Patent Application: US-38019499-A

Abstract:
the invention provides amine - protecting groups for use in solution phase or solid - phase oligosaccharide synthesis , in which a 2 - substituted 1 , 3 - dioxo compound is used to protect one or more primary amine groups of an aminosugar or gylycosylamine . the invention provides reagents , reagent kits , and methods for solution phase , solid - phase oligosaccharide synthesis .

Description:
the invention will now be described in detail by way of reference only to the following non - limiting examples , in which the structures of individual compounds are as summarised in the following tables . sodium ( 143 mg , 6 . 21 mmol ) was added to abs . methanol ( 30 ml ) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 min . d - glucosamine hydrochloride ( 1 . 34 g ., 6 . 21 mmol ) was added to the resulting clear solution and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for another 5 min . 2 - acetyldimedone ( 1 . 69 g , 9 . 32 mmol ) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred under reflux for 5 hours . the reaction mixture was cooled and the product was precipitated by ether ( 200 ml ) resulting in 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene )- ethylamino ]- d - glucopyranose ( 1 ) ( 1 . 66 g , 77 . 9 %). fab ms c 16 h 25 no 7 ( 343 . 33 ) m / z (%) 366 [ m + na ] + ( 100 ), 268 ( 40 ), 246 ( 32 ), 224 ( 15 ). 1 h nmr ( d 2 o ) δ5 . 12 ( d , h - 1 β ), 3 . 95 - 3 . 25 ( m , 6h , sugar h ), 2 . 38 , 2 . 36 ( 2s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 28 , 2 . 27 ( 2s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 0 . 85 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). a mixture of 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethyl - amino ]- d - glucopyranose ( 1 . 55 g , 4 . 51 mmol ), pyridine ( 11 ml ) and acetic anhydride ( 20 ml ) was stirred at room temperature overnight . the reaction mixture was evaporated , and the product was crystallised from meoh ( 10 ml ) at − 15 ° c . to give 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -(- 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethyl - amino ]- 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 - tetra - o - acetyl - α - d - glucopyranose ( 2 ) ( 1 . 95 g , 86 %). fab ms c 24 h 33 no 11 ( 511 . 50 ) m / z (%) 534 [ m + na ] + ( 20 ), 512 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ), 452 ( 72 ), 338 ( 75 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 70 ( d , 1h , nh ), 6 . 22 ( d , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 3 . 66 hz ), 5 . 40 ( t , 1h , h - 3 ), 5 . 16 ( t , 1h , h - 4 ), 4 . 36 ( dd , 1h , h - 6 ′), 4 . 25 ( m , 1h , h - 5 ), 4 . 13 ( dd , 1h , h - 2 ), 4 . 05 ( dd , 1h , h - 6 ), 2 . 58 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 35 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 2 . 09 , 2 . 03 , 1 . 97 ( 3s , 9h , 3 aco ), 1 . 00 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). a mixture of 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 - tetra - o - acetyl - α - d - glucopyranose ( 100 mg , 0 . 19 mmol ) and hbr in acetic acid ( 45 %) ( 1 . 0 ml ) was stirred at room temperature for 30 min . the reaction mixture was diluted with cold ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 ml ), washed twice with cold h 2 o ( 30 ml ), saturated nahco 3 solution ( 20 ml ) and with h 2 o again ( 20 ml ). the organic phase was dried over mgso 4 and evaporated , giving 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene )- ethylamino ]- 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - α - d - glucopyranosyl bromide ( 3 ) ( 95 mg , 91 %). fab ms c 22 h 30 brno 9 ( 532 . 37 ) m / z (%) 534 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ), 452 ( 45 ), 441 ( 42 ), 338 ( 77 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 83 ( d , 1h , nh ), 6 . 41 ( d , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 3 . 65 hz ), 5 . 52 ( t , 1h , h - 3 ), 5 . 20 ( t , 1h , h - 4 ), 4 . 38 ( m , 2h , h - 6 ′, h - 2 ), 4 . 24 ( m , 1h , h - 5 ), 4 . 14 ( dd , 1h , h - 6 ), 2 . 62 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 41 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 2 . 11 , 2 . 04 , 1 . 96 ( 3s , 9h , 3 aco ), 1 . 02 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ) 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - α - d - glucopyranosyl bromide ( 60 mg , 0 . 