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[ "Umpires\n\nTop of the 1st\n\nCoco Crisp grounded out to first. ", "None on with one out and Mike Aviles due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nMike Aviles flied out to center. ", "None on with two outs and David DeJesus due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nDavid DeJesus popped out to short to end the inning.", "\n\nBottom of the 1st\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nSingle\n\nIan Kinsler singled to center. ", "Runner on first with none out and Michael Young due up.", "\n\nStolen-base\n\nIan Kinsler stole second. ", "Runner on second with none out and Michael Young at the plate.", "\n\nWalk\n\nMichael Young walked. ", "Runners on first and second with none out and Josh Hamilton due up.", "\n\nStolen-base\n\nMichael Young stole second. ", "Ian Kinsler stole third. ", "Runners on second and third with none out and Josh Hamilton at the plate.", "\n\nOut\n\nJosh Hamilton struck out swinging. ", "Runners on second and third with one out and Andruw Jones due up.", "\n\nWalk\n\nAndruw Jones walked. ", "Bases loaded with one out and Hank Blalock due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nHank Blalock sacrifice fly out to left scoring Ian Kinsler with two out. ", "Runners on first and second and Nelson Cruz due up.", "\n\nWalk\n\nNelson Cruz walked. ", "Bases loaded with two outs and David Murphy due up.", "\n\nWalk\n\nDavid Murphy walked Michael Young scored on the play with two out. ", "Bases loaded and Taylor Teagarden due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nTaylor Teagarden struck out looking to end the inning.", "\n\nTop of the 2nd\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nSingle\n\nBilly Butler singled to short. ", "Runner on first with none out and Mark Teahen due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nMark Teahen struck out looking. ", "Runner on first with one out and Mike Jacobs due up.", "\n\nHome-run\n\nMike Jacobs one-out, two-run Home Run (4) to left scoring Billy Butler. ", "Alberto Callaspo due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nAlberto Callaspo flied out to right. ", "None on with two outs and John Buck due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nJohn Buck grounded out catcher to first to end the inning.", "\n\nBottom of the 2nd\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nOut\n\nElvis Andrus flied out to right. ", "None on with one out and Ian Kinsler due up.", "\n\nHome-run\n\nIan Kinsler one-out, solo Home Run (4) to left. ", "Michael Young due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nMichael Young grounded out second to first. ", "None on with two outs and Josh Hamilton due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nJosh Hamilton struck out swinging to end the inning.", "\n\nTop of the 3rd\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nWalk\n\nMitch Maier walked. ", "Runner on first with none out and Coco Crisp due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nCoco Crisp sacrifice bunt to pitcher. ", "Runner on second with one out and Mike Aviles due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nMike Aviles struck out swinging. ", "Runner on second with two outs and David DeJesus due up.", "\n\nSingle\n\nDavid DeJesus singled to second scoring Mitch Maier with two out. ", "Runner on first and Billy Butler due up.", "\n\nError-wild-pitch\n\nDavid DeJesus advances to second on a wild pitch. ", "Runner on second with two outs and Billy Butler at the plate.", "\n\nOut\n\nBilly Butler grounded out short to first to end the inning.", "\n\nBottom of the 3rd\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nOut\n\nAndruw Jones flied out to left. ", "None on with one out and Hank Blalock due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nHank Blalock grounded out first to pitcher. ", "None on with two outs and Nelson Cruz due up.", "\n\nSingle\n\nNelson Cruz singled to center. ", "Runner on first with two outs and David Murphy due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nDavid Murphy popped out to second to end the inning.", "\n\nTop of the 4th\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nSingle\n\nMark Teahen singled to right. ", "Runner on first with none out and Mike Jacobs due up.", "\n\nDouble\n\nMike Jacobs singled to right. ", "Runner on third with one out and Alberto Callaspo due up.", "\n\nSingle\n\nAlberto Callaspo singled to pitcher. ", "Runners on first and third with one out and John Buck due up.", "\n\nSingle\n\nJohn Buck singled to right scoring Mark Teahen with one out. ", "Runners on first and second and Mitch Maier due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nMitch Maier flied out to left. ", "Runners on first and second with two outs and Coco Crisp due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nCoco Crisp popped out to second to end the inning.", "\n\nBottom of the 4th\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nOut\n\nTaylor Teagarden struck out looking. ", "None on with one out and Elvis Andrus due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nElvis Andrus grounded out third to first. ", "None on with two outs and Ian Kinsler due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nIan Kinsler grounded out second to first to end the inning.", "\n\nTop of the 5th\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nOut\n\nMike Aviles struck out swinging. ", "None on with one out and David DeJesus due up.", "\n\nHome-run\n\nDavid DeJesus one-out, solo Home Run (1) to right. ", "Billy Butler due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nBilly Butler struck out looking. ", "None on with two outs and Mark Teahen due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nMark Teahen struck out looking to end the inning.", "\n\nBottom of the 5th\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nOut\n\nMichael Young lined out to right. ", "None on with one out and Josh Hamilton due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nJosh Hamilton struck out swinging. ", "None on with two outs and Andruw Jones due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nAndruw Jones struck out swinging to end the inning.", "\n\nTop of the 6th\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nOut\n\nMike Jacobs struck out swinging. ", "None on with one out and Alberto Callaspo due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nAlberto Callaspo flied out to center. ", "None on with two outs and John Buck due up.", "\n\nWalk\n\nJohn Buck walked. ", "Runner on first with two outs and Mitch Maier due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nMitch Maier struck out swinging to end the inning.", "\n\nBottom of the 6th\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nOut\n\nHank Blalock flied out to left. ", "None on with one out and Nelson Cruz due up.", "\n\nWalk\n\nNelson Cruz walked. ", "Runner on first with one out and David Murphy due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nDavid Murphy struck out swinging. ", "Runner on first with two outs and Taylor Teagarden due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nTaylor Teagarden struck out swinging to end the inning.", "\n\nTop of the 7th\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nOut\n\nCoco Crisp grounded out pitcher to first. ", "None on with one out and Mike Aviles due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nMike Aviles grounded out short to first. ", "None on with two outs and David DeJesus due up.", "\n\nSingle\n\nDavid DeJesus singled to center. ", "Runner on first with two outs and Billy Butler due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nDavid DeJesus is thrown out at second to end the inning.", "\n\nBottom of the 7th\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nOut\n\nElvis Andrus struck out swinging. ", "None on with one out and Ian Kinsler due up.", "\n\nWalk\n\nIan Kinsler walked. ", "Runner on first with one out and Michael Young due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nMichael Young struck out swinging. ", "Runner on first with two outs and Josh Hamilton due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nJosh Hamilton fouled out to third to end the inning.", "\n\nTop of the 8th\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nOut\n\nBilly Butler flied out to center. ", "None on with one out and Mark Teahen due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nMark Teahen grounded out short to first. ", "None on with two outs and Mike Jacobs due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nMike Jacobs flied out to right to end the inning.", "\n\nBottom of the 8th\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nDouble\n\nAndruw Jones doubled to left. ", "Runner on second with none out and Hank Blalock due up.", "\n\nSingle\n\nHank Blalock reached first on Mike Jacobs's fielding error. ", "Runners on first and third with none out and Nelson Cruz due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nNelson Cruz grounded out second to first scoring Andruw Jones with one out. ", "Runner on second and David Murphy due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nDavid Murphy flied out to right. ", "Runner on second with two outs and Taylor Teagarden due up.", "\n\nSingle\n\nPinch-Hitter Chris Davis singled to second scoring Hank Blalock with two out. ", "Runner on first and Elvis Andrus due up.", "\n\nSingle\n\nElvis Andrus singled to right. ", "Runners on first and second with two outs and Ian Kinsler due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nIan Kinsler flied out to right to end the inning.", "\n\nTop of the 9th\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nOut\n\nAlberto Callaspo flied out to center. ", "None on with one out and John Buck due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nJohn Buck struck out looking. ", "None on with two outs and Mitch Maier due up.", "\n\nOut\n\nMitch Maier popped out to short to end the inning.", "\n\nBottom of the 9th\n\nPlay Type\n\nPlay\n\nHome-run\n\nWP: Frank Francisco (1-0); LP: Kyle Farnsworth (0-3).", "\n\nRecap: Texas vs. Kansas City\n\nArlington, TX (Sports Network) - Michael Young belted a solo homer to left- center field in the bottom of the ninth inning to lift the Texas Rangers to a 6-5 victory over the Kansas City Royals in the final game of a three-game set.", "\n\nKyle Farnsworth (0-3) came in to pitch the home half of the ninth for the Royals with the tilt tied at five. ", "Young, the first batter of the frame, drove a 1-0 fastball over the left-center field wall to end the game.", "\n\nIan Kinsler also had a solo homer for the Rangers.", "\n\nRight-handed veteran Vicente Padilla lasted five innings, giving up five runs on eight hits to take a no-decision for Texas. ", "Frank Francisco (1-0) pitched a scoreless ninth frame to collect the win.", "\n\nMike Jacobs and David DeJesus each hit a home run for the Royals, who won two of three games in the series.", "\n\n\"I'm glad we took two out of three [in the series], but we were in position to take all three. ", "We just weren't able to hold on to it out of the bullpen,\" Royals manager Trey Hillman said.", "\n\nKyle Davies allowed three runs on as many hits while striking out eight and walking five in a six-inning start for Kansas City.", "\n\nTrailing 5-3 in the eighth, Texas scored twice in the frame to knot the game at five. ", "Andruw Jones doubled to center field to lead off. ", "Hank Blalock setup a first and third after reaching base on a fielding error by first baseman Jacobs. ", "Jamey Wright then replaced Ron Mahay on the mound.", "\n\nNelson Cruz grounded out to second, but scored Jones on the play and moved Blalock to second. ", "Following a David Murphy fly out, pinch-hitter Chris Davis singled to knock in Blalock. ", "Elvis Andrus singled, but Kinsler's fly out ended the inning.", "\n\nThe Rangers put two runs on the board in the first inning to take an early lead. ", "Kinsler singled to center to lead off before Young walked. ", "After Josh Hamilton went down swinging, Jones walked to load the bases. ", "Blalock hit a sacrifice fly to left to score Kinsler. ", "Following a Cruz walk, David Murphy walked to force home Young. ", "Taylor Teagarden was called out on strikes to end the frame.", "\n\nKansas City responded in the second with two runs of their own. ", "Billy Butler got the frame started with a single, then Mark Teahen struck out. ", "Jacobs belted a home run over the left-field wall to deadlock the tilt at two.", "\n\nTexas regained the lead in the home half of the frame on Kinsler's solo homer to left field.", "\n\nThe Royals scored one run in the third, fourth, and fifth frame to take a 5-3 lead. ", "DeJesus' single scored Mitch Maier with two outs in the third, Buck's single knocked in Teahen with one out in the fourth, and DeJesus smacked a solo home run to right field with one down in the fifth.", "\n\n\"It was big for us to come back and bounce back the day before going on the road and get a win,\" Davis said. \"", "It was a close game the whole way, back-and- forth. ", "We hung in there to the end and got a walk-off win.\"" ]

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[ "Tried & True: Panera Bread Coffee Cake Dupe #FoodieFriday\n\nI used to think you could only eat coffee cake with coffee. ", "Like you could have coffee alone, but not the cake without coffee. ", "This all changed in seventh grade when Charles H. brought in coffee cake WITHOUT COFFEE, and it was delicious. ", "I never found out exactly where it was from, but my mom soon picked up one of Panera Bread’s Coffee Cakes to try and that was close enough. ", "It was probably the same cake for all I know by now. ", "Over the next several years my mom occasionally brought the infamous cake home for me to devour, and I was always grateful.", "\n\nAs an avid cake maker and eater, it finally occurred to me this summer that I should make my own coffee cake instead of buying it. ", "I prefer to know what I am eating and it would just be more fun. ", "Returning again to Pinterest I found a recipe with a very appealing picture. ", "It was a simple recipe from the good ole’ Martha Stewart. ", "I gave it a shot for the first time two months ago, and (spoiler alert) I recently made it again because I love it so much.", "\n\nThe first time I made a couple mistakes due to my own stupidity, so make sure you read the recipe carefully. ", "I missed the whole part about putting the streusel part on before putting it in the oven, but putting it on afterwards still turned out okay. ", "The cooking time was also off, but that is usually the case for my oven in particular. ", "I really appreciated not having to alter anything from the actual recipe on my second go around!", "\n\nI had the hardest time getting the cake out of the pan on my second try. ", "I do not know if it was because I was eager so the pan was still hot & the cake was less stable or that the streusel on top (that I actually did correctly this time) was making a mess. ", "After some frustration I finally got in on a plate to glaze, which was my favorite part. ", "Seeing it melt onto the cake was beautiful.", "\n\nSo this recipe was tried & true to a tee. ", "I loved it with some black tea. ", "This cake is basically Tea Cake because I don’t drink coffee unless it’s part of a sugary Starbucks Frappucino, but I have heard it is delicious either way." ]

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[ "Brainstem encephalitis caused by Coxiella burnetii.", "\nCoxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever, which rarely causes neurologic symptoms. ", "We describe a patient who presented with progressive sensory changes, dizziness, and motor weakness. ", "The cerebrospinal fluid revealed pleocytosis, and MRI indicated the presence of a diffuse brain stem lesion. ", "An indirect immunofluorescence test revealed antibodies against C. burnetii. ", "The symptoms improved with antibiotics against C. burnetii. ", "Q fever should be considered as a possible etiology of brainstem encephalitis." ]

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[ "This Baby Has No Idea She's The Queen Of Dress-Up While She Naps\n\nOMG.", "\n\nExhausted new parents often hear the same advice: Sleep when the baby sleeps. ", "But for photographer and new mom Laura Izumikawa, nap time has turned into a fun creative outlet.", "\n\nIzumikawa takes hilarious photos of her 4-month-old daughter, Joey Marie Choi, dressed in costumes while she naps peacefully. ", "The outfits and props are mostly references to pop culture icons like Jon Snow, Pikachu and Beyoncé, as well as movies and TV shows like “Stranger Things” and “Star Wars.”", "\n\nThe L.A. photographer told The Huffington Post she learned pretty early on that the whole “sleep when the baby sleeps” method just didn’t work for her.", "\n\n“I would end up just staring at her face all day and night because I was just so in love,” she said. “", "Because Joey slept so deeply, I thought it’d be fun adding little props on her just to send some hilarious pictures to our parents. ", "It was a way to memorialize her growth and little milestones.”", "\n\nAs Izumikawa posted more nap-time photos of Joey on Instagram (along with some adorably pun-y captions), her follower count grew to over 30,000.", "\n\nThe mom said she’s floored to know that so many people are following her account. “", "Initially when I started getting a ton of online attention, there was a bit of a mother-bear type of panic, and I thought about stopping,” she said.", "\n\n“But then I started receiving messages from countless people who said that the photos and videos were the highlight of their day and for some, a thing they enjoy to watch with their kids,” she added.", "\n\nAs for Joey, she hasn’t let Instagram fame stop her from catching those much-needed Z’s. “", "A couple times she’s woken up while I’m dressing her up, but she’ll just look at me a little dazed and then fall right back to sleep,” Izumikawa said. “", "I really hope she’ll see the photos and videos in the future and have a good laugh. ", "Hopefully she’ll see how loved she was.”", "\n\nIzumikawa told HuffPost she hopes her photos inspire parents to hold onto their sense of humor. “", "I hope that these photos and videos will make people smile and also remind parents to have fun with their kids and not get too caught up in the seriousness of parenting.”" ]

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[ "I’ve been working on an Ember pet project that aggregates data from Mint. ", "It has a model named Category that has many TransactionCache s:\n\n// app/models/category.js import DS from ' ember-data ' ; const { attr , hasMany } = DS ; export default DS . ", "Model . ", "extend ({ transactionCaches : hasMany ( ' transaction-cache ' , { async : true }), name : attr ( ' string ' ), });\n\n// app/models/transaction-cache.js import DS from ' ember-data ' ; const { attr , belongsTo } = DS ; export default DS . ", "Model . ", "extend ({ category : belongsTo ( ' category ' , { async : true }), occurredOn : attr ( ' moment ' ), amount : attr ( ' number ' ), averageAmount : attr ( ' number ' ), });\n\nA Category might have a name (“Groceries”), and a TransactionCache is an aggregate ( amount , 100.0) of all transactions for a given month ( occurredOn , October 1, 2013). ", "Additionally, it has a rolling twelve-month average ( averageAmount , 125.0) calculated when importing the data.", "\n\nI created a categories/category-list component which rendered the list of categories:\n\n{{!-- ", "app/templates/components/categories/category-list.hbs --}} {{# each categories as | category | }} {{ categories / category-list-item category = category }} {{/ each }}\n\nHowever, the server returns categories in an unknown order; with over 100 categories in total, this list needs to be sorted in an order that’s meaningful. ", "I started by ordering the list by the most recent average monthly spend, but the data was stored on each category’s associated TransactionCache s instead of on the category itself.", "\n\nAs a first pass, I introduced this data onto Category itself with a computed property:\n\n// app/models/category.js import DS from ' ember-data ' ; import Ember from ' ember ' ; const { attr , hasMany } = DS ; const { computed } = Ember ; export default DS . ", "Model . ", "extend ({ transactionCaches : hasMany ( ' transaction-cache ' , { async : true }), name : attr ( ' string ' ), averageMonthlySpend : computed . ", "alias ( ' _averageAmounts.firstObject ' ), _averageAmounts : computed . ", "mapBy ( ' _sortedTransactionCaches ' , ' averageAmount ' ), _sortedTransactionCaches : computed . ", "sort ( ' transactionCaches ' , ' _occurredOnSort ' ), _occurredOnSort : [ ' occurredOn:desc ' ], });\n\nNext, I updated the component and template to sort categories by this data:\n\n// app/components/categories/category-list.js import Ember from ' ember ' ; const { computed } = Ember ; export default Ember . ", "Component . ", "extend ({ sortedCategories : computed . ", "sort ( ' categories ' , ' _categoriesSort ' ), _categoriesSort : [ ' averageMonthlySpend:desc ' ], });\n\n{{!-- ", "app/templates/components/categories/category-list.hbs --}} {{# each sortedCategories as | category | }} {{ categories / category-list-item category = category }} {{/ each }}\n\nWhile the component and corresponding template seemed like they were in a good place, I didn’t feel great about Category ; the introduction of this data caused the file to almost double in size, and given the data model, I felt confident it would likely gravitate towards becoming a God Class.", "\n\nEmber includes ObjectProxy , which allows us to introduce the decorator pattern. ", "It expects one piece of data, content , and additional data can be provided. ", "Any functions not defined on the decorator get proxied to the decorated object.", "\n\n// app/decorators/monthly-spending.js import Ember from ' ember ' ; const { computed } = Ember ; export default Ember . ", "ObjectProxy . ", "extend ({ averageMonthlySpend : computed . ", "alias ( ' _averageAmounts.firstObject ' ), _averageAmounts : computed . ", "mapBy ( ' _sortedTransactionCaches ' , ' averageAmount ' ), _sortedTransactionCaches : computed . ", "sort ( ' transactionCaches ' , ' _occurredOnSort ' ), _occurredOnSort : [ ' occurredOn:desc ' ], });\n\nI removed the code I previously added to Category :\n\n// app/models/category.js import DS from ' ember-data ' ; const { attr , hasMany } = DS ; export default DS . ", "Model . ", "extend ({ transactionCaches : hasMany ( ' transaction-cache ' , { async : true }), name : attr ( ' string ' ), });\n\nAnd decorated the items in the collection at the component level when sorting:\n\n// app/components/categories/category-list.js import Ember from ' ember ' ; import MonthlySpending from ' appname/decorators/monthly-spending ' ; const { computed } = Ember ; export default Ember . ", "Component . ", "extend ({ sortedCategories : computed . ", "sort ( ' _decoratedCategories ' , ' _categoriesSort ' ), _decoratedCategories : computed . ", "map ( ' categories ' , ( category ) => { return MonthlySpending . ", "create ({ content : category }); }), _categoriesSort : [ ' averageMonthlySpend:desc ' ], });" ]

