Patent Application: US-201314415078-A

Abstract:
- 2 -- phenol , 2 - quinolin - 2 - yl - ylethynyl - phenol and salts thereof are useful as medicaments , especially for treatment of an angiogenesis - related disease or disorder .

Description:
the regioisomers of 11b , with the — oh functionality in different locations , were prepared by condensing 2 - methylquino line with the corresponding hydroxybenzaldehyde in acetic anhydride as solvent followed by basic hydrolysis of the resulting acetates ( scheme 1 ). all analogues of 11b were made as both the free base and its hcl salt . the single bond analogues were prepared by hydrogenating the acetylated alkene compounds over a catalytical amount of palladium metal on carbon under an atmosphere of hydrogen . after hydrolysis to remove the acetate the desire products were formed in high yields ( scheme 3 ). bromination of the acetylated alkene , followed by base induced elimination yielded the acetyl protected alkynes ( scheme 4 ). the alkynes are then converted into hcl salts . the 2 , 5 -, 3 , 5 -, 2 , 4 -, and 3 , 4 - dihydroxy analogues were prepare from condensation of the appropriate dihydroxy benzaldehyde compound with 2 - methylquinoline followed by hydrolysis ( scheme 5 ). quinoline analogues of 11b are made by a cis - selective hydrogenation of the corresponding acetylated alkyne , using the lindlar catalyst , followed by hydrolysis . the compound with a methyl group on the double bond has been synthesised by converting 2 - methylquinoline into 2 - ethylquinoline followed by condensation with salicylic aldehyde and hydrolysis ( scheme 6 ). sec - butyllithium ( 1 . 3 m in cyclohexane , 19 . 3 ml , 25 . 1 mmol , 1 . 2 eq .) was added dropwise to a 0 ° c . solution of 2 - methylquinoline ( 2 . 84 ml , 3 . 0 g , 21 . 0 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .) in dry diethyl ether ( 75 ml ). after the addition was complete the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at r . t . for 1 . 5 h . the reaction mixture was cooled to 0 ° c . and methyl iodide ( 1 . 96 ml , 4 . 46 g , 31 . 4 mmol , 1 . 5 eq .) was added dropwise . after the addition was complete the cooling bath was removed and the reaction was stirred at r . t . for 3 h . water ( 50 ml ) was added and the layers were separated . the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 2 × 30 ml ). the combined organic extracts were washed with brine ( 50 ml ) and were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure which gave the crude product ( 4 . 82 g ) as an orange oil . the crude product was purified by column chromatography ( sio 2 , 1 : 5 ethyl acetate - cyclohexane ) which yielded the product ( 3 . 03 g , 92 % yield ) as a clear yellow oil ; 1 h nmr ( 500 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 1 . 41 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 3h , ch 3 ), 3 . 01 ( q , j = 7 . 5 hz , 2h , ch 2 ), 7 . 31 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 48 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 68 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 77 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 8 . 04 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 8 . 07 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ). 2 - ethylquinoline ( 1 . 57 g , 10 . 0 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .) and 2 - hydroxybenzaldehyde ( 1 . 06 ml , 1 . 22 g , 10 . 0 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .) were dissolved in acetic anhydride ( 1 . 89 ml , 2 . 04 g , 20 . 0 mmol , 2 . 0 eq .). the resulting mixture was heated at 150 ° c . for 16 h . the mixture was allowed to cool down to r . t . and was poured onto water ( 100 ml ) and was stirred vigorously . the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 30 ml ). the combined organic extracts were washed with brine ( 25 ml ), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure which gave the crude product ( 3 . 63 g ) as a clear orange oil . the crude product was purified by column chromatography ( sio 2 , 1 : 5 ethyl acetate - cyclohexane ) twice , which yielded the product ( 2 . 22 g , 73 % yield ) as a clear colourless oil . aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 5 %, 8 . 8 g ), followed by water ( 88 ml ) were added to a stirred solution of ( e )- 2 -( 2 -( quinolin - 2 - yl ) prop - 1 - enyl ) phenyl acetate ( 2 . 2 g , 7 . 3 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .) in ethanol ( 110 ml ). the resulting mixture was heated at 100 ° c . for 10 min . the mixture was allowed to cool down a little and the ph was adjusted to 7 . 0 by careful addition of aqueous hydrochloric acid ( 10 %). the mixture was allowed to cool down to r . t . and was then placed in a freezer (− 18 ° c .) over night . the precipitation formed was isolated by filtration yielding the product ( 1 . 35 g , 71 %) as a tan solid ; 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 2 . 38 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 6 . 87 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 6 . 92 ( d , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 16 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 36 ( d , j = 7 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 56 ( t , j = 7 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 61 ( s , 1h , c ═ ch ), 7 . 74 ( t , j = 7 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 95 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 2h , ar ), 8 . 00 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 8 . 34 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 9 . 66 ( br s , 1h , oh ). a solution of hydrochloric acid ( 2 . 0 m in diethyl ether , 0 . 19 ml , 0 . 38 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .) was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of ( e )- 2 -( 2 -( quinolin - 2 - yl ) prop - 1 - enyl ) phenol ( 100 mg , 0 . 38 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .) in dry diethyl ether ( 5 ml ). the mixture was stirred at r . t . for 30 min and was filtered . the solids were washed with diethyl ether ( 2 × 5 ml ) and were dried under reduced pressure yielding the product ( 90 mg , 80 % yield ) as a bright yellow solid ; 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 2 . 41 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 6 . 89 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 6 . 94 ( d , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 20 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 39 ( d , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 64 ( s , 1h , c ═ ch ), 7 . 72 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 92 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 8 . 13 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 2h , ar ), 8 . 27 ( d , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 8 . 71 ( d , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 9 . 88 ( br s , 1h , oh ). nmr data is also provided in the graphs fig3 to 35 . quinaldine ( 2 . 84 ml , 3 . 00 g , 21 . 0 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .) and 2 - hydroxybenzaldehyde ( 2 . 23 ml , 2 . 56 g , 21 . 