11 mmol ) was dissolved in ch 2 c12 ( 5 ml ), cooled to − 15 ° c . and silver trifluoro - methanesulphonate ( 43 mg , 0 . 16 mmol ) in meoh ( 1 ml ) added . the reaction mixture was stirred overnight , filtered and the filtrate evaporated . the residue was washed with saturated nahco 3 solution , dried over mgso 4 and evaporated . the residue was purified by chromatography , to give methyl 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - β - d - glucopyranoside ( 4 ) ( 40 mg , 75 %). fab ms c 23 h 33 no 10 ( 483 . 49 ) m / z (%) 506 [ m + na ] + ( 15 ), 484 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ), 442 ( 8 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 84 ( d , 1h , nh ), 5 . 20 ( t , 1h , h - 3 ), 5 . 09 ( t , 1h , h - 4 ), 4 . 41 ( d , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 8 . 29 hz ), 4 . 32 ( dd , 1h , h - 2 ), 4 . 14 , 3 . 94 ( 2m , 2h , h - 6 ), 3 . 75 ( m , 1h , h - 5 ), 3 . 48 ( s , 3h , och 3 ), 2 . 57 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 37 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 2 . 09 , 2 . 03 , 1 . 96 ( 3s , 9h , 3 aco ), 1 . 02 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ), and fab ms c 23 h 33 no 10 ( 483 . 49 ) m / z (%) 506 ( m + na ] + ( 13 ), 484 [ m + h + ( 100 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 55 ( d , 1h , nh ), 5 . 40 ( t , 1h , h - 3 ), 5 . 08 ( t , 1h , h - 4 ), 4 . 82 ( d , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 3 . 37 hz ), 4 . 32 ( dd , 1h , h - 2 ), 4 . 12 ( m , 3h , h - 6 , h - 5 ), 3 . 53 ( s , 3h , och 3 ), 2 . 58 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 41 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 2 . 11 , 2 . 02 , 1 . 94 ( 3s , 9h , 3 aco ), 1 . 02 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). thiourea ( 14 mg , 0 . 18 mmol ) was added to a solution of 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - α - d - glucopyranosyl bromide ( 100 mg , 0 . 18 mmol ) in acetone ( 0 . 5 ml ). the mixture was refluxed for 15 min then evaporated . the residue was purified by chromatography using chcl 3 / meoh 5 : 1 as the mobile phase to give s -[ 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - β - d - gluco - pyranosyl ] isothiouronium bromide ( 5 ). fab ms c 23 h 34 n 3 o 9 s ( 608 . 42 ) m / z (%) 528 [ m − br ] + ( 20 ), 452 ( 100 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 85 ( d , 1h , nh ), 5 . 30 ( t , 1h , h - 3 ), 5 . 12 ( t , 1h , h - 4 ), 4 . 75 ( d , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 9 . 43 hz ), 2 . 62 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 36 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 2 . 11 , 2 . 04 , 1 . 96 ( 3s , 9h , 3 aco ), 1 . 02 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 1 - thio - 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - β - d - glucopyranose ( 72 mg , 0 . 148 mmol ) was dissolved in acetone ( 0 . 15 ml ) and k 2 co 3 ( 23 mg ) in water ( 0 . 15 ml ) added . the reaction mixture was stirred under n 2 at room temperature and methyliodide ( 23 mg , 0 . 163 mmol ) added . after 30 min stirring the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure . ch 2 cl 2 ( 2 ml ) was added to the reaction mixture and the layers were separated . the organic phase was washed with water ( 0 . 5 ml ), dried over mgso 4 and evaporated . the residue was purified by chromatography using etoac / hexane 3 : 1 to give methyl 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 1 - thio - 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - β - d - glucopyranoside ( 6 ) ( 50 mg , 67 %). fab ms c 23 h 33 no 9 s ( 499 . 49 ) m / z (%) 522 [ m + na ] + ( 25 ), 500 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ), 452 ( 27 ), 338 ( 35 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 96 ( d , 1h , nh ), 5 . 22 ( t , 1h , h - 3 ), 5 . 13 ( t , 1h , h - 4 ), 4 . 61 ( d , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 9 . 98 hz ), 4 . 30 ( dd , 1h , h - 2 ), 4 . 15 ( m , 2h , h - 6 ′, h - 5 ), 2 . 60 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 42 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 2 . 20 ( s , 3h , sch 3 ), 2 . 09 , 2 . 02 , 1 . 96 ( 3s , 9h , 3 aco ), 1 . 