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[ "Brain injury-related fatalities in American football, 1945-1999.", "\nBrain injuries have been the most common direct cause of death among American football players since the annual recording of football-related deaths began in 1931. ", "This study examines the 55-year experience with brain injury-related fatalities in American football from 1945 to 1999, including not only the incidence but also the cause of death in discrete 5-year spans to focus on the variables that have either increased or decreased fatalities. ", "In addition, we describe the types of injuries that have occurred, the activities in which the players were engaged at the time of injury, the level of play involved, and whether the injuries occurred during games or in practice sessions. ", "Data were collected nationwide regarding football fatalities in all organized football programs in public schools and in college, professional, and youth programs by conducting personal interviews and eliciting responses to questionnaires. ", "The information collected included demographic data about the injured player, equipment data, injury type and body part involved, and pertinent information regarding the exact circumstances of the accident. ", "We found that a total of 497 brain injury-related fatalities occurred among American football players during the period from 1945 through 1999. ", "The causes of death were brain injuries in 69% of the cases, cervical spine injuries in 16%, and other injuries in 15%. ", "Subdural hematoma was the type of injury associated with the majority (429, 86%) of brain injury-related fatalities. ", "A majority (61%) of the brain injury-related fatalities occurred during participation in football games, and 75% of these were high school players. ", "It should be noted that the number of high school football players is far greater (more than 1 million) than the number of either college (approximately 75,000) or professional (approximately 2000) players. ", "The most frequent on-field activity involved when players sustained their fatal injuries was either tackling or being tackled (35%). ", "Brain injury-related fatalities accounted for 69% of all football fatalities from 1945 through 1999. ", "The greatest number and percentage of brain injury-related fatalities occurred during the 5-year span from 1965 through 1969, and the smallest number and percentage occurred during the 2 decades from 1975 through 1994. ", "Most brain injury-related fatalities involved a subdural hematoma sustained by high school football players while either tackling or being tackled in a game. ", "In the 2 decades from 1975 through 1994, there was a dramatic reduction in these fatalities, and the preventive measures that have received most of the credit are 1) the 1976 rule change that prohibits initial contact with the head and face when blocking and tackling and 2) the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment helmet standard, which went into effect in colleges in 1978 and in high schools in 1980." ]

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[ "Following on Steam's unveiling of SteamOS and its associated Steam Controller last week, Xi3 has started taking pre-orders for the Piston, its PC-meets-console box that the company first unveiled at CES in January.", "\n\nThe $999 system, which will be available on November 29, measures about four inches on each side. ", "It's a noticeably smaller form factor than most gaming PCs. ", "The core specs haven't changed much at all since the system was first announced: an x86-based AMD 3.2Ghz quad-core chip with 384 \"programmable discrete-class graphics cores\"; 8GB of RAM and 128GB of solid-state storage; 12 USB ports; and support for up to three monitors (mini-DP, HDMI and DisplayPort) at up to 4K resolution.", "\n\nThose specs should provide decent-if-not-stellar performance for today's high-end PC titles, but the Piston delivers it at a price that's either much lower than a tricked-out gaming rig or much higher than a next-generation living-room console (depending on how you look at it). ", "For its part, Xi3 seems to be positioning the system as a living-room console replacement. ", "The company justifies the higher-than-console price by pointing out that the Piston \"offers users a level of freedom and choice unheard of in the gaming console world,\" including the ability to do more than just play games.", "\n\nXi3 is also touting the Piston's upgradeability through a somewhat unorthodox PC architecture. ", "The system \"replaces the typical single motherboard found in most computers with three miniaturized and interconnected boards,\" according to the company. ", "It plans to release its own upgraded boards and components so that these boards can be replaced individually as PC technology improves.", "\n\nWhile Xi3 said it has \"received an investment from Valve,\" the nature of the relationship between the hardware-maker and the SteamOS-maker is decidedly fuzzy. ", "In any case, Xi3 is being careful not to refer to the system as a \"Steam Box,\" even though it will obviously support Steam games through Windows or Linux. ", "Xi3 seems confident that the box will be able to run the newly announced SteamOS. ", "The company said, \"we’ll have to wait until SteamOS is available to confirm this\" and to work out whether the OS will be pre-loaded on the system.", "\n\nXi3 took limited pre-orders for the Piston at the SXSW gathering earlier this year; the company has opened it up to wider orders today." ]

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[ "It is known that seeds, cereals, flours and fertilizers are generally stored in rather high reservoirs known as silos, whose general shape is cylindrical or prismatic. ", "These silos are loaded from the top and emptied at the bottom by the extraction of the ensilaged products, which are then fed into a screw conveyor, a chain conveyor, a belt or pneumatic conveyor or else loaded onto a vehicle in bulk.", "\nDelivering ensilaged products to a conveyor or a vehicle is rather difficult to guarantee, especially in the case of pulverulent products because of their very poor flow characteristics.", "\nThe first silos used for this operation had conical-shaped bottoms. ", "The walls converged downwards to an orifice for the discharge of ensilaged products. ", "The advantage of this type of construction is that it facilitates the flow of products to the outlet, which travel along the inclined wall of the bottom cone, are extracted from the silo, fall by gravity to fill a conveyor or load a truck. ", "Nevertheless, there are two disadvantages to this first form of construction: first, over the entire height of the bottom cone of each silo, the loss of useful volume for product storage, as compared to the volume of a flat-bottom silo of the same height and the same section, is equal to twice the interior volume of the bottom cone. ", "Second, it is clear that the silo can not rest on the ground on its conical bottom portion; consequently, is must be provided with a strong bottom support, which unfortunately increases considerably the price of the silo installed at the operation site.", "\nA flat bottom silo was first designed to eliminate the considerable loss in useful volume of the silo due to the conical outlet at the bottom. ", "The products were emptied by means of and along an Archimedean screw, mounted horizontally above the bottom of the silo and on a diameter of the latter; the said extraction screw rotating on its longitudinal axis and simultaneously pivoting around the vertical symmetry axis of the silo.", "\nBecause of the double rotation of the Archimedean screw, the ensilaged products are carried to an outlet orifice provided either in the silo bottom or at the base of its vertical lateral wall.", "\nThis second construction also has its disadvantage. ", "The Archimedean screw supports the entire mass of products; consequently, the torque needed for its movement has to be considerable, especially for high density, poor flow products (plaster or fertilizer, for example). ", "Because of this fact, the Archimedean screw soon becomes unusable in favorable conditions. ", "To overcome these drawbacks, a flat-bottom silo was then designed, having above its bottom portion a conical deflector, its apex turned toward the top of the silo and its lateral wall connected to a vibrating motor. ", "When this vibrator is turned on, the ensilaged products flow regularly and continuously along the deflector, fall to its base and onto the wall of a conical receiver located under the deflector and equipped with a central opening for the extraction of products.", "\nThe first disadvantage of this third design is that the conical receiver at its extreme bottom part constitutes a considerable loss in useful volume for the silo. ", "It is quite true that the height of the receiver is definitely less than that of the cone terminating the bottom part of the silo in the first design, but, nevertheless, the loss in useful volume still exists and this characteristic is always unfortunate, for it must be remembered that the characteristic property of a silo is that it is able to store a maximum volume of products.", "\nThe second and far more important disadvantage of this third design has already been discussed in the preceding paragraphs: Since a vibrating deflector placed above a conical receiver is used at the bottom part of the silo, it is obvious that such a silo can not be directly placed on the ground. ", "The same support system as the one mentioned above has to be implemented, increasing, on the one hand, the silo cost, and the support system constituting, on the other hand, another loss in useful volume since it is impossible to store products over the entire overall height of the silo.", "\nAs described for example in French Pat. ", "No. ", "1 165 985, there is also a fourth type of silo construction, in which the emptying apparatus is composed of discharge conveyors in the form of bands or belts.", "\nIn this type of construction, the silo is of irregular section, an upper cylinder extending downwards by means of a step in the form of a parallelepipedic foot. ", "The arrangement of this foot, corresponding to a widening of the silo base, is necessary to decompress the ensilaged products in the zone where they are delivered to the conveyors.", "\nThe drawback of this fourth construction is obvious. ", "It is particularly costly because, from the architectural point of view, it is much more complicated to design a cylinder resting on a parallelepiped than a cylinder alone, the latter being the easiest shape to construct where silos are concerned.", "\nTo overcome this structural difficulty, a further silo design was adopted, entirely cylindrical and flat-bottomed, such as the one described in German patent application No. ", "2 140 239.", "\nIn a construction of this type, in the bottom portion of the silo, above its bottom surface, there is a conical deflector joined to counter-bibs provided on the inner face of the vertical silo wall, level with the deflector. ", "This facilitates the flow of ensilaged products by a kind of baffle arrangement.", "\nThis fifth construction still has two major drawbacks which are inherent to the actual design of the baffle arrangement. ", "In the first place, the ensilaged products are progressively compressed while flowing, necessarily causing irregular flow and poor operation of the extraction device. ", "In the second place, the extraction means provided in the fifth device is composed of a moving extractor placed downstream of a fixed horizontal table in the shape of a circular ring, this table being backed against the deflector base or against the vertical wall base. ", "Due to this horizontal table arrangement, it is obvious that a portion of the materials to be extracted will stagnate on the table and form a residual volume ressembling a sloping heap, partly supported on the table and partly backed against the vertical wall of the deflector or silo. ", "There is no way to extract this heap from the silo, unless an additional manual operation is put into effect outside the silo. ", "In other words, the drawback of this fifth construction is that it causes a large portion of the products to stagnate on the fixed table to the point of rotting unless workmen use rakes to extract them." ]

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[ "Giant Bomb Presents: Persona 5 Spoilercast\n\nAlex and Ben sit down to discuss everything Persona 5. ", "They leave no stone unturned as they get into everything from best dungeon, to best music, to best girl.", "\n\nGiant Bomb Presents is giantbomb.com's home for interviews, previews, and more.", "\n\nJun. 26 2017\n\nPosted by: Ben" ]

