicates are identified in column headings as A2 (Heart 1), B2 (Heart 2), C2 (Heart 3), and D2 (Heart 4), etc. ", "Non-cysteine containing peptides were filtered from the data set (n = 8 hearts/group; FDR: 1%).", "\n\n(XLSX)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### SNO protein and peptide identifications from female hearts at baseline as assessed via SNO-RAC in tandem with LC-MS/MS.", "\n\nTo view peptide sequences, click on the '+' symbol found on the left side of the spreadsheet; \\'Nethylmaleimide\\' modified cysteine residues are blocked and do not represent sites of SNO. ", "Each of the eight biological replicates are identified in column headings as A2 (Heart 1), B2 (Heart 2), C2 (Heart 3), and D2 (Heart 4), etc. ", "Non-cysteine containing peptides were filtered from the data set (n = 8 hearts/group; FDR: 1%).", "\n\n(XLSX)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### SNO protein and peptide identifications from CHA-treated male hearts at baseline as assessed via SNO-RAC in tandem with LC-MS/MS.", "\n\nTo view peptide sequences, click on the '+' symbol found on the left side of the spreadsheet; \\'Nethylmaleimide\\' modified cysteine residues are blocked and do not represent sites of SNO. ", "Each of the seven biological replicates are identified in column headings as A2 (Heart 1), B2 (Heart 2), C2 (Heart 3), and D2 (Heart 4), etc. ", "Non-cysteine containing peptides were filtered from the data set (n = 7 hearts/group; FDR: 1%).", "\n\n(XLSX)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### SNO protein and peptide identifications from CHA-treated female hearts at baseline as assessed via SNO-RAC in tandem with LC-MS/MS.", "\n\nTo view peptide sequences, click on the '+' symbol found on the left side of the spreadsheet; \\'Nethylmaleimide\\' modified cysteine residues are blocked and do not represent sites of SNO. ", "Each of the seven biological replicates are identified in column headings as A2 (Heart 1), B2 (Heart 2), C2 (Heart 3), and D2 (Heart 4), etc. ", "Non-cysteine containing peptides were filtered from the data set (n = 7 hearts/group; FDR: 1%).", "\n\n(XLSX)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nWe would like to acknowledge the technical assistance of the NHLBI Proteomics Core Facility.", "\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared no competing interests exist.", "\n\n[^2]: **Conceptualization:** QS EM CS MK.**Formal analysis:** QS KC MK.**Funding acquisition:** EM CS MK.**Investigation:** QS KC NM MK.**Methodology:** QS EM CS MK.**Project administration:** CS MK.**Resources:** EM CS MK.**Supervision:** EM CS MK.**Writing -- original draft:** QS MK.**Writing -- review & editing:** QS KC NM EM CS MK.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "News\n\nCyclist knocked unconscious by pair of hoodies\n\nA 23-YEAR-OLD cyclist was knocked unconscious in an attack in East Oxford.", "\n\nThe victim suffered a cut to his head and broken thumb after the attack at about 9.30pm on Thursday in Morris Crescent off Cowley Road.", "\n\nPolice said the man was riding his bike and talking on a mobile phone when he was approached from behind and hit around the head, knocking him to the ground unconscious.", "\n\nHe then woke up to find he was being kicked and someone was trying to make off with his bike, police said. ", "When he screamed the attackers ran off. ", "Nothing was stolen.", "\n\nPolice said two men on bikes were seen cycling away from the scene. ", "They described both as thin and about 5ft 5in tall. ", "One was wearing a light grey hoodie and the other was wearing a dark green hoodie. ", "Both their hoods were pulled up over their heads." ]

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[ "Electrocoagulation was already proposed in the late 19th and early 20th century. ", "The use of electrocoagulation with aluminum and iron was patented in 1909 in the United States (Robinson, Australian Water & Wastewater Association, Joint NSW and Victoria State Conference in Wodonga, 22-24 Nov. 1999 (www.electropure.com.au/paper.htm); Vik et al. ", "WaterResearch, volume 18, Issue 1, 1984, pages 1355-1360).", "\nCoagulation is essentially to neutralize or to reduce the electric charge of colloids and hence promote the aggregation of colloidal particles. ", "To destabilize a suspension it is necessary that the attractive forces between particles are greater than the repulsive forces thereof. ", "Attractive forces are mainly Van Der Waals forces, which act at a short distance thereof. ", "In general, the total energy that controls the stability of the energy dispersion comprises attractive Van Der Waals energy of repulsion at short distance, the electrostatic energy and energy due to the steric effect of molecules solvent.", "\nCoagulation can be done by chemical or electrical means. ", "Alun, lime and/or polymers have been used as chemical coagulants. ", "Chemical coagulation is becoming less popular today because of high costs associated with the chemical treatments of a significant volume of sludge and hazardous heavy metals such as metal hydroxides generated thereof in addition to the cost of chemical products needed for coagulation itself. ", "Chemical coagulation has been used for decades.", "\nAlthough the electrocoagulation mechanism resembles chemical coagulation, although, some differences benefit electrocoagulation. ", "Indeed, electrocoagulated flocs differ from those generated by chemical coagulation. ", "Flocs created with the electrocoagulation process tend to contain less bound water, are more resistant to shearing and are more easily filterable.", "\nFlocs are created during the electrocoagulation water treatment with oxydo-reduction reactions. ", "Currents of ions and charged particles, created by the electric field, increase the probability of collisions between ions and particles of opposite signs that migrate in opposite directions. ", "This phenomenon allows the aggregation of suspended solids to form flocs.", "\nThe electrolytic reactions that take place at the electrodes are accompanied by production of micro bubbles of hydrogen (at the cathode) and oxygen (at the anode). ", "These micro bubbles heading up will result in an upward movement of the flocs formed thereof that are recovered at the surface (this mechanism is named flotation).", "\nThe complexity of the mechanisms involved in the process of electrocoagulation in the treatment of water is not well scientifically elucidated (Yousuf et al., ", "Journal of Hazardous Material B84, 2001). ", "There are various features of the mechanism of the process and the geometry, or design, of the reactor in the literature. ", "The different physico-chemical treatment, the shape of the reactor and the shape and size of electrodes affect the performance of the treatment. ", "The wide variety of processing parameters reported in the literature and the lack of scientific data for efficient model processing and optimal processing conditions translate into a lack of development in this field. ", "At this time, electrocoagulation is still problematic and therefore not popular (Holt et al., ", "Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. ", "Eng. ", "Aspects 211 (2002); Holt et al., ", "Chemosphere 59(2005) 355-367).", "\nThe existence of an electric current in a body of water implicitly requires Faraday reactions surrounding the electrodes. ", "The formation of chemical gradients depends on the electrolytic magnitude. ", "The consequences of chemical reactions become more pronounced and significant in the prolonged application of electrokinetic. ", "The effects include electrolytic of water with the simultaneous development of pH gradients and the transfer of electrolytic dissolution of the anode producing metal ions (Fe3+, Al3+, Mg2+, etc.) ", "or cations of the electrolyte from the anode to the cathode. ", "Chemical reactions can, in ion exchange or precipitation, form new mineral phases for cleaning water for instance.", "\nAt the cathode, the main reaction is:4H2O+4e−→2H2+4OH−  (Equation 1)\nThe increase in hydroxyl ions can increase the precipitation of metal hydroxide. ", "The pH of the cathode's region is basic. ", "The following equations describe the chemical reactions at the anode:2H2O→O2+4H++4e−  (Equation 2)\nIf the anode is made of magnesium:Mg→Mg2++2e−  (Equation 3)\nIt is noted that twice as many water molecules are electrolysed at the cathode compared to the anode for the same quantity of electricity.", "\nThe struvite is a compound with a little solubility and used as a fertilizer in agricultural fields. ", "This compound is of the formula NH4MgPO4, 6H2O and comprised PO43− and NH4+ ions, both essential to plants growth. ", "Struvite is known as a fertilizer and have been proved potent in soils having a pH between 5.5 and 6.5.", "\nPrecipitation of struvite in a wastewater allows the elimination of the ortho-phosphate, NH4+ and magnesium present in the waste water. ", "Currently, processes for precipitating struvite use fluidized beds, or contained tanks reactors. ", "In Japan, the precipitation of struvite has been tested in a sludge treatment reactor. ", "To obtain a good performance, it is essential to optimized both nucleation and precipitation by optimizing the treatment time in the reactor and the nature of the support particles for the precipitation.", "\nPrecipitation of struvite is controlled by the pH, the supersaturation, the temperature and the presence of impurities such as calcium and can occur when the concentration in magnesium, ammonium and phosphor ions exceed the solubility product of the complex as per the following expression:Ksp=[Mg2+][NH4+][PO43−]pKs=13.26\nThe presence of organic matter impact on the nucleation and growth of struvite crystals and reduce the precipitation rate. ", "In a waste water to be treated, NH4+ and PO43− are among the components to be eliminated. ", "While adding Mg2+ in the solution with a basic pH, the precipitate is formed. ", "Several conditions are required for the reaction to occur: a phosphorous concentration higher than 50 ppm; a pH value between 7 and 11, preferably between 8 and 9.2; a molar ratio Mg/P of 0.9 to 1.5; a strong agitation; a simultaneous increase in pH and temperature to reduce time of precipitation.", "Mg2++NH4++PO43−+6H2O→MgNH4PO4.6H2O \nMany patent applications have been filed for the synthesis of the struvite. ", "WO 01/19735 discloses a process for the treatment of manure. ", "WO 95/05347 discloses an electrolytic system using a series of electrodes. ", "WO 2007/009749 discloses a reactor and a method for the production of struvite. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,389,317 discloses the chemical reduction of phosphates in water. ", "WO 00/56139 discloses a method for preventing the formation of struvite in fish cans.", "\nWO 2009/102142 discloses a two-steps treatment of an effluent, wherein the effluent is first treatment in an anaerobic reactor followed by a second treatment producing the struvite.", "\nTherefore, there exists a need in the art for an improved method, system and apparatus for optimizing the production of struvite by an electrolytic treatment of a waste effluent over the existing art. ", "There is a need in the art for such a method, system and apparatus for treating an effluent that can be easily installed, economically manufactured and operated. ", "And there is a very perceptible need for an improved method, system and apparatus for treating wastewater over the existing art." ]