0 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .) were dissolved in acetic anhydride ( 25 ml ). the resulting mixture was heated at 130 ° c . for 16 h . the mixture was allowed to cool down to r . t . and was poured onto water ( 150 ml ) and was stirred vigorously . the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 75 ml ). the combined organic extracts were washed with saturated aqueous ammonium acetate ( 2 × 75 ml ) and brine ( 75 ml ), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure which gave the crude product as a red oil . the crude product was purified by column chromatography ( sio 2 , 1 : 4 ethyl acetate - cyclohexane ) which yielded the product ( 5 . 88 g , 97 % yield ) as a clear yellow oil which crystallised upon standing . 1 . a solution of bromine ( 1 . 09 ml , 3 . 40 g , 21 . 3 mmol , 1 . 1 eq .) in acetic acid ( 3 . 0 ml ) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of ( e )- 2 -( 2 -( quinolin - 2 - yl ) vinyl ) phenyl acetate ( 5 . 60 g , 19 . 4 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .) in acetic acid ( 27 ml ). the resulting mixture was heated at 120 ° c . for 1 h . the reaction was allowed to cool down to r . t . the reaction mixture was poured onto water ( 150 ml ). the ph was adjusted to 7 . 0 by careful addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 2 m ). the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 100 ml ) and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine ( 100 ml ), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure which yielded a red viscous oil . the oil was dissolved in acetic anhydride ( 30 ml ) and the mixture was stirred at r . t . for 14 h . the reaction mixture was poured onto water ( 150 ml ) and the ph was carefully adjusted to 7 . 0 . the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 100 ml ) and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine ( 10 ml ). the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and was concentrated under reduced pressure which gave a red semi - solid . the crude product was purified by column chromatography ( sio 2 , 1 : 3 ethyl acetate - toluene ) which gave the product ( 5 . 64 g ) as a mixture of monobrominated compounds which was used without any further purification in the next step . 2 . 1 , 8 - diazabicyclo [ 5 . 4 . 0 ] undec - 7 - ene ( 4 . 58 ml , 4 . 66 g , 30 . 6 mmol , 2 . 0 eq .) was added to a stirred solution of monobrominated 2 -( quinolin - 2 - ylethynyl ) phenyl acetate ( 5 . 64 g , 15 . 3 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .) in tetrahydrofuran ( 75 ml ). the resulting mixture was heated at 80 ° c . for 4 h . the mixture was poured on water ( 200 ml ) containing concentrated hydrochloric acid ( 37 % in water , 1 . 55 g , 15 . 3 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .). the ph of the mixture was adjusted to 7 . 0 and was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 75 ml ). the combined organic extracts were washed with brine ( 75 ml ), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure . the residue was dissolved in acetic anhydride ( 30 ml ) and the mixture was stirred at r . t . for 18 h . the reaction mixture was poured onto water ( 150 ml ) and the ph was adjusted to 7 . 0 by careful addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 5 %). the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 75 ml ). the combined organic extracts were washed with brine ( 100 ml ), dried over sodium sulfate and were concentrated under reduced pressure which gave the crude product as a viscous red oil . the crude product was purified by column chromatography ( sio 2 , 1 : 9 ethyl acetate - toluene ) yielding the product ( 2 . 02 g , 36 % yield ) as an orange oil ; 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 2 . 44 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 7 . 32 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 39 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 56 ( t , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 66 ( t , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 69 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 76 ( d , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 83 ( t , j = 7 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 8 . 02 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 8 . 03 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 8 . 44 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ). potassium carbonate ( 0 . 48 g , 3 . 48 mmol , 2 . 0 eq .) was added to a stirred solution of 2 -( quinolin - 2 - ylethynyl ) phenyl acetate ( 0 . 50 g , 1 . 74 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .) in a 1 : 1 mixture of methanol - water ( 10 ml ). the resulting mixture was stirred at r . t . for 3 h . the reaction was poured onto water ( 50 ml ) and the ph was adjusted to 7 . 0 by careful addition of aqueous hydrochloric acid ( 10 %). the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 25 ml ). the combined organic extracts were washed with brine ( 25 ml ), dried over sodium sulfate and were concentrated under reduced pressure yielding the product ( 0 . 42 g , 95 %) as a pale yellow solid ; 1 h nmr ( 500 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 6 . 87 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 6 . 97 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 30 ( t , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 50 ( d , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 63 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 69 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 81 ( t , j = 7 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 8 . 00 ( d , j = 7 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 8 . 01 ( d , j = 7 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 8 . 40 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 10 . 23 ( s , 1h , oh ). a solution of hydrochloric acid ( 2 . 0 m in diethyl ether , 0 . 40 ml , 0 . 82 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .) was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of 2 -( quinolin - 2 - ylethynyl ) phenol ( 200 mg , 0 . 82 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .) in dry diethyl ether ( 10 ml ). the mixture was stirred at r . t . for 30 min and was filtered . the solids were washed with diethyl ether ( 3 × 5 ml ) and were dried under reduced pressure yielding the product ( 197 mg , 85 % yield ) as a bright yellow solid ; 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 6 . 89 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 03 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 33 ( t , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 54 ( d , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 71 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 81 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 7 . 90 ( t , j = 7 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 8 . 09 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 8 . 10 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h , ar ), 8 . 59 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h , ar ), 10 . 42 ( br s , 1h , oh ). nmr data is also provided in the graphs fig3 to 38 . in an autoclave , 2 -( quinolin - 2 - ylethynyl ) phenyl acetate ( 0 . 40 g , 1 . 4 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .) was dissolved in degassed toluene ( 15 ml ). lindlar catalyst ( 5 % pd on caco 3 , 80 mg ) was added and the vessel was sealed . the mixture was hydrogenated under 4 bar pressure for 9 h at r . t . the mixture was filtered through a pad of celite to remove the pd catalyst and concentrated under reduced pressure which gave the crude product . the product was purified by column chromatography ( sio 2 , 98 . 