Patent Application: US-201715487125-A

Abstract:
a method for calculating electric field having contributions of an incident electric field from a source and an electric field emitted from another object distinct from the source but in a path of the incident electric field , which is often termed a “ scatterer ”. this method is formed by a new single - source integral equation which represents the electric field inside the scatterer as a superposition of spherical waves emanating from its boundary . calculation of electric field using this method is particularly but not exclusively suited for applications such as fault detection in simulations of power systems , remote sensing of stratified structures such as ice , and circuit design concerning chips in electronic packages on circuit boards .

Description:
in this disclosure is described a generalization of the svs - efie formulation to 3d scattering problem is presented and its method of moment solution . consider the equivalence principle expression written for time - harmonic electric field e with cyclic frequency ω in source - free volume v occupied by a non - magnetic homogeneous scatterer of relative permittivity ∈ where r and r ′ the position - vectors of observation and source points is j e { circumflex over ( n )}× h the equivalent electric current defined on the boundary ∂ v . j m =−{ circumflex over ( n )}× e is the equivalent magnetic current defined on ∂ v , and g e ∈ ( r , r ′) is the homogeneous non - magnetic medium dyadic green &# 39 ; s function defined as is the 3d green &# 39 ; s function of homogeneous non - magnetic medium , k ∈ = k 0 √{ square root over (∈)} being its wave number , k 0 = ω √{ square root over (∈ 0 μ 0 )} is the wave number of vacuum , ∈ 0 and μ 0 are permittivity and permeability of vacuum , respectively , i is the idem - factor , and g m ∈ =∇× g e ∈ is the magnetic field dyadic green &# 39 ; s function of non - magnetic homogeneous dielectric medium . the time convention ē iωt is assumed and suppressed throughout the paper , t being time variable , and i =√{ square root over (− 1 )}. it &# 39 ; s important to point out the following properties of the integral field representation ( 1 ): a ) the electric field inside the object volume v satisfies the same homogeneous wave equation ∇×∇× e ( r )− k ∈ 2 e ( r )= 0 , r ∈ v −∂ v . ( 3 ) ∇×∇× g e ∈ − k 531 2 g e ∈ = 0 , ( 4 ) ∇×∇× g m ∈ − k ∈ 2 g m ∈ = 0 . ( 5 ) as such , ( 1 ) can be viewed as a superposition of the “ electric type waves ” g e ∈ ( r , r ′)· j e ( r ′) at observation location r emanating from the source points r r situated on the surface of the scatterer ∂ v and weighed by the vector function j e at each location r r . similarly , contributions into the field g m ∈ ( r , r ′)· j m ( r ′) can be interpreted as “ magnetic type waves ” at observation location r emanating from the source points r r situated on the surface of the scatterer ∂ v and weighed by the vector function j m at each surface location r r . it &# 39 ; s important to point out here that the weighting functions j e and j m for the electric and magnetic type waves are defined by the true magnetic and electric fields on the surface of the scatterer . this is the natural consequence of the traditional equivalence principle field representation ( 1 ), which is derived from the second vector - dyadic green &# 39 ; s theorem ( c . t . tai , 1994 ) the above operates on two independent fields defined in volume v and surface ∂ v bounding it . one of the fields is the true electric field e and the other is an auxiliary field g ( which is taken to be the electric field of a point source , i . e . the green &# 39 ; s function . regardless of how the green &# 39 ; s function is defined , however , the consequence of obtaining the integral representation of the field ( 1 ) from the above green &# 39 ; s theorem , is that the true field e throughout the volume v is defined by the tangential component of the true field itself ( equivalent electric current j e ) and of its curl ( equivalent magnetic current j m ) on the surface ∂ v bounding the volume . the novelty of the ssie theory was partially in its demonstration of the fact that the field in a given volume does not necessarily have to be determined by itself and its derivatives defined on the surface bounding the volume as dictated by the classical green &# 39 ; s theorems . it rather can be expressed as the following superposition of the electric and magnetic type waves each satisfying the same wave equation as the true field but