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[ "// Common/ListFileUtils.h\r\n\r\n#ifndef __COMMON_LISTFILEUTILS_H\r\n#define __COMMON_LISTFILEUTILS_H\r\n\r\n#include \"MyString.h\"\r\n#include \"Types.h\"\r\n\r\nbool ReadNamesFromListFile(LPCWSTR fileName, UStringVector &strings, UINT codePage = CP_OEMCP);\r\n\r\n#endif\r\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Rudolf Carnap\n\nRudolf Carnap (; ; 18 May 1891 – 14 September 1970) was a German-language philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. ", "He was a major member of the Vienna Circle and an advocate of logical positivism. ", " He is considered \"one of the giants among twentieth-century philosophers.\"", "\n\nBiography\n\nCarnap's father had arisen from the status of a poor ribbon-carver to become the owner of a ribbon-making factory. ", "His mother came from good academic stock; her father was an educational reformer and her oldest brother was the archaeologist Wilhelm Dörpfeld. ", "As a ten-year-old, Carnap accompanied his uncle on an expedition to Greece. ", "Carnap was raised in a religious family, but later became an atheist.", "\n\nHe began his formal education at the Barmen Gymnasium. ", "From 1910 to 1914, he attended the University of Jena, intending to write a thesis in physics. ", "But he also studied carefully Kant's Critique of Pure Reason during a course taught by Bruno Bauch, and was one of very few students to attend Gottlob Frege's courses in mathematical logic. ", "While Carnap held moral and political opposition to World War I, he felt obligated to serve in the German army. ", "After three years of service, he was given permission to study physics at the University of Berlin, 1917–18, where Albert Einstein was a newly appointed professor. ", "Carnap then attended the University of Jena, where he wrote a thesis defining an axiomatic theory of space and time. ", "The physics department said it was too philosophical, and Bruno Bauch of the philosophy department said it was pure physics. ", "Carnap then wrote another thesis in 1921, with Bauch's supervision, on the theory of space in a more orthodox Kantian style, and published as Der Raum (Space) in a supplemental issue of Kant-Studien (1922).", "\n\nFrege's course exposed him to Bertrand Russell's work on logic and philosophy, which put a sense of the aims to his studies. ", "He accepted the effort to surpass traditional philosophy with logical innovations that inform the sciences. ", "He wrote a letter to Russell, who responded by copying by hand long passages from his Principia Mathematica for Carnap's benefit, as neither Carnap nor his university could afford a copy of this epochal work. ", "In 1924 and 1925, he attended seminars led by Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, and continued to write on physics from a logical positivist perspective.", "\n\nCarnap discovered a kindred spirit when he met Hans Reichenbach at a 1923 conference. ", "Reichenbach introduced Carnap to Moritz Schlick, a professor at the University of Vienna who offered Carnap a position in his department, which Carnap accepted in 1926. ", "Carnap thereupon joined an informal group of Viennese intellectuals that came to be known as the Vienna Circle, directed largely by Moritz Schlick and including Hans Hahn, Friedrich Waismann, Otto Neurath, and Herbert Feigl, with occasional visits by Hahn's student Kurt Gödel. ", "When Wittgenstein visited Vienna, Carnap would meet with him. ", "He (with Hahn and Neurath) wrote the 1929 manifesto of the Circle, and (with Hans Reichenbach) initiated the philosophy journal Erkenntnis.", "\n\nIn February 1930 Tarski lectured in Vienna, and during November 1930 Carnap visited Warsaw. ", "On these occasions he learned much about Tarski's model theoretic method of semantics. ", "Rose Rand, another philosopher in the Vienna Circle, noted, \"Carnap's conception of semantics starts from the basis given in Tarski's work but a distinction is made between logical and non-logical constants and between logical and factual truth... At the same time he worked with the concepts of intension and extension and took these two concepts as a basis of a new method of semantics.\"", "\n\nIn 1931, Carnap was appointed Professor at the German University of Prague. ", "In 1933, W. V. Quine met Carnap in Prague and discussed the latter's work at some length. ", "Thus began the lifelong mutual respect these two men shared, one that survived Quine's eventual forceful disagreements with a number of Carnap's philosophical conclusions.", "\n\nCarnap, whose socialist and pacifist beliefs put him at risk in Nazi Germany, emigrated to the United States in 1935 and became a naturalized citizen in 1941. ", "Meanwhile, back in Vienna, Moritz Schlick was murdered in 1936. ", "From 1936 to 1952, Carnap was a professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago. ", "During the late 1930s, Carnap offered an assistant position in philosophy to Carl Gustav Hempel, who accepted and became one of his most significant intellectual collaborators. ", "Thanks partly to Quine's help, Carnap spent the years 1939–41 at Harvard, where he was reunited with Tarski. ", "Carnap (1963) later expressed some irritation about his time at Chicago, where he and Charles W. Morris were the only members of the department committed to the primacy of science and logic. (", "Their Chicago colleagues included Richard McKeon, Charles Hartshorne, and Manley Thompson.) ", "Carnap's years at Chicago were nonetheless very productive ones. ", "He wrote books on semantics (Carnap 1942, 1943, 1956), modal logic, and on the philosophical foundations of probability and induction (Carnap 1950, 1952).", "\n\nAfter a stint at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, he joined the philosophy department at UCLA in 1954, Hans Reichenbach having died the previous year. ", "He had earlier refused an offer of a similar job at the University of California, because accepting that position required that he sign a loyalty oath, a practice to which he was opposed on principle. ", "While at UCLA, he wrote on scientific knowledge, the analytic–synthetic distinction, and the verification principle. ", "His writings on thermodynamics and on the foundations of probability and induction, were published posthumously as Carnap (1971, 1977, 1980).", "\n\nCarnap taught himself Esperanto when he was 14 years of age, and remained sympathetic to it (Carnap 1963). ", "He later attended the World Congress of Esperanto in 1908 and 1922, and employed the language while traveling.", "\n\nCarnap had four children by his first marriage to Elizabeth Schöndube, which ended in divorce in 1929. ", "He married his second wife, Elizabeth Ina Stöger, in 1933. ", "Ina committed suicide in 1964.", "\n\nPhilosophical work \nBelow is an examination of the main topics in the evolution of the philosophy of Rudolf Carnap. ", "It is not exhaustive, but it outlines Carnap's main works and contributions to modern epistemology and philosophy of logic.", "\n\nDer Raum \nFrom 1919 to 1921, Carnap worked on a doctoral thesis called Der Raum: Ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftslehre (Space: A Contribution to the Theory of Science, 1922). ", "In this dissertation on the philosophical foundations of geometry, Carnap tried to provide a logical basis for a theory of space and time in physics. ", "Considering that Carnap was interested in pure mathematics, natural sciences and philosophy, his dissertation can be seen as an attempt to build a bridge between the different disciplines that are geometry, physics and philosophy. ", "For Carnap thought that in many instances those disciplines use the same concepts, but with totally different meanings. ", "The main objective of Carnap's dissertation was to show that the inconsistencies between theories concerning space only existed because philosophers, as well as mathematicians and scientists, were talking about different things while using the same “space” word. ", "Hence, Carnap characteristically argued that there had to be three separate notions of space. “", "Formal” space is space in the sense of mathematics: it is an abstract system of relations. “", "Intuitive” space is made of certain contents of intuition independent of single experiences. “", "Physical” space is made of actual spatial facts given in experience. ", "The upshot is that those three kinds of “space” imply three different kinds of knowledge and thus three different kinds of investigations. ", "It is interesting to note that it is in this dissertation that the main themes of Carnap's philosophy appear, most importantly the idea that many philosophical contradictions appear because of a misuse of language, and a stress on the importance of distinguishing formal and material modes of speech.", "\n\nDer Logische Aufbau der Welt \nFrom 1922 to 1925, Carnap worked on a book which became one of his major works, namely Der logische Aufbau der Welt (translated as The Logical Structure of the World, 1967), which was accepted in 1926 as his habilitation thesis at the University of Vienna and published as a book in 1928. ", "That achievement has become a landmark in modern epistemology and can be read as a forceful statement of the philosophical thesis of logical positivism. ", "Indeed, the Aufbau suggests that epistemology, based on modern symbolic logic, is concerned with the logical analysis of scientific propositions, while science itself, based on experience, is the only source of knowledge of the external world, i.e. the world outside the realm of human perception. ", "According to Carnap, philosophical propositions are statements about the language of science; they aren’t true or false, but merely consist of definitions and conventions about the use of certain concepts. ", "In contrast, scientific propositions are factual statements about the external reality. ", "They are meaningful because they are based on the perceptions of the senses. ", "In other words, the truth or falsity of those propositions can be verified by testing their content with further observations. ", " \n\nIn the Aufbau, Carnap wants to display the logical and conceptual structure with which all scientific (factual) statements can be organized. ", "Carnap gives the label \"constitution theory\" to this epistemic-logical project. ", "It is a constructive undertaking that systematizes scientific knowledge according to the notions of symbolic logic. ", "Accordingly, the purpose of this constitutional system is to identify and discern different classes of scientific concepts and to specify the logical relations that link them. ", "In the Aufbau, concepts are taken to denote objects, relations, properties, classes and states. ", "Carnap argues that all concepts must be ranked over a hierarchy. ", "In that hierarchy, all concepts are organized according to a fundamental arrangement where concepts can be reduced and converted to other basic ones. ", "Carnap explains that a concept can be reduced to another when all sentences containing the first concept can be transformed into sentences containing the other. ", "In other words, every scientific sentence should be translatable into another sentence such that the original terms have the same reference as the translated terms. ", "Most significantly, Carnap argues that the basis of this system is psychological. ", "Its content is the \"immediately given\", which is made of basic elements, namely perceptual experiences. ", "These basic elements consist of conscious psychological states of a single human subject. ", "In the end, Carnap argues that his constitutional project demonstrates the possibility of defining and uniting all scientific concepts in a single conceptual system on the basis of a few fundamental concepts.", "\n\nOvercoming metaphysics \nFrom 1928 to 1934, Carnap published papers (Scheinprobleme in der Philosophie, 1928; translated as Pseudoproblems in Philosophy, 1967) in which he appears overtly skeptical of the aims and methods of metaphysics, i.e. the traditional philosophy that finds its roots in mythical and religious thought. ", "Indeed, he discusses how, in many cases, metaphysics is made of meaningless discussions of pseudo-problems. ", "For Carnap, a pseudo-problem is a philosophical question which, on the surface, handles concepts that refer to our world while, in fact, these concepts do not actually denote real and attested objects. ", "In other words, these pseudo-problems concern statements that do not, in any way, have empirical implications. ", "They do not refer to states of affairs and the things they denote cannot be perceived. ", "Consequently, one of Carnap's main aim has been to redefine the purpose and method of philosophy. ", "According to him, philosophy should not aim at producing any knowledge transcending the knowledge of science. ", "In contrast, by analyzing the language and propositions of science, philosophers should define the logical foundations of scientific knowledge. ", "Using symbolic logic, they should explicate the concepts, methods and justificatory processes that exist in science.", "\n\nCarnap believed that the difficulty with traditional philosophy lay in the use of concepts that are not useful for science. ", "For Carnap, the scientific legitimacy of these concepts was doubtful, because the sentences containing them do not express facts. ", "Indeed, a logical analysis of those sentences proves that they do not convey the meaning of states of affairs. ", "In other words, theses sentences are meaningless. ", "Carnap explains that to be meaningful, a sentence should be factual. ", "It can be so, for one thing, by being based on experience, i.e. by being formulated with words relating to direct observations. ", "For another, a sentence is factual if one can clearly state what are the observations that could confirm or disconfirm that sentence. ", "After all, Carnap presupposes a specific criterion of meaning, namely the Wittgensteinian principle of verifiability. ", "Indeed, he requires, as a precondition of meaningfulness, that all sentences be verifiable, what implies that a sentence is meaningful only if there is a way to verify if it is true or false. ", "To verify a sentence, one needs to expound the empirical conditions and circumstances that would establish the truth of the sentence. ", "As a result, it is clear for Carnap that metaphysical sentences are meaningless. ", "They include concepts like “god”, “soul” and “the absolute” that transcend experience and cannot be traced back or connected to direct observations. ", "Because those sentences cannot be verified in any way, Carnap suggests that science, as well as philosophy, should neither consider nor contain them.", "\n\nThe logical analysis of language \nAt that point in his career, Carnap attempted to develop a full theory of the logical structure of scientific language. ", "This theory, exposed in Logische Syntax der Sprache (1934; translated as The Logical Syntax of Language, 1937) gives the foundations to his idea that scientific language has a specific formal structure and that its signs are governed by the rules of deductive logic. ", "Moreover, the theory of logical syntax expounds a method with which one can talk about a language: it is a formal meta-theory about the pure forms of language. ", "In the end, because Carnap argues that philosophy aims at the logical analysis of the language of science and thus is the logic of science, the theory of the logical syntax can be considered as a definite language and a conceptual framework for philosophy.", "\n\nThe logical syntax of language is a formal theory. ", "It is not concerned with the contextualized meaning or the truth-value of sentences. ", "In contrast, it considers the general structure of a given language and explores the different structural relations that connect the elements of that language. ", "Hence, by explaining the different operations that allow specific transformations within the language, the theory is a systematic exposition of the rules that operate within that language. ", "In fact, the basic function of these rules is to provide the principles to safeguard coherence, to avoid contradictions and to deduce justified conclusions. ", "Carnap sees language as a calculus. ", "This calculus is a systematic arrangement of symbols and relations. ", "The symbols of the language are organized according to the class they belong to and it is through their combination that we can form sentences. ", "The relations are different conditions under which a sentence can be said to follow, or to be the consequence, of another sentence. ", "The definitions included in the calculus state the conditions under which a sentence can be considered of a certain type and how those sentences can be transformed. ", "We can see the logical syntax as a method of formal transformation, i.e. a method for calculating and reasoning with symbols.", "\n\nIt is in the logical syntax that Carnap introduces his notable principle of tolerance. ", "This principle suggests that there is no moral in logic. ", "When it comes to using a language, there is no good or bad, fundamentally true or false. ", "In this perspective, the philosopher's task is not to bring authoritative interdicts prohibiting the use of certain concepts. ", "In contrast, philosophers should seek general agreements over the relevance of certain logical devices. ", "According to Carnap, those agreements are possible only through the detailed presentation of the meaning and use of the expressions of a language. ", "In other words, Carnap believes that every logical language is correct only if this language is supported by exact definitions and not by philosophical presumptions. ", "Carnap embraces a formal conventionalism. ", "That implies that formal languages are constructed and that everyone is free to choose the language it finds more suited to his purpose. ", "There should not be any controversy over which language is the correct language; what matters is agreeing over which language best suits a particular purpose. ", "Carnap explains that the choice of a language should be guided according to the security it provides against logical inconsistency. ", "Furthermore, practical elements like simplicity and fruitfulness in certain tasks influence the choice of a language. ", "Clearly enough, the principle of tolerance was a sophisticated device introduced by Carnap to dismiss any form of dogmatism in philosophy.", "\n\nInductive logic \nAfter having considered problems in semantics, i.e. the theory of the concepts of meaning and truth (Foundations of Logic and Mathematics, 1939; Introduction to Semantics, 1942; Formalization of Logic, 1943), Carnap turned his attention to the subject of probability and inductive logic. ", "His views on that subject are for the most part exposed in Logical foundations of probability (1950) where Carnap aims to give a sound logical interpretation of probability. ", "Carnap thought that according to certain conditions, the concept of probability had to be interpreted as a purely logical concept. ", "In this view, probability is a basic concept anchored in all inductive inferences, whereby the conclusion of every inference that holds without deductive necessity is said be more or less likely to be the case. ", "In fact, Carnap claims that the problem of induction is a matter of finding a precise explanation of the logical relation that holds between a hypothesis and the evidence that supports it. ", "An inductive logic is thus based on the idea that probability is a logical relation between two types of statements: the hypothesis (conclusion) and the premises (evidence). ", "Accordingly, a theory of induction should explain how, by pure logical analysis, we can ascertain that certain evidence establishes a degree of confirmation strong enough to confirm a given hypothesis.", "\n\nCarnap was convinced that there was a logical as well as an empirical dimension in science. ", "He believed that one had to isolate the experiential elements from the logical elements of a given body of knowledge. ", "Hence, the empirical concept of frequency used in statistics to describe the general features of certain phenomena can be distinguished from the analytical concepts of probability logic that merely describe logical relations between sentences. ", "For Carnap, the statistical and the logical concepts must be investigated separately. ", "Having insisted on this distinction, Carnap defines two concepts of probability. ", "The first one is logical and deals with the degree to which a given hypothesis is confirmed by a piece of evidence. ", "It is the degree of confirmation. ", "The second is empirical, and relates to the long run rate of one observable feature of nature relative to another. ", "It is the relative frequency. ", "Statements belonging to the second concepts are about reality and describe states of affairs. ", "They are empirical and, therefore, must be based on experimental procedures and the observation of relevant facts. ", "On the contrary, statements belonging to the first concept do not say anything about facts. ", "Their meaning can be grasped solely with an analysis of the signs they contain. ", "They are analytical sentences, i.e. true by virtue of their logical meaning. ", "Even though these sentences could refer to states of affairs, their meaning is given by the symbols and relations they contain. ", "In other words, the probability of a conclusion is given by the logical relation it has to the evidence. ", "The evaluation of the degree of confirmation of a hypothesis is thus a problem of meaning analysis.", "\n\nClearly, the probability of a statement about relative frequency can be unknown; because it depends on the observation of certain phenomena, one may not possess the information needed to establish the value of that probability. ", "Consequently, the value of that statement can be confirmed only if it is corroborated with facts. ", "In contrast, the probability of a statement about the degree of confirmation could be unknown, in the sense that one may miss the correct logical method to evaluate its exact value. ", "But, such a statement can always receive a certain logical value, given the fact that this value only depends on the meaning of its symbols.", "\n\nPrimary source materials\nThe Carnap Papers consist of approximately 10,000 personal letters of correspondence. ", "The papers were donated by his daughter, Hanna Carnap-Thost in 1974. ", "Documents that contain financial, medical, and personal information are restricted. ", "These were written over his entire life and career. ", "Carnap used the mail regularly to discuss philosophical problems with hundreds of others. ", "The most notable were: Herbert Feigl, Carl Gustav Hempel, Felix Kaufmann, Otto Neurath, and Moritz Schlick. ", "Photographs are also part of the collection and were taken throughout his life. ", "Family pictures and photographs of his peers and colleagues are also stored in the collection. ", "Some of the correspondence is considered notable and consist of his student notes, his seminars with Frege, (describing the Begriffsschrift and the logic in mathematics). ", "Carnap's notes from Russell's seminar in Chicago, and notes he took from discussions with Tarski, Heisenberg, Quine, Hempel, Gödel, Jeffrey are part of the University of Pittsburgh's Archives and Collections. ", "Digitized contents include:\n\nNotes (old), 1958-1966\n\nMore than 1,000 pages of lecture outlines are preserved that cover the courses that Carnap taught in the United States, Prague, and Vienna, Prague. ", "Drafts of his published works and unpublished works are part of the collection. ", "includes manuscript drafts and typescripts both for his published works and for many unpublished papers and books. ", "A partial listing include his first formulations of his Aufbau. ", "\n\nMuch material is written in an older German shorthand, the Stolze-Schrey system. ", "He employed this writing system extensively beginning in his student days. ", "Much of the content has been digitized. ", "The University of California also maintains a collection of Rudolf Carnap Papers. ", "Microfilm copies of his papers are maintained by the Philosophical Archives at the University of Konstanz in Germany.", "\n\nSelected publications\n1922. ", "Der Raum: Ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftslehre, Kant-Studien, Ergänzungshefte, no. ", "56. ", "His Ph.D. thesis.", "\n1926. ", "Physikalische Begriffsbildung. ", "Karlsruhe: Braun.", "\n1928. ", "Scheinprobleme in der Philosophie (Pseudoproblems of Philosophy). ", "Berlin: Weltkreis-Verlag.", "\n1928. ", "Der Logische Aufbau der Welt. ", "Leipzig: Felix Meiner Verlag. ", "English translation by Rolf A. George, 1967. ", "The Logical Structure of the World. ", "Pseudoproblems in Philosophy. ", "University of California Press. ", "\n1929. ", "Abriss der Logistik, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Relationstheorie und ihrer Anwendungen. ", "Springer.", "\n1934. ", "Logische Syntax der Sprache. ", "English translation 1937, The Logical Syntax of Language. ", "Kegan Paul.", "\n1996 (1935). ", "Philosophy and Logical Syntax. ", "Bristol UK: Thoemmes. ", "Excerpt.", "\n1939, Foundations of Logic and Mathematics in International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, Vol. ", "I, no. ", "3. ", "University of Chicago Press.", "\n1942. ", "Introduction to Semantics. ", "Harvard Uni. ", "Press.", "\n1943. ", "Formalization of Logic. ", "Harvard Uni. ", "Press.", "\n1945. ", "On Inductive Logic in Philosophy of Science, Vol.12, p. 72-97.", "\n1945. ", "The Two Concepts of Probability in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol.5, No.4 (Jun), p. 513-532.", "\n1947. ", "On the Application of Inductive Logic] in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. ", "8, p. 133-148.", "\n1956 (1947). ", "Meaning and Necessity: a Study in Semantics and Modal Logic. ", "University of Chicago Press.", "\n1950. ", "Logical Foundations of Probability. ", "University of Chicago Press. ", "Pp. ", "3–15 online.", "\n1950. \"", "Empiricism, Semantics, Ontology\", Revue Internationale de Philosophie 4: 20–40.", "\n1952. ", "The Continuum of Inductive Methods. ", "University of Chicago Press.", "\n1958. ", "Introduction to Symbolic Logic and its Applications. ", "Dover publications, New York. ", "\n1963, \"Intellectual Autobiography\" in Schlipp. ", "Paul A. (ed.) ", "The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, Library Of Living Philosophers Vol. ", "XI, Open Court. ", "pp. ", "3--83 (1963) \n1966. ", "Philosophical Foundations of Physics. ", "Martin Gardner, ed. ", "Basic Books. ", "Online excerpt.", "\n1971. ", "Studies in inductive logic and probability, Vol. ", "1. ", "University of California Press.", "\n1977. ", "Two essays on entropy. ", "Shimony, Abner, ed. ", "University of California Press.", "\n1980. ", "Studies in inductive logic and probability, Vol. ", "2. ", "Jeffrey, R. C., ed. ", "University of California Press.", "\n2000. ", "Untersuchungen zur Allgemeinen Axiomatik. ", "Edited from unpublished manuscript by T. Bonk and J. Mosterín. ", "Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ", "167 pp.", " .", "\nOnline bibliography. ", "Under construction, with no entries dated later than 1937.", "\n\nFilmography\n Interview with Rudolf Carnap, German TV, 1964.", "\n\nSee also\n Diagonal lemma\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nIvor Grattan-Guinness, 2000. ", "In Search of Mathematical Roots. ", "Princeton Uni. ", "Press.", "\nThomas Mormann, 2000. \"", "Rudolf Carnap\" (book). ", "München, Beck.", "\nWillard Quine\n1951, Two Dogmas of Empiricism. ", "The Philosophical Review 60: 20–43. ", "Reprinted in his 1953 From a Logical Point of View. ", "Harvard University Press.", "\n1985, The Time of My Life: An Autobiography. ", "MIT Press.", "\nRichardson, Alan W., 1998. ", "Carnap's construction of the world : the Aufbau and the emergence of logical empiricism. ", "Cambridge Uni. ", "Press.", "\nSchilpp, P. A., ed., ", "1963. ", "The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap. ", "LaSalle IL: Open Court.", "\nSpohn, Wolfgang, ed., ", "1991. ", "Erkenntnis Orientated: A Centennial Volume for Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach. ", "Kluwer Academic Publishers.", "\n1991. ", "Logic, Language, and the Structure of Scientific Theories: Proceedings of the Carnap-Reichenbach Centennial, University of Konstanz, May 21–24, 1991. ", "University of Pittsburgh Press.", "\nWagner, Pierre, ed., ", "2009. ", "Carnap's Logical Syntax of Language. ", "Palgrave Macmillan.", "\nWagner, Pierre, ed., ", "2012. ", "Carnap's Ideal of Explication and Naturalism. ", "Palgrave Macmillan.", "\n\nFurther reading\n Holt, Jim, \"Positive Thinking\" (review of Karl Sigmund, Exact Thinking in Demented Times: The Vienna Circle and the Epic Quest for the Foundations of Science, Basic Books, 449 pp.), ", "The New York Review of Books, vol. ", "LXIV, no. ", "20 (21 December 2017), pp.", " 74–76.", "\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n Rudolf Carnap Webpage and Directory of Internet Resources\n Homepage of the Collected Works of Rudolf Carnap – Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University\n Precis of Carnap's philosophy\n The Life of Rudolf Carnap, Philosophy at RBJones.com\n R. Carnap: \"Von der Erkenntnistheorie zur Wissenschaftslogik\", Paris Congress in 1935, Paris, 1936.", "\n R. Carnap: \"Über die Einheitssprache der Wissenschaft\", Paris Congress in 1935, Paris, 1936.", "\n R. Carnap: \"Wahrheit und Bewährung\", Paris Congress in 1935, Paris, 1936.", "\n Rudolf Carnap Papers: (Rudolf Carnap Papers, 1905-1970, ASP.1974.01, Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh.)", "\n Das Fremdpsychische bei Rudolf Carnap (German) by Robert Bauer.", "\n FBI file on Rudolph Carnap \n \n RUDOLF CARNAP, PHILOSOPHER, DIES obituary in The New York Times, 15 September 1970\nHomage to Rudolf Carnap (1970) by Feigl, Hempel, Jeffrey, Quine et al. ", "reprinted in frontmatter of RUDOLF CARNAP, LOGICAL EMPIRICIST (1975)\n [Audio] Carnap lecturing on ‘Theoretical Concepts in Science’ at the meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Pacific Division, at Santa Barbara, California, on 29 December 1959. ", "accompanying article by Stathis Psillos (2000).", "\n\nCategory:20th-century American philosophers\nCategory:German emigrants to the United States\nCategory:20th-century German philosophers\nCategory:Analytic philosophers\nCategory:Philosophers of language\nCategory:Logical positivism\nCategory:German logicians\nCategory:University of Jena alumni\nCategory:University of Vienna alumni\nCategory:University of Vienna faculty\nCategory:University of Chicago faculty\nCategory:Harvard University people\nCategory:Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars\nCategory:Philosophers of science\nCategory:People from Wuppertal\nCategory:People from the Rhine Province\nCategory:Vienna Circle\nCategory:German expatriates in Austria\nCategory:UCLA Philosophy\nCategory:1891 births\nCategory:1970 deaths\nCategory:German socialists\nCategory:Philosophy of logic\nCategory:American Esperantists\nCategory:German Esperantists\nCategory:Linguistic turn\nCategory:Guggenheim Fellows\nCategory:German male writers\nCategory:University of California, Los Angeles faculty" ]

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[ "Inkjet printing of reinforcing patterns for the mechanical stabilization of fragile polymeric microsieves.", "\nInkjet printing is employed to apply a mechanically stable reinforcing pattern to polymeric microsieves prepared by float casting, where particles are used as molds for the pores. ", "A mixture of silica particles and nonvolatile monomers is cast onto a water surface and subsequently photopolymerized to produce membranes consisting of a polymer film with embedded particles. ", "These composite membranes are transferred onto an aluminum foil. ", "Subsequently, a UV-curable ink is directly inkjet-printed onto the membranes in line patterns of grids or honeycombs and cured by UV radiation to create a mechanically reinforcing pattern. ", "Afterwards, the particles and the aluminum foil are removed by chemical etching. ", "The reinforcing pattern overcasts 40% of the previously manufactured membrane, is mechanically stable, and gives the microsieves such a robustness that they can be handled in further manufacturing processes." ]