03 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). a solution of benzyl 2 - acetamido - 2 - deoxy - α - d - glucopyranoside ( 4 . 70 g , 15 . 11 mmol ) in 1 m naoh solution was refluxed at 120 ° c . for 15 h . the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature , neutralised with 1 m hcl solution and concentrated . the residue was dissolved in dry etoh ( 50 ml ) and filtered . 2 - acetyldimedone ( 4 . 11 g , 22 . 6 mmol ) and n , n - diisopropylethylamine ( 2 ml ) were added to the filtrate , and the mixture was refluxed for 2 h . the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness , and the residue was taken up in etoac ( 50 ml ), washed with 1m khso 4 solution , brine , and evaporated to give benzyl 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- α - d - glucopyranoside ( 7 ) ( 3 . 78 g , 58 %). fab ms c 23 h 31 no 7 ( 433 . 48 ) m / z (%) 456 [ m + na ] + ( 45 ), 434 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ), 452 ( 30 ), 338 ( 25 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 44 ( d , 1h , nh ), 7 . 33 - 7 . 21 ( m , 5h , 5 ar — h ), 4 . 80 ( d , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 3 . 45 hz ), 4 . 71 , 4 . 56 ( 2d , 2h , ch 2 ar ), 2 . 45 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 31 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 0 . 99 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). a mixture of 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - β - d - glucopyranosyl bromide ( 100 mg , 0 . 18 mmol ), sodium azide 100 mg , 1 . 56 mmol ) in dmf ( 5 ml ) was stirred at 80 ° c . for 2 hours . the reaction mixture was evaporated , taken up in ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 ml ), washed with h 2 o ( 2 × 2 ml ), dried over mgso 4 and concentrated . the residue was purified by chromatography , using hexane / etoac 1 : 1 as the mobile phase , to give 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - β - d - glucopyranosyl azide ( 8 ) ( 65 mg , 70 %). fab ms c 22 h 30 n 4 o 9 ( 494 . 48 ) m / z (%) 517 [ m + na ] + ( 15 ), 495 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ), 452 ( 10 ), 338 ( 25 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 91 ( d , 1h , nh ), 5 . 19 ( t , 1h , h - 3 ), 5 . 10 ( t , 1h , h - 4 ), 4 . 87 ( d , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 8 . 95 hz ), 4 . 34 ( dd , 1h , h - 2 ), 4 . 15 ( dd , 1h , h - 6 ′), 3 . 85 ( m , 2h , h - 5 , h - 6 ), 2 . 59 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 38 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 1 . 02 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). to s -[ 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - β - d - glucopyranosyl ] isothiouronium bromide ( 136 mg , 0 . 22 mmol ) a solution of na 2 s 2 o 5 ( 43 mg , 0 . 225 mmol ) in water ( 0 . 2 ml ) and 1 , 2 - dichloroethane ( 0 . 24 ml ) was added . the reaction mixture was kept under reflux at 85 ° c . for 20 min . after dilution with ch 2 cl 2 ( 5 ml ), the layers were separated , the organic phase was washed with water ( 3 ml ), dried over mgso 4 , concentrated under reduced pressure , and chromatographed using ether / meoh 10 : 1 to give 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 1 - thio - 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - β - d - glucopyranose ( 9 ) ( 95 mg , 87 %). fab ms c 22 h 31 no 9 s ( 485 . 47 ) m / z (%) 508 [ m + na ] + ( 15 ), 486 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ), 452 ( 33 ), 338 ( 20 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 97 ( d , 1h , nh ), 5 . 32 ( t , 1h , h - 3 ), 5 . 15 ( t , 1h , h - 4 ), 4 . 75 ( dd , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 8 . 29 hz ), 3 . 85 ( m , 1h , h - 5 ), 2 . 62 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 38 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 2 . 10 , 2 . 04 , 1 . 96 ( 3s , 9h , 3 aco ), 1 . 02 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). a mixture of benzaldehyde ( 1 ml ), formic acid ( 1 ml ) and benzyl 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- α - d - glucopyranoside ( 433 mg , 1 mmol ) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h . the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness using a high vacuum rotary evaporator . the residue was treated with ether ( 40 ml ) and the suspention filtered . the solid purified by chromatography , using chcl 3 - etoac 10 : 4 as the mobile phase , to give benzyl 4 , 6 - o - benzylidene - 2 - deoxy - 2 -( 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene )- ethylaminol - α - d - glucopyranoside ( 10 ) ( 340 mg , 65 %). fab ms c 30 h 35 no 7 ( 521 . 