Datasets:

tomekkorbak

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detoxify-pile-chunk3-5550000-5600000

like 0

[ "Q:\n\nAvoid repetition of code during data conversion\n\nI have some dummy data like below:\ndata: {\n first: {\n date_2019_01: 10,\n date_2019_02: 15,\n ....\n },\n second: {\n date_2019_01: 30,\n date_2019_02: 35,\n ....\n }\n}\n\nI have to convert this initial data into following format where date as key is to converted to month and its value as growth.", "\nfirst: [\n {\n month: 1,\n growth: 10\n },\n {\n month: 2,\n growth: 15\n },\n ...\n],\nsecond: [\n {\n month: 1,\n growth: 30\n },\n {\n\n }\n]\n\nIn my solution I get the keys and split it to get my desired month which is pushed to new array. ", "But here my codes are repeated. ", "I am learning on quality of code which includes DRY concept as well. ", "\nPlease anybody help me write this piece of code in better format. ", "\nThank You.", "\nlet first = data[\"first\"];\n\nlet firstMonth = [];\nObject.keys(first).map(function(key) {\n firstMonth.push({\n month: key.split('_')[2],\n growth: first[key]\n });\n});\n\nlet second = data[\"second\"];\n\nlet secondMonth = [];\nObject.keys(second).map(function(key) {\n secondMonth.push({\n month: key.split('_')[2],\n growth: second[key]\n });\n});\n\nlet finalData = {\n first: firstMonth,\n second: secondMonth\n}\n\nA:\n\nOne option is a .map inside a .reduce. ", "You can use Object.entries instead of Object.keys to retrieve both the keys and values at once, which will cut down a bit on the amount of syntax needed:\n\nconst data = {\r\n first: {\r\n date_2019_01: 10,\r\n date_2019_02: 15,\r\n },\r\n second: {\r\n date_2019_01: 30,\r\n date_2019_02: 35,\r\n }\r\n};\r\nconst newData = Object.entries(data).reduce((a, [key, obj]) => {\r\n a[key] = Object.entries(obj).map(([key, growth]) => ({\r\n month: Number(key.slice(10)),\r\n growth\r\n }));\r\n return a;\r\n}, {});\r\nconsole.log(newData);\n\n" ]

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[ "My blog is about security and optimization of Windows system, it will be useful to beginners who needs informations to secure & optimize their system or more advanced users who need to know more about security softwares.", "\n\nI want to precise that i cant test it against malwares since it creates\nBSODs on my Virtual Box, so it will be a descriptive and usability\nreview.", "\ni will do a malware test later.", "\n\nOne interesting thing, is when you install it , it ask you if you want it start with high or normal security after the reboot.", "\n\nSSP sit on my system between 20-30mb WS of RAM, i don't feel any visible slowdown.", "\n\n1- Protection Tab\n\nSpyshelter is an Anti-Keylooger and also an HIPS, here we can see the\nvarious protection modules, SSP, it share the common protection with\nother products but where it is innovative is the \"Anti-sound module\"\nthat protect your system against VOIP sound trojan loggers and other\nsound capture.", "\nNote: the kernel module is only for x86 systems\n\n2- Rules tab\n\nHere is the place where the rules will be shown, you can\nalow/deny/check/add/edit/remove them ,you can also impot/export some\nrules, clean old ones (from uninstalled programs) and check all\ncomponent and details of them, i like the Virus Total integration, when a\nprocess is allowed/denied, you can upload the file to it.", "\n\n3- Log tab\n\nHere is shown all the decision made by SSP or by you, nothing very exceptionnal there.", "\n\n4- Restricted Apps tab\n\nHere is an interesting feature of SSP, it is in fact a kind of\npolicy-based \"Sandbox\" (like OAP's Runsafer or Comodo's Auto-sandbox),\nwith the addition of selecting which folder/file access will be\nallow/deny to be writed.", "\nWhen an process is run restricted, its windows will got the \"Restricted\" tag (if selected in the settings)\n\n5- Firewall\n\nSpyShelter firewall module is designed to control\n(permit or deny) network transmissions based upon a set of rules.", "It's\ncommonly used to protect computer system networks from unauthorized access while\npermitting trusted communications to pass.", "\n\nSpyShelter Firewall supports IPv6\nprotocol\n\n6- Keystroke Encryption\n\nThis feature (available for x64 system only) will encrypt any of your keystrokes (a la \"Keyscrambler\") so even if a keylogger successfully leaks datas to the attacker , he will not be able to read them.", "\n\n6- Settings tab\n\nThere are the settings options\n\na- General : here nothing special except the auto-clean option of the rules, quite convenient.", "\n\nb- Security: here you can allow\nhow SSp will react when confronted to a process, you can select one of\nthe 4 options, \"Allow Microsoft\" is the less intrusive, \"Ask\" the most\n(means more popups)\n\nc- Advanced: here you can increase the protection by terminating processes and their child\n\nUse Hard Hook seems to be an option to enforce compatibility with other security apps.", "\n\nd- List of Monitored Actions :\nhere you can decide what actions SSP will react from. ", "When a popup will\nappears the number of the action will be shown so you can know what\nhappened." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRecover corrupted aspx file\n\nMy system crashed whilst I was in the middle of updating an .aspx page in visual studio 2010. ", "When I rebooted my PC and started visual studio again the .aspx file was still there, but when I clicked to open it in solution explorer notepad opened and a blank file was displayed. ", "Looking at the file in windows explorer the file still has it's size of 31Kb, My file content was replaced with some white space characters \nAny suggestions to how I might recover this file? ", "I've spent a 4-5 days of work, with no backup - arrh! ", "any help would be really appreciated\n\nA:\n\nThough Old post, sharing my experience :D\nI faced the same problem with a file today and overcame it successfully. ", ":D\nFelt freaking heavenly after getting my file back ... :D \\m/ :D\nHere is the solution. ", "Actually, there can be two types of solution of recovering corrupted files I found.", "\n\nScenario: Your file is corrupted (ie. ", "null or space everywhere in the file while the size is ok)\nSolution #1: Using file recovery software.", "\nFile recovery softwares can recover a file when it is already deleted.", "\n In our scenario, your file is not deleted but corrupted. ", "So how to use\n the software in this case!!!!", "\n\nJust delete your file\nTry to recover your deleted files with popular file recovery softwares\n\nAnd voila ... it is recovered ... :D\nThe recovery software I used is Recuva. ", "Worked perfectly.", "\nSolution #2: If its a web content, like CSS/Javascript/html etc.", "\nYou can collect the last working copy of the file from browser cache,\n IF and ONLY IF you hadn't opened the corrupted webpage in that brower.", "\n\nThe thought that help me finding the first solution is from\nMark Twain - \"Never argue with stupid people, they will drag you down to their level and then beat you with experience.\"", "\nWhile I was thinking how to use this recovery software, I thought about this quote and said myself \"LETS DRAG THE FILE DOWN TO THE LEVEL, WHERE RECOVERY SOFTWARE CAN RECOVER\" ... :D\n\n" ]

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[ "Leave A Comment\n\nHow Stranger Things Tackled Social Issues in Season 2\n\nSPOILER WARNING: This article contains spoilers for the second season of Stranger Things, streaming now on Netflix.", "\n\nStranger Things contains a lot of deep cuts, blending mystery, horror and sci-fi to win the hearts of fans of comic books, board games, video games and everything from the ’80s and ’90s. ", "However, the show is more than a mere trip down nostalgia lane — it’s also a coming-of-age story, one that folks of all ages can connect with thanks to how relatable its characters and situations are.", "\n\nWhether it’s a first kiss, social anxiety or the “monster” obstacles we have to overcome in life, Stranger Things speaks to us. ", "In doing so, it also tackles real world issues head-on, thanks in no small part to the show’s creators, the Duffer brothers, having been socially awkward growing up. ", "While Season 1 addressed the topics of teenage sex, high school social pressures, young love, and of course, parents losing their children, Season 2 turns it up a notch, tunneling even deeper and making bigger statements.", "\n\nPost Traumatic Stress Disorder\n\nWill Byers’ (Noah Schnapp) PTSD is evident after being freed from the Upside Down. ", "However, his infection by the Mind Flayer means he’s still connected to the dark dimension, reminding him of the torture from the Demogorgon’s kidnapping. ", "The Duffers subsequently detail how tough it is for Will to regain a sense of normalcy. ", "His mental fatigue leads to seizures, which break his body and eventually his mind, providing an opening for the Shadow Monster to possess the boy.", "\n\nThe approach to Eleven’s (Millie Bobby Brown) PTSD, however, is more subtle. ", "Sequestered in Chief Jim Hopper’s (David Harbour) cabin, she’s kept secret and protected. ", "In this isolation though, she experiences flashbacks of the Demogorgon, the Upside Down, foraging alone in the real world, and the trauma of the MKUltra program. ", "While Will is trying to reconnect with his identity, Eleven is trying to discover hers in the first place, a very different type of mental burden for someone so young. ", "Both cases end up illustrating how tragedy at a young age leaves a lasting impression.", "\n\nChild Abuse\n\nIn flashbacks to the MKUltra program at Hawkins National Laboratory, we see Eleven and Kali (aka Eight) tasered in order to fall in line. ", "It’s scary watching kids abused in order to train them as soldiers, but it’s a stark reflection of certain societies in the world today. ", "They’re not treated like humans but like weapons, which informs how they turn out — vengeful and dangerous — as seen with Kali’s lust for revenge.", "\n\nLater, we witness why Billy Mayfield (Dacre Montgomery) is such a vagabond. ", "At first glance, he seems like your typical high school jock, raging because of his testosterone levels, but after failing to keep an eye on his sister Max (Sadie Sink), the source of his anger comes to light. ", "His father, ticked that Max is missing, verbally berates him with angry homophobic and sexual slurs. ", "He then physically assaults Billy, reminding us that kids’ behaviors often reflect their home environment." ]

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[ "A wonderful apartment that's perfect for a couple looking for a quiet space away from the hustle of Milan. ", "The flat is well designed, clean, tidy, stylish and comfortable. ", "The hosts were extremely welcoming and very helpful in satisfying any further questions or requests.", "\n\nType de logement\n\nType de propriété\n\nCapacité d'accueil\n\nChambres\n\nLoft on three near the subway Sesto Marelli in a factory contest\nsometimes we use it as a studio,\nYou'll have inside kitchen, services and dining room on the ground floor,and two rooms and living room upstairs\nThe private court still to be a little bit ampty but furnished with barbecue.", "\nYou will have a private car park or but your motorcicle inside\nGood fun ....\n\nNice place and very friendly host. ", "Andrea meet us at subway and help move to flat on his car and also help move from flat to subway. ", "Andrea's done everything to feel welcome. ", "The flat is a great space with excellent kitchen include all what your want to comfortable stay. ", "I've spent one month in this house and I would like to comeback ;)\n\nThe neighbourhood was more then expecdted. ", "It had everything nearby, market, subway, restaurants and safety. ", "The apartament was great, matching the description. ", "A lovely vintage loft. ", "The only thing it could have been better, it was the breakfast. ", "We stayed for 22 days, and the food left in the fridge for breakfast lasted only for 4 days with no replacement. ", "For us, one thing tha could be improved, it was the internet. ", "We knew that the place didnt have wifi, but nowadays its essencial. ", "So, this is the only thing that realy need improviment. ", "The hostess was amazing!!! ", "she was very helpful , answering emails quickly and sympathetically. ", "I would certainly recommend the apartment and the hostess . ", "It was an awesome experience.", "\n\nIt was a pleasure for my friend and me to live im this nice apartment! ", "The neighbourhood was nice as well so in the nights it was calm so we slept pretty good. ", "Frederica gave us a really good description to find the Apartment from the Airport. ", "The metro is not far away so we found the way to every spot we visited pretty easily. ", "We really recommend it to others and if we travel to Milano again we would book this apartment a second time:-)\n\nStayed at Giorgio's place for 4 days. ", "He provides everything needed except for WiFi (which he promised to deliver soon as well). ", "Some cooking ingredients are available in the apartment. ", "Very clean and perfect communication. ", "We had one issue which was solved within half an hour. ", "Would highly recommend the place if you don't mind using public transport which runs regularly.", "\n\nType de logement\n\nType de propriété\n\nCapacité d'accueil\n\nChambres\n\nPrivate room (double bed) with a private bathroom in a 2 floor New York style loft appartment in a calm and recently renovated ex Coca-Cola factory located in quiet Precotto area (underground MM1) in Milano.", "\nYou will share the appartment with 2 of us\n\nOn the first floor there is a kitchen, living area with TV and sofa, a bathroom with a shower and also the entrance to a private terrace.", "\nThere are stairs leading to the second floor where the 2 bedrooms (the rented one has a double bed) are located and another bathroom with a shower.", "\nYou will be able to access all the appartment area except one of the bathrooms and one of the bedrooms.", "\nI will help you with whaterver questions you might have about Milano during your stay.", "\n\nnext to the house there is a big grocery store \"Maxi SIMPLY\" and next to the main entrance there is also a \"I Loft Cafè\" bar where you can have breakfast, have lunch and enjoy aperitivo as well if you want to stay next to the house.", "\nThere is good pizzeria at 5 mins walk.", "\nMM1 subway (metro) station is 8 mins walk from the appartment, or oyu can take the busses 86 or 51 to get there in 2 mins.", "\nAlso there is a bus stop just outside the house where the buses 51 and 86 stop and go to the Cascina Gobba MM2 subway station or to Cimiano MM2 subway station. (", "this is the oppostite direction to the one described above that takes you to Precotto underground station in case you don't want to walk)\nCascina Gobba MM2 underground station is really good if you're arriving/leaving to/from Milano Bergamo airport. ", "Shuttle buses coming /going from the airport stop there and it's really close.", "\nFrom the underground station (MM1 red line) Precotto it will take you 14 mins to get directly to the city center Duomo or San Babila with no changes.", "\nAnd from Precotto MM1 to get directly to RHO Fiera (Expo) will take you 38 mins.", "\nFrom the green line underground Cimiano MM2 (to which you can get in 8 mins by taking a bus 51 right outside the house) it would take 10mins to get to the central station, 15 mins to get to Porta Garibaldi and 35 mins to get to Porta Genova underground station.", "\nYou can consult ATM-mi website for all your trips in Milano.", "\n\nAlfredo and Evelina are amazing! ", "They truely went above and beyond. ", "I was made feel very welcome and they made my stay with them enjoyable. ", "They are so friendly and easy-going and I would highly recommend anyone travelling to Milan to stay with them.", "\n\nAlyceSeptember 2016\n\nwe had a great experience. ", "Alfredo, and Evelina are charming and friendly. ", "they know how to put you at ease and advise you on the best places to visit in Milan. ", "I recommend this charming little loft Milan\n\nYoryMay 2016\n\nOur host were very welcoming, the first evening we have dinner with us, it was very sympatic. ", "They adviced us about places in Milan that we could enjoy. ", "They had a lot a little attention with us and we would come again by Alfredo and Evelina with pleasure. ", "The loft was very nice, clean and spaceful. ", "We can only recommand this place!", "\n\nJustineNovember 2015\n\nMy stay at Alfredo and Evelina's place was flawless and I could not ask for more. ", "They both were very nice and extremely helpful. ", "Especially when it came to getting around the city. ", "Evelina is a pro when some one is lost :) The apartment is very stylish and cozy. ", "I had the whole room for myself and the bed in it is now on my TOP5 list :) I would not hesitate where to stay, if I had to come back to Milan!", "\n\nType de logement\n\nType de propriété\n\nCapacité d'accueil\n\nChambres\n\nBed & Breakfast... & Office!", "\nEnjoy the best milanese design