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[ "Universal Team Leaders and the Importance of Being an All-Star\n\nThe value of niche skill sets is changing; where once the challenge of having a narrow focus on something like programming or writing was a matter of simply being the best at that thing, today’s culture-concentrated companies expect more than expertise from their employees. ", "You can be a whiz at SEO, but give off the wrong vibe at your interview and the job’s going to someone else.", "\n\nThis is particularly true for team leaders, who are no longer charged with a black-and-white role to fill, but who are expected to be versatile, vigilant, innovative, and highly aware of the many moving parts of their organization. ", "As hierarchies flatten, a talent for wearing multiple hats, compartmentalized communication, and interpretation of ideas is more important than any degree or certification.", "\n\nIt’s All About the Bridges\n\nTruly ubiquitous leaders have a rapport with everyone in the company, and not just because of their positional authority. ", "They’re visible. ", "They speak the various departmental dialects, and can transition in and out of them without skipping a beat. ", "They’re able to draw analogies between independent spaces, and make robust, creative associations amongst them that contribute to the organization as a whole.", "\n\nMost importantly? ", "Universal leaders understand context and cross-cultural nuances. ", "If they’re bringing an idea to the table that requires buy-in from sales and development, they’re not just talking to department heads — they’re involving key players from the whole team. ", "By identifying unique abilities or personalities in groups that they don’t directly manage, they can shape strategies in a way that ensures ideal outcomes and confluence. ", "In other words, they know how to build bridges out of characteristics and talents, without deferring entirely to role-related expectations.", "\n\nThe Mediator, the Cheerleader, and The General (All at Once)\n\nAwhile back we took some time to research workstyles and vet them into eight major ‘personality types’, in the hopes of bringing some new insight and understanding to how different people work together. ", "We called it Workology, the Workplace Zodiac — and what it helped us do was both acknowledge and identify the value of incongruity, while at the same time understand how to make the most of it in collaborative environments.", "\n\nOf all eight personalities, a universal leader exhibits at least three at the same time — the Mediator, the Cheerleader, and the General — while being able to relate to to every one of them. ", "It’s essential that they convey a sense of equity when contrary ideas and needs rub up against each other, with the added talent of re-imagining them to get the best out of both. ", "Equally as key is their role as ‘cheerleader’; motivation and encouragement are so totally essential to successful, happy teams that I could almost scrap this entire article just to say “Being a universal leader = being a force of inspiration. ", "Go.” ", "Of course, the final piece of the puzzle <i>is</> being an all-star leader (a General, if you will), which in addition to the everything else, means being authentic, understanding when to take action and when to yield control, and upholding accountability. ", "It doesn’t hurt if you do it with enthusiasm, either.", "\n\nMultiple Hats = Innovation\n\nAs important as being ‘well-rounded’ is for today’s leaders, it’s not worth much if they’re not able to smoothly transition from skill to skill or team to team. ", "It’s a little bit like having multiple-personality disorder, only the person is intimately aware of each identity, and they’re able to flip them on and off as necessary (also, no weird blackouts or waking up half-dressed in the street. ", "I hear that happens). ", "The ability to exist alertly and comfortably within several different ‘cultures’ let’s these leaders actually think as part of one team or another, depending on the situation and varying needs. ", "And that means innovation.", "\n\nOne of the great drivers of innovative thinking is disruption, so this constant rearrangement of thought gives universal leaders a great deal of competitive advantage and strategic ability. ", "They understand natively how the organization works as a whole, and that’s reflected in their perception of the market and how the business is being interpreted by customers, much better than someone who is focused on a single aspect of the organization probably would. ", "As a result, they can identify unmet market needs on a global level, with the added benefit of being able to communicate that back to different teams in the most effective way possible.", "\n\nThe age of the universal leader who can deftly handle today’s multifaceted organization is here — the question is, are you up for the challenge?" ]

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[ "Lena’s birth place is Thrissur, Kerala, India. ", "Lena mother’s Tongue is Malayalam. ", "Lena Kumar’s nicknames is Lena. ", "Lena is one of the most famous beautiful and charming actress of the Indian Bollywood film industry. ", "Lena has attractive personality with Black hair, Black eyes, her height 5’9″, bar cup size... Read more" ]

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[ "The Cincinnati Bengals quietly made a handful of roster moves coming out of rookie minicamp.", "\n\nOne of those was bringing on Temple wide receiver Ventell Bryant, a 6’3″ target who put up 690 yards and three scores last season and for his career averaged 14.1 yards per catch.", "\n\nBryant has a long way to go when it comes to making the final roster at the team’s deepest position. ", "But the fact he has already turned a tryout chance into a roster spot is a big mark in his favor.", "\n\nNow a member of the roster and ready to compete over the course of the summer, we thought it would be fun to round up some highlights and film footage so Bengals fans can see what the newest wideout brings to the team.", "\n\nYou guys do not understand the journey I went through to get to this point, but I stayed the course and it finally paid off. ", "I want to thank everyone who has helped me along the way to get this opportunity. ", "I’m blessed to sign with the Cincinnati Bengals 🙏🏾🐅 pic.twitter.com/F06ZvaJ8MQ — Ventell Bryant (@iamvb_87) May 11, 2019\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6gVcCB1YGI\n\nGallery 5 breakout candidates for the Bengals to start Zac Taylor era View 5 photos" ]

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[ "Long-term results of CAPD in Italy: a report from the Italian CAPD Study Group.", "\nBegun in 1979, the Italian CAPD Study Group monitored prospectively six years of CAPD experience (1980-1985) in 24 centers with 1107 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients (age 56.4 +/- 13.7 years). ", "Compiled yearly, the clinical and therapeutical data were processed on a PDP 11-32 computer, according to UCLA BMPD-1L procedure. ", "The survival rate was conditioned by age (more than 70) and by major clinical risk factors, with a large fraction of the deaths due to cardiovascular causes (40.6%) and cachexia (17.8%). ", "The progressive reduction of peritonitis incidence (1/18.5 episodes/patient-month globally reached at the end of 1985) was due mainly to the wide spread adoption of the \"Y\" connection set (76% for 1985) and contributed to a decrease in drop-outs to 7.5% of 676 patients on CAPD during 1985." ]

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[ "EXCLUSIVE: Ricky Wysocki’s 2017 In The Bag Video\n\nWhat's the PDGA World Champion throwing?", "\n\nJust in time for the start of the PDGA National Tour season — where he’s already off to a hot start — we’ve got an exclusive look at Ricky Wysocki’s 2017 In The Bag Video from HellfishTV:\n\nRicky Wysocki ITB 2017\n\nJoe Hite, the producer and videographer behind Hellfish, said the video took a couple days to shoot spread out over two weeks in Phoenix, where the pair were both spending their offseason. ", "He said Wysocki was incredibly focused on getting each part right, and that, in total, it took roughly 30 hours of production and editing time.", "\n\n“I just saw all the love that [Paul] McBeth was getting from media, and I thought Ricky could use a little love,” Hite said. “", "I wanted to make it good.”", "\n\nFilmed at the iconic Fountain Hills Disc Golf Course, the video combines up-close footage of Wysocki explaining how he uses each disc, as well as some insights into his grip and putting style. ", "Drone footage of flight lines — Hite used Particular in After Effects, he said, to change the colors on the lines when the disc was slowing down — cap off the production.", "\n\n“We have known each other for a while now and I asked him to just trust me,” Hite said. “", "I’ve always prided myself on trying to produce the best content I can. ", "He’s seen what I’ve done for Huk Lab, SpinTV and Smashboxx. ", "I think my previous projects have helped earn me his trust to do something original and good. ", "Hopefully that’s what I accomplished here.”", "\n\nThough they already had a relationship coming into the production, Hite still walked away from the process learning something new about the man known as “Sockibomb.”", "\n\n“He sucks at spinning a disc on his finger,” Hite said. “", "I always figured that was a given as a disc golfer… Not with Rick. ", "That, and he never made me wait. ", "Showed up to everything early or on time…I think meeting the media in the middle goes a long way.”", "\n\nFor more of Hite’s work, be sure to check out his Vimeo page here." ]

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[ "Effect of food size on the movement of the mandibular first molars and condyles during deliberate unilateral mastication in humans.", "\nTo date, the effect of food size on the movement of the mandibular first molars and condyles during chewing has not been fully examined due to methodological problems. ", "The purpose of the present study was to examine the previously unknown effect of food size on masticatory jaw movement. ", "Using a face bow, light-emitting diodes, and optical cameras, we recorded, in 16 young adults with good occlusion, mandibular movement for the first 10 strokes during the unilateral chewing of similarly shaped hard gummy jellies weighing 5 g and 10 g, respectively. ", "The chewing cycle time for the 10-g jelly was significantly longer than that for the 5-g jelly. ", "The jaw-closing and -opening maximum velocities, gapes at the maximum velocities, and maximum gape were significantly faster and larger when 10-g gummy jellies were chewed, compared with results with 5-g jellies, at the mandibular first molar on the chewing side and the condyle on the non-chewing side. ", "With the exception of the velocity, similar tendencies were observed at the molar on the non-chewing side. ", "However, such significant differences were not detected at the condyle on the chewing side. ", "The mandibular first molar on the chewing side was that most affected by food size, and the mean value of the maximum gape coincided approximately with the height of each jelly. ", "These results suggest that humans chew hard coherent food such that the mandibular teeth that come into contact with the food open to a height equivalent to that of the food bolus, and that the changes in movement of the other parts of the mandible are minimized, ensuring efficient mastication." ]

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[ " TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN\n\n\n 444444444444444\n NO. ", "03-04-00636-CV\n 444444444444444\n\n\n Kerry Elliot and Debra Elliot, Appellants\n\n\n v.\n\n\n State Farm Lloyds and State Farm Lloyds, Inc., Appellees\n\n\n\n 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444\n FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 250TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT\n NO. ", "GN201167, HONORABLE DARLENE BYRNE, JUDGE PRESIDING\n 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444\n\n\n MEMORANDUM OPINION\n\n\n Appellants Kerry Elliot and Debra Elliot filed an agreed motion to dismiss this\n\nappeal with prejudice, stating that all issues in controversy have been settled. ", "Accordingly, we grant\n\nthe motion to dismiss this appeal with prejudice. ", "See Tex. ", "R. App. ", "P. 42.1(a).", "\n\n\n\n __________________________________________\n\n Bob Pemberton, Justice\n\nBefore Chief Justice Law, Justices B. A. Smith and Pemberton\n\nDismissed on Appellants’ Motion\n\nFiled: February 3, 2005\n\f" ]

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[ "How to help your student study for – and take – tests!", "\n\nTests. ", "The bane of the student’s existence. ", "Well, besides papers and projects and homework and readings and labs … just kidding. ", "Hopefully your student enjoys papers and homework and … or at least they recognize how important they are, and how important it is to do well in school. ", "Tests are the gold standard that teachers use to evaluate what a student knows.", "\n\nComments\n\nVERY HELPFUL!!!! ", "I TRY TO FOCUS ON THE THINGS THAT THE PROFESSOR STRESS THE MOST ABOUT. ", "SOMETIMES PROFESSORS SPEND A LOT OF TIME ON CERTAINS THEMES SO I FOCUS ON THOSE OR IF THEY SAY A PARTICULAR THEME IS THEIR FAVORITE I GO ONLINE AND LEARN MORE ABOUT IT AND BRING IT TO CLASSES. ", "BECAUSE CHANCES ARE THAT ADDITIONAL INFO WILL BE ON THE TEST. ", "I MAKE SURE I TAKE NOTES, READ AND MEMORIZE WHAT I READ BY SUMMING IT UP.", "\n\nThese documents are VERY useful and helpful!! ", "I listen very intently what the professor is saying and take notes and study them after. ", "It helps to go over things many times when studying for tests but the first test of the class will tell you how the professor tests so then you can focus on how he/she tests so you know a better idea what’s on the next one\n\nKing Henry Died when he Began to Drink that Chocolate Milk.", "\nHis mother cried, he’s been kilo-fied, or hecto-ed or deco-ed or based.", "\nBut old King Henry’s sister said, oh no, it’s more of a disgrace!", "\nHe’s deci, centi, milli-milled as he stuffed his face.", "\nSo don’t drink chocolate milk I warn,\nUnless remember you do\nTo make big things small you multiply\nTo make small things big you must divide\nIf you forget, you’ll surely find\nChocolate milk will get you, too." ]

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[ "MADISON - Scoring just 47 points against a hapless Nebraska team wasn't a good omen for Wisconsin's then-upcoming matchup with No. ", "12 Illinois. ", "Heading into Saturday's game, the Badgers ranked just 114th in the country in scoring, and averaged just over 53 points per game through two Big Ten contests.", "\n\nSo the Badgers caught everyone in the Kohl Center off guard, especially the Illini, when they shot 53.3 percent from the floor in the first half, including 42.9 percent from behind the arc, and blew out Illinois 74-51 Saturday afternoon in Madison.", "\n\nThe Badgers shot their way to a 39-19 lead into halftime, and didn't let up after that. ", "Although the Illini rebounded a bit in the second half and shot 42.9 percent the rest of the way, the Badgers kept their first half momentum going to seal up the win. ", "The Badgers are now 3-0 in Big Ten play, while Illinois falls to 1-3 in conference play.", "\n\nOffense was pretty easy to come by for the Badgers early on, who opened up the game on a 14-0 scoring run after the Illini committed three turnovers on their first three possessions of the game. ", "The Badgers made seven of their first ten shots, and held the lead for the rest of the game. ", "After the game, the Badgers said getting those early shots to fall played a big part in their success.", "\n\n\"Today we were able to get out early and hit some big shots,\" point guard Traevon Jackson said. \"", "I think everybody just kind of built off of that. ", "We just played more loose and played with confidence.\"", "\n\nSenior forward Jared Berggren led the Badgers with 15 points and recorded the first double-double of his career after pulling down 12 rebounds, while Jackson and freshman forward Sam Dekker combined for 27 more points behind five made three-point shots. ", "Wisconsin head coach Bo Ryan said Berggren's first double-double was nice to have, but that one stat tends to overlook how well the 6-foot-10 senior player against the Illini.", "\n\n\"He works hard every day, and he does things in practice that shows that the potential is there. ", "Scoring wise he could have even had a couple more buckets,\" Ryan said. \"", "A double-double is a stat that's a nice one to have, but there's so many more phases to the game. ", "Defensively, the things that he did I thought were pretty good.\"", "\n\nAs a whole, the Badgers made 43.5 percent of their three-point shots, and even rebounded a bit on a rough free throw shooting stretch. ", "The Badgers shot 61.5 percent from the free throw line, which was good enough to keep them afloat and help weather a scoring spurt by Illinois.", "\n\nThe Badgers also dominated Illini on the glass, pulling down 43 rebounds to Illinois' 24. ", "But the Badgers were also able to take advantage of those rebounds, and outscored the Illini 23-11 on second-chance points. ", "Senior forward Mike Bruesewitz said the Badgers focused on pulling down rebounds against the Illini, and it allowed them to jump out to a 14-0 lead early in the game when the Illini couldn't get anything going.", "\n\n\"We were hungry on the glass, and it showed,\" Bruesewitz said. \"", "We attacked the glass, and that's something we're going to have to continue to do.\"", "\n\nThe Badgers might have dispatched Illinois with unexpected ease Saturday but they still have a very difficult slate of Big Ten games up next. ", "The Badgers are scheduled to play four ranked teams over the next two weeks, with three of those five games coming on the road.", "\n\nThe Badgers will travel to No. ", "5 Indiana on Jan. 15, where they'll try to hand the Hoosiers their first conference loss of the season. ", "That game is scheduled for an 8 p.m. CST tip off from Assembly Hall in Bloomington, Ind." ]

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[ "Public health implications of environmental exposure to cadmium and lead: an overview of epidemiological studies in Belgium. ", "Working Groups.", "\nThe CadmiBel Study was a cross-sectional population study that investigated the health effects of environmental exposure to cadmium and lead. ", "The 2327 participants constituted a random sample of the population of four Belgian districts, chosen in order to provide a wide range of environmental exposure to cadmium. ", "After adjustment for confounding factors, such as smoking and occupational exposure, the urinary cadmium excretion, a measure of lifetime exposure, was nearly 30% higher in the polluted areas. ", "The CadmiBel Study produced evidence inconsistent with the hypothesis that environmental exposure to cadmium and lead would lead to an increase in blood pressure and to a higher prevalence of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. ", "On the other hand, the serum alkaline phosphatase activity and the urinary excretion of calcium were significantly and positively correlated with urinary cadmium in both sexes. ", "These findings suggested that the homeostasis of calcium was gradually affected as cadmium accumulated in the body. ", "Furthermore, several markers of renal tubular dysfunction (urinary excretion of retinol-binding-protein, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta 2-microglobulin and amino acids) were significantly and positively associated with urinary cadmium. ", "Across 10 small areas of which six were polluted with cadmium, an inverse association existed between the creatinine clearance and several indexes of environmental exposure to cadmium (cadmium concentration in the soil, cadmium content of locally grown vegetables, the inhabitants' 24 h urinary cadmium excretion). ", "In the CadmiBel Study, the creatinine clearance was also inversely correlated with the concentrations of lead and zinc protoporphyrin in the blood. ", "Thus, environmental exposure to cadmium and lead was associated with alterations in renal function. ", "The significance in terms of morbidity and mortality of the functional disturbances observed in the CadmiBel Study, and the possible strategies to prevent the transfer of cadmium from the environment to man are under investigation in the prospective PheeCad Study in which half of the Cadmibel participants have been enrolled (participation rate 80%)." ]

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[ "Amanda Knox could have a case against the Italian police involved in her interrogation.", "\n\nThe European Court of Human Rights accepted Knox’s case in which she claims she was mistreated during the investigation into the murder of Meredith Kercher.", "\n\nThe Daily Mail reports that Knox says she was slapped and threatened during her interrogation. ", "She says she was “subjected to inhumane treatment.”", "\n\nAdditionally, Knox claims she was given access to a lawyer or official interpreter, the Mail reports.", "\n\nKnox and Raffaele Sollecito were acquitted of the murder charge last year." ]

