Patent Application: US-32422708-A

Abstract:
the treatment of specific neurological and psychiatric illnesses using transcranial magnetic stimulation requires that specific neuroanatomical structures are targeted using specific pulse parameters . described herein are methods of positioning and powering tms electromagnets to selectively stimulate a deep brain target region while minimizing the impact on non - target regions between the tms electromagnet and the target . use of these configurations may involve a combination of physical , spatial and / or temporal summation . specific approaches to achieving temporal summation are detailed .

Description:
in general , the methods of transcranial magnetic stimulation ( tms ) described herein may be used to stimulate a deep brain region . in particular , these methods may be applied to specifically stimulate a deep brain region such as the cingulate gyrus or the insula . the method for stimulating these deep brain regions may include the steps of initially positioning one , or more typically a plurality of , tms electromagnets around the patient &# 39 ; s head . the plurality of tms electromagnets may be directed at the desired deep brain target ( e . g ., insula or cingulate region ). alternatively , as described in greater detail below , the tms electromagnets may be directed to a sulcus that is adjacent to the deep brain target . for example , the sulcus may be electrically continuous or connected to the deep target . thus , any of the methods described herein may be performed in conjunction with brain imaging showing the location of the target region , as well as the configuration of any nearby sulci . sulci are typically grooves or fissures formed along the cerebral cortex of the brain . as used herein , a sulcus may be any fissure or channel within the brain . in general , the sulci are channels that are typically bathed in cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ). csf , in the non - pathological case , is a fluid having a high ionic content , and may therefore have a relatively high conductance . the methods described herein may take advantage of the electrical properties of the csf by applying a magnetic field from a tms electromagnet that evokes an electrical current in the csf which may depolarize a target brain region . the intensity , location and direction of the evoked current may be selected in order to optimize stimulation of the target brain region . sulci may be of different widths , orientations and lengths . for example , a sulcus may be shallow or superficial , and may extend only slightly from the cortical surface , or they may be deeper . a deep sulcus may extend relatively deeply into the brain , towards a deep brain target . thus , a deep sulcus may be used as a pathway or conduit for stimulation of the deep brain structures as described herein . any appropriate brain scanning or imaging may be used . the imaging may be preformed prior to ( or after ) the positioning of the tms electromagnets . thus one or more fiducial markers may be used to help coordinate or transition between images taken and the tms systems used herein . although there are common neuroanatomical landmarks in between patients , there is considerable variation in the actual arrangement , size and position of such landmarks . for example , the position and extend of different ( and particularly “ minor ”) sulci may vary considerably . thus , it may be beneficial to determine the location and orientation of any sulci adjacent to the target deep brain region . in particular , it may be beneficial to determine the extent that any such sulci extend in the direction from the target deep brain region and the outer surface of the head , where the tms electromagnets are to be positioned . in addition , the orientation of such sulci relative to the target ( e . g ., parallel or transverse to the target or target fiber bundles ). once the position and orientation of the target has been determined ( e . g ., by mri or any other appropriate imaging modality ), the tms electromagnet may be positioned relative to the target and / or to a sulcus adjacent to the target . thus , the tms electromagnet may be “ focused ” so that the energy will be applied to the target region of the brain . in some variations , this may involve positioning the tms electromagnet so that the emitted magnetic field is focused on the deep brain target region or on a region ( e . g ., sulci , or fibers ) that is electrically connected to the target brain region . any appropriate deep brain target region may be selected . in general a deep brain target region is a one that is not a superficial ( e . g ., cortical ) brain region , within relatively close proximity to the patient &# 39 ; s skull . targeting of such deep brain regions is a distinction from most routinely performed tms , which is limited to stimulation of only relatively superficial regions of the brain . a plurality of tms electromagnets may be positioned or focused on the target brain region and / or on sulci or other regions that are electrically connected to the target deep brain region . focusing