experience in this unique post-industrial loft! ", "Sharing economy is the location's leading concept! ", "Every furniture and accessories is brand new and high quality designed!", "\n\nThe loft was a factory of industrial ovens, totally renovated in 2014.", "\nIt is compose by two main areas:\n1. ", "A very big breathtaking openspace, partially occupied by a coworking.", "\n2. ", "A guest house, warm and cozy like a suite, with private bathroom and the possiblity to be lockable.", "\nYou'll find:\nInternet wifi free\nClean towels: hands/hair/body\nClean sheets\nShower gel / Shampoo / Hair dryer\nWashing machine / iron\nA professional kitchen, well furnished, with everything you may need for prepare an italian breakfast, lunch and dinner.", "\nBilliard & Soccer table\nIf you come by car, you'll find a place to park in front of the flat and for free.", "\nTime schedule for check-in is extremily flexible, you'll decide it in total freedom.", "\nAmong all the features descripted, guests are warmly invited to use also our coworking spaces next to the apartment. ", "We'll provide a personal desk, managerial chair, lockable cabinet, wi-fi, A4-A3 printers, and other office amenities.", "\nI'll be present at any requirement during your stay.", "\nI will be willing to help you on providing lots of good advices, I know my city very well!", "\n\nThe loft is in the middle of one of the most interesting post-industrial neighborhood of Milan. ", "In the area are located coworkings, fab labs, the italian MTV studios, CARGO the world's biggest design shopping mall, music and dance academies.", "\nYou'll find all kind of shops less than 50 meters from the door: coffee, restaurants, pharmacy, supermarket (open 7/7), a self-service laundry right opposite to the flat (5 minutes walk)\n\nType de logement\n\nType de propriété\n\nCapacité d'accueil\n\nChambres\n\nIn a recently renovated loft not far from Corso Buenos Aires and the city center I rent a small guest room with a sofa bed.", "\nMy flat is inside the building's courtyard, it's calm and silent.", "\nCity center is 5 mins away with the metro red line, (stop Pasteur) and tram, with the stop of tram line 1 in the near Piazza Morbegno.", "\n\nThe flat is a big loft, I sleep upstair.", "\nYou'll use the room and the bathroom on the ground floor.", "\nI have a house pal, it's a 3 month black labrador named Gianni.", "\nYou can use the kitchen and living with no restriction.", "\nI work from home and I'm always available for any tips to help you in discovering the city in its best ways.", "\n\nThe neighborhood is not the typical one you can expect in Milan, it hosts people from all over the world and this contributes to its beauty, many young artists are moving here opening laboratories and galleries making NoLo one of the new centers of creativity in town\n\nFilippo was a fantastic host, helped us out with anything we needed. ", "Allowed us to store things in the fridge and also said we were able to cook if we wanted. ", "Would definitely recommend the apartment was beautiful and in a great location near the metro, shops and eateries.", "\n\nType de logement\n\nType de propriété\n\nCapacité d'accueil\n\nChambres\n\nSuperb Loft 50 meters in Via Padova 63 to 'internodes a courtyard on two levels: entrance hall, living room with kitchen, bathroom, balcony. ", "the 2nd level room, walk-in closet 2nd bagno.", "Cucina equipped kitchen with dishwasher and washing machine. ", "Climate control and air conditioning are provided with bed linen and towels. ", "Possibility to use the kitchen, the refrigerator and the washing machine. ", "Parking ideal for visiting the city or for short soggiorn in Milan bright and comfortable two steps from Loreto (M1 and M2 metro line and close to Porta Venezia), from which you can easily get anywhere. ", "In the vicinity of the universities' and the Polytechnic University Bicocca. ", "The neighborhood is alive and bustling shops of all kinds and supermarkets are close at hand, and numerous and varied are the bars and restaurants both traditional and ethnic.", "\nThe house is situated 200 meters from the underground station Pasteur (red line) and Loreto (red and green line) and many other public transport that allow easy and rapid transfers to the various areas of the city, both central and devices. ", "It 'easy to reach from the train station (less than 500 meters) from the airports of Linate and Malpensa.", "\nLoreto is in a strategic position in Milan - Piazzale Loreto:\n5 minutes walk to be in Corso Buenos Aires, the famous shopping area and the third largest shopping street in Europe.", "\n10-minute walk from Central Station (main arrival of trains and shuttles to the airports). ", "100 meters from Loreto Metro where you will find the Red Line 1 (direct line to Rho Fiera Milano) and the Green Line 2.", "\n15 minutes by taxi from Linate airport.", "\nA beautiful walk along Corso Buenos Aires, the heart of the Milanese shopping, it allows in less than 20 minutes to reach the city center and cultural sites of interest.", "\nINTERNET NAVIGATION FOR FREE\n.THE CHECK IN IS FROM 14.00 TO 18.00 LATER THAN THIS HOUR IT IS REQUEST A PAYMENT OF 20€\nIF YOU DON'T ADVISE ONE DAY BEFORE .", "\n\nThis apartment was excellently positioned and easy to use. ", "It is on the ground floor and is 5 mins walk to the metro. ", "It was clean. ", "Michele was there at the agreed time and quickly showed me around. ", "I would book this again.", "\n\nJamieJune 2015\n\nThe place was so great and comfortable. ", "Thank you very much\n\nJosepFebruary 2015\n\nThe place was really nice, with great architecture, and the neighbourhood is great, with all you need nearby. ", "The place is warm, which is great, specially on the cold nights, and the hot shower is extremely confortable. ", "An all around great Milanese experience for us. ", "We recommend it.", "\n\nType de logement\n\nType de propriété\n\nCapacité d'accueil\n\nChambres\n\nBenvenuto a Milano !", "\nAre you coming to Milan for the weekend ? \"", "At Home\" is the perfect place to stay there. ", "Stay in my charming loft on two floors, typical of Italy. ", "Located in the north of the city 15 minutes from the historic center by metro, in the nice neighborhood of \"Precotto\".", "\n\n\"At Home\" is a typical italian duplex on two floors with a main room making living-room, dining-room and kitchen. ", "You'll find all the necessary utensils for cooking and also a fridge to store food. ", "In addition, you will find the ground floor bathroom with shower and sink, and a first bedroom with a sofa bed (with a real mattress). ", "Upstairs, you arrive in the second bedroom, with its own special charm and with a double bed and a water point (sink).", "\nGuests have access to the whole house. ", "Remember that this is my place of living, so do not be surprised to find my stuff in some closet :)\nI remain at your disposal at any time by phone or email Airbnb to answer your questions.", "\n\nThe apartment is located in the traditional area \"Precotto\".", "\nIt is a lively neighborhood the day, but quiet at night. ", "It is a really safe place. ", "You can find park easily and for free if you come by car to Milan. ", "Beware though, as some streets are paying because of the proximity to the metro station.", "\nThe subway station \"Precotto\" - M1 (red line) lies precisely in less than a minute walk from the apartment on Avenue of Monza. ", "You will also find all the amenities you may need during your stay: bank, supermarket, tobacco, pharmacy, bakery, etc ...\nIn addition, an excellent pizzeria is available at the foot of the apartment for a pittance.", "\nTo reach the historic center, I board the subway. ", "You'll get 15-20 minutes away without changing line: station \"Duomo\".", "\nTo reach the historic center, I highly recommend taking public transportation. ", "Avoid absolutely hyper-center by car, you take the risk of hefty fines OF ... Access is highly regulated in order to limit traffic and pollution ... From the apartment by metro you will for 15-20 minutes away without changing line: stop station \"Duomo\".", "\nNo additional fees. ", "So no surprises :)\nAlso note that the deposit is not deducted from your bank account, unless I make the request to the Airbnb team after your stay, in case of damage.", "\n\nWe had a great stay in Milan at Aurelien's apartment. ", "It was comfortable, clean apartment in a quieter part of the city extremely close to the Metro straight into the city center and right by a supermarket. ", "Aurelien was great with communicating with us before our arrival. ", "I would recommend this place to anyone staying in Milan!", "\n\nErinSeptember 2016\n\nCosy. ", "2 min away from metro station and shop. ", "Very kind and helpful host.", "\n\nTeodoraNovember 2016\n\nThe apartment is located perfectly close to metro, supermarked and a delicious Italian ice cream shop. ", "It's a really clean and cozy place, and we would definitely recommend this place to others.", "\n\nDitteOctober 2016\n\nThe room was nice and clean. ", "It was 20m to a metro stop. ", "The security of the house is also very good. ", "There is a supermarket also next to the metro stop. ", "Communication with aurelien was quite clear. ", "He even came to pick us up at early morning hours. ", "Very nice host and good and clean appartment in a safe area. ", "I would recommend this to everyone.", "\n\nBUDHADITYAAugust 2016\n\nMy friends and I had a lovely stay here! ", "Very nice and clean apartment with an excellent location! ", "Next to metro stop with a supermarket and bakery also near by! ", "Would stay here again." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nout of memory when using cupy\n\nWhen I was using cupy to deal with some big array, the out of memory errer comes out, but when I check the nvidia-smi to see the memeory usage, it didn't reach the limit of my GPU memory, I am using nvidia geforce RTX 2060, and the GPU memory is 6 GB, here is my code:\nimport cupy as cp\n\nmempool = cp.get_default_memory_pool()\nprint(mempool.used_bytes()) # 0\nprint(mempool.total_bytes()) # 0\n\na = cp.random.randint(0, 256, (10980, 10980)).astype(cp.uint8)\na = a.ravel()\nprint(a.nbytes) # 120560400\nprint(mempool.used_bytes()) # 120560640\nprint(mempool.total_bytes()) # 602803712\n# when I finish create this array, the nvidia-smi shows like this\n#+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n | NVIDIA-SMI 430.86 Driver Version: 430.86 CUDA Version: 10.2 |\n |-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+\n | GPU Name TCC/WDDM | Bus-Id Disp.", "A | Volatile Uncorr. ", "ECC |\n | Fan Temp Perf Pwr:Usage/Cap| Memory-Usage | GPU-Util Compute M. |\n |===============================+======================+======================|\n | 0 GeForce RTX 2060 WDDM | 00000000:01:00.0 On | N/A |\n | N/A 46C P8 9W / N/A | 1280MiB / 6144MiB | 1% Default |\n +-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+\n\n# but then I run this command, and error cames out\ns_values, s_idx, s_counts = cp.unique(\n a, return_inverse=True, return_counts=True)\n# and the error shows\n# cupy.cuda.memory.", "OutOfMemoryError: out of memory to allocate 964483584 bytes (total 5545867264 bytes)\n# the nvidia-smi shows\n# +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n | NVIDIA-SMI 430.86 Driver Version: 430.86 CUDA Version: 10.2 |\n |-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+\n | GPU Name TCC/WDDM | Bus-Id Disp.", "A | Volatile Uncorr. ", "ECC |\n | Fan Temp Perf Pwr:Usage/Cap| Memory-Usage | GPU-Util Compute M. |\n |===============================+======================+======================|\n | 0 GeForce RTX 2060 WDDM | 00000000:01:00.0 On | N/A |\n | N/A 45C P8 9W / N/A | 5075MiB / 6144MiB | 3% Default |\n +-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+\n\nthere seems to have enough space to use, why this error happend, is this because of my GPU doesn't have enough memory,or is it because my code is wrong or I didn't allocate memory correcttly.", "\n\nA:\n\nIsn't 964,483,584 bigger than your mempool.total_bytes() of 602,803,712? ", " \nAs said in the comments, you can do it by batches instead of doing the whole computation at once.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Fans News\n\nMunster\n\nRugby\n\nRelive the action from Saturday night at Irish Independent Park and get the post-match thoughts of man of the match Keith Earls as Munster enjoyed a 22-10 win over Glasgow Warriors in Round 16 of the Guinness PRO12.", "\n\nThe newly developed Irish Independent Park, the home of Munster Rugby in Cork, was officially opened on Saturday night by Minister for Agriculture, Food, the Marine and Defence Simon Coveney T.D. The opening took place ahead of Munster's Guinness PRO12 win over Glasgow Warriors.", "\n\nCatching up with prop John Ryan on his season to date and Munster's Guinness PRO12 clash with Glasgow Warriors on Saturday, as the province look to right the wrongs of consecutive defeats to the Scotsmen.", "\n\nIt's a big night of action both on and off the pitch at Irish Independent Park as Munster take on top of the table Glasgow Warriors in Round 16 of the Guinness PRO12. ", "The official opening will also take place before kick-off. ", "Gates will open at 5.45pm with less than 2,000 tickets now remaining.", "\n\nDon't miss your chance to cheer on Munster in Cork next weekend at the newly redeveloped Irish Independent Park. ", "Less than 3,000 tickets remain as Munster get set to host the current Guinness PRO12 table toppers Glasgow Warriors in Round 16 of the competition.", "\n\nIt has been confirmed today that Simon Coveney TD Minister for Agriculture, Food, the Marine and Defence will perform the official opening of the newly developed Irish Independent Park in Cork on Saturday February 28th.", "\n\nFollowing the announcement of his retirement from rugby due to injury yesterday, fans, friends and players have taken to social media in their droves to show their appreciation and extend best wishes to the Killaloe-man who made 121 appearances for the province.", "\n\nFollowing Saturday's win over Cardiff Blues, Munster will look to maintain home winning ways when they welcome current table toppers Glasgow Warriors to Irish Independent Park for Round 16 of the Guinness PRO12 on February 28th.", "\n\nMunster and Dolphin centre Cian Bohane give us a walk-through of the brand new player and fan amenities at Irish Independent Park ahead of Munster's first game at the redeveloped stadium tomorrow night.", "\n\nMunster play Cardiff Blues in their first game at the new Irish Independent Park on Saturday night. ", "With gates opening at 4:45pm you can check out Ireland v France live on the big screen from 5pm, and take part in the Valentine's fun on our big screen 'Kiss Cam'.", "\n\nTake a look at our training shots from Irish Independent Park and get the thoughts of second-row Billy Holland as Munster prepare to face Cardiff Blues in Round 14 of the Guinness PRO12 on Saturday night." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nCalling Drupal URL from another server using php\n\nI am trying to call drupal 6 URL from my local system, that URL will generate a xml file.", "\nMy system does not have drupal intallation. ", "I tried file_get_content(\"www.abc.com\") but it does not write my xml file but when I try to run the url normally it runs and xml file gets generated.", "\nThanks in advance\n\nA:\n\nYou can use sockets or just file_get_contents, like\n$homepage = file_get_contents('http://www.example.com/');\necho $homepage; // $homepage contains server response without headers\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "\n524 P.2d 666 (1974)\nWallace E. MARTENS, Appellant,\nv.\nEdward H. METZGAR and Mary S. Metzgar, Appellees.", "\nNo. ", "1885.", "\nSupreme Court of Alaska.", "\nJuly 12, 1974.", "\n*667 Kenneth P. Jacobus, of Hughes, Thorsness, Lowe, Gantz & Clark, Anchorage, for appellant.", "\nJohn S. Hellenthal, Robert H. Reynolds, of Reynolds & Tobey, Anchorage, for appellees.", "\nBefore RABINOWITZ, C.J., and CONNOR and BOOCHEVER, JJ.", "\n\nOPINION\nRABINOWITZ, Chief Justice.", "\nThis appeal involves a dispute as to who should pay the costs of utility improvements which were constructed adjacent to 12 lots in the Geneva Woods subdivision in Anchorage.", "\nIn 1967, appellant Wallace Martens was the owner of a tract of land outside the city limits of Anchorage. ", "Martens subdivided this land into the Geneva Woods and Central City subdivisions, the former intended to be residential and the latter primarily commercial/industrial.", "\nMartens entered into an agreement with McQuaid's Realty whereby that realty company, or more specifically realtors Roger McQuaid and Howard Hall, would have the exclusive right to sell all properties within the two subdivisions, with Martens reserving to himself the right to also sell lots. ", "Martens testified at trial that part of this agreement was that the prices to be quoted for the land were to be \"unimproved\" prices, since improvements had not yet been installed in either subdivision and the cost of such improvements was uncertain.", "\nAppellee Edward Metzgar, who had been involved in prior real estate dealings with Howard Hall of McQuaid Realty, was informed of the availability of residential lots in the Geneva Woods subdivision by Howard Hall. ", "On June 21, 1967, Metzgar signed an Earnest Money Receipt prepared by Hall, offering to purchase 12 lots in the Geneva Woods subdivision for $91,500.