weighed with a single function j tangential to the surface bounding the volume as where the observation point is inside the volume v excluding its boundary , i . e . r ∈ v −∂ v , and a and b are arbitrary constants . the field both inside and outside a penetrable object can also be written as a integral over volume polarization current j based on volume equivalent principle ( a . peterson et al ., 1998 ) where j = k 0 2 (∈− 1 ) e . we propose to constrain the internal single source field representation ( 7 ) with the volume equivalence principle ( 8 ) instead of the surface equivalence principle ( 1 ) as it was previously done in the traditional ssies . for that purpose we substitute ( 7 ) into ( 8 ) and enforce the latter for the tangential component of the electric field as we tend the observation point r to the boundary ∂ v from inside v , which produces the proposed surface - volume - surface e - field ssie where a and b are arbitrary constants . to simplify implementation in this work to determine the fictitious current j we consider a particular case of ( 9 ) in which constants a and b are taken to be 1 and 0 , respectively . this yields proposed 3d - svs - efie where { circumflex over ( t )} is the tangential vector to the surface ∂ v . note that since j is assumed to be tangential vector function defined on the surface ∂ v , to balance the range and domain of the resulting operators , the v - efie has to be satisfied only for the tangential component of total electric field at the surface ∂ v . it is convenient to express the 3d - svs - efie in the following operator form − t ∈ ∂ v ,∂ v ∘ j + t 0 ∂ v , v ∘ t ∈ v ,∂ v ∘ j ={ circumflex over ( t )}· e inc ( r ). ( 11 ) in ( 11 ) each dyadic integral operators is a sum of two integral operators , one corresponding to the scalar potential contribution and one for the vector potential contribution . these operators are defined as follows : above , j is polarization current density , which is defined inside the scatterer as j = k 0 2 (∈− 1 ) e and ∇ s denotes surface divergence . with integral operator notions ( 12 ) to ( 17 ), the 3d - svs - efie ( 11 ) is written as −( t ∈,∇ φ ∂ v ,∂ v + t ∈, a ∂ v ,∂ v )∘ j +( t 0 ,∇ φ ∂ v , v + t 0 , a ∂ v , v )∘( t ∈,∇ φ v ,∂ v + t ∈, a v ,∂ v )∘ j ={ circumflex over ( t )}· e inc , ( 18 ) where t ∈,∇ φ ∂ v ,∂ v ={ circumflex over ( t )}·∇ t ∈, φ ∂ v ,∂ v and t 0 ,∇ φ ∂ v , v ={ circumflex over ( t )}·∇ t 0 , φ ∂ v , v . integral operators ( t ∈,∇ φ v ,∂ v + t ∈, a v ,∂ v ) translate the unknown tangential weighting source function j from the boundary of the scatterer ∂ v to the total field inside the the scatterer v . integral operators ( t 0 ,∇ φ ∂ v , v + t 0 , a ∂ v , v ) map polarization current j inside of the scatterer v to the tangential scattered electric field on the boundary ∂ v . integral operators ( t ∈,∇ φ ∂ v ,∂ v + t ∈, a ∂ v ,∂ v ) map tangential weighting sources j defined on the boundary of the scatterer ∂ v to the tangential component of the total electric field on the same boundary ∂ v . in order to solve 3d - svs - efie ( 10 ) with mom , the volume of the scatterer v is discretized with a 3d mesh consisting of n tetrahedral elements . the surface of the scatterer ∂ v is discretized with 2d mesh consisting of m triangle elements . the number of elements n in the 3d mesh could be independent from the size of 2d mesh m . the meshes are depicted in fig1 . the position vector on the mth triangle element is defined parametrically as r m ∂ v ( ξ , η )= r m ( 0 ) ∂ v ξ + r m ( 1 ) ∂ v η + r m ( 2 ) ∂ v ( 1 − ξ − η ), where r m ( 0 ) ∂ v , r m ( 1 ) ∂ v , and r m ( 2 ) ∂ v are the position vectors of vertices of the mth triangle element on the boundary ∂ v and ξ and η are barycentric coordinates [ 1 ] ξ ∈ [ 0 , 1 ]. η ∈ [ 0 , 1 − ξ ]. centroid of the mth triangle element is defined as the position vector on the n ′ th tetrahedron on the scatterer v is defined parametrically as r n ′ v ( ξ ′, η ′, ζ ′)= r n ′( 0 ) v ξ ′+ r n ′( 1 ) v η ′+ r n ′( 2 ) v ζ ′+ r n ′( 3 ) v ( 1 − ξ ′− η ′− ζ ′) where r n ′( 0 ) v , r n ′( 1 ) v , r n ′( 2 ) v and r n ′( 3 ) v are the position vectors of vertices of the n ′ th tetrahedron ξ ′, η ′, ζ ′ being the barycentric coordinates ( j .