Patent Application: US-12655105-A

Abstract:
a composition and method are provided by which double - stranded rna containing small interfering rna nucleotide sequences is introduced into specific cells and tissues for the purpose of inhibiting gene expression and protein production in those cells and tissues . intracellular introduction of the small interfering rna nucleotide sequences is accomplished by the internalization of a target cell specific ligand to which the double - stranded rna containing a small interfering rna nucleotide sequence is conjugated . the ligand is specific to a unique target cell surface antigen . the ligand is either spontaneously internalized after binding to the cell surface antigen . internalization is also facilitated by the binding of an rna binding protein to the double - stranded rna . if the unique cell surface antigen is not naturally internalized after binding to its ligand , internalization is promoted by the incorporation of an arginine - rich peptide , or other membrane permeable peptide , into the structure of the ligand or attachment of such a peptide to the ligand . the composition and method are practiced in whole living mammals , as well as cells living in tissue culture . the dsrna is then hydrolyzed by dicer , an rnase iii - like ribonuclease , thereby releasing sirna which silences the target gene . inhibition is nucleotide sequence specific and depends upon sequence identity of small interfering rna with the target nucleic acid .

Description:
the present invention has utility in suppression of deleterious gene expression products . production of specific proteins is associated with allergic reactions , transplant organ rejection , cancer , and iga nephropathy , to name but a few of the medical conditions a subject may suffer . additionally , according to the present invention , it is appreciated that specific animal proteins are also suppressed in foodstuffs , such as cow &# 39 ; s milk , through the treatment of the animal . inventive compositions include one of a long or short dsrna , or short hairpin rna ( shrna ) that is bound to a cell surface receptor specific ligand and targeted to a specific tissue and / or cell type upon delivery to a subject . in designing a ligand coupled dsrna or shrna , a target tissue and / or cell is selected , and the targeted cell type is analyzed for receptors that internalize ligands following receptor - ligand binding . it is appreciated that the present invention is also operative in suppressing genes within a cell growing in vitro and particularly well suited for limiting contaminants in recombinant protein manufacture . cell specific antigens which are not naturally internalized are operative herein by incorporating an arginine - rich peptide within the ligand , an arginine - rich peptide attached to the cell surface receptor specific ligand , as detailed in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 692 , 935 b1 or u . s . pat . no . 6 , 294 , 353 b1 . an arginine - rich peptide causes cellular internalization of a coupled molecule upon contact of the arginine - rich peptide with the cell membrane . pentratin and transportan are appreciated to also be operative as vectors to induce cellular internalization of a coupled molecule through attachment to the cell surface receptor specific ligand as detailed in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 692 , 935 b1 or u . s . pat . no . 6 , 294 , 353 b1 . a cell surface receptor specific ligand as used herein is defined as a molecule that binds to a receptor or cell surface antigen . a ligand is then coupled to an appropriate dsrna . the ligand is a natural - or engineered - peptide or - protein , such as is commercially available ( antibodies by design , morphosys , martinsried , germany ) ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 514 , 548 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 653 , 068 b2 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 667 , 150 b1 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 696 , 245 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 753 , 136 b1 ; us 2004 / 017291 a1 ). another specific engineered peptide that is commercially available is the camelid single heavy chain variable domain ( nanobodies , ablynx , n v ; zwijnaarde , belgium ); such a variable domain heavy chain antibody fragment is humanized and the antigen specificity thereof is generated from a phage display library from an immunized animal ( van koningbruggen et al . 2003 ) or a nucleic acid sequence expression library from non - immunized animals , as detailed in ep 0 584 421 a1 or u . s . pat . no . 