[1] On June 28, Martens signed the agreement for the sale and purchase of the 12 lots.", "\nAt the time of the signing of the Earnest Money Receipt, the land in the Geneva Woods subdivision was in an unimproved condition. ", "No mention was made in the written agreement of any improvements to be installed. ", "Metzgar was permitted to testify at trial that Howard Hall had assured him at the time of the signing of the agreement that the land price included improvements that were to be installed at a later date by the subdivider. ", "Mary Metzgar, the wife of Edward, testified that the day after execution of the earnest money agreement Howard Hall had assured her that the land price included the improvements that had not yet been installed.", "\nOn July 24, 1967, Martens submitted a petition to the Anchorage City Council, requesting annexation of the Geneva Woods and Central City subdivisions by the city of Anchorage. ", "In this petition, Martens held himself forth as 100% owner of the land which was proposed to be annexed. ", "On July 25, the Anchorage City Council passed Ordinance 25-67, by the terms of which the Geneva Woods and Central City subdivisions were annexed into the city of Anchorage. ", "This ordinance provided that in the annexed area Martens would construct, by competitive bid contract, interior streets, sanitary and storm sewers, and water mains. ", "The city retained the right to approve all plans and contract prices, to inspect the actual construction, and to approve *668 the final total construction cost of the improvements.", "\nOrdinance 25-67 provided that the costs of the improvements were to be paid for in the following manner:\ncosts of providing the interior street improvements, the sanitary sewer mains and the water mains for the 1967 platted and approved Geneva Woods and Central City subdivisions within the annexed area to be constructed by Petitioner [Martens] in this ordinance shall be paid by special assessments levied on the properties within the annexed area specially benefitted in accordance with procedures for special assessments set forth in the Code of Ordinances.", "\nThe Petitioner in the annexation petition shall, within thirty (30) days after the effective date of this ordinance, execute the necessary petitions to create the special assessment districts required by this ordinance, but if no petition is submitted within said thirty (30) day period, the City's obligations to reimburse the Petitioner as provided in Section 3(b) of this ordinance shall become null and void and the costs and expenses of the improvements constructed or to be constructed shall be the sole responsibility of the Petitioner.", "\nSection 4 of Ordinance 25-67 provided that the ordinance was to be in full force and effect after its first reading, passage and approval.", "\nOn September 8, 1967, Metzgar signed a document entitled \"Agreement to Create Improvement and Assessment District and Special Power of Attorney.\" ", "In this document Metzgar appointed Martens as his attorney-in-fact:\nfor the special purpose of executing and signing petitions for the creation of special improvement districts and/or special assessment districts for Geneva Woods and Central City Subdivision, and agree that said districts may be created, so that water, sewer, street improvements, utilities, and other improvements may be constructed thereon in accordance with the ordinance of the City of Anchorage, No. ", "25-67.", "\nMetzgar was allowed to testify at trial that when he signed this document he believed it was simply an authorization for Martens to enter onto his property in order to install the improvements adjacent to his 12 lots.", "\nThere is no indication in the record that a petition was ever filed with the city by Martens for the creation of assessment districts pursuant to Ordinance 25-67.", "\nDuring the remainder of 1967 and through 1968 Martens proceeded to construct improvements in the two subdivisions. ", "On December 13, 1968, Martens made written demand upon Metzgar for a proportional share of the cost of the improvements constructed in Geneva Woods. ", "According to Martens' calculations, the cost of the streets, water mains and sewers prorated over the 12 lots owned by Metzgar came to $55,138. ", "Metzgar refused to pay for the improvements, arguing that the original purchase price of the land had included the costs of these subsequently-installed improvements.", "\nOn June 10, 1969, Martens entered into a subdivision agreement with the city of Anchorage. ", "In this agreement, Martens once again represented himself to be the possessor of an estate in fee simple in the Geneva Woods subdivision. ", "The agreement provided that \"[i]n lieu of the special assessment district procedures set forth in Ordinance Number 25-67\" for recovering improvement costs, Martens would \"assume and pay the city for the costs of said improvements.\"", "\nMartens testified that his purpose in signing this new agreement with the city was to bypass a 25% surcharge that the city imposed in its collection procedure involving assessment districts. ", "By directly collecting the costs of the improvements from the lot owners in Geneva Woods, Martens would bypass the city procedures and save the 25% surcharge. ", "On October 19, 1970, Metzgar sold his 12 lots in Geneva Woods for $225,000.", "\n*669 Martens subsequently filed a complaint against Metzgar seeking to recover $55,138, which sum allegedly represented Metzgar's purported liability to pay the costs of the utilities which were installed. ", "The case was tried before the superior court without jury.", "\nAt trial the deposition of Howard Hall, the realtor who had negotiated the sale to Metzgar of the 12 lots in Geneva Woods, was offered as evidence by Martens. ", "The trial judge excluded the Hall deposition following a determination that Martens' counsel had not sustained the burden of demonstrating that he had given Metzgar proper notice of the taking of the deposition.", "\nFollowing a lengthy and sometimes exasperating and confusing presentation of evidence, the trial court found that there was no express contract between Martens and Metzgar relating to the obligation to construct or pay for utility improvements in the subdivision. ", "The court further found that Metzgar reasonably believed at the time he entered into the written agreement for the purchase of the 12 lots that the purchase price of $91,500 included the cost of utility improvements.", "\nIn assessing the evidence presented, the superior court concluded that Martens had failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence the requisite elements for recovery of the costs of the utility improvements under either an express, an implied-in-fact, or and implied-in-law contract theory. ", "Accordingly, judgment was entered in favor of Metzgar, and this appeal followed.", "\nMartens attacks almost every aspect of the superior court's findings of fact and conclusions of law; nevertheless, the major challenges can be summarized as follows: (1) the superior court erred in admitting parol evidence with regard to an alleged oral agreement that was contemporaneous with Metzgar's signing of the land purchase agreement, (2) the trial court erred if it allowed reformation of the original purchase agreement based on the reasonable mistake of Metzgar, (3) the trial court erred in denying Martens' recovery of $55,138 under either an implied-in-fact or implied-in-law contract theory, and (4) if parol evidence was properly admitted with regard to the original purchase agreement or if the reasonable mistake of Metzgar as to the original agreement is relevant to the superior court's final holding, then that court committed prejudicial error in the exclusion of Howard Hall's deposition.", "\nSince Martens challenges a number of the findings of fact, it is appropriate at this point to set forth this court's standard of appellate review of trial court findings of fact. ", "Civil Rule 52(a) provides in part:\nFindings of fact shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge of the credibility of the witnesses.", "\nSee, e.g., State v. Stanley, 506 P.2d 1284, 1288 (Alaska 1973); Graham v. Rockman, 504 P.2d 1351, 1353 (Alaska 1972).", "\nMartens' initial claim is that the trial court erred in admitting parol evidence which attempted to add to the terms of the written land purchase agreement signed by Martens and Metzgar.[2]\nMetzgar signed an Earnest Money Receipt for the purchase of 12 lots on June 21, 1967. ", "Howard Hall was the real estate broker who was present and who supplied the receipt. ", "On June 28, 1967, Martens signed the Earnest Money Receipt, thus effecting a purchase and sale agreement. ", "This written agreement made no mention of any improvements to be installed adjacent to the 12 lots or whether such improvements *670 were included in the purchase price. ", "The superior court in a finding of fact which is unchallenged here found that \"[o]n June 28, 1956, no water, streets, or other utility connections existed on or adjacent to the lots purchased by defendants [the] Metzgars.\" ", "The trial court further found that the written agreement involved the purchase of land in its \"then existing condition,\" making no mention of responsibility for either the construction of or the payment for improvements.", "\nAt trial Edward Metzgar was permitted to testify that at the time he signed the Earnest Money Receipt on June 21, Howard Hall assured him that Martens would construct improvements in all of the Geneva Woods subdivision at his own expense.[3] Metzgar contends that parol evidence is admissible when it is apparent that the writing does not integrate all the terms of the original agreement. ", "In this regard, Metzgar argues that in the present case the original purchase agreement was, in fact, part written and part oral.", "\nOn the other hand, Martens urges this court to hold that Metzgar's testimony on the oral assurances allegedly given him by Howard Hall at the time of the signing of the written agreement should have been excluded. ", "Martens contends that Metzgar's testimony is an attempt to vary the terms of the written purchase agreement, and, as such, should have been excluded by the trial court under the parol evidence rule. ", "An oral agreement relating to the construction of or the payment for improvements adjacent to land is not, argues Martens, \"collateral\" to a written purchase agreement. ", "In support of this contention, Martens places primary reliance upon Shelton v. Fowler, 69 Wash.2d 85, 417 P.2d 350 (1966). ", "In Shelton, the court held that the parol evidence rule prohibited purchasers of property from enforcing an alleged oral promise by the seller to improve certain roads in the land development area. ", "The alleged oral agreement was not mentioned in the documents of purchase and sale. ", "While the factual situation in Shelton, at first glance, seems very close to that in the case at bar, the Washington court noted repeatedly that:\n... the written instruments of sale which were received in evidence as exhibits all contain very specifically detailed promises by both the purchasers and the sellers which were the consideration for the sale. ", "The instruments even contain such provisions as a description of the nature of the water supply and the promise of the seller to reserve an interest in the private community water supply system for the purchasers. ", "The considerations recited in these instruments are very specific and contractual in character. (", "417 P.2d at 355.)", "\nThe Shelton court placed a great deal of emphasis on the specificity of the purchase and sale agreements before excluding parol evidence as to the alleged oral promise to improve the roads. ", "The specificity of the agreement in Shelton contrasts sharply with the brevity of the Earnest Money Receipt utilized in the case at bar.[4]\nWe cannot agree with Martens that Shelton is dispositive of the parol evidence issue raised in the present case. ", "However, it is, in our view, unnecessary to decide whether the superior court erred in admitting this parol evidence, for any error committed is harmless error.[5]\n*671 The superior court's Finding of Fact Number 26 states:\nThere was no express contract between plaintiff and defendants relating to the obligation to construct or pay for the utility improvements in question. ", "The lack of any express contract is admitted by plaintiff.", "\nIn finding that there was no express agreement[6] between the parties as to improvements in the subdivision, the trial court was apparently either unpersuaded by the testimony of Metzgar as to what transpired in his dealings with Howard Hall[7] or concluded that in the present case consideration of such parol evidence was improper. ", "In either case, by finding that there was no oral or written agreement between the parties as to the improvements in Geneva Woods, the trial court has in effect adopted the interpretation of the original agreement urged by Martens.[8] The findings and conclusions of the trial court clearly do not vary the terms of the purchase as stated in the earnest money agreement, and any error by the court in the admission of parol evidence is thereby rendered harmless.[9]\nMartens' second allegation of error can be disposed of summarily. ", "Martens argues that the trial court's finding of fact that Metzgar reasonably believed that the original purchase price of $91,500 included the cost of improvements cannot support a reformation of the written purchase agreement and is, in fact, irrelevant to the reformation issue.[10]\nAs the previous discussion makes clear, our interpretation of the trial court's findings of fact and conclusions of law convinces us that it did not regard the express agreement (i.e., the earnest money agreement) as having been \"reformed\" at all. ", "Finding of Fact No. ", "26 clearly states that the parties had no express agreement with regard to improvements in Geneva Woods. ", "The trial court, while finding that Metzgar reasonably believed that the $91,500 purchase price included improvements, abstained from holding that the written agreement was reformed on the basis of Metzgar's reasonable mistake. ", "Thus, this alleged error by the trial court is nonexistent.", "\nMartens' principal specification of error in the case at bar is that the trial court incorrectly *672 concluded that he was not entitled to recover for the cost of the improvements adjacent to Metzgar's lots under either an implied-in-fact or implied-in-law contract theory. ", "Inasmuch as Martens argues that he is entitled to recover under either theory, it will be helpful at this point to distinguish the two approaches. ", "In Hill v. Waxberg, 237 F.2d 936, 939, 16 Alaska 477 (9th Cir. ", "156), the court stated:\nAn `implied in fact' [contract] is essentially based on the intentions of the parties. ", "It arises where the court finds from the surrounding facts and circumstances that the parties intended to make a contract but failed to articulate their promises and the court merely implies what it feels the parties really intended... .", "\nAn `implied in law' contract, on the other hand, is a fiction of the law which is based on the maxim that one who is unjustly enriched at the expense of another is required to make restitution to the other.", "\nMartens argues that the facts and circumstances of this case clearly establish an implied-in-fact contract between the parties, an agreement whereby Martens would construct the improvements in Geneva Woods and Metzgar would pay a prorated share of the construction cost. ", "As described in Hill, a contract implied-in-fact differs from an express contract largely in the character of the evidence by which it is established. ", "Instead of focusing upon a particular oral or written agreement, a court determines the existence and terms of an implied-in-fact contract by a consideration of the intent of the parties, which intent is determined by analysis of the relevant facts and circumstances. ", "Like an express contract, however, an implied-in-fact contract exists only where there is mutual assent between the parties.