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tomekkorbak

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detoxify-pile-chunk3-3600000-3650000

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[ "Nanosolar surprises in CIGS Photovoltaic parking survey\n\nThese must be the dog days of summer if a CIGS (copper indium gallium diselenide) parking lot survey is all an “In Search of” series investigator could dredge up. ", "I’ve seen a few signals pointing to Nanosolar, Inc. activity, so I decided a site survey was in order. ", "A visit to SoloPower located around the corner was a logical extension, and Solyndra, Inc. completed the trifecta.", "\n\nAt a Photon conference in San Francisco last December, the article said, Roscheisen announced that the start of mass production at Nanosolar’s panel assembly factory, also in Luckenwalde, would be delayed until March this year. ", "Roscheisen was quoted to say that the company planned to “officially inaugurate our production on March 24 in Berlin.” ", "Luckenwalde is just south of Berlin.", "\n\nI noted the passing of the planned inauguration date without so much as a blurb in the local newspaper, the Märkische Allgemeine. ", "In late May, sources led me to believe Nanosolar’s production was flat lined.", "\n\n“Nanosolar: Hype Down, Hiring Up” by Jennifer Kho for Earth2Tech kept Nanosolar on the radar screen, and I only just found the June 2009 Märkische Allgemeine article, “Eine Abkürzung aus Asphalt Verkehr NANOSOLAR baut neue Straße zur B 101 / Unternehmen plant Erweiterungen” by Gertraud Behrendt. ", "The article discusses the construction of a new road (driveway) to the nearby German federal highway (Bundesstraße) B 101 so trucks making deliveries and solar module pickups at Nanosolar GmbH in Luckenwalde, Germany, can drive around the production facility and avoid backing up. ", "Nanosolar GmbH goes on to claim they receive ten (10) to twenty (20) tractor trailers per week and expect this to become the daily rate sometime prompting expansion. ", "Nanosolar GmbH also claims to be hiring, and people are starting to believe they are more real!", "\n\nI’ve heard second hand that construction may have resumed on the 1 MWp (MegaWatt-peak) solar farm at the retired Luckenwalde landfill. ", "Thus far, I have not succeeded in confirming the project status. ", "The Luckenwalde city government has set up an information webpage with plans and conceptual photos for the 1MWp and 10 MWp Rieselfelder solar power plant projects at Zwei Solarkraftwerke in Luckenwalde (German only). ", "It appears Beck Energy GmbH favors the wooden crossbar construction (Deutsch) technique.", "\n\nMy visit to the Nanosolar San Jose facility impressed me as a nexus of activity. ", "There was the hum of possible production in the air. ", "Maybe it was just the external gas chillers? ", "The front and side parking lots of the building were packed with cars. ", "As I recall, Nanosolar is leasing 90000 (~8361 square meters) of the 204000 square feet at 5521 Hellyer Avenue, and I don’t believe there is a second tenant. ", "I also observed Nanosolar folks taking scheduled breaks outside. ", "Seven shipping containers were obvious in the back lot, but no trucks were seen during my brief survey.", "\n\nSolyndraThe Solyndra facility can be spied upon with ease whenever driving north on Route 880 from San Jose to Fremont. ", "Solyndra has been raking in multiple $100 million plus sales contracts over the past few months, and “Solyndra Works on 1M Sq. ", "Ft. ", "Project in SoCal” by Ucilia Wang at Greentech Media said:\n\nThe CIGS startup is increasing its production rate to meet the demand of its customers, who have collectively signed about $2 billion worth of contracts. ", "Solyndra is working on a project to install its cylinder-filled panels on one million square feet of rooftop space in Southern California, an executive said Thursday." ]

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[ "Rhodococcus equi lung abscess complicating Evan's syndrome treated with corticosteroid.", "\nWe report a case of Rhodococcus equi, an unusual pathogen, causing a right upper lobe lung abscess in a patient with Evan's syndrome (auto-immune haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia) who was treated with high-dose corticosteroid therapy. ", "The patient was treated successfully with clarithromycin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin and imipenen which appear to be effective in combination for this unusual condition in which the treatment regimen has been controversial." ]

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[ "On Friday, Stew Russell's Uruguay take on Rich Bishop's France, and Rich Pope's Brazil face Alan M's Belgium.", "Then on Saturday we see the clash of the titans as Shaun Gale's England meet Derek Pope's Sweden... maybe a game Derek won't mind losing for once? ", "Finally Adi Aymes' Russia take on Ross Betteridge's Croatia in what could turn into a really feisty one." ]

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[ "Reading Time: 2 minutes\n\nPoland, Warsaw – On Friday, September 22, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán traveled to Warsaw to meet his Polish counterpart Beata Szydło. ", "The two heads of governments were keen to recall their understanding to face the EU’s federalist and pro-immigration project.", "\n\nOn Friday, September 22, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán traveled to Warsaw on an official visit. ", "Two days before the German elections won by Angela Merkel on Sunday, the meeting between the Polish and Hungarian heads of government aimed to send a strong signal to Brussels and Berlin about the high level of understanding and cooperation between the two countries. ", "Viktor Orbán also said that they were two representatives of a region of economic success “without which the EU economy would be much more modest and without which the very project of the EU could not work.”", "\n\nMajor joint economic projects between Hungary and Poland, to which Mr Orbán and Mrs Szydło would like to see the participation of Czechia and Slovakia, are also being planned. ", "However, details will be discussed and communicated within a few weeks, or a few months.", "\n\nThe Hungarian Prime Minister also recalled his views on the position of Poland and Hungary in particular with regard to the European project: Poland and Hungary in particular are “the guardians of the original project”, as opposed to the a federalist project wanted by Berlin, Paris and the Benelux.", "\n\nFor the strong man in Budapest, the behavior of the EU authorities towards Poland “is not only a political fault but also a lack of respect”. ", "Critics stating that Poland attacks the principle of the rule of law are also unfounded, according to Viktor Orbán. ", "This is a political inquisition targeting Poland, which Hungary will never accept, added Viktor Orbán.", "\n\nThe reason for these attacks is due to the common will of the countries of Central Europe to build a Europe of Nations, according to the head of the Hungarian government.", "\n\nViktor Orbán then summed up his vision of the European dichotomy between countries of immigration and pro-family countries.", "\n\n“The path our governments chose on the matter of illegal immigration turned out to be right … the main basis of our actions has to be the security of our citizens,” said the Polish Prime Minister.", "\n\nThis Hungarian-Polish meeting was also a response and a demonstration of unity following the publication by the Carnegie Foundation of a document insinuating that Hungary and Poland are threatening the future of the European Union.", "\n\nPolish professor Bogdan Góralczyk said in the columns of the great Hungarian newspaper Magyar Nemzet that in addition to the Berlin-Paris axis, it is now important to talk about the Budapest-Warsaw axis, when it comes to inner power struggle within the EU. ", "Central Europe is gently getting united being opposed to the project of federalisation.", "\n\nIn Warsaw, Viktor Orbán also met with the presidents of the parliament and of the senate, as well as the chairman of the ruling Law and Justice Party (PiS), Jarosław Kaczyński, the éminence grise of the Polish government. ", "According to some sources, a visit of Jarosław Kaczyński is planned for Budapest this fall." ]

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[ "A leading member of Denmark's second-largest party, the anti-immigration Danish People's Party, called on Thursday for the country to deny entry to Muslim asylum seekers.", "\n\nSpeaking to the Berlingske newspaper, the party's deputy leader Soeren Espersen said that Muslim migrants should be barred from entering Denmark for up to six years. ", "Denmark needs \"a respite after recent terrorist attacks in Europe,\" he said.", "\n\nHowever, the leader of the Danish People's Party, Kristian Thulesen Dahl, along with partners in the ruling Liberal party, questioned the proposal. ", "They said that their respective parties do want to discriminate against migrants based on religion.", "\n\nEspersen insisted that his proposal did not contravene the party line. \"", "It is a recognition of the terrorism threat emanating from the Muslim community,\" he told news agency Ritzau. \"", "It is certainly not the same as saying that all Muslims are terrorists.\"", "\n\nAnother senior member from the Danish People's Party confirmed on Denmark's TV2 television channel that the group's stance was indeed to introduce a ban on Muslim asylum seekers.", "\n\nCritics lash out at proposed Muslim migrant ban\n\nThe Danish People's Party became the country's second-largest party after last year's elections, and currently provides parliamentary support for the ruling center-right Liberals.", "\n\nCritics from across the political spectrum have condemned the proposal, saying that it wrongly conflates all Muslims with Islamic extremists.", "\n\nThe opposition Social Democrats compared Espersen's rhetoric with that of the United States Republican presidential candidate, Donald Trump, who has also called for a ban on all Muslims entering the US. ", "Espersen insisted that his proposal was different as it only targets asylum seekers.", "\n\nDenmark has implemented border controls with Germany to curb the influx of migrants and refugees\n\nThe Danish People's Party immigration spokesman, Martin Henriksen, told the Associated Press that the party would not look to implement a law expressly banning Muslim migrants, although that is the party's principal goal. ", "A crackdown on immigration should be written as \"religion neutral,\" he said, which would halt Muslim immigration.", "\n\n\"If we can get it to a total halt, it would be very, very good,\" Henriksen said. \"", "We would like to get it as close to zero as possible.\"", "\n\n'Serious concerns' over asylum and immigration\n\nDenmark received 21,000 asylum applications in 2015 - up from 14,815 in 2014 and just 7,557 in 2013. ", "The country - which has a population of just over 5.5 million people and enjoys generous welfare benefits - has struggled to handle the influx of migrants.", "\n\nThe Scandinavian nation has passed increasingly heavy-handed immigration and asylum laws since the turn of the year. ", "The most controversial law, passed in January, allows authorities to seize valuables from refugees worth more than 10,000 Danish kroner, (1,340 euro, $1,490), as well as cash sums above the same amount.", "\n\nCenter-right lawmakers have shrugged off international outcry regarding the laws.", "\n\nThe Danish government also introduced border controls with Germany in January, defying the European Union's Schengen agreement for free movement. ", "After several extentions, the controls are scheduled to remain in place until November 12.", "\n\ndm/kms (dpa, AP)" ]

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[ "MOSCOW (Reuters) - Leading Russian banks are working on plans to help each other retain at least short-term access to the global financial system in the event that they are hit by fresh U.S. sanctions, sources familiar with the matter told Reuters.", "\n\nFILE PHOTO: The logo of Sberbank on top of a building in central Moscow, Russia, April 22, 2016. ", "REUTERS/Maxim Zmeyev/File Photo\n\nSberbank, VTB, Gazprombank and others are examining how they can provide each other with access to U.S. dollars or other major foreign currencies by using so-called correspondent accounts, the sources said.", "\n\nBanks access financial services in different jurisdictions and provide cross-border payment services to customers in various currencies through correspondent banking relationships.", "\n\nThe new scheme, which banks started to draft with Russia’s finance ministry and the central bank last year, would be unlikely to work indefinitely but could help avoid a panic if one or several big banks are cut off from dollar transactions.", "\n\nU.S. lawmakers last year drafted a sanctions bill which proposed cutting off some of Russia’s top banks from the U.S. dollar system, mentioning Sberbank, VTB, Gazprombank, Russian Agriculture Bank, Promsvyazbank, VEB and Bank of Moscow.", "\n\nThis did not come into force and recently another was proposed, without mentioning any specific banks.", "\n\nBut Russian banks still fear they could come under sanctions and so have begun to draft a contingency plan.", "\n\n“Each important bank has a step-by step plan on what should be done in a given situation. ", "The first month is set out day by day, if not hour by hour,” a senior financial official said.", "\n\nThe central bank and Gazprombank declined to comment. ", "The finance ministry, Sberbank, VTB, Promsvyazbank, VEB and Russian Agriculture Bank did not reply to requests for comment.", "\n\nSlideshow ( 2 images )\n\nThe two biggest threats to the banking sector in Russia are being cut off from the SWIFT banking messaging system and losing access to foreign currency, which they usually get from U.S. banks via correspondent accounts.", "\n\nIn the event of being shut out of SWIFT, Russia already has its own system, which it is upgrading.", "\n\nAnd for foreign currencies there are a number of options, said the sources, who include a high-ranking state banker, a well-placed industry official, an executive with a large bank and an individual in a foreign bank.", "\n\nTEMPORARY FIX\n\nThe main option relies on at least one major Russian bank avoiding sanctions and being able to retain access to foreign currencies via correspondent accounts with major overseas banks.", "\n\nOther Russian banks would then set up or upgrade existing correspondent accounts with that bank to shift currency around.", "\n\nPublicly available documents show VTB has correspondent accounts with Sberbank and VEB, while Russian Agriculture Bank has accounts with VEB, VTB, Gazprombank, Sberbank and a number of other Russian banks.", "\n\nVEB has such accounts with Sberbank and Gazprombank.", "\n\nSberbank, VTB, VEB, Gazprombank and Russian Agriculture Bank have correspondent accounts with the central bank as well.", "\n\nHowever the bulk of these accounts are denominated in rubles, with only a handful in U.S. dollars and euros.", "\n\n“This would (them) allow to move the dollars between themselves bypassing a correspondent account,” the source at a foreign bank said, adding that in order for the back-up to work one bank in the chain would need to have a U.S. dollar correspondent account with a U.S. bank as there would still be a need to make external settlements, necessitating a bridge.", "\n\nCorrespondent accounts would complicate tracking currency transfers between the banks, making them harder for overseas authorities to spot, a former central bank official said.", "\n\nSuch an arrangement would represent a “temporary solution” which might last for three or four months and buy the banks time to find an alternative, while also reassuring customers.", "\n\nAnd a spike in currency transactions by the banks which had not been sanctioned and were dealing with the foreign correspondent bank would likely arouse suspicions.", "\n\nOther options include the central bank providing forex currency to a ‘clean bank’ which in turn would then distribute it to peers via correspondent accounts, sources said.", "\n\nAlternatively a sanctioned bank could use correspondent accounts directly with the central bank although that would raise the risk of the central bank itself being hit with sanctions and therefore, is unlikely, the sources said." ]

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[ "Award-winning Irish comedian (plus actor, plus writer, plus filmmaker), and personal favorite of your man Klaus, Dylan Moran is bringing his critically acclaimed show Off The Hook on a tour of North America this fall. ", "The tour will bring Moran to Toronto, Ottawa, Halifax, Washington DC, Chicago, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, Boston, Calgary, Vancouver, Victoria, Seattle, Portland, Los Angeles, San Francisco and, of course, New York City, where he'll hit Town Hall on October 19. ", "Tickets for the Town Hall show go on sale Friday, July 22 at noon with a presale starting Tuesday, July 19 at noon (use password CAKE).", "\n\nDylan Moran got his start in stand-up comedy in Ireland back in 1992. ", "He rose to prominence rather quickly and is currently one of the most important living comedians in the UK, if not the planet. ", "He's already got a boatload sold out tours under his belt as well as a whopping 6 highly acclaimed live stand-up DVDs. ", "He has won two (well-deserved) BAFTA TV awards for the groundbreaking series Black Books which he co-created with fellow Irish television comedy legend Graham Linehan and which he starred in as a depressed, bitter, alcoholic, chain-smoking, and misanthropic book shop owner. ", "Matter of fact, Black Books is currently streaming on Netflix and I recommend it more than anything else on Netflix at the moment. ", "Yes, I said anything. ", "Though not his first trip to the USA, this will be my first opportunity to see him and I couldn't be more excited. ", "Full tour schedule and tour poster are below.", "\n\nDylan Moran : Off The Hook : 2016 North America Tour Dates\n\nFri Oct 14 TORONTO, ON Queen Elizabeth Theatre\n\nSat Oct 15 OTTAWA, ON Centerpointe Theatre\n\nMon Oct 17 HALIFAX, NS Rebecca Cohn Auditorium\n\nWed Oct 19 NEW YORK The Town Hall\n\nThu Oct 20 WASHINGTON DC Lincoln Theatre\n\nSat Oct 22 CHICAGO Athenaeum Theatre\n\nMon Oct 24 MINNEAPOLIS Pantages Theatre\n\nWed Oct 26 PHILADELPHIA Trocadero Theatre\n\nFri Oct 28 BOSTON The Wilbur Theatre\n\nSun Oct 30 CALGARY McEwan Hall\n\nWed Nov 2 VANCOUVER Vogue Theatre\n\nThu Nov 3 VICTORIA McPherson Playhouse\n\nSat Nov 5 SEATTLE The Neptune Theatre\n\nSun Nov 6 PORTLAND Aladdin Theatre\n\nWed Nov 9 LA Largo BUY TICKETS\n\nThu Nov 10 LA Largo BUY TICKETS\n\nSat Nov 12 SAN FRANCISCO The Regency Ballroom" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to image processing devices and related methods for improving image quality, and more particularly, to an image processing device and related method for improving image quality with a Carry-Save-Add (CSA) accumulator.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nIn digital cameras, digital video cameras, and liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors, color brightness and image stability can be increased by measuring information of original images as a basis for adjustment. ", "Ideally, the information of an entire image would be measured, however insufficient clock speed becomes a problem when gathering the information of the entire image. ", "In the prior art solution, an image is divided into a plurality of frames and a characteristic of each frame is calculated one at a time. ", "This method is effective for static images. ", "However, in dynamic digital video cameras and LCD monitors, a new solution is necessary.", "\nAn operating principle of CRT and LCD monitors is generating complete frame control through a horizontal synchronization signal (Hsync) and a vertical synchronization signal (Vsync). ", "An image signal can be produced at an appropriate moment to produce an image on the monitor. ", "Within an image, each frame is produced by an electron gun. ", "After scanning one scan line, the electron gun returns to the beginning of the scan line. ", "Therefore, an image processing device must include a horizontal synchronization signal that tells the electron gun to return after scanning one scan line. ", "After scanning a complete frame, the image processing device outputs the vertical synchronization signal to send the electron gun back to an original vertical position.", "\nPlease refer to FIG. ", "1. ", "FIG. ", "1 is a diagram of an image processing device for processing image measurement data according to the prior art. ", "After scanning one scan line, the image processing device outputs a horizontal synchronization signal Hsync (the signal Hsync is logic low). ", "After scanning a frame, the image processing device outputs a vertical synchronization signal Vsync (the signal Vsync is logic low). ", "A clock CLK is a signal with a clock period T. During a period of scanning one scan line (the signal Hsync is logic high), the image processing device processes carry-propagate addition (CPA) on image measurement data of a pixel once within the clock period T. A complete addition operation, which includes generating a sum and a carry out, is processed. ", "During a following clock period T, the image processing device processes another complete carry-propagate addition.", "\nPlease refer to FIG. ", "2, which is a diagram of a Carry-Propagate-Adder 22. ", "The Carry-Propagate-Adder 22 includes three inputs. ", "The first input 222 of the Carry-Propagate-Adder 22 is used for receiving a summand A1, the second input 224 is used for receiving a sum input Sin from a preceding Carry-Propagate-Adder, and the third input 226 is used for receiving a carry input Cin from the preceding Carry-Propagate-Adder. ", "The Carry-Propagate-Adder 22 includes two outputs. ", "A first output 228 of the Carry-Propagate-Adder 22 is used for outputting a sum output Sout, and a second output 229 is used for outputting a carry output Cout. ", "The Carry-Propagate-Adder 22 is used for processing addition on data received from the three inputs. ", "A logic operation of the sum output Sout is Sout=A1ΛSinΛCin, which is processing a “NOR” operation on data received from the three inputs. ", "A logic operation of the carry output Cout is Cout=A1Sin|A1Cin|SinCin, which is processing an “AND” operation two-by-two and finally processing an “OR” operation.", "\nIn the prior art, the image processing device must process a complete carry-propagate addition within each clock period T, which wastes time. ", "Because current clock speeds are too slow to process image measurement data, an image is divided into several frames to gather information for the whole image. ", "Processing an addition operation on each individual frame and adjusting the individual frames one-by-one leads to poor image quality. ", "If better image quality is required, a complete carry-propagate addition operation must be processed on the image measurement data of the whole image. ", "This improves image quality, but requires more operation time. ", "Therefore, to improve operation speed and to perform more operations within a finite period of time becomes a bottleneck of improving image quality." ]

