Patent Application: US-201113179058-A

Abstract:
the present invention relates to a composition , device and method for preventing or inhibiting biofilm formation on biotic or abiotic surfaces . the composition comprises a peptide based on the c - terminal receptor binding domain of pseudomonas aeruginosa type iv pilin , which binds to an abiotic surface with high affinity and prevents binding of a variety of p . aeruginosa strains to the surface . the inventive composition represents a non - toxic inhibitor for biofilm formation , particularly on an abiotic surface , which is responsible for a large number of problematic diseases and massive economic losses . the inventive method is useful as a safe and environmentally friendly means of modifying a surface of a variety of biomedical , nanotechnological , and biotechnological devices or articles .

Description:
in general the terms and phrases used herein have their art - recognized meaning , which can be found by reference to standard texts , journal references and contexts known to those skilled in the art . the following definitions are provided to clarify their specific use in the context of the invention . the term , “ biofilm ”, as used herein , is a surface attached form of bacterial growth . the surface is either a biotic ( e . g . cell surface ) or abiotic surface ( e . g . metal such as stainless steel ). in the context of the present invention , it is expected that the inventive composition would prevent or inhibit biofilm formation caused by any bacteria , gram positive or gram negative . since pili are present on the surface of most gram negative bacteria , it is predicted that the inventive peptide would be particularly useful for preventing or inhibiting biofilm formation caused by any gram negative bacteria , particularly those of pseudomonas genus . the genus pseudomonas contains more than 140 species , more than 25 of which are associated with humans . pseudomonads known to cause disease in humans include p aeruginosa , p fluorescens , p putida , p cepacia , p stutzeri , p maltophilia , p putrefaciens , p mallei and p pseudomallei , all of which express type iv pili . for detailed description of gram positive and negative bacteria , and pseudomonas , see “ medical microbiology ”, 3 rd edition edited by samuel baron , 1991 , churchill livingstone inc . new york , usa . the inventive peptides disclosed herein are derived from the receptor binding domain of the c - terminal region of the type iv pilin protein of pseudomonas . accordingly , a peptide of at least 10 amino acids or longer derived from the corresponding region of pak128 - 144 from any pseudomonas pilin protein is expected to have similar activities as shown herein with pak128 - 144 peptide . the inventive peptides include those with certain modifications ( e . g . acetylation and / or amidation ) which do not affect the binding activity to abiotic surfaces . types and methods of peptide modifications are well known in the art (“ fmoc solid - phase peptide synthesis : a practical approach ”. 2000 w . c . chan and p . d . white ( eds .) oxford university press , england . the amount of the inventive composition sufficient to prevent or inhibit biofilm formation on a given surface will vary depending on a variety of factors , for example , the type of the surface or type of the bacteria causing the biofilm formation , mode of application , and the carrier agent with which the composition is applied to the surface . however , a skilled artisan would understand how to determine the “ optimal concentration ” of the inventive composition necessary to prevent or inhibit biofilm formation on an abiotic surface by carrying out routine experimentations ( e . g . dose - response curve , inhibition kinetics ), as disclosed in the examples sections and the information readily available in the art . the term , “ carrier agent ”, is used herein to indicate a component of the inventive composition , which is used , for example , to stabilize the inventive peptide and / or to facilitate application of the peptide to a surface without affecting the functionality of the peptide . examples include , but are not limited to , water , buffer ( ph about 5 - 8 , e . g . phosphate , tris etc ), salt ( e . g . sodium chloride about 5 - 10 mm ), and solvent ( e . g . methanol about 1 - 20 %). preferred carrier agent is phosphate buffer ( ph 7 . 2 ) containing 0 - 10 % methanol and 10 mm sodium chloride . the term “ carrier agent ”, as used herein , is also intended to include what is commonly referred to as the “ pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable carrier or salt ” since the inventive composition is also useful for preventing or inhibiting biofilm formation on a biotic surface ( e . g . cell surface ). accordingly , the carrier agents include those carboxylate salts or acid addition salts of the peptide of the present invention which are suitable for use in contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity , irritation , allergic response , and the like , commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio , and effective for their intended use , as well as the zwitterionic forms , where possible , of the compounds of the invention . the term “ pharmaceutically acceptable salt ” in general refers to the relatively nontoxic , inorganic and organic acid addition salts of the compounds of the present invention . also included are those salts derived from non - toxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono and dicarboxylic acids , for example acetic acid , phenyl - substituted alkanoic acids , hydroxy alkanoic and alkanedioic acids , aromatic acids , and aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids . these salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid and isolating the salt thus formed . further representative salts include the hydrobromide , hydrochloride , sulfate ,- bisulfate , nitrate , acetate , oxalate , valerate , oleate , palmitate , stearate , laurate , borate , benzoate , lactate , phosphate , tosylate , citrate , maleate , fumarate , succinate , tartrate , naphthylate , mesylate , glucoheptonate , lactiobionate and laurylsulphonate salts , propionate , pivalate , cyclamate , isethionate , and the like . these may include cations based on the alkali and alkaline earth metals , such as sodium , lithium , potassium , calcium , magnesium , and the like , as well as , nontoxic ammonium , quaternary ammonium and amine cations including , but not limited to ammonium , tetramethylammonium , tetraethylammonium , methylamine , dimethylamine , trimethylamine , triethylamine , ethylamine , and the like . see , for example , berge s . m , et al ., pharmaceutical salts , j . pharm . sci . 