58 ) m / z (%) 544 [ m + na ] + ( 10 ), 522 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ), 338 ( 40 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 52 ( d , 1h , nh ), 7 . 37 - 7 . 26 ( m , 10h , 10 ar — h ), 5 . 56 ( s , 1h , ch — ar ), 4 , 90 , 4 . 60 ( 2d , 2h , ch 2 — ar ), 4 . 79 ( d , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 3 . 08 hz ), 4 . 35 ( t , 1h , h - 4 ), 4 . 26 ( dd , 1h , h - 2 ), 3 . 98 ( m , 2h , h - 5 , h - 3 ), 3 . 77 ( t , 1h , h - 6 ′), 3 . 63 ( t , 1h , h - 6 ), 2 . 57 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 33 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 1 . 01 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). benzyl 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- α - d - glucopyranoside ( 400 mg , 0 . 92 mmol ) was dissolved in pyridine ( 6 ml ) and cooled to 0 ° c ., then acetic anhydride ( 10 ml ) was added dropwise . the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight , then evaporated . the residue was purified by chromatography using etoac / hexane 3 : 1 to give benzyl 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene )- ethylamino ]- 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - α - d - glucopyranoside ( 11 ) ( 465 mg , 90 %). fab ms c 29 h 37 no 10 ( 559 . 59 ) m / z (%) 532 [ m + na ] + ( 15 ), 560 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ), 452 ( 20 ), 338 ( 55 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 66 ( d , 1h , nh ), 7 . 43 - 7 . 32 ( m , 5h , 5 ar — h ), 5 . 45 ( t , 1h , h - 3 ), 5 . 07 ( t , 1h , h - 4 ), 4 . 93 ( d , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 3 . 53 hz ), 4 . 76 , 4 . 72 ( 2d , 2h , ch 2 — ar ), 4 . 29 ( dd , 1h , h - 2 ), 4 . 07 ( m , 2h , h - 6 ′, h - 5 ), 3 . 96 ( dd , 1h , h - 6 ), 2 . 52 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 38 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 2 . 10 , 2 . 00 , 1 . 94 ( 3s , 9h , 3 aco ), 1 . 03 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). benzyl 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxo - cyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - α - d - glucopyranoside ( 11 ) ( 100 mg , 0 . 17 mmol ) was dissolved in meoh ( 5 ml ) and hydrogenated over pd / c ( 10 %) ( 20 mg ) overnight . the suspension was filtered , and the filtrate was evaporated to give 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - α - d - glucopyranose ( 12 ) ( 75 mg , 90 %). fab ms c 22 h 31 no 10 ( 469 . 47 ) m / z (%) 492 [ m + na ] + ( 45 ), 470 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ), 452 ( 10 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 81 ( d , 1h , nh ), 5 . 49 ( t , 1h , h - 3 ), 5 . 28 ( d , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 3 . 29 hz ), 5 . 11 ( t , 1h , h - 4 ), 4 . 42 ( dd , h , h - 2 ), 4 . 33 ( dd , h , h - 6 ′), 2 . 59 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 37 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 2 . 10 , 2 . 03 , 1 . 96 ( 3s , 9h , 3 aco ), 1 . 01 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). a mixture of 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - α - d - glucopyranose ( 100 mg , 0 . 21 mmol ) and trichloroacetonitrile in ch 2 cl 2 was cooled to 0 ° c . and 1 , 8 - diazabicyclo ( 5 . 4 . 0 ) undec - 7 - en ( 2 mg ) added . the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 ° c . for 1 . 5 h and at room temperature for 2 h . the solution was evaporated , and the residue chromatographed using chcl 3 / etoac 1 : 1 as the mobile phase to give 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - α , β - d - glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate ( 13 ) ( 71 mg , 55 %). fab ms c 24 h 31 cl 3 n 2 o 10 ( 613 . 88 ) m / z (%) 635 [ m + na ] + ( 75 ), 452 ( 100 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 95 , 13 . 72 ( 2d , 1h , nh â , β ), 8 . 84 , 8 . 76 ( 2s , 1h , nh â , β ), 6 . 48 ( d , h - 1 α , j 1 , 2 = 3 . 05 hz ), 5 . 85 ( d , h - 1 β , j 1 , 2 = 8 . 72 hz ), 5 . 52 ( t , 1h , h - 3 ), 5 . 