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[ "11 Top Easiest Ways to Finance a Business Start-up\n\nOne key concern for anyone starting a business is how to finance the start-up. ", "The small and the medium-sized enterprises (SME) proprietors often assume all the responsibilities from business processes, management of cash flows, sales, and marketing to human resources management.", "\n\nMost SME entrepreneurs face numerous market challenges, and between 70 – 80 percent of the start-ups not enduring through the first year of operations and only 9 percent of them then manage to hit the 10-year mark according to Gary Epstein, the managing director at EasyBiz QuickBooks. ", "A primary reason behind this high rate of failure is lack of sufficient funding.", "\n\nIf you’re an SME business owner and have managed to get the required funds to start and run your business, it is essential to prioritize proper management of the finances of your business from then on. ", "Financial security is necessary for all SMEs to be able to stay ahead of the business competition and improve their business operations, profitability, and personnel,” Epstein said.", "\n\nThere are many best alternatives in seeding entrepreneurship or sources of business finance (Garry, Khavul, Siegel, & Wright, 2015).", "\n\nBefore we look at the 11 different options, let’s look at the best five financial advice for start-ups and SMEs to achieve financial stability, according to Epstein.", "\n\nBe 100 percent sure that you have the financial muscle to set up the business.", "\n\nEvery business is bound to encounter challenges and emergency expenses in its initial few months. ", "It is thus essential for the proprietor behind the company to estimate well the total startup capital they need.", "\n\nSpend cash wisely and save a few dollars wherever possible\n\nBe frugal, cut your expenditures and spend only on the basic requirements such as business cards, signage, and rent in the initial few months until you make enough cash to cater for other things. ", "SMEs should also continuously put extra cash aside for financial emergencies.", "\n\nFocus on your day-to-day flow of cash\n\nRegardless of the size of your business, always know your finances. ", "You must understand the whole picture, but also consider the fact that your start-up financial health begins with the daily cash flow. ", "If you don’t keep records of your daily expenditures, it can increase rapidly, and you’ll get into struggles before you realize it,” Epstein said. ", "He also suggests that either approach a professional accountant or invest in online solutions that help simplify tracking of the business income and expenditures if you are struggling with managing the business cashflows.", "\n\nMake use of technology\n\nSMEs should also consider the use of digital tools that are available to them since the use of latest technology offers companies a competitive advantage and the organization that uses digital solutions has a competitive edge over those that don’t.", "\n\nMake a plan for your tax and regulatory requirements\n\nAlways keep your books orderly always and avoid procrastination. ", "You can easily endure through the tax season and also to properly manage your daily financial tasks. ", "It enables you to understand whether your company is headed the right way, whether you have a realistic budget and the portion of the company that is performing well.", "\n\nFastest Way to Get Online Business Loan Offers In Minutes\n\nWhat Are the 11 Top Easiest Ways to Finance a Business Start-up?", "\n\nIf you diversify your sources of financing, it can allow your start-up to wade the potential economic downturns better, and it will also improve your chances of getting the appropriate financing to meet your specific needs.", "\n\nBesides, most bankers don’t like to be the sole source of finance and showing that you’ve explored or used various other financing alternatives demonstrates to lenders that you’re a proactive entrepreneur. ", "Every source of financing has its specific pros and cons as well as criteria they will use to evaluate your business eligibility.", "\n\nFinancing a business start-up is a daunting task. ", "Here we’ve compiled top 11 ways to help raise finance for your business start-up:\n\nCrowdfunding\n\nCrowdfunding is a great and effective way of raising money with a fairly low cost and a creative project. ", "It usually involves coming up with a goal that shows how much cash you will need to accumulate over a given period. ", "Your family, friends and anyone else then use a specific site like Kickstarter to pledge cash. ", "It helps facilitate the requesting for and also rendering assistance for single and one-time projects. ", "Usually, the project-creators provide enticements for promising.", "\n\nPledge Some Amount of Your Expected Future Earnings\n\nAnother strategy to raise money is to pledge some of your expected future earnings. ", "There are online marketplaces where you can offer a certain percentage of the business future lifetime revenues to acquire an upfront or an unassigned venture funding.", "\n\nAttract Angel Investors\n\nAngel investors are typically wealthy persons or even retired corporate executives who will directly invest in small and medium firms owned and managed by others. ", "They are usually leaders from various fields who contribute not only their own experience and connections, but they also offer their technical knowledge and management expertise. ", "These Angel investors mostly tend to sponsor the business with finances in its initial stages.", "\n\nThe investors will, in turn, need to supervise the operations of your business which will act as their guarantee for the risk they have taken input money in your business. ", "They will usually appear as directors in the board to ensure transparency. ", "Since they also keep a very low profile, to get to them, you require assistance from specialized associations and search certain websites to see them.", "\n\nPitch any angel investor, and apply some of these tips to win them over:\n\nEnsure you have experience or experiences adviser in the business. ", "Having extensive experience can help reduce the investors’ uncertainties about your business capability of dealing with an unstable economy. ", "Even if you have an unpaid expert or adviser, this could add to the investors’ faith in you.", "\n\nEnsure that you are starting a venture because of the passion you have towards it and not because of what you want to gain from it. ", "It is a significant aspect since the investors will always spot the motive.", "\n\nYou’ll need to create competitive analysis, market assessment, and firm marketing and also sales strategy if you want to win an angel investor. ", "Even start-ups need to show a high level of market knowledge in the areas they want to enter in addition to maintaining a high discipline level to stick to their plans and get them accomplished.", "\n\nKeep them informed. ", "Keeping the investors informed shows that you are serious and that you keep track of everything that is happening in the business. ", "By doing this, you create a favorable atmosphere for the investors to trust you and your plans.", "\n\nSecuring an SBA Funding\n\nWith banks being reluctant to give start-up loans, you can apply for an SBA loan guaranteed by the U.S. SBA. ", "Some of the SBA-guaranteed loans qualifications include:\n\nThe SBA helps businesses that cannot acquire loans for business start-up individually. ", "If you are turned down by a bank, then you can apply for the SBA loans.is not legally allowed to secure loans to businesses that can obtain the money they need on their own.", "\n\nYour business should fall into the category of the government’s small business definition in the industry you want to operate.", "\n\nThe SBA doesn’t provide loans directly. ", "Therefore, after meeting the qualifications, an individual should then apply for the loan from the financial institution that offers the SBA loans.", "\n\nRaising Money from Family and also Friends\n\nAnother ideal source of finance for any start-up is your family and also friends. ", "However, you’ll be endangering their future finances and even jeopardizing critical personal relationships when you turn to your loved ones for money.", "\n\nDon’t make the mistake of approaching your friends and family when you haven’t formulated a proper business plan. ", "Be sure to supply accurate financial estimates and also evidence of your research and assessment when required. ", "It should reduce the possibility of nasty surprises and should also let your investors see how seriously you take their finances. ", "Also, provide a healthy business plan, but remember not to be overconfident and let them know that there is also a chance of things not going your way.", "\n\nTap into Your 401(k)\n\nThere is a provision found in the tax code that allows you to tap into the 401(k) without incurring a penalty if you follow the right steps. ", "The steps are simple enough but legally complicated, so you’ll require having someone with experience of setting up a corporation and the appropriate retirement plan to roll your retirement assets. ", "You’ll be investing your retirement funds, which means if things don’t work out, not only do you lose your business, but your investments, too.", "\n\nAcquire a Microloan\n\nYou can consider getting small funding from microlenders even though the lenders charge higher interests that the usual banks due to lack of security, The lenders usually don’t ask for so many qualifications and collaterals and you can get yourself $500 and even higher amounts like $35,000. ", "The loans normally require less paperwork and time spent applying is less.", "\n\n“Microloans are ideal for a startup especially if you need capital to purchase new pieces of equipment or cash to service a deal,” said Connie Evans, the CEO, and president of AEO.", "\n\nPersonal Investment\n\nThe first investment should come from you. ", "You can either use your cash or loan secured by your possessions. ", "It confirms to your investors and lenders that you’re committed in the long-term project and also that you’re set to start the business and to take risks.", "\n\nVenture Capital\n\nVenture capital is fundamentally not for all kinds of entrepreneurs since the financiers of venture capital usually target the technology companies and start-ups with high potential for growth in sectors like information technology, biotechnology, and communications.", "\n\nVenture capitalists assume an equity holding in the start-up. ", "It assists the start-up to perform a highly promising but risky project. ", "The start-up thus gives up some stake or equity of their business to another external party.", "\n\nThe financiers of venture capital also expect to get a good return on the investment, which comes from the start-up when they offer shares to the public. ", "Make sure that you incorporate investors who have extensive experience and know how to invest in your business.", "\n\nBusiness Incubation\n\nBusiness incubators who are also called business accelerator main focus is for high-tech companies. ", "They provide support to the upcoming companies in various phases of business development. ", "The economic development incubation locally mainly focus on job revitalization, the creation of jobs, hosting and sharing services.", "\n\nIncubators usually attract new businesses with a future focus and other fledgling firms to share with them their premises, as well as offer their administrative, technical and logistical resources.", "\n\nThe incubation stage usually lasts up to 2 years, and once the product is set, it leaves the incubator’s properties to start its industrial production chapter on its own.", "\n\nGovernment Subsidies and Grants\n\nGovernment organizations offer to finance new companies through grants and subsidies. ", "Acquiring a government grant can be a daunting task because of the intense competition. ", "The qualifications for getting a grant award are also often very stringent. ", "A majority of donations require the entrepreneur to match the money they are advanced, and this amount can vary significantly, based on the source. ", "For example, the grant for research may require the entrepreneur to fund only 30% of the overall cost.", "\n\nDisclaimer: MoneyLend works hard and strives to keep its partnered information accurate and up to date. ", "These information may be different than what you see when you visit our partnered sites. ", "When comparing the offers by using our tools, please review and evaluate their terms and conditions on their sites. ", "All financial products and services presented here are without warranty. ", "MoneyLend does not hold liable if wrong financial decisions are being made. ", "In order to provide this free service for everyone, MoneyLend may be compensated from ads or partnered sites. ", "Our financial comparison tool results, articles, and reviews are based on objective analysis.", "\n\nFurthermore, the operator of this web site is NOT a lender nor credit institution. ", "MoneyLend will not ask you to fill out any online application on our site. ", "All onine applications or registrations are done via partnered websites only." ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction\n===============\n\nForeign body injuries in the upper aero-digestive tract are due to the aspiration/ingestion/insertion of objects and they are one of the leading causes of injury and death in children \\[[@B1-ijerph-09-04056],[@B2-ijerph-09-04056]\\]. ", "Difficulties in estimating the impact of this phenomenon arise because of the large sample size required by classical statistical methods and the consequent possible high costs in planning and processing the surveys \\[[@B3-ijerph-09-04056],[@B4-ijerph-09-04056]\\]. ", "To overcome the limitations of classical sampling schemes, several non-probabilistic sampling methods like the capture-recapture method, the snowball and the adaptive sampling have been proposed. ", "Nevertheless, such methods are difficult to implement in the area of foreign body injuries, since: (i) injury rates are highly variable from region to region and are not clustered according to some specific socio-demographic groups. ", "If it were possible to recognize homogenous groups of people that present a bigger incidence of foreign body injuries, then it would be more likely to find people who know a number of other subjects with the same characteristics (and then techniques like snowball sampling could be used); (ii) the lack of completeness of injury registries and the poor reliability and coverage of health administrative data sources which makes the capture-recapture techniques very hard to apply, and (iii) the sensitivity of the questions related to injuries about children, in particular when these are directly asked to parents; indeed, quite a relevant reluctance of parents has been observed, in providing information about injuries occurred to their children \\[[@B5-ijerph-09-04056]\\].", "\n\nIn addition, we should notice that incidence estimates of such injuries usually result from the hospital discharge records and from the death certificates. ", "However, since a large number of foreign bodies injury cases are self-resolved (e.g., parents help children to discharge the object) without accessing the health care services, underestimation of the actual incidence rates is likely to result.", "\n\nTo overcome these drawbacks, our approach proposes the usage of the scale-up methodology \\[[@B6-ijerph-09-04056],[@B7-ijerph-09-04056]\\]. ", "Scale-up method is a probabilistic sampling technique that arose in the field of social networks \\[[@B8-ijerph-09-04056],[@B9-ijerph-09-04056],[@B10-ijerph-09-04056]\\]. ", "A social network is defined as the set of people that each person knows. ", "The basic idea underlying the scale-up methodology consists in estimating the social network sizes for any given individual surveyed \\[[@B11-ijerph-09-04056]\\].", "\n\nThe estimated network size information is combined with the responses to the questions about how many people the respondents know in the population of children who experienced a foreign body injury. ", "In order to estimate the social network size, individual responses are taken into account for a set of subpopulations with known size and then they are scaled up using the sizes of these groups to the general population.", "\n\nContrarily to the other survey techniques, scale-up methodology does not require asking people directly about problems. ", "This presents two main advantages: first, people are more willing to answer to questions that do not touch directly their person, especially when the topic under investigation is a sensitive issue. ", "Secondly, researchers are able to collect information about all respondents' social network. ", "This is relevant in particular for studying events with low prevalence, since it allows the use of samples of smaller size as compared to other survey techniques.", "\n\nThis work is aimed at applying the scale-up method to the estimate of the magnitude of the foreign body injury phenomenon, including in this both the known part of it (*i.e.*, the referral to the health care system) and the unknown part (*i.e.*, the self-resolved injuries). ", "Our specific goals were: (i) to estimate the number of foreign body injuries in Italy and (ii) to empirically evaluate the correctness and the efficiency of the scale up estimator in a telephone survey setting.", "\n\n2. ", "The Scale-Up and the Social Network Size Estimators\n======================================================\n\nThe scale-up method was developed by Bernard and his colleagues in the 1990s \\[[@B12-ijerph-09-04056],[@B13-ijerph-09-04056]\\]. ", "We proposed a maximum likelihood estimator \\[[@B7-ijerph-09-04056]\\] that relies on the assumption that the number *m~io~* of children who suffered a foreign body injury known by the *i*-th respondent follows a Binomial distribution: where *c~i~* is the social network size of the respondent.", "\n\nThe maximum likelihood scale-up estimator for the size *e*~0~ of the subpopulation *E*~0~ \\[[@B12-ijerph-09-04056],[@B13-ijerph-09-04056]\\] is given by: where the size of the general population *T* is multiplied by the ratio between the total number of children who suffered a foreign body injury known by the respondents and the sum of the respondents' social network sizes. ", "It has been proven that Equation (3) is an unbiased estimator \\[[@B13-ijerph-09-04056]\\].", "\n\nThe estimator (3) requires just computing the sum of the social network's size *c~i~* over all respondents. ", "These latter parameters also need to be estimated. ", "Several estimators have been proposed in this regard \\[[@B8-ijerph-09-04056],[@B12-ijerph-09-04056],[@B13-ijerph-09-04056],[@B14-ijerph-09-04056],[@B15-ijerph-09-04056],[@B16-ijerph-09-04056],[@B17-ijerph-09-04056],[@B18-ijerph-09-04056],[@B19-ijerph-09-04056],[@B20-ijerph-09-04056]\\]. ", "In this work, we decided to use the proportional estimator \\[[@B7-ijerph-09-04056],[@B12-ijerph-09-04056]\\], which has the same basic underlying idea as the scale-up method, that is, to estimate the social network size of each respondent. ", "People are asked about how many people they know in several subpopulations of known size. ", "Therefore, the proportional estimator for the social network size of the *i*-th respondent is given by the following formula: where *m~ij~* is the number of people known by the *i*-th respondent in the *j*-th subpopulation of known size *e~j~*. ", "As in the scale-up estimator the quantities *c~j~* are assumed known, in this case they are estimated from subpopulations of known size (*i.e.