Patent Application: US-201514963943-A

Abstract:
an electronic device dynamically generates a password for one - time only usage . the one - time password is constructed by placing , in a random sequential order : several randomly chosen digits and several digits , which are randomly selected from personal identification numbers , which were previously provided by an authorized user . the current user of the device is presented with a natural - language password hint , which describes the sequence of digits in the password . only the authorized user knows the personal identification numbers ; and so is able to construct , on - the - fly , the one - time password , and present that password to the device . the password hint may be presented aloud , in audio form , and the password may be entered into the device via speech . if someone nearby hears the hint and / or the password , they cannot use it at a later time to gain device control or data access , since the password is only valid the one time .

Description:
in this document , the terms “ pass code ” and “ password ” are used synonymously and interchangeably . while not employed elsewhere in this document , other terms such as “ pin ”, “ confirmation number ” and “ security code ” are often used to describe some pass codes ( particularly brief pass codes , such as four - digit codes ). for present purposes , such “ pins ”, “ confirmation numbers ”, “ security codes ”, or similar private control numbers , or sequences of symbols for secure data access , are essentially synonymous with “ password ” or “ pass code ”, and fall within the scope of the present system and method . in this document , the words or phrases “ pass code hint ”, “ password hint ”, “ pass code prompt ”, “ password prompt ”, or simply “ hint ” or “ prompt ”, are used synonymously and interchangeably . in this document , the term “ characters ” refers to any of digits , alphabetic symbols , punctuation , and / or other keyboard characters such as are typically used in passwords . while all the examples in this document are of passwords and password characters in english , this is for convenience only . many other languages , with their respective alphabets and symbols , may be employed to create one - time passwords within the scope of the present system and method . this document makes reference to a “ one - time password ,” “ unique password ,” or “ unique , one - time password .” persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a password , generated according to the present system and method , may not be unique or “ one - time ” for all time . a password system will typically have a limited number of characters , e . g ., no more than four ( 4 ) characters or no more than ten ( 10 ) characters , etc . such a limited sequence of characters , drawn from a finite library of available characters ( e . g ., the symbols on a standard english keyboard ), has a finite number of possible combinations . if enough passwords are generated , randomly or otherwise , then repeat ( duplicate ) passwords will eventually appear . it will be understood then that a “ unique password ” or “ one - time password ” refers to a password , which is only used once before another password is generated ; and further , to a password , which is reasonably likely to be distinctive , or unique compared to the previously used password and compared to the next password likely to be generated . in an embodiment of the present system and method , several dozen one - time passwords , or even several hundred passwords , may be generated successively over time , with a reasonable likelihood that all such passwords will be distinct from each other . referring now to fig1 , the present system and method embraces electronic devices ( 100 ) which may be mobile ( e . g ., cellular phones , smart phones , tablet devices , personal digital assistants , portable computers , vehicle - mount computers ), stationary ( e . g ., desktop computers ), or distributed ( e . g ., network systems ) having an improved method for password protection for user access . the present system and method has applicability to devices which employ audio user interfaces ( 120 , 125 ) for input and output ( typically a microphone and speakers or headsets ); and also has applicability for systems employing visual and / or motion driven user interfaces ( e . g ., a display monitor and / or keyboard , mouse , etc .) ( not shown in the figure ). in an embodiment , an electronic device ( 100 ) according to the present disclosure includes a processor ( 105 ), memory ( 110 ), and user audio interfaces elements ( 120 , 125 ) as described immediately above , e . g ., a microphone ( 125 ), and a speaker or headset ( 120 ). in an alternative embodiment , an electronic device according to the present disclosure may include a display monitor , a keyboard , a touch - screen display , a holographic interface , and / or a mouse , touch - pad , and / or other means ( not illustrated in the figure ) for purposes of user interface and interaction . the electronic device may also include a wireless communication system ( 115 ). the processor ( 105 ) is communicatively coupled to the memory ( 110 ), and the user interface ( 120 , 125 ), and the wireless communication system ( 115 ). it will be understood by persons skilled in the art that the memory ( 110 ) shown in fig1 is schematic only , and may represent one type of memory element , or multiple types of memory elements ( as discussed further below ) which are employed in the electronic device ( 100 ). the exemplary electronic device ( 100 ) may include a system bus ( 150 ) and / or one or more internal interface circuits ( not shown ) for communicatively coupling the processor ( 105 ) and other components ( memory ( 110 ), wireless communications system 115 ), and user interface ( 120 , 125 ) to each other . various embodiments of system bus architecture , well known in the art or to be developed , may provide for efficient data transfer and / or communication between the components ( 105 , 110 , 115 , 120 , 125 ) of the device ( 100 ) and may be employed in exemplary embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure . typically , the processor ( 105 ) is configured to execute instructions and to carry out operations associated with the electronic device ( 100 ). for example , using instructions retrieved from the memory ( 110 ) ( e . g ., a memory block ), the processor ( 105 ) may control the reception and manipulation of input and output data between internal components of the electronic device ( 100 ). the processor ( 105 ) typically operates with an operating system to execute computer code and produce / use data . the operating system , other computer code , and data may reside within the memory ( 110 ) that is operatively coupled to the processor ( 105 ). the memory ( 110 ) generally provides a place to store computer code and data that are used by the electronic device 10 . the memory 12 may include read - only memory ( rom ), random - access memory ( ram ), a hard disk drive , and / or other non - transitory storage media . the operating system , other computer code , and data may reside on volatile memory ( 110 ) which is permanently built into the electronic device ( 100 ) or installed in a slot on the device ( 100 ); or on one or more removable , non - transitory storage medium that is loaded or installed onto the electronic device ( 100 ) when needed . exemplary removable non - transitory storage media include cd rom , pc - card , memory card , flash drives , floppy disks , and / or magnetic tape , and / or such other data and code storage media as may be developed in the future . the operating system , other computer code , and data may also be hard - coded into the electronic device ( 100 ) either as dedicated logic within the processor ( 105 ) or as non - volatile memory known as firmware ( 110 ). in an embodiment , the instructions and data employed by the electronic device may be organized into one or more modules ( 130 , 135 , 140 , 145 ). such modules may be implemented , in whole or in part , as one or more of dedicated logic in the processor ( 105 ); firmware ( 110 ); dedicated , specialized processors ( represented or subsumed in fig1 by the processor ( 105 )); and / or volatile memory ( 110 ). a text - to - speech module ( tts ) ( 130 ), which converts textual data and textual output into spoken ( voice ) language to be output via the speakers ( 120 ); a voice recognition module ( vrm ) ( 135 ), which converts speech received via the microphone ( 125 ) into text or other forms of data subject to logical processing by the electronic device ( 100 ); a random number generator ( rndnmg ) ( 140 ) which generates random numbers ( or pseudo - random numbers ); and a password system ( pwsys ) ( 145 ) which may generate and / or process passwords according to the present system and method , as described further below in this document . it will be understood by persons skilled in the relevant arts that the random number generator ( 140 ) may employ any of several random number generation algorithms and methods well known in the art , or may employ new or novel methods yet to be developed . both physical and algorithmic methods of random number generation may be employed , consistent with the present system and method . as noted , the electronic device ( 100 ) typically includes a wireless communication system ( 115 ). the wireless communication system ( 115 ) enables the electronic device ( 100 ) to communicate with a wireless network , such as a cellular network ( e . g ., a gsm network , a cdma network , or an lie network ), a local area network ( lan ), and / or an ad hoc network . the electronic device ( 100 ) may also include one or more wired communications systems ( not illustrated ) such as ethernet ports or usb ports . referring now to fig2 , the present system , and method embraces data reception methods , which are operable on an electronic device ( 100 ), such as the exemplary electronic device discussed above in relation to fig1 . fig2 illustrates , both in a flow chart and via illustration of a specific example , an exemplary method for an electronic device ( 100 ) to obtain and store personal data character strings . a “ personal data character string ” ( pdcs ) ( 290 ), as defined herein , is any series of numbers , alphabetic characters ( including characters in languages other than english ), or other character symbols which is used for personal identification , or is otherwise distinctively associated with an individual person ( or in some cases , as with a home address , may be distinctively associated with a small number of people ). in an embodiment , a personal data character string is always multiple characters , and may be required to have a minimum length ( for example , at least four characters ). in an alternative embodiment , some personal character data strings may be allowed to be just a single character in length . typical examples of personal data character strings ( pdcss ) ( 290 ) are home addresses , zip codes , phone numbers , social security numbers ( ssns ), dates of birth , e - mail addresses , or even credit card numbers , the year of graduation from college , the year of marriage , or similar . a pdcs ( 290 ) may also be first or last names of a family member , a family member birth date , and other such data that a person knows and the person is familiar with by way of distinctive personal associations . a pdsc ( 290 ) may also be a character string based on personal preferences or likes , for example , the name of a favorite flavor of ice cream , the name of a favorite movie star , the jersey number ( shirt number , uniform number ) of a favorite athlete , or similar . a pdcs ( 290 ) may be “ distinctive ”, in some cases , by being completely unique to the particular person . examples of such unique personal data character strings ( 290 ) include social security numbers and cell phone numbers . in other cases , the “ distinctiveness ” of a pdcs lies in the fact that , while not being unique to a person , there are many different plausible or conceivable values for the string ; and further , in that it is difficult or unlikely for most other persons to know the