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[ "Introduction {#S0001}\n============\n\nThe HACEK group of fastidious Gram-negative organisms is a recognized cause of infective endocarditis, responsible for 1.4 to 3% of cases \\[[1](#CIT0001)\\], with the genus *Aggregatibacter* now being the dominant etiology of HACEK endocarditis \\[[2](#CIT0002)\\]. ", "Colonization by the human oral bacterium, *Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans* is strongly associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis in adolescents and young adults \\[[3](#CIT0003),[4](#CIT0004)\\]. *", "Aggregatibacter aphrophilus* is a closely related organism (14.7--23.7% difference in gene content relative to *A. actinomycetemcomitans* \\[[5](#CIT0005)\\]), which belongs to the indigenous human oral microflora. ", "Infective endocarditis and cerebral abscesses are the most frequent invasive *A. aphrophilus* infections, whereas this organism is widely considered to have low virulence in periodontitis \\[[2](#CIT0002)\\].", "\n\n*A. actinomycetemcomitans* exhibits large genetic diversity, and serotypes form genetically divergent lineages \\[[4](#CIT0004)\\]. ", "Highly leukotoxic *A. actinomycetemcomitans* genotypes, JP2 and *cagE*, respectively (serotype b) are strongly linked to periodontal attachment loss progression in North and West African adolescents \\[[3](#CIT0003),[6](#CIT0006)\\]. *", "A. actinomycetemcomitans* produces outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which have been demonstrated to internalize into host cells and act as a trigger of innate immunity \\[[7](#CIT0007)\\]. ", "The systemic role of *A. actinomycetemcomitans*, in addition to its involvement in endocarditis, includes its association with cases of soft tissue abscesses, and osteomyelitis \\[[8](#CIT0008)\\], and the species can be detected in atheromatous plaque \\[[9](#CIT0009)\\]. ", "It is not known if there are specific genotypes of *A. actinomycetemcomitans* (or *A. aphrophilus*) that are more prone to translocate to the peripheral circulation.", "\n\nSerum resistance is an important pathogenicity determinant of Gram-negative bacteria that enter the bloodstream and cause infection, allowing their evasion of the innate defenses present in serum, including complement and antimicrobial peptides. ", "Resistance to complement-mediated killing by human serum appears to be important for *A. actinomycetemcomitans* virulence, and it is suggested to be a common trait among strains of this species \\[[10](#CIT0010),[11](#CIT0011)\\]. ", "It is not known whether serum resistance is also frequent among *A. aphrophilus* strains. ", "Mechanisms of bacterial resistance against complement-mediated killing include the production of protective extracellular polysaccharide capsules, and expression of factors that inhibit or interfere with the complement cascade \\[[12](#CIT0012)\\]. ", "Outer membrane integrity is important for serum resistance of Gram-negative bacteria, and in a number of species, outer membrane proteins (OMPs) have been shown to be associated with serum resistance, e.g., Ail \\[[13](#CIT0013)\\], OmpW \\[[14](#CIT0014)\\], PagC \\[[15](#CIT0015)\\], and OmpA \\[[16](#CIT0016),[17](#CIT0017)\\]. ", "OmpA protein family members represent key components in the structural integrity of the outer membrane of bacteria and have several described pathogenic roles \\[[18](#CIT0018)--[20](#CIT0020)\\].", "\n\nHence, OmpA inhibition offers a strategy to combat virulence of Gram-negative organisms \\[[21](#CIT0021)\\]. ", "C4b-binding protein (C4bp) is a major inhibitor of the classical and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) pathways of the complement system \\[[22](#CIT0022)\\]. ", "Evidence has been presented that upon interacting with C4bp, *Escherichia coli* OmpA inhibits the classical complement activation cascade \\[[23](#CIT0023),[24](#CIT0024)\\]. ", "On the other hand, In *Acinetobacter baumanii*, OmpA was shown to enhance serum resistance via trapping of the alternative complement inhibitor Factor H \\[[16](#CIT0016)\\].", "\n\nAmong the OMPs identified in *A. actinomycetemcomitans*, Omp100 (also known as ApiA) was earlier demonstrated to be important for serum resistance in some serotype b, and d strains, and to bind to the alternative pathway regulator Factor H in vitro \\[[10](#CIT0010),[25](#CIT0025)\\]. ", "Evidently, *A. actinomycetemcomitans* OMPs are immunoreactive in the human host \\[[26](#CIT0026)\\]. ", "As presence of antibodies towards OMPs is a known trigger of classical complement activation \\[[27](#CIT0027)\\], serum resistance of *Aggregatibacter* spp. ", "would be expected to include mechanisms blocking this activation. ", "A ≈ 35-kDa, 346-amino acid heat-modifiable OmpA-like protein (also known as Omp29, and Omp34) is the most abundant *A. actinomycetemcomitans* surface protein, and a major component of outer membrane vesicles \\[[26](#CIT0026),[28](#CIT0028)\\]. ", "The *A. actinomycetemcomitans* OmpA-like protein is associated with the bacterial entry into gingival epithelial cells \\[[29](#CIT0029)\\], however, its role in serum resistance has not been elucidated. ", "Whether *A. aphrophilus* OMPs, hitherto only subjected to a preliminary characterization \\[[30](#CIT0030)\\], may possibly contribute to serum resistance is not known. ", "The aim of the present work was to investigate if OmpA proteins play a role in serum resistance in *A. actinomycetemcomitans* and *A. aphrophilus*.", "\n\nMaterials and methods {#S0002}\n=====================\n\nEthics considerations {#S0002-S2001}\n---------------------\n\nAll procedures were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the local ethics committee at the Medical Faculty of Umeå University, which are in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki (64th WMA General Assembly, Fortaleza, October 2013). ", "For the assays using normal human serum, blood was sampled from healthy volunteers after informed consent.", "\n\nBacterial strains and growth conditions {#S0002-S2002}\n---------------------------------------\n\n*A. actinomycetemcomitans* strain D7SS is a naturally genetic competent, smooth-colony derivative of D7S (serotype a), which was originally isolated from a patient with aggressive periodontal disease \\[[31](#CIT0031)\\]. ", "Mutant *A. actinomycetemcomitans* derivatives, i.e., D7SS *ompA1::spe* \\[Spe^r^\\], D7S *ompA1::spe* \\[Spe^r^\\], D7SS *ompA2::kan* \\[Km^r^\\], D7SS *ompA1::spe, ompA2::kan* \\[Spe^r^, Km^r^\\], D7SS *omp100::kan* \\[Km^r^\\], and D7SS *omp100::kan, ompA1::spe* \\[Km^r^, Spe^r^\\] were generated in the present work. ", "CCUG 3715 and NJ8700 are type strains of *A. aphrophilus* \\[[32](#CIT0032),[33](#CIT0033)\\]. ", "The naturally genetic competent *A. aphrophilus* strains HK83 (CCUG 49494), and CCUG 11575 were originally sampled from saliva, and a brain abscess, respectively \\[[33](#CIT0033)\\]. ", "DNA from NJ8700 was used to transform HK83 and CCUG11575 into a V factor-independent growth phenotype, following a described procedure \\[[33](#CIT0033)\\]. ", "Mutant derivatives of HK83, i.e., HK83 *ompA1::spe* \\[Spe^r^\\], HK83 *ompA2::kan* \\[Km^r^\\], and HK83 *ompA1::spe, ompA2::kan* \\[Spe^r^, Km^r^\\] were generated in the present work. ", "Strains AHI-3151, IH-90256, and IH-90274 are part of the collection of clinical isolates of *A. aphrophilus* in our laboratory, established by Dr. Sirkka Asikainen. ", "The *A. aphrophilus* strains 4 Aap-K, 12 Aap-K, 13 Aap-K, 21 Aap-K, 29 Aap-K, 30 Aap-K, 32 Aap-K, and 53 Aap-K belong to our bacterial strain collection at the clinical laboratory, Oral Microbiology. ", "The *A. actinomycetemcomitans* and *A. aphrophilus* strains were routinely cultivated in air supplemented with 5% CO~2~, at 37°C, on blood agar plates (5% defibrinated horse blood, 5 mg hemin/l, 10 mg Vitamin K/l, Columbia agar base). ", "Alternatively, for transformation assays, the strains were grown on Trypticase soy broth supplemented with 0.1% yeast extract, 5% heat-inactivated horse serum, and 1.5% agar (sTSB agar), and when needed, supplemented with 100 μg/ml (final concentration) spectinomycin, or kanamycin. *", "E. coli* K-12 laboratory strain DH5α was used for maintenance of plasmids and was cultured aerobically at 37°C in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth, or on LB broth solidified with 1.5% (w/v) agar.", "\n\n*Construction of outer membrane protein gene replacement mutants in* A. actinomycetemcomitans *and* A. aphrophilus {#S0002-S2003}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nA PCR-based approach following standard cloning procedures was used to construct gene replacement mutants in naturally competent strains of *A. actinomycetemcomitans* (D7SS), and *A. aphrophilus* (HK83). ", "For *A. actinomycetemcomitans*, the strain D7S-1 complete genome (GenBank accession CP003496) was used as reference in oligonucleotide synthesis. ", "For *A. aphrophilus*, strain NJ8700 was used as reference genome (GenBank accession CP001607). ", "Whole genome sequence data of the *A. aphrophilus* model strain HK83 was kindly communicated by Niels Nørskov-Lauritsen and has been deposited at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession QMGS00000000. ", "Sequences of the oligonucleotide primers used for mutant construction and outer membrane protein gene database entries are listed in [Table 1](#T0001). ", "In brief, PCR fragments flanking the target genes were amplified. ", "The PCR primers contained BamHI or SalI restriction sites, allowing ligation of the PCR fragments to flank either the spectinomycin resistance gene from plasmid pK-Spe \\[[34](#CIT0034)\\], or the kanamycin resistance gene from pUC4K \\[[35](#CIT0035)\\]. ", "Ligation products were then used to transform D7SS and HK83 on agar plates using procedures described earlier \\[[31](#CIT0031)\\]. ", "Confirmation of allelic replacements and the orientation of the inserted resistance cassette were done by DNA sequencing and PCR. ", "For this we used a target gene-specific F1, and R2 oligonucleotide primer ([Table 1](#T0001)), respectively in combination with a primer specific for the appropriate antibiotic determinant, i.e., spectinomycin (Spe1: 5ʹ-CCACTCTCAACTCCTGATCC-3ʹ) or kanamycin (H7R: 5ʹ- GGACGGCGGCTTTGTTGAATAAATCG-3ʹ).10.1080/20002297.2018.1536192-T0001Table 1.Target *ompA1* and *ompA2* genes in the *A. actinomycetemcomitans* and *A. aphrophilus* reference strains D7S-1 and NJ8700, respectively, and oligonucleotide primers used for the generation of allelic replacement mutants.", "Target gene GenBank accession number, and definition in databaseOligonucleotide^a^\\\n(F: forward; R: reverse)PCR product length (bp)^b^**Primers for *A. actinomycetemcomitans****ompA1^AA\\ c^*\\\nAFI86243\\\n'membrane protein'F1: 5ʹ- CTGCTTCACAAATAAAGGCGAGGGAG-3ʹ\\\nR1: 5ʹ- GATTGCAGTT**GTCGAC**ATTTTGATGATCC-3ʹ\\\nF2: 5ʹ-GAAATCGCT**GTCGAC**GGTACTAAATA-3ʹ\\\nR2: 5ʹ-GCTCACGGCGGCAATCAATAAC-3'1,295\\\n1,287*ompA2^AA\\ d^*\\\nAFI86283\\\n'membrane protein'F1: 5ʹ-GAATCCCACGTCACCGTGCC-3ʹ\\\nR1: 5ʹ-GTAGCTAATG**GGATCC**CAGTTTTTTTC-3ʹ\\\nF2: 5ʹ-GTGACAC**GGATCC**AGGTCGCAAAG-3ʹ\\\nR2: 5ʹ-CCGACAGTGGAATGTACGAAAACTAC-3ʹ1,269\\\n1,061*omp100^e^*\\\nAFI 86,288\\\n'membrane protein'F1: 5ʹ-GCATGGCGTCCAATAAACCTTG-3ʹ\\\nR1: 5ʹ-GTTTAAATAAT**GGATCC**GTCATAATTCA-3ʹ\\\nF2: 5ʹ-CTATAACGTC**GGATCC**AACTTTGAGTG-3ʹ\\\nR2: 5ʹ-GCATGGTTGGAACGCTTCTTACAC-3ʹ1,386\\\n1,208**Primers for *A. aphrophilus****ompA1^AP\\ f^*\\\nACS96969\\\n'outer membrane protein A'F1: 5ʹ-GTCGGATTTGACCGCACTTGTGTC-3ʹ\\\nR1: 5ʹ-GATAGCTAATGCGA**GTCGAC**TTTTTTTCA-3ʹ\\\nF2: 5ʹ-GTAGAAATCGCT**GTCGAC**GGTAGCAA −3ʹ\\\nR2: 5ʹ- GAG AAT CGG GAA AGG TCA CGG CT-3'1,081\\\n1,280*ompA2^AP\\ g^*\\\nACS97183\\\n'outer membrane protein A'F1: 5ʹ-GGGAGCAGAGTGAGCAGGTG-3ʹ\\\nR1: 5ʹ-CAGCTAATG**GGATCC**TAGTTTTTTTC\\\nF2: 5ʹ-GAAATTGCAGTAAATGG**GGATCC**ATAATT-3ʹ\\\nR2: 5ʹ-CAACTGACTCAACTCATCGAACAG-3'1,328\\\n1,322[^1][^2][^3][^4][^5][^6][^7]\n\nSDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis {#S0002-S2004}\n----------------------------------\n\nThe procedures used for SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis have been described previously \\[[36](#CIT0036)\\]. ", "Gels were stained using Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 (Bio-Rad) or Pierce® Silver Stain Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). ", "Selected protein bands after Coomassie- or Silver-staining were excised from gels and subject to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) at the Proteomics Core Facility at Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. ", "For Western blot, we used a rabbit polyclonal antiserum specific for *E. coli* OmpA \\[[37](#CIT0037)\\] (final dilution 1:10,000), and a patient serum from a periodontitis subject, which exhibits strong reactivity to *A. actinomycetemcomitans* antigens \\[[38](#CIT0038)\\] (1:2,000). ", "As secondary antibody, anti-rabbit or anti-human horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugate was used (Jackson ImmunoResearch, Newmarket, UK) (1:10,000). ", "Immunoreactive bands were visualized using Clarity™ Western ECL Substrate (Bio-Rad) or SuperSignal® West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and the ChemiDoc™ XRS + System (Bio-Rad).", "\n\nFar-Western blot analysis {#S0002-S2005}\n-------------------------\n\nTo detect binding of the complement regulator, C4b-binding protein to OmpA, the immunoblot membrane was blocked in tris-buffered saline, 0.1% tween 20 (TBS-T) with milk (5% w/v) overnight at 4°C, and then incubated with 1 μg/ml (final dilution) human recombinant C4bp (Abcam) in TBS-T with milk (0.5% w/v) for 2 h at room temperature. ", "After washing four times with TBS-T, the membrane was incubated with a rabbit polyclonal antiserum specific for human C4bp (Abcam) (final dilution 1:1,500). ", "After four washes with TBS-T, anti-rabbit HRP-conjugate (Jackson ImmunoResearch, Newmarket, UK) was used at 1:10,000, and immune detection was then performed as described above.", "\n\nExtraction of outer membrane proteins {#S0002-S2006}\n-------------------------------------\n\nOuter membrane protein bacterial fractions were isolated essentially as described earlier \\[[36](#CIT0036)\\]. *", "A. actinomycetemcomitans* or *A. aphrophilus* cells were harvested in 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4) from an average of four blood agar plates. ", "After centrifugation (40,000 × *g*; 20 min, 4°C), bacterial pellets were resuspended in HEPES and subject to sonication (30-second pulses; 30% amplitude). ", "After removal of intact cells and cell debris (1,700 × *g*; 20 min, 4°C), supernatants were subject to ultracentrifugation (100,000 × *g*; 1 h, 4°C) using an SW60Ti rotor (Beckman Instruments Inc.). ", "Pellets were resuspended in 2% (w/v) sodium-lauryl-sarcosinate (Sigma-Aldrich) in HEPES, and after sequential steps of ultracentrifugation (100,000 × *g*; 1 h, 4°C; SW60Ti) pellets were resuspended in buffer A (1% \\[w/v\\] n-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside \\[Sigma-Aldrich\\] in 50 mM Tris, 5 mM EDTA, pH 8.0), in buffer A containing 0.5M NaCl, and finally in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing 0.1% (w/v) SDS.", "\n\nIsolation of outer membrane vesicles {#S0002-S2007}\n------------------------------------\n\nAs an alternative approach to obtain bacterial fractions enriched in OmpA proteins, OMVs were isolated from *A. actinomycetemcomitans* and *A. aphrophilus* cells harvested from an average of 10 blood agar plates, using ultracentrifugation as described earlier \\[[7](#CIT0007)\\]. ", "OMV pellets were washed twice with PBS (85,000 × *g*; 2 h, 4°C) using a 70 Ti rotor (Beckman Instruments Inc.), and then used as the OMV preparations. ", "The yield of OMVs was estimated by quantifying vesicle preparations for protein content using a NanoDrop 1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). ", "To assess the uniformity of OMV preparations, samples were validated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and SDS-PAGE. ", "OMVs were also checked for absence of bacterial contamination by cultivating small aliquots on blood agar plates in air supplemented with 5% CO~2~, at 37°C for 3 days.", "\n\nAtomic force microscopy {#S0002-S2008}\n-----------------------\n\nFor AFM, bacterial cells or OMV preparations were diluted with ultrapure water (Millipore) and placed onto a freshly cleaved mica surface. ", "Samples were incubated for 5 min at room temperature, washed with ultrapure water, and then placed in a desiccator for \\~2 h in order to dry. ", "The samples were finally magnified through a Nanoscope V Atomic Force Microscope (Bruker AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany), using tapping mode. ", "Final images were plane fitted in both the *x* and *y* axes and are presented in amplitude mode.", "\n\nElectron microscopy {#S0002-S2009}\n-------------------\n\nAnalyses were carried out at the Umeå Core Facility for Electron Microscopy (UCEM). ", "For transmission electron microscopy of OMV preparations, 3.5 µl of samples was applied to glow discharged formvar and carbon coated Cu-grids. ", "The grids were washed and negatively stained in 1.5% Uranyl acetate for 2 × 15 sec. ", "Samples were examined with a Talos 120C transmission electron microscope (FEI, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) operating at 120 kV. Micrographs were acquired with a Ceta 16M CCD camera (FEI, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) using TEM Image & Analysis software version 4.14 (FEI, Eindhoven, The Netherlands). ", "For scanning electron microscopy, small pieces of agar containing bacterial colonies were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) at 4°C overnight, then dehydrated in graded series of ethanol, critical point dried, and metal-coated (4 nm). ", "The morphology of the samples was analyzed with a field-emission scanning electron microscope (Zeiss Merlin FESEM).", "\n\nBacterial serum killing assay {#S0002-S2010}\n-----------------------------\n\nTo monitor the sensitivity of bacterial strains to normal human serum (NHS), NHS was taken from healthy volunteers. ", "We largely followed procedures described previously \\[[10](#CIT0010),[27](#CIT0027)\\], using *A. actinomycetemcomitans*, and *A. aphrophilus* strains grown on agar. ", "In brief, prior to being used in the assays, bacteria were harvested and suspensions were adjusted to 1.0 × 10^9^ cells/ml in PBS. ", "Reaction mixtures contained 105 μl NHS, 95 μl PBS, and 10 μl bacterial suspension and were incubated at 37°C for 2 h. Cell survival was assessed by plating serial dilutions on agar. ", "Heat-inactivated (56°C, 30 min) NHS (HI-NHS) was used as control. ", "Survival rates were calculated as the ratio (%) of colony forming units (CFU) NHS/HI-NHS. ", "When needed to distinguish between the classical and MBL, and the alternative pathway of complement activation, serum killing assays were performed in the presence of 5 mM MgCl~2~, and 10 mM EGTA (Mg^2+^/EGTA), which selectively permits the alternative pathway only \\[[39](#CIT0039)\\]. ", "To obtain NHS depleted from the MBL pathway, serum was filtered through D-mannose-agarose beads (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), as described previously \\[[27](#CIT0027)\\].", "\n\nStatistical analysis and image processing {#S0002-S2011}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nThe statistical significance of the data was calculated using two-tailed Student's t-test. ", "The level of statistical significance was set to *P *\\< 0.05, based on at least three independent experiments unless otherwise stated. ", "Data are expressed as means ± standard errors of the means (SEM). ", "Images for figures were assembled using Adobe Photoshop CS6 or Microsoft PowerPoint.", "\n\nResults {#S0003}\n=======\n\nBoth *A. actinomycetemcomitans* and *A. aphrophilus* encode two OmpA proteins {#S0003-S2001}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo assess the prevalence of *ompA* genes in these species, we screened all whole genome sequences of *A. actinomycetemcomitans* strains (n = 38) and *A. aphrophilus* (n = 7) available in the National Center for Biotechnology (NCBI) database in September 2017. ", "The result of this *in silico* analysis is summarized in Supplementary Table 1. ", "Of the *A. actinomycetemcomitans* strains, 37 were found to encode the major OmpA protein (in the present work referred to as OmpA1^AA^). ", "Strain SA3733 (serotype d), encoded a partial OmpA1 sequence. ", "In total, six OmpA1^AA^ alleles were identified exhibiting 99--100% amino acid identity to the strain D7S protein. ", "A 356-amino acid protein sharing approximately 76% amino acid identity with OmpA1^AA^ is in this work referred to as OmpA2^AA^. The database searches revealed OmpA2^AA^ to be encoded by 37 out of the 38 *A. actinomycetemcomitans* genomes (not identified only in SA3733). ", "In total, six OmpA2^AA^ alleles were identified exhibiting 97--100% amino acid identity to the strain D7S protein. ", "As there were allele combinations specific for some serotypes, e.g., OmpA1^AA^-4 and OmpA2^AA^-4 in serotype b, these gene and protein sequences may represent potential genotyping markers. ", "According to the database searches, *A. aphrophilus*, similar to *A. actinomycetemcomitans* encodes two OmpA paralogues. ", "These proteins (346 and 363--366 amino acids, respectively) exhibit ≈ 74% amino acid identity, and we have in this study referred to them as OmpA1^AP^ and OmpA2^AP^. OmpA1^AP^ was encoded in all *A. aphrophilus* genomes, and in total three alleles were identified exhibiting 96--100% amino acid identity to the strain NJ8700 protein. ", "A gene encoding OmpA2^AP^ was identified in all *A. aphrophilus* genomes, except ATCC7901 and in total five alleles were identified exhibiting 96--100% amino acid identity to the strain NJ8700 protein. ", "Thus, a large majority of *A. actinomycetemcomitans* and *A. aphrophilus* strains encode two OmpA proteins.", "\n\nOmpA1 is important for serum resistance in *A. actinomycetemcomitans* strains D7SS and D7S {#S0003-S2002}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo investigate if OmpA1^AA^ contributes to serum resistance, the *ompA1^AA^* gene was subject to allelic replacement in strains D7S and D7SS. ", "The abolished expression of OmpA1 in the mutants was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot, analyzing OMP ([Figure 1(a](#F0001),c)), and OMV preparations ([Figure 1(b](#F0001), d, and e)), respectively. ", "These analyses revealed distinct protein bands at approximately 35 and 25 kDa, respectively, which were also confirmed to represent OmpA1^AA^ using LC-MS/MS, and which were absent in the *ompA1* mutant derivatives. ", "According to serum killing assays using 50% NHS ([Figure 2](#F0002)), strain D7SS was completely serum resistant (survival rate determined to 161.3%) whereas its *ompA1* mutant derivative exhibited high susceptibility (survival rate 8.0%). ", "Essentially similar survival rates were obtained when assessing the rough-colony D7SS parental strain, D7S (161.4% ± 21.9% \\[SEM\\]), and its *ompA1* mutant derivative (1.1% ± 0.9% \\[SEM\\]). ", "In contrast to the observations with *ompA1*, inactivation of *omp100* in strain D7SS did not result in a low survival rate (106.6% ± 19.8% \\[SEM\\]). ", "Lack of Omp100 production in the mutant was confirmed by Western blot ([Figure 1(e](#F0001))). ", "Consistent with a major role of OmpA1 in serum resistance, inactivation of the *ompA1*gene in the D7SS *omp100* mutant led to a severely reduced survival rate, 3.1% ([Figure 2](#F0002)). ", "Based on these results together, we concluded that OmpA1 was a major contributor to the serum resistance of *A. actinomycetemcomitans* D7SS, and its parental strain D7S.10.1080/20002297.2018.1536192-F0001Figure 1.SDS-PAGE analysis of outer membrane protein, and outer membrane vesicle preparations obtained from *A. actinomycetemcomitans* strains. ", "OMP preparations were analyzed using Coomassie-staining (a), and Western blot using a polyclonal antiserum specific for *E. coli* OmpA (c). ", "OMV preparations were analyzed using Silver-staining (b), and Western blot using a polyclonal antiserum specific for *E. coli* OmpA (d), or an *A. actinomycetemcomitans*-responsive serum from a periodontitis subject (e). ", "Samples from the following strains are shown in the panels: D7SS (lane 1), D7SS *omp100 ompA1* (lane 2 in panel a--d), D7SS *ompA1* (lane 3), D7SS *ompA1* R1 (lane 4), D7SS *ompA1 ompA2* (lane 5), and D7SS *omp100* (lane 2 in panel e). ", "Selected protein bands are indicated with arrows. ", "Sizes (kDa) of the proteins in the pre-stained molecular weight marker (M) are indicated along the left side.10.1080/20002297.2018.1536192-F0002Figure 2.Analysis of the serum survival of *A. actinomycetemcomitans* strain D7SS and its mutant derivatives. ", "1.0 × 10^9^ bacterial cells were incubated in 50% normal human serum (NHS), or 50% heat-inactivated (HI)-NHS at 37°C for 2 h. The assay was performed in the absence (blue bars) or presence (red bars) of Mg^2+^/EGTA. ", "Bacterial serum survival was determined by viable count and expressed as ratio (%) of CFU in NHS/HI-NHS. ", "Shown are means ± SEM from at least three independent experiments, with the exception of the D7SS *ompA1 ompA2* double mutant, which was assessed twice. ", "\\**P* \\< 0.001, D7SS vs. D7SS *ompA1* in the absence of Mg^2+^/EGTA; \\*\\**P* \\< 0.001, D7SS *ompA1* in the absence vs. presence of Mg^2+^/EGTA.", "\n\nA. actinomycetemcomitans strain *D7SS* ompA1 *mutant derivatives regained serum resistance upon enhanced production of OmpA2* {#S0003-S2003}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe made attempts to clone *ompA1*^AA^ behind the leukotoxin promoter using the pVT1503 *A. actinomycetemcomitans* shuttle vector, and the same approach as for the complementation of *bilRI* mutants \\[[40](#CIT0040)\\]. ", "Unfortunately, this resulted solely in clones with a truncated C-terminus (data not shown), suggesting that overexpression of OmpA1 was toxic to the *E. coli* laboratory strain used. ", "Nonetheless, colonies of the D7SS *ompA1^AA^* mutant were fortuitously obtained after the incubation in 50% NHS. ", "After isolation of such clones from independent experiments, they were found to exhibit a serum survival rate, comparable to D7SS. ", "Interestingly, according to SDS-PAGE analysis of OMV preparations from one selected serum resistant *ompA1*mutant clone, denoted D7SS *ompA1*-R1 (survival rate 186.5% ± 62.1% \\[SEM\\]), there were two enhanced protein bands at approximate sizes very similar to OmpA1, i.e. ≈ 35 and ≈ 25 kDa ([Figure 1(b,d)](#F0001)). ", "These proteins, which appeared to be produced at a low level in the serum-sensitive D7SS *ompA1* mutant derivative, were subject to LC-MS/MS analysis. ", "This revealed that both protein bands corresponded to OmpA2^AA^. Thus, we concluded that the protein identified in the lower molecular weight band likely represented a degradation product of full length OmpA2. ", "To investigate if serum resistant D7SS *ompA1* derivatives may represent a heterogeneous population of mutants, OMV preparations from five additional clones were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Supplementary Figure 1). ", "This revealed upregulated OmpA2 production in four of the tested clones, suggesting that this is a common characteristic among D7SS *ompA1* mutants surviving in 50% NHS. ", "The role of OmpA2 was evaluated in D7SS *ompA1*, and in D7SS *ompA1*-R1, by allelic replacement of *ompA2^AA^*. ", "As judged by the very low to non-existing serum survival rates of the double mutants, D7SS *ompA1 ompA2* (0%), and D7SS *ompA1*-R1 *ompA2* (1.8% ± 0.6% \\[SEM\\]), OmpA2 indeed contributed to serum resistance. ", "In contrast, allelic replacement of *ompA2^AA^* in an *ompA1^AA^*^+^ gene background did not result in an apparent decrease in serum resistance ([Figure 2](#F0002)). ", "The survival rates of the wild-type strain and its mutant derivatives were similar in heat-inactivated 50% NHS (data not shown), whereas there was a somewhat reduced growth rate of the D7SS *ompA1* single and *ompA1 ompA2* double mutants in liquid cultures (Supplementary Figure 2). ", "Electron microscopy revealed that OMV preparations from both D7SS and D7SS *ompA1 ompA2* contained vesicles of various sizes (diameter approximately 30--200 nm) ([Figure 3(a-b)](#F0003)). ", "However, larger membrane vesicle-like structures were occasionally observed projecting from the cell surface of the double mutant, which was not observed assessing the wild-type ([Figure 3(c-d)](#F0003)). ", "This suggests that the serum sensitivity was accompanied by at least partially impaired membrane stability. ", "Based on these results together, we concluded that in the absence of OmpA1, serum resistance of *A. actinomycetemcomitans* strain D7SS could be regained via increased production of OmpA2. ", "As judged by DNA sequencing, background mechanisms why OmpA2 appeared to be produced at enhanced levels in the serum resistant D7SS *ompA1*mutant clones did not include alterations in the *ompA2* promoter and upstream region, as amplified using the primers *ompA2^AA^* F1 and *ompA2^AA^* R1 (data not shown).10.1080/20002297.2018.1536192-F0003Figure 3.Electron micrographs of *A. actinomycetemcomitans* strains and their released OMVs. ", "Transmission electron micrographs of OMVs released from D7SS (a), and D7SS *ompA1 ompA2* (b). ", "Scanning electron micrographs of D7SS (c), and D7SS *ompA1 ompA2* (d) cultivated on agar. ", "The arrows in panel d indicate examples of the larger membrane vesicle-like structures occasionally found projecting from the cell surface of the double mutant. ", "Bars = 200 μm.", "\n\n*Serum resistance in* A. aphrophilus *strains* {#S0003-S2004}\n----------------------------------------------\n\nPrompted by our findings with *A. actinomycetemcomitans*, we wanted to investigate if OmpA proteins may contribute to serum resistance in an additional species of this genus, i.e., the close relative *A. aphrophilus*. ", "In serum killing assays using 50% NHS, we screened our available (n = 15) *A. aphrophilus* strains in our collections, observing that they displayed moderate to high levels of serum resistance (Supplementary Table 2). ", "Albeit this initial screening suggested that the degrees of serum resistance may vary among strains, it supported the notion that serum resistance may be ubiquitous also among *A. aphrophilus* strains. ", "Strain HK83 was selected for genetic analysis as it is a naturally competent strain, facilitating the genetic analysis.", "\n\nOmpA protein expression in *A. aphrophilus* strain HK83 {#S0003-S2005}\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\nAnalysis of whole genome sequencing data of *A. aphrophilus* strain HK83 confirmed that it encodes OmpA1^AP^ and OmpA2^AP^, both sharing approximately 96% amino acid identity with the corresponding proteins of the *A. aphrophilus* reference strain NJ8700. ", "We noted that the OmpA1^AP^ protein sequence of HK83 is identical to that of *A. aphrophilus* strains ATCC 7901 and W10433 (accession numbers OBY53818 and AKU63521, respectively), and that the HK83 OmpA2^AP^ protein is identical to that of strain W10433 (accession number AKU63719). ", "Strain HK83 was used to generate *ompA1*^AP^ and *ompA2^AP^* single, and *ompA1^AP^ ompA2^AP^* double mutants, respectively. ", "To estimate the relative levels of produced OmpA1^AP^ and OmpA2^AP^ in HK83, SDS-PAGE and Western blot were used to analyze OMP preparations ([Figure 4(a,c)](#F0004)). ", "In addition, OMV preparations were assessed ([Figure 4(b,d)](#F0004)) as *A. aphrophilus* strains were found to produce outer membrane vesicles, at a level similar to *A. actinomycetemcomitans* ([Figure 5](#F0005)). ", "These analyses revealed distinct protein bands at approximately 35 and 25 kDa, respectively, which were confirmed to represent OmpA1^AP^ using LC-MS/MS, and which were absent in the *ompA1^AP^* mutant derivatives ([Figure 4](#F0004)). ", "This observation is consistent with the notion that OmpA1^AP^ was the major OmpA protein produced under the growth conditions used. ", "Moreover, SDS-PAGE revealed two protein bands with somewhat increased intensity, at approximately 37 kDa in OMP and OMV preparations from the HK83 *ompA1*^AP^*ompA2*^AP^ double mutant ([Figure 4(a,b)](#F0004)). ", "According to LC-MS/MS analysis of these protein bands, the slightly larger-sized protein was identified as OmpC (AKU63902), a homologue to *A. actinomycetemcomitans* Omp39 (≈ 73% amino acid identity). ", "This may represent compensatory expression of OmpC due to lack of OmpA1^AP^ and OmpA2^AP^. The second protein band was identified as a methyl-galactoside ABC transporter substrate-binding protein (OBY51871).10.1080/20002297.2018.1536192-F0004Figure 4.SDS-PAGE analysis of outer membrane protein, and outer membrane vesicle preparations obtained from *A. aphrophilus* strains. ", "OMP preparations were analyzed with Coomassie-staining (a), and Western blot using a polyclonal antiserum specific for *E. coli* OmpA (c). ", "OMV preparations were analyzed with Silver-staining (b), and Western blot using a polyclonal antiserum specific for *E. coli* OmpA (d). ", "Samples from the following strains are shown in each panel: HK83 (lane 1), HK83 *ompA1* (lane 2), HK83 *ompA2* (lane 3), and HK83 *ompA1 ompA2* (lane 4). ", "Selected protein bands are indicated with arrows. ", "Sizes (kDa) of the proteins in the pre-stained molecular weight marker (M) are indicated along the left side.10.1080/20002297.2018.1536192-F0005Figure 5.Release of OMVs from *A. aphrophilus* strains. ", "Atomic force micrographs of bacterial strains cultivated on agar. *", "A. aphrophilus* strains HK83 (a and c), CCUG 3715 (b), and HK83 *ompA1 ompA2* (d), which produces large numbers of OMVs relative to HK83. ", "Arrows indicate examples of the released *A. aphrophilus* vesicles in a and b. Bars = 300 nm (a, b), and 500 nm (c, d).", "\n\nOmpA1 is important for the serum resistance of *A. aphrophilus* strain HK83 {#S0003-S2006}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo elucidate if OmpA1^AP^ and/or OmpA2^AP^ might be involved in *A. aphrophilus* serum resistance, strain HK83 and its *ompA1* and *ompA2* single, and *ompA1 ompA2*double mutants were assessed in serum killing experiments using 50% NHS. ", "The *ompA1* mutant exhibited a survival rate of 12.1%, i.e. almost four times lower than the parental strain, HK83 ([Figure 6](#F0006)), clearly supporting that OmpA1^AP^ was contributing to serum resistance. ", "Similar to the findings with *A. actinomycetemcomitans* strain D7SS, inactivation of *ompA2*^AP^ in HK83 did not significantly affect the serum survival. ", "However, serum resistance was almost abolished in the *ompA1 ompA2* double mutant ([Figure 6](#F0006)), indicating that OmpA2^AP^ contributed to the serum resistance in this background. ", "The survival rates of the wild-type strain and its mutant derivatives were similar in heat-inactivated NHS (data not shown), whereas like the *A. actinomycetemcomitans* strains, there was a somewhat reduced growth rate of the HK83 *ompA1* single and *ompA1 ompA2* double mutants in liquid cultures (Supplementary Figure 2). ", "As judged by the hypervesiculation phenotype of HK83 *ompA1 ompA2* revealed by AFM ([Figure 5(d](#F0005))), its serum sensitivity was most likely accompanied by a disruption of the outer membrane integrity. ", "Analogously to our findings with the *A*. *", "actinomycetemcomitans* strain, clones of the HK83 *ompA1* mutant were fortuitously obtained after the incubation in 50% NHS, which after isolation were found to exhibit serum resistance at a level comparable to the parental strain. ", "As judged by SDS-PAGE analysis of OMV preparations from selected *ompA1* mutant clones with enhanced serum resistance, there was no noticeable difference in the levels of outer membrane proteins relative to the parental strain (data not shown). ", "One clone with enhanced serum resistance, HK83 *ompA1*-R1 (survival rate 56.1% ± 12.6% \\[SEM\\]), was subject to inactivation of *ompA2*^AP^. As this resulted in essentially abolished serum survival (\\< 1%), we concluded that OmpA2 contributed to the serum resistance in this background.10.1080/20002297.2018.1536192-F0006Figure 6.Analysis of the serum survival of *A. aphrophilus* strain HK83 and its mutant derivatives. ", "1.0 × 10^9^ bacterial cells were incubated in 50% normal human serum (NHS), or 50% heat-inactivated (HI)-NHS at 37°C for 2 h. The assay was performed in the absence (blue bars) or presence (red bars) of Mg^2+^/EGTA. ", "Bacterial serum survival was determined by viable count and expressed as ratio (%) of CFU in NHS/HI-NHS. ", "Shown are means ± SEM from at least three independent experiments. ", "\\**P* \\< 0.04, HK83 vs HK83 *ompA1* for both conditions.", "\n\nComplement activation pathways effective in elimination of serum-sensitive *OmpA* mutant derivatives {#S0003-S2007}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo initially investigate mechanisms for OmpA-mediated serum resistance, we assessed which pathways of complement activation were effective in elimination of serum-sensitive *ompA1* single and *ompA1 ompA2* double mutant strains of the two species. ", "To this end, serum killing assays were performed in the presence of Mg^2+^/EGTA, which allow alternative complement activation but inhibits the classical and MBL pathways ([Figure 2](#F0002)). ", "Whereas blocking the classical and MBL pathways had no effect on survival of the serum resistant *A. actinomycetemcomitans* strain D7SS, its *ompA1*mutant displayed a largely increased survival rate (66.0%). ", "Comparably, in the presence of Mg^2+^/EGTA there was much enhanced survival rates of the D7SS *ompA1 ompA2* (25.3%), and *ompA1 omp100* (31.7%), double mutants, respectively, and in serum-killing assays using MBL-depleted NHS, the survival rate of the D7SS *ompA1* mutant was relatively high, i.e. 77.9% ± 27.6% \\[SEM\\]). ", "This together supports that the serum susceptibility of the *ompA1*^AA^ mutant derivatives to a relatively large extent was mediated via classical/MBL complement activation. ", "However, as in the presence of Mg^2+^/EGTA, none of the serum-sensitive D7SS mutant derivatives exhibited a survival rate corresponding to that of their respective parental strains ([Figure 2](#F0002)), we concluded that they were also susceptible to alternative complement activation.", "\n\nIn the presence of Mg^2+^/EGTA the serum survival rate of the *A. aphrophilus* wild-type strain, HK83, and its *ompA2* derivative was 71.5% and 45.3%, respectively, consistent with a partial susceptibility to both classical/MBL and alternative complement activation ([Figure 6](#F0006)). ", "Likewise, although there was enhanced survival of the HK83 *ompA1* mutant in the presence of Mg^2+^/EGTA, its survival rate was still as low as 19.3%, whereas the HK83 *ompA1 ompA2* double mutant was essentially serum-sensitive. ", "Moreover, the survival rate of the HK83 *ompA1* mutant was enhanced when MBL-depleted serum was used (39.3% ± 13.9% \\[SEM\\]). ", "Hence, taken together, these results support the notion that the classical, MBL, and alternative complement activation pathways were all involved in the elimination of the serum-sensitive *ompA* mutant derivatives tested. ", "This suggests that alternate mechanisms may be involved in OmpA-mediated serum resistance.", "\n\nOmpA-dependent trapping of C4b binding protein (C4bp) {#S0003-S2008}\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nTo investigate possible mechanisms how the *Aggregatibacter* OmpA proteins may protect the bacterial cells from complement-mediated killing, we investigated whether OmpA1^AA^ and OmpA1^AP^, similar to *E. coli* OmpA \\[[24](#CIT0024)\\], might be able to bind to C4bp. ", "For this, OMVs obtained from *A. actinomycetemcomitans* D7SS and *A. aphrophilus* HK83, and their respective *ompA1* mutants, were assessed by Far-Western analysis using recombinant human C4bp, and polyclonal anti-C4bp, and anti-OmpA antibodies, respectively. ", "The detection using the anti-C4bp antibody indicated that there was binding of C4bp as represented by a protein band on the membrane at a position corresponding to the size of OmpA, which was observed in the case of both wild-type strains ([Figure 7(a](#F0007))). ", "This observation was confirmed using the anti-OmpA antibody ([Figure 7(a](#F0007))). ", "In contrast, there was no such C4bp binding detected assessing the OMV samples from the *ompA1^AA^* and *ompA1^AP^* mutant, respectively ([Figure 7(a](#F0007))). ", "Moreover, also OmpA2^AA^ was found to bind to C4bp, assessing OMVs from the serum resistant strain D7SS *ompA1*-R1 ([Figure 7(b](#F0007))). ", "These results together are consistent with the notion that both *A. actinomycetemcomitans* and *A. aphrophilus* can exhibit OmpA-dependent binding of C4bp.10.1080/20002297.2018.1536192-F0007Figure 7.Far-Western analysis to detect binding of OmpA1^AA^ and OmpA1^AP^ to C4b-binding protein (C4bp). (", "a) OMVs obtained from *A. actinomycetemcomitans* D7SS (lane 1), and D7SS *ompA1* (lane 2), and from *A. aphrophilus* HK83 (lane 3), and HK83 *ompA1* (lane 4) were subjected to SDS-PAGE. ", "For Far-Western analysis, the membrane was first incubated with C4bp (1 μg/ml final dilution) prior to immunodetection using an anti-C4bp polyclonal antibody. ", "OmpA was detected using a polyclonal antiserum specific for *E. coli* OmpA. (b) Far-Western analysis of OMVs obtained from *A. actinomycetemcomitans* D7SS *ompA1*-R1 (lane 1), and D7SS *ompA1* (lane 2), respectively. ", "Sizes (kDa) of the proteins in the pre-stained molecular weight marker (M) are indicated along the right side.", "\n\nDiscussion {#S0004}\n==========\n\nIn the present work we have used naturally competent model strains of *A. actinomycetemcomitans* (D7SS; serotype a), and its close relative *A. aphrophilus* (HK83) to demonstrate the role of OmpA proteins in serum resistance of these organisms.", "\n\nThe observation that most whole genome-sequenced *A. actinomycetemcomitans* and *A. aphrophilus* strains encode two OmpA paralogues is in accordance with findings with a number of other Gram-negative species, e.g., *Aeromonas salmonicida, Bacteroides fragilis, Haemophilus ducreyi*, and *Porphyromonas gingivalis* \\[[19](#CIT0019),[41](#CIT0041)--[43](#CIT0043)\\]. ", "We have referred to the major (i.e., the most abundant) OmpA protein of *A. actinomycetemcomitans* and *A. aphrophilus* as OmpA1^AA^ and OmpA1^AP^, respectively, for consistence with studies on the other organisms encoding two OmpA paralogues. ", "The observation that the pangenomes of these two species encode several alleles of OmpA1 and OmpA2, respectively, suggests that they represent potential genotypic markers, similar to the *ompA* sequences in *Chlamydia trachomatis* and *Pasteurella multocida* \\[[44](#CIT0044),[45](#CIT0045)\\].", "\n\nBased on previous studies with *A. actinomycetemcomitans* \\[[10](#CIT0010),[46](#CIT0046)\\], we typically assessed the serum survival in 50% NHS. ", "The observation that *A. aphrophilus* strains, similar to *A. actinomycetemcomitans* are ubiquitously resistant to killing by normal human serum is consistent with their association with extra-oral infections such as infective endocarditis and cerebral abscesses \\[[2](#CIT0002)\\]. ", "A role of OmpA proteins in serum resistance of *A. actinomycetemcomitans* and *A. aphrophilus* is in agreement with findings with a number of other bacterial species, including *A. baumanii* and *E. coli* \\[[16](#CIT0016),[17](#CIT0017)\\]. ", "In both *Aggregatibacter* species tested in the present work, the major OmpA protein, OmpA1 was important for the serum survival, albeit not essential, as a low frequency of the *ompA1*^AA^ and *ompA1*^AP^ mutant derivatives survived in the presence of 50% NHS. ", "The interesting finding that *ompA1*^AA^ mutants fortuitously regained their serum resistance upon increased OmpA2^AA^ production, supported that OmpA2^AA^ here acted as a functional homologue to OmpA1^AA^, which is consistent with the high degree of amino acid identity of these proteins, and with previous observations of compensatory OMP expression upon loss of major outer membrane porins \\[[47](#CIT0047)\\]. ", "Similarly, our present work suggests that there was compensatory production of OmpC and/or ABC transporter substrate protein in the *ompA1*^AP^*ompA2*^AP^ double mutant, which would be in accordance with the role of homologues to these proteins in bacterial serum resistance \\[[48](#CIT0048),[49](#CIT0049)\\].", "\n\nThe finding that no clones could be obtained expressing the full length OmpA1^AA^ protein for mutant complementation, but rather a C-terminally truncated form, implies that overexpression of OmpA1 may be deleterious to the *E. coli* laboratory strain used. ", "The phenomenon that OmpA of some bacterial species can be toxic in *E. coli* strains has earlier been described e.g., with OmpA of *Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis*, and *Rhodopseudomonas blastica* \\[[50](#CIT0050)--[52](#CIT0052)\\]. ", "In line with the essentially abolished serum survival of the *ompA1 ompA2* double mutants of both species, EM and AFM, respectively revealed that they exhibited larger membrane-vesicle like structures projecting from the cell surface, and/or a hypervesiculation phenotype, consistent with earlier observations with *ompA* mutants exhibiting impaired membrane stability \\[[19](#CIT0019),[53](#CIT0053)--[56](#CIT0056)\\], and reduced growth \\[[57](#CIT0057)\\].", "\n\nIn this work, we have also attempted to investigate putative mechanism(s) for OmpA-mediated protection of the bacterial cells from complement-mediated killing. ", "Similar to earlier findings with *Klebsiella pneumoniae* \\[[58](#CIT0058)\\], we observed that several complement activation pathways appeared to be effective in the elimination of serum-sensitive *ompA1* single, and *ompA1 ompA2* double mutant derivatives of *A. actinomycetemcomitans* and *A. aphrophilus*. ", "This may, at least partly reflect a compromised outer membrane integrity in these mutants, which would be consistent with their somewhat reduced growth rates, observed in liquid cultures. ", "However, evidently, OmpA proteins have been demonstrated to interact with serum components that regulate both the classical/MBL, and alternative pathways of complement activation, respectively \\[[16](#CIT0016),[23](#CIT0023),[24](#CIT0024)\\]. ", "Our finding that *A. actinomycetemcomitans* OmpA1 and OmpA2, and *A. aphrophilus* OmpA1 could bind to the classical/MBL pathway negative regulator, C4bp is consistent with observations with *E. coli* OmpA. It remains, however to be elucidated to which extent this interaction per se plays an active role in conferring serum resistance, similar to what was demonstrated with *E. coli* OmpA \\[[23](#CIT0023),[24](#CIT0024)\\]. ", "In contrast to earlier findings with a couple of *A. actinomycetemcomitans* serotype b and d strains \\[[10](#CIT0010),[25](#CIT0025)\\], inactivation of the *omp100* gene locus in the serotype a strain D7SS did not render the cells serum-susceptible. ", "The reason for this discrepancy is not known but may reflect the relative levels of produced OMPs in the different strains under the conditions used. ", "Such a scenario is plausible as judged by observations with *Salmonella* Enteritidis that the patterns of OMP expression vary among strains exhibiting different degrees of serum sensitivity \\[[59](#CIT0059)\\]. ", "The notion that *A. actinomycetemcomitans* and *A. aphrophilus* may exploit alternate mechanisms to evade complement-mediated killing is supported by recent findings that strains display different patterns of complement activation pathway component consumption in vitro \\[[60](#CIT0060)\\]. ", "Moreover, it has been demonstrated that human serum induces global stress responses to varying degrees in *A. actinomycetemcomitans* strains \\[[46](#CIT0046)\\]. ", "Thus, it is likely that serum resistance in both *Aggregatibacter* species, similar to *A. baumanii* \\[[48](#CIT0048)\\], is highly complex, relying on a large number of gene products.", "\n\nIn summary, the present work has revealed the importance of primarily OmpA1, but also OmpA2 in serum resistance of *A. actinomycetemcomitans* and *A. aphrophilus*. ", "The recognition of bacterial products mediating serum resistance represents an approach to vaccine and drug development. ", "The existence of different alleles of OmpA1 and OmpA2 among strains in these species can possibly be utilized in the development of strain-specific vaccines and agents that reduce the serum resistance.", "\n\nAcknowledgments\n===============\n\nWe are grateful to Elisabeth Granström, Arvid Dahlstrand Rudin, and John Burstedt for valuable technical assistance. ", "We wish to thank Dr. Sirkka Asikainen for kindly providing the *A. aphrophilus* strains AHI-3151, CCUG3715, IH-90256, IH-90274, and NJ8700. ", "Dr. Niels Nørskov-Lauritsen is thanked for kindly sending us the *A. aphrophilus* strains CCUG11575 and HK83, and for communicating HK83 whole genome sequence data. ", "This work was supported by TUA grants from the County Council of Västerbotten, Sweden (to J.O.), by funds from Insamlingsstiftelsen, Medical Faculty, Umeå University (to S.N.W. and J.O.), Swedish Research Council (to S.N.W.), and Svenska Tandläkare-sällskapet and Thuréus Foundation (to M.L.).", "\n\nDisclosure statement {#S0005}\n====================\n\nNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.", "\n\nSupplementary material {#S0006}\n======================\n\nSupplementary material can be accessed [here](https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2018.1536192).", "\n\n###### Supplemental Material\n\n[^1]: ^a^Primers introducing BamHI (GGATCC) and SalI (GTCGAC) restriction sites (sequences in underlined bold) as indicated.", "\n\n[^2]: ^b^Predicted based on genome sequences of D7S-1 and NJ8700, respectively.", "\n\n[^3]: ^c^Also referred to as Omp29, Omp34, and OmpA-like protein.", "\n\n[^4]: ^d^Encoded protein exhibits ≈ 76% amino acid identity with OmpA1^AA^\n\n[^5]: ^e^Also referred to as ApiA.\n\n[^6]: ^f^Encoded protein exhibits ≈ 83% amino acid identity with OmpA1^AA^\n\n[^7]: ^g^Encoded protein exhibits ≈ 71% amino acid identity with OmpA1^AA^\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Nielęgowo\n\nNielęgowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kościan, within Kościan County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. ", "It lies approximately south of Kościan and south-west of the regional capital Poznań.", "\n\nThe village has a population of 131.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Kościan County" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "The concentration of 137Cs in the surface of the Greek marine environment.", "\nThe radiological status of the Greek marine environment, prior to the Chernobyl accident, was characterized mainly by the fallout from nuclear weapon tests. ", "However, the release of radioactivity into the environment from the accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant and its deposition in the Greek marine environment resulted in an increase of the (137)Cs activity concentration by approximately one order of magnitude. ", "In addition, the direct transport of radiocaesium into the North Aegean Sea has been further influenced by the late impact of the Chernobyl accident on the Greek marine environment, related to the transfer of (137)Cs, mainly through the Dnieper but also the Danube rivers, to the Black Sea and further to the North Aegean Sea through the Straits of Dardanelles. ", "The aim of this work is to provide a present day picture of the geographic variation of the concentration of (137)Cs in the surface layer of the Greek marine environment and hence, to evaluate the annual committed effective dose delivered to humans through the ingestion pathway from marine sources." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nPHP weird error with empty() function\n\nI uploaded a project from localhost to remote server and it didn't work. ", "I found out that these lines are causing the error\nif(!empty(ltrim(rtrim($string)))){\n $default_value = $string;\n}\n\nThen I have changed it to\n$string = ltrim(rtrim($string));\nif(!empty($string)){\n $default_value = $string;\n}\n\nAnd it's working. ", "What is causing the error ?", "\nNo error is shown, only blank page.", "\nChanging ltrim(rtrim($string)) to just trim($string) doesn't help.", "\n\nA:\n\nUntil PHP 5.5 empty() only expected variables and from then on it also works with expressions. ", "You must have PHP 5.5+ and your server runs a lower version.", "\nSource: http://php.net/manual/en/function.empty.php\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I write personalized endpoints in Wordpress?", "\n\nI have personalized custom fields in Wordpress as well as additional things like \"user_meta\". ", "I've even added some custom fields in the table to some post types.", "\nNow I can call or write classic wordpress variables using wp-rest-api. ", "But it cannot interfere with the private areas I add. ", "There are different types of scenarios, prerequisites and different types that allow you to read / write to different fields, for example: \"POST: https: //example.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts? ", "Title = .... & content = ... \"function to add a new text.", "\nWell my font was \"fruits\" though. ", "Example: \"POST: https: //example.com/wp-json/wp/v2/fruits? ", "Title = .... & content = ....\" How do I write a custom endpoint?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe simple and easy way to understand how to create a custom endpoint in WordPress rest api this website will be helpful: https://developer.wordpress.org/rest-api/extending-the-rest-api/adding-custom-endpoints/\nBelow example will help you more to understand about the basic of custom end points:\n\nGET: https: //example.com/wp-json/wp/v2/hello/world\nDefine Action:\nadd_action( 'rest_api_init', function(){\n register_rest_route( 'wp/v2/hello', 'world', array(\n 'methods' => 'GET',\n 'callback' => 'rest_hello_world'\n ));\n});\n\nCall back function Definition: \nfunction rest_hello_world(){\n return \"Hello World\";\n}\n\nIn order to create a POST method call simply change the method parameter as a POST:\nregister_rest_route( 'wp/v2/hello', 'world', array(\n 'methods' => 'POST',\n 'callback' => 'rest_hello_world'\n));\n\nHope it will help you to understand the basic fundamental for creating custom endpoints!", "\n\nCheers\nJenil\n\n" ]