66 : 1 - 19 ( 1977 ) which is incorporated herein by reference . similarly , when the term “ carrier agent ” is synonymously used as “ pharmaceutically acceptable carrier ,” it is an organic or inorganic composition which serves as a carrier / stabilizer / diluent of the active ingredient ( i . e ., peptide ) of the present invention in a pharmaceutical composition . in certain cases , the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are salts . further examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include but are not limited to water , phosphate - buffered saline , saline , ph controlling agents ( e . g . acids , bases , buffers ), stabilizers such as ascorbic acid , isotonizing agents ( e . g . sodium chloride ), aqueous solvents , a detergent ( ionic and non - ionic ) such as polysorbate or tween 80 . the amino acids which occur in the various amino acid sequences referred to in the specification have their usual three - and one - letter abbreviations routinely used in the art : a , ala , alanine ; c , cys , cysteine ; d , asp , aspartic acid ; e , glu , glutamic acid ; f , phe , phenylalanine ; g , gly , glycine ; h , his , histidine ; i , ile , isoleucine ; k , lys , lysine ; l , leu , leucine ; m , met , methionine ; n , asn , asparagine ; p , pro , proline ; q , gln , glutamine ; r , arg , arginine ; s , ser , serine ; t , thr , threonine ; v , val , valine ; w , trp , tryptophan ; y , tyr , tyrosine . pseudomonas aeruginosa readily binds to stainless steel or plastic ( e . g . polyvinylchloride , polystyrene ) surfaces causing major problems in both the medical and food industries . in the studies disclosed herein , we examined the initial event of p . aeruginosa biofilm formation on stainless steel and plastic , the binding of the organism to the surface . we found that p . aeruginosa binds in a concentration dependent , saturable manner during the initial stage of biofilm formation . p . aeruginosa type iv pili mediate binding to stainless steel as a pila − strain does not bind to steel , purified type iv pili bound in a concentration - dependent , saturable manner , and pili competitively inhibited whole cell binding . antibodies specific for the p . aeruginosa stain k ( pak ) type iv pili ( rabbit polyclonal antibody and monoclonal antibodies pk99h and pk3b ) prevented adherence of both viable cells and purified pili to steel . as antibodies specific for the c - terminal pila receptor binding domain inhibited adherence , the role of the piia receptor binding domain in mediating binding to steel surfaces was examined . a synthetic peptide of the pak pila epithelial cell receptor binding domain ( pak ( 128 - 144 ) ox ) bound directly to steel with a very high affinity . the interaction of pili with steel was specifically inhibited by this peptide with an apparent ki of ˜ 0 . 2 nm and specifically inhibited the binding of viable homologous and heterologous p . aeruginosa strains to steel with an apparent ki of ˜ 4 nm . therefore , the c - terminal pila receptor binding domain mediates binding to both biotic and abiotic surfaces , although this binding function appears to be optimized for binding to abiotic surfaces rather than for adherence during the infectious process . initial colonization of stainless steel is dependent upon type iv pili in p . aeruginosa while the involvement of type iv pili in biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces has been well documented ( o &# 39 ; toole and kolter , 1998 ; klausen et al ., 2003 ), the molecular basis for that involvement has not been firmly established . therefore , we investigated the ability of p . aeruginosa wild - type strains pak , pao , k122 - 4 , and kb7 , which display considerable differences in their pilin sequences , to bind to stainless steel ( fig1 - a , b ). p . aeruginosa pilins are characterized by a highly conserved n - terminal a - helix and a semi - conserved c - terminal disulfide loop region but display minimal sequence similarity through the bulk of the protein ( fig1 - a ). however , structural studies indicate that p . aeruginosa pilins are strikingly similar ( fig1 - b ) ( hazes et al ., 2000 ; craig et al ., 2003 ; and audette et al ., 2004 ). p . aeruginosa strains pak , pao , k122 - 4 , and kb7 were observed to rapidly bind to stainless steel surfaces ( fig2 - a , d , g , and j ), in agreement with previous results ( stanley , 1983 ; vanhaecke et al ., 1990 ). strains pao and pak bound more significantly to stainless steel than either k122 - 4 or kb7 ( fig2 - a , d , g , and j ). p . aeruginosa strain ms591 ( starnback et al ., 1992 ) a flic − non - flagellated mutant of pak , was observed to bind at considerably reduced levels compared to the parental pak strain ( fig2 - a , and p ). p . aeruginosa strain paknp , a non - piliated pil a − deficient mutant of pak ( saiman et al ., 1990 ), did not bind to steel surfaces ( fig2 - m ), indicating that p . aeruginosa adherence to stainless steel is mediated by type iv pili . to further investigate the initial colonization of stainless steel , the binding kinetics of pak cells and pili to steel was examined in a quantitative manner employing viable biotinylated cells and purified biotinylated pak pili . pak cells ( fig3 a , fig4 ), and purified pak pili ( fig3 b ) were observed to bind to steel surfaces in a saturable , concentration dependent manner while paknp biotinylated cells ( fig3 a , fig4 ) did not bind appreciably to the steel surface . biotinylation had no effect on the ability of the purified pili to bind stainless steel as identical binding kinetics were observed with native pili when anti - pak pili antibodies were utilized to quantitate binding ( data not shown ). furthermore , addition of low concentrations of purified pak pili competitively inhibited the binding of biotinylated pak cells to steel ( fig3 c ). since the length of pak pili is not known , the molarity of the pili cannot be determined ( van schaik et al ., 2005 ). we established that p . aeruginosa stained with acridine orange were readily visualized by epifluorescence microscopy following binding to stainless steel ( fig1 - d ). p . aeruginosa cells were visualized as fluorescent orange rods bound to areas of the steel that fluoresced green either through non - specific interaction of the fluorochrome with grain boundary regions or due to non - specific interaction of the fluorochrome with organic material that interacted with the grain boundaries in the steel . green fluorescent material primarily associated with grain boundaries in the steel was observed in both strains pak and paknp ( fig1 - d , e ). in confirmation of these results , pseudomonas sp . has recently been shown to colonize preferentially with grain boundaries ( sreekumari et al ., 2001 ). effect of flagella and type iv pili mutations on binding to steel previous studies using p . aeruginosa filc − and pilb − strains have established the importance of flagella and type iv pili during the initiation and development of biofilms on abiotic surfaces in static cultures ( o &# 39 ; toole and kolter , 1998 ). to confirm our qualitative microscopic examination a quantitative analysis of adherence to steel was preformed . the binding of pak - bω ( pilb − mutant ), a strain that does not assemble pili but does express pila ( koga et al ., 1993 ), to steel was compromised relative to wild - type and equivalent adherence to that observed for paknp and pakms591 ( fig4 ). elisa evidence indicates that pakms591 has less surface exposed pili than does the pak wild - type strain ( data not shown ). strain pak - dω ( pild − mutant ) which lacks the pre - pilin peptidase and therefore does not express surface exposed pila ( koga et al ., 1993 ) or functional type iv pili , bound roughly equivalent to mutant strains ( paknp , pakms591 , and pak - bω ) ( fig4 ). although the binding curves differ slightly between mutant strains , all pili deficient strains ( paknp , pak - bω , and pak - dω ), and pakms591 , bound significantly less than wild - type ( fig4 ). these results indicate that any mutation which abolishes the production of functional pili also reduces the ability to bind stainless steel . addition of rabbit polyclonal anti - pak pili antibodies ( lee et al , 1989 ) but not rabbit pre - immune serum strongly inhibited the binding of biotinylated pak cells and pili ( fig5 ) to steel in a dose - dependent manner . these data indicate that the type iv pili mediates binding . murine monoclonal antibody pk99h , that recognizes pak pila residues 134 - 140 exposed at the tip of the pilus ( lee et al ., 1994 ; wong et al ., 1992 ), significantly inhibited the binding of pak cells and pili to steel ( fig5 ). the inhibition of pak binding to stainless steel by pk99h suggests that the c - terminal di - sulfide loop region of pilin , which contains an epithelial cell binding domain , may also function in mediating attachment to steel surfaces . antibody inhibition assays suggested that the cellular receptor binding domain of the pilus may also mediate binding to stainless steel . therefore , competitive binding assays were utilized to test the ability of the c - terminal receptor binding domain to inhibit adherence of p . aeruginosa to steel . previous studies demonstrated that the native c - terminal receptor binding domain ( pak ( 128 - 144 ) ox ) mediates binding to galnac - β - d - gal containing glycoconjugates ( sheth et al ., 1994 ). the pak pilin receptor binding domain ( pak ( 128 - 144 ) ox ) inhibited the binding of both pak wild - type cells and pak pili to steel surfaces with apparent k i &# 39 ; s of ˜ 4 nm and ˜ 0 . 2 nm respectively ( fig6 - a , and c ). pak ( 128 - 144 ) ox also inhibited the binding of pakms591 ( compare fig2 - p with fig2 - q ) but had no effect on the binding of paknp ( compare fig2 m and fig2 - n ). the peptide pak ( 134 - 140 ), which constitutes a portion of the receptor binding domain , and has been demonstrated to bind with low affinity to respiratory epithelial cells ( yu et al ., 1996 ), did not inhibit binding of pak wild - type cells or pak pili to steel surfaces , even at the exceptionally high peptide concentration of 100 μg / ml ( fig6 - b , and d ), nor did it inhibit the binding of strains pao , k122 - 4 or kb7 , in contrast to peptide pak ( 128 - 144 ) ox ( fig2 ). in addition , neither pak ( 22 - 52 ), a peptide derived from the n - terminal α - helix ( residues 1 - 58 ) which should be buried in the native pilus fiber nor pak ( 117 - 125 ), a peptide consisting of a portion of β - strands 3 and 4 which models of the pilus fiber suggest will be displayed on the fiber surface ( hazes et al ., 2000 ) ( see table 1 for peptide sequences and fig1 - b ) had any effect , even at high concentrations , on the binding of pak wild - type cells or pak pili to steel surfaces ( fig6 - b , d ), indicating that these regions do not participate in pilus - mediated binding . to determine whether the ability to interact with steel surfaces was a general attribute of the c - terminal receptor binding domain or a specific property of the pak receptor binding domain , the ability of the pao receptor binding domain to inhibit binding was examined . the synthetic pao receptor binding domain , pao ( 128 - 144 ) ox was observed to inhibit pilus - mediated binding to stainless steel in a similar manner to the native pak peptide ( fig6 - e ). to further confirm the specific nature of the receptor binding domain &# 39 ; s interaction with steel surfaces two additional control peptides , a scrambled pao receptor binding domain pao ( 128 - 144 ) ox_scrambled , and a linear variant of that sequence where the two cysteine residues have been replaced by alanine residues to eliminate the di - sulfide bridge , pao ( 128 - 144 ) c129a / c142a_scrambled , were utilized to assess the relative importance of sequence versus amino acid composition . neither scrambled sequence was able to inhibit binding of pak wild - type cells or pak pili to steel surfaces , even at very high peptide concentrations ( fig6 - b , and d ). as a further control , peptides obtained through the trypsinization of bovine serum albumin were utilized to confirm that the inhibition of binding was sequence specific and not a common property of peptides . no inhibition of adherence was observed for either pak whole cells ( data not shown ) or pak pili even