Patent Application: US-43969206-A

Abstract:
constant - bitrate rate control is very useful for real - time video transmission . however , it is difficult to realize a good cbr rate control in an mpeg4 - avc video codec . according to the invention , an adapted ρ - domain rate control processing for real - time rate control is applied , whereby ρ is the percentage of zero amplitude transform coefficients following quantisation . a couple of tables are used for mapping between the quantization parameters and ρ . a detailed analysis at transform - level is carried out in order to get the slope of the relationship between the bitrate and ρ . the slope of the linear model is constrained by a look - ahead procedure with respect to the neighbour frames or blocks .

Description:
according to [ 3 ], the ρ - domain control requires the knowledge of the percentage of zeros following quantization in the transform or dct transform domain for each macroblock in a frame ( if the residuum after transform complies with gaussian or laplace distribution , the ρ - domain can work correctly ). however , the rate - distortion optimization ( rdo ) requires qp to consider motion estimation and mode decision , and for different modes there are different transform coefficients . according to the invention , a simple and accurate residue estimation is used . in addition , side information from the pre - analysis — such as motion vectors and transform coefficients — can be used again , and advantageously shortens the computation time in the rdo step . in practical mpeg - 4 avc encoding , following mode decision the majority ( generally 60 % to 90 %) of ( macro -) blocks has a size of 16 * 16 pixels before transform , whereas the transform size is 4 * 4 . to achieve visual smoothness , the qp difference between two neighbouring macroblocks can not be too large . therefore a frame to be encoded is pre - processed first , and is then processed according to the statistics of the current frame and its neighbour frames in order to carry out the ρ - domain rate control . the percentage of quantized zero coefficients controls the final performance of the ρ - domain mode . for an i frame a 16 * 16 - intra prediction only is carried out , using three modes : dc prediction , horizontal prediction and vertical prediction . for a current time instant , the reconstructed intra macroblock is unavailable . therefore it is important to find a good estimation for the intra macroblock to be reconstructed , i . e . for computing i frame predictions . after many experiments it was found that the picture content of the original frame can be used as the reconstruction , but a modified parameter must be added for bitrate computation according to the qp of the previous macroblock . following this intra prediction , the residual image is computed according to the best prediction direction . a transform or a dct transform is applied to the residue of each macroblock , whereby the output transform coefficients are produced , as shown in fig1 . for a p frame a 16 * 16 - motion estimation is carried out for each macroblock and then , after applying the motion vectors found , the residue image is transformed according to fig1 . according to fig1 , raw data rwd is input to the processing and it is checked in step ifr whether or not an i frame processing is to be performed . if true , a 16 * 16 pixel block intra prediction 16 * 16itapr is carried out on macroblocks for this frame , including a check dchv whether dc prediction , horizontal prediction or vertical prediction is to be performed . a corresponding calculation is carried out in a dc residual getting stage grdc , a horizontal prediction residual getting stage grh or a vertical prediction residual getting stage grv . as an alternative , check dchv is omitted and the three predictions are in each case performed in parallel in grdc , grh and grv , followed by a check which one of the three results is to be processed further . the corresponding result block is transformed into the frequency domain by an intra transform stage itatr . thereafter in stage rhoitatbl a mapping ( see below ) takes place between the transform coefficients and the quantization parameter qp in order to get the ρ i - value ( i . e . the number or percentage of zero transform coefficients ) for the current block , using the below intra tables 1 to 3 and 7 to 9 . if not true , a 16 * 16 pixel block motion estimation me16 * 16 is carried out on the macroblocks for this frame , followed by computing the residual block in a stage compr . the corresponding result block is transformed in an inter transform stage itedct . thereafter in stage rhoitetbl a mapping ( see below ) takes place between the transform coefficients and the quantization parameter qp in order to get the ρ p - value ( i . e . the number or percentage