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[ "Myst DS 4/1/08 **Delayed 5/13/08**!", "\n\nDidn't see any other threads for it but Myst is coming out for the DS!", "\n\nFound it perusing gamestop's pre-release section. ", "Any classic pc gamer should be able to appreciate this one.", "\n\n\"MYST, the number-one-selling game title of all time with more than 13 million units sold, is THE adventure to have on the DS. ", "MYST is one of the most well known adventure licenses in the world. ", "The classic adventure that defined the genre, Myst, brings hours of immersive play to the Nintendo DS. ", "Myst is an engaging experience that pulls players into beautiful yet eerie worlds with unique settings in varied times and places. ", "The non-linear game play of Myst is designed unlike any other adventure game with no instructions, inventory, death or dialogue. ", "Myst is about the experience encountered throughout the breathtaking worlds and environments. ", "While venturing through the six worlds of Myst, players help individuals trapped in parallel dimensions – without ever actually encountering living beings – by solving a multitude of puzzles, mazes and problems. ", "Close observation and precise logic will help players unlock the secrets of Myst.\"", "\n\nOMG!!! ", "i had this for the PC way back when i was like 7. ", "i LOVED this game. ", "i cannot wait! ", "it was hard as sin when i was 7 so i never finished it so maybe i will actually be able to now lol (i sure as god hope im smarter than when i was 7 lol)\n\nOMG!!! ", "i had this for the PC way back when i was like 7. ", "i LOVED this game. ", "i cannot wait! ", "it was hard as sin when i was 7 so i never finished it so maybe i will actually be able to now lol (i sure as god hope im smarter than when i was 7 lol)\n\nHeck yeah let's have a release party and talk about our how difficult some of the puzzles are! ", "If they do a good job on this game I will recommend it as much as I do Zack and Wiki. ", "Haven't bought a DS game in a while, and looking forward to prying my wallet open." ]

