Patent Application: US-80275301-A

Abstract:
an optical transmission system comprising transmitter , link and receiver . at the receiver a decoder is connected to receive the encoded optical signal from the link and decode it according to a decoding signature carried by the decoder that is complementary to the encoding signature at the transmitter coder . the signal is thus decoded to produce a decoded optical signal having a broadened autocorrelation peak and an unwanted background pedestal component . after amplification the decoded signal is supplied through a non - linear optical element in the form of a non - linear optical loop mirror . the nolm enhances the autocorrelation peak intensity relative to the pedestal and compresses its pulse width , to return the pulse width to the same or narrower than prior to coding at the transmitter . this approach provides a simple passive way of improving the reception quality of an optical signal that has been decoded after spread - spectrum encoded transmission such as optical code division multiple access . the receiver performs this function without the need for complicated optical gating circuitry .

Description:
in the following we report both theoretical and experimental results concerning the use of a self - switching , nonlinear optical loop mirror ( nolm ) within a time - spreading ds - ocdma system to act as a fast saturable absorber with which to improve the quality of the code recognition signature . nolms have already been adopted for various other optical processing applications , these include amongst others ; pulse laser compression [ 14 ], extinction ratio improvement of optical time domain multiplexing ( otdm ) systems [ 15 ], all - optical channel demultiplexing [ 16 ] and filtering of amplified spontaneous emission ( ase ) noise [ 17 ]. we show that a suitably designed nolm can significantly improve the contrast of a degraded pattern recognition signature due to imperfect matching of ssfbg parameters , and that it can reduce both intra - channel and inter - channel interference noise . in section ii we present the results of a preliminary theoretical study into the pulse - shaping and signal - contrast enhancement effects that can be obtained by incorporating a suitably designed nolm into a ssfbg based ds - ocdma system . calculations are presented for a specific 7 - chip , bipolar 160 gchip / s system based on m - sequence codes , and the results are then compared with experimental data . in section iii we present the results of detailed system experiments using 63 - chip , 160 gchip / s bipolar coding and decoding ssfbgs in which the noise reduction benefits of using the nolm within the decoder are more apparent . the performance benefits achieved are then quantified from a system perspective . both single channel and multi - channel operation are investigated and the cancellation of both intra - channel , and inter - channel interference noise are successfully demonstrated . in section iv , we draw conclusions regarding our results and discuss further extensions and applications of the technology . in section v , we describe an optical packet switching receiver incorporating a non - linear element for signal processing . ii . theoretical and experimental analysis on improved performance of a 7 - chip time spread ds - ocdma system using a nolm the configuration for the 7 - chip time - spread ds - ocdma system that we used to first validate the nonlinear , code recognition signature enhancement concept described above is shown in fig2 . the system comprised : a 2 . 5 ps , 10 ghz regeneratively mode locked erbium fiber ring laser ( efrl ) with an external 10 ghz ‘ pulse selector ’; a 7 - chip coding ssfbg ; a matched 7 - chip decoder ssfbg ; various low - noise amplifiers to compensate for the system losses ; a power amplifier to boost the power of the decoded signal ; and a nolm for nonlinear processing of the matched - filtered signal . short pulses from the laser were launched onto the coding ssfbg resulting in the generation of a code sequence corresponding to the impulse response of the grating . in this instance the particular code was bipolar with the required phase - shifts distributed within the grating in accordance with the 7 - chip m - sequence code ‘ 0100111 ’. the chip length of the gratings used in our experiments was 6 . 