may include selecting both the gross position of the tms electromagnet ( s ) around the patient &# 39 ; s head , as well as the orientation of the face of the magnet . as described in more detail below , the emitted electromagnetic field may be shaped , having regions that are higher intensity surrounded by lower intensity regions . the tms electromagnet may therefore be oriented so that it is aimed at the target deep brain region . the positioning and orienting of the tms electromagnets may be done manually or automatically . thus , a system for performing tms may include a gantry , track , arm , or any other positioning device for holding one or more tms electromagnets . a controller may control one or more drivers for positioning and orienting the tms electromagnets as described herein . after positioning , appropriate stimulation to be applied to stimulate the deep brain target region without stimulating ( or over - stimulating ) intervening regions may be determined . thus in any of the methods described herein , the appropriate stimulation to be applied by each tms electromagnet may be determined . in general , the power to be applied by each tms electromagnet should be limited to prevent undesirable stimulation of non - target regions , particularly regions that are intermediate to the target deep - tissue region and the tms electromagnet . thus , in determining the stimulation parameters for each tms electromagnet , the upper limit may be below the motor threshold level of the intermediate regions . the motor threshold (“ mt ”) refers to the motor threshold for stimulation , a standard ( based on stimulation of motor cortex ) for evoking a response via transcranial magnetic stimulation ; “ 100 % mt ” or greater ( e . g ., “ 115 % mt ”) may result in an evoked action potential . the stimulation applied may be below threshold (& lt ; 100 % mt ), while still summing to provide sufficient ( at or above 100 % mt ) for the deeper brain regions . thus , the cortical or regions superficial to the deep target may be un - stimulated so that they do not fire action potentials , while still stimulating the deeper region ( s ). the power level necessary may depend on the proximity of the tms electromagnet to the target ( distance ) as well and the presence and absence of any sulcus or other electrically conductive channel connecting to the target , as well as the number and orientation of the tms electromagnets . this is illustrated below for fig5 a - 6e . fig1 a and 1b illustrate an array of three ( v - shaped ) double coils in a configuration designed to stimulate the dorsal cingulate fiber bundles , while leaving the outer cortex relatively undisturbed . the array of tms electromagnets consists of a set of independently powered coils each aimed at tracts of the anterior cingulate . the coils are oriented in accordance with the dominant fiber activation mode ( e . g ., horizontal versus transverse ), noting that dorsal cingulate fibers run in the sagittal plane , while prefrontal fibers run in the coronal plane . in this configuration , the power is typically assumed to decrease with distance at a fall - off rate that is the same as for a well - characterized 70 mm double coil ( i . e ., the power is approximately halved for every cm distance ). serially or simultaneously triggered pulses from each coil are delivered at phase - complementary angles . in the case of serial pulses , intervals ( e . g ., approx . 100 μs ), generally within the membrane time constant of the targeted tissue ( approx 300 μs for tracts , 4000 μs for cell bodies and axons ) are desirable . in the particular configuration shown in fig1 a , three ( v - shaped ) double coils are configured to stimulate the dorsal cingulate fiber bundles , while leaving the outer cortex relatively undisturbed . the head of the patient 105 is shown transected by plane 110 . v - shaped double coil 120 is composed of circular coils 121 and 122 , and bent at the center , where the return path of the current in both coils is in the same direction . similarly , v - shaped double coil 130 is composed of circular coils 131 and 132 joined at a bent center , and v - shaped double coil 140 is composed of circular coils 141 and 142 , joined at a bent center . in fig1 b , a coronal section is shown where v - shaped double - coil electromagnets 150 , 160 , and 170 are oriented towards dorsal cingulate target 180 wherein cingulate bundle 190 is a portion of target region 180 . in an alternative embodiment , v - shaped coils may be constructed with a “ flat bottom ”, in which each loop is separately bent outward at a point lateral to the medial portion where the loops of each coil is adjacent to that of the other . fig2 illustrates an array of two ( v - shaped ) double coils 270 and 280 , in a configuration designed to stimulate insula 260 . an image of patient &# 39 ; s head 205 is shown in coronal section at plane 210 . brain 250 includes target area 255 , chiefly consisting of insula 260 . v - shaped coils 270 and 280 are both aimed at target area 255 . shielding 285 may be optionally interposed between coils 270 and 280 to reduce