75 : 1 : 0 . 25 dichloromethane - methanol - ammonia ) which yielded the product ( 0 . 12 g , 30 % yield ) as a tan solid . ( z )- 2 -( 2 -( quinolin - 2 - yl ) vinyl ) phenyl acetate ( 0 . 12 g , 0 . 41 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .) was suspended in a mixture of methanol ( 2 ml ) and water ( 2 ml ). aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 5 m , 1 ml ) was added and the mixture was stirred at 50 ° c . for 30 min . the ph was adjusted to 6 . 5 by careful addition of aqueous hydrochloric acid ( 2 m ). the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × ml ), and the combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure which yielded the product ( 40 mg , 35 %) as a yellow solid . ( z )- 2 -( 2 -( quinolin - 2 - yl ) vinyl ) phenol hydrochloride . nmr data is presented in fig4 . a solution of hydrochloric acid ( 2 . 0 m in diethyl ether , 0 . 12 ml , 0 . 24 mmol , 2 . 0 eq .) was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of ( z )- 2 -( 2 -( quinolin - 2 - yl ) vinyl ) phenol ( 30 mg , 0 . 12 mmol , 1 . 0 eq .) in dry diethyl ether ( 3 ml ). the mixture was stirred at r . t . for 30 min and was filtered . the solids were washed with diethyl ether ( 2 × 1 ml ) and were dried under reduced pressure yielding the product ( 36 mg , 99 % yield ) as a bright yellow solid . nmr data is presented in fig4 and 42 . nmr data is presented in fig4 and 44 . nmr data is presented in fig4 and 46 . reference 1 : homology modeling and site - directed mutagenesis to identify selective inhibitors of endothelin - converting enzyme - 2 . gagnidze k , sachchidanand , rozenfeld r , mezei m , zhou m m , devi l a . j med chem . 2008 jun . 26 ; 51 ( 12 ): 3378 - 87 . reference 2 : spectral and photochemical properties of hydroxylated 2 - styrylquino line derivatives . budyka , m . f ., potashova , n . i ., gavrishova , t . n ., lee , v . m . high energy chemistry . july 2011 , vol . 45 issue 4 , p 281 - 286 . reference 3 : high energy chemistry . july 2011 , vol . 45 issue 4 , p 273 - 280 . quantum - chemical study of photoisomerization and photoinduced proton transfer in hydroxystyrylquinolines . budyka , m . f . reference : j med chem . 1992 oct . 16 ; 35 ( 21 ): 3832 - 44 . development of a novel series of styrylquino line compounds as high - affinity leukotriene d4 receptor antagonists : synthetic and structure - activity studies leading to the discovery of (+-)- 3 -[[[ 3 -[ 2 -( 7 - chloro - 2 - quinolinyl )-( e )- ethenyl ] phenyl ][[ 3 -( dimethylamino )- 3 - oxopropyl ] thio ] methyl ] thio ] propionic acid . zamboni r , belley m , champion e , charette l , dehaven r , frenette r , gauthier j y , jones t r , leger s , masson p , et al . reference 1 . a catalyst - free benzylic c — h bond olefination of azaarenes for direct mannich - like reactions yan , yizhe ; xu , kun ; fang , yang ; wang , zhiyong journal of organic chemistry ( 2011 ), 76 ( 16 ), 6849 - 6855 . reference 2 . photophysics and excited - state proton transfer of 2 ′- hydroxy - 2 - trans - styrylquinoline wang , shun - li ; yeh , tzu - wei ; ho , tong - ing chemical physics letters ( 2006 ), 418 ( 4 - 6 ), 397 - 401 . reference 3 . ir -, 1h - nmr - and tlc examination of new 2 - styrylquinolines with antibacterial activity chervenkov , s . k . ; pavlov , a . i . ; slavova , s . t . analytical letters ( 1995 ), 28 ( 1 ), 59 - 70 . reference 4 . di - and tri - methoxystyryl derivatives of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds bahner , c . t . ; rives , l . m . ; mcgaha , s . w . ; rutledge , d . ; ford , d . ; gooch , e . ; westberry , d . ; ziegler , d . ; ziegler , r . arzneimittel - forschung ( 1981 ), 31 ( 3 ), 404 - 6 . reference 1 , experimental and quantum chemical investigation of photochemical properties of a covalently bound bis ( styrylquinoline ) dyad budyka , m . f . ; potashova , n . i . ; gavrishova , t . n . ; lee , v . m . high energy chemistry ( 2012 ), 46 ( 5 ), 309 - 322 . reference 2 . energy transfer , fluorescence and photoisomerization of styrylquinoline - naphthol dyads with dioxypolymethylene bridges budyka , mikhayl f . ; sadykova , kristina f . ; gavrishova , tatiana n . journal of photochemistry and photobiology , a : chemistry ( 2012 ), 241 , 38 - 44 . reference 3 . spectral - luminescent properties of the dioxytetramethylene - bridged naphthol - styrylquinoline dyad budyka , m . f . ; sadykova , k . f . ; gavrishova , t . n . ; gak , v . yu . high energy chemistry ( 2012 ), 46 ( 1 ), 38 - 43 . reference 4 . a general protocol for the solvent - and catalyst - free synthesis of 2 - styrylquinolines under focused microwave irradiation staderini , matteo ; cabezas , nieves ; bolognesi , maria laura ; menendez , j . carlos synlett ( 2011 ), ( 17 ), 2577 - 2579 . reference 5 . a catalyst - free benzylic c — h bond olefination of azaarenes for direct mannich - like reactions yan , yizhe ; xu , kun ; fang , yang ; wang , zhiyong journal of organic chemistry ( 2011 ), 76 ( 16 ), 6849 - 6855 . reference 6 . highly enantioselective iridium - catalyzed hydrogenation of 2 - benzylquinolines and 2 - functionalized and 2 , 3 - disubstituted quinolines wang , da - wei ; wang , xiao - bing ; wang , duo - sheng ; lu , sheng - mei ; zhou , yong - gui ; li , yu - xue journal of organic chemistry ( 2009 ), 74 ( 7 ), 2780 - 2787 . reference 7 . substituent effects on intramolecular charge - transfer behavior of styrylheterocycles wang , s .- l . ; ho , t .- i . journal of photochemistry and photobiology , a : chemistry ( 2000 ), 135 ( 2 - 3 ), 119 - 126 . reference 8 . compositions and methods for treating bone deficit conditions orme , mark w . ; baindur , nand ; robbins , kirk g . ; et al . pct int . appl . ( 1998 ), wo 9817267 a1 19980430 . reference 9 . preparation of ( hetero ) aromatic compounds for treating bone deficit conditions . petrie , charles ; orme , mark w . ; baindur , nand ; robbins , kirk g . ; harris , scott m . ; kontoyianni , maria ; hurley , laurence h . ; kerwin , sean m . ; mundy , gregory r . pct int . appl . ( 1997 ), wo 9715308 a1 19970501 . reference 1 . synthesis and antifungal activity of diverse c - 2 pyridinyl and pyridinylvinyl substituted quinolines kouznetsov , vladimir v . ; melendez gomez , carlos m . ; derita , marcos g . ; svetaz , laura ; del olmo , esther ; zacchino , susana a . bioorganic & amp ; medicinal chemistry ( 2012 ), 20 ( 21 ), 6506 - 6512 . reference 2 . microwave - assisted solvent - free synthesis of 2 - styrylquinolines in the presence of zinc chloride li , v . m . ; gavrishova , t . n . ; budyka , m . f . russian journal of organic chemistry ( 2012 ), 48 ( 6 ), 823 - 828 . reference 3 . development of a novel series of styrylquinoline compounds as high - affinity leukotriene d4 receptor antagonists : synthetic and structure - activity studies leading to the discovery of (±)- 3 -[[[ 3 -[ 2 -( 7 - chloro - 2 - quinolinyl )-( e )- ethenyl ] phenyl ][[ 3 -( dimethylamino )- 3 - oxopropyl ] thio ] methyl ] thio ] propionic acid . zamboni , r . ; belley , m . ; champion , e . ; charette , l . ; dehaven , r . ; frenette , r . ; gauthier , j . y . ; jones , t . r . ; leger , s . ; et al . journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1992 ), 35 ( 21 ), 3832 - 44 . reference 1 . contribution to investigation of antimicrobial activity of styrylquinolines cieslik , wioleta ; musiol , robert ; nycz , jacek e . ; jampilek , josef ; vejsova , marcela ; wolff , mariusz ; machura , barbara ; polanski , jaroslaw bioorganic & amp ; medicinal chemistry ( 2012 ), 20 ( 24 ), 6960 - 6968 . reference 1 . contribution to investigation of antimicrobial activity of styrylquinolines . cieslik , wioleta ; musiol , robert ; nycz , jacek e . ; jampilek , josef ; vejsova , marcela ; wolff , mariusz ; machura , barbara ; polanski , jaroslaw . bioorganic & amp ; medicinal chemistry ( 2012 ), 20 ( 24 ), 6960 - 6968 . reference 2 . microwave - assisted solvent - free synthesis of 2 - styrylquinolines in the presence of zinc chloride . li , v . m . ; gavrishova , t . n . ; budyka , m . f . russian journal of organic chemistry ( 2012 ), 48 ( 6 ), 823 - 828 . reference 3 . quantum - chemical study of photoisomerization and photoinduced proton transfer in hydroxystyrylquinolines . budyka , m . f . high energy chemistry ( 2011 ), 45 ( 4 ), 273 - 280 . reference 4 . spectral and photochemical properties of hydroxylated 2 - styrylquinoline derivatives . budyka , m . f . ; potashova , n . i . ; gavrishova , t . n . ; lee , v . m . high energy chemistry ( 2011 ), 45 ( 4 ), 281 - 286 . reference 5 . homology modeling and site - directed mutagenesis to identify selective inhibitors of endothelin - converting enzyme - 2 . gagnidze , khatuna ; sachchidanand ; rozenfeld , raphael ; mezei , mihaly ; zhou , ming - ming ; devi , lakshmi a . journal of medicinal chemistry ( 2008 ), 51 ( 12 ), 3378 - 3387 . reference 6 . photophysics and excited - state proton transfer of 2 ′- hydroxy - 2 - trans - styrylquinoline . wang , shun - li ; yeh , tzu - wei ; ho , tong - ing . chemical physics letters ( 2006 ), 418 ( 4 - 6 ), 397 - 401 . reference 7 . development of a novel series of styrylquinoline compounds as high - affinity leukotriene d4 receptor antagonists : synthetic and structure - activity studies leading to the discovery of (±)- 3 -[[[ 3 -[ 2 -( 7 - chloro - 2 - quinolinyl )-( e )- ethenyl ] phenyl ][[ 3 -( dimethylamino )- 3 - oxopropyl ] thio ] methyl ] thio ] propionic acid . zamboni , r . ; belley , m . ; champion , e . ; charette , l . ; dehaven , r . ; frenette , r . ; gauthier , j . y . ; jones , t . r . ; leger , s . ; et al . journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1992 ), 35 ( 21 ), 3832 - 44 . the individual enantiomers of 11f - 522 were synthesised by first generating the racemic tetrahydroisoquinoline precursor via a pictet - spengler reaction . the obtained material was split into two halves which were combined with one enantiomer of tartaric acid each . the resulting salts were recyrstallised twice and the tartaric acid remove by treatment with base yielding both enantiomers of the precursors of 11f - 522 . the intermediates were then methylated using an eshweiler - clark reaction yielding both enantiomers of 11f - 522 ( scheme 9 ). the optical purity was determined by measuring the optical rotation of the compounds . the analogues with different substituents on the nitrogen were all derived from the compound formed from the pictet - spengler reaction between 2 -( 3 , 4 - dimethoxyphenyl ) ethylamine and piperonal by either alkylating or acetylating followed by reduction of the amine ( scheme 10 ). the analogues with varied substitutions on the aromatic ring as outlined below were all prepared via an initial pictet - spengler reaction between the appropriate amine and aldehyde followed by an eschweiler - clark methylation ( scheme 11 ). we have identified small molecule compounds that exhibit an anti - angiogenic effect , in vivo . the anti - angiogenic compounds may be used to treat inappropriate blood vessel formation ( neovascularisation ) such as the neovascularisation associated with debilitating forms of human blindness , including age - related macular degeneration ( amd ) and diabetic retinopathy ( dr ). additionally , these compounds may have therapeutic benefits in cancer , by cutting off the blood supply to tumours or by inhibiting the secretion of angiogenic and / or inflammatory factors from a tumour . the compound may be administered to patients with diseases characterised by neovascularisation such as forms of progressive blindness that would benefit from stunting the growth of inappropriate new blood vessels , or cancer patients in which tumour growth can be halted by cutting off blood supply or by inhibiting the secretion of angiogenic and / or inflammatory factors from the tumour . the anti - angiogenic compounds described herein have the potential to offer patients effective , easily administered , safe and cost - effective treatments to prevent vision loss and tumour growth the compounds described herein effectively inhibit new vessel growth . in the case of anti - angiogenic treatments for the eye , the compounds have the potential to be administered in the conventional manner as an injection or as eye drops as their small chemical size facilitates absorption from the cornea , unlike antibodies which require intravitreal injection . similar - sized small molecules have been shown to exhibit anti - angiogenic efficacy in the eye upon topical administration ( doukas et al ., 2008 ). topical administration of the compound , such as through eye drops , will eliminate the repeated injections that are required for the administration vegf antibodies will reduce the safety risks associated with repeated intra vitreal injections . furthermore , small molecule compounds will be cheaper to manufacture than antibodies and unlike antibodies , no potentially hazardous biological components are required to synthesise the compounds which will reduce the manufacturing costs and regulatory safety requirements . we have used the zebrafish model as an in vivo screen of chemical compounds as the small size and transparency of the zebra fish enables high - content screens in multi - well plate formats ( macrae and peterson , 2003 ; pichler et al ., 2003 ; peterson et al ., 2004 ; den hertog , 2005 ; zon and peterson , 2005 ). furthermore , many drugs have been shown to have comparable actions in humans and zebrafish including aspirin , warfarin , l - name , carbachol and diazepam ( goldsmith , 2004 ). to identify anti - angiogenic compounds we used a transgenic line of zebrafish that expresses a fluorescent reporter ( egfp ) specifically in vasculature ( tg ( fli1 : efgp )). this line was obtained from the zebrafish international resource center . our assay involved screening the effect of compounds on the development of blood vessels in zebrafish . specifically , we looked at the integrity of vessels developing in the eye ( hyaloid vessels attached to the lens ) and in the trunk . from these screens we have identified compounds that exhibited reproducible anti - angiogenic activity in vivo . our characterisation of compounds was based on significant inhibition of hyaloid vessel formation in terms of pattern or primary branch number . the invention will be more clearly understood from the following examples thereof . the following compounds were screened in the zebrafish model as described in examples 1 and 2 below . the chemical structures of the 11b series of compounds are shown in fig1 and 29 . the chemical structures of the 11f - 522 series of compounds are shown in fig2 . the chemical structures of compounds 4h , 11a and 11c are shown in fig2 . all experiments were carried out under ethical approval granted by the ucd animal research ethics committee . tail : egfp ) zebrafish were maintained according to standard procedures on a 14 hr light / 10 hr dark cycle at 28 ° c . embryos were obtained by natural spawning and developmental stages established by time and morphological criteria . at 24 hours post fertilisation ( hpf ), 5 embryos per well were placed in 400 μl of embryo medium / 0 . 