- m . fin , 2002 ) ξ ′∈[ 0 , 1 ], η ′∈[ 0 , 1 − ξ ′], and ζ ′∈[ 0 , 1 − ξ ′− η ′]. centroid of the n ′ th tetrahedron is defined as discretization of the unknown tangential weighting function j defined on the boundary ∂ v is performed using a set of rao - wilton - glisson ( rwg ) basis functions ( a peterson et al ., 1998 ) defined on two adjacent triangle elements with common edge . for example m ″ th base function is positioned on the common edge m ″ th between two neighbour triangles e m ″ + and e m ″ − ( fig1 ) and is defined as where l m ″ is the length of the common edge between two triangles , v m ″ + is non - common vertex in triangle e m ″ + and v m ″ is non - common vertex in triangle e m ″ − ( fig1 ) a e + m ″ and a e − m ″ are the areas of triangle e m ″ + and e m ″ − , respectively . thus mom discretized form of the unknown tangential weighting function j is where p is the total number of rwg basis functions . since ∂ v is a closed surface , the number of edges p is exactly 1 . 5 times the number of triangles m , i . e . p = 3 / 2m . the surface divergence of the rwg basis functions is two - pulse function defined on the adjacent elements as as test functions we use the same set of rwg functions . discretization of each of the integral operators ( 12 ) to ( 17 ) with the above defined basis and testing functions is presented in the subsections below . a . discretizing of scalar potential surface - to - surface operator t ∈,∇ φ ∂ v ,∂ v matrix elements z ∈,∇ φmm ″ ∂ v ,∂ v in the mom discretization of the operator t ∈,∇ φ ∂ v ,∂ v are produced by testing of the gradient of the scalar potential produced by ∇″ s · t m ″ with test function t m , as follows : z ∈,∇ φmm ″ ∂ v ,∂ v = t m , t ∈,∇ φ ∂ v ,∂ v ∘ t m ″ = t m , ∇ t ∈, φ ∂ v ,∂ v ∘ t m ″ . ( 22 ) the surface integrals in ( 23 ) are computed using 2d quadrature rules . the 1 / r - singularity is extracted from the green &# 39 ; s function g ∈ , where r is | r - r ″|. the 1 / r - singular integrals are computed analytically in accord with what is described in d . r . wilton et al ., 1984 . b . discretization of vector potential surface - to - surface operator t ∈, a ∂ v ,∂ v the mom discretization of the vector potential contribution to the tangential component of the total electric field e on the surface ∂ v produced by the unknown weighting function j is composed of four terms corresponding to the interactions between the two half - rwg test function segments with the two half - rwg segments of the basis function each of the above four integrals requires singularity mitigation of ( r ″- v m ″ + )/ r for e m + triangles and ( v m ″ − - r ″)/ r for e m − triangles . the product of a linear function with 1 / r − function is extracted from the green &# 39 ; s function g ∈ , and integrated analytically over the element areas e m + and e m − ( d . r . wilton et al ., 1984 ). the remaining non - singular integrals are computed directly using 2d quadrature rules . c . discretization of scalar potential surface - to - volume operator t ∈,∇ φ v ,∂ v to discretize the contribution of the gradient of the scalar potential to the polarization current j from the surface divergence of the weighting function ∇ s · j represented by the operator t ∈,∇ φ v ,∂ v , we use volume pulse - functions on tetrahedron elements as testing functions where n ′= 1 , . . . , n and rwg functions as the basis functions . this yields where v ( n ′) is the volume of the n ′ tetrahedron , n ′= 1 , . . . , n and m ″= 1 , . . . , p . to mitigate singularity in integrals of ( 28 ), we use gradient theorem ( c . t . tai , 1994 ) in ( 29 ), m n ′, i is the normal vector to the ith face of the n ′ th tetrahedron , and a n ′, i e is the area of the ith face of the n ′ th tetrahedron . the position vector r ′ n ′, i ( ξ ′, η ′) is on the ith face of the n ′ th tetrahedron . the above operations produce definition of the matrix elements z ∈,∇ φn ′ m ″ v ,∂ v in the form featuring 1 /- singular integrands . these integrals are computed using 2d gauss - legendre rule after extraction of the 1 / r function . the integral of the latter on 2d triangles forming facets of the tetrahedrons is computed in closed form according to d . r . wilton et al ., 1984 . d . discretization of vector potential surface - to - volume operator t ∈, a v ,∂ v the mom discretization of the weighting function j contribution to the vector potential component of polarization current j determined by the operator t ∈, a v ,∂ v involves inner products z ∈, a n ′ m ″ v ,∂ v = p n ′ , t ∈, a v ,∂ v ∘ t m ″ , ( 30 ) where scalar pulse - functions over tetrahedrons ( 27 ) are used as test functions and rwg functions are used as basis functions where n ′= 1 , . . . , n and m ″= 1 , . . . , p . the integral with the product of linear function and green &# 39 ; s function are computed similarly with the inner integrals over s ″ in ( 25 ). namely , the singular part of the integrands corresponding to the linear function product with 1 / r - function is first extracted . next , the remaining non - singular integrands are computed using 2d gauss - legendre quadrature rules . e . discretization of scalar potential volume - to - surface operator t 0 ,∇ φ ∂ v , v in order to match the discretized range of t ∈,∇ φ v ,∂ v operator with domain of t 0 ,∇ φ ∂ v , v operator , which maps the polarization current inside the volume v of the scatterer to the tangential scattered electric field on the scatterer &# 39 ; s boundary ∂ v , we use scalar pulse basis functions to expand the polarization current density j ( r ′) in the volume v where v n ′ being the region inside the n ′ th tetrahedron . the scattered field is tested with a set of vector rwg test functions t m similarly with the testing procedure for the operators t ∈,∇ φ ∂ v ,∂ v and t ∈, a ∂ v ,∂ v . therefore , z 0 ,∇ φmn ′ ∂ v , v = t m , t 0 ,∇ φ ∂ v , v ∘ p n ′ . ( 34 ) to mitigate the singularity of the integrands the outer gradient operator is shifted to act onto the test function , yielding where m = 1 , . . . , p and n ′= 1 , . . . , n . the singularity is further mitigated by using gradient theorem ( ct . t . tai , 1994 ) which eliminates the inner gradient operator acting on the green &# 39 ; s function as follows : in ( 36 ), { circumflex over ( m )} n ′, i is normal vector to ith face of the n / thtetrahedron , and ae is the area of ith face of the n ′ th tetrahedron . the position vector r ′ n ′, i ( η ′, ξ ′) is on ith face of the n ′ th tetrahedron . the above operations produce definition of the matrix elements z 0 ,) 59 φmn ′ ∂ v , v in the form of integrals featuring 1 / r - singular integrands . these integrals are computed using 2d gauss - legendre rule after extraction of the 1 / r function . the integral of the latter on 2d elements is computed in closed form according to d . t . wilson et al ., 1984 . f . discretization of vector potential volume - to - surface operator t 0 , a ∂ v , v the operator t 0 , a ∂ v , v maps volume polarization current j onto the vector potential contribution to the scattered electric field . its mom discretization is done with pulse basis functions ( 27 ) on the tetrahedral elements of the volume v expanding the volume current j and the vector rwg test functions ( 19 ) testing the vector potential where m = 1 , . . . , p and n ′= 1 , . . . , n . the 3d integral on the tetrahedron is defined as where v ( n ′) is the volume of the n ′ &# 39 ; tetrahedron . the 3d integrals over ξ ′, η ′ and ζ ′ in ( 38 ) are evaluated using 3d quadrature rules after 1 / r - singular part is subtracted from the green &# 39 ; s function g 0 and integrated analytically according to d . t . wilton et al ., 1984 . the test integrals over triangle elements are computed using 2d gauss - legendre quadrature rules . the discretization of the incident field is done through the definition of the inner products of the incident field with the rwg test functions ( 19 ) where m = 1 , . . . , p . the integrals in ( 39 ) are regular and computed to desired precision using 2d gauss - legendre quadrature rules . the mom discretization of the 3d - svs - efie reduces is to the following set of linear algebraic equations with respect to the ( p × 1 ) vector of unknown scalar coefficients i in the expansion of the unknown surface weighting function ( 20 ) −([ z ∈, a ∂ v ,∂ v ]+[ z ∈,∇ φ ∂ v ,∂ v ])·[ i ]+(([ z 0 , a ∂ v , v ]+[ z 0 ,∇ φ ∂ v , v ])⊙ γ − 1 ([ z ∈, a v ,∂ v ]+[ z ∈,∇ φ v ,∂ v ]))·[ i ]=[ v ] ( 40 ) where ⊙ is dot product of two matrices composed of vector quantities and γ gram matrices . each element of gram matrix γ is defined as where n o , n s = 1 , . . . , n and j t ( n o ) is jacobian of n o th tetrahedron . in the expanded form the structure of the mom matrix equation is given by the following expression and is depicted in fig2 the above system of linear algebraic equations with p unknowns can be written in the compact form as [ z ]·[ i ]=[ v ] with respect to the unknown coefficients i 1 , . . . , i p in the expansion ( 20 ) of the sought weighting function j . after solving the system of linear algebraic equations ( 42 ) for the expansion coefficients [ i ] in the expansion of weighting function j on ∂ v the electric field e and volume polarization current j in the scatterer volume v can be computed as a superposition of the waves emanating from the surface ∂ v according to ( 32 ). the mom matrices z ∈, a v ,∂ v and z ∈,∇ φ v ,∂ v can