6 , 399 , 763 . if the engineered ligand is an immunoglobulin , the carboxy terminus of the molecule is at the variable end of the protein , and the amino terminus is available for bonding to dsrna . because of the relatively large size of immunoglobulin molecules , preferably a fab fragment is used as the ligand rather than the entire immunoglobulin . more preferably , a ( fab ′) 2 fragment is provided that allows for divalent binding as would occur with the entire immunoglobulin without the encumbrance of the fc component . bridging of cell surface receptors by a divalent ( fab ′) 2 fragment facilitates activation of the signaling pathway and subsequent internalization of the receptor - ligand combination in some internalization processes . the functional rna interference activity of interfering rna transported into target cells as a cargo molecule attached to hiv - 1 transactivator of transcription ( tat ) peptide 47 - 57 has been demonstrated ( chiu y - l et al . 2004 ). the functional rna interference activity of interfering rna transported into target cells as a cargo molecule attached to pentratin has also been demonstrated ( muratovska and eccles 2004 ). the dsrna or shrna oligonucleotide mediating rna interference is delivered into the cell by internalization of the receptor . in the event a targeted cell receptor is a unique receptor that is not naturally internalized , that receptor is nonetheless suitable as a target by incorporating an internalization moiety such as an arginine - rich membrane permeable peptide within the ligand or attaching to the ligand such as an arginine - rich membrane permeable peptide , pentratin , or transportan as detailed in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 692 , 935 b1 or u . s . pat . no . 6 , 294 , 353 b1 . this is readily accomplished using established plasmid technology ( caron et al . 2004 ; he et al . 2004 ). alternatively , the use of morphosys &# 39 ; commercial trinucleotide mutagenesis technology allows the synthesis of a membrane - permeable arginine - rich peptide at a single position of the variable region , as detailed in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 692 , 935 b1 or u . s . pat . no . 6 , 294 , 353 b1 . the morphosys system joins an antigen - non - specific fab fragment containing a membrane - permeable arginine - rich peptide to an engineered fab fragment with a variable region specific for the cell surface receptor in order to provide for the cell specific targeting of the dsrna . these fab fragments are joined by a helix - turn - helix region . alternatively , the membrane - permeable arginine - rich peptide is incorporated into the antigen - specific fab immunoglobulin fragment to yield a bivalent antigen specific molecule produced ( anderson d c 1993 ). the membrane - permeable arginine - rich peptide is optionally also attached to another portion of the immunoglobulin molecule ( mie m et al . 2003 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 692 , 935 b1 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 294 , 353 b1 ). similarly , pentratin or transportan is attached to or incorporated within any ligand portion of the molecule with the proviso that ligand - receptor binding is maintained . in each situation , the ligand containing the membrane - permeable arginine - rich peptide , pentratin , or transportan serves to carry the dsrna into the targeted cell . arginine - rich peptides which are internalized after contact with the cell membrane have been shown to transport covalently coupled proteins into cells ( peitz m et al . 2002 , jo et al . 2001 ). examples of such internalization moieties illustratively include : membrane - permeable arginine - rich peptides , pentratin , transportan and its deletion analogs . grkkrrqrrrppq ( tat 48 - 60 ) ( seq id no . 1 ) grrrrrrrrrppq ( r9 - tat ) ( seq id no . 2 ) trqarrnrrrrwrerqr ( hiv - 1 rev 34 - 50 ) ( seq id no . 3 ) rrrrnrtrrnrrrvr ( fhv coat 35 - 49 ) ( seq id no . 4 ) kmtraqrraaarrnrwtar ( bmvgag7 - 25 ) ( seq id no . 5 ) trrqrtrrarrnr ( htlv - ii rex 4 - 16 ) ( seq id no . 6 ) rqikiwfqnrrmkwkk ( atennapedia 43 - 58 - pentratin ) ( seq id no . 7 ) likkalaalaklnikllygasnltwg ( transportan ) ( muratovska and eccles 2004 ) ( seq id no . 8 ). alternative amino acid composition for transportan and its deletion analogs which maintain membrane transduction properties ( soomets et al . 2000 ): gwtlnsagyllgkinlkalaalakkil ( transportan ) ( seq id no . 9 ) lnsagyllgkinlkalaalakkil ( transportan7 ) ( seq id no . 10 ) gwtlnsagyllgklkalaalakkil ( transportan9 ) ( seq id no . 11 ) agyllgkinlkalaalakkil ( transportan10 ) ( seq id no . 12 ) lnsagyllgklkalaalakkil ( transportan12 ) ( seq id no . 13 ) agyllgklkalaalakkil ( transportan14 ) ( seq id no . 