1 % dmso and incubated with compound ( typically , 10 μm or 5 μm ) at 28 ° c . on a 14 h light / 10 h dark cycle . larvae were euthanised , and fixed in 4 % pfa at 4 ° c . overnight before analysis . prior to analysis of the intraocular vasculature , the control and treated larvae were observed under an olympus szx16 stereo zoom microscope and screened for general malformations . overall patterning of the vasculature ( fin , gut and intersegmental vessels ) was examined for abnormalities . right lenses were dissected from the larvae and transferred to depression slides for observation under epi - fluorescence in the olympus szx16 . patterning of the hyaloid vessels on the treated larval lenses was compared to dmso controls and the archetypal pattern previously described ( alvarez et al ., 2007 ; alvarez et al ., 2009 ). the number of primary vessels radiating from the back of the lens ( 3 - 4 main branches at 5 dpf in controls and previously described ), was counted and the average number was graphed for each drug . compounds 11b - 739 , 11b - 438 , 11b - 074 , 11b - 471 , 11b - 268 , 11b - 814 , 11b_cc2 , 11b_cc2_hcl , 11b_cc4_hcl , 11b_cc5 , 11b_cc5_hcl , 11b_cc11 , 11b_cc11_hcl , 11b_cc16 , 11b_cc16_hcl , 11f - 001 , 11f978 , 11f - 708 , 11f - cc10 and 11c , 11b_z and 11b_z_hcl inhibit developmental angiogenesis of the zebrafish hyaloid vasculature in a statistically significant manner ( fig1 , fig1 , fig1 , fig2 and fig2 , fig2 , fig2 , and fig2 ). at 6 hours post fertilisation , 5 embryos per well were placed in 400 μl of embryo medium / 0 . 1 % dmso and incubated with 10 μm compound at 28 ° c . on a 14 h light / 10 h dark cycle . larvae were manually dechorionated , euthanised , and fixed in 4 % pfa at 4 ° c . overnight before analysis . the larvae were then washed with pbs and transferred to depression slides for observation under epi - fluorescence in an olympus szx16 fluorescent microscope . the number of intersegmental vessels was counted and the average number was graphed for each drug . compounds 11b - 470 , 11b - 438 , 11b - 736 , 11b - 471 , 11b - 412 , 11b_cc2 , 11b_cc2_hcl , 11b_cc3_hcl , 11b_cc4_hcl , 11b_cc5_hcl , 11b_cc11 , 11b_cc11 - hcl , 11b_cc12 , 11b_cc15 , 11b_cc15_hcl , 11b_cc16 , 11b_cc16_hcl , 11a , 11c and , 4h , 11b_z and 11b_z_hcl inhibit developmental angiogenesis of zebrafish intersegmental vessels in a statistically significant manner ( fig1 , fig1 and fig1 , fig2 and fig2 ). postnatal day ( p ) 7 c57bl / 6j mice together with their dams were treated in 75 % oxygen ( hyperoxia ) for 5 days causing regression of retinal blood vessels . they were returned to normoxia ( relative hypoxia ) on p12 , causing rapid regrowth of the retinal blood vessels . 5 μm 11b_cc11_hcl , 5 μm 11b_cc16_hcl , 5 μm pazopanib or 2 . 5 mg / ml avastin was injected intravitreally on p13 . the mice were culled on p17 , eyes fixed in 4 % paraformaldehyde at 4 ° c . overnight , flat mounted and retinas stained for isolectin ( red , stains vasculature ). ( a ) the flat - mounted retinas were imaged and avascular region quantified and expressed as a percentage of the whole retina ( b ) graph showing that 11b_cc11_hcl and 11b_cc16_hcl inhibit neovascularisation compared to p17 control . quantification of human oe33p and oe33r cell number after 24 hours drug treatment oe33p radio - sensitive and oe33r radio - resistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the compounds 11b hcl , 11b cc11 hcl , 11b cc16 hcl , 11b 471 and 11b 268 on cell number . cells were maintained in rpmi media supplemented with 10 % foetal calf serum , penicillin ( 100 u / ml ) and streptomycin ( 100 μg / ml ). a total of 11 , 000 or 13 , 000 cells , in 100 μl media , were seeded per well in 24 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours , with an additional 150 μl media added after 5 hours . the media was replaced with solutions containing μm of 11b hcl , 11b cc11 hcl , 11b cc16 hcl , 11b 471 , 11b 268 or fresh media as a control . each drug had 6 replicates . after 24 hours of treatment , the cells were fixed with 1 % glutaraldehyde for 15 minutes and then stained with crystal violet for 30 minutes . the plates were blotted and dried overnight . the cells were resuspended with 1 % tritonx - 100 and shaken for 15 minutes . the absorbance was read on a spectrophotometer at 590 nm . quantification of glycolysis in human oe33p and oe33r cells in vitro oe33p radio - sensitive and oe33r radio - resistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of compounds 11b hcl , 11b cc11 hcl , 11b cc16 hcl , 11b 471 and 11b 268 on glycolysis . cells were maintained in rpmi media supplemented with 10 % foetal calf serum , penicillin ( 100 u / ml ) and streptomycin ( 100 μg / ml ). a total of 11 , 000 or 13 , 000 cells , in 100 μl media , were seeded per well in 24 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours , with an additional 150 μl media added after 5 hours . the media was replaced with solutions containing μm of 11b hcl , 11b cc11 hcl , 11b cc16 hcl , 11b 471 , 11b 268 or fresh media as a control . each drug had 6 replicates . after 24 hours of treatment , media was replaced with modified dmem supplemented with 0 . 5 mm glucose . rates of glycolysis were determined using seahorse biosciences metabolism technology . the media was disposed and the cells washed with pbs . the cells were fixed with 1 % glutaraldehyde for 15 minutes and then stained with crystal violet for 30 minutes . the plates were blotted and dried overnight . the cells were resuspended with 1 % tritonx - 100 and shaken for 15 minutes . the absorbance was read on a spectrophotometer at 590 nm . rates of glycolysis were then normalised to cell number . quantification of the surviving fraction of radio - sensitive and radio - resistant human oe33p and oe33r cells in vitro oe33p radio - sensitive and oe33r radio - resistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the compounds 11b hcl and 11b cc11 hcl on cell survival . cells were maintained in rpmi media supplemented with 10 % foetal calf serum , penicillin ( 100 u / ml ) and streptomycin ( 100 μg / ml ). cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours . the media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μm of 11b hcl , 11b cc11 hcl or fresh media as a control . after 24 hours of treatment , media was replaced . when control colonies had grown sufficiently large , the media was disposed and the cells washed with pbs . the cells were fixed with methanol and stained with crystal violet . the surviving fraction , the ability of the cells to form colonies was then determined . quantification of surviving fraction of irradiated