Patent Application: US-63240905-A

Abstract:
the invention relates to the microbiological and medical industry , genetic engineering , biotechnology . a saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain was obtained on the basis of constructing a recombinant plasmid dna comprising a structural gene of a human alpha - fetoprotein under the control of a regulatory promoter , providing the synthesis and production of afp in a secreted soluble form , this afp having activity identical or similar to the activity of a human afp . the obtained recombinant afp may be used as an active substance for the preparation of therapeutic agents for use in oncology , immunotherapy , cosmetology and also for the diagnosis of cancer and embryonic pathologies .

Description:
in order to realize the instant invention , the main technical object was the creation of a strain of yeast - producer of afp , capable of effectively secreting the desired protein into a cultural liquid . this object is solved by constructing a recombinant dna pkx plasmid encoding the regulated synthesis of human afp and the strain saccharomyces cerevisiae ybs723 / pkx providing the synthesis and production of afp in a secreted dissolved form with a level of expression not less than 10 mg / l . the high level of synthesis of the desired protein in secreted dissolved form is provided in that the pkx plasmid comprises a promoter of the gal1 gene with simultaneous amplification of the kar2 gene ( robinson a . s ., et al ., 1996 , j . biol . chem . 271 : 10017 - 10022 ), encoding a chaperon heavy chain binding protein bip . in the genome of the strain of the recipient , there is amplification of the pd11 gene ( robinson a . s ., et al ., 1996 , j . biol . chem . 271 : 10017 - 10022 ), encoding a disulfidisomerase enzyme , which participates in the formation of disulfide bonds during the secretory process of the proteins . the recombinant plasmid dna comprises a human afp gene under the control of a gal1 promoter gene , providing a high level of transcription of the gene , and a kar2 gene , encoding a chaperon heavy chain binding protein bip , participating in folding proteins during the secretory process for the proteins , and providing a high level of production of the desired protein into the cultural liquid . furthermore , in order to provide the correct formation of disulfide bonds and the formation of a native tertiary structure of the protein , a ps11 gene encoding disulfideisomerase is used . a recombinant pkx plasmid dna ( fig1 ), encoding a human afp gene , is characterized by the following features : it is an expression plasmid for the effective secretion of human afp ; it has a size of 13301 bp ; it comprises a fragment encoding the amino acid sequence of a mature human alpha - fetoprotein seq id no : 4 ; it comprises a fragment of the bacterial plasmid puc18 ; a region of initiation of a 2 - μm yeast plasmid ; a selective yeast marker pgk1 ; a kar2 yeast gene encoding a chaperon heavy chain binding protein bip ; a pd11 gene encoding a disulfidisomerase enzime ; an expression cassette with an afp genome ; in the structure of the expression cassette presented by the nucleotide sequence seq id no : 1 is included : a promoter region of gal1 yeast gene ; a pre - pro region of secretion of mfα1 yeast gene ; a region encoding a mature human afp ; a field of termination of transcription of a cyc1 yeast gene . when this plasmid is introduced into a cell , a high level of transcription of the afp gene is achieved due to the use of a highly effective gal1 promoter . the introduction of a pre - pro region of secretion of mfα1 provides for the correct secretory processing of afp accompanied by the effective secretion of the protein with the expected amino acid sequence seq id no : 4 , if the encoding region will correspond to the dna sequence encoding a mature human afp in a cultural liquid ; a significant distinction of the proposed plasmid construction is that an afp gene is under the control of a highly effective gal1 promoter , and in order to provide the correct formation of disulfide bonds and the formation of a native tertiary structure of the protein , pd11 and kar2 genes are used . any eukaryotic cell susceptible to such a transformation with the indicated plasmid may be transformed with the aid of the created plasmid . the selection of the cell is not critical since the methods and steps of transformation are well - known to those skilled in the art . however , depending on the type of cell and the conditions for culturing the obtained transformant , the level of expression of afp may vary , but the fact of expression of the required peptide will take place under condition of successful transformation of the parent cell . a