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[ "Toby Johnson (American football)\n\nRoderick L. \"Toby\" Johnson Sr. (", "born September 1, 1991) is an American football defensive tackle for the New York Guardians of the XFL. ", "He played college football at the University of Georgia after two years at Hutchinson Community College and was signed by the Tennessee Titans as an undrafted free agent after the 2015 NFL Draft.", "\n\nEarly years\nJohnson attended Banneker High School in suburban Atlanta, where he played football, basketball and competed in track and field. ", "Listed at 6'3\", 240 lbs, he earned All-State honors as a tight end and All-Region recognition as a defensive end as a senior in 2010.", "\n\nCollege career\n\nHutchinson Community College\nJohnson attended Hutchinson Community College from 2011 to 2012, where he was teammates with Cordarrelle Patterson in his freshman year. ", "Entering the 2012 season as the No. ", "1 overall junior college recruit in the nation, Johnson normally drew double teams and still put together a solid season despite missing the final two and a half games due to injuries. ", "Johnson had a career-high seven total tackles against Dodge City on September 15. ", "He had six tackles each against Air Force Prep and Independence. ", "He recorded 37 total tackles (12 solo) with 6.5 of them for loss and three quarterback sacks. ", "He also had four passes defensed. ", "After the Blue Dragons won the Salt City Bowl, Johnson earned All-America honors along with three more Hutchinson teammates.", "\n\nDuring his time at Hutchinson, Johnson posted 87 total tackles, 17 tackles for loss and five quarterback sacks. ", "He also had nine passes broken up, a forced fumble, fumble recovery and two blocked kicks.", "\n\nGeorgia\nOn February 19, 2013, Johnson, who was rated a four-star recruit at defensive tackle and had narrowed his choices of more than 35 schools to Georgia, Auburn, Mississippi State and Oklahoma, signed a national letter of intent to play for the Georgia Bulldogs, becoming the first Blue Dragon to sign with Georgia in 17 years and Georgia's 33rd commitment of the 2013 class. ", "He made the announcement at a news conference in the Humiston Athletic Center at the Sports Arena in Hutchinson, Kansas.", "\n\nIn 2013, Johnson appeared in only 10 games in a backup role for the bulldogs due to a knee injury he suffered during his second season at Hutchinson and that was still affecting him when he arrived in Athens. ", "On the season, he was credited with just seven tackles. ", "The following season, he played in 13 games making four starts and recorded 27 total tackles, with five tackles for loss. ", "On September 13, Johnson made his first career start at No. ", "24 South Carolina. ", "He had his first career sack against Troy in Week 3. ", "Against No. ", "9 Auburn, he registered a career-high six tackles. ", "Johnson was recipient of the David Jacobs Football Scholarship award for the second-straight season.", "\n\nProfessional career\n\nAt Georgia's pro day, Johnson ran the 40-yard dash in 5.23 seconds with the wind and 4.84 seconds against the wind. ", "He had a 26 1/2-inch vertical jump and an 8-foot-8 broad jump, completed the 20-yard shuttle in 4.65 seconds and the three-cone drill in 7.87 seconds and performed 25 strength lifts.", "\n\nTennessee Titans\nJohnson was signed by the Titans on May 11, 2015 to their practice squad. ", " He was later released by Tennessee after preseason cuts.", "\n\nJacksonville Jaguars\nOn September 7, 2015, Johnson was signed to the Jaguars' practice squad but was released on September 15, 2015.", "\n\nChicago Bears\nThe Chicago Bears signed Johnson to their practice squad on December 16, 2015. ", " He was released on December 22.", "\n\nMinnesota Vikings\nThe Minnesota Vikings signed Johnson to their practice squad on January 6, 2016. ", "In Minnesota’s fourth preseason game against the Los Angeles Rams, Johnson made a diving interception that helped in the Vikings win. ", "On September 3, 2016, he was released by the Vikings as part of final roster cuts and was signed to the practice squad the next day. ", "On December 12, the Vikings promoted Johnson to the active roster after placing defensive tackle Sharrif Floyd on injured reserve. ", "On December 17, 2016, the Vikings waived Johnson but was re-signed on December 20.", "\n\nOn May 17, 2017, Johnson was released by the Vikings.", "\n\nCarolina Panthers\nOn May 18, 2017, Johnson was claimed off waivers by the Carolina Panthers. ", "He was waived on September 2, 2017.", "\n\nDetroit Lions\nOn December 30, 2017, Johnson was signed to the Detroit Lions' practice squad. ", "He signed a reserve/future contract with the Lions on January 1, 2018.", "\n\nOn August 29, 2018, Johnson was waived/injured by the Lions and was placed on injured reserve. ", "He was released a few days later.", "\n\nMassachusetts Pirates\nJohnson signed with the Massachusetts Pirates of the National Arena League for the 2019 season. ", "He appeared in 9 games for the Pirates and recorded 7 sacks.", "\n\nNew York Guardians\nIn October 2019, the New York Guardians drafted Johnson in the 2020 XFL Draft's open phases.", "\n\nCareer statistics\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nGeorgia Bulldogs football bio\nMinnesota Vikings bio\n\nCategory:1991 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Moorhead, Mississippi\nCategory:American football defensive tackles\nCategory:Georgia Bulldogs football players\nCategory:Tennessee Titans players\nCategory:Jacksonville Jaguars players\nCategory:Chicago Bears players\nCategory:Minnesota Vikings players\nCategory:Carolina Panthers players\nCategory:Detroit Lions players\nCategory:New York Guardians players" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nНе записывается элемент словаря в переменную\n\nПривет. ", "У меня возникла такая проблема. ", "Есть строка-json, которая преобразуется в map. ", "Внутри этой строки есть массив. ", "Проблема заключается в следующем. ", "Функция Unmarshall преобразует строку в json, после чего я пытаюсь достать указанный выше массив, но получаю на это ошибку:\npanic: interface conversion: interface {} is []interface {}, not map[int]int\n\nПривожу пример json`а:\nmap[lon:52.328066 fias_id:89bc3c83-6060-4737-a497-0d4e64cdff16 polygon_osm_id:0 path:Россия, Кировская область, Верхнекамский район, Пещера, Нижняя улица place_type: is_capital:0 official_status_ru: alt_names:[] info:{} id:376672 msg: type:street lat:59.192944 name:Нижняя улица parent_id:376618 parent_ids:[0 1 72 371251 376618]]\n\nЯ хочу получить parent_ids. ", "Делаю я это так:\nparent := dataJson[\"parent_ids\"].(map[int]int) // Здесь падает программа\n\nКусок кода, который осуществляет преобразования:\njson.", "Unmarshal(bytes, &dataJson)\nfmt.", "Println(dataJson)\nparent := dataJson[\"parent_ids\"].(map[int]int)\n\nКак решить эту проблему?", "\n\nA:\n\nЕсли схема данных более-менее статична, то лучше декодируйте в структуры:\ntype data struct {\n Lat float64 `json:\"lat\"`\n Lon float64 `json:\"lon\"`\n // ...\n ParentIDs []int `json:\"parent_ids\"`\n}\n\n// ...\n\nd := &data{}\nerr := json.", "Unmarshal(body, d)\nfmt.", "Printf(\"err: %v parent IDs: %v\", err, d.ParentIDs)\n\nPlayground: https://play.golang.org/p/SpT1eb7Yys.", "\n\nEDIT: если же у вас схема не статическая, придётся делать через множество ассертов по типам:\nparentIDsArr := dataJSON[\"parent_ids\"].([]interface{})\nparentIDs := []float64{}\nfor _, id := range parentIDsArr {\n parentIDs = append(parentIDs, id.(float64))\n}\nfmt.", "Println(parentIDs)\n\n" ]

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[ "Images – Where you find them and how you use them\n\nTalking pictures\n\nWhen the web was born it was essentially a text only environment, even if you could have included images, your dial-up modem would have died of old age before it downloaded anything.", "\n\nAs speeds increased so did the feasibility of including images on web pages. ", "Suddenly it was possible to include your company logo, pictures of your products and even nice looking images for buttons and backgrounds.", "\n\nToday's Web has its own challenges in the form of the multitude of devices we use to access information. ", "It used to be that a web designer had a few different screen sizes to deal with, now we have tiny mobile phones, giant interactive TVs, tablets, phablets and wablets. ", "OK I made the last one up but you see my point.", "\n\nHowever we access the Web, as users, we demand quick-loading and good-looking pages. ", "This article explains:\n\nWhat different images mean and how best to use them\n\nThe software and methods involved in creating and altering images\n\nHow take good photos and where to find good stock imagery\n\nLinks to tutorials for common tasks\n\n#1 Meanings and uses\n\nYou work hard at your job, right? ", "You get in on time, you work all day, sometimes you even skip lunch because of that important deadline!", "\n\nThen how come your smarmy co-worker in the snazzy suit just got promoted instead of you? ", "The trouble is, he just exudes success, professionalism and charisma, and you, well, you didn’t even shave this morning.", "\n\nThis guy may not be as good at his job as you are, but he knows a secret;\n\nPeople buy ideas, not products\n\nThis guy dressed himself to look great, people look at his high quality clothes and confident demeanor and think that his work will be high quality too. ", "Your boss bought into the idea of this guy, not the reality. ", "We can dress our words up with imagery to the same effect. ", "Of course our words will already be of high quality, but the imagery can reinforce that or contradict it.", "\n\nIf our images say poor quality, it doesn't matter what our words say. ", "So let's look at how to create an idea with images.", "\n\nImages are exciting\n\nA nice image is a welcome break from a block of text; it excites our imagination and provides variety. ", "At its simplest, any vaguely relevant image will improve your big block of text.", "\n\nImages also make us feel things\n\nWant to go a step further than providing a bit of excitement? ", "Then welcome to the world of semiotics – or what images mean.", "\n\nThe study of the meanings of images and symbols is complex and fascinating, I will now insult every designer I know by summarising the whole topic with a few simple rules:\n\nIt is the program the professionals use, it does all the clever stuff you want plus loads of clever stuff only a graphic designer would ever use. ", "It costs a small fortune and you probably don't need a tenth of its features.", "\n\nPretty similar to Photoshop except it is free. ", "It is complicated to use but easy to learn thanks to a wealth of online tutorials. ", "Many professionals use GIMP, and as it is free, I would recommend giving it a try.", "\n\nThis is another free program. ", "The main appeal of Photo.", "NET is that it is much more simple than the other two programs. ", "If you just want to crop your images and resize them for your web site, then you can do this with only a gentle learning curve.", "\n\nCost: Free\n\nRemember\n\nSmall images load quicker\n\nLearning a good photo editing program will make all the difference\n\nSpending a little time can turn a happy snap into a David Bailey (sorry Dave)\n\n#3 Taking and sourcing great images\n\nDid you know he's not really the head of the company? ", "He is just some actor they hired!", "\n\nSome handsome guy puffing smoke into the camera just had to say “Mmmmm” and we were hooked on whatever cigarettes he was pushing. ", "But these days we are more skeptical of the products we buy.", "\n\nWe are all working on the assumption we are being scammed, but deep down, we want someone to trust. ", "Which is why...\n\nHonesty sells\n\nHonesty means not hiring an actor to be the head of the company. ", "People want to see the real guy, the fat balding guy with the awkward smile. ", "Why? ", "Because they know they can trust him.", "\n\nWith that in mind, the best images are the most truthful, take photos of your actual employees, your genuine premises, your real products. ", "Stop pretending you are a multinational if you are just a one man band. ", "Let people in on your real world.", "\n\nOf course real doesn’t mean bad, so clean the office, have a shower, and hire a good photographer.", "\n\nIf you have to use stock photography, then take time to get good quality stuff.", "\n\nA note on copyright and consent\n\nIf you take a photo, you own the rights to it. ", "If someone uses your photo without permission then you can (and people do) take them to court. ", "If you use a photo you didn't take, make sure you have permission to use it. ", "If the photo doesn't come with any rules on its use, then do not use it.", "\n\nThe same goes for people's faces, people own their faces, you need to get written permission to use a photo of your employees, customers, models etc." ]

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[ "\nIn a case report the stomatognathic rehabilitation of a patient with class III malocclusion and mandibular bilateral interdental gaps from the diagnosis and treatment planning through to the stepwise realization of the orthodontic, surgical and prosthetic treatment is presented. ", "Explicit information about the proposed treatment, risks and the prospective outcome beforehand ensured the patient’s compliance during the extensive procedure." ]

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[ "MOMO Small Drop Earrings - Axiom\n\nRegular price\n$24.00\nSale price\n$0.00\n\nQuantity\n\nDIMENSIONS: 0.325 \" X 0.5\" ; 8MM X 12MM\n\nTheBRIGHT MOSAICline features dichroic glass: it is the reason these earrings are so shiny bright and cute. ", "A coating of metals is encapsulated between the two glass layers, with interesting reflective properties. ", "Depending on the angle from which you look at them, the color shifts and changes. ", "Some of these designs are single-color, and these shift only in the intensity of their color. ", "Others are two-color, and will shift from red to silver, for example, or from blue to green.", "\n\nThe ear wires are nickel-free Argentium silver and come with a silicone ear back" ]

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[ "Introduction {#sec1_1}\n============\n\nUterine carcinosarcoma is a rare cancer. ", "According to surveys conducted in the United States, carcinosarcoma has an incidence of approximately 1--5 per 100,000 \\[[@B1]\\], and it is even more rarely diagnosed as synchronous with other cancers. ", "Until today, there are few such cases among research articles written in English. ", "Uterine carcinosarcoma is thought to be a high-risk variant of endometrial adenocarcinoma, which is associated with environmental and risk factors. ", "Breast and colorectal cancers are also associated with these risk factors, and cases with concurrent onset are reported. ", "Genetic and environmental factors can influence the simultaneous development of these cancers in patients, and patient cases may help to understand the pathogenesis of these cancers. ", "We report a case of a 63-year-old woman who was diagnosed with uterine carcinosarcoma and breast and colon cancer during the initial workup for uterine carcinosarcoma.", "\n\nCase Report {#sec1_2}\n===========\n\nA 63-year-old Korean woman (gravida 3, para 1) visited the general gynecologist with a chief complaint of vaginal bleeding in October 2017. ", "Her previous disease history was unremarkable, and her father had a history of stomach cancer. ", "She was a postmenopausal woman with a body mass index (BMI) of 24.3. ", "She had never received hormone therapy after menopause. ", "She had had brownish vaginal discharge a few days before and vaginal bleeding 1 day before the gynecological visit. ", "Ultrasonography revealed an approximately 6 cm-sized polypoid mass in the endometrium. ", "Therefore, the patient was referred to our hospital for further examination and treatment. ", "The liquid-based pap smear showed the presence of atypical glandular cells - favor neoplastic. ", "The endometrial biopsy showed extensive necrosis and inflammation with a few small fragments of glandular tissue. ", "The epithelium showed mild atypical change; however, the exact nature was difficult to evaluate due to severe inflammation. ", "Additional tests were performed under suspicion of endometrial cancer. ", "Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed a suspicious endometrial cancer or malignant mixed Mullerian tumor (Fig. [", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and about 5.5 cm-sized depressed lesion in the right breast with irregular skin thickening. ", "Results of the needle biopsy performed on the right breast tumor indicated fibrocystic change. ", "During colonoscopy, several biopsies were performed, and a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma originating from the adenoma was found 35 cm above the anal verge. ", "Positron emission tomography-CT showed pelvic, para-aortic lymph node metastasis and multisite pelvic bone metastasis along with uterine cancer, suggesting malignancy of the colon and right breast. ", "Initial CA125 level was 595.2 U/mL (normal: 0.1--35) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level was 3,034.0 ng/mL (normal: 0.1--4.3 ng/mL). ", "Therefore, in December 2017, surgery was performed under the diagnosis of simultaneous endometrial, colon, and breast cancer, which included total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection, omentectomy, cytology, segmental resection of descending colon with mass excision (by the general surgery team), and incisional biopsy of the right breast (by the general surgery team).", "\n\nA histologic examination of the resected uterus revealed carcinosarcoma originating from the endometrium, with a tumor sized 7.5 cm (Fig. [", "2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, Fig. [", "3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "There was invasion of the cervical stromal connective tissue and involvement in the right adnexa. ", "Metastasis (1 out of 1) was observed in the left pelvic lymph node. ", "The carcinosarcoma was stage IV based on the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging system, and grade 3. ", "Segmental resection of the colon revealed a 4.5 cm-sized adenocarcinoma and no pericolic lymph node metastasis (0 out of 6). ", "The colon cancer was stage I by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system. ", "Invasive ductal carcinoma was found in the right breast biopsy.", "\n\nThere were no other post-surgery complications. ", "On the 21st day of operation, modified radical mastectomy was performed on the right breast cancer. ", "In a resected specimen, histological examination revealed a 4 cm-sized invasive ductal carcinoma, and there was no tumor in the sentinel lymph node. ", "The breast cancer was stage IIIN by the AJCC staging system.", "\n\nConcurrent chemoradiation therapy for uterine carcinosarcoma was indicated on the 37th day after initial surgery. ", "Before therapy, the CA125 level was 923.0 U/mL. The patient received palliative radiation therapy (a total dose of 30 Gy in 12 fractions) for pelvic bone metastasis, and was treated with paclitaxel combined with carboplatin 6 times every 3 weeks. ", "Abdominal CT was performed 17 days after the end of treatment, and stable disease was observed. ", "A whole-body bone scan showed progressive disease. ", "The levels of CA125 and CEA were 689.0 U/mL and 13,873.0 ng/mL, respectively. ", "This patient is currently considering additional palliative therapy.", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec1_3}\n==========\n\nIt is rare for multiple cancers to develop simultaneously in one patient. ", "Cancer survivors are 1.29 times more likely to be diagnosed with other cancers than those who have never been previously diagnosed with cancer.", "\n\nUterine carcinosarcoma is a rare tumor, and synchronous cancer has been reported in only a few cases to the best of our knowledge. ", "A case of synchronous uterine carcinosarcoma and infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the contralateral breast after tamoxifen treatment due to breast cancer has been reported \\[[@B2]\\]. ", "A case of simultaneous diagnosis of the carcinosarcoma of the broad ligament, papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary, and endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium was also reported \\[[@B3]\\]. ", "In addition, synchronous large bowel adenocarcinoma and extragenital carcinosarcoma have been reported \\[[@B4]\\].", "\n\nUterine carcinosarcoma has similar risk factors to endometrial carcinomas \\[[@B5]\\]. ", "These cancers are known to be associated with obesity, nulliparity, and the use of exogenous estrogen and tamoxifen. ", "Contraceptives containing progesterone are known to be protective for these cancers. ", "A history of pelvic radiation exposure is also a risk factor for the development of uterine carcinosarcoma. ", "Breast and colorectal cancers are also associated with some of the above risk factors (i.e., hormonal imbalance, obesity, and metabolic syndrome). ", "Furthermore, the presence of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, as a genetic factor, is associated with cancer, such as colon and endometrial cancers \\[[@B6]\\]. ", "In this case, the patient had a BMI of 24.3 and no specific risk factors associated with her cancers.", "\n\nUterine carcinosarcoma is difficult to treat and the treatment method is controversial. ", "Depending on the patient\\'s case, radiotherapy or chemotherapy is performed \\[[@B7]\\]. ", "This patient had pelvic bone and lymph node metastasis of uterine carcinosarcoma; therefore, concurrent chemoradiation therapy was performed. ", "At present, the progression of uterine carcinosarcoma among the 3 cancers seems to be the most important determinant for the prognosis of the patient.", "\n\nIn summary, a rare case of synchronous uterine carcinosarcoma, breast cancer, and colon cancer has been reported. ", "Some environmental, molecular, and genetic factors may be associated with this case. ", "By studying these cases, we would better understand the pathophysiology of these cancers.", "\n\nStatement of Ethics {#sec1_4}\n===================\n\nThe authors have no ethical conflicts to disclose.", "\n\nDisclosure Statement {#sec1_5}\n====================\n\nNo potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\n{#F2}\n\n{#F3}\n" ]