be used to compute the electric field e at the centres of the tetrahedral elements in the volume of the scatterer c n ′ v can be calculated as [ e ( c n ′ v )]=− γ − 1 ([ z ∈, a v ,∂ v ]+[ z ∈,∇ φ v ,∂ v ])·[ i ], ( 43 ) n ′= 1 , . . . , n , and c n ′ v are the centres of the tetrahedral elements in the volume of the scatterer . j . validating the representation of the total electric field inside the scatterer ( 8 ) to validate ( 8 ), we consider the case of the relative permittivity ε equal to 1 . in this case , the proposed 3d - svs - efie ( 10 ) is simplified to solving this system of linear algebraic equation results to a solution which if we plug it back to ( 43 ) we could obtain the incident field vector at center of each tetrahedron inside the scatterer . the total electric field outside the scatterer is computed as e ( r )= e inc ( r )+ e scat ( r ), where scattered field is defined by the polarization current in the volume of the scatterer as with the discretized total electric field e ( c n ′ v ) available available at the centres of tetrahedral elements c n ′ v in the volume of the scatterer v from ( 43 ), we compute the scattered field outside v as the first term in ( 47 ) corresponding to the vector potential contribution into the total electric field is computed using 3d gauss quadrature rule after the 1 / r singularity is extracted from the green &# 39 ; s function g0 and the integral over the volume of each tetrahedron is computed analytically according to d . t . wilton et al ., 1984 . the contribution of the gradient of the scalar potential into the total field from each tetrahedron is first reduced to four surface integrals from 1 / r part of the green &# 39 ; s function over the faces of the tetrahedron , each of which can be evaluated analytically . subsequently , the derivatives associated with the gradient operator of the analytic integral of 1 / r function over each face of the tetrahedron , i . e . from the second term in ( 47 ) allows for use of regular 2d quadrature rules on the remaining non - singular integrands defined on each of the four tetrahedron &# 39 ; s faces . to validate the proposed new ssie we conducted various numerical experiments and compared solutions of the scattering problems obtained using the new 3d - svs - efie equation and alternative methods such as analytic mie series field expansions . in the first example , we consider the problem of radial dipole excitation on a dielectric sphere with radius of r = 0 . 1nt and dielectric permittivity ∈ r = 2 . the sphere is excited by an electric dipole , which is directed along the positive and situated above the north pole of the sphere 2 m away from the origin . the electric dipole moment il = 1 [ a · m ]. the numerical solution of the scattering problem obtained at 300 mhz using the proposed new 3d - svs - efie ( 10 ) is shown in fig3 . for comparison in the same fig3 the solution obtained using analytic mie series expansion is shown also as well as the relative error between the two solutions . the mom discretization of the 3d - svs - efie involved m = 128 triangle elements discretizing the boundary ∂ v of the sphere , 192 rwg basis functions ( p = 192 ), and 185 tetrahedral elements discretizing its volume v ( n = 185 ). the field inside the sphere is computed using superposition expression ( 8 ) after the weighting function j expansion coefficients [ i ] in ( 20 ) were obtained from solution of the system of linear algebraic equations ( slae ) ( 42 ). upon availability of the field distribution in the volume of the sphere the scattered field outside the sphere can be computed using expression ( 47 ) and added to the incident field . the mom solution of the 3d - svs - efie is seen to match closely with the analytic mie series solution in accord with the error levels expected from the used discretization density . the average error of the 3d - svs - efie solution is 0 . 01 with standard deviation 9 . 81 · 10 − 3 . the discretization corresponds to the sampling of the electric field inside the sphere with approximately 30 elements per wavelength . in order to demonstrate the behavior of error in the mom solution of the proposed 3d - svs - efie , we next consider the same scattering problem on the sphere dielectric but discretized with n = 753 tetrahedral elements in the volume v and m = 340 triangle elements on the boundary ∂ v . the number of rwg basis functions for this case is p = 510 . the discretization corresponds to the sampling of the electric field inside the sphere with approximately 50 elements per wavelength . the numerical solution of the scattering problem obtained using the proposed new 3d - svs - efie ( 10 ) is shown in fig4 . for comparison in the same fig4 the solution obtained using analytic mie series expansion is shown also as well as the relative error between the two solutions . the relative error of the 3d - svs - efie solution compared to the exact mie series solution shows that the average relative error of the 3d - svs - efie solution decreases below 0 . 