particular value of the pdcs ( 290 ) for the authorized user . examples of such non - unique but distinctive pdcss ( 290 ) include birth dates , street address numbers , zip codes , places of birth , first names of family members , and similar data values . for example , dates of birth may have any of 366 different values ; but any one user has only one birth date of the 366 possible values , and that date is generally unknown to most other persons . in an embodiment of the present system and method , pdcss ( 290 ) may be limited to only those strings of data , which are totally numerical , for example , phone numbers , zip codes , social security numbers , and dates of birth . in an alternative embodiment , pdcss ( 290 ) may be strictly alphabetic , for example , the street name of a person &# 39 ; s home address , or the name of a city where a person grew up or went to college . in an alternative embodiment , a pdcs ( 290 ) may have both numeric and alphabetic characters . an exemplary method ( 200 ) for an electronic system to collect and store one or more pdcss is presented in fig2 . the method is also illustrated in a parallel storyboard ( 260 ). in step 205 of method 200 , the device prompts the user for a specific pdcs ( 290 ), such as a social security number , date of birth , or similar . the prompt may be presented as an audio prompt ( 262 ) or as a text prompt on a display screen ( not shown ), for example , as part of a dialog box . panel 265 of storyboard 260 illustrates the electronic device ( 100 ) presenting , to a user , an audio prompt ( 262 ) ( via speaker ( 120 )) for a specific data category ( 285 ) of pdcs , for example the person &# 39 ; s zip code . in step 210 of method 200 , the device receives , from the user , a personal data character string ( 290 ) which is specific to the personal data category ( 285 ) presented in the prompt ( 262 ) of step 205 . the user may enter the data via a keyboard ( not shown ) or a touch screen display ( not shown ), or other data entry means provided for by the electronic device ( 100 ). panel 270 of storyboard 260 illustrates the user entering the zip code by means of speaking the zip code aloud . the speech is detected by the microphone ( 125 ) of the electronic device ( 100 ). the detected speech may then be translated into text symbols by means of the voice recognition module ( 135 ). in an embodiment of the present system and method , the above steps 205 and 210 may be repeated as necessary to obtain multiple different personal data strings ( 290 ) from the user , which are stored as multiple respective personal data records ( 295 ), discussed immediately below . in step 215 of method 200 , the device stores one or more personal data records ( 295 ) for the user . a personal data record ( 295 ) pairs , or associates , a personal data category ( 285 ) ( such as “ zip code ” or “ phone number ”) with a specific personal data character string ( 290 ). the personal data records ( 295 ) may be stored in a long - term or non - volatile memory ( 110 ), for retrieval on multiple future occasions . panel 275 of storyboard 260 illustrates multiple personal data records ( 295 ) which are stored for a particular user , for example , the user &# 39 ; s zip code , phone number , social security number , and date of birth . in an embodiment , each personal data record ( 295 ) is stored with two component parts : the numeric string , text string or generally a personal data character string ( pdcs ) ( 290 ) of the personal data record ; and an associated description or data category ( 285 ) ( e . g ., “ zip code ”, “ phone number ”, etc .). the description or data category ( 285 ) may aid the device ( 100 ) in later creating a prompt ( 262 ) for the pdcs ( 290 ). the pdcss may be stored in a variety of different data structures well known in the art , including databases , databases tables ( 280 ), array structures , linked lists , or similar . referring now to fig3 , the present system and method embraces password formation methods that are operable on an electronic device ( 100 ), such as the exemplary electronic device discussed above in relation to fig1 . fig3 illustrates , in a flow chart , an exemplary method ( 300 ) for an electronic device ( 100 ) to create a unique , one - time password ( 405 [ see fig4 ]) based in part on the personal data records ( 295 ) created by method 200 , or by similar methods . it is noted here that fig4 , discussed below in this document , provides two specific illustrations of the application of method ( 300 ) discussed here . in step 305 of method 300 , the device randomly selects one or more specific personal data records ( 295 ) from among the personal data records ( 295 ) created and stored in method ( 200 ). for example , in a specific application of the method to generate a single one - time password — and from among such personal data categories ( 285 ) as ssn , date of birth , home phone number , and cell phone number — the method 300 may randomly select to use the category of home phone number . in step 310 , and for any one particular , selected personal data record ( 295 ), the method 300 randomly selects one or more individual characters ( 420 [ see fig4 ]) from the pdcs ( 290 ) of the selected record ( 295 ). in an embodiment , the number of characters ( 420 ) selected from one pdcs ( 290 ) may be one or two characters ( 420 ), or possibly several characters ( 420 ); but generally the characters selected are a subset of the characters in the pdcs ( 290 ). in an alternative embodiment , all the characters ( 420 ) in a pdcs ( 290 ) may be selected . however , when combined into a password ( 405 ) ( as described below ), the selected characters ( 420 ) are typically not presented in the same sequential order as they are stored in the pdcs ( 290 ); they may be mixed in with additional characters as well . for example , in step 310 the method 300 may randomly select the second character and the fourth character of the home phone number . ( these characters may be , for example , “ 0 ” and “ 8 ”.) in step 315 , and for each digit ( 420 ) selected from the pdcss ( 290 ) of