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[ "OPINION: Now and again, my wife asks if it's worth getting Swedish passports for our children. ", "She has never got around to seeking British citizenship and I try to tell her that she'd better get her skates on before Home Secretary Priti Patel comes around asking for her papers. ", "But the kids: how would a Swedish passport possibly benefit them? ", "We run through what might go wrong for a country and, in every eventuality, Britain always seems the better bet. ", "But now Swedes have a fresh argument: that their country might be the only one in Europe to come out of the coronavirus crisis with the economy semi-intact.", "\n\nThere is, still, no lockdown there. ", "Shopping centres remain open, as are most schools and firms. ", "Many work from home, many don't – all are at liberty to choose. ", "When I called a friend in Stockholm to ask about the Swedish experiment, he was on his way to a book launch. ", "He's still taking his sons to football matches and is proud that Sweden is keeping calm and carrying on. ", "To him there is no Swedish experiment: it's the rest of Europe that is experimenting – by locking down economies in response to a virus which may prove to be no more deadly than flu.", "\n\nHENRIK MONTGOMERY/AP Hundreds of people make their way along Drottninggatan, the main shopping street in the Swedish capital Stockholm.", "\n\nIt's not that Sweden is in denial. ", "It has had 5466 confirmed cases, 282 deaths. ", "Coronavirus has been found in a third of Stockholm's (many) elderly care homes. ", "But the debate there is still where the British debate was three weeks ago when the Prime Minister was resisting lockdown. ", "This changed for Britain when Imperial College London published its study suggesting that avoiding lockdown could mean 250,000 deaths. ", "This logic applies to Sweden – but the country of the Nobel Prize and the Karolinska Institute believes its own experts. ", "They disagree with Imperial. ", "They still see Covid-19 as a manageable risk.", "\n\nREAD MORE:\n\n* Sweden's unique pandemic response\n\n* Spain's virus death toll passes 10,000\n\n* UK Minister's broken ventilator promise\n\n* Coronavirus pandemic: full coverage\n\nThe face of Sweden's response has been Anders Tegnell, the state epidemiologist, who has held daily press conferences. ", "Politicians have taken a back seat. ", "His team have published their own assessment of the virus and its likely trajectory, showing it peaking with about 250 needing intensive care in Stockholm. ", "The nation's hospitals, he says, can cope. ", "A 600-bed temporary ward is opening tomorrow, south of the city – and when it does, a quarter of all intensive care beds will be used. ", "So for now, no reason to impose any more restrictions.", "\n\nHe urges caution, and Swedes are responding. ", "Sixth formers and university students are learning from home. ", "Sports fixtures continue, but with spectators more spaced out. ", "Online meet-ups are replacing real ones, elbow-bumping (remember that?) ", "replaced handshakes long ago. ", "A naturally cautious country is taking Tegnell's advice.", "\n\nDAVID KEYTON/AP Bars remain open in Stockholm, with the city perhaps the last capital in Europe where there are still signs of normal life.", "\n\nBut crucially, he isn't asking Swedes to trust him. ", "Hospital data is published all the time, so Sweden's \"experiment\" is being conducted in the open. ", "Every time a patient is admitted, the data is updated on a Covid live website in striking detail. ", "Average age: 60. ", "Those with diabetes: 26 per cent. ", "With cardiovascular or lung disease: 24 per cent. ", "With at least one other underlying health condition: 77 per cent. ", "Sweden is also updating its statistics to say if someone died from Covid, or of something else – but with Covid. ", "This might reduce the \"death\" figure by two thirds.", "\n\nIf Tegnell's analysis proves wrong, the public will be able to see it unravel on his dashboard. ", "In which case, he says, he stands ready to tighten things up. ", "Sweden's famous love of transparency – you can look up your neighbour's salary online if you feel the urge – is being used as a tool to foster trust. ", "So far, it's working: polls show that three quarters of Swedes support the strategy. ", "The debate, overall, is very different from Britain's. ", "There is no shortage of epidemiologists in the Swedish press, backing Tegnell and denouncing the \"desk-based theory\" of the Imperial College study.", "\n\nThe Swedish prime minister is asked if he has ceded power to Tegnell: he doesn't seem offended. ", "Time will tell if we made the right choice, he says. ", "Over here, this would be seen as dangerous, even heartless. ", "Doesn't he want to save lives? ", "But Swedes are also looking at Britain's surging unemployment, one in five small firms on the verge of going bust, children deprived of education, working mothers edged out of their job. ", "That also hits lives.", "\n\nAnd this case is being made, in Sweden, in a way it might not be over here. ", "Kerstin Hessius, who runs a government pension fund, has been arguing that money vs lives is a false choice. ", "Rising unemployment hits pensions directly,\" she says. \"", "What's more, the tax base disappears - then we have to start cutting welfare.\" ", "And Swedes should be proud that \"we have not extinguished the entire society, as many other countries have done\".", "\n\nThe risk is pretty obvious. ", "Tegnell might soon find out that the virus spreads far faster than he thought – and by then it would be too late. ", "Sweden's hospitals would be overrun. ", "A letter signed by 2000 luminaries appeared in the papers this week saying it was time for Sweden to fall in line with the rest of the world. ", "Åre, where I had hoped to be skiing next week, will shut its lifts the week leading up to Easter. ", "Posters had started appearing in train stations, put up by locals, telling visitors they were endangering lives by refusing to stay home.", "\n\nSweden is not immune from what is, now, a fierce global recession. ", "Unemployment has spiked and bailouts have started – albeit ones that will be easier to pay off than Britain's. ", "Swedes tend to have more of a sense of the economy as the engine of the welfare state: damage one, and you damage the other. ", "You also damage public health, society, education and democracy. ", "As one former politician told me, Sweden is not resisting lockdown in spite of being a strong social democratic state. ", "It's doing it because it's a strong social democratic state.", "\n\nFor now, Stockholm is perhaps the last capital in Europe where there are signs of normal life – with shoppers, skateboarders, pensioners and commuters (albeit in far fewer numbers). ", "They know who to thank for their liberty. ", "On Vasagatan, there's a poster taped to a wall saying \"All power to Tegnell, state epidemiologist\". ", "Whether they'll be saying this at the end of the month is, of course, another question entirely." ]

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[ "How To Have A Stress-Free Holiday\n\nWhen life gets stressful, most people look forward to a holiday to distress although it seems as booking and organizing the holiday is stressful in it'self. ", "Here we'll let you in on some tips for a st...\nress-free holiday.", "\nIf you like this infographic please feel free to share it on social media or your own sites. ", "All we ask is that you provide a source credit and link back to http://www.littleharbourestates.com/ thank you." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to close exe \"softly\" in a batch file\n\nI tryed to write a batch file to open a amd wraith CPU cooler LED file and close it after some seconds. ", "\nThe batch opens a file that automatically opens the cooler master software and load the settings inside this file (its like an import file that opens its program). ", "At this moment, there are no LEDs activated but when I close the cooler master software manually, the LEDs turn on. ", "\nMy problem is that when I start the batch file, the other file is executed and the cooler master software starts but when it force closes the LEDs dont show up. ", "I think this happens from the force close of the exe.", "\nIs there a way to kill the cooler master window so the settings will be saved?", "\n@ECHO OFF\nstart /MAX C:\\Users\\Marvin\\Documents\\cpu.", "SR4\ntimeout /t 10\nwmic process where name=\"Wraith Prism.exe\" call terminate\npause\n\nA:\n\nIt works now with:\ntaskkill /IM \"Wraith Prism.exe\"\n\n" ]

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[ "Fighting overseas has cost the United States more than $4.3 trillion since 2001, a figure likely to jump to $5.6 trillion by the end of fiscal 2018, according to new numbers from the Costs of War report released Tuesday.", "\n\n“As of late September 2017, the United States wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Syria and the additional spending on Homeland Security, and the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs since the 9/11 attacks totaled more than $4.3 trillion in current dollars,” the report states.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nThe analysis, which is published annually by Brown University’s Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, found that about $1.9 trillion of that money came from the emergency war fund known as the Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) program. ", "Additionally, $879 billion came from the Defense Department’s base spending, $783 billion came from Department of Homeland Security prevention and terrorism response costs and $277 billion came from Veterans Affairs spending.", "\n\nAnother $534 billion in OCO borrowing interest costs rounds out the $4.3 trillion.", "\n\nStudy author Neta Crawford notes that combat operations since 2001 “have been largely paid for by borrowing, part of the reason the U.S. went from budget surplus to deficits after 2001.”", "\n\nFuture interest costs for OCO spending alone are projected to add more than $1 trillion dollars to the national debt by 2023 and $8 trillion by 2056, “unless the U.S. changes the way that it pays for the wars,” Crawford writes.", "\n\nThat worries Senate Armed Services Committee ranking member Jack Reed John (Jack) Francis ReedWhen 'Buy American' and common sense collide Hillicon Valley: Russia 'amplifying' concerns around mail-in voting to undermine election | Facebook and Twitter take steps to limit Trump remarks on voting | Facebook to block political ads ahead of election Top Democrats press Trump to sanction Russian individuals over 2020 election interference efforts MORE (D-R.I.), who told reporters Tuesday “we have to recognize that we have been borrowing for 16 years to pay for military operations.”", "\n\n“[It’s the] first time, really, in history in any type of major conflict that we have borrowed rather than asked people to contribute to the national defense directly and the result is we’ve got this huge fiscal drag,” Reed said.", "\n\nIn the midst of a major Republican push for tax reform, Reed said there’s been no talk of raising taxes to pay for the defense-related deficit.", "\n\nCrawford adds that the costs of overseas conflicts will increase with President Trump’s recent decision to boost U.S. end strength in Afghanistan.", "\n\nTrump in August announced he will beef up U.S. forces in Afghanistan from the current number of 11,000. ", "An additional 3,000 troops have already begun heading to the country.", "\n\n“There is no end in sight to the US military presence in Afghanistan and the associated operations in Pakistan,” Crawford writes." ]