human oe33p and oe33r cells in vitro when cells were treated prior to irradiation oe33p radio - sensitive and oe33r radio - resistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the compounds 11b hcl and 11b cc11 hcl on cell survival . cells were maintained in rpmi media supplemented with 10 % foetal calf serum , penicillin ( 100 u / ml ) and streptomycin ( 100 μg / ml ). cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours . the media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μm of 11b hcl , 11b cc11 hcl or fresh media as a control . after 24 hours of treatment , media was replaced and cells were subjected to 2gy radiation . when control colonies had grown sufficiently large , the media was disposed and the cells washed with pbs . the cells were fixed with methanol and stained with crystal violet . surviving fraction , the ability of the cells to form colonies was then determined . quantification of surviving fraction of irradiated human oe33p and oe33r cells when cells were treated with 11b hcl and 11b cc11 hcl following irradiation oe33p radio - sensitive and oe33r radio - resistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the compounds 11b hcl and 11b cc11 hcl on cell survival . cells were maintained in rpmi media supplemented with 10 % foetal calf serum , penicillin ( 100 u / ml ) and streptomycin ( 100 μg / ml ). cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours . the cells were subjected to 2gy irradiation and the media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μm of 11b hcl , 11b cc11 hcl or fresh media as a control . after 24 hours of treatment , media was replaced . when control colonies had grown sufficiently large , the media was disposed and the cells washed with pbs . the cells were fixed with methanol and stained with crystal violet . surviving fraction , the ability of the cells to form colonies was then determined . quantification of oxidative phosphorylation in human oe33p and oe33r cells in vitro oe33p radiosensitive and oe33r radio - resistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the compounds 11b hcl , 11b cc11 hcl , 11b cc16 hcl , 11b 471 and 11b 268 on oxidative phosphorylation . cells were maintained in rpmi media supplemented with 10 % foetal calf serum , penicillin ( 100 u / ml ) and streptomycin ( 100 μg / ml ). a total of 11 , 000 - 13 , 000 cells , in 100 μl media , were seeded per well in 24 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours , with an additional 150 μl media added after 5 hours . the media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μm of 11b hcl , 11b cc11 hcl , 11b cc16 hcl , 11b 471 , 11b 268 or fresh media as a control . each drug had 6 replicates . after 24 hours of treatment , media was replaced with modified dmem supplemented with 0 . 5 mm glucose . rates of oxidative phosphorylation were determined using seahorse biosciences metabolism technology . the media was disposed and the cells washed with pbs . the cells were fixed with 1 % glutaraldehyde for 15 minutes and then stained with crystal violet for 30 minutes . the plates were blotted and dried overnight . the cells were resuspended with 1 % tritonx - 100 and shaken for 15 minutes . the absorbance was read on a spectrophotometer at 595 nm . rates of oxidative phosphorylation were then normalised to cell number . target profiling using cerep and eurofins / panlabs profiling screens was undertaken using 11b_cc11_hcl and 11b_cc16_hcl in order to investigate the mechanism of action . for the guinea pig lung strip assay , a lung strip obtained from duncan hartley derived male or female guinea pigs weighing 325 ± 25 g and sacrificed by co 2 overexposure was used . the tissue was placed under 2 g tension in a 10 ml bath containing krebs solution ph 7 . 4 at 37 ° c . test substance ( 30 μm )- induced isometrically recorded contraction by 50 percent or more within 5 min , relative to control 3 nm leukotriene d4 response , indicates possible cysteinyl - leukotriene lt1 receptor agonist activity . at a test substance concentration where no significant agonist activity is seen , ability to reduce the leukotriene d4 - induced contractile response by 50 percent or more indicates cysteinyl - leukotriene cyslt1 antagonist activity . 30 μm 11b_cc16_hcl did not induce contraction itself , exhibiting no agonist activity . 30 μm 11b_cc16_hcl reduced the leukotriene d4 - induced contractile response by 100 %, indicating cyslt1 antagonist activity . to measure inhibition of cysteinyl leukotriene 1 ( cyslt1 [ ltd4 ]) and cysteinyl leukotriene 2 ( cyslt2 [ ltc4 ]) receptor activity , calcium mobilisation was measured using fluor - 3 - loaded cho cells ( for cyslt1 assays ) or hek - 293 cells ( for cyslt2 assays ) which stably express either the cyslt1 or cyslt2 receptors . cells were seeded on flipr microtiter plates ( molecular devices , sunnyvale , calif . ; schroeder and neagle ,) and grown to confluence . subsequently the growth medium was removed and fluo - 3 am fluorescent indictor dye diluted in hanks &# 39 ; balanced salt was added to each well and incubated for 1 hour at 37 ° c . fluor - 3 am was then removed and cells were washed three times . baseline fluorescence was determined by measuring the level of fluorescence every 1 second for the first minute and every 3 seconds for the second minute . after ten seconds a range of doses of ltd4 ( for cyslt1 ) or ltc4 ( for cyslt2 ) was added and the ec 50 of each agonist was determined . for antagonism quantification , 30 μm of 11b_cc11_hcl or 11b_cc16_hcl was added to each well and the ability for each compound to inhibit the cyslt1 & amp ; cyslt2 response to ltd4 ( 0 . 1 nm ) or ltc4 ( 30 nm ) was measured . for cyslt1 antagonism , both 11b_cc11_hcl and 11b_cc16_hcl inhibited calcium mobilisation to below baseline levels ( 137 %). for cyslt2 antagonism , 11b_cc11_hcl inhibited calcium mobilisation by 41 % and 11b_cc16_hcl inhibited calcium mobilisation by 48 %. all experiments were carried out under ethical approval granted by the ucd animal research ethics committee . tail : egfp ) zebrafish were maintained according to standard procedures on a 14 hr light / 10 hr dark cycle at 28 ° c . embryos were obtained by natural spawning and developmental stages established by time and morphological criteria . at 24 hours post fertilisation ( hpf ), 5 embryos per well were placed in 400 μl of embryo medium / 0 . 1 % dmso and incubated with decreasing doses of active compounds ( 20 μm , 10 μm , 7 . 5 μm , 5 μm , 2 . 5 μm , 1 μm and / or 0 . 5 μm ) at 28 ° c . on a 14 h light / 10 h dark cycle . larvae were euthanised , and fixed in 4 % pfa at 4 ° c . overnight before analysis . lenses were dissected from the larvae and transferred to depression slides for observation under epi - fluorescence in the olympus szx16 . patterning of the hyaloid vessels on the treated larval lenses was compared to dmso controls and the archetypal pattern previously described ( alvarez et al ., 2007 ; alvarez et al ., 2009 ). the number of primary vessels radiating from the back of the lens ( 3 - 4 main branches at 5 dpf in controls and previously described ), was counted and the average number was graphed for each drug . compounds 11b_cc4_hcl , 11b_cc5_hcl , 11b_cc11_hcl , 11b_cc16_hcl , 11b - 268 and 11b - 471 inhibit developmental angiogenesis of zebrafish hyaloid vasculature in a dose - dependent statistically significant manner ( fig2 a and 22b ). at 6 hours post fertilisation , 5 embryos per well were placed in 400 μl of embryo medium / 0 . 