of zero transform coefficients ) for the current block , using the below inter tables 4 to 6 and 10 to 12 . the output values ρ i and ρ p from stages rhoitatbl and rhoitetbl are used for a subsequent rate / distortion optimization rdo . in stages rhoitatbl and rhoitetbl the intra rho values ρ i and the inter rho values ρ p are calculated as a fraction from ‘ 1 ’ ( or as a percentage value ) and as a function of qp , according to below equations ( 5 ), wherein m is the number of pixels / coefficients in the current macroblock ( i . e . generally the number of luminance pixel values per macroblock is 16 *( 4 * 4 )= 256 and the number of chrominance pixel values per macroblock ( for 4 : 2 : 0 format ) is two times 4 *( 4 * 4 )= 128 , resulting in 384 pixel values per macroblock ), x is the transformed coefficient at 4 * 4 transform block position i ( 0 . . . 3 ) and j ( 0 . . . 3 ), itable is the intra threshold to decide if the current intra coefficient is zero , and table is the inter threshold to decide if the current inter coefficient is zero : ρ i ⁡ ( qp ) = p ⁡ ( qp ) intra = 1 m ⁢ ∑ x ∈ intramb ⁢ ( if ⁡ (  x  & lt ; itable ⁡ ( i , j , qp ) ) ) ⁢ ⁢ ρ p ⁡ ( qp ) = p ⁡ ( qp ) inter = 1 m ⁢ ∑ x ∈ inermb ⁢ ( if ⁡ (  x  & lt ; table ⁢ ⁢ ( i , j , qp ) ) ) ( 5 ) the goal is to get for each set of transformed macroblock values in the video sequence the function or relationship between a candidate qp and the resulting number of zero amplitude transform coefficients following quantisation . the current macroblock status ‘ intra ’ or ‘ inter ’, the current block position ( 0 . . . 3 )( 0 . . . 3 ) and the candidate qp ( 0 . . . 51 ) are used to address a corresponding one of tables 1 to 6 in order to get the applicable quantization threshold value for that current qp . each table includes 52 values , i . e . the quantity of qps useable in the encoder . table 1 , intra quantization threshold table for block positions ( 0 , 0 ), ( 0 , 2 ), ( 2 , 0 ), ( 2 , 2 ): { 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 18 , 19 , 22 , 24 , 27 , 30 , 35 , 38 , 43 , 48 , 54 , 59 , 70 , 75 , 86 , 96 , 107 , 118 , 139 , 150 , 171 , 192 , 214 , 235 , 278 , 299 , 342 , 384 , 427 , 470 , 555 , 598 } table 2 , intra quantization threshold table for block positions ( 0 , 1 ),( 0 , 3 ),( 1 , 0 ),( 1 , 2 ),( 2 , 1 ),( 2 , 3 ),( 3 , 0 ),( 3 , 2 ): { 3 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 22 , 24 , 27 , 31 , 34 , 39 , 44 , 47 , 54 , 61 , 67 , 77 , 87 , 94 , 107 , 121 , 134 , 154 , 174 , 187 , 214 , 241 , 267 , 307 , 347 , 374 , 427 , 481 , 534 , 614 , 694 , 747 , 854 , 961 } table 3 , intra quantization threshold table for block positions ( 1 , 1 ),( 1 , 3 ),( 3 , 1 ),( 3 , 3 ): { 5 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 24 , 27 , 31 , 34 , 38 , 42 , 48 , 53 , 61 , 67 , 76 , 84 , 96 , 105 , 121 , 134 , 151 , 167 , 192 , 209 , 242 , 267 , 301 , 334 , 384 , 417 , 484 , 534 , 601 , 667 , 767 , 834 , 967 , 1067 , 1201 , 1334 , 1534 } table 4 , inter quantization threshold table for block positions ( 0 , 0 ), ( 0 , 2 ), ( 2 , 0 ),( 2 , 2 ): { 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 17 , 19 , 22 , 24 , 27 , 30 , 34 , 37 , 44 , 47 , 54 , 60 , 67 , 74 , 87 , 94 , 107 , 120 , 134 , 147 , 174 , 187 , 214 , 240 , 267 , 294 , 347 , 374 , 427 , 480 , 534 , 587 , 694 , 747 } table 5 , inter quantization threshold table for block positions ( 0 , 1 ),( 0 , 3 ),( 1 , 0 ),( 1 , 2 ),( 2 , 1 ),( 2 , 3 ),( 3 , 0 ),( 3 , 2 ): { 4 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 24 , 28 , 30 , 34 , 38 , 42 , 48 , 55 , 59 , 67 , 76 , 84 , 96 , 109 , 117 , 134 , 151 , 167 , 192 , 217 , 234 , 267 , 301 , 334 , 384 , 434 , 467 , 534 , 601 , 667 , 767 , 867 , 934 , 1067 , 1201 } table 6 , inter quantization threshold table for block positions ( 1 , 1 ),( 1 , 3 ),( 3 , 1 ),( 3 , 3 ): { 6 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 24 , 27 , 30 , 33 , 38 , 42 , 47 , 53 , 60 , 66 , 76 , 84 , 94 , 105 , 120 , 131 , 152 , 167 , 188 , 209 , 240 , 261 , 303 , 334 , 376 , 417 , 480 , 521 , 605 , 667 , 751 , 834 , 959 , 1042 , 1209 , 1334 , 1501 , 1667 , 1917 } to block positions ( 0 , 0 ), ( 0 , 2 ), ( 2 , 0 ) and ( 2 , 2 ) a position factor a 2 is assigned , to block positions ( 0 , 1 ), ( 0 , 3 ), ( 1 , 0 ), ( 1 , 2 ), ( 2 , 1 ), ( 2 , 3 ), ( 3 , 0 ) and ( 3 , 2 ) a position factor b 2 / 4 is assigned , and to block positions ( 1 , 1 ), ( 1 , 3 ), ( 3 , 1 ) and ( 3 , 3 ) a position factor a * b / 2 is assigned , whereby a = ½ , b =√{ square root over (( ⅖ ))}, and pf is the resulting position factor . wherein w ij is a transform coefficient value before quantization and q step is a quantization step size value . in practise , | z ij |=| w ij |* mf + f & gt ;& gt ; qbits , wherein mf = pf / q step * 2 qbits , qbits = 15 + floor ( qp / 6 ), f = 2 qbits / 3 for intra blocks , f = 2 qbits / 6 for inter blocks . for inter blocks , if w ij & lt ; q step * 5 / 6 / pf , the transform coefficient must be quantized to zero . for intra blocks , if w ij & lt ; q step * 2 / 3 / pf , the transform coefficient must be quantized to zero . deriving a threshold value that will be quantized to zero : for example , for a transform coefficient at intra block position ( 0 , 0 ), if qp = 51 ( and thus the corresponding q step = 224 ), the threshold value below which the transform coefficient value will be quantized to zero is 598 because 597 . 