14 ) preferably , the internalization moiety is coupled to or incorporated into an immunoglobulin ligand which is bonded to an inventive dsrna , or short hairpin rna serving as a substrates for enzymatic production of sirna . receptor - binding immunoglobulins are obtained using hybridoma technology . fab and ( fab ′) 2 fragments are prepared from such immunoglobulins by papain and pepsin hydrolysis , respectively ( stura et al . 1993 ). the resulting molecules are purified using standard biochemical methods . dsrna with sirna sequences that are complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the target gene are prepared . the sirna nucleotide sequence is obtained from the sirna selection program , whitehead institute for biomedical research , massachusetts institute of technology , cambridge , mass . ( http :// jura . wi . mit . edu ) after supplying the accession number or gi number from the national center for biotechnology information website ( www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov ). the genome database ( www . gdb . org ) provides the nucleic acid sequence link which is used as the national center for biotechnology information accession number . preparation of rna to order is commercially available ( ambion inc ., austin , tex . ; genomechanix , llc , gainesville , fla . ; and others ). determination of the appropriate sequences would be accomplished using the usphs , nih genetic sequence data bank . alternatively , dsrna containing appropriate sirna sequences is ascertained using the strategy of miyagishi and taira ( 2003 ). dsrna may be up to 800 base pairs long ( diallo m et al . 2003 ). the dsrna optionally has a short hairpin structure ( us patent application publication 2004 / 0058886 ). commercially available rnai designer algorithms also exist ( http :// rnaidesigner . invitrogen . com / rnaiexpress /). the ligand and the dsrna are then coupled with linkages illustratively including phosphoramidate , phosphorothioate , or phosphodiester . modified sirna containing a 3 ′- amino group with a 3 - carbon linker may be utilized for coupling to the ligand via the linker group . the modified sirna conjugation to the ligand via a heterobifunctional cross linker ( sulfo - succinimidyl 4 -( p - maleimidophenyl ))- butyrate is accomplished as previously described ( chiu y - l et al . 2004 ). functional sirna coupled to this linker for transmembrane transport by tat has been demonstrated . phosphoramidate bonding is accomplished as described by ( gryaznov and winter 1999 ). phosphodiester bonding is accomplished using standard biochemical methods . phosphorothioate bonding is accomplished as described by ( stec et al . 1991 ). in another embodiment , the dsrna bonding to the ligand by any of the above described chemical bonds is accomplished via a “ helix - turn - helix ” region as described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 910 , 573 . this allows maximal flexibility of the dsrna positioning allowing for successful enzymatic hydrolysis . in an additional embodiment , a disulfide linkage of the sirna and ligand is formed ( hermanson 1996 ). the sirna is modified with a cystamine at the 5 ′ phosphate group using a carbodiimide reaction such as reaction with 1 - ethyl - 3 -( 3 - dimethylaminopropyl ) carbodiimide hcl ( hermanson pages 651 - 654 ). reaction with a disulfide reducing agent creates a thiol group . the ligand is modified with a heterobifunctional cross linker illustratively n - succinimidyl 3 -( 2 - pyridyldithio ) propionate ( hermanson pages 230 - 232 ). disulfide linkage between the cystamine - modified sirna and the antibody ligand modified with the heterobifunctional cross linker is accomplished as described for enzyme conjugation to dna ( hermanson pages 662 - 664 ). additionally , sirna ligand conjugation can be via stable hydrazone bonds ( solulink bioconjugation system , solulink , san diego , calif . ; kozlov et al . 2004 ). alternatively , cell surface receptor specific ligands that are rich in arginine and tyrosine residues are constructed such that those residues are positioned to form hydrogen bonds with engineered rna containing appropriately positioned guanine and uracil ( jones 2001 ). additionally , the necessity and performance of an internalization moiety is determined in vitro . the suitability of the resulting ligand - dsrna as a substrate for dicer is first determined in vitro using recombinant dicer ( zhang h 2002 , provost 2002 , myers j w 2003 ). optimal ligand molecule size and dsrna length are thereby identified . in an alternate embodiment , the ligand - dsrna molecule is adsorbed onto a dsrna binding molecule ( s ) illustratively including : a histone ( jacobs and imani 1988 ), rde - 4 ( tabara et al . 