mutual inductance , and may be formed from a high - permeability mu - metal . shielding may be used with any of the embodiments described herein , and the effect of the shielding may be considered when determining the stimulation parameters . for example , the effect of the mu - metal shielding may alter the power and / or shape of the emitted magnetic field . fig3 a shows an array of four ( v - shaped ) double coils in a mobile configuration designed to stimulate the dorsal cingulate . in this variation , the electromagnets may be moved either before stimulation ( e . g ., to focus on a target deep brain region ) or they may be moved as part of the therapy . moving the coils in this manner may allow temporal summation of a target brain region from different stimulation positions relative to the patient . such a coil - moving device may be like that described in schneider and mishelevich u . s . patent application ser . no . 10 / 821 , 807 . in the upper portion of the figure , coils 305 , 310 , 315 and 320 are in locations too distant from the anterior cingulate target 300 to effectively modulate its activity . however , by moving coils into a closer pattern as shown in the lower figure , more effective use of the array becomes possible . in fig3 b , coils 355 , 360 , 370 and 380 have moved much closer together and closer to dorsal anterior cingulate target 350 , in a 3d pattern overlaid upon a 2d axial slice . v - shaped double coils are used in the illustrations herein , although any appropriate tms electromagnet may be used . these coils are similar to standard double coils , but are bent at the center . compared with a standard double coil , this configuration provides approximately equal power at the center , but may removes power lateral to the center point to an area more distant from the scalp , resulting in a more focal electric field distribution , and at the same time frees space on the scalp for the placement of additional coils . even though v - shaped coils are used in these diagrams , it should be understood that other coil designs , for example standard double coils , may also be used instead or in combination . this shape may also maximize the mutual induction of magnetic flux from the central portion of the double coil structure . examples of such flat - bottomed v - coil design is further described in “ focusing magnetic fields with attractor magnets and concentrator devices ” ( pct / us2008 / 075575 ) filed sep . 8 , 2008 , previously incorporated by reference in its entirety . when multiple magnets are place next to one another , both summation and cancellation affects take place in various spatial locations . one of the difficulties in reaching deep targets with arrays of multiple magnets is the tendency for the field to be pulled toward the periphery , as magnetic fields seek their most efficient course to the opposite polarity . one useful and way of avoiding this “ short circuiting ” effect is to fire the magnetic pulses sequentially rather than simultaneously . in this manner , magnetic fields may show a more efficacious path toward a target than when fired simultaneously . for sequentially delivered pulses to have the intended physiological effect , they must be fired in sufficiently rapid sequence to temporally summate . an action potential occurs in a stimulated nerve when a voltage threshold is reached or exceeded . this threshold may be reached over an extended period of time provided that during this time depolarizing forces exceed the repolarizing forces of the cell &# 39 ; s ion channels and pumps . multiple pulses must occur in relatively rapid succession in order to temporally summate . the time during which any two consecutive pulses may summate is sometimes approximated with a figure known as the membrane time constant . in the case of the neocortex , cell bodies and dendrites ( gray matter ) have a membrane time constant in the neighborhood of 1 - 10 milliseconds , while mylenated axons of neuronal tracts have membrane constants in the neighborhood of 0 . 2 to 0 . 4 milliseconds . because the measurement of membrane time constants requires intracellular recording ( a relatively difficult undertaking ), extracellularly measured chronaxie time is sometimes reported as a proxy . chronaxie time is frequently about 70 % of the membrane time constant . however , contrary to common teaching , these pulses need not all occur within a single timeframe dictated by the membrane time constant . instead , we have found that it is important that the pulsing occur at a rate such that depolarizing forces exceed the repolarizing forces during the period of summation . accordingly , if a threshold is reached or exceeded sometime within the moving window provided by the balance of polarizing and repolarizing forces , an action potential will result . in the case of standard rtms machines ( for example , the magstim rapid 2 units , magstim ltd ., wales , uk ), each phase of the biphasic pulse complex is approximately 0 . 