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[ "Saturday, 28 February 2009\n\n.Something like a mama\n\nToday was a good post day. ", "Apart from the Amazon envelope (containing ‘Memories of a color’, the debut album by Stina Nordenstam, of whom we’ll talk about someday soon), the postman delivered, crustily, a heavy parcel from Greece. ", "On it there is a postal code that contains me. ", "My mother sent it from Oropos. ", "Again, like every month. ", "Sometimes, twice a month.", "\n\nI wore a smile and sank into it: small jars of tahini with honey clothed in kitchen paper, for fear they might break, Greek newspapers and magazines, a 4-piece sheet set (I told her not to send it!), ", "chocolates, ‘The Man who fell to Earth’ (and I forgot in Greece and desperately wanted him to revisit me in Milton Keynes), more chocolates, a Korres’ shampoo with aloe and soapwort (which is supposed to cleanse me gently),a knitted scarf…\n\nBut this time, as I reached the bottom of the box, I also unearthed her face. ", "Perhaps because I bow to its necessity lately. ", "Or maybe because I could vividly visualize her glassy stare as she was schematizing this boxed wonderland. ", "There is a whole world (half-real/half-imaginary) in here. ", "With waves kissing its shores; and weightless, clear and almost transparent clouds. ", "The flying cities of Moebius and Magritte, Italo Calvino’s Le Città Invisibili, the Ocean Cities of Tokyo and Plato’s Politeia. ", "A place where tears (in case they fall) become night blooming lilies, two suns (too many able fires), His eyes, trees - and like the falling man, I’m trying to hang on to some dust, some grass and this point of Motionless Time where everything reconciles again. ", "This land remembers me, resembles me, pertains to me and made me. ", "And one day my eyes will be underneath her ground.", "\n\nNow this world is marked on the top right hand corner of a box. ", "I, on the bottom right. ", "But it feels like I’m balancing on the gulf in between. ", "I put my arms around it and carried it to my room. ", "And as I walked in, she was there. ", "Waiting to take care of my wounds. ", "Just like when I was a frolicsome child that had cuts on my knees from falling down." ]

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[ "Brendon Bracewell\n\nBrendon Paul Bracewell (born 14 September 1959) is a former New Zealand Test cricketer. ", "Born in Auckland, he is the younger brother of John Bracewell. ", "He was educated at Tauranga Boys' College and was in the 1st XI from 1974 to 1978. ", "He frequently suffered injuries throughout his playing career.", "\nBracewell also played rugby for King Country.", "\nAt present he operates Bracewell Cricket Academy, a private cricket coaching academy based in Napier. ", "\n\nHis son Doug plays for Central Districts and the New Zealand cricket team.", "\n\nSee also\n List of Otago representative cricketers\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1959 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Central Districts cricketers\nCategory:New Zealand One Day International cricketers\nCategory:New Zealand Test cricketers\nCategory:New Zealand cricketers\nCategory:Northern Districts cricketers\nCategory:Otago cricketers\nCategory:New Zealand rugby union players\nBrendon" ]

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[ "Finally get into bed with hot girl she makes it clear she's only with you for warmth\n\n164 shares" ]

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[ "Q:\n\njquery hover: mouseout not firing\n\nHere is whats happening (Code Block Below):\n\nI am working on a simple drop-down nav (based on nested Ul's).", "\nThe Main UL has an ID of #nav.", "\nThe hover-> mouseout function does NOT fire at all (all browsers)\nAfter the 1st mouseover any subsequent mouseovers do NOT animate (i.e. slideDown) in Chrome 12.0.742.122, Safari (5.05), Opera (11.50), IE (9.0.8). ", "In fact it ONLY seems to work in Firefox (5.0). ", "\nI've tested on Windows (7) only. ", "No mac...yet.", "\nThe only way to get the animations to work again is to refresh to the page.", "\nI'm learning this from a Nettuts tutorial which was posted a little over a year ago, cant believe it's outdated already.", "\nFYI: I'm calling jQuery and the script below at the BOTTOM of my html page.", "\nAnother FYI: I'm still rather green, so clarity in response would be very helpful\n\nAny ideas?", "\nThanks In Advance,\nsleeper\n var site = function(){\n this.navLI = $('#nav > li').children('ul').css('display','none').end();\n this.init();\n };\n\n site.prototype = {\n init: function(){\n this.setMenu();\n },\n\n // enables the slide down menu and adds support for ie6\n setMenu: function(){\n this.navLI.hover(function(){\n // mouseover\n $(this).find('> ul').stop(true, true).slideDown(250);\n }, function(){\n // mouseout\n $(this).find('> ul').stop(true, true).fadeOut(200);\n });\n }\n }\n\n new site();\n\nA:\n\nYou didn't need the display: none in your CSS for your ul elements. ", " Check out this updated fiddle and you'll see the desired effect.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Germ plasm assembly and germ cell migration in Drosophila.", "\nMany aspects of germ cell behavior, migration, and gonad formation are shared between vertebrate and invertebrate species. ", "For example, a specialized germ plasm has been observed in many species including Caenorhabditis elegans and Xenopus. ", "Furthermore, the fact that Vasa marks germ cells in many species suggests that even certain molecular aspects of germ cells may be common between different organisms. ", "In most organisms, germ cells initially form at a location away from their target mesodermal tissues and have to migrate to reach the mesoderm. ", "Further genetic studies will reveal the extent to which molecular aspects of germ cell migration and gonad formation are conserved." ]

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[ "Official Bentley customer outfit Team Parker Racing has expanded its 2018 programme to include a Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup entry by announcing that Derek Pierce, Ade Barwick and Seb Morris will race its Continental GT3 in Europe this season.", "\n\nThe British team is representing Bentley in three championships this year after previously confirming its Blancpain GT Series Sprint Cup and British GT plans. ", "The news also ensures that three Bentleys will compete in the longer Endurance Cup format, with Team Parker Racing’s first-generation car joining Bentley Team M-Sport’s two new second-generation Continental GT3s on the grid at each of this year’s five rounds.", "\n\nWhile M-Sport’s entries will compete for overall and Pro Cup honours, Team Parker Racing’s priority will be the Pro-Am Cup class, which is reserved for a mix of professionals and amateurs. ", "2018 also marks the first time since 2016 that Team Parker Racing has entered the Endurance Cup.", "\n\nAll three of its drivers are well known to the team. ", "Pierce previously contested the Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup aboard a Team Parker Racing-run Bentley in 2016, while former single-seater ace Morris moves across to the outfit’s European programme fresh from winning last season’s British GT title with their Continental GT3. ", "Experienced GT racer Barwick is also no stranger to the squad having previously represented Team Parker Racing at several levels of British motorsport.", "\n\nBentley’s Director of Motorsport, Brian Gush: “We’re delighted to see Team Parker Racing return to the Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup where they enjoyed success with Bentley two years ago. ", "The first-generation Continental GT3 remains a proven performer over longer distances, as evidenced by Bentley Team M-Sport’s Endurance Cup title and Spa 24 Hours podium last season, while Seb also demonstrated his Pro-Am credentials by sealing the 2017 British GT Drivers’ crown for Team Parker Racing and Bentley. ", "I firmly believe the partnership has all the ingredients to mount a very strong challenge in Europe this year.”", "\n\n2018’s five-round Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup campaign, which features races lasting three, six and 24 hours, begins at Monza in Italy on April 20-22.", "\n\nDRIVER QUOTES\n\nDerek Pierce: “I really enjoyed myself when racing with Team Parker and Bentley two years ago so was delighted when Stuart [Parker] approached me about putting together a new Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup programme for 2018. ", "I didn’t race last season but definitely view this as the beginning of a multi-year project together. ", "Knowing the team and car from 2016 is a good place to start even if I’ve never raced with Ade and Seb, although obviously I’ve seen their results. ", "We look like a well-matched Pro-Am driver crew that has a lot of potential for the coming season.”", "\n\nAde Barwick: “After several years spent successfully racing GT4 cars I was contacted by [team owner] Stuart Parker to see if I fancied changing up to GT3. ", "I have a long history of racing with Team Parker across numerous series, including Caterhams, British GT and the Porsche Carrera Cup, so it looked like an easy decision. ", "Couple that with the opportunity to race alongside Seb Morris – one of the strongest young GT drivers in Europe – and Derek Pierce, who is a very experienced and successful Am, not to mention using the very capable and proven Bentley Continental GT3, and my decision was made even easier! ", "I would also like to thank Redline Specialist Cars and Twisted Automotive for their continuing support.”", "\n\nSeb Morris: “I am delighted to have signed with Team Parker Racing for my first proper assault on the Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup, which I consider to be the biggest sportscar championship in the world right now. ", "Winning last year’s title means I now feel ready to leave British GT and use all the experience learned there over the past two years to mount a championship challenge with Ade and Derek. ", "I know all about Team Parker and the Bentley Continental GT3, which is a proven championship-winner against top Pro-Am competition. ", "So I feel extremely confident that we can get out there and win in Blancpain.”" ]

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[ "South Central Soccer Academy the premier soccer club on the south side of Indianapolis serving Greenwood, Whiteland and Franklin IN. ", "Come join the fun offering recreational, TOPSoccer and travel leagues.", "\n\nThe South Central Soccer Academy is one of the largest privately owned complexes in the state of Indiana. ", "With over 45 acres on our primary field location, tournament games are convenient and provide for an exciting atmosphere!", "\n\nWe are proud to say our organization has been established for nearly 40 years and we have hosted tournaments for the past 23 years with teams from all over the country.", "\n\nHeld twice annually at the end of the spring and fall seasons - when teams are peaking and playing their best soccer - we welcome you to participate in the JuneClassic at the Rock and the October Nightmare at the Rock. ", "The weather is great and the competition is intense!", "\n\nVendors have been assembled to bring anything you may need for the weekend. ", "An abundance of lodging, entertainment, and eating establishments are only a few miles away. ", "Join SCSA for a weekend of fun and competitive soccer. ", "There is no better way to end your season than hoisting a trophy at SCSA!" ]

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[ "Route 8\n\nRoute 8 may refer to:\n One of several highways - see List of highways numbered 8\n One of several public transport routes - see List of public transport routes numbered 8" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "<?", "php\n/**\n * Zend Framework (http://framework.zend.com/)\n *\n * @link http://github.com/zendframework/zf2 for the canonical source repository\n * @copyright Copyright (c) 2005-2015 Zend Technologies USA Inc. (http://www.zend.com)\n * @license http://framework.zend.com/license/new-bsd New BSD License\n */\n\nnamespace Zend\\Config\\Processor;\n\nuse Zend\\Config\\Config;\nuse Zend\\Config\\Exception;\nuse Zend\\I18n\\Translator\\Translator as ZendTranslator;\n\nclass Translator implements ProcessorInterface\n{\n /**\n * @var ZendTranslator\n */\n protected $translator;\n\n /**\n * @var string|null\n */\n protected $locale = null;\n\n /**\n * @var string\n */\n protected $textDomain = 'default';\n\n /**\n * Translator uses the supplied Zend\\I18n\\Translator\\Translator to find\n * and translate language strings in config.", "\n *\n * @param ZendTranslator $translator\n * @param string $textDomain\n * @param string|null $locale\n */\n public function __construct(ZendTranslator $translator, $textDomain = 'default', $locale = null)\n {\n $this->setTranslator($translator);\n $this->setTextDomain($textDomain);\n $this->setLocale($locale);\n }\n\n /**\n * @param ZendTranslator $translator\n * @return Translator\n */\n public function setTranslator(ZendTranslator $translator)\n {\n $this->translator = $translator;\n return $this;\n }\n\n /**\n * @return ZendTranslator\n */\n public function getTranslator()\n {\n return $this->translator;\n }\n\n /**\n * @param string|null $locale\n * @return Translator\n */\n public function setLocale($locale)\n {\n $this->locale = $locale;\n return $this;\n }\n\n /**\n * @return string|null\n */\n public function getLocale()\n {\n return $this->locale;\n }\n\n /**\n * @param string $textDomain\n * @return Translator\n */\n public function setTextDomain($textDomain)\n {\n $this->textDomain = $textDomain;\n return $this;\n }\n\n /**\n * @return string\n */\n public function getTextDomain()\n {\n return $this->textDomain;\n }\n\n /**\n * Process\n *\n * @param Config $config\n * @return Config\n * @throws Exception\\InvalidArgumentException\n */\n public function process(Config $config)\n {\n if ($config->isReadOnly()) {\n throw new Exception\\InvalidArgumentException('Cannot process config because it is read-only');\n }\n\n /**\n * Walk through config and replace values\n */\n foreach ($config as $key => $val) {\n if ($val instanceof Config) {\n $this->process($val);\n } else {\n $config->{$key} = $this->translator->translate($val, $this->textDomain, $this->locale);\n }\n }\n\n return $config;\n }\n\n /**\n * Process a single value\n *\n * @param $value\n * @return string\n */\n public function processValue($value)\n {\n return $this->translator->translate($value, $this->textDomain, $this->locale);\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nCarbonation level over time\n\nIs there any research showing how carbonation develops over time on average? ", " I'm imagining a graph with the number of days since packaging on the x-axis and the current level of dissolved CO2 on the y-axis. ", " I'm particularly interested in standard bottle conditioning as well as the \"set and forget\" method of force-carbonating kegs.", "\nI'm sure this varies somewhat by the yeast strain, yeast health, temperature, ABV, and other factors, but I would imagine some kind of data like this probably exists for a fairly common set of assumptions (e.g. US-05, 68°F, 5% ABV, etc.).", "\n\nA:\n\nBottle conditioning is simply just more fermentation. ", "To quantify how much CO2 is produced at a given time is subject to all the variables of fermentation. ", "Yeast health, cell count, temperature, available fermentable sugars etc. ", "So to graph this in a useable way would be next to impossible. ", "\nForce-carb plug and forget. ", "This too is subject to all the different ways it can be done. ", "Diffuser stone, top down, bottom up. ", "Keg dimensions and volume play a big role too. ", "I've not seen any carb charts published in a consolidated way to cover all methods.", "\nIf I'm not in a rush for the beer, I feel a top down plug and forget for a week+ gives the best results. ", "Also helps as a final fining for a brilliantly clear beer. ", "Top down carb seems to aid the settling of clouding particles. ", "That being said, a bottom up carb will help keep those hazy particles up for that NE IPA.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "I think I know what happened. ", "The banners aren't consistent with their sizes. ", "That's why the rows are wonky. ", "I add a Transparent GIF banner to balance the book club. ", "You guys can work on arranging a size for your RWBY and Korra banners." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSourcetree repository bookmarks disappeared\n\nWhere did my repositories go? ", "They were along the left side of Sourcetree, now it is blank and I don't know how to find them. ", "See the screenshot:\n\nA:\n\nversion 2.0+\nBookmarks have changed to local repository folders and are viewed as tabs. ", "\nClick the + icon beside the tabs to open a new tab. ", "Your repositories/bookmarks will show up there.", "\n\nbefore version 2.0\nThese are actually \"bookmarks\" for your repositories that you have lost.", "\nTo open them backup, click View > Show/Hide Bookmarks, or press CTRL + B.\n\nYou might also have just hidden them by accidentally collapsing them to the left. ", "Just drag the bar over, see:\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Before we dig into the nuts and bolts of building a presentation,…let's preview what we are going to be creating over the next few movies.…Since InDesign allows you to create presentations for both PDF and SWF,…let's take a look at both.…If you are going to be presenting a PDF, you should present it in either Acrobat…Professional or the free Adobe Reader.…I am inside Acrobat Professional, and I am going to go to View > Full Screen Mode.…I could also hit Command+L, or Ctrl+L on the PC.…Inside Full Screen mode, I'll be hiding distracting elements from the UI, and…you'll be able to see screen transitions.…", "\n\nIn the lower right-hand corner, I have a series of navigation buttons that allows…me to go forward and backward throughout the document.…You'll notice that I have a transition that occurs between each particular slide.…If I jump to the end of the presentation, I have a series of hyperlinks that…brings us to a web site.…I'll allow the security warning, and I can find out more information on the web site.…", "\n\nResume Transcript Auto-Scroll\n\nAuthor\n\nReleased\n\n11/13/2010\n\nIn InDesign CS5: Interactive Documents and Presentations, Adobe Certified Instructor and designer James Fritz shows print designers how to use InDesign by itself and in conjunction Flash Professional to layout and design a wide range of digital documents. ", "The course provides a tour of digital publishing trends, showing real-world examples of what can be achieved through InDesign. ", "Several start-to-finish projects are also included, such as creating a presentation with transitions and animations, and building an interactive microsite. ", "Exercise files accompany the course.", "\n\nTopics include:\n\nStudying new trends in digital design\n\nCreating a PDF and SWF presentation\n\nBuilding different navigation systems\n\nCreating interactive slideshows\n\nAnimating a presentation as a SWF in InDesign\n\nDesigning an interactive microsite\n\nAdding video and audio to a document\n\nBuilding an interactive TOC with buttons\n\nUsing InDesign and Flash to build an interactive catalog\n\nInDesign to Flash production tips\n\nSkill Level Intermediate\n\n3h 51m\n\nDuration\n\n823,807\n\nViews\n\nShow MoreShow Less\n\nQ: I am having trouble creating a YouTube-linked video to play on a page in SWF or interactive PDF. ", "I've followed the tutorial, but I keep getting a message that the video should be Flash compliant. ", "How do I link directly to a YouTube video?", "\n\nA: It is not possible to link directly to a YouTube video through copy and pasting the URL on the page. ", "In order to link to the video, you need the exact link to the .flv video file.", "\n\nAre the source files for the interactive publication Born Presents still available? ", "www.adobe.com/products/indesign/customers doesn't seem to be working.", "\n\nQ: When I add audio to my multi-page project and export it as a PDF, why doesn't the music play past the first page?", "\n\nA: Unfortunately, there is no way to have an MP3 play across multiple pages of a PDF. ", "It looks like you could because of the wording of the Media panel when you have an MP3 selected, but that isn't the case. ", "You can have an MP3 play across pages of a SWF, which is why that option exists.", "\n\nThis is an inconvenience, but we're not aware of a way around this limitation inside a PDF. ", "You could try making one really big PDF and have buttons jump to another part of the page (using anchors), but every one would have to be on 1 page.", "\n\nQ: Why does an ugly gray box appear when the audio is played. ", "The author keeps the audio on the pasteboard, which for me, does not play the audio at all when exported. ", "It only plays when on the page.", "\n\nA: If you are seeing a gray box, make sure that you have set a poster for the audio file. ", "Select the frame and open the Media panel, where you can select your own raster image as a poster frame or just leave it as none. ", "You could also check to see if your frame has a fill applied to it, since there is a chance you could have accidentally applied an\nobject style or a fill." ]

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[ "A robust method for online heart sound localization in respiratory sound based on temporal fuzzy c-means.", "\nThis work presents a detailed framework to detect the location of heart sound within the respiratory sound based on temporal fuzzy c-means (TFCM) algorithm. ", "In the proposed method, respiratory sound is first divided into frames and for each frame, the logarithmic energy features are calculated. ", "Then, these features are used to classify the respiratory sound as heart sound (HS containing lung sound) and non-HS (only lung sound) by the TFCM algorithm. ", "The TFCM is the modified version fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm. ", "While the FCM algorithm uses only the local information about the current frame, the TFCM algorithm uses the temporal information from both the current and the neighboring frames in decision making. ", "To measure the detection performance of the proposed method, several experiments have been conducted on a database of 24 healthy subjects. ", "The experimental results show that the average false-negative rate values are 0.8 ± 1.1 and 1.5 ± 1.4 %, and the normalized area under detection error curves are 0.0145 and 0.0269 for the TFCM method in the low and medium respiratory flow rates, respectively. ", "These average values are significantly lower than those obtained by FCM algorithm and by the other compared methods in the literature, which demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed TFCM algorithm. ", "On the other hand, the average elapsed time of the TFCM for a data with length of 0.2 ± 0.05 s is 0.2 ± 0.05 s, which is slightly higher than that of the FCM and lower than those of the other compared methods." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Development and infill were Hale’s directive and some neighborhoods were ruined as a result of his being head of Planning and Parks. ", "He can claim he likes to build centers, but that is his stick, building and development. ", "Anyone who believes Charlie Hales was good for Parks hasn’t been around, forgets, or just simply gives him a pass for selling Johnswood Park to a developer for housing, for not caring one whit whether huge firs and cedars were chopped out of our parks. ", "Ask those in St. Johns where 75 red x’s were painted on huge trees in Pier Park why Charlie got the name Chainsaw Charlie. ", "Fortunately, those red x’s caused a furor and the trees were eventually saved. ", "Ask those citizens who had to fight for their parks and their neighborhoods during that Charlie Hales period?", "\nFolks were plenty upset in the SW area as well regarding their neighborhood plan. ", "In my opinion, no one better than Charlie if one wants the fox back in the hen house.", "\n\nRoad Work\n\nMiles run year to date: 156\nAt this date last year: 225\nTotal run in 2014: 401\nIn 2013: 257\nIn 2012: 129\nIn 2011: 113\nIn 2010: 125\nIn 2009: 67\nIn 2008: 28\nIn 2007: 113\nIn 2006: 100\nIn 2005: 149\nIn 2004: 204\nIn 2003: 269" ]