*, the *e~j~* terms are fixed).", "\n\nThe Selection of Known Size Subpopulations\n------------------------------------------\n\nA sensitive task in the estimation of the social network size is the choice of the subpopulations of known size \\[[@B19-ijerph-09-04056],[@B21-ijerph-09-04056]\\]. ", "The basic idea of the scale-up method is that the mean number of people known in a subpopulation is linearly proportional to the size of the same subpopulation \\[[@B22-ijerph-09-04056]\\]. ", "On the other hand, the scale-up estimator relies on the following assumptions: (i) each subject in *T* should have the same probability to know a subject in the subpopulations; (ii) everyone in *T* should know all about his/her acquaintances and (iii) the difficulty to recall in short time all the people known in a certain subpopulation should be assumed to be negligible. ", "It is well known that all these assumptions challenge the linear proportionality relationship \\[[@B6-ijerph-09-04056],[@B22-ijerph-09-04056]\\].", "\n\n3. ", "Results\n==========\n\nTwo-thousand-four-hundred-fifty women have been contacted for the interview, and 1,081 accepted, with a response rate of 44%. ", "Out of a total of 35,673 items, 2,039 answers were not given (5.7%) of which 1,038 referred to the political questions (2.9%). ", "These missing values were replaced imputing the median value of each question. ", "The 1,081 interviewed women recalled a total of 437 children that suffered a foreign body injury, out of which 351 were treated in hospital. ", "The regression model with all the 33 subpopulations ([Table 1](#ijerph-09-04056-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}) accounted just for the 21% of the variability (see [Figure 1](#ijerph-09-04056-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nijerph-09-04056-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nSubpopulation of known size used to estimate the respondents' social network sizes.", "\n\n Subpopulations of known size Size in thousands Subpopulations of known size Size in thousands\n ----------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------\n People voted for Casa delle Libertà in 2001 elections 18,300 Widows younger than 60 years 506\n Families with 2 children 4,436 People sentenced for driving under the influence of alcohol in 2004 426\n People volunteer in non-profit associations 3,481 People went in business during 2004 426\n People bought a new car 2,249 Bought a motorcycle 409\n Families with only one parent living alone with children 2,101 Competitive basket players members of FIP 169\n People voted for Rifondazione Comunista in 2004 elections 1,972 Competitive athletes members of FIDAL 127\n Families with 5 or more components 1,635 People doing a temporary job 119\n People owing a car with gas or methane 1,356 People currently detained in prison 57\n People reported a robbery 1,303 Children adopted in 2004 6\n Families with 3 or more children 1,276 People 100 or more years old 6\n Own a Mercedes car 956 People committed suicide in 2004 3\n People working in hotels and restaurants 859 People reported a rape in 2004 2\n Teachers 707 People had a kidney transplantation in 2004 1.7\n People with a specialization or a PhD 644 People killed in 2004 0.7\n People owing a BMW car 630 People had a heart transplantation in 2004 0.3\n Women had a child in 2004 528 \n\n{#ijerph-09-04056-f001}\n\nTherefore, we decided to choose the final subgroups to be used in the estimation by assessing the linear relation between the subpopulation sizes and the mean number of people recalled by respondents for each subgroup. ", "Following Snidero *et al.* ", "\\[[@B7-ijerph-09-04056]\\], we performed a visual inspection of the residuals, eliminating those less fitting the linear relationship between subpopulation sizes and mean number recalled by respondents. ", "This lead us to exclude some subpopulations, eliminating at the very end 13 subpopulations and thus obtaining a regression model that accounted for the 79% of the variability (see [Figure 2](#ijerph-09-04056-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#ijerph-09-04056-f002}\n\nAs shown in [Table 2](#ijerph-09-04056-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}, this algorithm excluded those subpopulations that are less known by women (e.g., people owing a car with gas or methane) or of bigger size. ", "In the latter case, it is expected that people asked about subpopulations where they know a high number of people, find it difficult to remember the correct number of people that belongs to them (e.g., Teachers, Families with two children, *etc.*).", "\n\nijerph-09-04056-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nSubpopulations excluded from the analysis using the algorithm based on the regression model.", "\n\n Excluded subpopulations\n -----------------------------------------------------------\n People bought a new car\n People owing a BMW car\n People owing a car with gas or methane\n Teachers\n Teachers of primary school\n People volunteer in non-profit associations\n People with a specialization or a Ph.", "D\n Widows younger than 60 years\n Families with only one parent living alone with children\n Families with 2 children\n People voted for Casa delle Libertà in 2001 elections\n People voted for Rifondazione Comunista in 2004 elections\n People reported a robbery\n\nUsing the remaining 20 subpopulations, the estimated mean social network (![](", "ijerph-09-04056-i005.jpg)) was of 218.3 people and with probability 95%, the interval (142.5--294.2) includes the true value for *c~i~*. ", "This result is not statistically different from a previous estimate of the social network size of an American study that amounted at 286 persons \\[[@B13-ijerph-09-04056]\\].", "\n\nThe estimated number of children under 15 years that incurred in a foreign body injury (![](", "ijerph-09-04056-i006.jpg)) was 15,829 with a 95% CI equal to (14,376--17,282). ", "Out of them, 12,844 cases (![](", "ijerph-09-04056-i007.jpg)) were treated in hospital or in emergency department (95%CI: 11,535--14,153).", "\n\nijerph-09-04056-t003_Table 3\n\n###### \n\nResults of the sensitivity analysis for each subpopulation excluded from the analysis.", "\n\n Excl. ", "subpopulation ĉ Injury Hospitalized\n --------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- ------------------ ------------------\n Bought a motorcycle 229.0 (40.9) 15,087.6 (706.5) 12,242.1 (636.4)\n Own a Mercedes car 232.5 (41.8) 14,862.8 (696.0) 12,059.7 (627.0)\n Competitive athletes members of FIDAL 219.2 (39.2) 15,759.2 (738.0) 12,787.0 (664.8)\n Competitive basket players members of FIP 220.1 (39.3) 15,699.1 (735.2) 12,738.3 (662.2)\n Families with 5 or more components 229.8 (45.3) 15,032.8 (704.0) 12,197.6 (634.1)\n People went in business during 2004 225.8 (40.6) 15,302.8 (716.6) 12,416.7 (645.5)\n Families with 3 or more children 208.7 (41.4) 16,558.0 (775.4) 13,435.2 (698.5)\n People 100 or more years old 217.3 (38.6) 15,902.9 (744.7) 12,903.7 (670.8)\n People doing a temporary job 207.3 (38.0) 16,664.0 (780.4) 13,521.2 (702.9)\n People working in hotels and restaurants 219.0 (41.3) 15,782.6 (739.1) 12,806.0 (665.8)\n People sentenced for driving under the influence of alcohol in 2004 230.5 (41.1) 14,990.1 (702.0) 12,163.0 (632.3)\n Children adopted in 2004 211.5 (38.1) 16,333.0 (764.9) 13,252.7 (689.0)\n People had a heart transplantation in 2004 217.5 (38.6) 15,886.9 (744.0) 12,890.7 (670.2)\n People had a kidney transplantation in 2004 217.5 (38.6) 15,887.2 (744.0) 12,890.9 (670.2)\n Women had a child in 2004 211.8 (39.4) 16,315.3 (764.0) 13,238.3 (688.2)\n People killed in 2004 216.0 (38.6) 15,996.6 (749.1) 12,979.7 (674.8)\n People reported a rape in 2004 217.9 (38.7) 15,858.8 (742.7) 12,867.9 (669.0)\n People committed suicide in 2004 217.0 (38.6) 15,924.6 (745.7) 12,921.3 (671.7)\n People dead for a cancer in 2004 208.3 (38.1) 16,587.7 (776.8) 13,459.3 (699.7)\n People currently detained in prison 212.3 (38.7) 16,270.3 (762.0) 13,201.8 (686.3)\n\nNotes: ĉ is the network size, Injury is the social network size estimate of the number of injuries, for ĉ; Hospitalized is the estimated number of hospitalized injuries; d is standard errors in brackets.", "\n\nIn [Table 3](#ijerph-09-04056-t003){ref-type=\"table\"} the mean estimates of the social network sizes (*c*) and the target subpopulation size (*e*~0~) obtained omitting one at time of the subpopulations (*e~j~*) are shown. ", "The estimated social network sizes are quite similar for each excluded subpopulation (range: 207.3--232.5) and also the estimates for the number of children that suffered a foreign body injury are in a quite close range (14,863--16,664). ", "This means that the maximum likelihood scale-up estimator and the social network estimator are quite robust to the choice of the subpopulations themselves, in particular when subgroups are first evaluated with a selection procedure to discard those poorly fitting the linearity assumptions of the model.", "\n\n4. ", "Discussion\n=============\n\nOur study estimated that 15,829 children suffered a foreign body injury in Italy in 2004, of which 12,844 were hospitalized or visited at the emergency department. ", "Therefore, the estimated incidence of foreign body injuries in children in Italy is about 0.2%.", "\n\nTaking into account that the official number of hospitalized children for such injury was 1,814 in 2003 \\[[@B23-ijerph-09-04056]\\], one child out of nine who incurred in a foreign body injury was hospitalized and one children out of eight who was visited in an emergency department was thereafter hospitalized. ", "These figures are consistent with findings in the injury literature, where a ratio ranging from 1:10 to 1:17 is often observed between hospitalizations and emergency visits \\[[@B24-ijerph-09-04056],[@B25-ijerph-09-04056],[@B26-ijerph-09-04056]\\].", "\n\nThe main limitation is that no extrapolations to any subset of the population are allowed by the method, therefore specific incidence rate such as for any foreign body type cannot be derived by this work.", "\n\nWith the scale-up method we obtained the target information about a number of people virtually equal to the interviewed sample size multiplied by the social network size of each respondent (about 235,000 people). ", "The standard error was quite small (741 persons), corresponding, in relative terms, to 0.9 × 10^−4^ if we divide it by the total number of children aged 0--14 in Italy. ", "In order to getting the same standard error magnitude using the classical probabilistic schemes, we should have planned a sample of exactly 236,254 people. ", "Clearly, the scale up has a multiplying effect on the sample size, due to the indirect contact of a number of people. ", "This is of course particularly appealing in view of rapidity of the CATI survey and of the lower costs associated with it. ", "Indeed, the number of missed items was negligible, and this was obtained while the survey was conducted by interviewers not particularly experienced in the usage of the scale-up technique.", "\n\n5. ", "Methods\n==========\n\n5.1. ", "Study Design\n-----------------\n\nThe study was designed to estimate the number of children aged 0--14 that incurred in a foreign body injury in Italy. ", "The sample was formed randomly selecting 1,081 women aged 18--50 who answered to a CATI survey. ", "The respondents were asked to answer to a questionnaire about:\n\n1. ", " \\- The number of people they know in 33 questions about populations of known size;\n\n2. ", " \\- The number of children they know that suffered a foreign body injury and some more details related to the injuries (target questions).", "\n\nThe target questions, which were referred to the 2004 year, were:\n\n1. ", " \\- \"How many children do you know that had an injury due to the swallowing/ingestion of a foreign body?\", ", "aimed at identifying the first target subpopulation of size *e*~01~;\n\n2. ", " \\- \"Of those, how many children went to the emergency service or were hospitalized?\" ", "aimed at identifying the second target subpopulation of size *e*~02~.\n\n[Table 1](#ijerph-09-04056-t001){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the 33 subpopulations of known size selected from the census and other official sources \\[[@B27-ijerph-09-04056]\\]. ", "Among many definitions of social network given in literature, we adopted that one of \"active network\", *i.e.*, \"Mutually recognize each other by sight or name, can be contacted, and have had a contact within the last two years, either in person, by phone or mail\" \\[[@B12-ijerph-09-04056],[@B13-ijerph-09-04056],[@B16-ijerph-09-04056]\\].", "\n\n5.2. ", "Statistical Analysis\n-------------------------\n\nWe applied a regression model with the mean number known in each subpopulation as dependent variable and the relative size of the subpopulation as independent variable to select the subpopulations of known size that meet the request of linear proportionality. ", "Therefore, we proceeded to exclude some of the 33 subpopulations with a graphical analysis of residuals.", "\n\nAccording to the formulas given in Equations (1) and (2) we estimated the mean social network size and the target subpopulation size along with 95% confidence interval (95% CI).", "\n\nIn order to understand how estimates depend on the specific choice of the subpopulations used in the analysis we carried out a sensitivity analysis. ", "A leave-one-out strategy was adopted: one population among the selected subpopulations was picked up and excluded from the sample. ", "This was repeated such that each population was left out once. ", "The analysis was carried out with S-plus ver. ", "6.2 \\[[@B28-ijerph-09-04056]\\].", "\n\n6. ", "Conclusions\n==============\n\nThe scale-up technique has been shown to have a potential for application in the injury field. ", "A comparison with known figures on foreign bodies injuries has shown a strong consistency with them: of course, since no data exists at the time being on the number of non-hospitalized foreign bodies injuries, the above conclusion is based on common sense and expert opinions. ", "Further data are needed to better understand the hidden epidemiology of such injuries.", "\n\nFrom the methodological point of view, the procedure of selecting sub-populations is still based on the empirical evaluation of the residuals. ", "Less subjective approaches should be investigated. ", "In this sense also the issue of missing data on recalled subpopulation sizes needs further developments; the approach based on the median which has been used in this analysis tends to underestimate standard errors, as shown in some simulation-based investigations in the field of public health research \\[[@B29-ijerph-09-04056]\\], but no data are available for the scale up approach so far.", "\n\nInjury research constitutes a terrain where most of the classical techniques can easily fail, due in particular to the high sensitiveness of some questions. ", "In particular, a sensitive problem is how to estimate the number of children who have suffered from injuries or violence at a certain point in their life. ", "This is important public health issue because many children who suffered from injuries often do not go to a hospital or clinic for treatment, in particular in case of facts of lower impact. ", "In addition, children who suffered from violence in their family also find difficulty in reporting the facts. ", "The adaptation of scale up methods to such populations could be a first step toward its use for other public health issues where some cases may be treated outside of the medical system: knowing the size of such populations is important for planning and reducing inequalities in the access of public health care systems. ", "These considerations are emphasized when injuries are related to children and thus when the interviewed parents have to face their sense of inadequacy and guilt. ", "In addition, such technique can successfully be used when official data are not fully recorded or when the data extraction can be costly and time inefficient. ", "In this setting, the possibility to have a reasonable, quick and cost-effective estimation of the magnitude of the phenomenon is surely appealing.", "\n\nThe project has been partially financed under the project PGR00064, by the Direzione Generale per la Promozione e la Cooperazione Culturale of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MAE) and the Secretaría de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (MINCYT), Argentina and by an unrestricted grant of Prochild ONLUS.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nDark scene with object contours by light reflections\n\nI am interested in the type of photos as the first two in this article:\nhttp://www.transportationdesign.se/blog/2015/09/headlights-defining-a-brand-and-creating-a-character/\n(or search google images for \"dark car headlight\")\nIt is popular for car revelations or catalog photos. ", "I even cannot remember seeing these photos with something else but cars. ", "You cannot see every detail of the object but just the basic (most important) ones and sharp headlights.", "\nIs there a special name for this kind of photography?", "\nHow can I take a photo like this at home with some rather small objects like a car model or a quadcopter?", "\n\nA:\n\nPhotographs like the ones you mentioned are retouched. ", "Please don't expect to take photo like these just with a few strobes and no retouching.", "\nKey elements to take care of\n\nincrease the brightness of the object's lights (indicator lights, headlights, etc.)", "\nreduce any unwanted light sources that reflect off of your object (daylight, windows, light bulbs, street lights, etc.)", "\nunderexpose heavily\nideally choose a dark/black object with a glossy finish\nuse light sources that throw light onto your object from behind without being visible in the viewfinder to accentuate the silhouette (think hair light)\nchoose an object with a smooth surface\n\n" ]