2002 ; parrish and fire 2001 ), and protamine ( warrant and kim 1978 ) in order to render the ligand - dsrna hydrophilic . the histone with relatively lower rna - histone binding affinity ( jacobs and imani 1988 ) such as histone h1 ( prepared as described by kratzmeier m et al . 2000 ) is preferred . alternatively , rde - 4 is used as prepared commercially ( qiagen , valencia , calif .) using rde - 4 cdna ( gene bank accession numbers ay07926 and y1l832c2 . 3 ) ( www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / ieb / research / acembly ). rde - 4 initiates rna interference by presenting dsrna to dicer ( tabara et al ). protamines are arginine - rich proteins . for example , protamine 1 contains 10 arginine residues between amino acid residue number 21 and residue number 35 ( rsrrrrrrscqtrrr ) ( lee et al . 1987 ) ( seq id no . 15 ). protamine binds to rna ( warrant and kim 1978 ). preparation of the ligand - dsrna - histone complex is accomplished as described by ( yoshikawa et al . 2001 ). complexes of lysine rich histone containing 24 . 7 % ( w / w ) lysine and 1 . 9 % arginine ( w / w ) with dsrna is prepared by gentle dilution from a 2 m nacl solution . histone and dsrna are dissolved in 2 m nacl / 10 mm tris / hcl , ph 7 . 4 , in which the charge ratio of dsrna : histone (−/+) is adjusted to 1 . 0 . then the 2 m nacl solution is slowly dispersed in distilled water in a glass vessel to obtain 0 . 2 m and 50 mm nacl solutions . the final volume is 200 μl and final dsrna concentration is 0 . 75 μm in nucleotide units . binding affinity of histones is further reduced by acetylation of the lysine residues of the histone . this reduces the positive charge of the ε - nh 2 group . acetylation is accomplished by established techniques ( garcea and alberts 1980 ). preparation of the ligand - dsrna - rde - 4 complex is accomplished as described by ( johnston et al . 1992 ), for the conserved double - stranded rna binding domain which rde - 4 contains . rde - 4 binding to dsrna to is accomplished in 50 mm nacl / 10 mm mgcl 2 / 10 mm hepes , ph 8 / 0 . 1 mm edta / 1 mm dithiothreitol / 2 . 5 % ( wt / vol ) non - fat dry milk . preparation of the ligand - dsrna - protamine complex is accomplished as described by ( warrant and kim 1978 ). the protamine ( human recombinant protamine 1 , abnova corporation , taiwan , www . abnova . com . tw ) and ligand - dsrna at a molar ratio of 1 : 4 are placed in a buffered solution containing 40 mm na cacodylate , 40 mm mgcl 2 , 3 mm spermine hcl at ph 6 . 0 ( warrant and kim 1978 ). the solution is incubated at 4 ° c .- 6 ° c . for several days . the constructed ligand - dsrna molecule is then administered parenterally and binds to its target cell via its receptor . the constructed ligand - dsrna molecule is then internalized and the dsrna is hydrolyzed by dicer thereby releasing sirna for gene silencing . rnase iii cleaves phosphorothioate - substituted rna ( nicholson 1988 ). 3 ′- exonucleases may also sever phosphorothioate bonds ( heidenreich 1997 ). the invitrogen corporation ( carlsbad , calif .) cellsensor cre - bla jurkat cell - based assay is used . the detailed protocol is available online and is included in the references ( cellsensor protocol ). jurkat cells express cd38 on their cell surfaces which is internalized following ligand binding to it ( funaro at al . 1998 ). cellsensor cre - bla jurkat cell - based assay contains a beta - lactamase reporter gene under control of a camp response element which has been stably integrated into the cre - bla jurkat cell line ( clone e6 - 1 ). beta - lactamase is expressed following forskolin stimulation . short interfering rna 19 base pairs long is prepared using the invitrogen corporation algorithm based on the dna sequence of the cre - bla beta - lactamase gene : atggacccagaaacgctggtgaaagtaaaagatgctgaagatcagttgggtgcacgagtgggttacatcgaac ( seq id no . 16 ) tggatctcaacagcggtaagatccttgagagttttcgccccgaagaacgttttccaatgatgagcacttttaaagttctgctatg tggcgcggtattatcccgtattgacgccgggcaagagcaactcggtcgccgcatacactattctcagaatgacttggttgag tactcaccagtcacagaaaagcatcttacggatggcatgacagtaagagaattatgcagtgctgccataaccatgagtgata acactgcggccaacttacttctgacaacgatcggaggaccgaaggagctaaccgcttttttgcacaacatgggggatcatg taactcgccttgatcgttgggaaccggagctgaatgaagccataccaaacgacgagcgtgacaccacgatgcctgtagca atggcaacaacgttgcgcaaactattaactggcgaactacttactctagcttcccggcaacaattaatagactggatggagg cggataaagttgcaggaccacttctgcgctcggcccttccggctggctggtttattgctgataaatctggagccggtgagcg tgggtctcgcggtatcattgcagcactggggccagatggtaagccctcccgtatcgtagttatctacacgacggggagtca ggcaactatggatgaacgaaatagacagatcgctgagataggtgcctcactgattaagcattggtaa . the dna nucleotide sequence derived for suppressing beta - lactamase synthesis is : ccacgatgcctgtagcaat ( seq id no . 