33 = 224 * 2 / 3 / pf ( 0 , 0 ), pf ( 0 , 0 )= a 2 = ¼ . correspondingly , the intra and inter quantization threshold tables 1 to 6 are derived for qp = 0 to qp = 51 and for each group of block positions . for intra blocks , the greatest quantization threshold is 1534 . if an intra transform coefficient is greater than 1534 it will be never quantized to zero . for inter blocks , the greatest quantization threshold is 1917 . if an inter transform coefficient is greater than 1917 it will be never quantized to zero . the following tables 7 to 12 can be used to count the number of zero transform coefficients that will be obtained after quantisation , depending from the qp that will be selected . table 7 , intra quantization look - up table for block positions ( 0 , 0 ),( 0 , 2 ),( 2 , 0 ),( 2 , 2 ): { 0 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 20 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 22 , 22 , 23 , 23 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 } table 8 , intra quantization look - up table for block positions ( 0 , 1 ),( 0 , 3 ),( 1 , 0 ),( 1 , 2 ),( 2 , 1 ),( 2 , 3 ),( 3 , 0 ),( 3 , 2 ): { 0 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 14 , 15 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 17 , 17 , 18 , 18 , 19 , 19 , 20 , 20 , 20 , 21 , 21 , 21 , 21 , 22 , 22 , 22 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 48 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 } table 9 , intra quantization look - up table for block positions ( 1 , 1 ),( 1 , 3 ),( 3 , 1 ),( 3 , 3 ): { 0 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10 , 11 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 13 , 14 , 14 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 16 , 16 , 16 , 17 , 17 , 17 , 17 , 18 , 18 , 18 , 19 , 19 , 19 , 19 , 20 , 20 , 20 , 20 , 21 , 21 , 21 , 21 , 21 , 21 , 22 , 22 , 22 , 22 , 22 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 38 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 39 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 43 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 44 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 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50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 } table 10 , inter quantization look - up table for block positions ( 0 , 0 ), ( 0 , 2 ), ( 2 , 0 ),( 2 , 2 ): { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 18 , 19 , 19 , 20 , 20 , 20 , 21 , 21 , 22 , 22 , 22 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 35 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 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51 , 51 , 51 } table 11 , inter quantization look - up table for block positions ( 0 , 1 ),( 0 , 3 ),( 1 , 0 ),( 1 , 2 ),( 2 , 1 ),( 2 , 3 ),( 3 , 0 ),( 3 , 2 ): { 0 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 14 , 15 , 15 , 16 , 16 , 17 , 17 , 17 , 18 , 18 , 18 , 18 , 19 , 19 , 20 , 20 , 20 , 20 , 21 , 21 , 21 , 21 , 22 , 22 , 22 , 22 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 33 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 34 , 35 , 35 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, 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 } table 12 , inter quantization look - up table for block positions ( 1 , 1 ),( 1 , 3 ),( 3 , 1 ),( 3 , 3 ): { 0 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10 , 11 , 11 , 12 , 12 , 13 , 13 , 13 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 16 , 16 , 16 , 17 , 17 , 17 , 17 , 17 , 18 , 18 , 18 , 18 , 19 , 19 , 19 , 19 , 19 , 20 , 20 , 20 , 20 , 20 , 20 , 21 , 21 , 21 , 21 , 21 , 21 , 21 , 22 , 22 , 22 , 22 , 22 , 22 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 28 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 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45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 46 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 47 , 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49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 49 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 50 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 } the magnitude value of every current candidate transform coefficient addresses the corresponding one from tables 7 to 12 . the look - up table