[11]\nMartens draws attention to the following facts to support his contention that an implied-in-fact contract existed between himself and Metzgar with regard to payment for a prorated share of the cost of the Geneva Woods' improvements. ", "The earnest money agreement wherein Martens and Metzgar agreed to the sale of 12 lots for $91,500 made no mention of improvements. ", "The escrow instructions signed by Metzgar on August 2, 1967, provided that Metzgar would be liable for all assessments levied on the 12 lots. ", "On September 8, 1967, Metzgar signed a document authorizing Martens to be his attorney in fact for the purpose of petitioning the city for the creation of assessment districts and the construction of improvements. ", "Martens thereafter proceeded to construct the improvements in Geneva Woods, and there was no protest from Metzgar until payment for a prorated share of the construction cost was demanded.", "\nIn arguing that the circumstances in this case indicate the existence of an implied-in-fact contract for the payment of the cost of the improvements, Martens places primary reliance on the \"Special Power of Attorney\" document signed by Metzgar on September 8. ", "This document was circulated ostensibly for the purpose of permitting Martens to petition the city of Anchorage for the creation of assessment districts in accordance with Ordinance 25-67.", "\nThe trial court's Finding of Fact Number 13 reads:\nOrdinance No. ", "25-67 further provided that [Martens], within 30 days after the effective date of the ordinance (adopted July 25, 1967), would execute the necessary petitions to create the special assessments created by the ordinance, but that if no petitions were submitted within the thirty day period, [Martens] would have the sole responsibility for the costs and expenses for the improvements to be constructed under Section 3(b) of the ordinance.", "\nThis finding by the trial court is derived directly from the language found in Ordinance 25-67. ", "Because of an emergency provision in the ordinance, it went into effect immediately upon its passage on July *673 25. ", "When Metzgar signed the power of attorney document on September 8, the 30-day period prescribed in the ordinance for the filing of a petition had already expired. ", "Thus, when Metzgar executed the power of attorney, it was no longer possible for Martens to file a petition for the creation of assessment districts pursuant to Ordinance 25-67. ", "Therefore, the document was inoperative by its own terms, and under the provisions of Ordinance 25-67 Martens himself was obligated to both construct and pay for utility improvements in the Geneva Woods subdivision. ", "This obligation apparently even included the installation of improvements adjacent to the 12 lots owned by Metzgar.[12]\nThere is the additional consideration that the power of attorney gave Martens the authority only to petition for the establishment of assessment districts by the city so that the improvements could be constructed. ", "The trial court in Finding of Fact No. ", "18 states that Martens never executed any petition for the creation of assessment districts, and the record before us is devoid of any evidence that such a petition was filed with the city.", "\nMartens argues that the failure on his part to submit a timely petition to the city and the consequent non-establishment of assessment districts is unimportant, and that by signing the power of attorney Metzgar acknowledged a general liability to pay for a prorated share of the cost of the improvements in Geneva Woods. ", "Martens further contends that any variation between a city assessment procedure and a private collection of construction costs is negligible. ", "We disagree.", "\nIn the first place, the power of attorney is quite specific in limiting the authority granted therein to the sole purpose of petitioning the city for the creation of assessment districts pursuant to Ordinance 25-67. ", "Secondly, study of the record has convinced us that the trial court's finding of fact that there were substantial variations between the city assessment procedure and the one utilized by Martens is not clearly erroneous. ", "One example of substantial variation in procedure is the lack of any provision for public hearings in Martens' system for collection of construction costs on either the necessity for the local improvements or on the inclusion of particular persons on the special assessment roll.[13]\nIn light of the above discussion, we do not believe that the special power of attorney can be interpreted as indicating any agreement between Martens and Metzgar regarding either the construction of or payment for improvements in Geneva Woods.", "\nIn further support of his contention that the record shows an implied-in-fact contract, Martens points to the escrow instructions signed by Metzgar on August 2, 1967. ", "This document, addressed to the Alaska Title Guaranty Company, provided that the Metzgars were liable for \"all assessments levied\" against the 12 lots in Geneva Woods. ", "While this provision contained *674 in the escrow instructions might well indicate an acknowledgment of liability by Metzgar for special assessments levied by the city or state, we think it would be a mischaracterization to portray the provision as indicating an acknowledgment of liability for a demand made by Martens for a benefit he conferred upon Metzgar.", "\nOur review of the record leads us to concur in the trial court's conclusion that the \"facts and circumstances ... fail to show a mutual intention that [Martens] was to install the utility improvements and that [the Metzgars] were to compensate [Martens] therefore.\" ", "Consequently, we agree with the trial court that Martens has failed to establish the requisite elements to recover under an implied-in-fact contract theory.", "\nMartens argues that even if he is not entitled to recover under an implied-in-fact contract theory, he should have been allowed recovery under a quasi-contract theory.", "\nThe doctrine of quasi-contract is not founded on mutual assent, but rather is based on the principle that one individual should not be unjustly enriched at the expense of another.[14] The essential elements of a quasi-contract are:\nbenefit conferred upon the defendant by the plaintiff, appreciation by the defendant of the benefit and acceptance and retention by the defendant of such benefit under circumstances such that it would be inequitable to retain the benefit without payment of the value thereof.[15]\nMartens contends that it would be inequitable to allow Metzgar to reap the benefit of the utility improvements in Geneva Woods without making him pay a prorated share of the cost of these improvements. ", "Metzgar's lots were substantially improved by the construction of these utilities, and Martens argues the benefits were accepted by Metzgar without objection.", "\nBoth parties concede that the utility improvements installed adjacent to Metzgar's property conferred a benefit on that property, and that this benefit was appreciated by Metzgar. ", "The primary issue remaining for decision is whether Metzgar accepted and retained the benefit of these improvements under such circumstances that it would be inequitable for him to do so without payment of the value thereof to Martens.", "\nAs was previously mentioned, the trial judge found that Metzgar reasonably believed, at the time he entered into the earnest money agreement for the purchase of the 12 lots in the Geneva Woods subdivision, that the purchase price included the cost of utility improvements. ", "This finding was based on Metzgar's testimony that at the time he executed the Earnest Money Receipt Howard Hall assured him that Martens would construct improvements in all of the Geneva Woods subdivision at his own expense.[16] Our study of the record convinces us that this finding of the superior court relating to Metzgar's belief played a crucial role in its determination that it would not be inequitable to allow Metzgar to retain the benefits of the improvements in question without paying a prorated share of their costs.[17] Given the central role accorded to Metzgar's belief that the price he paid for the lots included the costs of all utility improvements, we now turn to Martens' claim that the trial court erroneously excluded Howard Hall's deposition.", "\n*675 We alluded earlier in the opinion to the fact that Hall was a realtor connected with McQuaid Realty, which was given the exclusive right by Martens to sell property within the Geneva Woods Subdivision. ", "In his deposition, Hall testified that he told Metzgar that \"The sale price was with the Lots without assessments.", "\"[18] This is the only evidence offered by Martens at the trial which contradicts the testimony of the Metzgars as to what they were told concerning inclusion of the costs of improvements in the price of the lots. ", "Thus, any error committed by the superior court in excluding the deposition cannot, in the context of the circumstances surrounding the quasi-contract issue in the case at bar, be characterized as harmless error.", "\nAt trial, counsel for Metzgar objected to Martens' use of the Hall deposition on the grounds that he had not received notice in accordance with our Rules of Civil Procedure.[19] After reviewing the written, as well as the oral testimony going to this question, the superior court ruled that Martens was not entitled to use Hall's deposition. ", "We have concluded that this ruling was erroneous in light of the circumstances appearing in this record.", "\nIn order to determine if the superior court correctly precluded Martens' attempt to use the Hall deposition, it is necessary to resolve the question as to whether Martens served notice of the taking of Hall's deposition, in accordance with Civil Rule 5(b). ", "In its pertinent parts, this rule of procedure provides:\nWhenever under these rules service is required or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an attorney the service shall be made upon the attorney unless service upon the party himself is ordered by the court. ", "Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to him... . ", "Delivery of a copy within this rule means: handing it to the attorney or to the party; or leaving it at his office with his clerk or other person in charge thereof; or, if there is no one in charge, leaving it in a conspicuous place therein... .[20]\nIn regard to whether Martens served the notice of the taking of Hall's deposition in conformity with Rule 5(b), the record shows the following: Cathy Gann, a secretary in the employ of Martens' attorney, filed an affidavit, prior to trial, that \"she personally served a copy of the Notice of Taking Deposition on the office of Richard B. Collins, Esq... . ", "attorney for [Metzgars]... .\" ", "Martens also filed the affidavit of Irving Bertram, an attorney who assisted in representing Martens prior to trial. ", "In his affidavit, Mr. Bertram states that he met with Collins and informed him that \"Mr. Hall would be out of town during the scheduled trial and that we therefore desired to take his deposition... . ", "We agreed that the deposition would take place on Tuesday evening, December 14, 1971, at the hour of 7 PM.\" ", "Bertram also asserted that he told Collins \"that the deposition would take *676 place unless I notified him otherwise since I had already conferred with Mr. Hall and he had indicated his availability for that day.", "\"[21]\nBertram's affidavit was contradicted by Richard Collins' affidavit. ", "According to Collins, \"It was suggested by Irving Bertram that ... [Hall's deposition] could possibly be set up on Tuesday, December 14, 1971, but he would have to check with Howard Hall to make certain. ", "I stated `Let me know when you set it up.' ", "I received no further communication from Irving Bertram or any other members of the firm of Hughes, Thorsness, Lowe, Gantz & Clark.", "\"[22] Collins' secretary also testified at trial. ", "Her testimony was to the effect that she was present in the office throughout the December 10th work day, except for the noon hour, and that she was not served with any notice regarding the case at bar, nor did she see Cathy Gann that day.", "\nIn light of essentially the foregoing, the trial court concluded that there was an \"unreconcilable conflict\" in the testimony of the two secretaries.[23] Taking the view that the burden of establishing the right to use a deposition at trial rests upon the party seeking to use the deposition, the trial court decided that Martens was not entitled to use Hall's deposition, since the evidence going to the issue of notice resulted in a \"stand off.\"", "\nWe believe that the trial court erroneously placed the burden of proof on Martens in the circumstances of this case. ", "It is clear from the text of Civil Rule 5 that the delivery requirement is satisfied by leaving the papers with the attorney's clerk or a person in charge of his office, or in the absence of such person, by placing the particular document in a conspicuous place in the office.[24] Professors Wright and Miller conclude that \"Service is complete when the papers have been delivered to the attorney or party in the manner described in Rule 5 (b) or when they are mailed.", "\"[25] Since service is complete upon mailing, nonreceipt or nonacceptance of the papers does not affect its validity.[26] Our own case law is in accord with the views expressed by Wright and Miller.", "\nJefferson v. Spenard Builders' Supply, Inc., 366 P.2d 714, 717 (Alaska 1961), involved the propriety of the entry of a default *677 judgment. ", "There the trial court struck Jefferson's answer and entered a default based upon an affidavit of opposing counsel that Jefferson had failed to timely serve his answer. ", "In passing on the issue, we said:\nWe also hold that the action of the court in striking Jefferson's answer and entering his default cannot be sustained. ", "The judge gave no reasons for his action, and we can only assume that it was based on the affidavit of Spenard's counsel that there had been no timely service upon him of Jefferson's answer to the complaint. ", "But Jefferson controverted that assertion by his statement under oath to the effect that he had mailed his answer to counsel on the last day that service could be made under Rule 12(a). ", "In this state of the record, the affidavit of Spenard's attorney that service was not made can mean no more than that the answer was not received by him... .", "\n... If mailing was timely, as Jefferson swears it was, there was no basis for entry of his default; for under Civil Rule 5(b) service by mail is complete upon mailing.[27]\nEvidence as to the proper mailing of a letter has been held to create a presumption the letter was received by the addressee.[28] In Rollins v. Leibold, 512 P.2d 937, 943-944 (Alaska 1973), this court was confronted with the question as to what effect should be given to a presumption in a jury trial. ", "In Rollins, we adopted the rule set forth in the proposed Federal Rules of Evidence that \"once the presumption is established the opposing party has the burden of proving that the nonexistence of the presumed fact is more probable than its existence.", "\"[29] We believe this rule merits adoption in cases tried to the court without a jury, as well as those tried by a jury.", "\nApplying Rollins to the case at bar, we have concluded that the superior court incorrectly placed the burden of proof of service on Martens in ruling on the admissibility of the Hall deposition. ", "In our view, Cathy Gann's affidavit created a rebuttable presumption that there had been compliance with Civil Rule 5(b).[30] Once this rebuttable presumption had been established, then under Rollins the burden should have been placed upon Metzgar of proving that the nonexistence of the presumed fact is more probable than its existence. ", "Metzgar did not meet this burden by merely producing evidence which the superior court evaluated as \"stand off\" testimony.", "\nWe therefore conclude that the case should be remanded for the limited purpose of taking Howard Hall's testimony, so far as the same is relevant to resolution of the quasi-contract issue.[31] If, after consideration *678 of Hall's testimony and any other new evidence deemed appropriate, it is concluded that it would be inequitable to permit the Metzgars to retain the benefit of the utility improvements without payment of a prorated share of their value, then the trial court is to determine the amount that the Metzgars should pay to Martens.[32]\nAffirmed in part, reversed in part.", "\nERWIN and FITZGERALD, JJ., ", "not participating.", "\nNOTES\n[1] The terms of the purchase offer were that $7500 was to be paid as a down payment with the balance ($84,000) to be paid as follows: \"$6000 or more per year plus interest at 7% per annum. ", "First payment due on or before one year from closing.