each selected data record ( 295 ), the method 300 generates a respective suitable text or verbal prompt . in an embodiment , the prompts will incorporate part or all of the text stored in the data category component ( 285 ) of each data record ( 295 ). in an embodiment , the prompt will also include the ordinal placement of the selected digit ( 420 ) in the pdcs ( 290 ). for example , in step 315 the method 300 may generate the descriptions : “ the second character of your home phone number ” and “ the fourth character of your home phone number .” a person skilled in the art will appreciate that a prompt may be generated in any language suitable for the given user ; examples given here in english are for convenience only . in step 320 , the method 300 first determines the length of the pass code . the length of the pass code may be defined in any number of ways including for example and without limitation : by hard - coding in the computer code of the method ; or via a length parameter on a configuration screen ( whereby the length may be varied at the discretion of the user or the system administrator ); and / or via a length parameter stored in a configuration database ; or by other means . in an embodiment , a pass code may have a range of allowed lengths , for example no less than four characters and no more than ten ; in such an embodiment , the length for a given , particular instance of a pass code may be randomly determined , or determined by contextual ( e . g ., device usage ) parameters . the method then ascertains how many additional characters are required to achieve the necessary length of the pass code ; in an embodiment , this is determined by the required length of the pass code , minus the number of characters selected in steps 305 and 310 . for example , the required pass code length may be five characters , and two characters ( 420 ) ( selected from personal data characters strings ( 290 )) may have been previously selected ; the required additional number of characters is then : 5 − 2 = 3 . in step 320 , the method 300 then generates the required number of additional characters ( 415 , see fig4 ). in an embodiment , each character is itself generated at random ; for example “ 2 ”, “ 7 ”, and “ 5 ”. in step 325 , the method 300 generates a suitable text ( or verbal ) prompt for each random digit ( 415 ) generated in step 320 , for example : “ the number 7 ” or “ the digit 7 ”, and similarly for other digits . in step 330 , the method 300 creates the one - time password ( 405 ). in an embodiment , the one - time password ( 405 ) is generated by ordering ( i ) the individual pdcs characters ( 420 ) selected from the personal data records ( 295 ), and ( ii ) the additional random digits ( 415 ), in a random sequential order . for example , the digits presented above could be ordered as : “ 2 7 0 8 5 ”, “ 5 8 7 2 0 ”, “ 5 7 2 0 8 ”, or ( in this case , for five unique digits ) any of 117 other possible random orderings . in step 335 , method 300 generates the pass code prompt ( 262 ). in an embodiment , this may be done by taking the individual prompts associated with individual characters ( as per steps 315 and 325 ), and ordering them in the same sequential order as the respective digits ( 420 ) are ordered in the one - time pass code ( 405 ). for example , and using the exemplary digits described above , if the pass code is “ 5 8 7 2 0 ”, then the prompt may be : “ the digit five , the fourth character of your home phone number , the digit seven , the digit two , the second character of your home phone number .” in an embodiment , a natural language module of the device ( 100 ) may insert additional text / words , or change text / words , in order to create a more effective user prompt . for example , the above prompt may be modified with additional text ( underlined , below ) as : “ to enter your pass code , please speak aloud the digit five , then speak the fourth character of your home phone number , then the digit seven , then the digit two , and finally speak the second character of your home phone number .” in an embodiment , other means may be employed to enhance the user - friendliness of the prompt ( 262 ). for example , when the user is prompted to speak a selected character ( 420 ) from a personal data record ( 295 ), the method may be modified to add a pause of a few seconds ; this would give the user a few moments to mentally recollect the necessary pdcs ( 290 ), and to select the appropriate character ( 420 ) in their mind . persons skilled in the relevant arts will recognize that the method 300 is exemplary only , and other similar or related methods may be employed within the scope and spirit of the present system and method . for example , the steps of method 300 need not be performed in the order shown ; other orderings of the steps are possible while yielding the same one - time pass code ( 405 ). some steps may be consolidated into a single step ( for example , generation of the pass code hint 315 , 325 , 335 ). alternative or additional steps may be employed as well within the scope and spirit of the present system and method . for example , instead of selecting personal data records ( 295 ) or specific characters ( 420 ) within the data elements on a purely random basis , a predetermined selection ordering system may be used . such a system would still be hidden and essentially unpredictable from the standpoint of persons listening to the pass code prompt ; and hence still substantially maintain a robust security level of the present system and method . other variations are possible as well . fig4 illustrates the composition of two exemplary , different one - time pass codes , both based on the same pdcss ( 290 ) for a single authorized user . in an embodiment , one of these pass codes ( 405 ) might be generated on a first occasion when the electronic device requests a pass code ; while the second pass code might be generated on a later , subsequent occasion . the fact that the pass codes ( 405 ) are highly likely to be different from each other , from one occasion to the next , is an element of the high level of password