0036 with standard deviation of 4 . 6 · 10 − 3 . increased accuracy in the computed field observed with the increased mom sampling rate per wavelength corroborates the rigorous nature of the proposed new ssie . to demonstrate solution of the proposed 3d - svs - efie ( 10 ) in full - wave regime we consider the problem of radial dipole radiation near dielectric sphere at 1 . 5 ghz . in the example , dielectric sphere with radius of r = 0 . 1 m and dielectric permittivity ∈ r = 1 . 5 is excited by an electric dipole , which is directed along the positive z - axis and situated 0 . 4 m away from the origin above the north pole of the sphere . the electric dipole moment il = 1 [ a · m ]. the number of triangles in mom discretization ( 41 ) of 3d - svs - efie ( 10 ) on the boundary ∂ v is m = 766 including p = 1149 rwg basis functions , and number of tetrahedrons in the volume v is n = 2546 . this discretization corresponds to approximately 10 elements per wavelength sampling rate . the results of these full - wave field computations are depicted in fig6 . demonstration of the 3d - svs - efie performance for analysis of a general 3d target nasa almond model is considered at 6 ghz . the target has permittivity ∈= 1 . 5 and size of 0 . 252 m , 0 . 0976 m , and 0 . 0325 m along x , y , and z axes , respectively . the model is excited by electric dipole directed along short axis of the dipole and situated on the long axis of the almond 0 . 8528 m away for from its tip . the electric dipole moment is il = 1 a · m . the number of triangles in mom discretization ( 41 ) of 3d - svs - efie ( 10 ) on the boundary ∂ v is m = 11 , 994 , number of edges is p = 17 , 991 and number of tetrahedrons in the volume v is n = 61 , 617 . distribution of the computed field is depicted in fig7 . the paper presented a new single - source surface - volume - surface integral equation with its solution for 3d scattering problem on homogeneous non - magnetic penetrable dielectrics . the new equation is derived from the classical volume electric field integral equation via representation of the electric field inside the scatterer as a superposition of the spherical waves emanating from its boundary . detailed description of method of moment ( mom ) discretization for the new single source integral equation ( ssie ) is provided . the proposed mom scheme is new compared to the previously known mom discretizations of the traditional surface integral equations as well as the previously known ssies . the mom basis and testing functions are chosen in such a way that with appropriate shift of the differential operators only 1 / r singular kernels are featured in the definitions of the mom inner products . with the proposed new ssie determining the sought fields is a two - stage process . in the first stage the unknown weighting function on the boundary of the scatterer is determined . this function is subsequently used to obtain the field distribution inside the scatterer . in the second stage the total field outside the scatterer is computed using the volume equivalence principle . the novel equation features only a single unknown on the boundary and is numerically shown to produce an error - controllable solution . in one application of the 3d - svs - efie an electrical disturbance within a power system 100 is evaluated . the power system includes a power conductor such as a transmission cable 102 supported by a supporting infrastructure such as a transmission tower 104 delivering electrical power from one location to another . during a weather event such as a lightning storm , lighting 107 ( schematically illustrated ) may strike the transmission cable 102 causing current to be injected into the power system . the 3d - svs - efie is used to calculate the electric field in response to a simulated lighting strike , including the field emitted by the supporting infrastructure 104 , at a desired , location within the power system and based thereon a charge distribution in the power system can be determined . any faults in the power system thus