\"", "\n[2] The parol evidence rule can be generally stated to require:\n\nin the absence of a showing of fraud, mistake or accident, the exclusion of parol or extrinsic evidence by which a party seeks to contradict, vary, add to or subtract from the terms of a valid written agreement or instrument, subject to the limitations hereinafter noted. (", "footnote omitted) 3 B. Jones, Evidence § 16:1, at 72 (6th ed. ", "1972).", "\nSee Braund, Inc. v. White, 486 P.2d 50, 56 (Alaska 1971).", "\n[3] Metzgar testified as follows:\n\nQ. All right. ", "I'll ask you, on the occasion of your signing that document if you had any discussion — whether or not you had any discussion with Howard Hall with respect to pavement, sewer and water?", "\nMETZGAR: Yes.", "\nQ. And what was that discussion in substance?", "\nMETZGAR: The discussion at that time was that in this very fine subdivision that the developer would pay — that they had arrived at the prices of these lots to include all improvements; sewer, water and pavement.", "\n[4] Judge Burke characterized the Earnest Money Receipt form employed in the case at bar as \"The single greatest source of litigation in the courts today.\"", "\n[5] Civ.", "R. 61 provides:\n\nNo error in either the admission or the exclusion of evidence and no error or defect in any ruling or order or in anything done or omitted by the court or by any of the parties is ground for granting a new trial or for setting aside a verdict or for vacating, modifying or otherwise disturbing a judgment or order, unless refusal to take such action appears to the court inconsistent with substantial justice. ", "The court at every stage of the proceeding must disregard any error or defect in the proceeding which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties.", "\n[6] An express agreement is one in which the parties arrive at their agreement by words, either oral or written. ", "See 1 A. Corbin, Contracts § 18 (1963); 1 S. Williston, Contracts § 3 (3d ed. ", "1957).", "\n[7] In addition to the statements quoted in footnote 3 supra, Metzgar had testified earlier in the trial as follows:\n\nI never in my entire life have ever discussed improvements with Howard Hall on the Geneva Woods property to this day until the time that my attorney and I went in and talked to Mr. Hall.", "\nMetzgar later testified that the above statement simply meant that he had never discussed the price of improvements with Hall.", "\n[8] Metzgar argues in his brief that although the trial court could have found that reformation of the original purchase agreement was in order, the court simply concluded that such a finding was unnecessary. ", "We cannot agree with Metzgar's interpretation of the holding of the lower court. ", "Finding of Fact No. ", "26 is quite explicit in declaring that there was no express contract between the parties concerning the obligation to construct and pay for the improvements.", "\n[9] We thus reserve for an appropriate future case resolution of the question of whether an earnest money agreement for the purchase of land demands exclusion of parol evidence of a contemporaneous oral agreement on utility improvements.", "\n[10] Martens supplements this argument with the alternative contention that if this court believes Metzgar's reasonable belief concerning the original purchase agreement to be relevant, then the propriety of the exclusion of Howard Hall's deposition by the trial court becomes a pertinent issue.", "\n[11] 1 A. Corbin, Contracts § 9 (1963); 1 S. Williston, Contracts § 3 (3d ed. ", "1957).", "\n[12] In exchange for annexation, Martens had promised to construct by competitive bid contract during the 1967 construction season interior streets, sewer and water mains, and storm sewers throughout the entire Geneva Woods and Central City subdivisions. ", "The ordinance further provided that if a petition for the creation of an assessment district was not timely filed, then \"the costs and expenses of the improvements constructed ... shall be the sole responsibility of [Martens].\"", "\n[13] AS 29.63.015 provides in part:\n\n(a) The assembly or counsel may prescribe by ordinance the complete special assessment procedure for local improvement, including and subject to the following:\n(1) the procedure for filing petitions;\n(2) a survey and report by the borough or city executive concerning the need for, desirable extent of, and estimated cost of each proposed local improvement;\n(3) a public hearing on the necessity for the local improvement;\n(4) a resolution of the assembly or council determining to proceed or not to proceed with the proposed local improvement;\n(5) a public hearing by the assembly or council on the special assessment roll for the local improvement; (emphasis added)\nSee also Anchorage City Ordinances 3.080.010-3.080.300.", "\n[14] See, e.g., Osborn v. Boeing Airplane Co., 309 F.2d 99 (9th Cir.1962); Hill v. Waxberg, 237 F.2d 936, 16 Alaska 477 (9th Cir.1956); Smith v. Stowell, 256 Iowa 165, 125 N.W.2d 795 (1964).", "\n[15] Home Sav Bank v. General Fin. ", "Corp., 10 Wis.2d 417, 103 N.W.2d 117, 121 (1960).", "\n[16] In note 7, supra, we alluded to Metzgar's seemingly inconsistent testimony. ", "Mary Metzgar also testified that she inquired of Hall as to \"who was going to pay for the water ... pavement and ... the sewer and he said that ... cost will not be your responsibility.\"", "\n[17] A person who has been unjustly enriched at the expense of another is required to make restitution to the other. ", "Restatement, Restitution § 1 (1937).", "\n[18] Hall also testified in his deposition that it was not unusual to sell lots with improvements included in the purchase price.", "\n[19] Civ.", "R. 30(b) provides in part that:\n\n(1) A party desiring to take the deposition of any person upon oral examination shall give reasonable notice in writing to every party to the action.", "\n[20] Former Civ.", "R. 26(d) (3) [b] provides:\n\nAt the trial or upon the hearing of a motion or an interlocutory proceeding, any part or all of a deposition, so far as admissible under the rules of evidence, may be used against any party who was present or represented at the taking of the deposition or who had due notice thereof, in accordance with any one of the following provisions:\n. . . . .", "\n(3) The deposition of a witness, whether or not a party, may be used by any party for any purpose if the court finds:\n. . . . .", "\n[b] that the witness is at a greater distance than 100 miles from the place of trial or hearing, or is out of the state, unless it appears that the absence of the witness was procured by the party offering the deposition;... .", "\nThere is no dispute that at the time of trial Hall was out of the State of Alaska.", "\n[21] Richard Gantz, trial counsel for Martens, testified at trial concerning his unsuccessful efforts to communicate with counsel for the Metzgars at both his office and home on the day scheduled for the taking of Hall's deposition.", "\n\nCathy Gann also testified at the trial that she left the notice either with Collins' secretary or \"on the desk at the far end of the office.\"", "\n[22] Collins also testified at trial. ", "In addition to reaffirming his affidavit, he added that a search has been made of his office but no copy of the notice of deposition had been located.", "\n[23] In the course of his ruling, the trial judge said:\n\nI see no real reason to believe, however, that either one of them, either on the bases of their demeanor or interest in the outcome of the case ... to believe that either one of those young ladies was being untruthful. ", "I'm afraid that it's going to be one of those mysteries which will never be solved.", "\n[24] In 4 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure — Civil § 1141, at 570 (1969), the authors state:\n\nRule 5 has two basic objectives. ", "First it seeks to insure a full exchange of written communications among the litigants so that each party has a copy of all papers affecting him; as a result, constant reference to the file in the clerk's office is rendered unnecessary. ", "Second it attempts to establish a system for the filing of papers with the clerk that will create an orderly court record. (", "footnote omitted)\nThe authors further observe that:\nThe theory underlying Rule 5(b) is that service of papers on the attorney rather than the party will expedite preparation of a case for prompt adjudication on the merits. § ", "1145, at 583.", "\n[25] Id. at § 1147, at 590.", "\n[26] Id. at 1148, at 590 (footnote omitted). ", "In support of the text, the authors cite in part Claybrook Drilling Co. v. Divanco, Inc., 336 F.2d 697 (10th Cir.1964); Rifkin v. U.S. Lines, 24 F.R.D. 122, 123 (D.C.N.Y. 1959); Bourne, Inc. v. Romero, 23 F.R.D. 292, 296 (D.C.La. ", "1959).", "\n[27] Jefferson v. Spenard Builders' Supply, Inc., 366 P.2d 714, 717 (Alaska 1961) (footnote omitted). ", "In Jefferson, we remanded to the trial court with directions to the court to find the facts as to the mailing of the answer. ", "Compare Hartsfield v. Carolina Casualty Insurance Co., 411 P.2d 396 (Alaska 1966).", "\n[28] See Morse v. Pacific Gas & Elec. ", "Co., 152 Cal. ", "App.2d 854, 314 P.2d 192, 196 (1957); 9 J. Wigmore, Evidence § 2519 (3d ed. ", "1940).", "\n[29] Rollins v. Leibold, 512 P.2d 937, 943-944 (Alaska 1973). ", "The proposed Federal Rule of Evidence adopted in Rollins reads as follows:\n\nRule 301. ", "Presumptions in General.", "\nIn all civil actions not otherwise provided for by Act of Congress or by these rules a presumption imposes on the party against whom it is directed the burden of proving that the nonexistence of the presumed fact is more probable than its existence. ", "Proposed Federal Rules of Evidence 301 (U.S. House of Representatives' tentative draft, H.R. 5463), 42 U.S.L.W. (Supplement, July 17, 1973).", "\n[30] In the factual context of this case, we deem it appropriate to analogize the service by mail cases to the service by delivery in question here.", "\n[31] No reasons appear in the record why, upon remand, Hall should not appear in person to testify.", "\n[32] It will be unnecessary to take any additional evidence regarding this question as this subject was gone into extensively at trial.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "WASHINGTON — Senator Elizabeth Warren plans to introduce a bill in coming weeks that would intensify the scrutiny of bank mergers, a signal less of legislative action to come than of her intentions for the finance industry if she is elected president.", "\n\nThe bill, a companion of which will be introduced Wednesday in the House by Representative Jesús “Chuy” García, Democrat of Illinois, will almost certainly go nowhere in the Republican-controlled Senate. ", "But its argument that the “review process for bank mergers is fundamentally broken” indicates that Ms. Warren, Democrat of Massachusetts, still has the financial industry in her sights.", "\n\nIt would demand more extensive testing for vulnerabilities when two banks want to merge, a bid to slow financial sector consolidation and lean against the formation of huge banks. ", "And it would require the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, which Ms. Warren helped create, to approve any merger in which one of the banks offers consumer financial products.", "\n\nThe proposal is the latest sign that if Ms. Warren wins the White House, her victory could usher in a new era for the rules that govern banking. ", "Financial regulators, including the Federal Reserve, have been relaxing requirements put in place after the 2008 financial crisis in recent years, often at the behest of Congress. ", "The changes have jibed with the Trump administration’s broader push for a lighter-touch government." ]

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[ "The 8 East Village Restaurant Game Changers\n\nIt’s 7pm and the hanger (hunger + anger) that you’ve pacified and quieted to an occasional rumble in your stomach has now completely overpowered your body and is beginning to rot your soul. ", "You’ve crossed the line of no return and you may actually have become a threat to society. ", "You are in the East Village.", "\n\nIdentify your current state of being and get yourself to of the lovely corresponding neighborhood establishments.", "\n\n***Let us clarify that we hold no liability for the safety of your comrades while en route\n\nWhy: I actually just went here for the first time recently and it was phenomenal – excellent food for very decent prices. ", "It has a southern/comfort food feel and somehow bacon is woven seamlessly into most dishes. ", "Also, expect a date friendly low-key vib with good service that is very hands off – no one likes a third wheel.", "\n\nWhy: Absolutely amazing Venezuelan food and best arepas in the city. ", "I have singlehandedly spent over a grand here in the past year and I have zero regrets.", "\n\n***Skip the line: the restaurant gets packed and always has a line so go next door to the take-out area, which you can sit at and get your food in 10 minutes.", "\n\n4. ", "Sunny and Annie’s\n\nThe “I literally just want a sandwich” Hanger\n\nWhere: B between 6th and 7th\n\nWhat: The Pho Real Sandwich, the Biden and the Bush\n\nWhy: One of the most underrated, hidden gems of the East Village. ", "It looks like your standard Bodega but it is so much more. ", "The deli there has some of the best sandwiches in Lower Manhattan. ", "And prices that don’t make you question the purpose of your life.", "\n\nWhy: This place made me gain 8-10 pounds this winter. ", "But those 10 pounds will be eternally better/more meaningful than any pound will gain when/if I eventually pop one out. ", "I call myself a Mexican food connoisseur and this is hands down the best Mexican I have ever had. ", "It’s definitely a hole in the wall but it is also worth every, single, last calorie.", "\n\nWhy: In my opinion (which I understand is actually aggressive and controversial), these are the best bagels in Manhattan. ", "I know, Liz be cray. ", "But they are fantastic. ", "Cash-only but completely worth the three-dollar fee and possible identity theft from any nearby questionable ATM.", "\n\n7. ", "Whitman’s\n\nThe “I’ve been casually drinking for 8 hours” Hanger\n\nWhere: 9th between 1st and A\n\nWhat: Juicy Lucy, Crack Kale, The East Villy Cheese Steak, the Fried Pickles (they used to have a Patty Melt…ask…it’s a game changer)\n\nWhy: Some of the best sober/drunk food [both quality and taste wise] you will ever have. ", "Scouts honor on this one – and you’re just going to have to trust me.", "\n\n8. ", "Barnyard Cheese Shop\n\nThe “My priorities revolve around how I can maximize my cheese intake” Hanger\n\nWhere: C between 9th and 10th\n\nWhat: the Whit, the Greatest American Hero, the Mexicano Cubano, the Many Grilled Cheeses, the Figgy Piggy, the one that has Gouda cheese. ", "I actually think everything on this menu is fantastic. ", "I also believe cheese should be 75% of the food pyramid.", "\n\nWhy: This place is magical – great sandwiches and fantastic cheese. ", "You will always get a great sandwich here – top quality products and really excellent combinations. #", "cheeseoncheeseoncheese\n\nHonorable mentions that are 100% worth checking out if for some reason, the above don’t work:\n\n– Northern Spy Co (12nd between A and B, a bit pricey, but fantastic brunch and very high quality farm-to-table style food)\n\n– Ippudo (10th and 4th, some of the best Ramen you will have in the city)\n\n– Westville (11th and A, excellent brunch and around the clock food…everything is good…literally everything)\n\n– Motorino (12th and 1st, some of the best pizza in the city, go for the Brussels sprouts pizza…again, trust me)\n\n– S’Mac (12th and 1st/2nd, some excellent mac and cheese, your go-to trump card for comfort food that you should keep in your back pocket)\n\nMy community service for the day is done – stopping hanger, one easy villager at a time." ]