31 ( t , 1h , h - 4 ), 2 . 65 , 2 . 63 ( 2s , 3h , ch 3α , β ), 2 . 31 ( 2s , 4h , 2 ch 2α , β ), 2 . 09 , 2 . 08 , 2 . 05 , 2 . 04 , 1 . 99 , 1 . 97 ( 6s , 9h , 3 aco α , β ), 0 . 99 , 0 . 98 ( 2s , 6h , 2 ch 3α , β ). a mixture of benzyl 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- α - d - glucopyranoside ( 100 mg , 0 . 23 mmol ), triphenylmethylbromide ( 149 mg , 0 . 46 mmol ) in dmf / pyridine 1 : 1 ( 2 ml ) was stirred at 100 ° c . for 15 h . the reaction mixture was evaporated , the residue was taken up in chcl 3 ( 10 ml ), washed with water ( 3 ml ), dried over mgso 4 and concentrated . the residue was purified by chromatography using chcl 3 / meoh 10 : 1 as the mobile phase to give benzyl 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 6 - o - triphenylmethyl - α - d - glucopyranoside ( 14 ) ( 104 mg , 64 %). fab ms c 42 h 45 no 7 ( 675 . 68 ) m / z (%) 698 [ m + na ] + ( 40 ), 676 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 49 ( d , 1h , nh ), 7 . 49 - 7 . 23 ( m , 20h , 20 ar — h ), 4 . 87 , 4 . 66 ( 2d , 2h , ch 2 ar ), 4 . 83 ( d , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 3 . 70 hz ), 3 . 84 ( t , 1h , h - 3 ), 2 . 55 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 31 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 1 . 02 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). benzyl 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- α - d - glucopyranoside ( 100 mg , 0 . 23 mmol ) was dissolved in dry pyridine ( 2 ml ), cooled to 0 ° c . and t - butyldimethylsilylchloride ( 39 mg , 0 . 26 mmol ) added . the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight . the solution was evaporated , the residue was taken up in chcl 3 ( 10 ml ), washed with water ( 3 ml ), dried over mgso 4 and concentrated . the residue was purified by chromatography using chcl 3 / meoh 10 : 1 as the mobile phase to give benzyl 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 6 - o - t - butyldimethylsilyl - α - d - glucopyranoside ( 15 ) ( 77 mg , 61 %). fab ms c 29 h 45 no 7 si ( 547 . 74 ) m / z (%) 570 [ m + na ] + ( 10 ), 548 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 45 ( d , 1h , nh ), 7 . 40 - 7 . 27 ( m , 5h , 5 ar — h ), 4 . 88 , 4 . 65 ( 2d , 2h , ch 2 ar ), 4 . 79 ( d , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 3 . 42 hz ), 2 . 55 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 31 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 1 . 02 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ), 0 . 93 ( s , 9h , 3 ch3 ), 0 . 10 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 si ) 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - β - d - glucopyranosyl amine ( 60 mg , 0 . 12 mmol ) was dissolved in meoh ( 5 ml ) and hydrogenated over pd / c ( 10 %) ( 10 mg ) overnight . the suspension was filtered , the filtrate was evaporated to give 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - β - d - glucopyranosyl amine ( 16 ) ( 45 mg , 80 %). fab ms c 22 h 32 n 2 o 9 ( 468 . 50 ) m / z (%) 491 [ m + na ] + ( 100 ), 469 [ m + h ] + ( 25 ), 452 ( 10 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 75 ( d , 1h , nh ), 2 . 61 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 35 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 2 . 09 , 2 . 02 , 1 . 98 ( 3s , 9h , 3 aco ), 1 . 03 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). a mixture of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetra - o - acetyl - β - d - glucuronic acid ( 100 mg , 0 . 27 mmol ), 4 -[ n -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohexylidene ) ethyl ] amino ] benzyl alcohol ( 79 mg , 0 . 27 mmol ), 1 , 3 - dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( 62 mg , 0 . 30 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 was stirred overnight at room temperature . the reaction mixture was evaporated , the residue was purified by chromatography using chcl 3 / etoac 10 : 4 to give 4 -[ n -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohexylidene ) ethyl ]- amino ] benzyl ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetra - o - acetyl - β - d - glucopyranose ) uronate ( 17 ) ( 92 mg , 53 %). fab ms c 31 h 37 no 13 ( 631 . 61 ) m / z (%) 654 [ m + na ] + ( 10 ), 632 [ m + h ] + ( 35 ), 270 ( 100 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ15 . 