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[ "FAQs\n\nHow much does it cost for my business to use GeoBI? ", "Does GeoBI have to be installed?", "\n\nGeoBI.info is generally used in web. ", "For this reason, no installation is necessary. ", "After registration the use of GeoBI.info is free of charge. ", "If for any reason there is a need to install GeoBI.info locally, so this is easily possible. ", "Also in this case no license fee will be charged. ", "The cost of the server use is however at the expense of the user.", "\n\nWhere does the data used by GeoBI.info come from?", "\n\nGeoBI.info primarily uses data from public statistics agencies. ", "In case of South Tyrol integrated are data of the National Institute of Statistics ISTAT and the Provincial Institute of Statistics ASTAT. ", "GeoBI.info is an open community which benefits from data uploaded and provided by the community. ", "Some companies provide their data, so they are available for all.", "\n\nWhat happens to the data that I submit for my analysis?", "\n\nData which are submitted by the users for creating models can be marked as „private data\" and can then only be seen by authorized users from their own environment / company. ", "GeoBI.info is a community and each user can decide which of his own data should be published. ", "However users should take into account that the community benefits from all the data that are published. ", "As a result, the overall picture is completed. ", "It remains at the discretion of the individual user whether the own data will be published.", "\n\nWho owns the generated data maps?", "\n\nAlso here the principle is: private maps remain private. ", "The maps once published are visible to all and can be used by all users. ", "The condition for use of maps is to identify the owner.", "\n\nHow do I get to GeoBi.info?", "\n\nTry it out: tool.geobi.info You can register under tool.geobi.info/register. ", "After the registration you will receive an account on South Tyrol Civic Network\n\nIs GeoBI.info open data?", "\n\nGeoBI.info uses opendata.bz.it - the open data platform for South Tyrol.", "\n\nCan I become a partner of GeoBI.info?", "\n\nYes, we are looking for partners in South Tyrol and the EU. ", "Please contact us at info@geobi.info" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDebugging war file in tomcat6\n\nHere http://www.liferay.com/community/forums/-/message_boards/message/1242473 i found that in order to configure tomcat to run war file in debug mode I have to add this \"set JPDA_OPTS=-Xdebug -Xrunjdwp:server=y,transport=dt_socket,address=8000,suspend=n\" line somewhere in my tomcat configurations. ", "\nwhere exactly I should put configuration line which helps tomcat 6 to understand that I want to start war file in debug mode?", "\nTomcat6 32bit windows\n\nA:\n\nI had to place this set JPDA_OPTS=-Xdebug -Xrunjdwp:server=y,transport=dt_socket,address=8000,suspend=n line in \"Java control panel\"->\"Java\"->\"View\"->\"User\" and \"System\" Java \"Runtime Parameters\" field.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "GANG MEMBER ARRESTED IN KILLING OF 17-YEAR-OLD IN OCEANSIDE, POLICE SAY\n\nOCEANSIDE A 16-year-old gang member has been arrested in the fatal shooting Sunday of 17-year-old Antonio Carachuri-Perez, police said Thursday.", "\n\nThe boy was initially taken into custody on Wednesday in connection with an armed robbery that police said occurred nearby minutes before Antonio was killed on the porch of his aunt’s home on Grant Street in the Crown Heights neighborhood.", "\n\nThe boy is suspected of stealing jewelry and electronics from another youth, Oceanside police Lt. ", "Joe Young said.", "\n\nYoung said there is no evidence that Antonio and the suspect knew each other.", "\n\nAntonio’s mother said earlier that her son, an Oceanside High School senior, was not in a gang and was known as the boy who sold flowers and homemade ice cream.", "\n\nPolice do not believe the case is related to the nonfatal shooting two weeks ago of a 20-year-old soccer coach in front of Crown Heights Resource Center.", "\n\nASHLY MCGLONE • U-T\n\nSecond suspect arrested in robbery, stabbing in Escondido\n\nESCONDIDO A second man sought as a suspect in a robbery and stabbing Wednesday night was arrested Thursday, police said.", "David Solomon Ballard, 27, was taken into custody by police officers who were dispatched to investigate a report of a petty theft shortly before 2 p.m. on West Felicita Avenue near South Centre City Parkway, Escondido police Lt. ", "Chris Wynn said.", "The other suspect, Michael Lawrence Rathbun, 22, of San Marcos, was arrested Wednesday night near the crime scene.", "Police found the injured man about 10 p.m. on West Vermont Avenue off South Escondido Boulevard. ", "He was hospitalized in critical but stable condition.", "Wynn said Thursday that the suspects and victim appeared to have “some level of acquaintance.”", "\n\n21-year-old shot, killed outside liquor store in Chula Vista\n\nOfficers were called to Bo Bar Market on F Street near Broadway about 9 p.m., where they found the victim suffering from two gunshot wounds, police said.", "\n\nThe victim, Jimmy Rodriguez Jr. of Chula Vista, died about an hour later at a hospital, the Medical Examiner’s Office said.", "\n\nChula Vista police Capt. ", "Gary Wedge said Thursday that the two men had been arguing inside the store and then went outside. ", "The suspect fled and was being sought.", "\n\nSUSAN SCHRODER & ASHLY MCGLONE • U-T\n\nPolice look into failed attempt to drag woman into canyon at UCSD\n\nLA JOLLA Police at the University of California San Diego are investigating an attempted kidnapping Wednesday night near a student housing area.", "\n\nThe incident was reported about 8 p.m. near One Miramar Street apartments, which is near a canyon in the area of Interstate 5 and La Jolla Village Drive. ", "UCSD police told 10News, a media partner of U-T San Diego, that a man grabbed a woman from behind and tried to pull her into the canyon. ", "When he was unsuccessful, he ran away.", "\n\nThe man was described only as about 6 feet tall, and having light-colored hair and a thin build. ", "He was wearing a black baseball cap and dark hooded sweatshirt. ", "No other information was released by UCSD on Thursday." ]