security offered by the present system and method . both pass codes employ the same stored personal data records ( 295 ) for : the authorized user &# 39 ; s zip code , phone number , date of birth ( in mmddyyyy format ), and social security number ( ssn ). the values ( 290 ) of these personal data elements , for the particular authorized user , are “ 10732 ”, “ 2125554567 ”, “ 04121982 ”, and “ 145982904 ”. in the first example ( 400 ), the first pass code is created , according to an embodiment of the present system and method , by the random selection of individual pdcs characters ( 420 )— here , the 4 th digit of the zip code [ value = 3 ], the 6 th digit of the date of birth [ value = 9 ], and two randomly generated digits ( 405 ) [ values = 6 , 1 ]. in an embodiment , the number of digits which are to be selected from the pdcss may itself be randomly determined . in an embodiment , the present system and method may establish a minimum number of required digits to be selected from a pdcs ( 290 ). for example , it may be required that a pass code ( 405 ) include at least two characters ( digits , in this case ) from at least two different personal data records ( 295 ). here , the values used to form the pass code ( 405 ) are 3 , 9 , 6 , and 1 . in an embodiment , the order of the randomly selected digits ( 415 , 420 ) may also be randomly determined . in an alternative embodiment , other fixed ordering schemes , or context or usage dependent ordering schemes , may be employed . here , the digits have been randomly ordered to result in a pass code ( 405 ) of “ 6 3 1 9 ”. the corresponding pass code prompt ( 262 ) reads : “ speak 6 , then the 4th digit of your zip code , then 1 , then the 6th digit of your date of birth .” in the second example ( 460 ), the second pass code is created , according to an embodiment of the present system and method , by the random selection of individual personal data element characters ( 420 )— here , the 1 st digit of the zip code [ value = 1 ], the 7 th digit of the phone number [ value = 4 ], and the 7 th digit of the social security number [ value = 9 ]; along with a randomly generated digit ( 415 ) [ value = 5 ]. here , the values used to form the pass code ( 405 ) are 1 , 4 , 9 , and 5 . here , the digits have been randomly ordered to result in a pass code ( 405 ) of “ 1 9 5 4 ”. the corresponding pass code prompt ( 262 ) is : “ speak the first digit of your zip code , then the 7th digit of your social security number , then the number 5 , and then the 7th digit of your phone number .” in an embodiment , after creating the one - time unique password ( 405 ), the electronic device ( 100 ) presents the matching password prompt ( 262 ) to the user ; the device ( 100 ) then receives from the user a reply ( which is generally intended by the user to be the correct password , as they have understood from the prompt ); and the electronic device ( 100 ) then determines if the pass code supplied by the user matches the expected one - time pass code ( 405 ) created and stored internally by the device , using the methods above . if the pass code offered by the user matches the expected pass code ( 405 ), then the electronic device ( 100 ) grants to the user appropriate data access , appropriate device control , appropriate network access , or other suitable control , access , or privileges ( for example , unlocking and providing access to a locked box or locked room ). in an alternative embodiment , the electronic device ( 100 ) may store the one - time pass code ( 405 ), or multiple one - time pass codes , for later possible use . in an alternative embodiment , a first electronic device may not present the pass code hint directly to the user ; instead , the first electronic device may use the methods above to generate the one - time pass code ( 405 ), and the matching pass code hint ( 262 ), for use by a second electronic device . the first electronic device would transmit the one - time pass code ( 405 ) and matching prompt ( 262 ) to the second electronic device ( preferably the transmission would be done via secure means ). the second electronic device would then prompt the user , receive the user response , and perform comparison and access functions as appropriate . in an alternative embodiment , the pass code ( 405 ) is generated as a result of a mathematical combination of , or mathematical function of or operation on , the selected digits ( 420 ) of the pdcss ( 290 ), along with ( optionally ) additional digits . for example , the processor may select one or more digits ( 420 ) from the personal data records ( 295 ), and then may present to the user a natural language prompt ( 262 ) for these digits ( as already described above ). the natural language prompt ( 262 ) may then further instruct the user to add the values , to multiply the values , or to perform some more advanced mathematical operation with the values . the result of the addition or multiplication , or other operation , may then be the one - time password ( 405 ). “ identify the second digit of your social security number , and the third digit of your cell phone number . multiply these two values . add the last digit of your social security number . please recite the resulting value .” suppose the associated digits for this prompt , and for a particular authorized user , are 4 , 2 , and 9 ; then the appropriate password calculation would be ( 4 * 2 )+ 9 ; the one - time password would be the result of this calculation , or “ 17 ”. to supplement the present disclosure , this application incorporates entirely by reference the following commonly assigned patents , patent application publications , and patent applications : u . s . pat . no . 6 , 832 , 725 ; u . s . pat . no . 7 , 128 , 266 ; u . s . pat . no . 7 , 159 , 783 ; u . s . pat . no . 7 , 413 , 127 ; u . s . pat . no . 