may be located by analyzing the charge distribution in the power system . upon location of a fault the power system may be modified in a conventional , known manner to correct therefor . another application of the 3d - svs - efie includes remote sensing a layered or stratified structure 200 . typically , this is done using a radar wave 202 ( schematically shown ) emanating from a satellite antenna 205 and propagating through the stratified structure so as to measure or determine configuration of the stratified structure , for example thickness of its layers 200 a and permittivities . in one example of such a remote sensing application , the stratified structure is ice having a plurality of ice layers as is typical in arctic regions . the suitable antenna 205 sends waves 202 to the ice from a distance . the 3d - svs - efie is used in calculation of the electric field at a reference location above the stratified structure whereat there is provided suitable measuring equipment for measuring electric field , the calculated electric field including incident waves from the antenna 205 and contribution from the field which is emitted by reflection from the stratified structure , and using the calculated field a configuration of the layers of the stratified structure can be identified . in a further application of the 3d - svs - efie it is implemented in design of a circuit 300 which comprises a processor chip 302 communicating with a circuit board 304 using an electronic package 307 of conductive wires 308 . in fig1 , the processor chip 302 is shown in broken line inside the package 307 . cross - talk between wires in close proximity is a known and understood problem in this field that affects performance of the circuit 30 . thus , the 3d - svs - efie can be used to calculate the electric field at a desired location within the circuit 300 , including the electric field ( s ) emitted by the neighbouring conductive wires 308 of the package , and using the calculated field communication rate limitations in the circuit can be identified . having identified these limitations the designer may then modify the configuration of the circuit so as to improve circuit performance . modification may include re - routing the conductive wires of the package , and / or providing electromagnetic shielding between some of the conductive wires so as to minimize cross - talk . a new single - source integral equation is proposed for solution of electromagnetic wave scattering problems . the traditional volume electric field integral equation is reduced to the new single - source surface integral equation by representing the electric field inside the scatterer as a superposition of spherical waves emanating from its boundary . this new single source surface integral equation has several advantages . while being rigorous in nature , it features half of the degrees of freedom compared to traditional surface integral equation formulations . it is also substantially simpler in both formulation and from the numerical solution point of view compared to the previously known single source integral equations . it features only electric - field - type of green &# 39 ; s function instead of both electric and magnetic field green &# 39 ; s functions . the latter is a useful property when scattering in layered media is analyzed . such new integral equation formulation have been previously developed for the case of 2d scattering problems . in this disclosure is described a 3d form of this new single - source surface integral equation for homogeneous dielectrics . the method of moments discretization and the resultant matrices for the proposed equation are presented . in order to validate the new integral equation formulation and verify the accuracy of its method of moments discretization , its solution is compared against the mie series exact analytical solution and fields computed using commercial electromagnetic software . since various modifications can be made in my invention as herein above described , and many apparently widely different embodiments of same made , it is intended that all matter contained in the accompanying specification shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense . a . kishk and l . shafai , “ different formulations for numerical solution of single or multibodies of revolution with mixed boundary conditions ,” ieee trans . antennas propagation , vol . 34 , no . 5 , pp . 666 - 673 , may 1986 . a . menshov and v . okhmatovski , “ new single - 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