at high peptide concentrations ( fig6 - g ). a pao receptor binding domain mutant , pao ( 128 - 144 ) oxt130l which has high affinity for human buccal epithelial cells ( fig7 - c ) was unable to inhibit p . aeruginosa whole cells or pili adherence to steel ( fig6 ). this indicates that the amino acid sequence of this peptide is important for adherence to stainless steel . to further determine whether the receptor binding domain inhibited binding to steel by a competitive mechanism or by interacting with p . aeruginosa cells or pili , the ability of pak ( 128 - 144 ) ox to bind to stainless steel was determined using the monoclonal antibody pk99h as a probe of peptide binding to steel ( pk99h has been demonstrated to bind to both pak ( 128 - 144 ) ox and pak ( 134 - 140 ) when these peptides are bound to a cell surface receptor ) ( yu et al ., 1996 ; irvin et al ., 1989 ). pak ( 128 - 144 ) ox bound with high affinity to stainless steel while pak ( 134 - 140 ) bound only marginally to the steel surface at very high concentrations ( fig7 - a , b ). as p . aeruginosa strains vary considerably in their ability to bind to steel surfaces ( fig2 - a , d , g , and j ) we sought to determine whether the pak pilin receptor binding domain , pak ( 128 - 144 ) ox , could inhibit the binding of other p . aeruginosa strains . utilizing microscopy , we found that at very low concentrations ( 51 nm ), pak ( 128 - 144 ) ox substantially inhibits the binding of strains pao , k122 - 4 , and kb7 ( compare figures fig2 - d , g , and j with figures fig2 - e , h , and k ) while very high concentrations ( 100 μg / ml ) of pak ( 134 - 140 ) have a minimal effect on binding to steel ( compare figures fig2 - a , d , g , and j with figures fig2 - c , f , i , and l ). the pilin receptor binding domain sequences of strains pak , pao , k122 - 4 and kb7 vary substantially ( fig1 - a , and b , and table 1 ) but all these receptor binding domains display a conserved antigenic epitope and compete for epithelial cell surface receptors ( sheth et al , 1995 ). peptides were synthesized by solid phase and are n - α - acetylated with a free carboxyl except for pak ( 134 - 140 ) which was synthesized as the n - α - acetylated amide peptide due to its short length . peptides with a formed di - sulfide bridge between cysteine 129 and 142 are identified by an ox . as type iv pili have been implicated in biofilm formation on polystyrene and polyvinylchloride surfaces , we sought to determine if the c - terminal receptor binding domain may function to mediate attachment to a variety of abiotic surfaces . pak whole cells and pili were found to bind in a concentration dependent and saturable manner to both polyvinylchloride and polystyrene plates ( fig8 - a , b , c , and d ). the murine monoclonal antibody pk99h significantly inhibited binding to both polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene surfaces ( fig8 - e , and d . these data indicate that type iv pili mediate binding to these plastic surfaces which may be dependant on the c - terminal receptor binding domain . the aggressive colonization of stainless steel surfaces , apart from being of enormous industrial significance , is also of medical relevance ; p . aeruginosa infections are prevalent in burn units where large stainless steel tubs , known as hydrotherapy units , are often used to treat patients with severe burns ( tredget et al ., 1992 ). tredget et al . ( 1992 ) have demonstrated a significant decrease in p . aeruginosa infection rates in burn units where stainless steel hydrotherapy units were removed . biofilm formation on stainless steel and other substrata , as a function of physical and chemical modifications , has been widely investigated ( arnold et al ., 2004 ; balazs et al ., 2004 ; groessner - schreiber et al ., 2004 ; lomander et al ., 2004 ). rough stainless steel surfaces more readily develop biofilms compared with smooth , or electropolished , steel ( characklis et al . 1990 ; vanhaecke et al . 1990 ; bagge et al ., 2001 ; balazs et al ., 2004 ; lomander et al ., 2004 ). we sought to clarify the role of the p . aeruginosa type iv pilus in the initial colonization of abiotic surfaces , particularly with stainless steel given the classic genetic evidence that flagella are more likely responsible for the initial stages of p . aeruginosa biofilm formation ( o &# 39 ; toole and kolter , 1998 ). we demonstrated that the initial binding of p . aeruginosa to stainless steel is concentration dependent and exhibits classical saturation kinetics ( fig3 ). p . aeruginosa pili clearly play a major role in mediating whole , cell binding to stainless steel as ( 1 ) pili - deficient strains are unable to adhere , ( 2 ) pili bind to steel in a concentration - dependent , saturable manner , and ( 3 ) pili competitively inhibit whole cell binding in a direct competition assay ( fig3 ). although wozniak et al . ( 2003 ) demonstrated that alginate , the primary exopolysaccharide of p . aeruginosa , did not have a significant effect on the initial binding of pseudomonas to abiotic surfaces , we have demonstrated that type iv pili are involved in the initial adherence . therefore , while extracellular polysaccharide has long been proposed to play a major role in mature biofilms ( stoodley et al ., 2002 ), type iv pili protein subunits provide the initial attachment to abiotic surfaces ( fig2 and 3 ). evidence of an initial involvement of protein in biofilm formation on copper surfaces has been reported previously ( bremer and geesey , 1991 ). interestingly , a variety of proteins have the ability to mediate tight interactions with abiotic surfaces , including the mytilus edulis foot proteins which are capable of mediating interactions with a variety of abiotic surfaces including metals and plastics ( suci and geesey , 2001 ). a direct role for protein in mediating interactions with an abiotic surface , particularly a metal surface , is thus not without precedent . while o &# 39 ; toole and kolter ( 1998 ) found that flagella play a significant role in biofilm formation , we found that p . aeruginosa lacking flagella yet expressing pili were able to bind to steel ( fig2 and 4 ). in addition , any strain lacking the ability to assemble functional pili were unable to bind ( fig2 and 4 ). the difference between our findings and those of o &# 39 ; toole and kolter ( 1998 ) may