output is a corresponding qp number between ‘ 0 ’ and ‘ 51 ’. for example , if the current transform coefficient belongs to position ( 0 , 0 ) in an intra block and its magnitude value is ‘ 5 ’, only qp = 6 or higher can be used to quantize it to zero . accordingly , in table 7 the position ‘ 5 ’ maps to qp = 6 . e . g . for an intra block , if the current transform coefficient magnitude is between 1482 and 1534 and has a position ( 1 , 1 ), this coefficient is automatically mapped to qp = 51 . for intra block coefficient magnitudes greater than 1482 the tables 7 to 10 are not ( i . e . need not be ) addressed . e . g . for intra block coefficient magnitudes greater than 598 and block positions ( 0 , 0 ), ( 0 , 2 ), ( 2 , 0 ), ( 2 , 2 ) table 7 is not ( i . e . need not be ) addressed . these six tables 7 to 12 can be used to quickly map , taking into account the current position in the block and the intra or inter type , between the magnitude of a current transform coefficient and the qp for which this transform coefficient will be quantized to zero . the qp value resulting from tables 7 to 12 addresses the corresponding one of tables 1 to 6 , i . e . table 7 is related to table 1 , table 8 is related to table 2 , and so on . the output from the corresponding one of tables 1 to 6 is the actual quantization threshold value for the current coefficient magnitude and a given qp . for each candidate qp value the resulting number of zero coefficients of the block is summed up , following quantization using the corresponding quantization threshold value from tables 1 to 6 , so that the functions ρ i ( qp ) and ρ p ( qp ) can be established . thus , when using the tables 1 to 12 it can be easily determined for a block of transform values how many of them will become zero if a specific qp is applied in the quantisation . using the above tables speeds up the computation and allows to avoid the comparison step ( i . e . the if - clause ) in equations ( 5 ). the above table processing is depicted by fig2 . tables 7 to 12 , which receive the transform value trv and output the quantization parameter qp , can be regarded as inner table itbl . the actual number nzqp of zero coefficients for a given qp is calculated using the tables 1 to 6 , which can be regarded as outer table otbl . the ρ - qp lookup mapping table can be built up according to tables 7 to 12 . for each qp , the total number of zero coefficients in a transform block can be read from tables 7 to 12 . the total number of zero coefficients in a frame for the current qp is summed up from the total number of zero coefficients in a transform block . finally , this results in the ρ - qp lookup mapping table , the size of which is 52 , corresponding to qp = 0 to qp = 51 . the following processing is carried out for the actual encoding of frames of the video sequence . the inventive rate control is shown in connection with fig3 . it is checked in a stage ecfr whether or not the end of the current frame has been reached for the processing of the macroblocks . if true , the macroblock processing for the following frame will start . if not true , the following macroblock in the current frame is checked ( for intra mode ) in a stage luqp which accesses a memory blnlu containing the above - described bi - linear look - up tables 1 to 12 , and which stage luqp calculates the current total bitrate and the θ value ( see equation ( 3 )) for the current frame . then a rate / distortion optimization step rdo is carried out , using the current ρ i value . thereafter the bit rates for the 16 * 16 inter mode coding of the corresponding macroblock are computed in a stage gbrite . after performing rdo for each macroblock , the ρ value is adjusted . a following updating stage updt computes the real total number of bits and the total number of quantized zero transform coefficients and the value θ , from the first macroblock of the frame until the current macroblock of the frame . for achieving a low encoding delay condition , it can be assumed that ( e . g . for a coding unit such as a group of pictures ) only p frames are encoded after the first i frame . hence the ( virtual ) encoder buffer can be initialized as follows : ⁢ δ = { w / f , w & gt ; z · φ w - z · m , otherwise ⁢ ⁢ w = max ⁢ ⁢ ( w prev + b ′ - r / f , 0 ) ( 6 ) wherein b is the target number of bits for a frame ( including the bits for quantized transform coefficients , motion vectors and header information ), r is the channel rate in bits per second , f is the frame rate in frames per second , w is the number of bits in the encoder buffer and represents a modification value for a frame which will be updated after a frame has been coded , φ is the maximum buffer size , w prev is the previous number of bits in the buffer , b ′ is the actual number of bits used for encoding the previous frame , m is the number of transform coefficients in the current macroblock , and z = 0 . 