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[ "Introduction {#sec1-1}\n============\n\nTobacco smoking is one of the largest and highly preventable public health threats worldwide. ", "It is considered as a modifiable risk factor for several respiratory, cardiovascular, and neoplastic diseases.\\[[@ref1]\\]\n\nAs per the WHO, smoking kills more than 8 million people each year. ", "More than 7 million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use, while around 1.2 million deaths are the result of exposure to second-hand smoking.\\[[@ref2]\\]\n\nIn the United Arab Emirates (UAE), it has been reported that 15.7% adult males and 2.4% adult females are current tobacco smokers, while on the other hand around 11.3% males and 5.0% females from the youth are current tobacco smokers\\' too.\\[[@ref3]\\]\n\nBeing aware of patients\\' knowledge, attitude, and practice toward smoking is crucial to establish good prevention and control measures in order to decrease the prevalence of smoking among the population.", "\n\nPrimary healthcare department has an enormous potential to play a key role in battling the smoking epidemic, as large numbers of patients attend the outpatient clinics daily.", "\n\nThe role of a family physician who is aware of his/her patients\\' level of knowledge, attitude, and using them in good rapport establishment cannot be dismissed. ", "This is the first step to detect smokers among the population and then to tailor the awareness at individual level.", "\n\nTo our knowledge, a study assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practice among general population attending primary healthcare clinics (PHCs) has not been published before in the UAE or other Gulf countries; we therefore decided to conduct this study, aiming to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding smoking behavior among patients attending PHCs in Dubai, UAE.", "\n\nSubjects and Methods {#sec1-2}\n====================\n\nTarget population and sample size {#sec2-1}\n---------------------------------\n\nThe total number of adult patients (18 years and above) attending PHCs in Dubai during the year 2016 was 509,375 patients. ", "A representative sample with a 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error was calculated via an online sample size calculator (Creative Research Systems survey software).\\[[@ref4]\\] The final sample size was 500 patients.", "\n\nInclusion and exclusion criteria {#sec2-2}\n--------------------------------\n\nAll adult patients (18 and above) attending PHCs were included regardless of their gender, nationality, occupational, or educational level.", "\n\nPatients lacking basic Arabic/English understanding to fill in the questionnaire by themselves were excluded from the study.", "\n\nMethods {#sec2-3}\n-------\n\nA cross-sectional descriptive study conducted on patients attending PHCs in Dubai. ", "Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire developed by the researchers using the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS).\\[[@ref5]\\]\n\nThe questionnaire was evaluated through a pilot study conducted on the same study population prior to the actual data collection to ensure easy understanding and better quality of the questionnaire.", "\n\nPHCs were divided into two categories based on their location either in Bar Dubai or Deira. ", "Four clinics were selected randomly from each category, total of eight clinics.", "\n\nRecruitment of patients was based on their availability in the clinic and their agreement to participate in the study.", "\n\nPatients were informed about the aim of the study, and then asked for their consent and signature to fill in the questionnaire anonymously. ", "Both, the questionnaire and the consent form were available in English and Arabic.", "\n\nThe total 500 completed surveys were achieved in the duration form November to December 2017. ", "The data was then analyzed using IBM SPSS software, version 24. ", "Chi-square test was used for further evaluation with significance level of *P* \\< 0.05.", "\n\nData Collection Instrument {#sec1-3}\n==========================\n\nThe questionnaire included the following five sections: sociodemographic data, smoking status, knowledge level, attitude level, and practice.", "\n\nIn knowledge level section, the participants were asked questions about the effects of smoking and second-hand smoking and were asked to respond with yes, no, or I don\\'t know. ", "A scoring system similar to one used in a previous study\\[[@ref6]\\] was applied in our study to assess the responses to knowledge questions, with scores of \\<50%, 50--74%, and ≥75% indicating poor, fair, and good knowledge level, respectively.", "\n\nIn attitude level section, the participants were given some statements that involve smoking or anti-smoking acts and were asked to respond with agree, disagree, or I don\\'t know. ", "The same previously mentioned scoring system was used again to assess the responses to attitude questions, with scores of \\<50%, 50--74%, and ≥75% indicating negative, neutral, and positive attitude level, respectively.", "\n\nIn the practice section, the questions were tailored according to the smoking status of the participant. ", "Some of the questions were designed in a multiple response scheme to help better address the general practice of the participant toward smoking.", "\n\nNever smokers\\' and ex-smokers\\' questions included reasons of not smoking/reasons to quit smoking, allowing smoking in their houses and advising people around them to quit smoking.", "\n\nSmokers were asked questions related to the smoking tool, frequency, age, and source of first attempt, planning of quitting, the benefit of smoking, and they were asked about whether they declare their smoking status to their health provider or not. ", "Furthermore, they were asked if they have got an advice to quit smoking from healthcare providers. ", "The last question was related to the smoker\\'s perspective regarding the best method to help them quit smoking.", "\n\nEthics statement {#sec2-4}\n----------------\n\nUniversity Student Research Committee approval for this study was obtained on 31/10/2017. (", "USREC10-34/UG/2017). ", "Dubai Scientific Research Ethics Committee approval for this study was obtained on 07/11/2017. (", "DSREC-SR-11/2017_02). ", "Signed informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to filling the questionnaire.", "\n\nResults {#sec1-4}\n=======\n\nA total of 500 patients with almost equal male to female ratio (237:263) participated in our study. ", "UAE nationals represented the majority of the participants (63.0%, *n* = 315). ", "Other sociodemographic details are shown in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"} below:\n\n###### \n\nSociodemographic characteristics of study participants\n\n Sociodemographic data Category *n* (%)\n ----------------------- ---------------- -------------\n Age 18-25 125 (25.0%)\n 26-33 158 (31.6%) \n 34-41 101 (20.2%) \n 42-49 56 (11.2%) \n More than 50 60 (12.0%) \n Marital Status Single 173 (34.6%)\n Married 299 (59.8%) \n Divorced 18 (3.6%) \n Widowed 10 (2.0%) \n Education Primary School 18 (3.6%)\n High School 141 (28.2%) \n Diploma 67 (13.4%) \n Bachelor 221 (44.2%) \n Master/Doctorate 50 (10.0%) \n Others 3 (0.6%) \n Occupation Student 73 (14.6%)\n Governmental Sector 184 (36.8%) \n Private Sector 116 (23.2%) \n Self-employed 25 (5.0%) \n Retired 25 (5.0%) \n Unemployed 55 (11.0%) \n Others 22 (4.4%) \n\nApproximately 66.4% of the participants were never smokers (*n* = 332), 23.6% were current smokers (*n* = 118), and 10.0% were ex-smokers (*n* = 50). ", "The majority of smokers (43.9%, *n* = 104) and ex-smokers (17.3%, *n* = 41) were males (*P* value = 0.000), with male to female ratio of 104:14 in smokers and 41:9 in ex-smokers.", "\n\nSmoking was found to be more prevalent among non-UAE nationals with a percentage of 31.9% compared to 18.7% among UAE nationals.", "\n\nAn association was shown between increased level of education and a decline in number of current smokers, decreasing from 22.2% with primary school degree up to 8.0% with Master/Doctorate degree (*P* value = 0.004).", "\n\nAn association was also shown between increased level of education and quitting smoking. ", "Out of the ex-smokers, 5.6%, 8.5%, 10.9%, and 16.0% were with primary school, high school, Bachelor and Master/Doctorate degree, respectively (*P* value = 0.004).", "\n\nKnowledge level {#sec2-5}\n---------------\n\nParticipants were divided into three groups according to their smoking status, and then the previously mentioned scoring system was applied to each group. [", "Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the distribution of participants\\' level of knowledge among the three groups (*P* value = 0.000).", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nThe responses regarding the relationship between smoking and cardiovascular/bronchopulmonary effects were generally good (90.8% and 93.6% answered yes, respectively). ", "On the other hand, poor response was noted when asking about the relationship between smoking and sexual effects (impotence, infertility) with around 40.4% answered that they don\\'t know and 8.8% denied the relationship. ", "This could be an area of improvement while raising awareness rather than stressing on certain complications of smoking and not looking at the big picture.", "\n\nAttitude level {#sec2-6}\n--------------\n\nParticipants were divided into three groups according to their smoking status, and then the previously mentioned scoring system was applied to each group. [", "Figure 2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the distribution of participants\\' attitude level among the three groups (*P* value = 0.000).", "\n\n{#F2}\n\nPractice {#sec2-7}\n--------\n\nAs practice questions were tailored according to the smoking status of the patients, their responses will be discussed accordingly.", "\n\nNever smokers and Ex-smokers {#sec2-8}\n----------------------------\n\nThe first question for never smokers was about reasons not to smoke and they were given the right to choose more than one reason from the options given. ", "Health-related reason ranked the top 87.9%, followed by disliking the smell at around 50.6%, and the third reason was self-discipline at around 29.2%. ", "Saving money, being unfashionable and others were chosen less frequently compared to the first three reasons mentioned.", "\n\nOn the other hand, the first question for ex-smokers was about reasons to quit and it was also a multiple response question. ", "Health-related reason/problems ranked the top 72.0%, followed by personal reasons at around 42.0%, and the third reason was family or partner advice at around 34.0%.", "\n\nIn summary, it was clear that health-related issue was the main concern behind avoiding smoking or quitting it.", "\n\nMoreover, in the second question, for both never smokers and ex-smokers they were asked about whether they allow the visitors to smoke inside their houses or not. ", "Around 82.7% (*n* = 316) answered that they don\\'t allow the visitors to smoke inside their houses.", "\n\nIn addition to that, the third question for both categories was about if they advise smokers around them to stop smoking, the majority responded by yes (82.0%, *n* = 313).", "\n\nCurrent smokers {#sec2-9}\n---------------\n\nThey were asked about the smoking tool (s) they use through a multiple response question. ", "Cigarettes were at the top of the list with approximately 82.2%, followed by water pipe/shisha and Medwakh in the second and third place (48.3%, 30.5%), respectively. ", "The electronic cigarette was at the bottom of the list at around 5.9% as shown in [Figure 3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} below.", "\n\n{#F3}\n\nWhen asked about the age of first time smoking, only 17.0% started after 20 years of age as shown in [Figure 4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\n{#F4}\n\nUpon questioning the current smokers about the source of their first attempt of smoking, friends were the source in almost 53.4% of the cases. ", "Followed by self and parents/family (31.4%, 13.6%), respectively.", "\n\nThey were also asked if they are planning to quit smoking in the upcoming 6 months. ", "Almost half of the current smokers (*n* = 59) replied with yes. ", "Furthermore, they were asked if they have ever tried to quit smoking in the past 12 months, and around 52.5% (*n* = 62) of them answered with no. ", "Of those who tried quitting before, 46.4% (*n* = 55) quit smoking only for days. ", "Further details are shown in the [Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"} below:\n\n###### \n\nThe participating current smokers who tried to quit and for how long they were able to.", "\n\n Duration Total number Percentage %\n ------------ -------------- --------------\n \\<24 h 7 12.5%\n Days 26 46.4%\n Weeks 11 19.6%\n Months 7 12.5%\n Years 3 5.5%\n Don't know 2 3.6%\n Total 56 100%\n\nIn a question regarding what they believe are the benefits of smoking (they were allowed to choose more than one choice), relieving stress was the major benefit 64.4%. ", "Next reason was \"smoking helps to increase concentration\" 28.8%, followed by \"protecting against some diseases\" in the third place at around 3.4%. ", "Nevertheless, almost 25.4% (*n* = 30) of the current smokers believed that smoking has no benefit.", "\n\nOnly 49.2% (*n* = 58) of the current smokers have always declared that they are smokers to their healthcare provider. ", "And around 61.0% (*n* = 72) of total current smokers have received an advice to quit smoking from their healthcare provider.", "\n\nThe responses to the question about the best method according to the current smokers to help them in quitting smoking were as follows: 43.2% think it is counseling by a doctor at smoking cessation clinic. ", "While 37.3% think it is the availability of nicotine replacement therapy and finally only 16.1% believe that awareness campaigns and lectures could help them in quitting smoking.", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec1-5}\n==========\n\nDue to the escalating level of tobacco smoking among the population worldwide, the topic itself has gained popularity among many researchers; therefore, many studies have been conducted in this field.", "\n\nIn our study, the percentage of female smokers was 5.3% which is comparatively low to the percentage of male smokers (43.9%) and this was the case with the study conducted at Najran University, Saudi Arabia\\[[@ref7]\\] as it showed a lower percentage of female smokers in their study (0.5%). ", "This kind of result was anticipated prior to the study as smoking habit among females in Gulf area is prohibited by religious and cultural beliefs, so two possibilities were considered; either the female is not smoking or not reporting her smoking status because of those beliefs. ", "However, the increase in female smoking rate (from 2.4% in WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic to 5.3% in our study) is alarming and represents an area where awareness could be harnessed.", "\n\nIn Najran University\\'s study, the prevalence of shisha smoking among smokers was 28.3%, in comparison to 48.3% in our study, which is double their percentage. ", "However, in another study conducted in Uganda,\\[[@ref8]\\] the percentage of smokers that smoke shisha was 36.4%. ", "In summary, the three studies revealed that a quite big number of smokers\\' smoke shisha, which can be attributed to cultural preferences or the public presumption that it is less harmful and less addictive.\\[[@ref9]\\]\n\nOur study showed that around 47.5% of current smokers did actually try to quit smoking; in contrast to Najran study which stated that almost 72.1% of the smokers tried quitting smoking. ", "This clarifies that a good number of smokers are willing to quit smoking; however, more motivation and effort will be needed from their side in addition to support of both healthcare facilities and the surrounding people.", "\n\nIn comparing the knowledge level between smokers and never-smokers; Dammam study\\[[@ref10]\\] did not yield any statistically significant difference between the two categories. ", "While on the other hand, our study showed a statistically significant difference between them.", "\n\nIn our study, the age of first time smoking was the highest between 18 and 19 years old, which was almost similar to a study conducted in Bahrain;\\[[@ref11]\\] in which the age of starting cigarette and waterpipe tobacco shisha was 16.2 ± 4.0 and 19.3 ± 6.7 years, respectively. ", "On the other hand, a study conducted on newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients, Malaysia,\\[[@ref12]\\] showed a much younger age group regarding starting smoking (14--15 years).", "\n\nAlmost 53% of the participants in our study indicated that their friends were the source of their first attempt of smoking, which is also the case in the study conducted in Myanmar\\[[@ref13]\\] among high school students. ", "Based on the previous data, more attention and efforts are required in dealing with the high prevalence tobacco use among the youth population since this age group are more influenced by their peers, therefore, awareness campaigns must be more targeted to this age category, for example, schools and universities.", "\n\nPeople should be aware of the dangerous side effects of second-hand smoking as well and know about the effects on the never-smokers health. ", "Health promotion is not only for the smokers, it should target the never smokers as well. ", "The study \"Tobacco smoking in Mongolia: findings of a national knowledge, attitudes and practices study\"\\[[@ref14]\\] in 2014 showed that approximately 15.5% of participants did not object people smoking in their house, which was almost the same in our study (17.2%).", "\n\nStrengths/Limitations of the study {#sec1-6}\n==================================\n\nAs any other study, our study has several strengths and limitations. ", "The strengths of our study lie in that it is the first one to be done on patients attending PHCs in the UAE and Gulf area. ", "A big sample size was selected with inclusion of a wide range of age groups, education, occupation, and nationality. ", "In addition to that, we had almost equal male to female ratio in our study.", "\n\nThe limitations of this study were that the study was conducted on patients attending PHCs in Dubai only, which do not represent the whole UAE population. ", "The questionnaire was available only in either in English or Arabic, which limited our access to patients who do not speak either of these languages. ", "There is an age group limitation, as only adult participants (18 years old) were included in the study. ", "In addition to that, the KAP survey may underestimate the true prevalence of smoking in PHCs through self-report bias.", "\n\nConclusion {#sec1-7}\n==========\n\nIn conclusion, our study demonstrates that knowledge affects attitude and practice as the majority of never and ex-smokers had good knowledge level and positive attitude toward anti-smoking statements, while poor knowledge level and negative attitude were found more among current smokers.", "\n\nRecommendations {#sec1-8}\n===============\n\nAs the knowledge level was poor among smokers, more awareness against smoking is needed while targeting this group using their preferred methods to help them quit smoking.", "As most smokers choose counseling by a physician in a smoking cessation clinic as their preferred method to help them quit, the clinics should be more available and accessible to all people in the community.", "Since most smokers started at a relatively young age and been influenced by their peers, awareness against smoking should be started as early as school years.", "\n\nDeclaration of patient consent {#sec2-10}\n------------------------------\n\nThe authors certify that they have obtained a signed informed consent from all participants prior to filling the questionnaire. ", "The questionnaire was self filled by participants with maintenance of anonymity (no names or initials were required).", "\n\nFinancial support and sponsorship {#sec2-11}\n---------------------------------\n\nMedical Education Department, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. ", "At the time of conducting the study, all authors were final year medical students at Dubai Medical College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.", "\n\nConflicts of interest {#sec2-12}\n---------------------\n\nThere are no conflicts of interest.", "\n\nOur study was done under precious supervision of Dr. Afzalhussein Yusufali (Professor and Consultant cardiologist). ", "Also, special thanks go to Dr. Nehad Hassan Mahdy (Consultant public health- PHC) for her support during data analysis and to Dr Samia Farghaly (Professor of community medicine and Head of PHC academic department in Dubai Medical College) for her valuable support throughout the study.