1 milliseconds in duration . thus , if timed and delivered in rapid succession , two to four pulses ( for example , generated by two to four different pulse generators ) can temporally summate in axons or nerve tracts during a typical membrane time constant . additionally , more pulses may be summated in a nerve tract , so long as the depolarizing forces build rather than diminish during the course of the delivery . gray matter ( with time constants tenfold greater than white matter ) offers the opportunity for the summation of dozens of 0 . 1 ms pulse phases . the delivery of such closely timed pulses may be achieved by using a plurality of tms machines , which are triggered in rapid succession when slaved to a controlling computer via their control - interface ports . alternatively a single machine may include multiple power sources that may be tapped to provide stimulation of the appropriate level to different magnets whose output is coordinated as described herein . the orientation of the stimulation applied ( e . g ., by an applied magnetic field ) may impact the resulting stimulation or inhibition of the target , including deep brain target regions . for example , the double coils shown above may be arranged such that their central long axis is parallel to the fiber bundles of the dorsal aspect of the cingulate . in accordance with standard double coil construction as is known in the art , this means that the direction of the maximal electrical current flow within the coil is parallel to the cingulate fiber bundles . presuming that the horizontal fiber effect ( barker et al .) holds dominant in this situation , the cingulate bundles will be preferentially activated if the three coils fire in a succession rapid enough to result in summation at the target zone . alternatively , should the transverse fiber effect ( ruohonen et al .) prove to hold dominant in this situation , then each coil should be rotated 90 degrees such that the induced electric filed is transverse to the cingulate bundles . the methods and systems described herein may be used with either paradigm , and may allow testing to determine ( for any given target ) which regime to follow , and therefore which orientation to apply . downregulation ( e . g ., suppression ) may be achieved by slow or asynchronous pulse rates , for example , 1 hz or less , applied to a target brain region . at the neuronal circuit level , this effect has been hypothesized to be the result of long - term depression ( ltd ). similarly , upregulation augmentation or “ stimulation ” is frequently achieved using strong rapid pulse rates , for example 5 hz or greater . at the neuronal circuit level , this effect has been hypothesized to be the result of long - term potentiation ( ltp ). intrinsic differences between the properties of various neuronal populations make quite variable the specific parameters required to augment or suppress . in some cases , the parameters required to cause augmentation or suppression are opposite that cited above . the methods described herein may also be tailored to achieve either upregulation or downregulation . for example , some therapeutic targets may include : treatment of depression ( e . g ., downregulate subgenual cingulate , upregulate dorsal anterior cingulate ), treatment of pain ( e . g ., downregulate dorsal anterior cingulate , down - regulate insula ), treatment of obesity ( e . g ., downregulate orbitofrontal cortex in presence of orexins , upregulate lateral hypothalamic area , downregulate medial hypothalamic area ). fig4 illustrates a biplanar section of a human brain 400 , and the contrast between the dorsal cingulate fibers , or cingulate bundle 401 and prefrontal fibers 402 and 403 . as can be appreciated from this illustration , dorsal cingulate fibers 401 run predominately in the anterior / posterior direction while prefrontal fibers 402 and 403 predominantly run in the coronal plane . fig5 a - 5e and 6 a - 6 e illustrate the use of tms stimulation using sulci to achieve stimulation of a target deep - brain region . in this example , the deep brain target is the cingulate region . fig5 a - 5e illustrates one variation of a method of determining the stimulation parameters using one or more sulci near the deep target region . fig5 a illustrates a coronal section taken through a patient &# 39 ; s head . the section is illustrated in fig5 b , which also shows vectors illustrating the distance from each of four tms electromagnets located outside of the patient &# 39 ; s head to the target cingulate region . fig5 b illustrates a midline longitudinal fissure or sulcus that can facilitate the stimulation of the adjacent cingulate structures . in this figure , relatively deep sulci also are oriented towards the target in directions roughly parallel to the lines from the labels coil 3 and coil 4 . similarly , fig5 c and 5d show a medial ( midsagital ) section through the brain , and shows vectors illustrating the distance from two additional tms electromagnets around the patient &# 39 ; s head . in fig5 b and 5d , the coils are labeled as coils 1 - 6 . the brain sections shown in fig5 b and 5d also illustrate various sulci , or regions of sulci that extend adjacent to the target cingulate region . fig5 b and 5d have been