1 is set as a default value to achieve a low delay . then the linear model parameter value θ is set to 1 . 5 , and the total number of macroblocks for the current frame is initialised . following the above - described pre - processing step , the mapping table between ρ and qp ( 0 . . . 51 ) for each macroblock is obtained . the qp can be obtained from the above - mentioned ρ - qp lookup mapping table using equation ( 7 ): wherein 384 is the number of transform coefficients in a macroblock , n is the number of macroblocks per frame , n m is the number of macroblocks which have already been coded in the current frame , r c is the encoder output bit rate in bits per second for the current frame , and r m is the number of bits used by the already encoded macroblocks in the current frame . when determining the qp for the encoding of the current macroblock , a bi - linear search method can be used to get qp from a p / qp frame mapping table , which is the sum of the macroblock ρ / qp mapping tables described in equations ( 5 ). by using the neighbouring information among the macroblocks , the qp of the current macroblock advantageously is constrained by using the average of the qps for all prior macroblocks in the current frame until the current macroblock , cf . the pseudo codes ( 8 ) and ( 9 ). the spatial variations of qp in a frame are preferably smaller than ± 3 qp values . advantageously the difference between the average qp of the current frame and the average qp of previous pictures can be constrained , too . the temporal variations of qp between frames are preferably smaller than ± 4 qp values . according to the goal that the qp of neighbouring macroblocks should not vary too much , the qp of the current macroblock is constrained using the average of the qps ( averageqp ) for all prior macroblocks ( mb ) in the current frame until the current macroblock . this can described by the following pseudo - code : tempaverageqp = sumqp / number_mb if ( absolute ( delta =( currentqp − tempaverageqp ) )& gt ; 3 ) { if ( delta & lt ; 0 ) delta = 3 ; else delta = − 3 ; currentqp = tempaveraqeqp − delta ; } ( 8 ) wherein sumqp is the total sum of all qp values in the current frame until the current macroblock , tempaverageqp is the average qp in the current frame until the current macroblock , currentqp is the qp of the current macroblock , and “ absolute ” means calculating the absolute value . according to the goal that the qp for corresponding macroblocks in temporally adjacent frames should not vary too much , the qp of the current macroblock is further constrained as described by the following pseudo - code : if ( absolute ( delta =( currentqp − averagerhoqp ))& gt ; 4 ) { if ( delta & lt ; 0 ) delta = 4 ; else delta = − 4 ; currentqp = averagerhoqp − delta ; } wherein averagerhoqp is the average qp of one or more previous frames , which can be selected according to the θ value difference of the different frames . get the number of zero coefficients ( ρ ) and of bits for the current macroblock and then update the header and the encoding buffer . repeat steps b and c until the end of the current frame . fig4 b shows the encoding output bit rate as a known function of qp for a given distortion ( i . e . the encoding error ), whereas fig4 c shows the distortion ( i . e . the encoding error ) as a known function of qp for a given bit rate . in fig4 a an input macroblock imb enters a transform stage dct . the resulting transform coefficients are quantized in a quantizer qu , the characteristic of which is controlled by the quantization parameter qp . in the pre - processing the p value for each macroblock is determined in a ρ - stage ρ using candidate qps and the tables 1 to 12 . these tables may be stored in stage ρ or in a controller ( not depicted ). quantizer qu outputs the quantized macroblock data qmb to an encoder enc , e . g . an entropy encoder which may also receive side information si like motion vectors and header data . the output data of encoder enc pass through an encoder buffer buf that outputs the bits to the following channel . stage ρ , or the controller , also receives information about the filling level of buffer buf and sets the qp for each macroblock according to the invention , applying a rate / distortion optimization based on the percentage of zero transform coefficients and on an adaptation of the qp with respect to the qp of spatially and / or temporally adjacent macroblocks . the invention can be used e . g . in a pc or a dsp platform for real - time encoding . it can also be used for other video coding standards like e . g . mpeg2 - video . a bit stream that was encoded according to the invention can be recorded on a storage medium , e . g . a dvd , bluray or hd - dvd optical disc .