reflect the ability of bound cells to remain surface attached and differentiate into a microcolony , and subsequently a biofilm , as our data only reports on events that occur within about 1 hour of a potential bacterial interaction with the surface . to determine whether the c - terminal receptor binding domain of the pilus was responsible for adherence to stainless steel , as for becs ( irvin et al ., 1990 ; schweizer et al ., 1998 ), we employed monoclonal antibodies specific for residues in the c - terminal binding domain in a competitive inhibition assay . monoclonal antibody pk99h recognizes residues 134 - 140 of pak pila ( wong et al ., 1992 ), inhibits pilus mediated binding to respiratory epithelial cells ( irvin et al ., 1989 ), and confers protection from challenge with strain pak in a mouse infection model ( sheth et al ., 1995 ). pk99h inhibited pilus - mediated binding to stainless steel , indicating that the pili c - terminal receptor binding domain , residues 128 - 144 of pak pila , specifically mediate the interaction with steel ( fig5 ). to confirm that residues 128 - 144 were mediating the interaction between pili and steel a variety of synthetic peptides were used in competitive inhibition assays . strikingly , pak ( 128 - 144 ) ox effectively inhibits the adherence of heterologous p . aeruginosa strains to stainless steel even at low concentrations ( fig2 - b , e , h , and k ) indicating that the ability to bind to steel through the c - terminal binding domain is conserved in all p . aeruginosa strains . the ability of the synthetic receptor binding domain , pao ( 128 - 144 ) ox , to inhibit the binding of both pak cells and pili to steel further supports our hypothesis that the c - terminal pilin receptor binding domain of the various pilins mediates binding to steel in addition to mediating binding to human respiratory epithelial cells . peptides with limited affinity for steel have been identified by phage display methodology and their affinity for steel has been correlated to their amino acid composition ( zuo et al ., 2005 ). the interaction of the receptor binding domain with steel is not simply a function of the peptide amino acid composition as two scrambled sequences of the pao receptor binding domain ( one retaining the di - sulfide bridge and the other a linear variant where the two cysteine residues are replaced with alanine residues ) failed to inhibit binding to steel ( fig6 - b , d ). the pila receptor binding domain binds to steel with high affinity in a sequence specific manner indicating that binding is likely dependent upon both the sequence and three dimensional structure of the peptide rather than the amino acid composition . the steel binding function is sequence specific as pao ( 128 - 144 ) oxt1301 failed to inhibit binding to steel even though the affinity of this peptide for human buccal epithelial cells was enhanced ( compare fig6 - f with fig7 - c ). this observation suggests that the ability to bind to steel and human epithelial cells can be differentiated , indeed , the short synthetic peptide pak ( 134 - 140 ) which has previously been demonstrated to have a low affinity for human buccal epithelial cells ( yu et al ., 1996 ) did not inhibit binding to steel ( fig2 ). these results indicate that the two binding functions are readily differentiated by a single point mutation , suggesting that the molecular basis of the interaction with steel and epithelial cells is quite distinct , although both are dependent on the c - terminal receptor binding domain . as type iv pili have also been implicated in biofilm formation on plastic surfaces , the ability of the pila receptor binding domain to mediate adherence to two widely used plastics , polyvinylchloride and polystyrene , was examined . direct binding assays demonstrate that pak whole cells and pili adhere to plastics in a concentration dependent and saturable manner ( fig8 ). as well , the monoclonal antibody pk99h was able to inhibit p . aeruginosa binding to both polyvinylchloride and polystyrene plates ( fig8 ). these data indicate that the c - terminal receptor binding domain is involved not only in adherence to stainless steel and buccal epithelial cells , but also to other abiotic substrates including plastics . the pila c - terminal receptor binding domain , displayed at the tip of the type iv pilus , mediates direct binding to both biotic and abiotic surfaces , although the pilus is able to bind both substrates the affinities differ by several orders of magnitude . however , as the single point mutation in the c - terminal receptor binding domain increased the affinity for becs , it abolished the affinity for stainless steel . this supports our hypothesis that the receptor binding domain has retained sequence and structural elements required for adherence to a variety of surfaces . therefore , we have determined that the c - terminal receptor binding domain is responsible for adherence to stainless steel , and although the sequence varies widely between strains , attachment via this c - terminal receptor binding domain is not strain specific . in summary , the studies disclosed herein demonstrate that : 1 ) p . aeruginosa biofilm formation on stainless steel and other abiotic surfaces is initiated by the adherence of the bacterium to the steel surface ; 2 ) p . aeruginosa adherence to steel and plastic surfaces is mediated by type iv pili and specifically involves the pila receptor binding domain that is displayed at the tip of the pilus ; and 3 ) the receptor binding domain mediates a specific high affinity , direct interaction with stainless steel and plastic surfaces . based on the fact that the pak ( 128 - 144 ) ox peptide not only binds to an abiotic surface with high affinity but also inhibits binding of other heterologous p . aeruginosa strain to the same surface and that the amino acid sequences in this region of the receptor binding domain is highly conserved among most strains of p . aeruginosa , it is predicted that a peptide of approximately 10 to 14 amino acids in length corresponding to the pila receptor binding domain ( e . g . pak128 - 144 ) from any other strain of pseudomonas would also be able to prevent or inhibit biofilm formation on a surface . table 2 below provides candidate peptides useful for the inventive composition and method . the above are examples of pila