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Novel mutations in the GJC2 gene associated with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease.", "\nInherited white matter disorders of the central nervous system frequently are degenerative and progressive clinical entities. ", "They are classified into myelin disorders, including hypomyelination, dysmyelination, demyelination, and myelin vacuolization, but also astrocytopathies, leuko-axonopathies, microgliopathies, and leuko-vasculopathies. ", "Hypomyelinating leukodystrophy is the main feature of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease (PMLD1). ", "PMD- and PMLD1-affected patients display comparable neurological symptoms, including psychomotor developmental delay, spasticity, nystagmus, impairment of cognitive skills, sensorineural hearing loss, and different ophthalmological disabilities. ", "While clinical features overlap, PMD and PMLD1 can be distinguished on the molecular genetic level. ", "PMD is caused by mutations in the gene encoding for the proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1), whereas PMLD1 is associated with mutations in the gene encoding for the gap junction protein gamma 2 (GJC2). ", "Here we present novel compound-heterozygous mutations in the GJC2 gene identified in two, unrelated infantile patients affected with PMLD1. ", "The heterozygous frameshift mutations c.392dupC, p.H132Afs*6 and c.989delC, p.P330Rfs*141 were found in the first patient. ", "The heterozygous nonsense variant c.291C>G, p.Y97*, as well as the heterozygous missense variant c.716T>C, p.V239A were detected in the second patient. ", "All four variants were predicted to be damaging for structure and/or function of the GJC2 protein. ", "Combinations of these genetic variants likely are pathogenic and resulted in the PMLD1-phenotype in the investigated children. ", "In conclusion, our clinical and molecular findings confirmed the genotype-phenotype relationship between mutations in the GJC2 and PMLD1. ", "The novel mutations of GJC2 described herein will help to further understand the pathogenic mechanism underlying PMLD1." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "class @WalletReceiveEnforceAlertDialogViewController extends ledger.common.", "DialogViewController\n\n positiveLocalizableKey: 'common.yes'\n positiveText: null\n negativeLocalizableKey: 'common.no'\n negativeText: null\n cancelLocalizableKey: 'common.cancel'\n titleLocalizableKey: 'common.confirmation'\n messageLocalizableKey: null\n message: null\n showsCancelButton: no\n restrainsDialogWidth: yes\n dismissAfterClick: yes\n\n constructor: ({message, positiveText, negativeText} = {}) ->\n super\n @setMessageLocalizableKey(message) if message?", "\n @positiveLocalizableKey = positiveText if positiveText?", "\n @negativeLocalizableKey = negativeText if negativeText?", "\n\n clickPositive: ->\n @emit 'click:positive'\n do @dismiss if @dismissAfterClick\n\n clickNegative: ->\n @emit 'click:negative'\n do @dismiss if @dismissAfterClick\n\n clickCancel: ->\n @emit 'click:cancel'\n do @dismiss if @dismissAfterClick\n\n setMessageLocalizableKey: (key) ->\n @messageLocalizableKey = key\n " ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Exeter Cathedral Roman Baths get funding setback Published duration 19 May 2015\n\nimage copyright Exeter Cathedral image caption The Roman Baths were discovered in 1971 after excavating a Saxon burial ground\n\nPlans to excavate Roman Baths at Exeter Cathedral are in doubt after a Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) plea was rejected.", "\n\nThe £8.7m bid would have seen the \"internationally significant\" Roman Baths, hidden for almost 2,000 years, restored and opened to the public.", "\n\nCathedral Dean, The Very Reverend Jonathan Draper, said he was \"very disappointed\" and concerned for the future of the Cathedral.", "\n\nHe said he would now examine alternative funding options.", "\n\nThe site was discovered in 1971 but due to a lack of funds was reburied under the cathedral green to protect it.", "\n\nimage copyright Exeter Cathedral image caption In the 1970s the site was covered in sand and grass to prevent the remains degrading\n\nMr Draper said: \"HLF told us they believe a project to uncover the Roman Baths has the potential to become a major attraction but that more work may need to be done to safeguard the future of the Cathedral itself first.", "\n\n\"It is very clear to us that doing nothing is not an option; just keeping the Cathedral open costs £4,000 a day and we get very little government or publicly funded support.\"", "\n\nHe said other ways to increase visitors to the Cathedral were being looked at." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "/*\n * linux/drivers/devfreq/governor_powersave.c\n *\n * Copyright (C) 2011 Samsung Electronics\n *\tMyungJoo Ham <myungjoo.ham@samsung.com>\n *\n * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify\n * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as\n * published by the Free Software Foundation.", "\n */\n\n#include <linux/devfreq.h>\n#include <linux/module.h>\n#include \"governor.h\"\n\nstatic int devfreq_powersave_func(struct devfreq *df,\n\t\t\t\t unsigned long *freq)\n{\n\t/*\n\t * target callback should be able to get ceiling value as\n\t * said in devfreq.h\n\t */\n\t*freq = df->min_freq;\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int devfreq_powersave_handler(struct devfreq *devfreq,\n\t\t\t\tunsigned int event, void *data)\n{\n\tint ret = 0;\n\n\tif (event == DEVFREQ_GOV_START || event == DEVFREQ_GOV_RESUME) {\n\t\tmutex_lock(&devfreq->lock);\n\t\tret = update_devfreq(devfreq);\n\t\tmutex_unlock(&devfreq->lock);\n\t}\n\n\treturn ret;\n}\n\nstatic struct devfreq_governor devfreq_powersave = {\n\t.name = \"powersave\",\n\t.get_target_freq = devfreq_powersave_func,\n\t.event_handler = devfreq_powersave_handler,\n};\n\nstatic int __init devfreq_powersave_init(void)\n{\n\treturn devfreq_add_governor(&devfreq_powersave);\n}\nsubsys_initcall(devfreq_powersave_init);\n\nstatic void __exit devfreq_powersave_exit(void)\n{\n\tint ret;\n\n\tret = devfreq_remove_governor(&devfreq_powersave);\n\tif (ret)\n\t\tpr_err(\"%s: failed remove governor %d\\n\", __func__, ret);\n\n\treturn;\n}\nmodule_exit(devfreq_powersave_exit);\nMODULE_LICENSE(\"GPL\");\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Cultural Matter: Klaas Kuitenbrouwer on Olia Lialina (Pt. ", "ll)\n\nlima\n\n20/12/2017\n\nCalendar item\n\nKlaas Kuitenbrouwer (Het Nieuwe Instituut), will take the work of Olia Lialina as a starting point for a talk and screening programme. ", "The influence of technological developments on our culture as well as society will be his main focus. ", "What does the internet mean to the arts and visa versa? ", "Is the internet ephemeral, or is it matter, actual material you can work with?", "\n\nOn the speaker\nKuitenbrouwer is an expert in the field of interactive media. ", "He teaches, writes and lectures on various crossroads of culture and technology. ", "He studied contemporary history, became an artist for a while and plays improvised music and develops sonic games in OORBEEK – a collective of artists, musicians and theorists.", "\n\nSince 2009, Kuitenbrouwer works at Virtual Platform (now Het Nieuwe Instituut) where he develops crossover programs to share knowledge and practice on different aspects of electronic culture.", "\n\nOn the artist\nOlia Lialina is part of the net.art movement. ", "Her work is canonical in the field of internet art, and of lasting influence. ", "Today Olia Lialina describes herself as a web artist and animated GIF model. ", "She also writes on digital folklore and user culture. ", "Lialina is a professor for New Media at Merz Akademie, Stuttgart, Germany.", "\n\nOn Cultural Matter\nIn a series of presentations, screening and talks LIMA provides a platform for the international discussion of digital art and aims to develop new strategies for the presentation and preservation of these artworks." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "//\n// usbendpoint.cpp\n//\n// Circle - A C++ bare metal environment for Raspberry Pi\n// Copyright (C) 2014-2019 R. Stange <rsta2@o2online.de>\n// \n// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\n// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\n// (at your option) any later version.", "\n//\n// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the\n// GNU General Public License for more details.", "\n//\n// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n// along with this program. ", " If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.", "\n//\n#include <circle/usb/usbendpoint.h>\n#include <circle/sysconfig.h>\n#include <assert.h>\n\nCUSBEndpoint::CUSBEndpoint (CUSBDevice *pDevice)\n:\tm_pDevice (pDevice),\n\tm_ucNumber (0),\n\tm_Type (EndpointTypeControl),\n\tm_bDirectionIn (FALSE),\n\tm_nMaxPacketSize (USB_DEFAULT_MAX_PACKET_SIZE)\n#if RASPPI <= 3\n\t, m_nInterval (1),\n\tm_NextPID (USBPIDSetup)\n#endif\n{\n\tassert (m_pDevice !", "= 0);\n\n#if RASPPI >= 4\n\tm_pXHCIEndpoint = new CXHCIEndpoint ((CXHCIUSBDevice *) m_pDevice,\n\t\t\t\t\t (CXHCIDevice *) m_pDevice->GetHost ());\n#endif\n}\n\nCUSBEndpoint::CUSBEndpoint (CUSBDevice *pDevice, const TUSBEndpointDescriptor *pDesc)\n:\tm_pDevice (pDevice)\n#if RASPPI <= 3\n\t, m_nInterval (1),\n\tm_NextPID (USBPIDData0)\n#endif\n{\n\tassert (m_pDevice !", "= 0);\n\n\tassert (pDesc !", "= 0);\n\tassert (pDesc->bLength >= sizeof *pDesc);\t// may have class-specific trailer\n\tassert (pDesc->bDescriptorType == DESCRIPTOR_ENDPOINT);\n\n\tswitch (pDesc->bmAttributes & 0x03)\n\t{\n\tcase 2:\n\t\tm_Type = EndpointTypeBulk;\n\t\tbreak;\n\n\tcase 3:\n\t\tm_Type = EndpointTypeInterrupt;\n\t\tbreak;\n\n\tdefault:\n\t\tassert (0);\t// endpoint configuration should be checked by function driver\n\t\treturn;\n\t}\n\t\n\tm_ucNumber = pDesc->bEndpointAddress & 0x0F;\n\tm_bDirectionIn = pDesc->bEndpointAddress & 0x80 ? ", "TRUE : FALSE;\n\tm_nMaxPacketSize = pDesc->wMaxPacketSize & 0x7FF;\n\t\n#if RASPPI <= 3\n\tif (m_Type == EndpointTypeInterrupt)\n\t{\n\t\tu8 ucInterval = pDesc->bInterval;\n\t\tif (ucInterval < 1)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tucInterval = 1;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t// see USB 2.0 spec chapter 9.6.6\n\t\tif (m_pDevice->GetSpeed () < USBSpeedHigh)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tm_nInterval = ucInterval;\n\t\t}\n\t\telse\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tif (ucInterval > 16)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tucInterval = 16;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\tunsigned nValue = 1 << (ucInterval - 1);\n\n\t\t\tm_nInterval = nValue / 8;\n\n\t\t\tif (m_nInterval < 1)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tm_nInterval = 1;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n#ifndef USE_USB_SOF_INTR\n\t\t// interval 20ms is minimum to reduce interrupt rate\n\t\tif (m_nInterval < 20)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tm_nInterval = 20;\n\t\t}\n#endif\n\t}\n#endif\n\n#if RASPPI >= 4\n\tm_pXHCIEndpoint = new CXHCIEndpoint ((CXHCIUSBDevice *) m_pDevice, pDesc,\n\t\t\t\t\t (CXHCIDevice *) m_pDevice->GetHost ());\n#endif\n}\n\nCUSBEndpoint::~CUSBEndpoint (void)\n{\n#if RASPPI >= 4\n\tdelete m_pXHCIEndpoint;\n\tm_pXHCIEndpoint = 0;\n#endif\n\n\tm_pDevice = 0;\n}\n\nCUSBDevice *CUSBEndpoint::GetDevice (void) const\n{\n\tassert (m_pDevice !", "= 0);\n\treturn m_pDevice;\n}\n\nu8 CUSBEndpoint::GetNumber (void) const\n{\n\treturn m_ucNumber;\n}\n\nTEndpointType CUSBEndpoint::GetType (void) const\n{\n\treturn m_Type;\n}\n\nboolean CUSBEndpoint::IsDirectionIn (void) const\n{\n\treturn m_bDirectionIn;\n}\n\nboolean CUSBEndpoint::SetMaxPacketSize (u32 nMaxPacketSize)\n{\n\tm_nMaxPacketSize = nMaxPacketSize;\n\n#if RASPPI >= 4\n\tassert (m_pXHCIEndpoint !", "= 0);\n\treturn m_pXHCIEndpoint->SetMaxPacketSize (nMaxPacketSize);\n#else\n\treturn TRUE;\n#endif\n}\n\nu32 CUSBEndpoint::GetMaxPacketSize (void) const\n{\n\treturn m_nMaxPacketSize;\n}\n\n#if RASPPI <= 3\n\nunsigned CUSBEndpoint::GetInterval (void) const\n{\n\tassert (m_Type == EndpointTypeInterrupt);\n\n\treturn m_nInterval;\n}\n\nTUSBPID CUSBEndpoint::GetNextPID (boolean bStatusStage)\n{\n\tif (bStatusStage)\n\t{\n\t\tassert (m_Type == EndpointTypeControl);\n\n\t\treturn USBPIDData1;\n\t}\n\t\n\treturn m_NextPID;\n}\n\nvoid CUSBEndpoint::SkipPID (unsigned nPackets, boolean bStatusStage)\n{\n\tassert ( m_Type == EndpointTypeControl\n\t\t|| m_Type == EndpointTypeBulk\n\t\t|| m_Type == EndpointTypeInterrupt);\n\t\n\tif (!", "bStatusStage)\n\t{\n\t\tswitch (m_NextPID)\n\t\t{\n\t\tcase USBPIDSetup:\n\t\t\tm_NextPID = USBPIDData1;\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\tcase USBPIDData0:\n\t\t\tif (nPackets & 1)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tm_NextPID = USBPIDData1;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t\n\t\tcase USBPIDData1:\n\t\t\tif (nPackets & 1)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tm_NextPID = USBPIDData0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\tdefault:\n\t\t\tassert (0);\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\telse\n\t{\n\t\tassert (m_Type == EndpointTypeControl);\n\n\t\tm_NextPID = USBPIDSetup;\n\t}\n}\n\n#endif\n\nvoid CUSBEndpoint::ResetPID (void)\n{\n#if RASPPI <= 3\n\tassert (m_Type == EndpointTypeBulk);\n\n\tm_NextPID = USBPIDData0;\n#endif\n}\n\n#if RASPPI >= 4\n\nCXHCIEndpoint *CUSBEndpoint::GetXHCIEndpoint (void)\n{\n\tassert (m_pXHCIEndpoint !", "= 0);\n\treturn m_pXHCIEndpoint;\n}\n\n#endif\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Before me A blank piece of paper I paint with words Swirling deep vowel hues Pictures emerge With every word I choose It’s a thrill To slap those words around Messy fun with letters Alliterations Descriptive nouns Verbal variations Masterpiece Letters joined together Similar sounding sounds Discordant vibes A mixed vocal pallet used by Artistic scribes" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0009281713282689452 ]