recipient strain ybs723 of the genotype pgk1 / pgk1 is used to obtain the strain saccharomyces cerevisiae ybs723 / pkx . the homozygosis of pgk1 / pgk1 makes this strain incapable of growth in all mediums containing any single source of carbon within the norm digestible by yeasts s . cerevisiae . the homozygosis of ga180 :: pd11 / ga180 : pd11 results in a change of regulation of the promoter of the gal1 gene with simultaneous amplification in the genome of the pd11 gene encoding the disulfidisomerase enzyme and participating in the formation of disulfide bonds during the secretory process of the proteins . the ybs723 strain is transformed by the pkx plasmid according to the method ( ito h ., et al ., 1983 , j . bacteriol . 153 : 163 - 168 ). transformants were selected according to the capability to grow on a full - value yeast medium ( bactopeptone — 20 g / l , yeast extract — 10 g / l , bactoagar — 20 g / l ) comprising 2 % glucose as a source of carbon . one of such clones is designated as ybs723 / pkx . the obtained diploid yeast strain saccharomyces cerevisiae ybs723 / pkx is characterized by the following features : morphological features : vegetative cells of a 48 - hour culture grown on a solid nutrient medium with 2 % glucose as the only source of carbon have an oval form , cell size of 3 . 6 × 7 . 1 μm , the protoplasma is homogenous , reproduction is by gemmation . when growing on a solid medium comprising a yeast extract and peptone ( yep ) at 30 ° c . after 72 hours of growth , the columns have the following appearance : 1 ) on a yep medium with glucose — a white color column with a smooth edge , shining surface , cone - shaped profile , cream - like consistency ; 2 ) on a yep medium with starch — a white color column with a patterned edge , dull surface , lens - like profile and grain consistency ; 3 ) on a yep medium with molasses — a white color column with a dull wrinkled surface , patterned edge , convex profile and cream - like consistency . growth in a liquid medium — on a yep medium with starch at 32 ° c . during the first 24 hours of culturing — a cloudy liquid , white residue , does not cake , does not form parietal films . physicochemical features : facultative anaerobe . temperature of growth — 23 - 33 ° c . ( optimum — 31 ° c .). ph of culturing — 3 . 8 - 6 . 7 ( optimum — 5 . 0 ). highest level of secretion of afp is observed at ph 6 . 8 - 7 . 0 . assimilation of carbon sources : ferments glucose , galactose , fructose , maltose , saccharose , dextrine , starch . assimilation of nitrogen sources : assimilates amino acids , urea , ammonium sulphate , ammonium nitrate . distinctive specificities : in the case of culturing on a rich medium with starch ( 2 %), zones of fading starch surrounded by a dark rim after incubation of dish at + 4 ° c . for 24 h . method of storage : the strain is stored on an agarized rich medium with glucose for 3 months at + 4 ° c . the obtained strain saccharomyces cerevisiae ybs723 / pkx — producer of afp in a secreted form is deposited in the russian collection of industrial microorganisms ( vkpm ) under no . y - 3115 . the cell strain producer of recombinant afp proposed by the applicants has a number of advantages over already existing prototypes : production of the desired product is carried out in a secreted form into a cultural liquid ; the amino acid sequence of the final product corresponds to the sequence of a mature human afp — seq id no : 4 ; similar to the serum embryonal analog , rafp , produced by the strain producer saccharomyces cerevisiae ybs723 / pkx , is glycosylated ; the yield of the desired product is significantly increased due to an increase of expression of the gene encoding the disulfidisomerase enzyme pd11 providing for the formation of disulfide bonds and the kar2 gene encoding shaperon heavy chain binding protein bip providing for correct assembly of the protein and secretion of the desired product into the cultural medium . it is completely obvious that the sequence encoding the dna may comprise replacements related to degeneration of the genetic code , and also some replacements , insertions , deletions , which as a whole do not result in the obtainment of inactive forms of the fetoprotein . possible variations are known to those skilled in the art . the obtained polypeptide may also include within the frame of the amino acid sequence conservative amino acid replacements presuming the replacement of one amino acid with another having similar properties . however , within the limits of the claimed features of the instant invention there are only those polypeptides which have primary , secondary and tertiary structure , that does not disturb the required activity of the obtained polypeptide , in particular — to have properties identical or similar to the properties of a mature human afp , determined in an immunological analysis and in accordance with its capability to suppress the growth of cells of a b - cellular lymphoma raji in a culture in vitro . the indexes of functional activity , at which it is regarded that the obtained polypeptide will have the properties of a mature human serum afp are determined according to the immunological reaction and according to its capability of inhibiting in vitro the growth of cells of the b - cellular lymphoma raji at a level not less than 10 % of the activity of a mature human serumal afp cells of the b - cellular lymphoma raji at a level not less than 10 % of the activity of a mature human serum afp . in the case of practical use of the obtained polypeptide within the makeup of a composition , traditional additional components are used , such as excipients , diluents , preservatives , buffer solutions , physiological solution , a 0 . 9 % solution of sodium chloride , technological additives used during the production of drug forms , etc . compositions may be fluid ( solutions , suspensions , creams , emulsions , etc . ), solid ( lyophilizated powder , reconstituted prior to use , an adsorbed preparation on a carrier , etc . ), serving for parenteral , oral , intravenous , intramuscular , etc . administration or for external use . wherein , the compositions for external use may comprise additives promoting the absorption and diffusion of the active substance in tissue . the synergic compositions of the instant invention provide for the presence in the composition of another active substance , wherein in the case where two active substances are present at the same time , one of which is the afp according to the instant invention , the effect of their action is reliably higher than in the case where each substance is used separately . it is quite obvious that synergic compositions are one of the preferable variants of embodiment of the invention , since to one skilled in the art the variant of administering each active component separately is obvious . for example , in the case of anticancer therapy , each preparation of an active component may be administered separately and together simultaneously , with separation by time or by different manners of administration . the concrete selection depends on the state of the patient , the seriousness of the illness , prior treatment , etc . the selection of the therapeutic dosages for treatment may be any dose in a wide range from 0 . 001 - 10 mg / kg of a patient &# 39 ; s weight , with the proviso that the required therapeutic effect is obtained . it corresponds to the traditional dosages of human afp , since the obtained afp will have properties that are similar or close in respect to activity . the limiting dosages of afp according to the invention correspond to the dosages of human afp , since they have a similar amino acid sequence , which is not recognized by a normal immune system of a human as “ foreign .” the instant invention is illustrated by the following examples , which are not of a restrictive character , but are intended to demonstrate embodiment of the invention and realization of the best variant of the embodiment . isolation of sum rna and construction of intermediate recombinant plasmid dna ptrcafp the total mrna was isolated from the cellular line of human hepatoma hepg2 with the aid of trizol reagent ( gibco brl , usa ) in accordance with a method of the producer . the cdna was obtained using first strand cdna synthesis kit ( mbi fermentas ) in the presence of primers oligo ( dt ) 18 or gaagtaatttaaactcccaaagc [ seq id no : 5 ] ( 3r ), complementary to the 3 ′- end of the gene afp . amplification of the obtained matrix for subsequent cloning was carried out in the presence of primers : the first of which corresponds to the 5 ′- sequence of mature protein gene ( singled out by dark print ) and comprises the recognition site for restrictase cla i , while the second is complementary to the 3 ′- end section of the gene ( singled out by dark print ) and comprises a recognition site for hind iii . amplification of the gene was carried out in a volume of 100 μl . the reaction mixture comprised 10 ng of cdna , 30 μm of each of primers ( 1 ) and ( 2 ), a mixture of dntp ( 0 . 2 mm of each ), 10 mm of tris - hcl , ph 8 . 8 , 10 mm of kcl , 2 . 5 mm of mgso 4 , 2 . 