labeled to indicate the distance from the target deep brain region ( e . g ., cingulate region ) to the nearest portion of the sulcus through which stimulation from the tms electromagnet will occur . for example , in fig5 b , the second coil ( coil 2 ) on the right , lateral side of the patient &# 39 ; s head is oriented so that the electromagnetic field passes through a long region a sulcus running towards the target cingulate region . the distance from the sulcus to the target region may therefore be used to determine a more active falloff estimate for each tms electromagnet . this more accurate falloff value may be used to determine the power necessary ( e . g ., minimizing the effect on the non - target tissue by applying only the power necessary at the corrected falloff value ), and may also be used to position the tms electromagnet so that the emitted field will pass through as much of the sulci as possible , to minimize falloff loss . in fig5 b and 5d the distances from the cortical sulcus to the target ( cingulate region ) are labeled for each tms electromagnet . fig5 e illustrates the effect of the sulci in determining the power actually seen by the target region . in this example , three of the six tms electromagnets were simulated as shown in fig5 b and 5d . the total power reaching the target is shown as a percent of mt ; each of the three tms electromagnets was stimulated at less than mt ( e . g ., 99 % mt ). using the ‘ corrected ’ distances based on the extend of the sulci through which the magnetic fields will pass , the power reaching the target from each tms electromagnet was calculated , summing these effects at the target ( assuming that the stimulation occurs within the time constant as described above ), results in a total power of 116 % mt from only three of the six tms electromagnets . thus , in some variations a step of determining a the position and / or stimulation parameter for the tms system may include optimizing the position of the tms electromagnet so that the magnetic field passes along or through the longest sulci extent on the way to the target deep brain region . because the loss of energy in the conductive csf is much less than in the other neuronal tissue , stimulation through the sulci results in an enhanced effect . the effect of the sulci on stimulation is surprisingly high , as can be seen by comparison to fig6 , in which a similar arrangement of tms electromagnets were calculated without taking into account the effect of sulci . in fig6 a - 6d , similar to fig5 a - 5d , the positions of six tms electromagnets oriented around a subject &# 39 ; s head and directed at the same target ( cingulate region ) are shown . each of the six coils is labeled , and next to each label , the distance from the cortical surface to the target is shown . when the falloff values are calculated using these distances , which do not take into account the approximation of low - loss transmission through the sulci , the resulting calculated power reaching the target from each of the six tms electromagnets is substantially lower . to illustrate this point , the total power reaching the target from all six tms electromagnets in this regime is 112 % mt , significantly less than the power from only half as many tms electromagnets shown in fig5 a - 5e . thus , the summation at the target , which may occur in the context of spatial ( geometric superimposition ) or temporal ( network - based ) summation , is much less when sulci are not taken into account . furthermore , by maximizing the projection of the tms electromagnet field through a sulci , the stimulation parameters can be optimized . as just described , fig5 shows the fall - off calculation based on distance from sulcus to target involving 3 trajectories and subthreshold to minimal surface stimulation . fig6 shows the fall - off calculation based on distance from gyral crown to target involving 5 to 6 trajectories and subthreshold to minimal surface stimulation . in some variations , it may be beneficial to target the tms electromagnet to stimulate a deep brain target using the sulci that may connect or extend towards the target . thus , any of the methods described herein may include a mapping step ( e . g ., mapping or otherwise determining the trajectory of any sulci near the target ), and may also include a step of optimizing the position using the orientations of these sulci . as already described , the power applied ( e . g ., stimulation protocol ) to each tms electromagnet may also be adjusted based on the presence / absence of the sulci . for example , as illustrate in fig5 a - 5e and 6 a - 6 e , the number of tms electromagnets ( as well as which tms electromagnets to use ) may be determined using the distance from the sulci to the target or the distance from the tms electromagnet to the target after removing the sulci distance . hemond c , and f . frengi , “ magnetic stimulation in neurology : what we have learned from controlled studies ,” in : neuromodulation : technology at the neural interface . vol . 10 , number 4 , 2007 , blackwell - 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