1 % dmso and incubated with decreasing doses of active compound ( 10 μm , 7 . 5 μm , 5 μm and / or 1 μm ) at 28 ° c . on a 14 h light / 10 h dark cycle . larvae were manually dechorionated , euthanised , and fixed in 4 % pfa at 4 ° c . overnight before analysis . the larvae were then washed with pbs and transferred to depression slides for observation under epi - fluorescence in an olympus szx16 fluorescent microscope . the number of intersegmental vessels was counted and the average number was graphed for each drug . compounds 11b_cc11_hcl and 11b_cc16_hcl , inhibit developmental angiogenesis of zebrafish intersegmental vessels in a dose - dependent statistically significant manner ( fig2 b ). 4h , 11a and 11c do not significantly reduce the proliferation of human sw480 cells in vitro sw480 ( commercially available colorectal cancer cell line ) were used to test the effects of the compounds 4h , 11a and 11c on cell toxicity . cells were maintained in rpmi media supplemented with 10 % foetal calf serum , penicillin ( 100 u / ml ), streptomycin ( 100 μg / ml ) and amphotericin b ( 4 μg / ml ). a total of 5 , 000 cells were seeded per well in 96 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours . the cells were washed in pbs and the media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μm of 5 - fluorouracil ( 5fu ), 4h , 11a or 11c . each drug had 10 replicates per time point . at each designated time point , the media was disposed and the cells washed with pbs . the cells were fixed with 1 % glutaraldehyde for 20 minutes and then stained with crystal violet for 30 minutes . the plates were blotted and dried overnight . the cells were resuspended with 1 % tritonx - 100 and shaken for 15 minutes . the absorbance was read on a spectrophotometer at 550 nm . 5 - fluorouracil significantly reduced cell number to 60 % of the control by 96 hours . compounds 4h , 11a or 11c did not significantly reduce cell number compared to control by 96 hours ( fig2 ). compounds 4h , 11a and 11c significantly reduce angiogenic / inflammatory factor secretion from human colorectal tumour explants to assess the anti - cancer potential of compounds 4h , 11a and 11c we tested their ability to modulate the levels of angiogenic / inflammatory factors secreted from explants cultures of human colorectal cancers . human colorectal tumour samples were taken directly from the pathology laboratory after surgery once adequate material was taken for diagnostic testing . the tumour samples were washed and stored in dmso / tumour conditioning media ( tcm ). the samples were snap - frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at − 80 ° c . until compound testing was performed . prior to compound testing , the tumours were thawed and incubated in fresh tcm for 24 hours . the explants were then treated with 4h , 11a and 11c at 10 μm concentrations for 72 hours . the tcm solutions were collected and stored at − 20 ° c . and the remaining tumour explants were snap - frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at − 80 ° c . proteins were extracted from the explants using a nuclear ripa buffer containing pmsf , sodium orthovandate and protease inhibitors . the explants were homogenised in a precellys ™ machine . the total protein contents were determined from the resulting lysates using the bca assay ™. the protein content of each tumour sample was determined using the bca protein assay . the secretion of angiogenic cytokines was quantified using sandwich elisa ( duoset , r & amp ; d ) for vegf , ena - 78 , mcp - 1 and groα and a multiplex assay ( msd ) was used for the inflammatory cytokines : il - 113 , tnf , il - 6 and il - 8 . the secretion data were normalised according to the tumour sample &# 39 ; s protein content . compound 4h significantly reduced the secretion of vegf , groα , mcp - 1 , ena - 78 , il - 6 and il - 8 ( fig2 ). compound 11a significantly reduced the secretion of vegf , groα , mcp - 1 , ena - 78 , il - 1β , tnf and il - 8 ( fig2 ). compound 11c significantly reduced the secretion of groα , mcp - 1 , ena - 78 , il - 6 , tnf and il - 8 ( fig2 ). 11b zhc1 significantly reduces glycolysis of human oe33p cells in vitro oe33p radiosensitive oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the compound 11b zhc1 on glycolysis . cells were maintained in rpmi media supplemented with 10 % foetal calf serum , penicillin ( 100 u / ml ) and streptomycin ( 100 μg / ml ). a total of 11 , 000 cells , in 100 μl media , were seeded per well in 24 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours , with an additional 150 μl media added after 5 hours . the media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μm of 11b zhc1 or fresh media as a control . each treatment had 6 replicates . after 24 hours of treatment , media was replaced with modified dmem supplemented with 0 . 5 mm glucose . rates of glycolysis were determined using seahorse biosciences metabolism technology . the media was disposed and the cells washed with pbs . the cells were fixed with 1 % glutaraldehyde for 15 minutes and then stained with crystal violet for 30 minutes . the plates were blotted and dried overnight . the cells were resuspended with 1 % tritonx - 100 and shaken for 15 minutes . the absorbance was read on a spectrophotometer at 590 nm . rates of glycolysis were then normalised to cell number . no changes in ecar were detected in oe33r treated cells . 11b_z_hcl did not significantly reduce the number in human oe33p and oe33r cells in vitro after 24 hours oe33p radiosensitive and oe33r radioresistant cells were used to test the effects of the compound 11b_z_hcl on toxicity . cells were maintained in rpmi media supplemented with 10 % foetal calf serum , penicillin ( 100 u / ml ) and streptomycin ( 100 μg / ml ). a total of 11 , 000 cells , in 100 μl media , were seeded per well in 24 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours , with an additional 150 μl media added after 5 hours . the media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μm of 11b_z_hcl or fresh media as a control . each treatment had 6 replicates . after 24 hours of treatment , the cells were fixed with 1 % glutaraldehyde for 15 minutes and then stained with crystal violet for 30 minutes . the plates were blotted and dried overnight . the cells were resuspended with 1 % tritonx - 100 and shaken for 15 minutes . the absorbance was read on a spectrophotometer at 590 nm . 11b_z_hcl significantly reduces oxidative phosphorylation in human oe33p and oe33r cells in vitro oe33p radiosensitive and oe33r radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the compound 11b_z_hcl on oxidative phosphorylation . cells were maintained in rpmi media supplemented with 10 % foetal calf serum , penicillin ( 100 u / ml ) and streptomycin ( 100 μg / ml ). a total of 11 , 000 cells , in 100 μl media , were seeded per well in 24 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours , with an additional 150 μl media added after 5 hours . the media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μm of 11b_z_hcl or fresh media as a control . each treatment had 6 replicates . after 24 hours of treatment , media was replaced with modified dmem supplemented with 0 . 