5 unit pfu dna - polymerases ( stratagene firm ) and 1 unit taq dna - polymerase ( fernentas firm ). there were 25 cycles carried out according to the scheme : 95 ° c ./ 40 sec , 39 ° c ./ 40 sec , 72 ° c ./ 1 min . the products of the reaction were analyzed by electroforesis in a 1 % agarous gel ; strips of a length of about 1790 bp were cut , dna was extracted from the gel , treated with restrictases clai and hindiii and cloned into the plasmid ptrctegf , earlier obtained on the base of the vector ptrc99a ( amann e ., et al ., 1988 , gene , 69 , 301 - 315 ), and treated with those same restrictases . as a result the plasmid ptrcafp was obtained ; its structure was confirmed by restrictase analysis , using restrictases cla i and hind iii , in respect to which cloning was carried out , and also spe i , mun i , sec i and sty i , the recognition sites of which are inside the afp gene , and by determination of the nucleotide sequence of the dna section cloned with the aid of pcr . sequencing was carried out according to the method and with use of the cycle reader ™ dna sequencing kit ( fermentas , lithuania ). in order to obtain a synthesized afp gene , 36 oligonucleotides having a length of 62 - 68 b were chemically synthesized . on the basis of these oligonucleotides six double - chain fragments were obtained by the method of polymerase chain reaction , each of which was cloned to a vector puc18 . the primary structure of all the cloned fragments was confirmed by sequencing . fragments with the correct nucleotide structure were then sequentially collected into a desired gene by the method of restriction / ligation in the form of a fragment of the plasmid puc18 . in a similar manner a cdna was obtained for expression of modified forms of afp , comprising deletion , mutation or added amino acid residues . the plasmid ptrcafp was used as a matrix for pcr in the presence of primers : restriction sites ncoi and xhoi ( underlined ) are set in the sequence of primers . the dna fragment obtained as a result of amplification after treatment with endonucleases of restriction ncoi / xhoi were cloned onto vector puc18 / gal1 - pp , comprising a promoter gal1 and pre - pro region of secretion mfα1 . as a result the plasmid puc18 / gal1 - pp / afp was obtained . in order exclude possible errors of pcr the ncoi / xhoi fragment of the plasmid was sequenced . the hindiii / xhoi fragment of the plasmid puc18 / gal1 - pp / afp , comprising the promoter gal1 , pre - pro region of secretion of mfα1 and encoding part of the human afp gene ( fig2 ) were transferred to the hindiii / xhoi bireplicon ( yeast — e . coli ) vector ppdx . as a result the plasmid ppdx / gal1 - pp / afp was obtained . the clai / xhoi fragment of the plasmid ppdx / gal1 - pp / afp was transferred to clai / xhoi vector of ppk , differing from ppdx by the presence of the kar2 gene . the plasmid obtained as a result is named pkx ( fig1 ). in a similar manner the plasmid pkx - 1 was obtained , comprising the synthetic human afp gene consisting of the most widely used yeast codons ( fig3 ). the plasmid pkx - 1 differs from pkx in that it comprises the synthetic gene of a mature human afp . in order to obtain the strain saccharomyces cerevisiae ybs723 / pkx , the recipient strain ybs723 was transformed by the plasmid pkx in accordance with the method ( ito h ., et al ., 1983 ; j . bacteriol . 153 : 163 - 168 ). the transformants were selected by the capability to grow on a full - value yeast medium ( bactopepton — 20 g / l , yeast extract — 10 g / l , bactoagar — 20 g / l ), comprising 2 % glucose as the source of carbon . one of such clones is designated ybs723 / pkx . cells of the strain - producer ybs723 / pkx were grown in vials at 26 ° c . on a rocker ( 250 rpm ) on a medium of the following composition : glucose — 2 %, glycerine — 1 . 5 %, yeast extract — 1 %, peptone — 2 %, distilled water . the ph of the medium was maintained at 7 . 0 by the addition of 0 . 1 m of a phosphate buffer . the initial titer of the cells was 5 × 10 6 . samples were taken after 72 hours of growth of the culture after transition to the stationary phase of growth at a titer of 7 - 8 × 10 8 . a sample of the cultural liquid was obtained after centrifugation of the culture at 10 000 rpm for 1 min and was used in the following analyses . samples of the cl were analyzed by electrophoresis in a 12 . 5 % polyacrylamide gel with sodium dodecyl sulphate . the gels were colored coomassie r - 250 ( fig4 ) and scanned to determine the total protein and relative content of the afp specific protein . according to the data of electrophoresis and scanning , the total content of afp in the cl is about 10 - 25 % of the total protein , but there is partial intracellular degradation of the protein . the relative content of afp in the cl was determined by the method of immunoblotting in the presence of polyclonal antibodies to afp ( fig4 ). also , the quantitative content of afp in the cultural liquid was determined by the method of immunoenzymatic analysis ( iea ), with use of a set of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to human afp . according to the iea data , the average content of afp in the cl in liquid mediums reached 5 mg / l . determination of productivity of strain - producer of human afp saccharomyces cerevisiae ybs723 / pkx in high - density mediums feed - batch culturing of the strain ybs723 / pkx was carried out in a fermenter at 26 ° c . and ph 7 . 