c - terminal domains representing class i to v as defined by kus , j . v ., tullis , e ., cvitkovitch , d . g . & amp ; burrows , l . l . ( 2004 ). microbiology 150 , 1315 - 1326 . given that 1 ) all p . aeruginosa strains express a type iv pilus , that 2 ) they are capable of generating biofilms on abiotic surfaces , that 3 ) that all p . aeruginosa type iv pilins display a conserved antigenic epitope with the c - terminal disulfide loop , that 4 ) the pak c - terminal peptide sequence has been effective in preventing biofilm formation of heterologous strains expressing pilins with varied c - terminal disulfide loop sequences , and that 5 ) the synthetic peptide pak ( 128 - 144 ) ox binds to steel and inhibits biofilm formation by both homologous and heterologous strains , it is predicted that all the c - terminal disulfide sequences of all p . aeroginosa strains mediate binding to abiotic surfaces . it is further predicted that a peptide derived from this c - terminal disulfide sequences of any p . aeroginosa strain will be able to prevent or inhibit biofilm formation by either homologous or heterologous strain of pseudomonas . the sequences of pseudomonas aeruginosa pilin involved in the binding to the steel surface are compared as shown below in tables 3 and 4 . these data came from 165 different strains of clinical isolates of which 100 strains or 61 % were of the pak / pao type . it is clear that certain residues are highly conserved , for example , c at 129 , s / t at 131 , d / e at 134 , fn at 137 , p at 139 , k / n at 140 g / t at 141 , and cat 142 . as disclosed herein , certain residues in this region ( 128 - 144 ) are critical for binding to steel . for example , lysine at position 130 of pao ( 128 - 144 ) was found to be important in steel binding since the peptide pao ( 128 - 144 ) oxk130l did not bind to stainless steel . however , a single point mutation in the pao ( 128 - 144 ) ox peptide sequence can significantly enhance binding to human respiratory epithelial cells by ˜ 60 fold ( pao ( 128 - 144 ) ox has apparent ki of ˜ 12000 nm for inhibiting viable cell binding to human buccal epithelial cells while the peptide pao ( 128 - 144 ) oxk130l has an apparent ki of ˜ 38 nm ). the fact that certain amino acid residues are highly conserved among the peptides compared below and that certain amino acid residues at a given position show high prevalence in a large number of pseudomonas isolates indicates that any native peptide derived from the corresponding region ( e . g . pak128 - 144 ) of any pseudomonas pilin , particularly those of any p . aeruginosa strain , would have the steel and / or plastic binding properties ( i . e ., high binding affinity to abiotic surfaces ). it is further predicted that a synthetic peptide of approximately 10 - 14 amino acids , preferably about 14 amino acids in length , having certain representative conserved amino acids from one strain ( e . g . pak ) combined with those from another strain ( e . g . pao ) would also be useful to prevent or inhibit biofilm formation ( e . g . k - c - t - s - t - q - d - e - q - f - i - p - k - g - c - s - k , seq id no : 1 ). based on the information shown in tables 3 and 4 , the inventive peptide can have a general core sequence , k / a / s / t - c - t / k / a - s / t - d / t / n - q / v / a - d / e - e / p / a / n - q / m / k - f / y - i / t / r / l - p - k / n - g / t - c - s / d / t / q / n - k / n / d / t ( seq id no : 2 ). c the amino acid residues found in this position in these five strains represent the percent prevalence of these residues in the 100 isolated pak / pao type strains , e . g . at position 128 the four different residues ( k , a , s and t ) found in these five strains represent 100 % of the residues found at this position among all pak / pao type clinical isolates . d a boldface residues denotes a difference from the pak sequence . e the prevalence in percent is only for the four most frequent residues at this position . g these five residues account for 98 % of observed pak / pao type clinical isolates . * open boxes are identical among these five strains . shaded boxes denote conservative substitutions at the positions indicated . the sequence identifiers for the five sequences in the table are : pak ( seq id no : 3 ), pao ( seq id no : 4 ), kb7 ( seq id no : 5 ), k122 - 4pak ( seq id no : 6 ), and cd4 ( seq id no : 7 ). those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention described herein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than those specifically described . it is to be understood that the invention includes all such variations and modifications . the invention also includes all of the steps , features , compositions and compounds referred to or indicated in this specification , individually or collectively , and any and all combinations of any two or more of said steps or features . the p . aeruginosa strains used in this study were pak , pak 2pfs ( bradley , 1974 ), pak - bω , a 2 kb ω fragment containing a transcriptional terminator from php45 was inserted into the pilb gene , pak - dω , the same transcriptional terminator was inserted into the pilb gene ( koga et al ., 1993 ), pakms591 , the gentamycin cassette from a ppc110 was inserted into the flic gene ( starnbach et al ., 1992 ), paknp the tetracycline cassette from pb322 was inserted into the pila gene ( saiman et al ., 1990 ), k122 - 4 , a clinical isolate from a cystic fibrosis patient in toronto which possesses both pili and flagella ( pasloske et al ., 1988 ) and kb7 , an isolate containing both pili and flagella ( wong et al ., 1995 ). several of these strains were generously provided by dr . jessica boyd ( nrc institute for marine biosciences , halifax , nova scotia ). the strain pak 2pfs , a multi - piliated retraction deficient strain , was used for the purification of pili only and not used in experimental conditions . the phenotypes of the p . aeruginosa strains with respect to expression of pili was experimentally verified by western blotting with anti - pak pilus specific anti - sera and by direct elisa with whole cells and heat inactivated whole cells ( to determine the presence of surface exposed pili ), by the sensitivity to type iv pilus specific phage , and by monitoring the twitching motility of the strains . p . aeruginosa was routinely grown at 37 ° c . in luria - bertani broth ( lb ) or lb supplemented with 50 μg / ml tetracycline ( sigma - aldrich , st . louis , mo .) for paknp , 100 μg / ml of gentamycin for pakms591 , or 50 μg / ml of streptomycin for strains pak - bω and pak - dω . the polyclonal antibodies generated against the pak pili and associated pre - immune antisera used in this study have been reported previously ( paranchych et al ., 1979 ). biotinylation of bacteria was preformed as previously described by yu et al . ( 1996 ) with the following modifications . harvested cells were suspended in 5 ml of phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ) ( ph 6 . 