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[ "Dododo Warrior\n\nYou can Normal Summon this card without Tributing, but its original ATK becomes 1800. ", "If this card attacks, negate all card effects that activate in the opponent's Graveyard, until the end of the Damage Step." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0009277067147195339, 0.003233895171433687 ]

[ "Global commemorations centred on France, where more than 60 heads of state and government gathered at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris\n\nIf the British empire’s dead of the first world war had marched four abreast down Whitehall, the founder of the Imperial War Graves Commission, Sir Fabian Ware, observed some years afterwards, it would have taken them three and a half days, walking day and night, to pass the Cenotaph.", "\n\nOn Sunday, a century after the first world war was finally brought to an end, the Queen, Britain’s political and military leaders and tens of thousands of veterans and members of the public gathered once again in central London to pay their respects to them and the war’s many millions of other casualties, the vast scale of its waste no easier to comprehend now than it was at its conclusion.", "\n\nAt the stroke of 11am, the time the armistice signed by the allied powers and Germany came into effect a century earlier, the dense crowds packed into Whitehall fell absolutely still to observe the two minutes’ silence.", "\n\nPrince Charles then laid a wreath on the Cenotaph steps on behalf of the Queen, who at 92, was watching from a nearby balcony. ", "He was followed by the German president, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, the first time a representative of Britain’s former foe had taken part in the national service of remembrance.", "\n\nLater, Steinmeier joined the Queen and other royals at a remembrance service at Westminster Abbey where the Dean of Westminster, Dr John Hall, prayed for a time when conflict was “transformed into friendship and collaboration”.", "\n\nFacebook Twitter Pinterest The Queen and the German president, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, at Westminster Abbey. ", "Photograph: Paul Grover/AP\n\nThe ceremonies in London were echoed in countless acts of commemoration, large and small, in Britain and across the world, reflecting the extent of hostilities that claimed 40 million military and civilian casualties worldwide.", "\n\nGlobal commemorations centred on France, the crucible of much of the conflict, where more than 60 heads of state and government gathered at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. ", "As well as a monument to Napoleonic victories, it is also contains the grave of an unknown soldier of the first world war.", "\n\nAmong those joining the French president, Emmanuel Macron, were Donald Trump, Vladimir Putin, Angela Merkel and Leo Varadkar.", "\n\nPlay Video 0:45 Royal family and UK leaders mark armistice centenary – video\n\nIn pouring rain, most heads of state arrived in coaches driven up the Champs Élysées from the presidential palace. ", "They then walked slowly together in a snaking line under black umbrellas to the Arc de Triomphe, Merkel beside Macron, Justin Trudeau next to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.", "\n\nThe image of leaders walking together through the rain was described by French commentators as a moving gesture of peace, but there were two notable absentees, both Trump and Putin arriving separately with their own security details.", "\n\nMacron’s speech, in turn, was pointedly political, warning that “old demons” were resurfacing that threatened the fragile peace and highlighting the dangers of countries putting their own national interests first.", "\n\nPatriotism, he said, “is the exact opposite of nationalism. ", "Nationalism is a betrayal of patriotism. ", "In saying, ‘our interests first, whatever happens to the others’ you erase the most precious thing a nation can have, that which makes it live, that which causes it to be great and that which is most important: its moral values.”", "\n\nTrump, who said recently he was proud to be a nationalist, looked on without visible reaction.", "\n\nTheresa May was absent from the French commemorations. ", "The prime minister opted to send Cabinet Office minister, David Lidington, to Paris, as she stayed in London to lay a wreath at the Cenotaph as usual alongside the Labour leader, Jeremy Corbyn, and other political and military leaders and senior royals.", "\n\nFacebook Twitter Pinterest Nicola Sturgeon lays a wreath at the Stone of Remembrance in Edinburgh. ", "Photograph: PA\n\nAs well as the massed ranks of current and former members of the military, the parade past the Cenotaph was joined this year by a “people’s procession” of 10,000 members of the public who were allocated tickets in a ballot to join the march, in an initiative described by the government as “a nation’s thank you”.", "\n\nIn Edinburgh, the first minister, Nicola Sturgeon, laid a wreath at a ceremony at the Stone of Remembrance outside the city chambers, after 11 rounds were fired from Edinburgh Castle.", "\n\nOther ceremonies took place in India, which lost 74,000 volunteer soldiers in the war, and in Australia, which suffered more than 62,000 casualties. “", "For our tomorrows, they gave their today. ", "In silence, we commit ourselves to standing by those who have returned home,” prime minster Scott Morrison told the national remembrance day ceremony in Canberra.", "\n\nNew Zealand had asked its citizens to mark the end of the two minutes’ silence with a “roaring chorus” of church bells, sirens and car horn toots, which prime minister Jacinda Ardern said had “recaptured the wave of spontaneous jubilation and hope which swept New Zealand when news of the Armistice broke”.", "\n\nFacebook Twitter Pinterest The film director Danny Boyle (right) joins in a two-minute silence in Folkestone. ", "Photograph: Dylan Martinez/Reuters\n\nCommemorations had begun before dawn in Enniskillen, county Fermanagh, where around 100 people gathered in darkness to hear poems and prayers. ", "The town, the Lord-Lieutenant for County Fermanagh Viscount Brookborough said in his oration, was the first place to hear news of the armistice, after a local radio operator had heard and translated a message in Morse code transmitted from Paris.", "\n\nThis video has been removed. ", "This could be because it launched early, our rights have expired, there was a legal issue, or for another reason. '", "Old demons are resurfacing,' warns Macron as world leaders gather for Armistice Day – video\n\nSome of the most dramatic and moving tributes were those traced on to 30 beaches stretching from Shetland to Cornwall, in which large-scale portraits and smaller silhouettes of local soldiers were drawn on the sand, before the tide slowly rose to wash all traces away.", "\n\nThe Pages of the Sea project had been devised by the film-maker Danny Boyle as a less formal gesture of remembrance, and as morning broke through the gloom in Blackpool, small groups of people, some with young children, gathered to lend a hand and pay their personal respects.", "\n\nA single white rose was placed on the sand portrait of L/Cpl John Edward Arkwright, who landed in France with the 1st Battalion, King’s Own Royal Lancaster Regiment on 23 August 1914, and was killed three days later during the battle of Le Cateau, at the age of 23.", "\n\nAbigail Wrigley, from Bolton-le-Sands in Lancashire, had brought faded family photos to the beach to remember her own relatives who fought and died.", "\n\n“It’s really poignant. ", "These are the people who didn’t come home,” she said. “", "These are the people whose lives stopped and they are the reason why we are where we are. ", "It’s sad, they are not with us but we are very, very grateful that they did what they did and I feel like it’s a matter of honour to respect them.”", "\n\nAdditional reporting by Angelique Chrisafis in Paris" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUsing IPA symbols in a table with Oracle Database 11g\n\nI am working in a project which will make use of IPA symbols in some tables and Oracle 11g, and I want to know if these symbols are supported and if I should take some precautions when creating the database, schema and tables.", "\nBy the way I am new to Oracle 11g but it is compulsory for to work with it.", "\n\nA:\n\nAssuming that \"IPA symbols\" refers to the International Phonetic Alphabet, those characters should all be available in the Unicode character set. ", " When you create your database, you'll need to ensure that you are using a Unicode character set (AL32UTF8). ", " And you'll need to ensure that your application supports Unicode.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Vial Island\n\nVial Island, also known as Wei Island and Jacquinot Island, is a volcanic island in the Schouten Islands of Papua New Guinea.", "\n\nCategory:Islands of Papua New Guinea" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nGet the next 'n' rows from array of objects\n\nI have an array of objects as:\n[\n{ID: \"1234\", FName: \"Steve\", LName: \"Adams\", Status: \"New\",CreatedBy: \"sadams\"},\n{ID: \"5648\", FName: \"Jon\", LName: \"Lewis\", Status: \"New\",CreatedBy: \"jlewis\"},\n{ID: \"9872\", FName: \"Hor\", LName: \"Mt\", Status: \"Open\",CreatedBy: \"hmt\"},\n{ID: \"1212\", FName: \"Allison\", LName: \"Pan\", Status: \"New\",CreatedBy: \"apan\"},\n...\n...so on\n]\n\nThis data is returned from my API and can be in hundreds.", "\nNow I am using simple HTML table without any third party sources to show this data on the screen and I am using ng-repeat in angularjs to bind this data to the table.", "\nBecause of so much data I dont want to load entire data at once on the screen.", "\nI just want to load first 50 rows and then have a link as \"Show next 50\". ", "Clicking on which the next 50 rows will be pushed to the array and so on.", "\nThis is what I have currently\n$http.get('https://myApi').success(function(data) {\n var arr = [];\n\n //This holds all the data returned\n $scope.dataFromApi = data;\n\n for (var j = 0; j < 50; j++) {\n //This holds the first 50 rows\n arr.push(data[j]);\n } \n\n //This is binding back to the UI\n $scope.tableData = arr;\n\n }\n\n $scope.buttonClick = function () {\n //How can I get the next 50 rows from $scope.dataFromApi and add it to $scope.tableData \n }\n\nHow can I get the next 50 rows everytime on the button click and add to the existing array.", "\nPlease note that I am not looking for any other third party sources at this moment or any paginations methods.", "\n---Updated---\nFor anyone else looking for this. ", "I got it resolved as:\nCreating a custom filter (as I am using angularjs 1.3.4) as:\napp.filter('myLimitTo', function() {\n return function(input, limit, begin) {\n return input.slice(begin, begin + limit);\n };\n});\n\nIn my html:\n <tr ng-repeat=\"r in datarows | myLimitTo:limit:start\">\n\nController:\n $scope.start = 0;\n $scope.limit = 10;\n\n $scope.next = function () {\n incrementLimit(true)\n }\n $scope.prev = function () {\n incrementLimit(false)\n }\n\n function incrementLimit(up) {\n if (up) {\n ($scope.start <= ($scope.data.rows.length - $scope.limit)) ? ", "$scope.start += 10 : $scope.start = 0;\n } else {\n $scope.start > 10 ? ", "$scope.start -= 10 : $scope.start = 0;\n\n }\n }\n\nA:\n\nUse the limitTo filter:\nhttps://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/filter/limitTo\nHTML:\n{{ limitTo_expression | limitTo : limit : begin}}\n\nJS:\n$filter('limitTo')(input, limit, begin)\n\nIn your case the limit will be a static 50 and you can change the begin through your buttonClick function. ", "\nRemember also to add a track by in the repeater with some id/unique of the data returned from the api.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\nIn Pediatric Dentistry, a number of factors have contributed to the marked decline in dental caries rates \\[[@CR1], [@CR2]\\]. ", "However, this is a disease that still deserves attention, given its involvement in all age groups and, mainly, its negative impact on children's quality of life \\[[@CR3], [@CR4]\\].", "\n\nWith the better biological understanding of the disease, as well as the importance of the etiological and modifiers factors, new concepts were developed for treating of these lesions, especially those already cavitated, in order to use less invasive restorative techniques and preventive approaches \\[[@CR5]\\]. ", "These changes in the paradigms allow, therefore, the accomplishment of more conservative cavity preparations, with significant preservation of enamel and dentin, since it is possible only the removal of the irreversibly affected tissues by the caries lesion \\[[@CR6], [@CR7]\\].", "\n\nThe treatment of deep caries lesions closes to the pulp considered healthy, on the other hand, results in a challenge for the dentists \\[[@CR8]\\], especially for a gap in well-designed studies that determine the best treatment for these lesions \\[[@CR9]\\].", "\n\nConsidering the requirements of Minimal Intervention dentistry, indirect pulp capping has been described as an effective option for the treatment of these lesions \\[[@CR8]\\]. ", "Based on the technique of selective dentin caries removal, indirect pulp capping is performed in a single dental session and aims to use a biocompatible material to protect the dentin-pulp complex, such as calcium hydroxide cement \\[[@CR8]\\], which would have as benefits the reduction of the number of remaining bacteria as well as a possible dentinal response leading to the formation of a reparative dentin \\[[@CR10]\\]. ", "Recent studies still have suggested the use of inert materials for this protection because they would also have the capacity to arrest the caries process \\[[@CR11]\\] or, even, the direct restoration of the cavity with adhesive systems associated with resin composite \\[[@CR12]\\] or resin-modified glass ionomer cement \\[[@CR13]\\].", "\n\nNevertheless, the high viscosity glass ionomer cement (HVGIC), which has been the material of choice for medium and low deep cavities in Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART), has not been considered in the studies that focusing in treatment of deep caries lesion \\[[@CR14]\\]. ", "Using this material in pediatric dentistry seems to be an alternative to decrease the time required for the clinical care, due to the facility to perform the restorations with HVGIC. ", "Considering the philosophy of ART, it will be possible to restore the deep caries lesion with pulp vitality without the use of rubber dam and anesthesia. ", "However, to date, there are no well-designed clinical trials evaluating cost-efficacy as well as other important patient-centered outcomes of the treatment of deep caries lesions with HVGIC.", "\n\nThus, this study aims as primary outcome to compare the pulp vitality of two types of treatment for deep caries lesions in primary molars (HVGIC restoration and restoration with calcium hydroxide cement associated with HVGIC) by a non-inferiority randomized clinical trial with two parallel arms. ", "The secondary outcomes will compare the survival of restorations, caries progression, cost-efficacy and discomfort between the two treatment options. ", "Our hypothesis is that the dental pulp vitality of teeth restored with HVGIC do not differ from teeth restored with a pulp capping material.", "\n\nMethods/design {#Sec2}\n==============\n\nTrial design and ethical considerations {#Sec3}\n---------------------------------------\n\nA non-inferiority randomized, controlled, double blind (participant and examiner) clinical trial with two parallels arms (1:1) will be performed. ", "The present protocol follows the guidelines of the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) as detailed in online Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}.", "\n\nIt was approved by the local ethics committee from the Faculty of Dentistry of the University Ibirapuera (registration no. ", "1.670.059) and was recorded in the database for registration of clinical studies ([Clinicaltrials.gov](http://clinicaltrials.gov) registration NCT02903979).", "\n\nSample size calculation and selection {#Sec4}\n-------------------------------------\n\nParticipants will be selected with ages ranging from 4 to 8 years searching for dental treatment, coming from the Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry of the Ibirapuera University, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ", "The screening will be carried out under natural light with the aid of a wooden spatula. ", "Children with potential for inclusion in the research will be referred for clinical examination. ", "Children with at least one primary molar with deep cavitated caries lesion on the occlusal or occlusoproximal surfaces will be included.", "\n\nSpecial needs patients using orthodontic appliance and / or systemic diseases that may influence the oral cavity, will be excluded. ", "In addition, teeth with pulp exposure, spontaneous pain, mobility, abscess or fistula near the tooth, teeth with restorations, sealants or defects of enamel formation will be excluded.", "\n\nInitial periapical radiography will also be performed to confirm the depth of the lesions as well as to exclude a possible pulpal involvement -- presence of radiographically visible furca/periapical lesion - linked to clinical evaluation by PUFA index \\[[@CR15]\\] - presence of ulceration, fistula and abscess, reported pain and pathological mobility. ", "It will be considered as deep caries lesion those that will be located in the inner third of dentin.", "\n\nTo perform the sample size calculation, the expected success rates of pulp vitality using a calcium hydroxide cement as pulp capping material was considered 94% in 12--29 months \\[[@CR16]\\]. ", "It was considered that a clinically significant difference was 15% in the success rate between the groups. ", "Therefore, considering a significance level of 0.05 and a power of 0.80, using a one-tailed test for non-inferiority studies, with a 20% increase due to a possible sample loss and 40% by cluster of more than one tooth per children, we reached the final rounded number of 54 teeth per group, resulting in 108 teeth in total \\[[@CR17]\\].", "\n\nRecruitment are taking place from November 2016 to April 2018. ", "After allocation and treatment in one of the groups, with mean of 1 month per participant, these will be followed up for 24 months. ", "Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} displays the flow diagram of clinical trial's phases.", "Fig. ", "1Flow diagram of clinical trial's phases\n\nOperator's training {#Sec5}\n-------------------\n\nPrior to sample selection, operators will be trained to perform both techniques (restoration with HVGIC and restoration with hydroxide calcium cement associated with HVGIC). ", "The training will be performed with theoretical classes and laboratory activities during 3 h each.", "\n\nThe operators will be specialists in Pediatric dentistry. ", "It will not be possible the blinding of operators because of the evident differences between the techniques.", "\n\nRandom allocation {#Sec6}\n-----------------\n\nThe included teeth will be allocated in two parallels arms: Experimental group -- HVGIC restoration, e Control group - restoration with calcium hydroxide cement associated with high viscosity glass ionomer cement (HVGIC). ", "Teeth will be randomly assigned into one of groups considering the strata type of cavity -- occlusal or occlusoproximal surfaces, according with the sequence obtained by an external researcher with a statistical software (MedCalc version 15.8, Ostend, Belgium). ", "The randomization procedure will be performed per blocks of four. ", "Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"} displays the sample distribution in according experimental groups considering the strata.", "Table 1Sample distribution in according experimental groups considering the strataGroups\\\nType of cavityExperimental groupControl groupsTotalOcclusal272754Occlusoproximal272754\n\nAllocation concealment mechanism {#Sec7}\n--------------------------------\n\nThe generated sequence will be distributed in numbered sequentially opaque sealed envelopes, which should be opened by the dental assistant immediately before of the restorative procedure, after selective caries removal.", "\n\nTreatment procedures {#Sec8}\n--------------------\n\n### HVGIC restoration {#Sec9}\n\nIn experimental group, after prophylaxis and relative isolation, selective dentin caries removal will be conducted, removing infected dentin from the pulp wall and with total removal of the surrounding walls, using curettes compatible with cavity size. ", "Afterwards, the preconditioning of the surface with polyacrylic acid for 10 s will be performed, followed by washing and drying of the cavity. ", "HIVGIC (Fuji IX; GC Corporation, Tokyo, JP) will be mixed according to manufacturer's instructions, inserted into the cavity with the aid of an insertion spatula and adapted by the finger press technique. ", "In occlusoproximal cavities, metal matrix will be used to ensure the contact area between the restored and adjacent teeth. ", "The occlusion will be then checked with carbon paper and, if necessary, occlusal adjustment will be performed. ", "Superficial protection of the restoration with petroleum jelly will be conducted.", "\n\n### Restoration with hydroxide calcium cement associated with HVGIC {#Sec10}\n\nIn control group, after prophylaxis and relative isolation, selective dentin caries removal will be conducted in according with experimental group, and then a pulp capping material (Hydro C; Sirona, Pennsylvania, USA) will be applied as liner on pulp wall. ", "After, the restoration with HVGIC will be performed as previously mentioned for experimental group.", "\n\nThe other teeth identified with caries lesions that will be not included in the study will be treated according to the diagnosis by participants of CEPECO collaborative group (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Fig. ", "2Organization chart of decision-making process of teeth not included in the trial\n\nFurthermore, all participants and their respective legal guardians will receive hygiene and diet instructions. ", "The risks for the participants of this study are minimal and related to the conventional treatment for deep caries lesion. ", "There is no data monitoring committee.", "\n\nData collection and outcomes {#Sec11}\n----------------------------\n\nConfidentiality of participants will be ensured by an identifier number. ", "Data will be stored in a password-protected electronic database by one of investigators, which only will be available to the researchers. ", "Another investigator will go then double-checking of entered data.", "\n\nThe primary outcome will be the success rates of pulp vitality for both groups after follow-up for 2 years. ", "Secondary outcomes will include survival of restorations, caries progression, self-reported discomfort and cost-efficacy of both types of restorative treatment.", "\n\nTwo blinded examiners will be trained to outcomes assessment. ", "The training will be performed in two phases:Theories classes with images during 3 h.Clinical phase with children with similar conditions to be considered in trial, but not included, during 20 h.\n\n### Primary outcome {#Sec12}\n\n#### Pulp vitality {#FPar1}\n\nPulp vitality will be evaluated after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months through clinical examination using PUFA index \\[[@CR15]\\] linked to radiographic analysis. ", "It will be considered success when minor failures will be observed (failures which could be resolved by replacing or repair of failed restoration). ", "Failure of treatment will be pondered in the presence of major failures as visible pulp involvement, ulceration, fistula and abscess. ", "Reported pain and pathological mobility will also be contemplated. ", "Moreover, we will be considered major failure when the teeth will present radiographically visible furca/periapical lesion.", "\n\n### Secondary outcome {#Sec13}\n\n#### Survival of restorations {#FPar2}\n\nSurvival of restorations will be evaluated after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months through of new clinical examination using the criteria by Frencken et al. ", "\\[[@CR14]\\] to occlusal cavities and that proposed by Roeleveld et al. ", "\\[[@CR18]\\] for occlusal-proximal restorations. ", "In occlusal restorations those that receive 0, 1 or 7 score will be considered as success, whilst for occlusoproximal cavities it will be considered as success only those that show 00 or 10 scores. ", "In failures cases, it will be registered the number of surfaces involved in the caries progression and the repair of restoration will be performed.", "\n\n#### Caries progression {#FPar3}\n\nFor the evaluation of the caries progression, the bitewing radiographic examination will be used. ", "Radiographic shots will follow the protocol: it will be used a children's E-speed film (E-speed, 22x35mm, Eastmam Kodak, Rochester, USA), with 0.4 s of exposure, apparatus with Spectro 70X. All radiographs will be made with positioners (Jon Han-Shin PF 682, Jon Ind., Sao Paulo, BRA), apron and lead collar. ", "The films will be processed in boxes of manual processing by the time / temperature method (temperature around 27 °C, developer solution for 2 min, fixer solution for 10 min, washing in water for 20 min). ", "Three radiographs per patient will be performed (1. ", "At the initial exam, 2. ", "After the restorative procedure, 3. ", "Follow-up after 24 months). ", "Initially, two examiners previously trained and calibrated by a reference examiner will evaluate the radiographs independently. ", "The follow ups radiograph will then be compared with post-operative radiograph in order to assess a possible caries lesion progression:A)No progression: when there is no increase in the radiolucent area of the lesion.", "B)Present progression: when there is an increase in the radiolucent area of the lesion.", "\n\n#### Self-reported discomfort {#FPar4}\n\nThe child will also be questioned about the discomfort in relation to the treatment performed. ", "For this purpose, the Wong-Baker face scale \\[[@CR19]\\] will be used. ", "This will be showed by the dental assistant, without the presence of the operator, immediately after treatment, and the child will point to the image which represents your level of discomfort after the following question: what did you feel during the treatment?.", "\n\n#### Cost-efficacy {#FPar5}\n\nThe number of expected and unexpected visits for each patient (indirect costs), the procedure performed at each session and their duration will be considered in the analysis. ", "To calculate the direct costs, it will be computed the costs of all material used. ", "These values will be based on the market value obtained by an average cost by three different stores of dental materials and this data will be updated during the study \\[[@CR20]\\]. ", "The duration of the treatments (time of treatment) and the cost of the materials used will be considered for the estimation of the cost-efficacy of the treatments by a ratio - cost/efficacy, being efficacy considered the pulp vitality.", "\n\n#### Data analysis {#FPar6}\n\nThe efficacy of each treatment will be assessed by five main outcomes:Success rate of pulp vitality (Primary outcome) andsurvival of restorations (secondary outcome): Kaplan-Meier survival and the Long-rank test will be used to compare the success rates between the experimental and control groups. ", "Cox regression model with a shared frailty will be performed in order to allow the evaluation of the influence of the variables in the results.", "Progression of deep caries lesions (secondary outcome): Qui-square test will be used to compare this outcome between the groups.", "Cost-efficacy (secondary outcome): Incremental cost-efficacy ratio will be calculated considering the ratio between the total cost of each treatment and the success rate after 2 years.", "Self-reported discomfort (secondary outcome): Poisson regression will be used to compare both groups and to asses of the influence of other variables on this outcome.", "\n\nFor all analyzes, the significance value will be adjusted to 5%.", "\n\nPatient and public involvement {#Sec14}\n------------------------------\n\nChildren treated by ART philosophy have pointed for less anxiety, pain and discomfort with minimally invasive techniques, as previously studies showed \\[[@CR21]\\]. ", "Thus, this preference reported by them helped to guide this trial. ", "The research question emerged from the lack of evidence of the use of ART philosophy for deep cavitated caries lesions in primary molars, both for efficacy, as well as the discomfort caused to patients.", "\n\nBecause it is a clinical study methodology, the patients are still being involved in the recruitment, conduction and evaluation of the study. ", "However, there is no involvement of patients or public in trial design.", "\n\nThe authors intend to disseminate the results of the present study not only through scientific publications, but also with public and private clinicians.", "\n\nEthics and dissemination plain {#Sec15}\n------------------------------\n\nThis clinical trial was approved by the local ethical board committee from the Faculty of Dentistry of the Ibirapuera University (registration no. ", "1.670.059). ", "Participants will be included after their legal guardians have signed an informed consent form containing detailed information about the research and the children nod their participation. ", "The data from participants' individual information will be grouped in order to prevent individual participant identification and then will be published in a peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences.", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec16}\n==========\n\nStudies focusing in smart and comfortable techniques to children's treatment should be conducted in order to guide the dentists to use of friendly-patient approaches. ", "Thus, this is the first clinical trial that will evaluate as primary outcome the success rate considering the pulp vitality between restoration with calcium hydroxide cement associated with HVGIC and HVGIC restoration for treatment of deep caries lesions in primary molars in according the philosophy of ART.", "\n\nThe evaluation of this outcome will take into account clinical signs associated with symptoms, since that the most of the previous studies considering the survival of restoration as the primary outcome and not pondering the pulp condition. ", "However, the main reason to use the pulp capping material is to protect the pulp tissue. ", "Thus, it should be considered in the evaluation.", "\n\nOthers secondary outcomes will be considered. ", "The choice of outcome measures was based on the efficacy of the treatment, but also in patient-centered outcomes, thinking in about the practice-based evidence where the preference of patient should be englobed in the treatment choice. ", "Analysis of cost will be also performed in order to project the incremental cost of the treatments with higher failure rate for the public health manager.", "\n\nThis is important to highlighted that it will not be possible the blinding of the operators because of the evident differences between the both techniques. ", "Nevertheless, to minimize this situation, the allocation of the treatments will be only performer after the selective caries removal. ", "Furthermore, the patient and examiner can be considered as blinded.", "\n\nThus, our study desires to answer if it is possible to restore deep caries lesion of primary teeth only with HVGIC considering the ART philosophy. ", "Since that this hypothesis was sustained, the pediatric dentistry can be used a friendlier technique to deep caries lesion management.", "\n\nAdditional file\n===============\n\n {#Sec17}\n\nAdditional file 1:SPIRIT 2013 Checklist: Recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents. (", "PDF 181 kb) Additional file 2:CEPECO Collaborative group. (", "PDF 173 kb)\n\nART\n\n: Atraumatic Restorative Treatment\n\nHVGIC\n\n: High viscosity glass ionomer cement\n\nThe authors would like to thank the CEPECO Collaborative Group for all support to perform of the study (Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type=\"media\"}).", "\n\nFunding {#FPar7}\n=======\n\nThe authors would like to thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico --- CNPq - Chamada Universal (grants \\#423184/2016--4) for funding this trial. ", "This funding was used to the acquisition of materials related to research.", "\n\nAvailability of data and materials {#FPar8}\n==================================\n\nAll data generated or analyzed during this study will be included in the final published article and its supplementary information files.", "\n\nTKT, DPR, ACVMM, TG e IF contributed to the conception of this trial. ", "TKT is the trial coordinator, and GSQS is the principal investigator. ", "GSQS and TKT drafted the protocol. ", "GM is in charge of the recruitment of participants. ", "GSQS is responsible for the patients' treatment. ", "TG and TKT are responsible for patient evaluations over time. ", "All authors critically reviewed and approved the final manuscript as submitted.", "\n\nEthics approval and consent to participate {#FPar9}\n==========================================\n\nThis clinical trial was approved by the local ethical board committee from the Faculty of Dentistry of the University Ibirapuera (registration no. ", "1.670.059). ", "Participants will be included after their legal guardians have signed an informed consent form containing detailed information about the research and the children nod their participation.", "\n\nConsent for publication {#FPar10}\n=======================\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nCompeting interests {#FPar11}\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nPublisher's Note {#FPar12}\n================\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n" ]