0 ( automatic maintenance ). the content of dissolved oxygen do was maintained & gt ; 20 %. during fermentation , replenishment with a medium of the following composition was carried out : yeast extract — 30 g / l , peptone — 60 g / l , glucose — 100 g / l . the rate of feeding the replenishment was such as to provide a rate of growth of the culture μ = 0 . 03 . after achievement of od 50 , equal to 280 optical units , the content of afp in the cl was analyzed . the relative and total content of afp in the cl of high density cultures of ybs723 / pkx was determined as described above in example 4 . in the case of culturing in high density mediums , the content of rafp in the cl according to ifa data reached 70 mg / l . isolation and characterization of recombinant human af from cl of a strain - producer ybs723 / pkx isolation of rafp from the cl of the strain - producer ybs723 / pkx was carried out as described earlier ( dudich et al ., 1999 , biochemistry , 38 : 10406 - 10414 ) with slight changes . the cultural liquid was concentrated from 3 l to 200 ml by ultrafiltration on a concentrating cell “ millipore ” and dialyzed against 0 . 005m tris - hcl , a ph 7 . 5 , 0 . 1m nacl buffer , 4 ° c ., then centrifuged for 0 . 5 hours at 10 000 rpm . ion exchange chromatography . the supernatant obtained after centrifugation was applied onto an ion exchange column deae - sepharose fast flow ( pharmacia , 27 × 4 cm ), balanced with 0 . 01m tris - hcl , ph 7 . 5 , 0 . 1m nacl . the components not bond to sorbent were washed from the column with a starting buffer , while the elution of the desired product was carried out by 0 . 2 m of nacl in a tris - hcl buffer , ph 7 . 5 at a rate of 1 ml / min . affinity chromatography . the fractions comprising rafp were combined , the concentration of nacl was brought to 0 . 5m and applied to an affinity column with sepharose cl - 4b conjugated with polyclonal anti - afp rabbit antibodies , which was balanced with 0 . 05m tris - hcl , ph 7 . 5 and 0 . 5m nacl . after the output of the proteins not bonded to the antibodies of the proteins , the adsorbed rafp was eluted with 0 . 005m hcl . the peak of the output of the material upon achievement of ph from 5 . 0 to 3 . 5 was determined by absorption at 280 nm . the solution of rafp was neutralized to ph 7 . 5 by the addition of a 2m solution of tris - hcl , ph 7 . 5 . gel chromatography . further purification of rafp was carried out by gel chromatography on a column with sephacryl s - 200 ( 1 . 8 × 70 cm ) in a 0 . 1 m phosphate buffer , ph 7 . 0 ; 0 . 15m nacl , at a rate of 0 . 5 ml / min . the solution of purified rafp was concentrated in a cell “ amicon ” ( membrane ym - 30 ) under the pressure of nitrogen . analysis of samples . the identification and purity of the obtained rafp preparation were controlled by methods of gel electrophoresis according to lammly in 12 . 5 % sds - page with β - mercaptoethanol with subsequent coloring by coomassie ( fig4 a ), western - blot - analysis on a pvdf - membrane with a titer of primary antibodies 1 : 500 and secondary 1 : 5000 , dot - blot on a hybond ecl - nitrocellulose membrane ( fig4 b ), ifa . determination of the concentration of the protein in the solutions was canied out in accordance with the bredford method , using a standard solution of embryonal afp as the control , and also spectrophotometrically at 278 nm , talting the coefficient of extinction e 1 %, 278 nm = 0 . 53 into account . the functional activity of rafp and the modified forms thereof were determined according to its capability of suppressing the growth of cells of b - cellular lymphoma raji in the culture in vitro , as earlier described ( semenkova l . n ., 1997 , tumor biol . 18 , 261 - 274 ; dudich e . i ., et al ., 1998 , tumor biol . 19 , 30 - 40 ). preliminarily washed by a fresh medium , raji cells were placed into each cell of a 96 - alveolar plate according to 5 × 10 3 in 0 . 1 ml of a medium rpmi - 1640 in the presence of a 10 % fetal calf serum , then different doses of afp were added for 12 hours . proliferation of the cells was measured by a standard method by the introduction of [ h 3 ]- thymidine during the last 4 hours of culturing . for comparison , the dose - dependent reactivity was studied for two samples of afp of embryonal origin embrafp and yeast rafp ( fig5 ). it is evident that both preparations manifest an expressed cytostatic activity in respect to these cells . similarly , in order to determine the activity of preparations on the base of afp in vitro , any other lines of cancer cells may be used that are sensitive to the suppressive action of afp , such as human hepatocarcinoma hepg2 , breast cancer mcf - 7 , prostate cancer lncap , myeloblastoma u - 937 and others ( semenkova l . n ., 1997 , tumor biol . 