7 , 726 , 575 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 294 , 969 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 317 , 105 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 322 , 622 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 366 , 005 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 371 , 507 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 376 , 233 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 381 , 979 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 390 , 909 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 408 , 464 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 408 , 468 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 408 , 469 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 424 , 768 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 448 , 863 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 457 , 013 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 459 , 557 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 469 , 272 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 474 , 712 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 479 , 992 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 490 , 877 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 517 , 271 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 523 , 076 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 528 , 818 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 544 , 737 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 548 , 242 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 548 , 420 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 550 , 335 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 550 , 354 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 550 , 357 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 556 , 174 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 556 , 176 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 556 , 177 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 559 , 767 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 599 , 957 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 561 , 895 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 561 , 903 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 561 , 905 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 565 , 107 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 571 , 307 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 579 , 200 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 583 , 924 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 584 , 945 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 587 , 595 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 587 , 697 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 588 , 869 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 590 , 789 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 596 , 539 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 596 , 542 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 596 , 543 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 599 , 271 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 599 , 957 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 600 , 158 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 600 , 167 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 602 , 309 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 608 , 053 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 608 , 071 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 611 , 309 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 615 , 487 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 616 , 454 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 621 , 123 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 622 , 303 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 628 , 013 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 628 , 015 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 628 , 016 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 629 , 926 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 630 , 491 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 635 , 309 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 636 , 200 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 636 , 212 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 636 , 215 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 636 , 224 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 638 , 806 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 640 , 958 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 640 , 960 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 643 , 717 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 646 , 692 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 646 , 694 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 657 , 200 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 659 , 397 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 668 , 149 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 678 , 285 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 678 , 286 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 682 , 077 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 687 , 282 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 692 , 927 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 695 , 880 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 698 , 949 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 717 , 494 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 717 , 494 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 720 , 783 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 723 , 804 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 723 , 904 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 727 , 223 ; u . s . pat . no . d702 , 237 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 740 , 082 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 740 , 085 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 746 , 563 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 750 , 445 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 752 , 766 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 756 , 059 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 757 , 495 ; u . s . pat . no . 8 , 760 , 563 ; 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