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[ "Construction of Afrikyan’s House to start in 2014 (video)\n\nAfrikyan Club Building, one of the most unique architectural monuments in Yerevan also known as Afrikyan’s House, has been dismantled despite the ongoing struggle and protests of civil activists. ", "Even intellectuals organized a collection of signatures for the restoration of the building in the same area.", "\n\nMinister of Urban Development Narek Sargsyan has other prospects. “", "The construction of the building will start this year within the framework of the Old Yerevan program.”", "\n\nThe Afrikyan building, located on 11 Teryan Street, was built at the end of the 19th century. ", "Based on a Government decision in 2004, the building was included in the state list of historical and cultural immovable monuments of the city of Yerevan as a national monument.", "\n\nAccording to a new Government decision the Afrikyan building will be dismantled and rebuilt at another location. ", "The building is included in the “Old Yerevan” program, which will be designed and implemented in the neighboring streets of Abovyan, Byuzand, Koghbatsi and Aram." ]

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[ "Gmina Koczała\n\n__NOTOC__\nGmina Koczała is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Człuchów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. ", "Its seat is the village of Koczała, which lies approximately north-west of Człuchów and south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.", "\n\nThe gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 3,481.", "\n\nVillages\nGmina Koczała contains the villages and settlements of Adamki, Bielsko, Bryle, Ciemino, Dymin, Działek, Dźwierzeński Młyn, Dźwierzno, Kałka, Koczała, Łękinia, Niedźwiady, Niesiłowo, Ostrówek, Pietrzykówko, Pietrzykowo, Płocicz, Podlesie, Potoki, Stara Brda, Stara Brda Pilska, Starzno, Strużka, Świerkówko, Trzyniec, Wilkowo, Zagaje, Załęże, Zapadłe and Żukowo.", "\n\nNeighbouring gminas\nGmina Koczała is bordered by the gminas of Biały Bór, Lipnica, Miastko, Przechlewo and Rzeczenica.", "\n\nReferences\nPolish official population figures 2006\n\nKoczala\nCategory:Człuchów County" ]

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[ "\"Previously on Colony...\" \"Come on!\" \"", "Move.\" \"", "Whatever you're going through we're going through together.\" \"", "I love you.\" \"", "I'm a Collaborator, Katie.\" \"", "You are protecting our family.\" \"", "Our choice is clear, my friends.\" \"", "Resist or die.\" \"", "There's a woman running a unit.\" \"", "I've seen her type before when I was deployed.\" \"", "Ex-CIA, if I had to guess.\" \"", "Tell Katie her intel needs to outweigh the damage that her husband is doing to us.\" \"", "They have this huge database of information and more importantly, they have a woman who knows how to manipulate it.\" \"", "Who is she?\" \"", "First I want to make a deal.\" \"", "My husband is never harmed, ever.\" \"", "Hey, man, it's too early, man.\" \"", "No, no, no, no, you're always complaining.\" \" ", "What's up, Dee?\" \" ", "What's up?\" \"", "Dee, you gonna smile today?\" \"", "He sings the same stupid song every single day.\" \"", "I just think that they should make a show about us, busting down doors and kicking ass.\" \"", "What do you think, Dee?\" \"", "Against the wall.\" \"", "We're looking for Marla Nelson.\" \" ", "Room 201.\" \" ", "This way.\" \" ", "Class, we talked about...\" \" Stay seated... sit down!\" \" ", "What's going on?\" \" ", "You need to come with us.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "What for?\" \"", "You know what for.\" \"", "No, look, this is a misunderstanding.\" \"", "I was just using Bradbury to explore...\" \" Hey, leave her alone!\" \" ", "Shut up!\" \"", "She didn't do anything!\" \"", "Let go of her, man!\" \"", "All of you, be quiet!\" \"", "Get in your seat now!\" \"", "In your seat now!\" \"", "Please, I have two little girls at home.\" \"", "Just give me a chance to explain.\" \"", "Hey, you hit that kid pretty hard back there.\" \"", "Don't be such a pussy.\" \"", "Copy.\" \"", "Additional units in sight.\" \"", "Over.\" \"", "What do we got tomorrow?\" \"", "Same shit, different day.\" \"", "Okay, babe, let's do this.\" \"", "You know who else gets your special medicine?\" \"", "Who?\" \"", "Spider-Man.\" \"", "No he doesn't.\" \"", "He does.\" \"", "I swear.\" \"", "It's what makes him big and strong.\" \"", "A spider made him big and strong.\" \"", "Want to stand up for me?\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Band-aid.\" \"", "All set, kiddo.\" \"", "You did great.\" \"", "Are we gonna run out of medicine?\" \"", "No, no we're not.\" \"", "Don't worry about that, okay?\" \"'", "Kay.\" \"", "Anything new?\" \"", "Pattern's getting clearer.\" \"", "Homeland uses the same key groups of guys in the same concentration every time they move a VIP.\" \"", "If we're prepared, we'll get our opportunity.\" \"", "What about Katie?\" \"", "If her operation doesn't work...\" \"It'll work.\" \"", "So Lindsay's coming to hang out with you and Grace again today, right?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I want you to mind your manners.\" \" ", "Okay.\" \" ", "Okay.\" \" ", "Come on.\" \" ", "Hey, it's Ration Car Tuesday.\" \"", "Hope everybody's having lots of fun out there.\" \" ", "Morning.\" \" ", "Morning!\" \" ", "Hey, Hudson.\" \" ", "Good-bye, babe.\" \"", "Sister-in-law.\" \" ", "What you drawing?\" \" ", "A kitty cat.\" \"", "You look nice.\" \"", "Something special going on today?\" \"", "We'll see.\" \"", "DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY\" \"Beau said you needed to talk to me?\" \"", "Close the door.\" \"", "Come with me.\" \"", "I want you to see this.\" \"", "This is everything we know about the Los Angeles insurgency.\" \"", "You think all these cells are operating independently?\" \"", "I do, despite what Snyder and the others want to believe.\" \"", "People have a psychological need to find the super-villain, but in my experience, reality is a lot more complicated.\" \"", "So who is Geronimo?\" \"", "That's a very good question.\" \"", "You've never brought me behind the curtain before... why now?\" \"", "Well, you were forced to take this job, but there are legitimate reasons for you to be doing it.\" \"", "Morality's complicated for people in our position.\" \"", "I was in Iraq after the invasion, and in hindsight, we had a window or opportunity before everything turned to shit.\" \"", "Maybe if we'd shot the first five guys who looted the national museum, everything would have been different.\" \"", "Or maybe not.\" \"", "A million people died in the Iraq war, and for what?\" \"", "Is the life of the average person better or worse?\" \"", "So right now, the Resistance is just a nuisance, but if, in six months' time, all these groups coalesce around Geronimo, it's really gonna be dangerous.\" \"", "Do you think they can do real damage?\" \"", "Well, not to our visitors, but to us.\" \"", "To all the people living here in this block.\" \"", "I mean, if this Resistance miraculously managed to do something meaningful, do you have any idea the kind of retribution that would rain down upon us?\" \"", "There's no version of an effective resistance.\" \"", "There's just misguided idealism that leads to death and despair.\" \"", "Can you come with us, Mom?\" \"", "I have work to do, bear, but...\" \"I'm sorry.\" \"", "I will catch up with you guys later.\" \" ", "Okay.\" \" ", "All right, kiddos.\" \"", "Park time.\" \" ", "Bye, Mrs. Bowman.\" \" ", "Bye.\" \"", "One... two... three...\" \"Four... five... six... seven, eight... nine... ten.\" \"", "Hi, this is Katie Bowman.\" \"", "I need to speak with my husband.\" \"", "It's an emergency.\" \"", "I'm fine.\" \" ", "Kids?\" \" ", "She took him to the park.\" \"", "It's okay.\" \"", "They weren't here.\" \"", "They weren't here.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \" ", "Look, I have to go inside.\" \" ", "It's okay.\" \"", "Have you checked the basement?\" \"", "Hey, how you doin'?\" \"", "Just dandy.\" \"", "Katie was home when it happened.\" \"", "This wasn't just about scaring me.\" \"", "Nah, middle of the day.\" \"", "Bold move.\" \"", "Hey, where are they going?\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "They searching my house?\" \" ", "It's protocol.\" \" ", "Let's just take a walk.\" \"", "You know how this goes, man.\" \"", "Just let 'em do their thing.\" \"", "It's bullshit.\" \"", "Sooner started, sooner finished.\" \"", "Are they searching our house?\" \" ", "It's protocol.\" \" ", "We found this.\" \"", "It was probably in the bomb... an old Indian Head penny.\" \"", "Looks like Geronimo was sending a message.\" \"", "I wonder how he knew I was working with your team.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "You think I'm involved?\" \" ", "I don't know, are you?\" \" ", "Are you serious?\" \"", "Hey, hey, hey, let's just chill out.\" \"", "Mrs. Bowman, my name is Jennifer MacMahon.\" \"", "I need you to come down to our office.\" \" ", "Not gonna happen!\" \" ", "It's okay, Will.\" \"", "No, you don't have to do this.\" \"", "She wants to figure out who bombed our house.\" \"", "So do I.\" \"Sorry to keep you waiting.\" \"", "Please, come in.\" \"", "Why don't you take a walk?\" \"", "Let me talk to Katie for a minute.\" \"", "Right this way.\" \" ", "This way.\" \"", "Thank you... next.\" \" ", "GREEN ZONE.\" \"", "WEST GATE.\" \"", "All persons entering the Green Zone\" \" are subject to search.\" \" ", "All right, go.\" \" ", "Step forward.\" \" ", "Remain in line at all times...\" \" Arms.\" \" ", "And proceed through the gate when instructed.\" \"", "All right, keep moving.\" \"", "All persons entering the Green Zone are subject to search.\" \" ", "Remain in line at all times...\" \" Arms.\" \"", "And proceed through the gate when instructed.\" \"", "Turn around.\" \"", "Arms.\" \"", "All persons entering the Green Zone are subject to search.\" \"", "Remain in line at all times and proceed through the gate when instructed.\" \"", "Let's go, grab a bag.\" \"", "Move along.\" \"", "You... next.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Lucky day.\" \"", "Administrative pull for you.\" \"", "I'm happy to meet you.\" \"", "I wish it were under better circumstances, of course.\" \"", "It's been a long day.\" \"", "I understand.\" \"", "I want to assure you that you and your family are going to be perfectly safe from now on.\" \"", "How do you guarantee that?\" \"", "Homeland Security is speaking to your neighbors, letting all of them know that if anything happens to you and your family, everyone will be held personally responsible.\" \"", "Sorry, what?\" \"", "And we've assigned a block captain.\" \"", "It's Patrick and Joanna Hart.\" \"", "They live two doors down.\" \"", "They're gonna be assigning watch duties and having regular security briefings with our team.\" \"", "I promise you, everybody on the street is going to be very concerned for your safety.\" \"", "In other words, our neighbors are gonna be scared shitless of us.\" \"", "They're gonna learn to respect your position in the Authority.\" \"", "So take me through what happened.\" \"", "I was upstairs.\" \"", "Doing what?\" \"", "Folding laundry.\" \"", "And then?\" \"", "I heard a crash in the living room,\" \"I ran down the stairs, I saw the fire,\" \"I grabbed the fire extinguisher.\" \"", "You keep one in the house?\" \"", "Yeah, under the sink.\" \"", "And the attacker...\" \"what did he look like?\" \"", "He was dressed all in black with a mask over his face.\" \"", "But you did see him.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "So this attacker throws a bomb into your house and waits for you to run all the way downstairs and grab the fire extinguisher and then lets you get a look at him?\" \"", "Are you asking me to explain the motivations of a man who was attacking my family?\" \"", "Maybe he wanted you to see him, send a message.\" \"", "Well if the message was to terrify me, it worked.\" \"", "How did you and Will meet?\" \"", "He came into my bar in New Orleans.\" \"", "When he was still a Ranger stationed at Fort Benning.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "So, Will joins the FBI, and you move four times, and you wind up here in LA.\" \"", "Don't you miss the South?\" \"", "It's why I opened the Yonk.\" \"", "That must have caused some stress in your marriage.\" \"", "Sorry... what does any of this have to do with finding who fire-bombed my house?\" \"", "Will's in the FBI.\" \"", "You're running a bar... not to mention that you're a very attractive woman.\" \"", "Men must have been throwing themselves at you.\" \"", "I don't know what you're getting at, but Will and I trust each other.\" \"", "Good.\" \"", "Hey.\" \" ", "Hey.\" \" ", "What happened?\" \" ", "I don't know.\" \" ", "What'd she ask you?\" \"", "Hey...\" \"I had to go through everything three times, and... and...\" \"You know what?\" \"", "It's over.\" \"", "It's fine.\" \"", "I really want to go home.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "I'll get you a ride.\" \"", "Mrs. Burgess.\" \"", "I heard about the work you're doing.\" \"", "It's really inspiring to see how concerned you are with preserving these important works of art.\" \" ", "And you are...\" \" Maddie Kenner.\" \"", "I'm filling the assistant job you requested from the pool.\" \"", "Photocopy these museum records and file them alphabetically by artist.\" \"", "I think I can handle that.\" \"", "What'd you say to my wife?\" \"", "Sit down.\" \"", "In all the different jobs that I've had,\" \"I've always been valued for being able to see the truth about things.\" \"", "But that's become a lot harder since the Arrival.\" \"", "We're taught lies about the greatness of our hosts, lies about all the good things they're gonna do for us.\" \"", "Lies which we are forced to regurgitate.\" \"", "Why are you telling me this?\" \"", "Because that's our world now, Will.\" \"", "We lie to everyone.\" \"", "We lie to our friends and our colleagues and our family.\" \"", "We lie out of fear.\" \"", "We lie to protect ourselves.\" \"", "Because that's how we survive.\" \"", "But when lying becomes this pervasive, if becomes a lot harder to see the truth.\" \"", "Homeland found these in your son's bedroom.\" \"", "Apparently, he's been taping Geronimo's broadcasts.\" \"", "Let me fix this.\" \"", "If these tapes were to get logged into the system, there's nothing I could do.\" \"", "But if they're sitting in my drawer...\" \"Appreciate that.\" \"", "I suggest that you go back home and be sure that these tapes aren't the only thing that you've missed.\" \"\"", "Corn beans began to sprout a huge stalk up into the clouds.\"\" \"", "Mom!\" \"", "Are you okay, Mrs. Bowman?\" \"", "I'm fine.\" \"", "I'm fine.\" \"", "It's lucky you asked me to take the kids to the park.\" \"", "Thank you, Lindsey.\" \"", "Why don't you... why don't you head home for the day?\" \"", "See you tomorrow, kids.\" \"", "Bye, Lindsey.\" \"", "Why did this happen?\" \"", "I guess...\" \"Because sometimes people do bad things.\" \"", "We need to talk.\" \"", "Some asshole bombs our house so the Redhats can wreck my room?\" \"", "What do you think you're doing?\" \"", "You've been recording Geronimo?\" \"", "What?\" \"", "They found your tapes.\" \"", "A lot of people do it.\" \"", "It's not that big of a deal.\" \"", "It's a huge deal.\" \"", "They can make whatever they want out of this.\" \"", "You do anything else?\" \"", "No, I just made the tapes.\" \"", "I didn't do anything else.\" \"", "You tell anybody about my new job?\" \"", "No, of course not.\" \"", "How do you know when the broadcasts are happening?\" \"", "How do you know when to tape them?\" \"", "It's in the posters.\" \"", "Whenever new posters go up around the city, it's a signal a broadcast is coming.\" \"", "This is a code.\" \"", "It tells you the time and date of the next message.\" \"", "You figured this out yourself?\" \"", "Me and some of my friends.\" \"", "So what's gonna happen to me?\" \"", "I'm gonna fix this.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "I thought Broussard was gonna be here.\" \"", "He's working.\" \"", "These are photos of people coming and going from the Green Zone.\" \"", "Point out Will's boss to me.\" \"", "I need a guarantee that my husband will be safe.\" \"", "Broussard already made that deal.\" \"", "I need to hear it from you.\" \"", "You need?\" \"", "I believe in this cause.\" \"", "I have proven my loyalty to you.\" \"", "But I cannot live with a gun pointed at my family's head.\" \"", "He won't be touched.\" \"", "This is her.\" \"", "Her name is Phyllis.\" \"", "My fellow Colonists, welcome to day 348 of our occupation.\" \"", "This morning I want to talk to you about Ocho.\" \"", "He's a simple man who grew up in Eastern Los Angeles.\" \"", "He walked to his bus stop thinking about what he could trade or what he could do that week to make ends meet;\" \"to put food in the mouths of his frightened\" \" and hungry family.\" \" ", "TARGET LOCATED\" \" Will?\" \" ", "Talk to me.\" \"", "Looks like we've got a right on Crenshaw.\" \"", "And that was when the truck rolled into his life, and this truck was bound for the same place Ocho was...\" \" the Green Zone.\" \" ", "Left on Washington!\" \"", "45 seconds.\" \"", "We gotta do this now.\" \"", "Listen up.\" \"", "The signal's converging at the next cross street.\" \" ", "What's there?\" \" ", "A library.\" \"", "The attack was meant only to take food from those who had everything and redistribute it to those who had none.\" \"", "Look out!\" \"", "Men, what are you doing?\" \"", "Move.\" \"", "Move.\" \"", "Move.\" \"", "By the time Ocho heard the first signs of the drones, it was already too late.\" \"", "My fellow Colonists, brothers and sisters, if you never hear my voice again,\" \"I want you to remember the words of Frederick Douglass.\" \"", "If there is no struggle, there is no progress.\" \"", "Power concedes nothing without a demand.\" \"", "It never did, and it never will.\" \"", "Go, go!\" \"", "The limits of tyrants are prescribed by the endurance of those whom they oppress.\" \"", "The one thing they cannot take from you, my fellow Colonists... is hope.\" \"", "Get on your knees!\" \"", "Do it now!\" \" ", "This is 5855.\" \" ", "Come on!\" \" ", "Target acquired.\" \" ", "Gimme your hands!\" \"", "Copy that, 5855.\" \" ", "We're good.\" \" ", "All right, copy that.\" \"", "I'm getting out, all right?\" \"", "That's Geronimo.\" \"", "NOTICE:\" \"THIS ELEVATOR IS FOR FREIGHT ONLY.\" \"", "NOT FOR PASSENGERS.\" \"", "Your friends fire-bombed my house this morning.\" \"", "My wife and kids were home.\" \"", "It's a shame they missed you.\" \"", "Easy, Will!\" \" ", "Who's Geronimo?\" \" ", "I'm Geronimo!\" \" ", "Bullshit!\" \" ", "Will.\" \"", "Bullshit.\" \"", "KEEP CLEAR\" \"Thank you so much.\" \"", "We'll take it from here.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Let's go.\" \"", "Time for us to get out of here.\" \"", "I communicated to our Hosts that we captured Geronimo.\" \"", "They were very pleased.\" \"", "You spoke to them directly?\" \"", "Well, no.\" \"", "Through Helena.\" \"", "Yes, come in.\" \"", "There he is!\" \"", "My all-star.\" \"", "Great job today.\" \"", "It's not him.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "What are you talking about?\" \"", "Call it an educated guess.\" \"", "It's not Geronimo.\" \"", "Did you observe the interrogation?\" \"", "I don't need to see what goes on down there.\" \"", "That guy we caught was doing pirate radio, yeah, but...\" \"I seriously doubt he's the mastermind of your insurgency.\" \"", "Is this true?\" \"", "Well, we'll have to see what the interrogation yields, but I trust Will's instincts.\" \"", "Shit.\" \"", "I already passed the news upstairs.\" \"", "You know, dismantling insurgencies is all about breaking links in a chain.\" \"", "This might not be what we hoped, but this is progress.\" \"", "I guess I'll put the champagne on ice.\" \"", "Guess Snyder's not the first difficult boss you've had to deal with.\" \"", "Not even close.\" \"", "He'll get over it.\" \"", "You told Georgina Anderton that she was getting the Ai Weiwei?\" \"", "The Ai Weiwei got sent up after the Arrival.\" \"", "We don't have anything else to send her with that kind of cache.\" \"", "What about the Hockney?\" \"", "It's a lesser Hockney.\" \"", "You think she won't know that?\" \"", "David Schwartz had an Ai Weiwei.\" \"", "He lived up off Coldwater.\" \"", "How do you know that?\" \"", "Because I used to work at the gallery that sold it to him.\" \"", "Yo, anything?\" \"", "Nothing yet!\" \"", "The detainee said this is where he picked up the radio scripts.\" \"", "He would have said anything to get out of that room.\" \"", "Hey, Will!\" \"", "Check it out!\" \"", "Right.\" \"", "What are you looking at?\" \"", "The Green Zone.\" \" ", "Where do you want this?\" \" ", "You can just leave it\" \" right over there.\" \" ", "Okay.\" \"", "So, you were right about the Schwartz' house.\" \"", "What other big collections are still out there?\" \"", "I'm not sure.\" \"", "Would a more permanent position jog your memory?\" \"", "My son is a diabetic.\" \"", "We've been having trouble getting his insulin.\" \"", "That would never be a problem if you were a member of my staff.\" \"", "I might know the location of a few more collections.\" \"", "Excellent.\" \"", "But if you work for me, you work for me.\" \" ", "Do you understand?\" \" ", "Absolutely.\" \"", "Be here at 9:00 a.m. tomorrow.\" \"", "Han Dynasty.\" \"", "Was actually once a part of the Great Wall, or so they told us in Beijing.\" \"", "Antiquities aren't my specialty.\" \" ", "You are...\" \" Maddie.\" \"", "I'm working for Charlotte.\" \"", "My wife has excellent taste.\" \"", "Would you like some more?\" \"", "Wine?\" \"", "I have to get home.\" \" ", "Maybe some other time?\" \" ", "Sure.\" \"", "Geronimo's in the Green Zone?\" \"", "Snyder's not gonna be happy.\" \"", "A lot of people aren't gonna be happy, but I'll handle it.\" \"", "You just better be right.\" \"", "I'd bet on it.\" \"", "I...\" \"I destroyed your son's tapes.\" \"", "Really?\" \"", "Why, you wanna check the drawer?\" \"", "You might be the kind of person that kept 'em for leverage, but not in that drawer.\" \"", "It's a shame how few people we have who we can really trust, isn't it?\" \"", "Very true.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "You all right?\" \"", "Long day.\" \"", "What's the matter?\" \"", "How are the kids?\" \"", "Gracie's still a little scared, and Bram's...\" \"Bram.\" \"", "I love you.\" \"", "I love you too.\" \"", "What happened to the beach photo?\" \"", "Did it get broken in the fire?\" \"", "No, your clumsy wife managed to knock it off the wall and break the glass.\" \"", "I'll fix it.\" \"", "You better.\" \"", "I love that photo.\" \" ", "I gotta open the Yonk.\" \" ", "Okay.\" \"", "I'll finish this up.\" \"", "You okay to say good night to Gracie?\" \" ", "Course.\" \" ", "All right.\" \"", "Hey, Dad.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Remember this?\" \"", "Yeah, Charlie's birthday.\" \"", "About the tapes...\" \"I took care of it.\" \"", "You're okay.\" \"", "Thanks, Dad.\" \"", "What about Geronimo?\" \"", "What about him?\" \"", "Do you know why I listen to those tapes?\" \"", "Because Geronimo is the only person telling us that someday things might change.\" \"", "I know you're good at your job, Dad, but maybe with Geronimo, you don't have to be so good.\" \"", "THE YONK LIVE MUSIC\" \"Come have a drink with me.\" \"", "Shouldn't this be \"the Yok,\" not \"the Yonk\"?\" \"", "I mean, the \"N\" is after the \"K.\"\" \"Yok-na-patawpha.\" \" ", "I like \"the Yonk\" better.\" \" ", "Fair enough.\" \"", "I brought my own.\" \"", "I hope you don't mind.\" \"", "What are you doing here?\" \"", "Please, Katie, join me.\" \"", "This was my husband's favorite.\" \"", "Ed and I took a trip up the California coast to celebrate our fifth anniversary.\" \"", "All the way up PCH to Point Reyes.\" \"", "He planned the whole thing.\" \"", "The bed and breakfast, the oysters on the beach, and the hike along the cliffs.\" \"", "We didn't see each other a lot then.\" \"", "I had been working out of Ireland for a long time.\" \"", "The work was hard.\" \"", "Some of us sought external comforts.\" \"", "Mine was an officer in the British Special Air Service.\" \"", "I rationalized it by telling myself that I needed it to stay whole.\" \"", "Ed didn't know what I'd done.\" \"", "He never found out.\" \"", "He loved me too much.\" \"", "Why are you telling me this?\" \"", "Will reminds me so much of that.\" \"", "He's a tremendous professional.\" \"", "He's smart.\" \"", "He's competent, driven, funny...\" \"And so in love with his wife that... he doesn't see her for what she is.\" \"", "Was that the first time that you'd seen someone die?\" \"", "I don't know what you're talking about.\" \"", "The people that you've gotten involved with are not who they appear to be.\" \"", "These kinds of movements prey on idealists like you.\" \"", "You want to make a difference, but they will use you and cast you aside.\" \"", "They will destroy your life without conscience.\" \"", "You're wondering if you have a choice.\" \"", "You don't.\" \"", "You work for me now.\" \"", "GREEN ZONE WEST GATE\" \"ID, please.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Go ahead, ma'am.\" \"", "Tomorrow morning at 8:30, please.\" \"", "Yes?\" \"", "Snyder is as expected.\" \"", "Well, today was obviously a misstep.\" \"", "I have a new asset.\" \"", "I think she'll be very valuable.\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "Their perception of time makes that unpredictable.\" \"_\" \"", "Hello, my sun and my stars.\" \"", "How was your day?\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "I'll be right back.\" \"", "We'll read.\" \"", "Please, kill him too.\"" ]