06 ( d , 1h , nh ), 7 . 41 ( d , 2h , 2 ar — h ), 7 . 15 ( d , 2h , 2 ar — h ), 5 . 76 ( d , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 9 . 08 hz ), 4 . 22 ( d , 1h , h - 5 , j 1 , 2 = 9 . 36 hz ), 2 . 51 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 37 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 2 . 09 , 2 . 00 , 1 . 86 ( 3s , 9h , 3 aco ), 1 . 07 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). 2 - acetamido - 2 - deoxy - 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - β - d - glucopyranosyl azide ( 100 mg , 0 . 26 mmol ) was dissolved in meoh ( 5 ml ) and hydrogenated over pd / c ( 10 %) ( 10 mg ) for 5 h . the suspension was filtered , and the filtrate was evaporated to give 2 - acetamido - 2 - deoxy - 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - β - d - glucopyranosyl amine ( 18 ) ( 80 mg , 86 %). fab ms c 14 h 22 n 2 o 8 ( 346 . 34 ) m / z (%) 347 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ), 330 ( 25 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ5 . 64 ( d , 1h , nh ), 3 . 99 ( m , 1h , h - 2 ), 3 . 65 ( m , 1h , h - 5 ), 2 . 11 , 2 . 04 , 2 . 02 , 1 . 97 ( 4s , 12h , 3 aco , acnh ). a mixture of 2 - acetamido - 2 - deoxy - 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - β - d - glucopyranosyl amine ( 80 mg , 0 . 23 mmol ) and 2 - acetyldimedone ( 55 mg , 0 . 30 mmol ) in meoh ( 5 ml ) was refluxed for 5 h . the reaction mixture was evaporated , the residue was purified by chromatography using chcl 3 / meoh 10 : 0 . 5 as the mobile phase , to give 2 - acetamido - 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - 1 , 2 - dideoxy - 1 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- β - d - glucopyranose ( 19 ) ( 70 mg , 60 %). fab ms c 24 h 34 n 2 o 10 ( 510 . 53 ) m / z (%) 533 [ m + na ] + ( 80 ), 511 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ), 330 ( 25 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 60 ( d , 1h , nh ), 5 . 81 ( d , 1h , nh ), 5 . 45 ( t , 1h , h - 3 ), 5 . 31 ( m , 1h , h - 1 ), 5 . 05 ( t , 1h , h - 4 ), 4 . 21 ( dd , 1h , h - 6 ′), 4 . 11 ( dd , 1h , h - 6 ), 3 . 92 ( m , 1h , h - 2 ), 3 . 82 ( m , 1h , h - 5 ), 2 . 58 ( s , 3h , ch3 ), 2 . 35 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 2 . 06 , 2 . 04 , 2 . 02 , 1 . 92 ( 3s , 9h , 2 aco , acnh ), 1 . 01 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). a mixture of benzyl 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- α - d - glucopyranoside ( 100 mg , 0 . 23 mmol ) and (+/−)- 10 - camphorsulphonic acid ( 5 mg ) in 2 , 2 - dimethoxypropane ( 10 ml ) was refluxed for 2 h . the reaction mixture was evaporated , and the residue was taken up in ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 ml ), washed with saturated nahco 3 solution ( 3 ml ), and concentrated . the residue was purified by chromatography using ch 2 cl 2 / meoh 10 : 1 as the mobile phase to give benzyl 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- 4 , 6 - o - isopropylidene - α - d - glucopyranoside ( 20 ) ( 82 mg , 75 %). fab ms c 26 h 35 no 7 ( 473 . 54 ) m / z (%) 496 [ m + na ] + ( 20 ), 474 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ), 382 ( 15 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 48 ( d , 1h , nh ), 7 . 38 - 7 . 27 ( m , 5h , 5 ar — h ), 4 . 97 , 4 . 65 ( 2d , 2h , ch 2 ar ), 4 . 76 ( d , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 3 . 55 hz ), 2 . 55 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 31 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 1 . 52 , 1 . 30 ( 2s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ), 1 . 00 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). sodium ( 22 mg , 0 . 95 mmol ) was added to abs . methanol ( 10 ml ) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 min . d - galactosamine hydrochloride ( 206 mg , 0 . 95 mmol ) was added to the resulting clear solution , and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for another 5 min . 2 - acetyldimedone ( 261 mg , 1 . 43 mmol ) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred under reflux for 5 hours . the solution was cooled and the product was precipitated by ether ( 100 ml ) resulting in 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- d - galactopyranose ( 21 ) ( 270 mg , 75 %). fab ms c 16 h 25 no 7 ( 343 . 