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[ "In an appearance on CNN’s “New Day” on Monday, Rep. Dan Kildee (D-MI) apparently defended his colleague Rep. Ilhan Omar (D-MN) against charges of antisemitism.", "\n\nKildee told “New Day” co-host John Berman he did not take the Minnesota Democrat’s tweets as “antisemitism.”", "\n\nIt's all about the Benjamins baby 🎶 https://t.co/KatcXJnZLV — Ilhan Omar (@IlhanMN) February 10, 2019\n\n“I wouldn’t take it as antisemitism,” Kildee said. “", "When it comes to issues around foreign policy or comes to issues specifically with Israel, there are a lot of interests, a lot of folks who make campaign contributions based on a person’s position on Israel.”", "\n\n“I know Congresswoman Omar, I don’t believe that she would harbor those sorts of views as they’ve been characterized,” he added.", "\n\nFollow Jeff Poor on Twitter @jeff_poor" ]

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[ "The Colin Kaepernick story still has a few chapters left in it, but he already has been given $1 million to write about his experiences. ", "The former San Francisco 49ers quarterback, who was the first NFL player last year to stage protests during the national anthem, has reportedly landed a book deal with Random House.", "\n\nThat’s according to the New York Post’s Page Six, which reported Tuesday that Kaepernick’s book will be published by One World, a Random House imprint. ", "Page Six had reported Monday that Kaepernick was shopping a book to New York publishers and taking meetings at his talent agency, WME.", "\n\nEven as the NFL protests he inspired have continued in his absence, creating national headlines and provoking numerous critical comments and tweets from President Donald Trump, Kaepernick has said little on the record. ", "He has indicated that he would like to return to the NFL, having become a free agent in May, but three more teams, the Packers, Cardinals and Dolphins, recently passed on signing him in the wake of injuries to their starting quarterbacks.", "\n\nIn response to his ongoing unemployment, Kaepernick has filed a grievance against the league, alleging that owners have colluded to keep him out. ", "The quarterback’s legal team has begun the discovery process and plans (per CBS Sports) to request email and cellphone records from teams and league executives.", "\n\nKaepernick’s lawyers reportedly intend to highlight Trump’s intervention, as the president has repeatedly called for the NFL to punish players who refuse to stand during the anthem. ", "Starting during his presidential campaign, Trump has singled out the quarterback for criticism, and at a March rally in Louisville, he told the crowd, “There was an article today, it was reported, that NFL owners don’t want to pick him up because they don’t want to get a nasty tweet from Donald Trump, do you believe that?”", "\n\nIn turn, Kaepernick has used his social-media platforms to jab at Trump, as well as to bring attention to his social activism. ", "Kaepernick is well on his way toward fulfilling his pledge of donating $1 million to a variety of community-focused organizations, and he runs an initiative, Know Your Rights Camp, aimed at helping at-risk youth.", "\n\nRegardless of whether he ever returns to the NFL, Kaepernick’s journey has made him a high-profile national figure, one with quite a tale to tell. ", "To judge from Tuesday’s news, Random House was more than willing to pony up and have him tell it in their pages." ]

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[ " 15 a factor of l?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -5*i + 3*t + 23 = 0, 2*t = t - 1. ", "Let w be 134/i - (-7)/14. ", "Suppose -76 - w = -5*a. ", "Is a a multiple of 2?", "\nTrue\nLet f be 118300/(-75) - (10/6 + -1). ", "Is f/(-14) + (-3)/(105/(-10)) a multiple of 8?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 1884 + 1141 = 11*g. ", "Suppose 0 = 15*l - 10*l - g. Does 7 divide l?", "\nFalse\nLet q(u) = -u**3 + 4*u**2 + 5*u + 3. ", "Let x be q(5). ", "Does 9 divide x + 8 - 8 - -105?", "\nTrue\nLet v(x) = 4*x**2 - 3*x + 1. ", "Suppose -3*c + 2 - 4 = -a, -a = -5. ", "Let t be v(c). ", "Suppose -b - t = -10. ", "Does 4 divide b?", "\nTrue\nIs ((-1606)/33)/((2/(-2))/(-5 + 113)) a multiple of 18?", "\nTrue\nLet w be (-18)/((-7)/(-2) + -4). ", "Suppose -27*n = -w*n + 2475. ", "Does 23 divide n?", "\nFalse\nLet t be 52/65 - ((-18)/(-10) - 1). ", "Suppose t = -k + 3*k + 56. ", "Let i = k + 129. ", "Is i a multiple of 9?", "\nFalse\nLet d = 1577 - 872. ", "Is 16 a factor of d?", "\nFalse\nLet a be 98/(-8)*(0 - 16)*-1. ", "Let v = 47 - a. Is 5 a factor of v?", "\nFalse\nLet s = -260 + 623. ", "Let n = s - 264. ", "Is 2 a factor of n?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 2*r - 3*s + 11 = 0, 2*s - 4 = 2*r + 2. ", "Suppose 0*z + 188 = r*z. ", "Suppose -k + z - 26 = 2*x, -5*x = 4*k - 173. ", "Does 19 divide x?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -66*f + 30 = -60*f. ", "Does 8 divide 16 - ((f - 3) + -6)?", "\nFalse\nLet l(s) = 39*s**2 + 11*s + 5. ", "Let u(z) = -20*z**2 - 6*z - 3. ", "Let w(p) = 6*l(p) + 11*u(p). ", "Is w(-3) a multiple of 6?", "\nFalse\nLet h = 845 + -1466. ", "Let p = -347 - h. Is 9 a factor of p?", "\nFalse\nLet k be 1/2 + (-7)/((-70)/495). ", "Let g = k - 40. ", "Does 19 divide 4/g - (-1116)/60?", "\nTrue\nLet f be (-6)/15 + (-22)/(-5). ", "Let l be (3 - 2) + 124 - 3. ", "Suppose -2*t = -f*b - 303 + 79, t = 4*b + l. Is 10 a factor of t?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -2*r + 125536 = t, 105*t = 5*r + 102*t - 313818. ", "Is r a multiple of 12?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -7392*q - 15376 - 30074 = -7407*q. ", "Is 6 a factor of q?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 17*h - 13*h = 48. ", "Suppose h*a = 17*a - 85. ", "Suppose 784 = -13*q + a*q. ", "Is q a multiple of 28?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -w = 5*m - 0*m - 295, 4*m + 2*w = 230. ", "Is m a multiple of 4?", "\nTrue\nLet z(x) = -x**2 + 15*x - 27. ", "Let y = -103 - -114. ", "Let k be z(y). ", "Let f = k + 134. ", "Is 23 a factor of f?", "\nFalse\nSuppose b = g + 497, -6*b + 3080 - 161 = 3*g. ", "Is b a multiple of 5?", "\nTrue\nLet r(v) = 2*v**2 + 9*v + 11. ", "Suppose -b + 4*b - 48 = 0. ", "Let l = b + -22. ", "Is 7 a factor of r(l)?", "\nFalse\nLet v(z) = -2*z + 13. ", "Let y(w) = -w**2 - 4*w + 1. ", "Let p be y(-6). ", "Let n be v(p). ", "Suppose 0 = -2*i + i + n. Does 14 divide i?", "\nFalse\nLet y(o) = o**3 + 2*o**2 + o + 7. ", "Let c be y(3). ", "Let h = c + -52. ", "Is 3 a factor of (1 + 6 - (0 + h)) + 32?", "\nTrue\nIs 27 a factor of (5*(-345)/375)/(1/(-1115))?", "\nFalse\nLet t be 20/8 - 119/28*-2. ", "Suppose 0 = 2*j - 3 - 1. ", "Suppose 35 = j*i - t. Does 4 divide i?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -2*a = 3*a - 4*c - 2, -4*a - 4*c + 16 = 0. ", "Suppose a*b + b = 6*b. ", "Suppose g - 5*m - 26 = b, -4*m = 2*g - g - 44. ", "Is g a multiple of 6?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -39*s + 807 + 29418 = 0. ", "Does 76 divide s?", "\nFalse\nIs 61 a factor of 60/55*14542/4?", "\nFalse\nLet g(l) = l + 17. ", "Let s be g(-11). ", "Let m(n) = -3*n**2 + 16*n + 10. ", "Let r be m(s). ", "Does 19 divide (76/(-3))/(16/9 + r)?", "\nTrue\nLet k = 139 - 124. ", "Let m = 9 + k. Is 6 a factor of (-2 + m/18)/((-3)/432)?", "\nTrue\nDoes 2 divide 141/94 - (0 + -1 - 745/10)?", "\nFalse\nLet h be 1*(-3 + (-6)/(-1)). ", "Suppose 2*p + 200 = -4*c, 3*c - h*p + 4*p + 150 = 0. ", "Let s = 84 + c. Is 10 a factor of s?", "\nFalse\nLet s(y) = 2*y**2 + 17*y - 5. ", "Let c be s(-9). ", "Suppose -c*g + 3955 = -8273. ", "Suppose g + 71 = 17*z. ", "Does 34 divide z?", "\nFalse\nLet a = -546 - -3572. ", "Is a a multiple of 34?", "\nTrue\nLet s(o) = -o**3 - 17*o**2 + 16*o - 23. ", "Let b be s(-18). ", "Let w(n) = 5*n - 14. ", "Is w(b) a multiple of 16?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 0 = 10*v - 12162 - 98288. ", "Is v a multiple of 47?", "\nTrue\nLet b = 34 - 40. ", "Let p be (-11*(-2)/b)/(7/21). ", "Let y(h) = -h**3 - 8*h**2 + 11*h - 22. ", "Is 22 a factor of y(p)?", "\nTrue\nLet i(u) = 2*u**2 + 17*u - 4. ", "Let c(q) = q**2 + 11*q - 26. ", "Let n be c(-13). ", "Suppose -3*w + 0*w - 30 = n. Does 4 divide i(w)?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -4*q = -4*x + 22084, 4*x + 10*q - 5*q - 22057 = 0. ", "Is 34 a factor of x?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -32 = -a + 2*r + r, -2*a = -r - 39. ", "Let o = a + -8. ", "Suppose -p + o = -0. ", "Is 5 a factor of p?", "\nFalse\nLet i be (9/12)/((-1)/(-12)). ", "Suppose -1113 = -i*j + 2*j. ", "Suppose 105 = 2*m - j. Does 33 divide m?", "\nTrue\nLet s(k) = 20*k + 7. ", "Let o be s(12). ", "Let c = -99 + o. Is 20 a factor of c?", "\nFalse\nLet w(o) = 2*o**2 + 14*o + 101. ", "Let r be w(-5). ", "Suppose r = x - 2*i, 9*i - 7*i = 5*x - 445. ", "Is 13 a factor of x?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 5*b + q + 49 = -69, -44 = 2*b + 2*q. ", "Does 33 divide (-9783)/b + 66/176?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -2*n = 4*h - 534 - 608, -3*h + 861 = 3*n. ", "Suppose -616 = -2*u + h. Is 45 a factor of u?", "\nTrue\nLet u be ((-8)/(-5))/(2/5). ", "Suppose -l + 25 = u*l. ", "Suppose l*w - 276 = 234. ", "Does 35 divide w?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 5*a = -4*i + 153 - 44, -4*a + 2*i = -82. ", "Suppose -a*p + 462 + 1218 = 0. ", "Is 34 a factor of p?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 4*v = 3*v - 4*y - 2, v - y - 3 = 0. ", "Suppose -2*z - 20 = v*z. ", "Is (-138)/z - 5 - 4/(-10) a multiple of 17?", "\nFalse\nLet z be (-27 - -13)/(22/(-26) - -1). ", "Let u = 59 - z. Is u a multiple of 6?", "\nTrue\nDoes 300 divide 153057/15 + 1/5 + (-86 - -82)?", "\nTrue\nLet m = -1507 + 4457. ", "Is 50 a factor of m?", "\nTrue\nLet z(p) be the second derivative of p**4/4 - 5*p**3/6 - 7*p**2/2 + 35*p. ", "Is 40 a factor of z(6)?", "\nFalse\nLet g(r) = 23*r - 75. ", "Let y(q) = q**2 + 25*q + 13. ", "Let z be y(-25). ", "Let o = z - -1. ", "Is 19 a factor of g(o)?", "\nTrue\nLet l = 14 + -12. ", "Suppose 24 = -3*v + 5*c, -l*c - 40 = 5*v - 0*c. ", "Is 4 a factor of 2/8 - 166/v?", "\nFalse\nIs (-3 + 152)*(-5505)/(-15) a multiple of 23?", "\nFalse\nLet c = -908 - -5456. ", "Is c a multiple of 6?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -b - 29 + 34 = 0, -3*b = 5*p - 8940. ", "Is 35 a factor of p?", "\nTrue\nLet d(t) = 326*t**2 + 76*t - 236. ", "Is 7 a factor of d(3)?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 2*u = 0, 5*f - 3*u + 645 = 65. ", "Let b be 3/(-6)*1*f. ", "Suppose 5*y + 6*n = n + 135, -2*y = -2*n - b. Is 28 a factor of y?", "\nTrue\nLet a be (-30)/(-18)*-33 + -5. ", "Is 6 a factor of 12/a - 3/(15/(-1291))?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -230*x + 1446011 = -270709. ", "Does 3 divide x?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 42*h = 45*h - 1353. ", "Suppose 5*v - h = -t, 2*t - 443 = -5*v - t. Is v a multiple of 13?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 3*s + 5*s - 40 = 0. ", "Let h = s - -39. ", "Does 22 divide h?", "\nTrue\nLet o(p) = 11*p**2 - 17*p + 47. ", "Is o(10) a multiple of 28?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 3*z + 2*q - 11568 = -q, 0 = -z + q + 3856. ", "Does 40 divide z?", "\nFalse\nLet f(z) = 3 + 11*z - 10*z - 20*z + 1 + z**2. ", "Let c be f(20). ", "Is 10 a factor of -2*c/6*30/(-8)?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 3*v = 13 + 8. ", "Suppose y + 48*x - 52*x = -23, -5*y - 47 = -3*x. ", "Is 24 a factor of 1/v - 671/y?", "\nTrue\nIs 5 a factor of (-15 + 65*(-3)/(-5))*850/3?", "\nTrue\nLet l = 342 + -280. ", "Suppose -67*u + l*u + 3680 = 0. ", "Is u a multiple of 16?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -y - 10 = -3*i, -i = -3*i + 6. ", "Let z = 94 - 62. ", "Let g = z + y. Does 11 divide g?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -4*n = 8, x + 1644 = 3*x + 4*n. ", "Let z = -520 - -522. ", "Suppose -j - a = -275, z*j + 4*a - x = -j. ", "Is j a multiple of 38?", "\nFalse\nLet x(z) be the second derivative of 5*z**4/6 - z**3 - 2*z**2 - 2*z. ", "Let v(o) = -o**3 - 8*o**2 + 28*o + 169. ", "Let n be v(-9). ", "Is x(n) a multiple of 8?", "\nTrue\nDoes 108 divide 570*1/((-70)/(-756))?", "\nTrue\nLet t = 3050 - -11865. ", "Is t a multiple of 116?", "\nFalse\nLet k be 460/3*((-24)/10)/2. ", "Let y = k - -407. ", "Is 3 a factor of y?", "\nFalse\nLet p(m) = m**3 + 7*m**2 - 17*m + 1. ", "Suppose 9*c = -55 - 8. ", "Is 5 a factor of p(c)?", "\nTrue\nLet n = -6807 + 11724. ", "Is n a multiple of 11?", "\nTrue\nIs 126 a factor of 173500/14 + 11/77?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -259*a - 47*a + 48786 = -24*a. ", "Does 5 divide a?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 4*t + 4*g - 5*g = 23, -5*t - 4*g = -13. ", "Suppose -31*l = -29*l - 6. ", "Suppose -v = -4*h - l*v + 134, 2*v = t*h - 163. ", "Is 11 a factor of h?", "\nTrue\nLet j(u) = 4310*u + 510. ", "Is j(3) a multiple of 4?", "\nTrue\nDoes 16 divide (4/(-6))/((-13)/6 - -2) - -781?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -5*v + 25962 = 3*p, 10*p + v + 43298 = 15*p. ", "Is 41 a factor of p?", "\nFalse\nIs 3569950/875 - (-2)/35 a multiple of 15?", "\nTrue\nLet j(z) = -z**3 + 9*z**2 + 11*z + 14. ", "Let o(d) = -8*d - 17*d**2 - 2 + 3*d**3 + 10*d**2 - 4*d**3. ", "Let u be o(-6). ", "Does 8 divide j(u)?", "\nTrue\nLet i = 22 + -31. ", "Let d = i - -30. ", "Let g = d + -15. ", "Does 6 divide g?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -6*k + 3*k + 40*k - 1175675 = 0. ", "Is k a multiple of 41?", "\nTrue\nLet y = -38 + 48. ", "Suppose p - y = -5. ", "Suppose p*u - 4*l - 108 = 0, -u - 5*l = -0*l - 10. ", "Is u a multiple of 4?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -1601 = -3*u + 1630. ", "Does 11 divide u?", "\nFalse\nSuppose f = -5*a + 35312, 0 = -136*a + 140*a + 3*f - 28254. ", "Does 2 divide a?", "\nTrue\nLet y be ((-45080)/21" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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0.3257511556148529, 0.007930581457912922, 0.004322386812418699, 0.03594931587576866, 0.0013264719163998961, 0.0093311108648777, 0.0009239976643584669, 0.004455334506928921, 0.0007527242414653301, 0.03527290001511574, 0.007439416367560625, 0.0011851596646010876, 0.02964312583208084, 0.001490986905992031, 0.0013319039717316628, 0.004341468680649996, 0.0017440079245716333, 0.0008586797048337758, 0.010575102642178535, 0.018711421638727188, 0.001479833503253758, 0.0013354122638702393, 0.006721594836562872, 0.0009096694411709905, 0.0009009315399453044, 0.0011218435829505324, 0.017333144322037697, 0.0008405636763200164, 0.005817289464175701, 0.004441342316567898, 0.0016765521140769124, 0.013105257414281368, 0.0010604559211060405, 0.0011692746775224805, 0.021836301311850548, 0.0007965310360305011, 0.003525171661749482, 0.0014294036664068699, 0.0013476195745170116, 0.0009689364233054221, 0.0008677680161781609, 0.0028108174446970224, 0.000759337970521301, 0.21467500925064087, 0.5091908574104309, 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[ "Business Leaders Forum\n\nFriday, October 17, 2014, 12:15PM\n\nThe Australian & Deutsche Bank at Mural Hall\n\nShare\n\nShare\n\nShare\n\nProcessing...\n\nTickets\n\nTickets for this event have been exhausted. ", "Please\ncontact Juliana Lai on 0410 128 292 for any enquires.", "\n\nEvent Details\n\nGOING FOR GROWTH\n\nSeven years after the onset of the Global Financial\nCrisis, companies and investors are once more focused on growth. ", "But against a\nbackdrop of geopolitical turmoil and economic uncertainty, where are the real\nrisks and opportunities?", "\n\nJoin us at this exclusive event as our panel members discuss the key issues\nconfronting Australian businesses in a new growth era.", "\n\nFor more information contact Juliana Lai on 02 9288 2947.", "\n\nPANELLISTS\n\nMike Smith\n\nChief Executive Officer, ANZ\n\nMichael Smith has been Chief Executive Officer of Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited (ANZ) since October 2007.", "\n\nUntil June 2007, Mr Smith was President and Chief Executive Officer, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited; Chairman, Hang Seng Bank Limited; Global Head of Commercial Banking for the HSBC Group; and Chairman, HSBC Bank Malaysia Berhad. ", "Previously, Mr Smith was Chief Executive Officer of HSBC Argentina Holdings SA and was subsequently appointed Chairman of HSBC in Argentina in 2000.", "\n\nMr Smith joined the HSBC Group in 1978 and during his 29-year career he held a wide variety of posts in Hong Kong and the Asia-Pacific region, the United Kingdom, Australia, the Middle East and South America, including appointments in Commercial, Institutional and Investment Banking, Planning and Strategy, Operations and General Management.", "\n\nMr Smith graduated with honours in Economic Sciences in 1978 from City University of London. ", "In 2013, he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws from Monash University, Melbourne.", "\n\nHe is a Member of the Australian Bankers’ Association, the Business Council of Australia and the Asia Business Council. ", "Mr Smith is a Director of the Institute of International Finance and the International Monetary Conference; Executive Chairman of the Chongqing Mayor’s International Economic Advisory Council; a Member of the Shanghai Mayor’s International Financial Advisory Council; and a Fellow of The Hong Kong Management Association. ", "He is also a Director of the Financial Markets Foundation for Children and Financial Literacy Australia Limited and a Member of the Australian Government Financial Literacy Advisory Board.", "\n\nMr Smith was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 2000 and a Chevalier de l’Ordre du Merite Agricole in 2007.", "\n\nMargaret Jackson AC\n\nChairman, Spotless\n\nMargaret Jackson is Chairman of Spotless Group Holdings Limited and Ansett Aviation Training Limited. ", "She is also Director of the Prince’s Charities Australia and President of Australian Volunteers International.", "\n\nMargaret has also served as Chairman of Qantas, FlexiGroup Ltd, the Victorian Transport Accident Commission, and a Director of The Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited, The Australian and New Zealand Banking Corporation, Pacific Dunlop Limited, John Fairfax Holdings Limited, Billabong International Ltd and Telecom Australia.", "\n\nAwarded Companion of the Order of Australia in the General Division (AC) in June 2003 for service to business in diverse and leading Australian corporations and to the community in the area of support for medical research, the arts and education. ", "Awarded the Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian society in Business. ", "Margaret holds an Honorary Doctorate of Laws from Monash University.", "\n\nFormer Chairman of the Advisory Board for the Salvation Army Southern Territory, the Playbox Theatre Company and Methodist Ladies College.", "\n\nIan McLeod\n\nGroup Commercial Director, Wesfarmers\n\nIan was appointed to the position of Group Commercial Director for the Wesfarmers Group in July 2014.", "\n\nIan joined Wesfarmers in May 2008 as Managing Director of the Coles Food, Liquor & Convenience chain. ", "Ian spent most of his career with ASDA supermarkets where he was a member of the UK Management Board and also the Executive Board of Wal-Mart Germany.", "\n\nPrior to his Coles appointment, he was CEO of Halfords Group Plc and was part of the private equity backed team that floated the company on the London Stock Exchange in 2004. ", "Ian attended Harvard Business School in 1999 and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Scotland for services to Business and Retail.", "\n\nOutside his experience in retail, Ian spent two years as CEO of Celtic plc, the listed company controlling Celtic Football Club and was a non-executive director for five years of the Fulham Football Club in the English Premier League. ", "In Australia, Ian has become a board director of St Kilda Football Club in the AFL and also Melbourne Victory in the A-League." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Los Angeles, California (CNN) -- Actor Randy Quaid and his wife, Evi, spent several hours in the Santa Barbara County, California, jail Monday after they showed up for a hearing on accusations that they defrauded an innkeeper and failed to pay a hotel bill.", "\n\nA judge set bail at $100,000 each for the actor and his wife, who missed several previous hearing dates, Santa Barbara District Attorney Arnie Tolks said.", "\n\nThe Quaids were handcuffed, taken from court Monday morning and escorted by sheriff's deputies for booking, Tolks said.", "\n\nThe judge did give them each $20,000 credit for a previous bond. ", "After about four hours in jail, they posted the remaining $80,000 each and were freed from jail until another hearing Wednesday, according to the sheriff.", "\n\nThe couple were originally arrested in Presidio County, Texas, last September, accused of skipping out on a $10,000 hotel bill in Santa Barbara. ", "Each faces felony charges of burglary, defrauding an innkeeper and conspiracy.", "\n\nQuaid, 56, is known for his roles in several films, including the \"National Lampoon's Vacation\" movies, \"Kingpin\" and \"Brokeback Mountain.\"" ]