8 ) with 75 μl of 20 mg / ml biotinamidocaproate n - α - hydroxysuccinimidyl ester dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide and incubated at 22 ° c . with agitation ( 200 rpm ) in a water bath shaker for 1 hr . cells were harvested by centrifugation ( 10 , 000 × g for 10 min at 4 ° c .) and washed 4 times before resuspension in 1 . 0 ml pbs , ph 6 . 8 . viable counts were performed before and after biotinylation . pak pili were purified from pak 2pfs as described previously ( paranchych et al ., 1979 ). the purity and integrity of the pili were assessed by 15 % sds - page ( sambrook et al ., 1989 ) and electron microscopy ( fig1 - c , and f ). the procedure used for the biotinylation of the purified pili has been previously described ( yu et al ., 1996 ). the ability of the biotinylated pili to bind to asialo - gm 1 and gm 1 was determined as previously described ( lee et al ., 1994 ) and the binding specificity for asialo - gm 1 was confirmed to establish the functional binding activity of the pili following biotinylation . grade 304 stainless steel 2b finish plates ( 20 gauge - 1 mm thick and 7 . 6 by 11 . 5 cm ) were washed in 95 % ethanol for 10 min , and rinsed with distilled water . immediately before the binding studies , coupons were washed with 20 ml of acetone for one min with gentle agitation and rinsed with distilled water . coupons were then assembled into a schleicher and schuell minifold ™ system ( mandel scientific inc . guelph , ontario , canada ). biotinylated viable pak cells or purified pak pili ( biotinylated or unbiotinylated ) were added ( 100 μl / well in replicates of 6 ) to the stainless steel manifold and incubated at 37 ° c . for one hr with gentle agitation . the manifold was subsequently washed 5 times with 250 μl / well buffer a ( pbs ph 7 . 4 containing 0 . 05 % bsa ). binding was assessed using either streptavidin - horseradish peroxidase ( hrp ) or polyclonal pak antibodies and secondary goat - anti - rabbit hrp ( biorad laboratories inc . hercules , calif .). substrate buffer ( 0 . 01 m sodium citrate buffer ph 4 . 2 containing 1 mm 2 , 2 ′- azino - bis -[ 3 - ethylbenzthiazoline - 6 - sulfonic acid ] diammonium salt ( abts ) ( sigma - aldrich , st . louis , mo .) and 0 . 03 % ( v / v ) hydrogen peroxide ) was added ( 125 μl / well ) and the manifolds were incubated at rt for 10 min with shaking at 150 rpm . the absorbance was determined at 405 nm using a multiskan plus version 2 . 01 plate reader following transfer of the reaction solution to 96 well flat - bottomed micro titer plates ( corning inc ., corning , n . y .). buccal epithelial cell assay was completed as described by mceachran and irvin ( 1985 ), with the following modifications . corning 24 - well tissue culture treated elisa plates were incubated with 500 μl of a 1 μg / ml poly - l - lysine solution at 75 ° c . overnight before washing for 15 minutes with pbs 3 times . gluteraldehyde ( 25 %, 125 μl / well ) was incubated for one hour at 37 ° c . wells were washed as previously stated . buccal epithelial cells , harvested from 10 healthy volunteers , were filtered through a fine ( 70 μl ) nylon mesh ( nalgene , united states plastics corp ., lima , ohio ) and added to the prepared elisa plate for overnight fixation at 37 ° c . binding studies were preformed as noted above . biotinylated viable pak whole cells or biotinylated purified pak pili were mixed with 50 μl of a 10 − 2 dilution of pilus specific antibody ( note that all antibodies were initially set to the same titer via an elisa employing purified pili as an antigen ) or pre - immune rabbit sera in pbs buffer , ph 7 . 4 , with a vortex mixer and incubated for one hour at 37 ° c . the cell or pili mixture was utilized for binding assays as previously described ( yu et al ., 1996 ). concentrations of biotinylated pak cells or biotinylated pak pili ranged from zero to 3 . 0 × 10 16 cfu / ml and zero to 1 . 5 μg / ml respectively . the steel surface was washed five times with buffer a , incubated with 100 μl of either a rabbit anti - igg hrp , for the polyclonal antibody or mouse anti - igg hrp for the monoclonal antibodies . after an one hour incubation at 37 ° c ., the steel surface was washed as described , and abts substrate solution ( 125 μl / well ) was added for 15 minutes . the two pilus specific antibodies used in this study , a polyclonal anti - pak pili antibody ( lee et al ., 1989 ), and monoclonal antibody pk99h ( doig et al ., 1990 ) have been previously described . rabbit pre - immune serum , which had previously been determined to be free of anti - pseudomonas aeruginosa antibodies by elisa , was utilized as a control . the peptides described in table 1 were synthesized as the n - α - acetylated free carboxyl form , except for pak ( 134 - 140 ) which was synthesized as the n - α - acetylated and c - terminal amide form , by solid - phase peptide synthesis and purified by reversed - phase hplc as previously reported ( wong et al ., 1992 ; wong et al ., 1995 ). peptides containing two cysteine residues were air oxidized to generate the di - sulfide bridged form of the peptide with di - sulfide formation being experimentally confirmed ( campbell et al ., 1995 ). synthetic peptides pak ( 128 - 144 ) ox , pak ( 117 - 125 ), pak ( 134 - 140 ), pao ( 128 - 144 ) ox , pak ( 128 - 144 ) oxt130l , pao ( 128 - 144 ) ox_scrambled and pao ( 128 - 144 ) c129a / c142a_scrambled were dissolved in buffer a and incubated with either 10 15 cfu / ml biotinylated viable pakwt cells or 0 . 75 μg / ml of biotinylated purified pak pili such that the final peptide concentration ranged from 51 nm to 51 μm . the samples were then utilized directly in a steel surface binding assay as described above . bovine serum albumin ( bsa ) ( biotech grade , fisher scientific inc ., pittsburgh , pa .) was dissolved in pbs ph 7 . 