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[ "Walter Frere\n\nWalter Howard Frere (23 November 1863 – 2 April 1938 ) was a co-founder of the Anglican religious order the Community of the Resurrection, Mirfield, and Bishop of Truro (1923–1935).", "\n\nBiography\nFrere was born in Cambridge, England, on 23 November 1863, the younger son of Philip Howard Frere and his wife Emily, née Gipps. ", "His siblings were Arthur, Ellen and Lucy. ", "Lucy became the wife of Wilfred J. Barnes. ", "He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge and Wells Theological College; and ordained in 1889. ", "His first post was as a curate at Stepney Parish Church. ", "He was Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Southwark from 1896 to 1909.", "\n\nFrere was twice Superior of the order 1902–1913 and 1916–1922, and returned to it after resigning the see of Truro. ", "He was consecrated bishop in Westminster Abbey on 1 November 1923, and as he regarded membership of a religious order an obligation taking precedence over others, the bishop's palace became a branch house of the Community.", "\n\nFrere assisted the Indian Malankara Orthodox Church with the foundation of the Bethany religious order in 1919: however the dioceses forming this church were received into the Roman Catholic communion in 1930.", "\n\nHe was a member of the Anglican delegation to the Malines Conversations in the 1920s, and active in various other ecumenical projects including relations with the Russian Orthodox Church. ", "He was a noted liturgical historical scholar; he was also a high churchman and a supporter of Catholic ideas. ", "In his early writings and addresses he emphasised the importance of spiritual life, and explained some of the liturgical revision which was then in preparation.", "\n\nHe played a major part in the proposed revision of the Church of England Book of Common Prayer in 1928, which was later rejected by Parliament, and was responsible for the service book for the Guild of the Servants of the Sanctuary. ", "Some of the books which belonged to Walter Frere form part of the Mirfield Collection which is housed in the University of York Special Collections.", "\n\nHe died on 2 April 1938 and was buried at Mirfield.", "\n\nBibliography\n\nRecollections of Malines, 1935. ", "Concerning discussions with Cardinal Mercier, Old Catholic Archbishop.", "\nA Collection of his Papers on Liturgical and Historical Subjects. ", "Alcuin Club, 1940.", "\nCorrespondence on liturgical revision and construction. ", "Alcuin Club, 1954.", "\nThe Use of Sarum. ", "2 vols. ", "1898 & 1901.", "\nA New History of the Book of Common Prayer (based on F. Procter's earlier work). ", "1901.", "\nThe Principles of Religious Ceremonial. ", "1906.", "\nBlack Letter Saints' Days, 1938. ", " Providing eucharistic propers for a selection of saints in the interim 1928 Prayer Book Calendar.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nWorks cited\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:1863 births\nCategory:1938 deaths\nCategory:20th-century Anglican bishops\nCategory:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge\nCategory:Alumni of Wells Theological College\nCategory:Anglo-Catholic bishops\nCategory:Anglo-Catholic socialists\nCategory:Bishops of Truro\nCategory:Burials in West Yorkshire\nCategory:English Christian socialists\nCategory:Liturgists\nCategory:Anglican monks\nCategory:Anglican liturgists\nCategory:English Anglo-Catholics\nCategory:19th-century English Anglican priests\nCategory:20th-century English Anglican priests\nWalter Howard" ]

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[ "The Survey on Unwanted Sexual Experiences\n\nTo better understand sexual and relationship violence on our campus, Rice is conducting a climate survey, the first part of which was administered during Spring 2015 and focused on unwanted sexual experiences.", "\n\nIf you have questions or feedback, please email the Office of Institutional Effectiveness. ", "If you need support, please click here to contact one of support offices available on campus or click here learn more information about support available for survivors on campus." ]

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[ "Assessing Predictors of Emotional Distress by Immigrant Type: An Exploration of Adult Refugees, Asylees, and SIV Holders in Maryland.", "\nStressors and trauma experienced by persons fleeing harm or persecution can cause elevated distress. ", "This study assessed predictors of elevated distress among newly arrived refugees, asylees, and Special Immigrant Visa (SIV) holders in Maryland. ", "A secondary analysis of Refugee Health Screener-15 data from 4385 refugees, asylees, and SIV holders arriving in Maryland from 2014 to 2017 was conducted. ", "Mean scores were compared across immigrant groups, and positive screening predictors were identified using logistic regression. ", "Mean scores were highest among SIV holders and lowest among asylees. ", "Compared to refugees, SIV holders had greater odds of screening positive; significance was reduced after adjusting for covariates. ", "A significant interaction term was found for SIV women, who had 1.74 greater odds than SIV males. ", "Distress varied between immigrant groups, with asylees having lowest odds of screening positive. ", "SIV women's significant results may owe to acculturation distress, disrupted gender expectations, and resettlement difficulties." ]

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[ "Free digital stamps (often called “digi stamps” can be incorporated into a variety of paper crafts including: cardmaking, party invitations, stationery, gift tags, scrapbooking, and other fun crafting projects! ", "Once printed, they can be colored using pencils, paint, or markers, much like traditional rubber stamps. ", "They can also be colored digitally using an image editing program like Photoshop and used in digital scrapbooking projects or printed for handmade crafts.", "\n\nAll “Creatables” (free or paid) include a Personal and Limited Commercial Use License in the base price! ", "See our License & Copyright page for more info on permitted uses of our designs in your projects." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDon't understand the mechanics of writing own validation attribute\n\nI have written an attribute before, but I I have not written a validation attribute before. ", " I am seriously confused about how it all works together. ", " I have read most of the tutorials online about how to go about accomplishing this. ", " But I am left with a couple of questions to ponder. ", " \nKeep in mind that I am trying to write a requiredIf attribute that will only call a remote function if a certain Jquery variable is set... which incidentally is a variable that is pulled from view state... I guess I could make that part of my view model. ", " But I digress\n1) The C# code is slightly confusing. ", " I know my attribute should extend the ValidationAttribute, IClientValidatable class and interface respectively. ", " But I am a little confused about what each of the overidden methods should be doing? ", " I am trying to write a requiredIf, how does overwriting these methods help me accomplish this goal?", "\n2) If the variable is not there, I simply don't want the remote function to attempt to validate the field. ", " I don't want any message to pop up on my form. ", " Alot of the tutorials seem to revolve around that. ", " \n3) I am confused about what I need to do with the jquery to add this function to the view... What do I need to add to the JQuery to get this thing to work... It seems like a lot of extra coding when I could simply just type up a jquery function that did the same thing with just the same ore less coding... I know it also adds server side validation which is good. ", " But still...\nHere is what I have for my jquery side of this equation...\n(function ($) {\n $validator.unobtrusive.adapters.addSingleVal(\"requiredifattribute\", \"Dependent\");\n $validator.addMethod(\"requiredifattribute\", function (value, element, params) {\n if (!", "this.optional(element)) {\n var otherProp = $('#' + params)\n return (otherProp.val() !", "= value);\n }\n return true;\n })\n}(jQuery));\n\nHere is my Attribute (which is basically carbon copied out of one the required if tutorials... I know I need to customize it more, but once I get a better idea of what every piece is doing I will do that...\n[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.", "Property)]\npublic class RequiredIfAttribute : ValidationAttribute, IClientValidatable {\n private const string errorMessage = \"The {0} is required.\";", "\n //public string \n private RequiredAttribute innerAttribute = new RequiredAttribute();\n public string DependentProperty { get; set; }\n public object TargetValue { get; set; }\n\n public RequiredIfAttribute(string dependentProperty, object targetValue){\n this.", "DependentProperty = dependentProperty;\n this.", "TargetValue = targetValue;\n }\n\n protected override ValidationResult IsValid(object value, ValidationContext validationContext) {\n var field = validationContext.", "ObjectInstance.", "GetType().GetProperty(DependentProperty);\n if (field !", "= null) {\n var dependentValue = field.", "GetValue(validationContext.", "ObjectInstance, null);\n if ((dependentValue == null && TargetValue == null) || (dependentValue.", "Equals(TargetValue))) {\n if (!", "innerAttribute.", "IsValid(value))\n return new ValidationResult(ErrorMessage);\n }\n }\n return ValidationResult.", "Success;\n }\n\n public IEnumerable<ModelClientValidationRule> GetClientValidationRules(ModelMetadata metadata, ControllerContext context) {\n ModelClientValidationRule modelClientValidationRule = new ModelClientValidationRule {\n ErrorMessage = FormatErrorMessage(metadata.", "DisplayName),\n ValidationType = \"requiredifattribute\"\n };\n modelClientValidationRule.", "ValidationParameters.", "Add(\"dependent\", DependentProperty);\n yield return modelClientValidationRule;\n }\n}\n\nUPDATE: What I have simply isn't working\nHere is how a property in my model is anotated with the above attribute\n [RequiredIf(\"isFlagSet\", true)]\n [Remote(\"ValidateHosFin\", \"EditEncounter\", AdditionalFields = \"hospitalFin, encflag\", ErrorMessage = \"Got Damn this is complex!\")]", "\n [MinLength(6)]\n public string HostpitalFinNumber { get; set; }\n\nThe value in my view that I was trying to key this validation on is set up like so...\n ViewData[\"ADDENCOREDITTEMP\"] = encflag;\n if (encflag == \"AddEnc\"){\n isFlagSet = true;\n }\n\nI embed it into my page like so...\n@Html.", "Hidden(\"isFlagSet\", isFlagSet, new { id = \"isFlagSet\"}) \n\nI can't get my form to submit... The person who said he just tried this and got it to work, could you post the code?", "\n\nA:\n\nModel:\npublic class X\n{\n [RequiredIf(\"y\", \"y\", ErrorMessage = \"y is not y\")]\n public string x { get; set; }\n\n public string y { get; set; }\n}\n\nView:\n@using(Html.", "BeginForm())\n{\n @Html.", "ValidationSummary()\n\n @Html.", "TextBoxFor(m => m.x)\n @Html.", "TextBoxFor(m => m.y)\n\n <input type=\"submit\"/>\n}\n\nI assume your validation fails on the server side? ", "do you have isFlagSet property in your view model?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Aldgate railway station, Adelaide\n\nAldgate railway station was located on the Adelaide-Wolseley line in the Adelaide Hills suburb of Aldgate, 34.9 kilometres from Adelaide station.", "\n\nHistory \nAldgate station opened on 14 March 1883, and on 23 December 1886, a second platform was added. ", "From 1 May 1910, most services from Adelaide station were extended to terminate at Aldgate. ", "On 1 July 1929, the westbound platform was converted to an island platform. ", "In 1974, the goods siding was replaced by a second crossing loop. ", "It was very similar to Blackwood; the station building and shelter were the same.", "\n\nIt was closed to local trains on 23 September 1987, but until 1990 was available for passengers wishing to board the Mount Gambier-bound railcar service. ", "At the time of closure, Aldgate had three platforms. ", "Platform 1 was a 151-metre-long side platform, and platforms 2 and 3 were a 149-metre-long island platform. ", "The island platform was demolished in the 1990s, but the side platform remains in place, although no longer in use. ", "A crossing loop was provided, but was removed when the line was converted to standard gauge in 1995. ", "The station building now functions as The Hut Community Centre.", "\n\nReferences\n\nSouth Australian Railways Working Timetable Book No. ", "265 30 June 1974\n\nExternal links\nGallery Johnny's Pages\nMount Lofty - Ambleside SA Track & Signal\n\nCategory:Disused railway stations in South Australia\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1883\nCategory:Railway stations closed in 1987\nCategory:1883 establishments in Australia\nCategory:1987 disestablishments in Australia" ]

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[ "The Faint\n\nThe Faint\n\nDoom Abuse\n\nThings that don’t make sense at first often make sense later. ", "In the creation of art, when the process is left up to the subconscious mind, when there is no preconceived concept, patterns still always emerge. ", "Themes and recurring images, blurred in the moment, later become clear.", "\n\nThis is the case with The Faint’s sixth album Doom Abuse, an unexpected but also inevitable addition to their compellingly unusual catalogue of music.", "\n\nTo understand the album and its raw, visceral aesthetic you have to understand its birth story. ", "You have to understand that after touring for a year on their 2008 self-released album Fasciinatiion, an album that took several years to write and produce, The Faint ceased to exist. ", "The musicians were burned out, uninspired and could no longer find the most important element of any musical creation: fun. ", "They went their separate ways, pursued other sorts of music in other projects, sometimes together and sometimes separately, and learned new ways of channeling sound. ", "They remembered what drove their songwriting in the first place.", "\n\nThen, in the spring of 2013, The Faint existed again. ", "Anxious to make new music the band recorded a 4-song white label 12” they referred to as “Preversions.” ", "That music, primal and punk rock in its approach, became the unplanned blueprint for Doom Abuse.", "\n\n“The idea was ‘Let’s just book recording time and whatever we end up with is what’s going to be on this release,’” Todd says. “", "We wanted to make sure that the process was a fun, cathartic, expressive on instead of the laborious chore it’d started to become during the last record. ", "The 12 inch really set the precedent for this new record.”", "\n\nThe band booked time with longtime collaborator Mike Mogis to mix the album before even really having songs written. ", "There was no specific concept, just a sense of wanting to capture moments of real passion and invigorated glee. ", "Whatever came out while writing in the band’s Omaha studio and rehearsal space would become their next album. ", "Since much of Fasciinatiion was made sitting behind computers, the musicians wanted to embrace a live sensibility and collective rawness. ", "A lot of the record was created live in the room, with first takes and first ideas taking precedent.", "\n\n“We didn’t second guess things,” Clark says. “", "We just went with it. ", "It feels more real. ", "We wanted to see what we happened to play and just capture it. ", "And leave the mistakes in.” “", "We focused a lot less on the finished product of this record than we did on the spirit of it,” Dapose adds. “", "The spirit was low-fi mixed with hi-fi, feedback and noise mixed with songwriting. ", "There are some real consistencies in the songs, but it was really about a feel in general. ", "Everything’s a lot faster on this record, it’s more rocking. ", "It’s like a punk rock record in some ways.”", "\n\nThe entire album took only about three months to create. ", "It reflects specific experiences from a specific time and sounds unlike anything else. ", "And in its final iteration, you can see the patterns in Doom Abuse’s songs. ", "The ideas and themes become clear. ", "For Todd, many of the album’s lyrics were created automatically in a stream of consciousness. ", "In the moment he didn’t know that he was centered on certain lyrical obsessions, mostly connected to the human brain and its functions.", "\n\n“There’s psychic phenomenon as a theme,” Todd says. “", "The human animal. ", "Different realms of communication and which ones are real and which ones are accessible. ", "Dark places that your mind goes. ", "I’ve been trying to find a way to give the microphone to my subconscious voice and see what it has to say. ", "I like to sing unfiltered. ", "See what words seem to be trying to come out and see what that is trying to say. ", "Once you’re not listening to what your voice is saying or what your mind is spitting out, there will be words and themes there. ", "I think that’s interesting.”", "\n\nThe music, too, connects. ", "From boisterous, static-laced opener “Help In The Head” to propulsive aggressor “Evil Voices” to ambient and layered closer “Damage Control,” the album explores different variations of The Faint as a live rock band. ", "Their history as an innovative dance act lingers, years of obsession with crafting a new style for the dance floor seeping into each song, but here and now, the band wanted to make songs that capture the sheer power and collaborative nature of their onstage performances. ", "The songs differ and balance each other out but all share the same space and overarching tone, another pattern seen after the fact.", "\n\n“Now after stepping back from it, it does feel cohesive,” Clark says. “", "We would finish a song and move on to the next one and never listen to it again. ", "I remember when we got done and we listened through them to see if they made sense, it was a fun listen because the final version felt like a whole. ", "As a set of songs it ended up related. ", "I was surprised.”", "\n\n“It encapsulates this period of time, the things we experience and encountered and our reactions to them,” Jacob says. “", "I think it just became cohesive naturally. ", "Now we know what we’re doing in the studio and we know how to record so we wanted to set the situation up to create the right output. ", "There’s mystery to something that’s not perfect – that’s why we used first takes. ", "We didn’t want to kill any substance.”", "\n\nThe birth of Doom Abuse, in many ways, is in parallel with a rebirth of the band itself. ", "The Faint, started in Omaha in the mid-‘90s, have always created against the grain, disinterested in making anything except what their own inspiration drives them to make. ", "Each album since their 1998 debut Media has shifted and evolved that desire. ", "Some albums, like 1999’s Blank-Wave Arcade, came from urgent, short recording processes while others, like 2004’s Wet From Birth, were more carefully constructed. ", "The musicians themselves are the constant, together embracing a style that is truly unlike every other band out there. ", "While Doom Abuse harkens back to Blank-Wave Arcade’s immediacy in some ways, it opens a new door. ", "Inside is exactly where The Faint want to be now." ]

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[ "Cosmic Evolution (book)\n\nCosmic Evolution: The Rise of Complexity in Nature (2001) is a book by Harvard astrophysicist Eric Chaisson. ", "It examines cosmic evolution which includes the history of natural evolution from the Big Bang to the present from the perspective of the emerging multi-scientific discipline of Big History. ", "It offers an explanation of why simple structures billions of years ago gave way to more complex structures, such as stars, planets, life, and human beings in complex civilizations. ", "It is written for a general audience interested in science.", "\n\nOverview\nChaisson argues that cosmic history can be examined from the perspective of energy flows. ", "He analyzes the flows of energy through various objects, and argues that these flows are relevant to understanding the relative complexity of these objects. ", "He suggests that a key measure for scientific analysis should be energy per second per gram, termed \"energy rate density,\" and that analysis using this yardstick can be used to explain not only human evolution but cosmic evolution. ", "He sees energy as \"work per unit time\" which he equates with power, and shows how energy rate density in some structures has increased over time. ", "For example, in Chaisson's view, the human brain uses a much greater amount of energy, relative to its size, than a galaxy. ", "He suggests that energy lets us make \"order out of disorder\"; for example, an air conditioner, which draws current from an electric outlet, can turn a less-complex zone of lukewarm air into two more-complex zones of hot air and cold air, and in so doing, it reverses the disorder in a room. ", "According to his view, organisms do much the same thing with energy but in a more complex way, by taking in food instead of electrons, to keep themselves from disintegrating and becoming less complex; he analyzes energy flows in not just organisms and society, but in inanimate structures such as stars, galaxies, planets. ", "\n\nChaisson notes that increases in complexity are consistent with the second law of thermodynamics; according to one reviewer, the second law might suggest that complexity should decrease with the universe \"slouching toward disorder.\" ", "However, Chaisson argues that complexity can increase because complex structures such as a star can \"generate and sustain complexity by exporting enough disorder to its surrounding environment to more than make up for its internal gains.\" ", "From this perspective, Chaisson offers a definition of life as an \"open, coherent, space-time structure maintained far from thermodynamic equilibrium by a flow of energy through it.\" ", "\n\nReactions to Chaisson's book are generally positive, although different reviewers took issue with some of his points and writing style. ", "Biologist Daniel W. McShea originally noted that Chaisson is \"prone to using inflated language,\" but a decade later in another review of his work notes that \"Chaisson offers data showing a trend in what he calls energy rate density ... over the history of life (and even over the much longer history of the universe), that's really saying something.\" ", "Critic Stewart Kauffman found the book to be a \"wonderful discussion.\" ", "Critic Hillel Braude wrote \"Cosmic Evolution draws from a rich scientific palette to paint a colorful explanatory model of the ascending complexity in nature.\" ", "Critic Charles Seife wrote highly about Chaisson's book although he criticized Chaisson's definition of life as being \"such a broad definition\" that it becomes meaningless, while acknowledging that Chaisson's analysis \"gives the theory some numerical muscle.\" ", " Many more excerpts from reviews of this book are collected here\n\nChoice of units\n\nChaisson chose to use the obsolete cgs (centimetre, gram, second) system of measurement, rather than SI units as is standard current practice, for his calculations and numerical estimates - thus quoting energy in ergs (one ten millionth of a Joule), also using calories, and sometimes kilocalories as alternative measures of energy.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Arrow of time graphic\n Cosmic evolution web site (containing text, images, animations, movies, and hyperlinked references of interest to both non-scientists {Introductory Track} and professional scientists {Advanced Track}).", "\n\nCategory:Physics books\nCategory:Astronomy books\nCategory:Books about energy issues\nCategory:History books about philosophy" ]