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[ "KEVIN RYAN MOSLEY, )\n )\n Petitioner/Appellant, )\n ) Appeal No.", "\n ) 01-A-01-9604-CH-00162\nVS. ", " )\n ) Davidson Chancery\n ) No. ", "95-3185-I\nTENNESSEE BOARD OF PAROLES, )\net al.,", "\n\n Respondent/Appellee.", "\n )\n )\n )\n FILED\n November 1, 1996\n COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE Cecil W. Crowson\n MIDDLE SECTION AT NASHVILLE Appellate Court Clerk\n\n\nAPPEALED FROM THE CHANCERY COURT OF DAVIDSON COUNTY\nAT NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE\n\nTHE HONORABLE IRVIN H. KILCREASE, JR., ", "CHANCELLOR\n\n\n\n\nKEVIN RYAN MOSLEY\nN.C.S.C. 134663\n7466 Centennial Boulevard\nNashville, Tennessee 37209-1052\n Pro Se/Petitioner/Appellant\n\nCHARLES W. BURSON\nAttorney General and Reporter\n\nPATRICIA C. KUSSMANN\nAssistant Attorney General\n404 James Robertson Parkway\nSuite 2000\nNashville, Tennessee 37243\n Attorney for Respondent/Appellee\n\n\n\n\n AFFIRMED AND REMANDED\n\n\n\n\n BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE\n\nCONCUR:\nTODD, P.J., M.S.\nKOCH, J.\n\f OPINION\n\n\n Kevin Mosley, a prisoner in the custody of the Department of Correction,\n\nwas twice considered for parole. ", "On each occasion the Parole Board declined to\n\nrelease him, citing as its reason the seriousness of his offense. ", "Mr. Mosley filed a\n\nPetition for Certiorari with the Chancery Court of Davidson County, contending that\n\nhe was entitled to a more definite statement of the Parole Board’s reasons. ", "The\n\nprisoner also argued that the Board erred in failing to consider the results of a\n\npsychological study it had ordered. ", "The Chancery Court dismissed the petition. ", "We\n\naffirm the trial court.", "\n\n\n\n I.\n\n\n\n The appellant was convicted of burglary and aggravated robbery and\n\nwas sentenced to fifteen years, with eligibility for parole after he had served 30% of\n\nhis sentence. ", "On May 19, 1993 he was granted his first parole hearing. ", "The Board\n\nof Paroles denied him parole because of the seriousness of his offense, and\n\nscheduled the next parole hearing for May 1995. ", "However, in May 1995 the Board\n\ncontinued the hearing in order to obtain a psychological evaluation of the prisoner.", "\n\n\n\n According to Mr. Mosley, he has been a model prisoner, and he had\n\nbeen told that a positive prognosis by the psychologist would be the decisive factor\n\nas to the grant or denial of parole. ", "The Board-appointed examining psychologist\n\nallegedly determined that no further psychological counseling was needed in order for\n\nhim to be released on parole. ", "However on September 15, 1995, the Board denied\n\nhim parole. ", "Apparently the Board used the standard form to report its action, simply\n\nentering the initials “SO” on the form to indicate that the reason for declining Mr.\n\nMosley was the seriousness of his offense.", "\n\n\n -2-\n\f Mr. Mosley submitted a Petition for Certiorari to the Chancery Court of\n\nDavidson County, arguing that the Board of Paroles had denied him due process, and\n\nhad acted in an arbitrary and capricious manner by using a boilerplate reason to deny\n\nhim parole without offering any further explanation, and by ignoring the results of the\n\npsychological evaluation that the Board itself had ordered. ", "The Chancery Court\n\ndismissed the petition for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.", "\n\nThis appeal followed.", "\n\n\n\n II.", "\n\n\n\n We begin, as we must, with the observation that the avenues of redress\n\navailable to a prisoner who believes that the Board of Paroles has erred in declining\n\nto grant him parole are very limited.", "\n\n\n\n The United States Supreme Court has ruled that a prisoner has no right\n\nunder the United States Constitution to be released on parole prior to the expiration\n\nof a valid sentence. ", "Greenholtz v. Inmates of the Nebraska Penal and Correction\n\nComplex, 442 U.S. 1, 99 S.Ct. ", "2100, 2104, 60 L.Ed.2d 668 (1979) (Marshall J.,\n\ndissenting). ", "The Tennessee parole statute, Tenn. Code Ann. § ", "40-35-503(b) states\n\nin part that “[r]elease on parole is a privilege and not a right.”", "\n\n\n\n In Tennessee, the grant of parole is a discretionary matter vested\n\nexclusively in the Board of Paroles. ", "Doyle v. Hampton, 207 Tenn. 399, 340 S.W.2d\n\n891 (1960). ", "Also, decisions of the Board of Paroles, unlike those of most other\n\nadministrative agencies, are not subject to judicial review under the Administrative\n\nProcedures Act. ", "See Tenn. Code Ann. § ", "4-5-106(c).", "\n\n\n\n However we have previously held that the Board of Paroles is not totally\n\nimmune from judicial scrutiny. ", "See Powell v. Parole Eligibility Review Board, 879\n\n -3-\n\fS.W.2d 871 (Tenn.App. ", "1994). ", " While the intrinsic correctness of the Board’s\n\ndecisions is beyond the scope of judicial review, a Writ of Certiorari gives the court the\n\nright of inquiry into the question of whether the Board is exceeding its authority, or is\n\nacting illegally, fraudulently or arbitrarily. ", "879 S.W.2d at 873.", "\n\n\n\n III.", "\n\n\n\n The appellant has submitted a well-written pro-se brief in which he\n\ncorrectly acknowledges the inherent limitations of any challenge to the actions of the\n\nBoard of Paroles. ", "However, he insists that his rights to due process entitle him to\n\nreceive a more definite statement of the reasons for the parole board’s decision to\n\ndecline to grant him parole, and of the evidence the board relied upon.", "\n\n\n\n In support of this proposition, Mr. Mosley cites numerous cases from\n\ndifferent federal jurisdictions, where the courts have said that such a statement was\n\na component of minimum due process in parole decisions. ", "All of the cases cited by\n\nMr. Mosley precede the Greenholtz case, supra, which established that\n\ndeterminations concerning release on parole do not directly implicate any due process\n\nrights under the United States Constitution, but are matters properly to be decided on\n\nthe basis of the law of the jurisdiction in which they arise. ", "No cases are cited which\n\naddress the question of whether a petitioner is entitled to such relief under Tennessee\n\nlaw.", "\n\n\n\n For example, the appellant quotes extensively from Wagner v. Gilligan,\n\n425 F.Supp. ", "1320 (1979), an opinion involving the Ohio parole statutes. ", "A portion of\n\nthe quoted language is reproduced below:\n\n “It is obvious that the Authority’s standardized reasons for\n denying parole provides no means by which the inmate or a\n reviewing body can ascertain whether the Authority’s decision\n was rationally based on correct facts or any facts peculiar to\n the inmate. . . . ", "The Court finds that the Authority must\n\n -4-\n\f provide each inmate with the grounds for denial of his parole\n and the essential facts from which the Authority drew the\n inferences that led to its decision.”", "\n\n425 F.Supp at 1325.", "\n\n\n\n However the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the Ohio District\n\nCourt’s decision, in accordance with the Greenholtz opinion, supra, which was issued\n\nwhile Wagner v. Gilligan was on appeal. ", "See Wagner v. Gilligan, 609 F.2d 867\n\n(1979). ", "Mr. Mosley insists, however, that only some aspects of the District Court’s\n\nopinion were reversed by the Sixth Circuit, and that “a fair reading of Greenholtz, infra,\n\ndoes not hold that the parole board may deny parole simply on no reason, or by\n\nsimply checking a form and stating that parole has been denied.”", "\n\n\n\n We believe, however, that the Sixth Circuit issued a blanket reversal of\n\nthe lower court’s holdings in Wagner v. Gilligan, and we do not see anything in\n\nGreenholtz that prevents a State from allowing its parole board to notify an inmate of\n\nits actions by checking a box or entering a few characters into a pre-printed form to\n\nindicate its reason for declining parole.", "\n\n\n\n The Greenholtz court determined that the creation of a system of parole\n\ndoes not create a constitutionally protected liberty interest in early release on the\n\nbasis of an inmate’s hope or expectation of parole, unless the parole statute is drafted\n\nin such a way as to give rise to such an interest. ", "Due process rights in parole\n\ndetermination proceedings are likewise derived from the parole statutes and rules\n\nthemselves, and not directly from the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United\n\nStates Constitution.", "\n\n\n\n Having identified the source of any rights the Nebraska prisoners might\n\nhave had in relation to parole decisions, the High Court proceeded to examine the\n\nargument that the inmates had been deprived of due process, in light of Nebraska’s\n\n -5-\n\fparole statute. ", "The Court found that the statute, as drafted, did create an expectancy\n\nof release that was entitled to some measure of constitutional protection, but also\n\nconcluded that :\n\n “[W]e find nothing in the due process concepts as they have\n thus far evolved that requires the Parole Board to specify the\n particular ‘evidence’ in the inmate’s file or at his interview on\n which it rests the discretionary determination that an inmate\n is not ready for conditional release. . . . ", "To require the parole\n authority to provide a summary of the evidence would tend to\n convert the process into an adversary proceeding and to\n equate the Board’s parole release determination with a guilt\n determination. . . .”", "\n\n442 U.S. at 15-16, 99 S.Ct. ", "at 2108, 60 L.Ed.2d at 680-81.", "\n\n\n IV.", "\n\n\n\n Of course, the Supreme Court’s interpretation of Nebraska law does not\n\nrelieve us of the obligation to determine whether Mr. Mosley has received all the\n\nprocess to which he is entitled under Tennessee law. ", "However we must first note that\n\nour courts have determined that current Tennessee law does not create a protected\n\nliberty interest in parole. ", "Wright v. Trammel, 810 F.2d 589 (6th Cir. ", "1987), Wells v.\n\nBoard of Paroles, 909 S.W.2d 826 (Tenn. App. ", "1995).", "\n\n\n\n Secondly, the Board of Paroles is statutorily authorized to deny parole\n\nif release would depreciate the seriousness of the offense. ", "Tenn. Code Ann. § ", "40-35-\n\n503. ", "The Board has accordingly incorporated this provision into its criteria for granting\n\nor declining parole. ", "Rules of the Board of Paroles No. ", "1100-1-1-.06(3)(b).", "\n\n\n\n Although we have no way of knowing on the basis of this record the\n\ndetails of Mr. Mosley’s offenses, it would be belaboring the obvious to state that\n\naggravated robbery and burglary are both serious offenses. ", "We also find nothing\n\ntroubling in the concept that the Board might use that same reason to decline parole\n\ntwice in succession, even though paroling a prisoner after his second hearing might\n\n\n -6-\n\fdepreciate the seriousness of his offense less than paroling him at the first opportunity\n\nwould.", "\n\n\n\n As for Mr. Mosely’s argument that without a more definite statement of\n\nthe reasons for decline, he has no way of knowing how to conform his conduct to the\n\nrequirements of the Board, we can only conclude that if he is indeed a model prisoner\n\nhe already knows what is required, but that the passage of additional time may also\n\nbe necessary, in order not to minimize the gravity of his crimes.", "\n\n\n\n V.\n\n\n\n Mr. Mosely also objects to the apparent failure of the Parole Board to\n\ngive consideration to the favorable report of the psychologist regarding his mental\n\nstate. ", "The psychologist’s report is not found in the record. ", "However, even granting\n\nthat it is as favorable as Mr. Mosley reports it to be, we believe the Board should be\n\nable to consult a psychologist or psychiatrist for assistance in determining the\n\nappropriateness of parole in a particular case, without surrendering its own power of\n\ndecision to that consultant.", "\n\n\n\n VI.", "\n\n\n\n Mr. Mosley has failed to make a sufficient showing to enable us to\n\nconclude that the Board acted arbitrarily, fraudulently or illegally in declining him\n\nparole. ", "The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. ", "Remand this cause to the\n\nChancery Court of Davidson County for further proceedings consistent with this\n\nopinion. ", "Tax the costs on appeal to the appellant.", "\n\n\n\n\n _____________________________\n\n -7-\n\f BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE\n\n\n\nCONCUR:\n\n\n\n\n_______________________________\nHENRY F. TODD, PRESIDING JUDGE\nMIDDLE SECTION\n\n\n\n\n_______________________________\nWILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., ", "JUDGE\n\n\n\n\n -8-\n\f\f" ]

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[ "The purpose of the proposed studies is to examine the role of somatomedin in skeletal development and pathology. ", "One specific aim of these studies is to test the hypothesis that the action of growth hormone on skeletal growth is mediated by somatomedin. ", "The cells responsible for skeletal growth are the chondrocytes of the epiphyseal growth plate. ", "Growth plate cell culture, organ culture, and radioligand binding studies will seek to elucidate the effect of GH on these cells in vitro, while stimulation/inhibition studies will seek to separate and analyze the effects of GH and somatomedin-C (Sm-C) in vivo. ", "A second aim is to evaluate the role of Sm-C in the regulation of physeal chondrocyte division and maturation. ", "Autoradiographic, cell separation, radioligand and affinity labeling studies will address the hypothesis that these cells differ in their response to Sm-C according to their maturational stage. ", "Also to be tested is the hypothesis that the growth rate of individual physes is a function of the Sc-C binding characteristics of their cells. ", "Thirdly, the role of Sm-C in the normal response to injury by articular cartilage and the question whether Sm-C can enahnce the reparative component of this response will be addressed by in vivo, intra-articular studies in a rabbit model for joint injury. ", "Fourthly, the hypothesis that Sm-C plays a role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis will be addressed by autoradiographic, cell isolation and radioligand binding studies comparing normal and osteoarthritic human cartilage. ", "Fifthly, the possibility that certain types of dwarfism may result from defects in Sm-C receptor interactions will be tested by radioligand binding studies of normal and dwarf bovine physeal chondrocytes. ", "The long term objective of these studies is to help achieve a basic understanding of the mechanism of skeletal growth and of joint function in health and disease. ", "Only with such understanding can needed improvements in existing therapy eventually be achieved." ]

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