17 ). the complementary rna oligonucleotide is prepared and modified to contain a 3 ′ amino group with a 3 - carbon linker ( 3 ′ n3 ). modified sirna containing the 3 ′ n3 is formed by annealing it with its complementary strand sequences . this duplex sirna is then incubated with a heterobifunctional crosslinker , sulfosuccinimidyl 4 -( p - maleimidophenyl )- butyrate ( chiu et al . 2004 ). this product is conjugated to anti - cd38 antibody ( serotec , raleigh , n . c .) and to the anti - cd38 ( fab ′) 2 fragment via a cysteine residue added to the amino terminal of the antibody . oligonucleotide - protein conjugation is commercially available ( solulink , san diego , calif .). the sirna - anticd38 conjugate is incubated at 37 ° c . with the jurkat cells for from 4 to 24 hours at concentrations ranging from 100 pm to 200 nm to evaluate efficacy . typical efficacy is at 2 nm . effective knockdown of intracellular synthesis of beta - lactamase is demonstrated in this system by the appearance of green cellular fluorescence . positive control cells which produce beta - lactamase fluoresce blue . multiple myeloma is a fatal incurable disease caused by the production of large amounts of a monoclonal immunoglobulin by malignant plasma cells ( grethlein s , multiple myeloma , emedicine 2003 ). cd38 is a cell surface receptor found on myeloma plasma cells ( almeida j et al . 1999 ). ligation of cd38 with anti - cd38 monoclonal antibodies ( serotec , raleigh , n . c . and others ) results in cd38 internalization ( pfister et al . 2001 ). anti - cd38 monoclonal antibodies are hydrolyzed by pepsin to produce anti - cd38 ( fab ′) 2 fragments . the anti - cd38 ( fab ′) 2 fragments are then conjugated by phosphoramidate linkage to dsrna containing a sirna sequence that is complementary to a portion of the nucleotide sequence of the rearranged heavy chain of igg . in this case the nucleotide sequence link is x98954 and the gi number is 1495616 . the sirna sequences provided by the whitehead institute are : s 5 ′: cgccaagaacuuggucuau uu ( seq id no . 18 ) as 3 ′: uu gcgguucuugaaccagaua . ( seq id no . 19 ) alternatively , the anti - cd38 monoclonal antibodies are conjugated to the dsrna containing a sirna sequence that is complementary to a portion of the nucleotide sequence of the rearranged heavy chain of the igg subclass of the subject &# 39 ; s monoclonal igg , i . e ., igg 1 , igg 2 , igg 3 or igg 4 . the sirna is then incorporated into a long dsrna . varying doses ranging from 0 . 4 to 15 grams of the anti - cd38 ( fab ′) 2 - dsrna are administered depending upon response . effective doses of anti - cd38 ( fab ′) 2 - dsrna need to be administered at intervals ranging from one day to several days in order to maintain suppression of igg production . because the half life of igg is approximately up to 23 days , the circulating concentration of the myeloma igg will decrease gradually over several months . suppression of the igg subclass to which the igg myeloma protein belongs will allow maintenance of igg mediated immunity because the remaining igg subclasses are not reduced . improvement and / or prevention of aspects of the disease which are consequences of high concentrations of the myeloma protein occur gradually as the concentration of the myeloma protein decreases . a direct effect of high concentrations of myeloma protein is hyperviscosity . this morbid effect of multiple myeloma is inhibited . the anti - cd38 ( fab ′) 2 - long dsrna containing the above described sirna then binds to cd38 on the surfaces of the subject &# 39 ; s plasma cells . following internalization , dicer hydrolyzes the long sirna into sirna which then interrupts the malignant plasma cell production of igg myeloma protein . allergic disease is mediated via ige binding to the surfaces of mast cells and basophils . upon bridging of adjacent ige molecules by antigen , the mast cells and basophils are activated and release their mediators ( siraganian 1998 ). ige binding by mast cells and basophils causes the signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis , asthma , food and drug allergy , and anaphylaxis ( e . g . becker 2004 ). the amino acid sequence of the ch3 region of human ige is available as are many of the codons ( kabat e a 1991 ). the dna nucleotide sequence of the ch3 region of human ige is readily deduced . the deduced ch3 region sequence is then provided to the whitehead institute &# 39 ; s internet site as above to yield the corresponding sirna sequence . the anti - cd38 ( fab ′) 2 - long dsrna containing the anti - ige sirna then binds to cd38 on the surfaces of the subject &# 39 ; 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