4 , and heat denatured by boiling in a water bath for 1 hr . trypsin ( 50 μl of a 1 mg / ml solution ) was then added to a 10 mg / ml heat denatured bsa solution and incubated at rt overnight with gentle agitation . trypsin was heat inactivated via boiling water bath for 1 hr before use in competitive peptide inhibition assays as listed above . to confirm that the pilin receptor binding domain was directly interacting with the steel surface rather than indirectly inhibiting cell or pilus binding to steel , direct binding of the synthetic receptor binding domain was assessed . the binding of the synthetic peptides to steel was determined by a modified immuno - assay that has been previously described ( yu et al ., 1996 ). synthetic peptides pak ( 128 - 144 ) ox and pak ( 134 - 140 ) were prepared in buffer a ( 0 - 51 μm ). the peptides were then added directly to wells ( 100 μl / well in replicates of 6 ) formed on the steel surface and incubated for one hour at 37 ° c . without agitation . following five washes with buffer a ( 250 pl / well ), a 1 : 5000 dilution of pk99h was added to each well ( 100 pl / well ) and incubated for one hour , and washed as described . secondary antibody goat anti rabbit igg hrp ( 100 μl / well of a 1 : 3000 dilution ) was added and again incubated for one hour . abts substrate solution was added ( 125 μl / well ) and allowed to incubate for 25 minutes before the absorbance at 405 nm was determined as described . stainless steel plates , prepared and utilized in bacterial binding studies as described above , were incubated in 1 mm acridine orange stain for one minute , and thoroughly rinsed with distilled water . coupons were visualized using a leitz laborlux k microscope equipped with a msp4 camera , and 40 . times . neoflour lens with epifluorescent illumination . micrographs were recorded with kodak colormax 35 mm film , processed and digitally scanned immediately after film processing . when a markush group or other grouping is used herein , all individual members of the group and all combinations and subcombinations possible of the group are intended to be individually included in the disclosure . when a compound is described herein such that a particular isomer or enantiomer of the compound is not specified , for example , in a formula or in a chemical name , that description is intended to include each isomers and enantiomer of the compound described individual or in any combination . many of the molecules disclosed herein contain one or more ionizable groups from which a proton can be removed ( e . g ., — cooh ) or added ( e . g ., amines ) or which can be quaternized ( e . g ., amines ). all possible ionic forms of such molecules and salts thereof are intended to be included individually in the disclosure herein . with regard to salts of the compounds herein , one of ordinary skill in the art can select from among a wide variety of available counterions those that are appropriate for preparation of salts of this invention for a given application . every formulation or combination of components described or exemplified herein can be used to practice the invention , unless otherwise stated . whenever a range is given in the specification , for example , a temperature range , a time range , or a composition or concentration range , all intermediate ranges and subranges , as well as all individual values included in the ranges given are intended to be included in the disclosure . all patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains . references cited herein are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety to indicate the state of the art as of their filing date and it is intended that this information can be employed herein , if needed , to exclude specific embodiments that are in the prior art . for example , when a compound is claimed , it should be understood that compounds known and available in the art prior to applicant &# 39 ; s invention , including compounds for which an enabling disclosure is provided in the references cited herein , are not intended to be included in the composition of matter claims herein . as used herein , “ comprising ” is synonymous with “ including ,” “ containing ,” or “ characterized by ,” and is inclusive or open - ended and does not exclude additional , unrecited elements or method steps . as used herein , “ consisting of ” excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claim element . as used herein , “ consisting essentially of ” does not exclude materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claim . in each instance herein any of the terms “ comprising ”, “ consisting essentially of ” and “ consisting of ” may be replaced with either of the other two terms . the invention illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element or elements , limitation or limitations which is not specifically disclosed herein . one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that starting materials , reagents , solid substrates , synthetic methods , purification methods , and analytical methods other than those specifically exemplified can be employed in the practice of the invention without resort to undue experimentation . all art - known functional equivalents , of any such materials and methods are intended to be included in this invention . the terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation , and there is no intention that in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof , but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed . thus , it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features , modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art , and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims . all references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the extent that there is no inconsistency with the disclosure of this specification . some references provided herein are incorporated by reference to provide details concerning sources of starting materials , additional starting materials , additional reagents , additional methods of synthesis , additional methods of analysis and additional uses of the invention . arnold , j . w ., boothe , d . h ., suzuki , o ., and bailey , g . w . 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