18 , 261 - 274 ; dudich e . i ., et al ., 1998 , tumor biol . 19 , 30 - 40 ). anticancer preparations on the base of rafp and of modified forms thereof may be used for inhibition of the growth of malignant neoplasms , such as primary or metastatic cancer of the liver , blood cancer ( leucosis , myeloblastoma , lymphoma ), breast cancer , prostate cancer . in order to determine the sensitivity of this type of tumor cells to afp , it is possible to use different methods both in vitro and also in vivo . the method of determining activity in vitro is described in the preceding example 8 . in order to determine the oncosuppressive action of preparations on the base of afp in vivo , models on animals may be used , for example with use of nude mice with subcutaneously or intraperitoneally implanted human lines of cancer cells , such as raji , hepg2 , lncap , mcf - 7 and others . for example , cells of b - cellular lymphoma raji were administered subcutaneously in an amount of 1 - 5 × 10 6 per mouse . administration of the afp and derivatives thereof was begun 7 days prior to implantation of tumor cells intraperitoneally or intravenously in an amount of 1 - 10 mg / kg . the physiological buffered solution ( pbs ) was used as a control . the size of the tumor was evaluated by daily measurements with the aid of a micrometer . the method of administering preparations on the base of yeast rafp or derivatives thereof may also comprise therein the administration of chemotherapeutic preparations simultaneously or sequentially . the following may be presented as examples of such chemotherapeutic preparations : doxorubicin , vincristine , fluorourascil , metatrexate , actinomycin d , mitomycin c , tamoxifen , flutamid , vincristine , vinblastine , cyclosporin , retinoids , carotenoids , and others . usually , a chemotherapeutic preparation may be administered in standard doses or in suboptimum doses , below the usual therapeutic . the effect of the combined action of rafp and doxorubicin ( a ) and rafp and all - trans - retinoic acid ( tra ) is presented as an example in fig6 . in the case of simultaneous administration of the preparations , synergic oncosuppressive action in the case of use of suboptimum doses is observed . the primary culture of embryonal fibroblasts of the lung and human retina was obtained by treating with a 0 . 2 % trypsin solution corresponding tissues of 5 - 10 week embryos obtained after legal abortions . the cells were cultured in an rpmi - 1640 medium in the presence of a 10 % calf fetal serum ( cfs ). the cytostatic activity of afp was measured as earlier described ( semenkova l . n ., 1997 , tumor biol . 18 , 261 - 274 ; dudich e . i ., et al ., 1998 , tumor biol . 19 , 30 - 40 ). cells in an amount of 4 × 10 4 in a 0 . 15 ml medium were intensively washed with a fresh medium and placed in each cell of a 96 - lune plate , then different doses of afp were added and cultured 24 hours . proliferation of the cells was measured by a standard method by the inclusion of [ h 3 ]- thymidine during the last four hours of culturing . the dosage dependence of the effect of afp on cellular growth was also studied for the primary culture of human embryonal fibroblasts . afp had a stimulating effect on these cells , reaching 50 - 90 % in respect to the control ( fig7 ). in view of the fact that afp has the capability to stimulate the growth of stem cells and is a growth factor for embryonal cells , its possible use is proposed for the preparation of cosmetic masks , creams and lotions . rafp may be used as an excipient for liposome , microsome and nanosome . in view of the fact that afp is capable of binding hydrophobic ligands , in particular , fat - soluble vitamins , steroids , isoflavinoids , polyunsaturated fatty acids ( deutsch h . f ., 1991 , adv . canc . res . 56 , 253 - 312 ); aussel c . & amp ; masseyeff r ., 1994 , biochem . biophys . res . commun . 119 : 1122 - 1127 ; deutsch h . f ., 1994 , j . tumor marker oncol . 9 : 11 - 14 ), the combined use of rafp with fat - soluble vitamins , such as derivatives of retinoids , carotenoids , tokoferol , vitamin d , with steroids such as derivatives of estrogens and androgens , is shown . estradiol and others may be used as an example of such steroids . amaim e ., ochs b ., abel k .- j . 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