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[ "Radioimmunoassay for psychotropic drugs II: synthesis and properties of haptens for tricyclic antidepressants.", "\nFor the development of radioimmunoassay procedures for tricyclic antidepressants, two drug haptens were synthesized for each of the two amitriptyline--nortriptyline and imipramine--desipramine groups. ", "In one case, nortriptyline or desipramine was treated with succinic anhydride to yield N-(3-carboxypropionyl) derivatives; in the other case, the haptens were novel N-(2-carboxyethyl) derivatives. ", "The hapten and its corresponding ester were characterized by GLC--mass spectrometry, PMR spectrometry, and IR spectrophotometry. ", "Each hapten was coupled to bovine serum albumin, and the number of hapten residues per mole of bovine serum albumin was determined by UV spectrophotometric methods. ", "Antibodies to each hapten--protein conjugate were developed in rabbits, and titers of the antiserums were checked by evaluating their binding characteristics to tritiated drug." ]

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[ "[The spatial frequency limits and the resolving power of the visual system of the pigeon].", "\nThe spatial contrast transfer function of the visual system of the pigeon was determined by recording from the optic tectum evoked potentials or extracellular unit activity in response to a pattern stimulus contrast transfer function, determined as a \"response function\", describes the relationship between the contrast in the pattern--which consisted of vertically oriented stripes of sinusoidally varying luminance--and the amplitude of the response at various spatial frequencies (c/deg). ", "The transfer function yields an estimate of the high frequency limit, which in turn is a measure of visual resolving power. ", "Action potentials were recorded extracellularly using glass microelectrodes; for evoked potentials, stainless steel electrodes were used. ", "Recordings were made from the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale of the optic tectum. ", "The highest spatial frequency detectable in a visual system is limited by various factors, including the diffraction of light at the pupil and the anatomical spacing of the photoreceptors. ", "The pupil factor can be controlled in experiments in a suitable way. ", "In this paper, the electrophysiologically determined high-frequency limit was compared with the theoretical resolution limit imposed by the photoreceptor mosaic. ", "The experimental results show that the visual system of the pigeon has a high-frequency limit at a spatial frequency of 15.5 c/deg, corresponding to a visual acuity of 1.9 min of arc. ", "The attempt to relate visual acuity in the pigeon to the anatomical spacing of the photoreceptors shows that the Nyquist frequency of the photoreceptor mosaic, the theoretical upper bound of the spatial resolution, agrees with measurement." ]

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[ "Post navigation\n\nGoing public: Salmonella, tomatoes (not) and court\n\nSummer 2008 was adventurous for us: Amy was pregnant, we were in Quebec, and I was handling endless media calls about Salmonella in tomatoes that sickened at least 851 people in the U.S., including a sorta creepy middle-of-the-night chat fest for some radio station.", "\n\nTurns out it was probably jalapeño peppers.", "\n\nTomato growers lost millions and decided to sue the U.S. government for going public prematurely.", "\n\nGrowers and others would be better served if there were clear, publicly available guidelines for when to go public about foodborne illness.", "\n\nAs reported by Michael Doyle of the Fresno Bee, a federal court has rejected the potentially far-reaching claims of Florida tomato growers who say they lost business because of Food and Drug Administration warnings.", "\n\nThe ruling unsettles numerous growers, who collectively lost several hundred million dollars following FDA food safety warnings in 2008 that proved erroneous. ", "The ruling also curtails other growers tempted to base similar challenges on the constitutional requirement that the government pay compensation for taking property.", "\n\n“Advisory pronouncements, even those with significant financial impact on the marketplace, are not enough to effect a taking of property under the Fifth Amendment,” U.S. Court of Federal Claims Senior Judge Lynn J. Bush stated.", "\n\nIn a 13-page decision quietly issued Thursday, Bush concluded that “although a wide range of government actions may give rise to regulatory takings,” these actions do not extend to “press releases and consumer advisories, by themselves.”", "\n\nThe Tallahassee, Fla.-based attorney representing the growers, M. Stephen Turner, said in an interview Friday that he will appeal. ", "He likened the government’s actions to somebody who “stands in front of a house and says it’s infested with vermin,” thereby destroying property value.", "\n\nThe FDA had responded to an outbreak of salmonella-related illnesses in 2008, issuing warnings on June 3 and June 7 of that year linking the outbreak to certain types of tomatoes. ", "The FDA also held a media briefing on June 13, opining that the “vast majority” of salmonella-tainted tomatoes was “very likely” from New Mexico and Florida.", "\n\nFour days later, having concluded the disease outbreak was actually linked to imported serrano and jalapeno peppers, the FDA lifted its warning against tomatoes. ", "In the meantime, though, “all or almost all of the value of plaintiffs’ perishable tomatoes was destroyed by the collapse in the market for tomatoes triggered by the FDA’s warnings,” Bush noted.", "\n\nThe price of Georgia tomatoes in 2008 dropped to less than $4 per box from the usual $18 to $19, while some Florida growers were reportedly reduced to selling their crop for less than $1 per box." ]

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[ "Phase-shifting interferometry (PSI) techniques can be used to measure surface profiles with nanometer level resolutions. ", "A test surface of arbitrary shape is imaged with a Fizeau interferometer capable of producing a controlled phase shift along a Z axis for a PSI acquisition with the chosen algorithm. ", "The optical system is aligned along the Z axis and the surface is imaged onto a camera so each pixel corresponds to a unique position in the XY plane. ", "A laser beam is directed towards a reference surface and the test surface, and the interference between the light beams reflected from the test and reference surfaces are sampled as a function of phase shift and subsequently analyzed with a PSI algorithm to extract the test surface phase map, which is converted into physical units using the known wavelength of the laser beam. ", "A conventional PSI algorithm assumes a constant scanning motion (i.e., constant velocity).", "\nIf the scanning motion is not uniform, errors in the measured surface profile occur. ", "Unfortunately, it is often the case that the scanning motion in PSI is not uniform. ", "This can occur due to nonlinear motions of the scanning mechanism, or through vibrations that act on each component of the interferometer differently." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Q:\n\ninner product for Python\n\nx = np.random.normal(0,4,size=(n,1))\nprint dot(x,x)\n\nWhy the result returns an error about matrix dimensions, \nBut if I use inner it returns not inner product but like outer\nprint inner(x,x)\n\nWhy, what on earth inner, and dot for 1-D array?", "\n\nA:\n\nYour x is not a 1D array. ", " It is a 2D Nx1 array. ", " If you want a 1D array, you need size=n in your call to normal.", "\nGiven that, as stated in the documentation for np.dot:\n\nFor 2-D arrays it is equivalent to matrix multiplication\n\nYou can't matrix-multiply an Nx1 with another Nx1.", "\nLikewise in the documentation for np.inner:\n\nMore generally, if ndim(a) = r > 0 and ndim(b) = s > 0:\nnp.inner(a, b) = np.tensordot(a, b, axes=(-1,-1))\nor explicitly:\nnp.inner(a, b)[i0,...,ir-1,j0,...,js-1]\n= sum(a[i0,...,ir-1,:]*b[j0,...,js-1,:])\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Metal Gear Acid\n\n, stylized as METAL GEAR AC!D, is a turn-based collectible card tactical RPG video game developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Japan for the PlayStation Portable. ", "The game was first unveiled at E3 in May 2004, and was released in Japan on December 16, 2004, in North America on March 22, 2005, and in Europe on September 1, 2005. ", " It was the first game in the Metal Gear series for the PSP. ", "A Java ME version for mobile phones was released by Glu Mobile in 2008 titled Metal Gear Acid Mobile.", "\n\nAcid focuses on turn-based tactics, using a trading card-based system to control the main character's movements and actions. ", "Acid in the name stands for \"Active Command Intelligence Duel\". ", " The cards are not truly collectible, as the game is complete with a single purchase. ", "However, the game does feature deck design and deck optimization elements. ", "The game allows for multiplayer gameplay by wireless ad-hoc connections of two PSPs.", "\n\nGameplay \nBefore each round, the player can customize the deck of cards used by the main characters. ", "The majority of the cards are based upon elements spanning the entire Metal Gear series, such as weaponry, characters, and even the Metal Gear itself. ", "When the game is started, the player's hand can consist of a maximum of six cards. ", "The maximum number of cards in a deck increases with overall progress. ", "In action mode, the player can choose to use the cards as they are intended or use them to move the character. ", "Most cards only allow the player to move three spaces, while certain cards let the player move up to six or higher.", "\n\nCost is an important factor in game play and can be summed up as the weight of the player's action. ", "With some exceptions, all cards have a cost attached to them and when used this cost transfers to the player. ", "Cost varies radically from card to card. ", "The higher the cost a character has, the longer that character must wait until their next turn. ", "The lower the cost a character has, the shorter that character must wait until their next turn. ", "For example: if a player character has a cost of 10 and a guard has a cost of 15, then the character's turn would occur before the guard's.", "\n\nSome cards can be equipped; cards such as weapon cards, can have other cards attached to them in order to improve performance. ", "In order to fire the weapon, another weapon card that uses the same kind of ammunition must be equipped. ", "Some weapons don't need to be equipped and can be used by themselves, however they are discarded afterwards. ", "Other cards that can be equipped include equipment cards and action cards.", "\n\nMultiplayer, or \"Link Battle\", is also a new feature. ", "Two PSP systems running Acid can link wirelessly, allowing players to face each other in a \"sneak-off\". ", "The objective is to collect a certain number of diskettes before the rival player. ", "Diskettes can be stolen by another player, so there is an emphasis on avoiding detection.", "\n\nPlot\n\nStory\nIn 2016, a jumbo jet carrying Senator Hach, an important politician and likely future presidential candidate, is hijacked by terrorists. ", "In exchange for the senator the terrorists demand from the United States government Pythagoras, a research project being conducted in the Moloni Republic in southern Africa. ", "In efforts to identify these terrorists, the government begins an investigation of Pythagoras.", "\n\nThe Moloni government refuses to cooperate and work with the United States, saying that it doesn't want to interfere in its current affairs. ", "In response, the US sends in a covert special forces team to investigate, but the team is obliterated by armed resistance. ", "With no other options and time running out, the US government calls Solid Snake to infiltrate the laboratory, discover the nature of Pythagoras, and to rescue Senator Hach.", "\n\nCharacters \n Solid Snake - The main character. ", "A member of FOXHOUND who has achieved legendary status, he is brought to duty to infiltrate the Lobito Physics and Chemistry laboratory compound. ", "Snake is led to believe that he is actually Hans Davis, a researcher involved in the development of the new Metal Gear model.", "\n Teliko Friedman - A female Japanese-American member of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Hostage Rescue Team that was sent to the Lobito compound prior to Snake. ", "She rendezvous with Snake and teams up with him as a second playable character in the game. ", "She reappears in Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops as a hidden playable character.", "\n Roger McCoy - A Central Intelligence Agency operative from New Jersey who serves as Snake's commanding officer in the game. ", "He previously served in the Green Berets and is an acquaintance of Roy Campbell, Snake's former commanding officer.", "\n Alice Hazel - An English girl who has aided the FBI and CIA in the past with her psychic abilities. ", "She is one of Snake's radio contacts in the game.", "\n Lt. ", "Leone - The leader of a mercenary group hired by an anti-government militia in the Moloni Republic. ", "He was once known as Jeff Jones and served under McCoy's unit during the Vietnam War until he was suspected of treason.", "\n Gary Murray - A lab worker who requests Snake's help. ", "He is actually William L. Flemming and is involved in the development of the new Metal Gear.", "\n Elsie and Frances - A pair of marionettes that carry out the hijacking of Flight 326\n La Clown - An assassin of unknown gender with the ability to disguise their appearance.", "\n Viggo Hach - A Dutch-American United States Senator from New York who is a presidential candidate. ", "Taken hostage by terrorists during his flight.", "\n Lena Arrows - Hach's secretary, who was also caught in the hijacking.", "\n Minette Donnell - A young girl on the same flight as Hach. ", "She is actually Constance Flemming, the daughter of William L. Flemming.", "\n Charles Schmeiser - A CIA agent from Toronto, Canada who works under McCoy.", "\n\nProduction and release \n\nAccording to an interview originally published by Electronic Gaming Monthly with the game's producer, Masahiro Hinami, the 'Acid' part of the title actually has three different meanings. ", "The first meaning refers to Acid's departure from the previous Metal Gear games in terms of style, which is an analogue to acid's ability to dissolve metal. ", "The second is a reference to vecuronium bromide, the chemical used by Elsie and Frances to hijack Flight 326. ", "The third is stated to be an acronym for Active Command Intelligence Duel, a reference to the game's mixture of turn-based tactics with card-based gameplay.", "\n\nSoundtrack\nThe game's soundtrack was composed by Nobuko Toda, Shuichi Kobori and Akihiro Honda. ", "The soundtrack was released on December 21, 2005, packaged with the Metal Gear Acid 2 soundtrack. ", "The album's title is Metal Gear Acid 1 and 2 Original Soundtrack.", "\n\nReception\nMetal Gear Acid received generally positive reviews from critics. ", "The game holds a 75 on Metacritic, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "\n\nSequel \nAcid was followed by a sequel for the PSP, Metal Gear Acid 2, which released the following year. ", "A mobile phone version, titled Metal Gear Acid Mobile was also produced.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Official Metal Gear Acid site\n \n\nCategory:2004 video games\nCategory:Card battle video games\nCategory:Metal Gear video games\nCategory:PlayStation Portable games\nCategory:PlayStation Portable-only games\nCategory:Tactical role-playing video games\nCategory:Turn-based strategy video games\nCategory:Video games developed in Japan\nCategory:Video games produced by Hideo Kojima\nCategory:Video game spin-offs\nCategory:Video games featuring female protagonists\nCategory:Video games set in 2016" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Koko, Benin\n\nKoko is a town and arrondissement in the Collines Department of Benin. ", "It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Bantè. ", "According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 5855.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in the Collines Department\nCategory:Arrondissements of Benin" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nPosition command line under current window?", "\n\nSometimes I work with a vertically split window and I was thinking it would be cool if when I enter the command line with :, /, etc., ", "the command I type would appear below the current window instead of at the far left of the whole vim layout. ", "Is there a way to do that?", "\n\nA:\n\nNo. ", "The position of the command-line can't be changed.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Cardiff City sign Tom Adeyemi from Birmingham City\n\nCardiff City have signed Birmingham City midfielder Tom Adeyemi for an undisclosed fee.", "\n\nThe 22-year-old, who only joined Blues last summer from Norwich, has signed a three-year deal with the Bluebirds as a replacement for Jordon Mutch, who left for QPR earlier this week.", "\n\nAdeyemi will travel to Blackburn with his new team-mates ahead of their opening game of the season at Ewood Park on Friday evening.", "\n\n\"From the outside looking in, Cardiff City has a very strong squad that will challenge for a quick return to the Premier League this season,\" he told Cardiff City Player.", "\n\n\"I took no persuading from the manager to come here. ", "It was a fantastic opportunity for me to work with somebody like him and to play for a club like Cardiff City.", "\n\n\"I'm very pleased that everything has been completed ahead of the season and now I can focus on fighting for a place in the side and helping us get the season off to a great start.\"", "\n\nSolskaer added: \"I've been keeping an eye on Tom's progress for a very long time. ", "A few years ago, my Manchester United reserve side played against Norwich's first team and Tom was their standout player. ", "He scored a great goal that day and stood out as a fine talent, even at that young age.", "\n\n\"Tom has a physical presence, drive and energy - up and down the pitch. ", "We've been interested all summer and I'm thrilled we've got our man ahead of the season kick-off.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Back to forum after logging in\n\nHi. ", "When someone logs in to the forum in order to post or respond to something, they automatically get taken to the homepage afterwards. ", "How do I change that so they get taken to the forum page that they came from instead?", "\nThanks\nbhomis" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "ROS-major mediators of extracellular matrix remodeling during tumor progression.", "\nExtracellular matrices (ECMs) represent a complex network of proteins, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), composed of independent structural domains, ultimately constituting the cell microenvironment. ", "As a highly organized, insoluble suprastructure, the ECM can, in a spatially patterned and regulated manner, integrate and deliver multiple complex signals to cells that affect their behavior. ", "During the progression of carcinogenesis, tumor cells, through a continually changing interface, remodel and simultaneously interact with the components of ECM, as well as with surrounding stromal cells. ", "Within this complex network of ECM components affecting tumor progression, reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) play a wide emerging role. ", "In this minireview we will focus on the ROS-dependent modulations of tumor ECM and how this in turn affects the insidious pathways of tumor progression and dissemination." ]