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[ "I consent to having this website store my submitted information so they can respond to my inquiry.", "\n\nYour job application and the information you provide will be added to People & Technology’s applicant database. ", "The information will be accessed by our sales and recruitment staff. ", "If you are applying to a particular job opening, the data controller/holder of your application information will be your potential employer (People & Technology SA) and your information will be protected in accordance to the European Data Protection law. ", "If you wish to obtain additional contact details regarding your data controller/holder, want a copy of your registration information, or if you become aware that the information is incorrect and you would like People & Technology to delete it, please contact us. ", "By sending us your data, you acknowledge and approve that your information may be processed by People & Technology for the purpose of evaluating your application for employment or freelance missions. ", "CV’s will be kept in our database for a maximum period of 2 years after the last contact or update.", "\n\nThis website uses cookies, some may be already stored in your browser. \"", "Cookie\" files used on this website enable this website to work properly. ", "You can turn them off in each Internet browser settings but then the full functionality of the website can be interrupted. ", "This website uses \"cookie\" files only to make this website working properly. ", "The \"cookie\" files of the third parties are being set up and used with the terms of the third parties regulations. ", "Cookies can also be used for anonymous statistics." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Mad Max hits the road to Mac and Linux: available October 20th\n\n5 October 2016\n\nOn October 20th, enter the outlandish post-apocalyptic world of Mad Max on Mac and Linux.", "\n\nBecome Max, the lone warrior who must fight for survival against The Wasteland’s savage factions by engaging in all-out melée combat and vicious vehicular combat.", "\n\nRaid the minisite for precious materials, and don’t forget to read up on the rules of the road:\n\n1. ", "Kill or be killed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Q:\n\n(Python) Launching an external application and wait for the end of it\n\nI need to write an application in Python (in linux) that launching an external exe, and waiting to the end of his running.", "\nHere is my parameters:\nPath: /home/user/docs/myapp.mat\nApplication: Matlab:exe\n\nI need to send myapp.mat file to matlab.exe, and wait for the completion of the program. ", "I need to print the exit code of the app as well in order to check if the exe has ended without any problem.", "\nAny recommendations how to do that? ", "I've found some examples of running exe from Python but i didn't find so far the best solution for my case.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou could use the subprocess module, for example like this:\nIf you need the output of your programm you can use this:\nimport subprocess\n\noutput = subprocess.check_output([\"Matlab.exe\", \"/home/user/docs/myapp.mat\"])\nprint output\n\nIf you just need the exit code, you can use the call function:\nimport subprocess\n\nexitcode = subprocess.call([\"Matlab.exe\", \"/home/user/docs/myapp.mat\"])\nprint exitcode\n\nIf you need both, the exit code and the output, you could do something like this:\nimport subprocess\n\ntry:\n output = subprocess.check_output([\"Matlab.exe\", \"/home/user/docs/myapp.mat\"])\n # If it doesn't fail, the exitcode equals to 0.", "\n print output # Prints the output.", "\nexcept subprocess.", "CalledProcessError as e:\n print e.returncode # Prints the exitcode.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Upogebiidae\n\nUpogebiidae is a family of mud shrimp in the order Decapoda.", "\n\nGenera\nAcutigebia Sakai, 1982\nAethogebia A. B. Williams, 1993\nArabigebicula Sakai, 2006\nAustinogebia Ngoc-Ho, 2001\nGebiacantha Ngoc-Ho, 1989\nGebicula Alcock, 1901\nMantisgebia Sakai, 2006\nNeogebicula Sakai, 1982\nParagebicula Sakai, 2006\nPomatogebia Williams & Ngoc-Ho, 1990\nTuerkayogebia Sakai, 1982\nUpogebia Leach, 1814\nWolffogebia Sakai, 1982\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Thalassinidea" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0018399154068902135, 0.001303891302086413 ]