33 ) m / z (%) 366 [ m + na ] + ( 40 ), 344 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ), 327 ( 30 ). 1 h nmr ( d 2 o ) δ5 . 34 ( d , h - 1 â , j 1 , 2 = 3 . 54 hz ), 4 . 87 ( d , h - 1 β ), 4 . 28 ( dd , h - 2 α ), 4 . 17 ( t , h - 2 β ), 4 . 08 ( d , h4 α ), 4 . 03 ( d , h - 4 β ), 2 . 56 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 48 , 2 . 44 ( 2s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 1 . 03 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). sodium ( 126 mg , 5 . 47 mmol ) was added to abs . methanol ( 50 ml ) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 min . d - glucosamine hydrochloride ( 1 . 18 g , 5 . 47 mmol ) was added to the resulting clear solution and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for another 5 min . 2 - acetyl - 4 - nitroindane - 1 , 3 - dion ( 1 . 91 g , 8 . 21 mmol ) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred under reflux for 5 hours . the solution was cooled and the product was filtered off . the solid was washed with meoh ( 10 ml ), ether ( 50 ml ) and dried , affording 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 - nitro - 1 , 3 - dioxoindan - 2 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- d - glucopyranose ( 22 ) 1 . 10 g , 55 %). fab ms c 17 h 18 n 2 o 9 ( 394 . 32 ) m / z (%) 395 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ). 1 h nmr ( d 2 o ) δ7 . 75 - 7 . 40 ( m , 3h , 3 ar — h ), 5 . 21 ( d , h - 1 α ), 3 . 95 - 3 . 25 ( sugar 6h ), 3 . 18 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ). a mixture of 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 - nitro - 1 , 3 - dioxoindan - 2 - ylidene ) ethylamino ]- d - glucopyranose ( 100 mg , 0 . 23 mmol ), pyridine ( 2 ml ) and acetic anhydride ( 3 ml ) stirred at room temperature overnight . the reaction mixture was evaporated , and the residue was purified by chromatography using chcl 3 / etoac 10 : 4 as the mobile phase to give 2 - deoxy - 2 -[ 1 -( 4 - nitro - 1 , 3 - dioxoindan - 2 - ylidene )- ethylamino ]- 3 , 4 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - α - d - glucopyranose ( 23 ) ( 165 mg , 79 %). fab ms c 25 h 26 n 2 o 13 ( 562 . 48 ) m / z (%) 585 [ m + na ] + ( 40 ), 563 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ), 503 ( 45 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ11 . 00 , 10 . 90 ( 2d , 1h , nh e , z ), 7 . 95 - 7 . 68 ( m , 3h , 3 ar — h ), 6 . 25 , 6 . 24 ( 2d , 1h , h - 1 e , z ), 5 . 43 ( t , 1h , h - 3 ), 5 . 18 ( t , 1h , h - 4 ), 2 . 68 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 38 , 2 . 07 , 2 . 04 , 2 . 00 ( 4s , 12h , 4 aco ). 3 ′- deoxy - 3 ′- azido - thymidine ( 200 mg , 0 . 75 mmol ) was dissolved in meoh ( 25 ml ) and pd / c ( 40 mg ) was added . the suspension was stirred over a constant stream of h 2 overnight . the reaction mixture was filtered , and the filtrate was concentrated . the residue was taken up in abs . etoh ( 5 ml ), n , n - diisopropylethylamine ( 0 . 1 ml ) and 2 - acetyldimedone ( 204 mg , 1 . 12 mmol ) were added and the solution was refluxed for 5 h . the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the product was precipitated by adding ether ( 50 ml ) giving 3 ′- deoxy - 3 ′-[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene )- ethylamino ]- thymidine ( 24 ) ( 200 mg , 66 %). fab ms c 20 h 27 n 3 o 4 ( 405 . 45 ) m / z (%) 428 [ m + na ] + ( 55 ), 406 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 79 ( d , 1h , nh ), 7 . 55 ( s , 1h , h - 6 ), 6 . 13 ( m , 1h , h - 1 ′), 4 . 70 ( m , 1h , h - 5 ′), 4 . 04 ( m , 1h , h - 3 ′), 3 . 96 ( dd , 1h , h - 5 ′ a ), 3 . 72 ( dd , 1h , h - 5 ′ b ), 2 . 55 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 42 ( m , 1h , h - 2 ′ a ), 2 . 32 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 1 . 80 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 0 . 96 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). a mixture of β - lactose octaacetate ( 203 mg , 0 . 3 mmol ), trimethylsilyl azide ( 41 mg , 0 . 35 mmol ), and sncl 4 ( 40 mg , 0 . 15 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 1 . 