5 mm glucose . rates of oxidative phosphorylation were determined using seahorse biosciences metabolism technology . rates of oxidative phosphorylation were then normalised to cell number . surviving fraction of human oe33p and oe33r cells in vitro when cells were treated with 11b_z_hcl oe33p radiosensitive and oe33 radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the compound 11b_z_hcl on cell survival . cells were maintained in rpmi media supplemented with 10 % foetal calf serum , penicillin ( 100 u / ml ) and streptomycin ( 100 μg / ml ). cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours . the media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μm of 11b_z_hcl or fresh media as a control . after 24 hours of treatment , media was replaced . when control colonies had grown sufficiently large , the media was disposed and the cells washed with pbs . the cells were fixed with methanol and stained with crystal violet . surviving fraction , the ability of the cells to form colonies was then determined . surviving fraction of human oe33p and oe33r cells in vitro when cells were treated with 11b zhc1 prior to irradiation oe33p radiosensitive and oe33 radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the compound 11b_z_hcl on cell survival . cells were maintained in rpmi media supplemented with 10 % foetal calf serum , penicillin ( 100 u / ml ) and streptomycin ( 100 μg / ml ). cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours . the media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μm of 11b_z_hcl or fresh media as a control . after 24 hours of treatment , media was replaced and cells were subjected to 2gy radiation . when control colonies had grown sufficiently large , the media was disposed and the cells washed with pbs . the cells were fixed with methanol and stained with crystal violet . surviving fraction , the ability of the cells to form colonies was then determined . surviving fraction of human oe33p and oe33r cells in vitro when cells were treated with 11b_z_hcl following irradiation oe33p radiosensitive and oe33 radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the compound 11b_z_hcl on cell survival . cells were maintained in rpmi media supplemented with 10 % foetal calf serum , penicillin ( 100 u / ml ) and streptomycin ( 100 μg / ml ). cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours . the cells were subjected to 2gy radiation and the media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μm of 11b_z_hcl or fresh media as a control . after 24 hours of treatment , media was replaced . when control colonies had grown sufficiently large , the media was disposed and the cells washed with pbs . the cells were fixed with methanol and stained with crystal violet . surviving fraction , the ability of the cells to form colonies was then determined . surviving fraction of human oe33p and oe33r cells in vitro when cells were treated with 11b hcl and 11b_cc11_hcl following irradiation oe33p radiosensitive and oe33r radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the compound 11b_z_hcl on cell survival . cells were maintained in rpmi media supplemented with 10 % foetal calf serum , penicillin ( 100 u / ml ) and streptomycin ( 100 μg / ml ). cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours . the cells were subjected to 2gy irradiation and the media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μm of 11b_z_hcl or fresh media as a control . after 24 hours of treatment , media was replaced . when control colonies had grown sufficiently large , the media was disposed and the cells washed with pbs . the cells were fixed with methanol and stained with crystal violet . surviving fraction , the ability of the cells to form colonies was then determined . reduction in the expression of dna repairs in oe33p and oe33r cells in vitro when cells were treated with 11b hcl , 11b_cc11_hcl and 11b_z_hcl oe33p radiosensitive and oe33r radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the above compounds on the gene expression of dna repair proteins . cells were maintained in rpmi media supplemented with 10 % foetal calf serum , penicillin ( 100 u / ml ) and streptomycin ( 100 μg / ml ). cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours . cells were treated 10 μm of the above compounds or fresh media as a control . after 24 hours of treatment , rna and cdna was isolated and qpcr performed using primer probes to the following primer probes to rad51l3 , mms19 , smug1 , parp1 and mlh1 . oe33p radiosensitive and oe33r radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of compounds 11b hcl , 11b_cc11_hcl and 11b_z_hcl on the gene expression of dna repair proteins . cells were maintained in rpmi media supplemented with 10 % foetal calf serum , penicillin ( 100 u / ml ) and streptomycin ( 100 μg / ml ). cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours . cells were treated 10 μm of the above compounds or fresh media as a control . after 24 hours of treatment , rna and cdna was isolated and qpcr performed using primer probes to the following primer probes to rad51l3 , mms19 , smug1 , parp1 and mlh1 . oesophageal cancer is the 6 th most common cause of cancer related deaths worldwide . globally , there has been a dramatic epidemiological increase in the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma ( oac ), with ireland showing a 48 % increase in incidence rates over the last 3 years . rising increase in obesity levels strongly correlates with the dramatic increases in the number of oac cases . 5 year survival rates are approximately 10 %. treatment options for these patients are limited . 70 % of oac patients receive a treatment called ‘ neoadjuvant treatment ’ meaning they will be treated with a combination of radiation and chemotherapy prior to their surgery . the goal of this treatment is to downsize the tumour in order to make surgery more successful . this is a 6 week treatment that can have many negative side effects for the patients . unfortunately , only approximately 75 % of the patients will respond to this treatment . therefore approximately 75 % of patients receive this treatment , suffer the negative side effects and importantly they will experience a significant delay to surgery which may impact on their overall survival rates . these patients are referred to as ‘ non responders ’ work done by the department of surgery at trinity college dublin ( j mol med ( 2012 ) 90 : 1449 - 1458 ) has shown that these non responders show high levels of metabolism ( energy production ) and high levels of dna repair protein expression . the high level of dna repair protein expression tries to repair the damaged dna following radiation and therefore prevents the radiated cells from undergoing cell death . we have found that the compounds described above can reduce metabolism rates and expression of dna repair proteins in cancer cells , resulting in a reduced number of surviving cancer cells . these compounds may have clinical utility in not only non responders but also for those tumours that are sensitive to radiation , they may further increase response in this subset of patients also . this neoadjuvant treatment is not specific to oac ; it also applies to colorectal cancer and 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