[ "---\nabstract: |\n We report the discovery with the 100m Green Bank Telescope of 65ms radio pulsations from the X-ray pulsar J0205+6449 at the center of supernova remnant 3C58, making this possibly the youngest radio pulsar known. ", "From our observations at frequencies of 820 and 1375MHz, the free electron column density to  is found to be $140.7 \\pm\n 0.3$cm$^{-3}$pc. ", "The barycentric pulsar period $P$ and $\\dot P$ determined from a phase-coherent timing solution are consistent with the values previously measured from X-ray observations. ", "The averaged radio profile of  consists of one sharp pulse of width $\\approx\n 3\\,\\mbox{ms} \\approx 0.05 P$. The pulsar is an exceedingly weak radio source, with pulse-averaged flux density in the 1400MHz band of $\\sim 45\\,\\mu$Jy and a spectral index of $\\sim -2.1$. Its radio luminosity of $\\sim 0.5$mJykpc$^2$ at 1400MHz is lower than that of $\\sim 99\\%$ of known pulsars and is the lowest among known young pulsars.", "\nauthor:\n- 'F. Camilo, I. H. Stairs, D. R. Lorimer, D. C. Backer, S. M. Ransom, B. Klein, R. Wielebinski, M. Kramer, M. A. McLaughlin, Z. Arzoumanian, and P. Müller'\nnocite:\n- '[@bhs82]'\n- '[@shm02]'\n- '[@llc98]'\n- '[@mss+01]'\n- '[@tc93]'\n- '[@shm02]'\n- '[@mss+01]'\n- '[@tc93]'\n- '[@hbw95]'\n- '[@rsh01]'\n- '[@mmg01]'\n- '[@mmg01]'\ntitle: 'Discovery of radio pulsations from the X-ray pulsar J0205+6449 in supernova remnant 3C58 with the Green Bank Telescope '\n---\n\nIntroduction {#sec:intro}\n============\n\nThe “Crab-like” supernova remnant (SNR) G130.7+3.1 (3C58) has long been suspected of containing a pulsar at its center (e.g., Becker, Helfand, & Szymkowiak 1982). ", "This SNR is of particular interest because it is thought to be the remnant of the explosion recorded in 1181 AD (SN 1181), and hence to have a known age of 820yr. ", "After more than 20 years of searching in the X-ray and radio bands, the pulsar J0205+6449 with period $P=65.68$ms was recently discovered at the SNR center with the  X-ray Observatory [@mss+01].", "\n\nThe historical record associating the pulsar-powered synchrotron nebula 3C58 with SN 1181 is compelling. ", "Nevertheless, 3C58 has some properties suggesting a larger age (see, e.g., Slane, Helfand, & Murray 2002, and references therein). ", "Also, the nebular radio emission of 3C58 is $\\sim 10 \\times$ lower than the comparably aged Crab Nebula’s, while the X-ray emission is $\\sim 1000 \\times$ weaker. ", "Because the synchrotron lifetime of X-ray-emitting electrons is short (unlike of those generating radio emission), it is surprising that the ratio of the X-ray luminosities from the 2 SNRs does not match the relative present-day spin-down luminosities of the pulsars: $\\dot E_{\\rm Crab}/\\dot E_{\\rm J0205+6449} \\approx 15$. Since $\\dot E \\propto \\dot P/P^3$, the power injected into the nebula as a function of time depends strongly on $P(t)$, which therefore is an important quantity to constrain; the subsequent nebular evolution is governed in addition by the pressure of the ambient medium. ", "The characteristic age $\\tau_c = P/2\\dot P = 5400$yr of J0205+6449 can be reconciled with the 1181 AD explosion by appealing to a large initial spin period of $\\sim 60$ms [@mss+01]. ", "However we do not know the form of the spin evolution of the pulsar: measuring its “braking index” $n$, where the angular frequency of rotation evolves as $\\dot\n\\Omega \\propto - \\Omega^n$, would constrain $P(t)$ and help to understand the energetics of 3C58.", "\n\nThe study of J0205+6449 at radio wavelengths could contribute significantly towards the determination of the braking index: precise long-term monitoring of the pulsar rotation, especially important for young pulsars which often experience period glitches, may prove easier from the ground than from satellites. ", "In addition, the absolute phase alignment of radio and X-ray pulses should provide information regarding the emission mechanism. ", "A radio detection would also yield the dispersion measure (DM), giving an independent distance constraint or, alternatively, the average free electron density along the line of sight. ", "Finally, measuring the radio luminosity and spectrum of very young pulsars is essential for constraining the population of these objects in the Galaxy. ", "Motivated by these factors we made deep searches for radio pulsations from , culminating in their discovery with the new Green Bank Telescope as reported here.", "\n\nObservations {#sec:obs}\n============\n\nThe SNR 3C58 was most recently searched for a radio pulsar by Lorimer, Lyne & Camilo (1998), with a resulting flux density limit for the pulsar of $S_{600} < 1.1$mJy at a search frequency of $\\nu = 600$MHz. ", "This corresponds to $S_{1400} < 0.3$mJy for a median pulsar spectral index of $\\alpha = -1.6$ [@lylg95], where $S_\\nu \\propto \\nu^\\alpha$. At a distance $d = 3.2$kpc [@rgk+93] the implied luminosity limit $L_{1400} \\equiv S_{1400} d^2 <\n3$mJykpc$^2$ is somewhat larger than the radio luminosity of at least one young pulsar [@cmg+01], and the discovery of X-ray pulsations from  at the center of 3C58 by Murray et al.", " (2002) led us to attempt more sensitive searches.", "\n\nOn 2001 October 8 we used the 100m Effelsberg telescope to conduct a search of . ", "We observed the pulsar position for 12.5hr at a center frequency of 1410MHz. ", "Signals were filtered in $8\\times4$MHz-wide channels for each of 2 polarizations, after which they were detected and digitized every 0.8ms. ", "Samples from orthogonal polarizations were added in hardware and the 8 total power time series were written to disk for offline analysis. ", "We also recorded short data sets on strong pulsars for calibration purposes. ", "We analyzed the data in standard fashion (see below for description of the search at Green Bank), de-dispersing the time series for a number of trial DMs in the range 0–500cm$^{-3}$pc, with no significant candidates found at the expected period. ", "From these observations we inferred $S_{1400} < 0.1$mJy for a pulsar duty-cycle of $\\sim\n0.05P$.\n\nOn 2002 February 22–23 we used 18hr at the Green Bank Telescope to search for radio emission from . ", "We divided the time nearly equally between an observation centered at 1375MHz with a Gregorian focus receiver, followed by one at 820MHz with a prime focus receiver. ", "The telescope gain and system temperature, including a large contribution from the SNR, are given in Table \\[tab:obs\\]. ", "We also performed short calibration observations of strong pulsars at both frequencies. ", "The receivers, sampling 2 orthogonal polarizations, had band-limiting filters installed of width 150 and 80MHz centered on 1375 and 820MHz respectively. ", "The radio frequency (RF) signals were converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) and transmitted via optical fibers to the control room, where they were passed to the Berkeley-Caltech Pulsar Machine (BCPM).", "\n\nThe BCPM is one of several signal processors of similar design [@bdz+97]. ", "The 2 input IF signals are distributed to an array of $2\\times6$ mixer/filter modules. ", "These accept signals from 6 local oscillator modules for baseband mixing and low-pass filtering with the bandwidth set by subsequent signal processing requirements. ", "The signals are sent to $2\\times6$ digital filter boards which 4-bit sample and form detected powers in 16 independent and adjacent frequency channels. ", "The BCPM is thus an analog/digital filter bank with $2\\times96$ channels. ", "Time decimation of the power samples and optional summing of the 2 IFs (which we used) is accomplished in combiner boards. ", "The combiner board output is reduced to 4-bit power deviation by mean removal and scaling. ", "The power vector(s) are passed to the host Sun workstation through an EDT[^1] DMA card. ", "The Sun attaches a header and places data on a disk for offline processing as well as monitoring data quality[^2]. ", "For our 2 observations we used the data-taking parameters listed in Table \\[tab:obs\\].", "\n\nData Analysis and Results {#sec:results}\n=========================\n\nAlthough we knew the pulsar period a priori, we did not know its DM and chose to use standard search algorithms to analyze the data. ", "Also, despite the presence of strong RF interference (RFI) visible in a spectrum analyzer during data collection (most notably as persistent radar in the 1400MHz band and sporadic but very strong RFI of unknown origin in the 800MHz band) in a first pass we masked no portions of the fluctuation spectra. ", "For both observations data from $2^{25}$ decimated time samples (see Table \\[tab:obs\\]) were de-dispersed at 204 trial DMs in the range 0–203cm$^{-3}$pc (the DM predicted by the Taylor & Cordes 1993 electron density/distance model is $\\sim 70$cm$^{-3}$pc). ", "Each of the 204 resulting time series was then searched for periodic signals over a range of duty cycles with an FFT-based code [described in detail by @lkm+00] identifying significant features in the fundamental amplitude spectrum as well as in spectra with 2, 4, 8, and 16 harmonics folded in. ", "The 1375MHz data were heavily corrupted by RFI — in particular the 182nd harmonic of a radar signal repeating every $\\sim 12$s coincided with the expected pulsar rotation frequency. ", "Therefore we eventually reanalyzed these data while blanking the radar frequency and its first 150 harmonics in the amplitude spectra.", "\n\nThe 820MHz data were clean in the spectral range of interest and a signal was unambiguously detected at the expected period and clearly dispersed, peaking at $\\mbox{DM} \\approx 143$cm$^{-3}$pc with a signal-to-noise ratio S/N = 10.9, as shown in Figure \\[fig:SNvDM\\]. ", "After excision of the radar-related RFI, the 1375MHz data yielded a signal at the same period within the uncertainty peaking at $\\mbox{DM}\n\\approx 140$cm$^{-3}$pc with S/N = 8.8.", "\n\n=7.0truecm\n\nWe then measured pulse times-of-arrival (TOAs) referenced to the observatory atomic time standard from both data sets: 6 good TOAs were obtained in each of the 800 and 1400MHz bands with individual uncertainty $\\approx 0.5$ms. ", "A further 17 TOAs of similar quality were obtained on 8 additional days of observations, with a total data span of 35d. ", "We used the TOAs and the [tempo]{} timing software[^3] to fit for $P$, $\\dot P$, and DM, obtaining the values listed in Table \\[tab:parms\\]. ", "The table also lists the celestial coordinates of  obtained by Slane et al.", " (2002), which were held fixed in our timing fit. ", "Our values of $P$ and $\\dot P$ determined from a phase-connected timing solution spanning 35d are much more precise than, but agree with, the equivalent values obtained by Murray et al.", " (2002) based on only 2 periods measured 1.2 and 4.4yr before: the barycentric period $P$ listed in Table \\[tab:parms\\] differs by $15 \\pm 18$ns from that extrapolated to the epoch of our observations using the $P$ and $\\dot P$ determined by Murray et al., ", "while our $\\dot P$ is consistent with theirs at the $2\\,\\sigma$ level. ", "Such a close match of spin parameters over an interval greater than 4yr suggests that no significant period glitch occurred during this time span.", "\n\nBoth search data sets, de-dispersed at $\\mbox{DM} = 141$cm$^{-3}$pc and folded at the best search periods, are shown in Figure \\[fig:profs\\]. ", "The average pulse profile at both frequencies consists of a single narrow pulse of width $\\approx 0.05 P$ (see Table \\[tab:parms\\]); such a profile is expected based on Figure \\[fig:SNvDM\\], where the search S/N is a maximum for 8 harmonics summed. ", "There is no evidence for the existence of an interpulse at either frequency with amplitude $\\ga 15\\%$ that of the sharp pulse, in contrast with the X-ray profiles that show an interpulse with amplitude $\\sim 30\\%$ that of the main pulse [@mss+01].", "\n\n=8.0truecm\n\nNote that the S/N in the 820MHz data appears to be smaller near the beginning of the integration and again towards the end (Fig.", " \\[fig:profs\\]), possibly as a consequence of scintillation. ", "Assuming that the search S/Ns in the 2 long integrations reflect the respective long-term time-averaged flux densities in both frequency bands, we have integrated the area under the pulse profiles and measured their baseline rms to determine the respective flux densities. ", "We converted to a Jy scale using the observing parameters listed in Table \\[tab:obs\\] together with the radiometer equation [@dic46]. ", "In this manner we estimate that $S_{1400} \\sim\n45\\,\\mu$Jy and $S_{800} \\sim 130\\,\\mu$Jy, with $\\sim 25\\%$ accuracy. ", "The resulting spectral index in the 800–1400MHz range is $\\alpha\n\\sim -2.1 \\pm 0.6$, and the radio luminosity is $L_{1400} \\sim\n0.5\\,(d/3.2\\,\\mbox{kpc})^2\\,$mJykpc$^2$. These values will be much improved by the averaging of several calibrated observations.", "\n\nThe 947yr-old Crab pulsar was detected initially through its individual “giant” pulses rather than through its time-averaged pulsed emission [@sr68]. ", "As the emission of giant pulses may be related to the magnetic field strength at the pulsar light cylinder, $B_{lc}$ [e.g., @cstt96], and  has the 10th largest value of $B_{lc}$ among known pulsars, we searched for aperiodic, dispersed pulses from . ", "No excess of single pulses was found at the DM of the pulsar. ", "Inferring a quantitative limit is complicated by significant levels of RFI, and this search will be reported in detail elsewhere.", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec:disc}\n==========\n\nWe have discovered radio pulsations from the direction of  in SNR 3C58 in an unbiased search of 2 independent data sets acquired at center frequencies of 820 and 1375MHz. ", "The pulsations are clearly dispersed and have a precisely determined period matching that observed from  at X-ray wavelengths [@mss+01]. ", "We have therefore discovered radio pulsations that are unambiguously from  which supplants the Crab pulsar as the youngest neutron star with known radio emission.", "\n\nThe $\\mbox{DM} = 141$cm$^{-3}$pc of , located at $(l,b) =\n(130\\fdg72, 3\\fdg08)$, is approximately twice that predicted by the Taylor & Cordes (1993) model for the usually accepted distance to 3C58 (3.2kpc, determined from H[i]{} absorption measurements[^4]). ", "This implies an average free electron density to 3C58 of $n_e \\approx 0.044$cm$^{-3}$. The neutral column density to the SNR is $3\\times10^{21}$cm$^{-2}$ (Helfand, Becker, & White 1995), implying an ionized fraction of roughly 15%, which is somewhat higher than might be expected towards the Galactic plane. ", "However, the SNR lies on the eastern edge of the large W3/W4/W5 complex of H[ii]{} regions (e.g., Reynolds, Sterling, & Haffner 2001), and in fact may be on the edge of a cavity being ionized by the star-forming regions (R. J. Reynolds and G. Madsen, private communication). ", "It is not known if the progenitor of SN 1181 belonged to, or was a runaway star from, this region of star formation. ", "In any case, the relative locations of 3C58 and W3/W4/W5 may account for the apparent excess of ionized material towards the pulsar.", "\n\nWe note that the reported detection of  with $\\mbox{DM} =\n24$cm$^{-3}$pc at a frequency of 110MHz (Malofeev, Malov, & Glushak 2001) is incompatible with the results we present: the dispersion smearing timescale for a signal with $\\mbox{DM} = 141$cm$^{-3}$pc within one of the 20kHz-wide spectral channels used by Malofeev et al.", " (2001) at 110MHz is 17ms. ", "De-dispersing and summing their 32 individual such channels with $\\mbox{DM} = 24$cm$^{-3}$pc would result in an overall smearing of the pulse far in excess of $P = 65$ms, rendering pulsations unobservable from .", "\n\nThe main X-ray pulse from  has essentially the same sharp structure and width [$\\approx 0.04P$; @mss+01] as the radio pulse (Fig.", " \\[fig:profs\\] and Table \\[tab:parms\\]). ", "This morphology suggests that the X-ray emission is likely magnetospheric in nature, but absolute alignment of radio and X-ray profiles will provide further clues for understanding the emission mechanism(s). ", "Considering the obvious existence of magnetospheric emission, we might expect this pulsar to be a $\\gamma$-ray source. ", "The flux sensitivity of the EGRET instrument to emission from , using a photon index $\\Gamma = 2$ typical of $\\gamma$-ray-emitting pulsars, is $F_\\gamma \\sim\n5\\times10^{32}$ergs$^{-1}$kpc$^{-2}$ [$>100$MeV; @hbb+99], corresponding to a luminosity limit $L_\\gamma \\equiv F_\\gamma d^2 \\la 5\\times10^{33}$ergs$^{-1}$. With spin-down luminosity $\\dot E = 2.7\\times10^{37}$ergs$^{-1}$, its efficiency at converting rotational power into beamed high-energy $\\gamma$-rays is $\\eta \\equiv L_\\gamma/\\dot E \\la 2\\times10^{-4}$. This compares to $\\eta \\sim 10^{-4}$ for the Crab pulsar, with the largest value of $\\dot E$ known in the Galaxy, and larger efficiencies for (generally older) pulsars with smaller values of $\\dot E$ such as Vela ($\\eta \\sim 6\\times10^{-4}$) and Geminga ($\\eta \\sim 0.02$). ", "If  follows the approximate $\\eta \\propto {\\dot E}^{-1/2}$ relation that seems to apply to known $\\gamma$-ray-emitting pulsars [@tbb+99], its flux may be just below the detection threshold of EGRET and should be detected by next-generation observatories such as [*GLAST*]{}.", "\n\nThe discovery of extremely weak radio pulsations from  highlights the vexing issue of the true luminosity distribution of (particularly young) pulsars. ", "The past year has witnessed the discovery of 3 very young ($\\tau_c \\la 10$kyr) radio-emitting pulsars with $0.5 \\la\nL_{1400} \\la 3$mJykpc$^2$, 1–2 orders of magnitude less luminous than any young pulsars previously known [@hcg+01; @cmg+01 this Letter]. ", "It now seems abundantly clear that we have yet to probe the depths of the luminosity function of young pulsars. ", "The state-of-the-art for finding young radio pulsars ($\\sim 10$hr integrations at telescopes with gain $\\ga 1$KJy$^{-1}$ and bandwidths 100–300MHz at $\\nu \\sim 1400$MHz) yields limits usually no better than $L_{1400} \\sim 1$mJykpc$^2$. Nevertheless, many worthy targets remain to be searched at this level. ", "Improving the existing limits helps to constrain better the “beaming fraction” for young pulsars [e.g., @fm93 based in part on the non-detection of the pulsar in 3C58 with a limit of 0.15mJy at 1400MHz, estimated a beaming fraction of 0.6 which needs to be revised in light of recent discoveries], and is important for building an accurate census of Galactic neutron stars. ", "In this regard, the detection of , an 820yr-old pulsar, at a frequency of 820MHz — only the 2nd pulsar ever discovered in the 800MHz band [@dmd+88] — suggests that the availability of the magnificent GBT provides a new region of phase space with significant, and as yet untapped, discovery potential.", "\n\nWe are deeply grateful to the dedicated staff of NRAO, and in particular to the GBT project team, whose hard work has made the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope a great research instrument. ", "We thank Bryan Jacoby and Stuart Anderson for assistance with the BCPM, Jay Lockman for helpful discussions, and David Helfand for early communication of discovery of X-ray pulsations. ", "The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. FC acknowledges support from NASA grants NAG 5-9095 and NAG 5-9950. ", "IHS is a Jansky Fellow. 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[et al.]{} ", "1999, ApJ, 516, 297\n\n[lll]{} Telescope gain (KJy$^{-1}$)& 2.0 & 2.0\\\nSystem temperature on cold sky (K)& 20 & 25\\\nGalactic synchrotron temperature (K)& 2 & 9\\\nSNR 3C58 temperature (K)& 64 & 67\\\nSpectral channel width (MHz)& 1.4 & 0.5\\\nSample time ($\\mu$s)& 50 & 72\\\nIntegration time (hr)& 8.75 & 8.25\\\nEffective time resolution of search (ms)& 0.9 & 0.864\\\nEffective integration time of search (hr)& 8.4 & 8.1\\\n\n[ll]{} R.A. (J2000)& $02^{\\rm h}05^{\\rm m}37\\fs92$\\\nDecl. (", "J2000)& $+64\\arcdeg49'42\\farcs8$\\\nPeriod, $P$ (ms)& 65.68638162(2)\\\nPeriod derivative, $\\dot P$& $1.9393(4)\\times10^{-13}$\\\nEpoch (MJD \\[TDB\\])& 52345.0\\\nDispersion measure, DM (cm$^{-3}$pc)& $140.7(3)$\\\nPulse FWHM at 1375MHz (ms)& $2.3 \\pm 0.3$\\\nPulse FWHM at 820MHz (ms)& $3.8 \\pm 0.4$\\\nFlux density at 1375MHz, $S_{1400}$ ($\\mu$Jy)& $\\sim 45$\\\nFlux density at 820MHz, $S_{800}$ ($\\mu$Jy)& $\\sim 130$\\\nDistance of SNR 3C58, $d$ (kpc)& $\\approx 3.2$\\\nDerived parameters: &\\\n  Radio luminosity, $L_{1400}$ (mJykpc$^2$)& $\\sim 0.5$\\\n  Spectral index, $\\alpha$& $\\sim -2.1 \\pm 0.6$\\\n  Mean free electron density, $n_e$ (cm$^{-3}$)& $\\approx 0.044$\\\n\n[^1]: Engineering Design Team, Inc.\n\n[^2]: For further details of BCPM installation at Green Bank see http://www.gb.nrao.edu/$\\sim$dbacker.", "\n\n[^3]: See http://pulsar.princeton.edu/tempo.", "\n\n[^4]: Depending on data set and Galactic rotation curve used, the inferred distance ranges from 2.6kpc to “just beyond” 3.2kpc [see @rgk+93 and references therein]. ", "We adopt $d =\n 3.2$kpc in this Letter.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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