5 ml ) was stirred overnight at room temperature . the solution was diluted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 20 ml ) and washed twice with 1 m potassium fluoride solution ( 5 ml ), water ( 5 ml ) and evaporated affording 4 - o -( 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 - tetra - o - acetyl - α - d - galactopyranosyl )- 2 , 3 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - β - d - glucopyranosyl azide ( 25 ) ( 178 mg 90 %). fab ms c 26 h 35 n 3 o 17 ( 661 . 56 ) m / z (%) 684 [ m + na ] + ( 70 ), 662 [ m + h ] + ( 20 ), 331 ( 100 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ5 . 35 ( d , 1h , h - 4 ′), 4 . 95 ( d , 1h , h - 1 ′, j 1 , 2 = 3 . 63 hz ), 4 . 61 ( d , 1h , h - 1 , j 1 , 2 = 9 . 13 hz ), 2 . 14 , 2 . 13 , 2 . 07 , 2 . 06 , 2 . 04 , 1 . 96 ( 6s , 21h , 7 aco ). 4 - o -( 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 - tetra - o - acetyl - α - d - galactopyranosyl )- 2 , 3 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - β - d - glucopyranosyl azide ( 178 mg , 0 . 26 mmol ) was dissolved in meoh ( 5 ml ) and hydrogenated over pd / c ( 10 %) ( 10 mg ) for 5 h . the suspension was filtered , and the filtrate was evaporated to give 4 - o -( 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 - tetra - o - acetyl - α - d - galacto - pyranosyl )- 2 , 3 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - β - d - glucopyranosyl amine ( 26 ) ( 157 mg , 92 %). fab ms c 26 h 37 no 17 ( 635 . 56 ) m / z (%) 658 [ m + na ] + ( 35 ), 636 [ m + h ] + ( 40 ), 331 ( 100 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ5 . 35 ( d , 1h , h - 4 ′), 2 . 15 , 2 . 12 , 2 . 07 , 2 . 06 , 2 . 04 , 2 . 03 , 1 . 96 ( 7s , 21h , 7 aco ). a mixture of 4 - o -( 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 - tetra - o - acetyl - α - d - galactopyranosyl )- 2 , 3 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - β - d - glucopyranosyl amine ( 157 mg , 0 . 24 mmol ) and 2 - acetyldimedone ( 81 mg , 0 . 45 mmol ) in meoh ( 5 ml ) was refluxed for 5 h . the reaction mixture was evaporated , and the residue was purified by chromatography using chcl 3 / etoac 1 : 1 as the mobile phase , to give 4 - o -( 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 - tetra - o - acetyl - α - d - galactopyranosyl )- 2 , 3 , 6 - tri - o - acetyl - n -[ 1 -( 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - dioxocyclohex - 1 - ylidene ) ethyl ]- β - d - glucopyranosyl amine ( 27 ) ( 106 mg , 54 %). fab ms c 36 h 49 no 19 ( 799 . 75 ) m / z (%) 822 [ m + na ] + ( 50 ), 800 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ13 . 56 ( d , 1h , nh ), 5 . 35 ( d , 1h , h - 1 ′, j 1 , 2 = 3 . 13 hz ), 2 . 60 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 36 ( s , 4h , 2 ch 2 ), 2 . 15 , 2 . 12 , 2 . 07 , 2 . 06 , 2 . 04 , 2 . 03 , 1 . 96 ( 7s , 21h , 7 aco ), 1 . 02 ( s , 6h , 2 ch 3 ). a mixture of 3 - nitrophthalic anydride ( 12 g , 60 mmol ), anhydrous pyridine ( 25 ml ), piperidine ( 0 . 2 ml ) and 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 25 g , 60 mmol ) was stirred at 40 ° c . for 6 h . the reaction mixture was cooled to 0 ° c . and the crystalline mass was collected at the pump , washed with ether , and dried to give the yellow pyridinium salt . the salt was treated with 6 m hcl ( 100 ml ) and the solid was filtered off . the product was crystallised from isopropanol to afford 2 - acetyl - 4 - nitroindan - 1 , 3 - dione ( 8 . 74 g , 79 %). fab ms c 11 h 7 no 5 ( 233 . 17 ) m / z (%) 256 [ m + na ] + ( 20 ), 234 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ8 . 09 - 7 . 83 ( m , 3h , 3 ar — h ( e , z ) ), 2 . 62 , 2 . 60 ( 2s , 3h , ch 3 ( e , z )). it will be apparent to the person skilled in the art that while the invention has been described in some detail for the purposes of clarity and understanding , various modifications and alterations to the embodiments and methods described herein may be made without departing from the scope of the inventive concept disclosed in this invention . references cited herein are listed on the following pages , and are incorporated by this reference . boullanger , p ., banoub , j . and descotes , g . can . j . chem ., 1987 65 1343 . bovin , n . v ., zurabyan , s . e . and khorlin , a . y . carbohydr . chem ., 1986 5 215 . buskas , t ., garegg , p . j ., konvadsson , p . and maloisel , j . l . tetrahedron asymmetry , 1994 5 2187 . bycroft , b . w ., chan , w . c ., chhabra , s . r . and hone , n . d . j . chem . soc . chem . commun ., 1993 778 . castro - 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