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[ "/*! ", "normalize.css v2.1.3 | MIT License | git.io/normalize */\n\n// ==========================================================================\n// HTML5 display definitions\n// ==========================================================================\n\n//\n// Correct `block` display not defined in IE 8/9.", "\n//\n\narticle,\naside,\ndetails,\nfigcaption,\nfigure,\nfooter,\nheader,\nhgroup,\nmain,\nnav,\nsection,\nsummary {\n display: block;\n}\n\n//\n// Correct `inline-block` display not defined in IE 8/9.", "\n//\n\naudio,\ncanvas,\nvideo {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\n//\n// Prevent modern browsers from displaying `audio` without controls.", "\n// Remove excess height in iOS 5 devices.", "\n//\n\naudio:not([controls]) {\n display: none;\n height: 0;\n}\n\n//\n// Address `[hidden]` styling not present in IE 8/9.", "\n// Hide the `template` element in IE, Safari, and Firefox < 22.", "\n//\n\n[hidden],\ntemplate {\n display: none;\n}\n\n// ==========================================================================\n// Base\n// ==========================================================================\n\n//\n// 1. ", "Set default font family to sans-serif.", "\n// 2. ", "Prevent iOS text size adjust after orientation change, without disabling\n// user zoom.", "\n//\n\nhtml {\n font-family: sans-serif; // 1\n -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; // 2\n -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; // 2\n}\n\n//\n// Remove default margin.", "\n//\n\nbody {\n margin: 0;\n}\n\n// ==========================================================================\n// Links\n// ==========================================================================\n\n//\n// Remove the gray background color from active links in IE 10.", "\n//\n\na {\n background: transparent;\n}\n\n//\n// Address `outline` inconsistency between Chrome and other browsers.", "\n//\n\na:focus {\n outline: thin dotted;\n}\n\n//\n// Improve readability when focused and also mouse hovered in all browsers.", "\n//\n\na:active,\na:hover {\n outline: 0;\n}\n\n// ==========================================================================\n// Typography\n// ==========================================================================\n\n//\n// Address variable `h1` font-size and margin within `section` and `article`\n// contexts in Firefox 4+, Safari 5, and Chrome.", "\n//\n\nh1 {\n font-size: 2em;\n margin: 0.67em 0;\n}\n\n//\n// Address styling not present in IE 8/9, Safari 5, and Chrome.", "\n//\n\nabbr[title] {\n border-bottom: 1px dotted;\n}\n\n//\n// Address style set to `bolder` in Firefox 4+, Safari 5, and Chrome.", "\n//\n\nb,\nstrong {\n font-weight: bold;\n}\n\n//\n// Address styling not present in Safari 5 and Chrome.", "\n//\n\ndfn {\n font-style: italic;\n}\n\n//\n// Address differences between Firefox and other browsers.", "\n//\n\nhr {\n -moz-box-sizing: content-box;\n box-sizing: content-box;\n height: 0;\n}\n\n//\n// Address styling not present in IE 8/9.", "\n//\n\nmark {\n background: #ff0;\n color: #000;\n}\n\n//\n// Correct font family set oddly in Safari 5 and Chrome.", "\n//\n\ncode,\nkbd,\npre,\nsamp {\n font-family: monospace, serif;\n font-size: 1em;\n}\n\n//\n// Improve readability of pre-formatted text in all browsers.", "\n//\n\npre {\n white-space: pre-wrap;\n}\n\n//\n// Set consistent quote types.", "\n//\n\nq {\n quotes: \"\\201C\" \"\\201D\" \"\\2018\" \"\\2019\";\n}\n\n//\n// Address inconsistent and variable font size in all browsers.", "\n//\n\nsmall {\n font-size: 80%;\n}\n\n//\n// Prevent `sub` and `sup` affecting `line-height` in all browsers.", "\n//\n\nsub,\nsup {\n font-size: 75%;\n line-height: 0;\n position: relative;\n vertical-align: baseline;\n}\n\nsup {\n top: -0.5em;\n}\n\nsub {\n bottom: -0.25em;\n}\n\n// ==========================================================================\n// Embedded content\n// ==========================================================================\n\n//\n// Remove border when inside `a` element in IE 8/9.", "\n//\n\nimg {\n border: 0;\n}\n\n//\n// Correct overflow displayed oddly in IE 9.", "\n//\n\nsvg:not(:root) {\n overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n// ==========================================================================\n// Figures\n// ==========================================================================\n\n//\n// Address margin not present in IE 8/9 and Safari 5.", "\n//\n\nfigure {\n margin: 0;\n}\n\n// ==========================================================================\n// Forms\n// ==========================================================================\n\n//\n// Define consistent border, margin, and padding.", "\n//\n\nfieldset {\n border: 1px solid #c0c0c0;\n margin: 0 2px;\n padding: 0.35em 0.625em 0.75em;\n}\n\n//\n// 1. ", "Correct `color` not being inherited in IE 8/9.", "\n// 2. ", "Remove padding so people aren't caught out if they zero out fieldsets.", "\n//\n\nlegend {\n border: 0; // 1\n padding: 0; // 2\n}\n\n//\n// 1. ", "Correct font family not being inherited in all browsers.", "\n// 2. ", "Correct font size not being inherited in all browsers.", "\n// 3. ", "Address margins set differently in Firefox 4+, Safari 5, and Chrome.", "\n//\n\nbutton,\ninput,\nselect,\ntextarea {\n font-family: inherit; // 1\n font-size: 100%; // 2\n margin: 0; // 3\n}\n\n//\n// Address Firefox 4+ setting `line-height` on `input` using `!", "important` in\n// the UA stylesheet.", "\n//\n\nbutton,\ninput {\n line-height: normal;\n}\n\n//\n// Address inconsistent `text-transform` inheritance for `button` and `select`.", "\n// All other form control elements do not inherit `text-transform` values.", "\n// Correct `button` style inheritance in Chrome, Safari 5+, and IE 8+.", "\n// Correct `select` style inheritance in Firefox 4+ and Opera.", "\n//\n\nbutton,\nselect {\n text-transform: none;\n}\n\n//\n// 1. ", "Avoid the WebKit bug in Android 4.0.* ", "where (2) destroys native `audio`\n// and `video` controls.", "\n// 2. ", "Correct inability to style clickable `input` types in iOS.", "\n// 3. ", "Improve usability and consistency of cursor style between image-type\n// `input` and others.", "\n//\n\nbutton,\nhtml input[type=\"button\"], // 1\ninput[type=\"reset\"],\ninput[type=\"submit\"] {\n -webkit-appearance: button; // 2\n cursor: pointer; // 3\n}\n\n//\n// Re-set default cursor for disabled elements.", "\n//\n\nbutton[disabled],\nhtml input[disabled] {\n cursor: default;\n}\n\n//\n// 1. ", "Address box sizing set to `content-box` in IE 8/9/10.", "\n// 2. ", "Remove excess padding in IE 8/9/10.", "\n//\n\ninput[type=\"checkbox\"],\ninput[type=\"radio\"] {\n box-sizing: border-box; // 1\n padding: 0; // 2\n}\n\n//\n// 1. ", "Address `appearance` set to `searchfield` in Safari 5 and Chrome.", "\n// 2. ", "Address `box-sizing` set to `border-box` in Safari 5 and Chrome\n// (include `-moz` to future-proof).", "\n//\n\ninput[type=\"search\"] {\n -webkit-appearance: textfield; // 1\n -moz-box-sizing: content-box;\n -webkit-box-sizing: content-box; // 2\n box-sizing: content-box;\n}\n\n//\n// Remove inner padding and search cancel button in Safari 5 and Chrome\n// on OS X.\n//\n\ninput[type=\"search\"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,\ninput[type=\"search\"]::-webkit-search-decoration {\n -webkit-appearance: none;\n}\n\n//\n// Remove inner padding and border in Firefox 4+.", "\n//\n\nbutton::-moz-focus-inner,\ninput::-moz-focus-inner {\n border: 0;\n padding: 0;\n}\n\n//\n// 1. ", "Remove default vertical scrollbar in IE 8/9.", "\n// 2. ", "Improve readability and alignment in all browsers.", "\n//\n\ntextarea {\n overflow: auto; // 1\n vertical-align: top; // 2\n}\n\n// ==========================================================================\n// Tables\n// ==========================================================================\n\n//\n// Remove most spacing between table cells.", "\n//\n\ntable {\n border-collapse: collapse;\n border-spacing: 0;\n}\n" ]

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[ "The comparative roles of electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumours.", "\nElectron microscopy has contributed to the diagnosis of soft tissue tumours for four decades, and immunohistochemistry for two. ", "Because of its relative ease of use and interpretation, the latter technique has become extensively and routinely applied to identify lines of differentiation in benign soft tissue tumours and in sarcomas. ", "The use of electron microscopy has declined but retains a role because few antibodies are wholly specific or fully sensitive, some tumours are polyphenotypic or divergent in differentiation, and others have no specific antigens. ", "Immunohistochemistry is superior in diagnosis of smooth muscle tumours, small round cell tumours, sarcomas with epithelioid morphology, and most synovial sarcomas. ", "Electron microscopy is of particular value for peripheral nerve sheath tumours, marker-negative synovial sarcomas, pleomorphic sarcomas and mesotheliomas. ", "As with all adjunctive techniques, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy should be used in a complementary fashion according to the nature of the diagnostic problem." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "News and publications\n\nDonate to Cameo House Today\n\nBrian Goldstein\nPublished: May 4, 2020\n\nAs Cameo House continues its services, donations are greatly appreciated. ", "Tax-deductible donations can be made to the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice through Zelle to support Cameo House. ", "Additionally, in-kind donations of disinfectants, hand sanitizer, cleaning agents, antibacterial hand soap, masks and gloves can be sent to 424 Guerrero Street, San Francisco, CA 94110.", "\n\nThank you to the San Francisco Unified School District, Women's Resource Center, World Central Kitchen, and others who have kindly donated to support Cameo House. ", "Please contact CJCJ Deputy Director Dinky Manek Enty for assistance with the donation process at dinky@cjcj.org" ]

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[ "Is differentiation of benign and malignant cystic adnexal masses possible by evaluation of cysts fluids with respect to color, cytology, steroid hormones, and tumor markers?", "\nDifferentiation of benign and malignant cystic adnexal masses by analysis of cyst fluid was investigated. ", "Eighty-one cystic adnexal lesions of 80 patients were punctured intraoperatively or after surgical removal. ", "Color of the cyst fluid, cytology, concentrations of steroid hormones (estradiol, progesterone, testosterone), and tumor markers (CEA, CA 125, CA 15-3) were correlated to histology. ", "Color of cyst fluid was not reliable in the differential diagnosis of cystic adnexal masses. ", "Cytology missed four out of seven malignant tumors. ", "One mucinous cystadenoma was cytologically suspicious for malignancy. ", "The combination of negative cytology, low tumor marker levels, and estradiol levels higher than 1000 pg/ml may support the diagnosis of a 'functional' cyst. ", "Elevated CEA levels may be suspicious for all mucinous and malignant lesions. ", "Analysis of cyst fluid could not accurately discriminate between benign or malignant tumors." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Deaths due to dysentery, acute and persistent diarrhoea among Brazilian infants.", "\nIn a population-based study, all infant deaths occurring in a one-year period in the metropolitan areas of Porto Alegre and Pelotas, in southern Brazil, were studied. ", "There were 227 infants who presented diarrhoea during the fatal illness, and in 75% of these diarrhoea was considered to be the underlying cause of death. ", "Acute diarrhoea (< 14 days' duration) accounted for 28% of the deaths, persistent diarrhoea for 62% and dysentery for a further 10%. ", "Approximately one-half of the children with persistent diarrhoea were admitted to a hospital in the first two weeks of the episode. ", "Hospital-acquired infections were likely to have contributed to one- to two-thirds of deaths due to dysentery and persistent diarrhoea. ", "A comparison with neighbourhood controls showed that breast milk provided substantial protection against deaths due to either acute or persistent diarrhoea." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Turbine engines provide energy for a wide range of uses. ", "A typical turbine engine comprises a compressor, a combustor, a high-pressure turbine, and a low-pressure turbine. ", "These components are typically contained within a casing which defines both an internal flow path of air through the engine and the external dimensions of the engine. ", "In some applications, additional components are included to define all or part of the internal flow path.", "\nExamples of turbine engines include turbofan, turbojet, turboshaft, and turboprop engines. ", "In turbofan engines, a fan is typically located forward of the compressor, combustor, and turbines. ", "The fan produces the majority of the engine's thrust during operation. ", "An engine's fuel economy is thus greatly dependent on fan performance. ", "Improvements to fan performance, no matter how slight, can lead to reduced fuel consumption and improved engine efficiency.", "\nWhile the present disclosure is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail herein. ", "It should be understood, however, that the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. ", "Rather, the present disclosure is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims." ]

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[ "Donald Trump said Tuesday that he will commit to three debates this fall with Democratic rival Hillary Clinton, but may try to re-negotiate the terms that have been agreed upon by a bipartisan commission.", "\n\n“I will absolutely do three debates,” Trump told TIME in a phone interview. “", "I want to debate very badly. ", "But I have to see the conditions.”", "\n\nThe Commission on Presidential Debates, a nonpartisan organization that has sponsored and produced general-election debates since the late 1980s, has scheduled three debates this fall: Sept. 26 in Hempstead, N.Y.; Oct. 9 in St. Louis; and Oct. 19 in Las Vegas. ", "There is one vice-presidential debate on the docket, in Farmville, Va., on Oct. 4.", "\n\nThe dates and venues selected by the commission’s nonpartisan board were announced last September, and the format of each 90-minute debate has already been set. ", "But the Republican nominee noted that he had haggled with television networks over the terms of debates held during the GOP primary and might do so again.", "\n\n“I renegotiated the debates in the primaries, remember? ", "They were making a fortune on them and they had us in for three and a half hours and I said that’s ridiculous,” Trump said. “", "I’m sure they’ll be open to any suggestions I have, because I think they’ll be very fair suggestions. ", "But I haven’t [seen the conditions] yet. ", "They’re actually presented to me tonight.”", "\n\nTrump said he reserved the right to object to the commission’s choice of moderators, which have not yet been announced. ", "The choice has stirred controversy before. ", "In 2012, Republicans bristled after CNN’s Candy Crowley inserted herself into an exchange between Presidential Obama and Republican nominee Mitt Romney.", "\n\n“I’ll have to see who the moderators are. ", "Yeah, I would say that certain moderators would be unacceptable, absolutely,” Trump said. “", "I did very well in the debates on the primaries. ", "According to the polls, I won all of them. ", "So I look forward to the debates. ", "But, yeah, I want to have fair moderators … I will demand fair moderators.”", "\n\nA CPD official says it’s not uncommon for candidates to try to go around the system. ", "The debates commission, a 501(c)3 organization, has sponsored every presidential debate since 1988. ", "In 2000, George W. Bush’s campaign at one point suggested holding six debates, according to the CPD official, but suggested doing them in more casual formats, like Larry King Live or Meet the Press. ", "The campaign ultimately relented.", "\n\n“This needs to be done in the same way we’ve done this,” the CPD official told TIME. “", "There are fine points that get negotiated. ", "If there is a strong preference about the set, that can be discussed,” the official added. ", "For instance: “You want to do something that is respectful for candidates of different heights.” ", "But the official said that the format as announced was non-negotiable.", "\n\nMeanwhile, as first reported by Politico, CPD is preparing for the possibly of a third party joining the stage for the first time since 1992, telling debate sites to ensure their stages are sufficiently large enough to hold three podiums should a third candidate reach the 15 percent polling threshold next month.", "\n\nLate in July, Trump sparked questions about whether he would participate in the debates when he said that he had received a letter from the National Football League that groused about the timing of the debates, two of which coincide with NFL broadcasts. ", "An NFL spokesman disputed his claim, as the debates commission argued finding a date without any conflict is impossible, and that they sought to maximize the number of people who could watch the debates.", "\n\nClinton’s campaign said Monday that it had accepted the invitation to the debates, and tried to ratchet up the pressure on Trump to participate.", "\n\n“Secretary Clinton looks forward to participating in all three presidential debates scheduled by the independent debate commission,” said campaign chairman John Podesta. “", "It is concerning that the Trump campaign is already engaged in shenanigans around these debates. ", "It is not clear if he is trying to avoid debates, or merely toying with the press to create more drama. ", "Either way, our campaign is not interested in playing along with a debate about debates or bargaining around them. ", "The only issue now is whether Donald Trump is going to show up to debate at the date, times, places and formats set by the commission last year through a bipartisan process. ", "We will accept the commission’s invitation and expect Donald Trump to do the same.”", "\n\nGet our Politics Newsletter. ", "The headlines out of Washington never seem to slow. ", "Subscribe to The D.C. Brief to make sense of what matters most. ", "Please enter a valid email address. ", "Sign Up Now Check the box if you do not wish to receive promotional offers via email from TIME. ", "You can unsubscribe at any time. ", "By signing up you are agreeing to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . ", "This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. ", "Thank you! ", "For your security, we've sent a confirmation email to the address you entered. ", "Click the link to confirm your subscription and begin receiving our newsletters. ", "If you don't get the confirmation within 10 minutes, please check your spam folder.", "\n\nWrite to Alex Altman at alex_altman@timemagazine.com." ]

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[ "Retrospective analysis of the efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in brain tumor patients.", "\nSeizures are a common complication of primary (PBT) and metastatic (MBT) brain tumors, affecting approximately 50% of all patients during the course of their illness. ", "Anti-convulsant therapy of these tumor-induced seizures is often inadequate with conventional anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), due to a variety of factors, including activation of glutaminergic NMDA receptors, immune-mediated neuronal damage, and anatomic alterations of neuronal input pathways. ", "Levetiracetam (LEV) is a new AED with a novel mechanism of action, which includes reducing the Ca++ current through neuron-specific, high voltage activated Ca++ channels (n-type). ", "Because of this unique mechanism, it has been postulated that LEV may be effective in controlling tumor-induced seizures. ", "A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients who had received LEV for seizure control. ", "Forty-one patients were reviewed (22 female, 19 male), with a median age of 47.5 years (range 25-81). ", "There were 34 patients with PBT and 7 with MBT. ", "LEV was used as an add-on AED in 33 patients and as monotherapy in eight patients, with a median dose of 1500 mg/day (range 500-3500). ", "The baseline median seizure frequency for the cohort was 1 per week. ", "After the addition of LEV and follow-up for a minimum of 4 weeks, the median seizure frequency was reduced to 0 per week (59% of patients noted complete seizure control). ", "Overall, the seizure frequency was reduced in 90% of patients (P<0.0001; Sign test). ", "The most common toxicity was somnolence, noted in 37% of patients. ", "LEV was very effective and well tolerated in brain tumor patients with seizures, and should be considered for add-on therapy to current AEDs, or as a substitute anti-convulsant for monotherapy." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Council To Consider Ethics Questions\n\nThe town council on Monday will consider a proposal to send an ethics question recently brought up by a resident to an independent party, rather than the board of ethics.", "\n\nJane Mansur, who is opposed to the proposed Dollar Tree distribution center project, at a recent town council meeting questioned several procedural moves related to the planning and zoning commission's approval of the project.", "\n\nAnd in another matter, Mansur questioned whether Deputy Mayor Alan Simon acted properly when, in an e-mail, he encouraged residents involved in local and school baseball leagues to vote yes for the municipal budget because there was money budgeted for field improvements.", "\n\nMansur said Friday that Town Manager Peter Souza had answered some of her questions, but that the question about Simon's actions remained unanswered.", "\n\n\"I and other people in this town deserve an answer,\" she said. \"", "Should a town council member have told people how to vote and what they would get out of it?\"", "\n\nDemocratic Mayor Donald Trinks said Friday that he would not support sending the question to an independent party, saying the town should follow existing proecures.", "\n\n\"We should adhere to the process or we're not any better than the allegations being made,\" said Trinks, adding that the town council might as well dissolve the board of ethics if it was going to bypass it.", "\n\nRepublican Minority Leader Donald Jepsen said that he didn't believe the matter involving Simon would fall under the narrow purview of the board of ethics.", "\n\nMansur said she doesn't believe the Democrat-controlled town council will vote for the independent review, which has been sponsored by two Republican council members. ", "But she said she favors it.", "\n\n\"I don't believe the town council will pass it, but if you have nothing to hide, you should clear your mind,\" she said. \"", "They need to make sure they are doing their job correctly.\"" ]