[ "The Most Hipster Mustache Styles\n\nMustaches are a rite of passage for men, hipsters or not. ", "Just about every man in his lifetime has or wants to have a mustache, and when you decide officially that the mustache is your style of choice, it doesn’t just stop with the decision to grow hair.", "\n\nThe Best Mustache for Every Type of Hipster\n\nThere are lots of different types of mustaches, and the right one can propel you to hipster fame and glory. ", "Whether you can grow a full beard in no time at all or you have trouble getting your hair to grow at all, there’s a hipster mustache for you.", "\n\nHipster mustaches come in all shapes and sizes, but choosing the right one can be tricky. ", "The best advice is to play around with different types until you find one that suits your face and your hipster desires.", "\n\nHere’s our definitive list to get you started on your no-shave journey.", "\n\nThe French Handlebar – A Classic Hipster Choice\n\nThere’s nothing more obviously hipster than the French handlebar. ", "It screams masculine glory in the days of radical paintings and bohemian drinking collectives. ", "If you’ve got the chops to grow your facial hair nice and thick, this is one for the books.", "\n\nTo get the French handlebar, you’ll have to grow your mustache down past your mouth and be committed to a grooming regimen each and every day. ", "The ends should be long enough to curl up into that famous look, and the ends should be nice and neat.", "\n\nThe bigger the curl, the greater the glory.", "\n\nBut how do you get your mustache to curl like that? ", "You’ll need a few accessories. ", "First, mustache wax is critical for giving the overall mustache shape and ensuring your curl stays throughout the day. ", "You’ll also need a comb designed for grooming facial hair in just the right shape.", "\n\nBegin by wetting your mustache and working in a small bit of wax. ", "Begin combing your mustache to each side of your mouth with a careful part that falls just under your nose.", "\n\nTwist the ends and add tiny bits of was to them until they stay in place. ", "It may take some practice getting the perfect balance between too much and not enough mustache was.", "\n\nThis style works well on its own, or you can carefully groom a full beard to its full glory if you can manage it. ", "If your beard is patchy, leave all the spotlight to the mustache. ", "This style is suitable for special occasions but may be frustrating for everyday wear.", "\n\nThe Chevron – An 80’s Staple Revisited\n\nThe Chevron mustache is a naturally shaped mustache that’s easy to grow and helps balance out facial features. ", "It was (and still is) made famous by Tom Selleck and is currently the choice of Ron Swanson (Nick Offerman), the manliest man.", "\n\nThe Chevron emphasizes a natural mustache shape and is good for everyday wear. ", "To get the Chevron look, you’ll need to decide your shape early on and use proper tools to ensure that you get a precision cut.", "\n\nThe look relies heavily on symmetry. ", "Since you can’t curl to account for differences in length or shape, you’ll want to check for symmetry daily.", "\n\nThe Pencil – AKA – Mustaches for Men Who Can’t Grow Beards\n\nCan’t grow a full beard? ", "Got patchy facial hair?", "\n\nDon’t worry; there’s still a chance for you. ", "The Pencil mustache began as an alternative to the bushy hair of the Victorian Era and is the perfect solution for gentlemen hipsters who can’t grow a handlebar.", "\n\nIt requires careful styling and planning to get this mustache right. ", "If you don’t, you stray into con-man territory or worse, a John Waters creeper.", "\n\nWhen done right, you harken back to the glory days of Old Hollywood and offer your baby-face a manly accent.", "\n\nTo get the pencil right, you’ll need to grow your mustache out as much as you can for about a month to ensure you have plenty of flexibility to get the shape right.", "\n\nUse small, light strokes with a good razor to shave the lines on either side of your nose. ", "It should follow more of a straight line and sit just above the upper lip.", "\n\nPlay with the shape but ensure you’re grooming at least every other day or every day, depending on your growth.", "\n\nThe English Mustache – The Not Quite Handlebar\n\nSo you want to show off your mustache’s length, but you don’t want to be the 147th gentleman with a handlebar. ", "The English Mustache could be your answer.", "\n\nThis style requires the same length as the French Handlebar, but instead of curling upwards, the ends are pointed straight out in a line.", "\n\nYou’ll need to commit to the styling and ensure that your mustache has enough thickness to support it.", "\n\nIt’s also easier to style day-to-day, and you can keep the ends on the shorter side for days when you don’t want to style at all. ", "If you have a beard, you can just brush them down into the lines of your beard or go for a modified Chevron.", "\n\nThe U-Shape – AKA Ultimate Mustache Smackdown\n\nIf you’ve got the chops and the confidence to rock the U-Shape, aka the Hulk Hogan, go for it.", "\n\nThere is literally no one who can top your mustache glory now. ", "Get all the supplements, beard oils, and combs you can. ", "Grow until you can’t even see your own face anymore and then trim carefully until the shape goes from your hose to your chin and beyond.", "\n\nU-Shapes aren’t for the faint of heart, but in honor of No-Shave November, this could be the sweet reward of glory for December. ", "Make sure you have the best razor around for getting the shape right and go out into that fair night with your face crowned in glory.", "\n\nWe salute you.", "\n\nCaution, do not try this style if you have patchy hair, you aren’t willing to answer questions about how you get your beard to do such amazing things, and if you don’t own at least one Fisherman’s beanie.", "\n\nGetting the Perfect Mustache\n\nGrowing a mustache is work, but with the right tools and the right style, you can have a hipster mustache that makes everyone in the room take note.", "\n\nCommit to styling that ‘stache the right way, and you’re looking at instant hipster glory.", "\n\nWhether you’ve only got enough hair for a pencil or you can grow the full U-shape, whether you’ve got the patience for the handlebar or want to wash and go with a Chevron, a mustache can happen for you if you only believe in yourself.", "\n\nIf you aren’t growing a mustache, what are you doing with your life! ", "Get to it, hipster." ]

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[ "Check is in the mail: Sen. Feinstein’s husband to cash in selling old post offices\n\nJust a few years after the firm now known as CBRE Group collected more than $108 million from a contract to help the FDIC sell foreclosed properties, the company owned in part by Blum is selling off old post offices under an exclusive contract with the financially struggling U.S. Postal Service, records show.", "\n\nOfficials for the Postal Service, Feinstein’s office and Blum’s company say the contract signed in 2011 with CBRE involved no political influence and was awarded to CBRE after a competitive process that involved six other firms.", "\n\nIronically, Feinstein tried unsuccessfully to block the sale of the post offices before her husband’s firm won the contract. ", "And the Postal Service says the decision to sell the buildings, some of them designated as historic sites or located in prime downtown locations, was purely financial.", "\n\n“One way the Postal Service is saving money and generating revenue is by selling properties that were determined to be unneeded for current operations,” Postal Service spokeswoman Sue Brennan told the Washington Guardian. “", "Reducing the number of properties the Postal Service owns contributes significantly to the bottom line — in terms of saving money and as a source of revenue when the property is sold.”", "\n\nNonetheless, the deal is the latest example of how relatives of powerful politicians and federal officials routinely benefit from the largesse of a government overseen or run by their loved ones.", "\n\nEarlier this week, the Energy Department acknowledged senior officials have frequently arranged for their children or other relatives to win summer jobs or plum internships despite rules inside the department against nepotism.", "\n\nSeveral members of Congress have faced controversy over the years for hiring each other’s spouses on congressional or political action committee payrolls or accepting preferential rates on mortgages. ", "Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell endured years of scrutiny when his wife Elaine Chao collected a Cabinet-level salary as George W. Bush’s labor secretary.", "\n\nAnd House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi faced numerous questions after revelations her husband was offered a preferred stock deal from the VISA credit card giant around the same time the company lobbied her office on legislation. ", "Paul Pelosi also has been involved in projects that benefited from federal earmarks sponsored by his wife.", "\n\nBlum and Feinstein, a California Democrat and one of the Senate’s most powerful members as chairwoman of the Intelligence Committee, likewise have faced questions about overlapping business interests previously.", "\n\nIn late 2008, the real estate firm then-known as CB Richard Ellis senate-husbands-firm-cashes-in-on-crisis/?page=all”>won a contract from FDIC to sell off properties the government inherited during the mortgage crisis at generous commission rates that ran as high as 8 percent to 30 percent.", "\n\nAround the same time, Feinstein took the unusual action of introducing legislation to route $25 billion in taxpayer money to the agency that had just awarded the contract.", "\n\nEthics experts raised concerns about the appearance of a conflict of interest, though all parties involved denied any wrongdoing. ", "A subsequent review by FDIC’s internal watchdog found no irregularities in the real estate firm’s work for the FDIC and declared that it charged the government fair prices.", "\n\nBut the 2012 inspector general’s report also divulged just how handsomely CB Richard Ellis and its chairman of the board were rewarded: the firm between 2009 and 2011 collected a whopping $108,319,000 in fees and compensation under the deal, the report showed.", "\n\nBlum is a successful businessman and investor with sweeping financial connections. ", "He serves on the board of regents for the University of California and his investment firm Blum Capital has large portfolio that includes a stake in CBRE. ", "The real estate giant says Blum serves as its chairman of the board but does not have day-to-day executive duties and is not involved in federal contract decisions.", "\n\nFeinstein’s 2012 financial disclosure report filed in May shows her husband’s stake in CBRE is worth $250,000 to $500,000 and earned the couple at least $100,000 to $1 million. ", "The forms describe lawmakers’ assets in broad ranges.", "\n\nAfter the success of the FDIC contract, CBRE bid and landed the business to sell 42 old post offices for the Postal Service, which has had a relationship with CBRE dating back to 1997. ", "The value of those properties, which range from a central Los Angeles location valued at $8.3 million to a Shawnee, Okla., office worth about $680,000, reaches into the tens of millions of dollars.", "\n\nThe real estate firm, which is a Fortune 500 company with 37,000 worldwide employees, stands to earn significant money from each sale.", "\n\nThe Postal Service lost $15.9 billion last year and is liquidating the buildings in an effort to raise cash.", "\n\nBrennan, the Postal spokeswoman, said the contract to sell the post offices was competed between seven different firms and CBRE was selected because it had the “overall best organization, capability and experience.” ", "She also noted the company has extensive experience in federal real estate, and has worked closely with the General Services Administration previously.", "\n\nFeinstein’s office stressed she co-sponsored legislation that would have halted the sale of the post offices before the contract was awarded, evidence it said that the senator and her husband keep their business matters separate.", "\n\n“Sen. Feinstein is not involved with and does not discuss any of her husband’s business decisions with him,” spokesman Brian Weiss said. “", "Her husband’s holdings are his separate personal property. ", "In addition, Senator Feinstein’s assets are held in a blind trust. ", "That arrangement has been in place since before she came to the Senate in 1992. “" ]

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[ "The ankle couldn’t stop her. ", "The top-20 foe couldn’t even slow her. ", "And with each rout, it looks more and more like Serena Williams is destined to win this U.S. Open. ", "And take her place in history.", "\n\nWilliams was confident this tourney was hers to lose, even before the top four seeds went by the wayside. ", "But if she keeps playing the way she did in a 6-1, 6-0 quarterfinal blitz of Qiang Wang, it’s hard to see anybody coming between her and a milestone title.", "\n\nSuch is the zone Williams finds herself in.", "\n\n“It feels good,” she said. “", "It feels like, ‘OK, this is what I’ve been training for; this is how hard I’ve been working.’ ", "It feels like hard work pays off when that happens.”", "\n\nWilliams made short work of Wang, despite having rolled her right ankle in her round of 16 match two days earlier. ", "Her 44-minute clinic was the quickest of this Open, and arguably its most dominant.", "\n\nNo. ", "18 Wang — whose coach, Peter McNamara, died of cancer on July 20 — didn’t notch a winner the entire match. ", "Williams had 25 to just 10 unforced errors.", "\n\nWilliams dominated the first five games, and after losing the sixth when her lob sailed just long, she ran off the next 11 straight points. ", "She clinched the first set at love, opened the second set at love and cruised the rest of the way.", "\n\nAnd she did it all while moving well. ", "She got had right ankle retaped in the second set, but covered the court as well as she has in a while in her most lopsided win since Madrid four years ago.", "\n\n“I’ve been working on my speed, getting shots. ", "I didn’t give her too many chances in the match,” Williams said of not conceding a single winner.", "\n\n“Yeah, that’s a good stat for me. ", "It’s good because I want to be able to move around the court. ", "I move when I want to move; I guess I wanted to move.", "\n\n“Less errors are always good. ", "It’s actually yet another thing I’ve been working on. ", "Hopefully things will start coming together one of these days.”", "\n\nSelf-deprecation aside, Williams improved to 100-12 at the U.S. Open, one win shy of Chris Evert’s mark. ", "And beating Elina Svitolina in Thursday’s semifinal would give her a shot at an even bigger record — Margaret Court’s 24 Grand Slam singles crowns.", "\n\nWilliams has been one title shy of the record since giving birth to daughter Olympia two years ago. ", "Since motherhood, she’s 32-5 in Grand Slam play with three finals berths; but she lost all three, including last year’s testy defeat here in Flushing Meadows.", "\n\n“I’m definitely more ready than last year, though I thought I was playing well,’’ Williams said on ESPN. “", "I’ve learned in the last several Grand Slam finals that I have to be ready; I can’t underestimate [anyone].”", "\n\nLeast of all Svitolina, against whom she’s 4-1, but Williams lost to her in the 2016 Rio Olympics." ]

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[ "With the development of Interactive Network Television system (IPTV system) technology and the increase of the number of users, it is required a higher performance and reliability to the system, especially to the content delivery module of the interactive network, whose function and interaction with other system modules are important research topics. ", "To improve user experience, the main functions of respective modules need to be made as clear as possible, and the interactions between respective parts in the system need to be reduced, which requires a more simple and reliable architecture of content distribution system and service process.", "\nCurrently, the IPTV technology is still at the development stage, for IPTV products of various companies, orientations of various subsystems (mainly including an IPTV terminal means, an IPTV application means, a content delivery means, a managing means, and etc.) ", "in the IPTV system and the definitions of the logic relationship between their interfaces are not clear. ", "Currently there has not been a mature solution for realizing an interactive network television service under Next Generation Network (NGN for short) architecture, IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS for short) architecture or non NGN architecture.", "\nUnder the IMS architecture, currently, there has not been a perfect solution for supporting such complex video type service as the interactive IPTV; in addition, as the interactive IPTV has to complete vast files provided by many service providers, or live broadcast, distribution and storage of the content of a time-shift stream and video services of a terminal, reasonable orientations of the modules and their interaction with other modules will affect the performance of the interactive IPTV system.", "\nTherefore, how to design a new content delivery system, which can highly efficiently complete distribution of the content based on a file and a stream with little interaction between respective modules has not been realized currently." ]

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