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[ "St. John's Episcopal Church (Portland, Oregon)\n\nOaks Pioneer Church, formerly known as St. John's Episcopal Church, in southeast Portland in the U.S. state of Oregon is a non-denominational one-story chapel listed on the National Register of Historic Places. ", "Built in 1851, it was added to the register in 1974. ", "It is the oldest intact church building in Oregon.", "\n\nLocated in Oaks Pioneer Park in the Sellwood neighborhood, the rectangular post-and-beam structure has a footprint of . ", "Fashioned from a partly completed house owned by pioneer Lot Whitcomb, it was the first Episcopal church in Oregon.", "\n\nWhitcomb was a steamboat operator who founded the community of Milwaukie. ", "The church, originally sited on the outskirts of Milwaukie, was moved nearer the town's center in 1862. ", "Modifications over the years included revisions to the chancel in 1869 and the windows, siding, and belfry in 1888. ", "The belfry contains a ship's bell that belonged to Whitcomb.", "\n\nSupplanted by a new church building in 1948 (St. John the Evangelist Episcopal Church in Milwaukie, Oregon) and scheduled for demolition in 1969, the church was saved by private interests that paid to float it down the Willamette River on a barge and install it in Oaks Pioneer Park. ", "In the 21st century, the church functions as a museum and wedding site.", "\n\nSee also\n National Register of Historic Places listings in Southeast Portland, Oregon\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nOaks Pioneer Church\n\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Portland, Oregon\nCategory:Churches completed in 1851\nCategory:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon\nCategory:1851 establishments in Oregon Territory\nCategory:Sellwood, Portland, Oregon\nCategory:Portland Historic Landmarks" ]

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[ "THE TWO KOREAS AGREE TO DEVELOP RESORT IN NORTH\n\nBy SUSAN CHIRA, Special to the New York Times\n\nPublished: February 2, 1989\n\nSEOUL, South Korea, Feb. 1—\nNorth and South Korea have agreed in principle to a joint business project, the first such agreement in 43 years of unremitting hostility between the two nations.", "\n\nThe honorary chairman of the giant Hyundai conglomerate, Chung Ju Yung, told reporters in Japan this evening that he signed an agreement today in Pyongyang, the North Korean capital, with Choe Su Gil, president of the Taesong Bank of North Korea. ", "The two agreed in principle to jointly develop the area around Mount Kumgang, on the eastern coast of North Korea, as a tourist site.", "\n\nSouth Koreans are not allowed now to travel freely to the North, but the press here speculated that South Korean, Japanese and other foreign tourists might eventually visit the site. ", "Seoul's Policy Reversal\n\nIt is by no means clear whether the joint project, if it is ever completed, would lead to expanded political ties. ", "But the discussions could not have begun without approval from both Governments.", "\n\nBecause the two countries have no relations and are still technically at war, the project is being handled as a deal between two businessmen, not as a Government-to-Government venture.", "\n\nThe move comes as South Korea embarks on a dramatic policy reversal, aggressively wooing North Korea and Communist nations. ", "Today, as expected, South Korea and Hungary established full diplomatic relations, the first formal ties with a Communist country since South Korea was created as a separate nation in 1948. ", "Mixed Signals From the North\n\nWhile South Korean overtures to Communist nations are yielding expanding economic ties with the Soviet Union, China and other allies of North Korea, Seoul's efforts to improve relations with North Korea have met with contradictory responses.", "\n\nLegislators from both sides have been meeting sporadically since August, but have so far failed to agree on terms for a joint parliamentary meeting. ", "Government officials from the North and South are to confer next Wednesday to discuss terms for a meeting of the Prime Ministers of the two nations.", "\n\nSouth Korean newspapers carry reports almost daily that South Korean businesses plan to import North Korean goods or are involved in discussions outside South Korea with North Korean businessmen, now that the Government has lifted a ban on trade with North Korea. ", "Today the first shipment of North Korean coal arrived in the South. ", "South Seeks Assurances\n\nBut Western diplomats here, as well as South Korean Government officials, say that North Korea is sending mixed signals about easing economic and political tensions.", "\n\nAt various points in the continuing legislative talks, North Korea has demanded that the South cancel joint military excercises with the United States as a condition for any agreements. ", "The South Korean Defense Minister, Lee Sang Hoon, said in a television interview tonight that the South would show ''flexibility'' about the size of the exercise.", "\n\nIn an interview earlier today before the project became known, Hong Soon Young, South Korea's Assistant Foreign Minister for Economic Relations, played down the possibility of North-South ventures, saying North Korea would have to offer the South some assurances that businessmen could take profits out of the country and pledge some protection to South Korean workers while in the North.", "\n\nMr. Chung, the Hyundai official, did not say whether he had received any such guarantees from North Korea.", "\n\n''North Korea seems to be oscillating between appreciation of this reality and the rigidity of its ideological doctrine,'' Mr. Hong said. ", "The North has invited business leaders to Pyongyang and denounced as fabrications South Korean press reports about trade or venture plans. ", "Trade With Communist Countries\n\nMr. Hong said, however, that the North might allow some project it could portray as a purely private venture without implying recognition of or coexistence with South Korea.", "\n\nMr. Chung, the first South Korean business leader to receive his Government's blessing to visit Pyongyang, flew to Osaka, Japan, tonight on his way home after a 10-day stay.", "\n\nHe told reporters that businessmen from both countries were interested in building hotels in the Mount Kumgang area, near Tongchon, his hometown, and had agreed on a way of obtaining funds. ", "The development could include a beach resort in nearby Wonsan. ", "The area is renowned in Korea for its scenic beauty.", "\n\nNorth Korea has been trying to expand tourism as one source of scarce foreign currency. ", "Mr. Chung, who is 74 years old, said that he had also proposed joint venture projects and that the North had agreed to the idea.", "\n\nWhen President Roh Tae Woo of South Korea announced his overtures to Communist countries last summer, he said he hoped that Communist allies of the North would help the South inch toward closer ties with its longtime enemy.", "\n\nSeoul's trade with Communist nations is expanding rapidly. ", "Trade with the Soviet Union in 1987 was about $150 million. ", "China's direct and indirect trade last year with South Korea is estimated from $2 billion to $4 billion. ", "North Korea's entire trade volume, according to South Korean estimates, totals $3 billion." ]

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[ "Organ specific genotoxicity and carcinogenicity.", "\n1. ", "The in vitro studies showed that organ specific metabolic activation does not appear to play a predominant role for the in vivo activities of the studied nitrosamines 2. ", "The in vivo studies following 1 h exposure of rats with the nitrosamines can differentiate between organs susceptible for genotoxicity and and those which are not. ", "Nontarget organs in carcinogenicity can not be identified exclusively. ", "3. ", "The additional study of persistence of genotoxicity may identify organs susceptible for carcinogenicity. ", "Presently, we are working on new techniques to detect DNA SSB and other events with microscale methods. ", "This is necessary to allow a more complete elucidation of genotoxicity in remote target organs and with other carcinogens which may not induce DNA SSB. ", "Accordingly in the near future we expect to have even more versatile tools available to study toxicokinetics of foreign compound. ", "Meanwhile our work with N-nitrosamines is continuing in order to better understand their in vivo modes of action and to better evaluate their burden and risk for man." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "A variety of treatment and diagnostic procedures involve the use of devices intraluminally implantable into the body of the patient. ", "Among these devices are stents, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,655,771 (Wallsten). ", "This type of prosthesis, shown in FIG. ", "1, is a tubular, braided structure formed of thread elements wound helically in opposite directions. ", "The stent is shown in a relaxed state, i.e. in the configuration assumed when the stent is subject to no external stress. ", "The stent is elastically compressible to a reduced-radius, axially elongated state to facilitate an intraluminal delivery of the stent to an intended treatment site. ", "At the site, the stent is released for radial self-expansion into contact with surrounding tissue, for example a blood vessel wall. ", "The stent does not fully expand, but instead remains under a slight elastic compression, so that an internal elastic restoring force tends to anchor the stent within the vessel, and maintain vessel patency.", "\nThe thread elements, also called strands or filaments, form multiple intersections or crossing points, each including a pair of oppositely directed strands. ", "At each end of the stent, oppositely directed strands are connected in pairs to form end terminations or strand couplings. ", "The strands can be formed of metal, in which case the end terminations can be formed by welding the strands or by twisting the pairs of strands together, preferably augmented with welds. ", "Alternatively, the strands can be formed of polymeric materials, with end terminations formed by fusing the strands or boding them with an adhesive.", "\nAs an alternative to self-expanding stents, a malleable metal such as tantalum can be wound or braided into a plastically deformable prosthesis. ", "This device is capable of maintaining a reduced-radius state on its own to facilitate delivery, but requires a balloon or other implement to expand the prosthesis into contact with surrounding tissue at the treatment site.", "\nFIG. ", "2 illustrates part of a prosthesis formed according to an alternative construction in which the strands are wound instead of braided, to form generally hexagonal cells. ", "Adjacent cells have coextensive regions, along which pairs of the strands are wrapped helically about one another. ", "This construction is further illustrated and explained in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,800,519 (Sandock).", "\nFIG. ", "3 illustrates a prosthesis formed according to another construction, illustrated and discussed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,264,689 (Colgan). ", "Like the stent in FIG. ", "2, this stent features structural strands wound to form multiple helical cells. ", "However, it differs from the device of FIG. ", "2, in that at some of the junctions of strands, the strands simply cross one another, rather than being twisted helically about one another.", "\nAt a distal end of the prosthesis in FIG. ", "3, the strands are bent to form a plurality of loops 1. ", "These loops form relatively flexible, blunt end terminations, desirable because they more readily adjust to features of the body lumen in which the prosthesis is deployed, and they present minimal risk of injury to the surrounding tissue. ", "Conversely, at the proximal end, pairs of strands are twisted together and ball welded at the ends, to form proximal end terminations 2.", "\nThe devices in FIGS. ", "1 and 2 may also be formed with distal and proximal end terminations comprising bends and twisted pairs, respectively. ", "Alternatively, any of these devices may be formed with twisted end terminations at both the proximal and distal ends. ", "As a further alternative, terminations at the proximal end, or at both ends, may be formed by welding the pairs of strands together, without twisting.", "\nIn any event, while these stents are well suited for a variety of procedures, the welded or twisted end terminations are disadvantageous. ", "As compared to the rest of the prosthesis, the welded or twisted end terminations are relatively stiff and rigid, and thus more likely to poke surrounding tissue, rather than bend to accommodate the tissue. ", "Because of the abrupt ends of the welded or twisted end terminations, the poking occasioned by their relative stiffness presents a risk of damage to tissue. ", "Consequently, any positional adjustment of a deployed stent, particularly in the direction that the welded or twisted end terminations extend, is difficult. ", "Another problem encountered with the twisted or welded end terminations is that adjacent twisted wire pairs may interlock when the stent is radially compressed into the delivery state, and then interfere with radial expansion of the stent at a treatment site.", "\nWhen the stent or other prosthesis is constructed by bending the strands at its distal end, the situation is improved somewhat by limiting the foregoing difficulties to the proximal side. ", "While they are reduced, these difficulties remain, most notably to prevent any substantial proximal repositioning of a deployed stent. ", "Further, even the looped distal end of such device presents a problem that can limit its use. ", "In particular, radial contraction of the device requires each loop to bend, primarily at its distal apex. ", "The extent of radial reduction is limited by the extent to which each loop can be bent.", "\nTherefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a prosthesis of open frame construction with blunt, flexible end terminations at both of its opposite ends, to permit movement of the deployed prosthesis relative to surrounding tissue in either axial direction, with minimal risk of trauma to the tissue.", "\nAnother object is to provide a prosthesis with looped end terminations that permit radial compression of the prosthesis to a smaller diameter for intraluminal delivery.", "\nA further object is to provide a process for fabricating a stent with the elongate strands or strand segments selectively shaped at one or both ends of the stent to provide relatively blunt and flexible end terminations.", "\nYet another object is to provide a stent or other prosthesis that is more readily adjustable and retrievable after its deployment in a blood vessel or other body lumen." ]

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[ "Back to full list\n\nWhen Ireland finally decriminalized homosexuality in 1993, the Catholic Church still had a firm grip on the state’s affairs. ", "Divorce was illegal, and its abortion laws were deeply entrenched as some of the most conservative in the West. ", "Twenty-five years on, Ireland is a very different place—symbolized by the rise of its new leader, Leo Varadkar. ", "The openly gay son of an Indian immigrant, Varadkar decided to come out publicly in the run-up to the world’s first marriage-equality referendum. ", "Today the once anti-abortion politician is campaigning to significantly liberalize the country’s abortion laws.", "\n\nVaradkar is now at the center of E.U. negotiations on Brexit, which could have a devastating impact on Ireland’s peace and prosperity. ", "He also faces a major housing and homelessness crisis. ", "The country’s youngest-ever Taoiseach will be judged on how he guides his nation through these challenges.", "\n\nRyan is the political correspondent for the Sunday Independent and co-author of Leo: A Very Modern Taoiseach" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a liquid forced-feed apparatus for feeding a liquid, such as water, hot water, fuel, etc., ", "under pressure using high-pressure steam or compressed air as the motive fluid. ", "The liquid forced-feed apparatus of the present invention is particularly suitable for use as an apparatus collecting condensate generated in a steam piping system, and then sending the condensate to a boiler or a waste heat recovery system.", "\n1. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nThe condensate generated as a result of condensation of steam in a steam piping system, or various other types of equipment using steam, in most cases still has a considerable quantity of heat. ", "Therefore it has been a widespread practice to use a condensate recovery system for effective utilization of this thermal energy, by collecting the condensate having a large quantity of heat in a liquid forced-feed apparatus and sending the collected condensate to the boiler or the waste heat recovery system, for effective utilization of the stored thermal energy.", "\nThe liquid forced-feed apparatuses used in prior art condensate recovery systems collect the condensate in a hermetic vessel, and introduce a high-pressure working or motive fluid, such as steam, compressed air, or other fluids, into the hermetic vessel by operating a change-over valve. ", "The liquid forced-feed apparatuses discharge the condensate from inside of the hermetic vessel under the pressure of the working fluid and at the same time supply the condensate to a condensate recovery section.", "\nThis type of liquid forced-feed apparatus has been disclosed, for instance, in Japanese Utility Model Publication No. ", "37-22378.", "\nThe liquid forced-feed apparatus described above will be explained with reference to FIGS. ", "1 and 2. ", "FIG. ", "1 is a general perspective view, partly sectioned, of the liquid forced-feed apparatus of the prior art. ", "FIG. ", "2 is an enlarged sectional view of a valve section of the liquid forced-feed apparatus of the prior art. ", "In these drawings, reference numeral 100 refers to a liquid forced-feed apparatus. ", "The liquid forced-feed apparatus 100 incorporates a float 120 and a working steam inlet valve 110, which are built in a hermetic vessel 101.", "\nThe hermetic vessel 101 is provided with a forced-feed liquid inflow port 102 and a forced-feed liquid outflow port 103, which are fitted with check valves 105 and 106 respectively. ", "The check valve 105 is mounted in a direction allowing the liquid to flow into the hermetic vessel 101, while the check valve 106 is mounted in a direction allowing the liquid to be discharged out from the hermetic vessel 101.", "\nIn the top of the hermetic vessel 101 are formed the working steam inlet port 108 and the working steam outflow port 109, where, as shown in FIGS. ", "1 and 2, a working steam inlet valve 110 and a working steam discharge valve 111 are mounted. ", "Here, the working steam inlet valve 110 and the working steam discharge valve 111 are opened and closed by moving the valve lifting rods 112 and 113 up and down. ", "The working steam inlet valve 110 is opened when the valve lifting rod 112 is raised, while the working steam discharge valve 111 is closed when the valve lifting rod 113 is raised. ", "The valve lifting rods 112 and 113 are connected in parallel by a connecting plate 115. ", "The working steam inlet valve 110 and the working steam discharge valve 111 are simultaneously opened and closed by moving the connecting plate 115 up and down.", "\nIn the prior art liquid forced-feed apparatus 100 the forced-feed liquid inflow port 102 is connected to a steam load (a condensate generating section), via the check valve 105, and the forced-feed liquid outflow port 103 is connected to an apparatus using or recovering waste heat, via the check valve 106. ", "The working steam inlet port 108 is connected to a high-pressure steam source, thereby providing a working fluid. ", "In the liquid forced-feed apparatus 100, when no condensate is present in the hermetic vessel 101, the float 120 is in the lower position, and the connecting plate 115 is down. ", "Therefore, in the working steam inlet valve 110 the valve lifting rod 112 lowers, so that ball valve body 122 mounted on the top end of the valve lifting rod 112 seats on the valve seat 123 to thereby close the opening. ", "On the other hand, in the working steam discharge valve 111, the circular valve head 127 at the top end of the valve lifting rod 113 moves away from the valve seat 128, to thereby open the working steam outflow port 109.", "\nIf condensate is generated in the steam load connected to the liquid forced-feed apparatus 100, the condensate flows into the hermetic vessel 101 via the check valve 105 and accumulates in the vessel 101. ", "As the amount of the condensate increases, the float 120 rises. ", "With the rise of the float 120, one end of the arm 118 also rises. ", "If the arm 118 goes up over a specific level, a snap mechanism 140 turns over to raise the rod 121, thereby raising the connecting plate 115. ", "When the connecting plate 115 is raised, the valve lifting rod 112 mounted to the connecting plate 115 in the working steam inlet valve 110 rises to move the valve head 122 away from the valve seat 123, thereby opening the working steam inlet port 108. ", "In the liquid forced-feed apparatus 100, the working steam flows through the opening of the valve seat 123 and through a gap between the valve lifting rod 112 and the valve case 130, being ejected downwardly through the opening provided in the lower end of the valve case 130. ", "At this time, the working steam discharge valve 111 is in a closed position, and therefore the pressure in the hermetic vessel 101 increases to force out the condensate through the liquid outflow port 103. ", "In this liquid forced-feed apparatus 100, the working steam is emitted downwardly from the lower end of the valve case 130 as described above, and therefore most of the working steam is forced into direct contact with the liquid accumulated in the hermetic vessel 101.", "\nIn the prior art liquid forced-feed apparatus, because the steam as a working fluid is directly ejected in a direction toward the liquid in the hermetic vessel 101, the working fluid partly is ejected directly into the liquid in the hermetic vessel 101. ", "Steam, when used as the working fluid, therefore is ejected and flows into the cooler liquid, resulting in the steam being condensed. ", "Therefore, the pressure in the hermetic vessel takes time before increasing to a high enough level to force feed the liquid from the hermetic vessel 101, because the steam pressure is reduced by condensation caused by contact of the steam with the cooler liquid. ", "Consequently time is required for liquid to be fed from the hermetic vessel 101." ]

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[ "\nMistery solved: CPE1704TKS. ", "The meaning of wargames film secret codes solved - mutants\nhttp://mutants.co.nf/wargames.html\n======\ncmsj\nThis post makes absolutely no sense, and reveals nothing.", "\n\n" ]

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