4 ps , corresponding to a chip rate of 160 gchip / s . the coded pulse sequence had a total duration of ˜ 45 ps . the coded pulses were then launched onto the decode grating . the temporal form of the pulses reflected from the decoder grating thus represented the cross - correlation function between the incoming encoded sequence and the decoder grating &# 39 ; s impulse response function . assuming that the encoder : decoder gratings are well matched then our specific choice of a 7 - chip m - sequence ensures a good pattern recognition signature which has the form of a short , chip - length long autocorrelation spike on a relatively low - level broad pedestal . the pedestal has a total duration of twice the code length ( i . e . 90 ps ). we quantified the performance of the particular gratings used in these experiments in an earlier work which showed that the precision of our grating writing was such that we could indeed obtain excellent pattern recognition signatures using the matched filtering approach [ 4 ]. in the current experiments we amplified the decoded pulses to a high power and then passed the amplified pulses through the nolm in order to selectively pass the correlation spike and filter out the low level pedestal prior to detection . this nonlinear processing serves to further improve the signal to noise ratio of the pattern recognition signature and to reshape the correlation spike . in order to validate theoretically our system concept , and to establish our optimum nolm design , we first modeled the above system as a function of the key parameters of the nolm ( e . g . coupling ratio , dispersion and length ) and the peak power of the decoded pulse incident to the nolm . we assumed the ssfbgs to be perfectly matched and to behave as idealized 7 - chip m - sequence coders and decoders . pulse propagation within the nolm , was modeled using the nonlinear schrödinger equation with group velocity dispersion , self - phase modulation , intrapulse raman scattering , and self - steepening , and shock formation at a pulse edge [ 18 ] as described by eq . ( 1 ). ∂ a ∂ z + β i  ∂ a ∂ t + i 2  β 2  ∂ 2  a ∂ t 2 - 1 6  β 3  ∂ 3  a ∂ t 3 + α 2  a = i   γ   a  2  a - γ ω o  ∂ ∂ t  (  a  2  a ) - i   γ   t r  a  ∂  a  2 ∂ t ( 1 ) where pulse amplitude a is normalized such that | a | 2 represents the optical field strength within the fiber . β 1 is the group delay , β 2 is the first order group velocity dispersion ( gvd ), and β 3 is the second order gvd . α represents the absorption coefficient of optical power in the fiber and corresponds to 0 . 25 db / km , ω o is the signal frequency , and γ = n 2  ω o c   a eff is the nonlinearity coefficient where n 2 = 2 . 6 × 10 − 20 m 2 / w and a eff = 50 μm 2 is the effective area of the fiber . t r = 2 fs has its origin in the delayed raman response and represents the first - order raman gain effects . ( note that in fact neither raman scattering , self - steepening , nor third - order dispersion play a significant role in the evolution of pulses of order the chip length over the ˜ 6 km propagation lengths considered herein .) we solved the above equation using the symmetrized split step fourier method [ 18 ]. we modeled a nolm constructed from a 70 : 30 coupler and a length of dispersion shifted fiber ( dsf ). dsf was chosen in preference to standard single mode fiber ( smf ) in order to reduce the power required to generate the necessary spm / soliton effects due to both its higher nonlinearity and smaller dispersion relative to smf . the values of the dispersion parameter ( d ), dispersion slope ( dd / dλ ), and nonlinearity coefficient ( γ ) assumed within our calculations were 1 . 18 ps / nm / km , 0 . 07 ps / nm 2 / km and 1 . 55 w − 1 km − 1 respectively at the system - operating wavelength of 1558 nm and corresponded to those of a fiber that was available within our laboratories . the fiber length was 6 . 6 km . in fig3 we present the results of our theoretical calculation which show the predicted impact of the nolm on both the autocorrelation signal reshaping and pedestal rejection as a function of input pulse power . in fig3 ( a ) we plot the pulse shape evolution as a function of increasing input pulse peak power . fig3 ( b ) is a log scale plot of the same data . the pulse shape of the simple matched filtered decoded signal for the particular 7 - chip bipolar pulse sequence used in our experiments is given by the ‘ 0 w ’ pulse form in fig3 ( a ). ( note that the individual pulse shape at each power is normalized with respect to the peak pulse amplitude ). it can be seen that as the decoded signal power is increased the relative height of the ripple features associated with the pedestal decreases and the central autocorrelation feature narrows significantly . these features are summarized more fully in fig4 ( a ), ( b ) and ( c ). in fig4 ( a ) we plot the half width of the central autocorrelation feature as a function of input power . it is seen that optimum compression with compression factors approaching ‘ 3 ’ are obtained at a pulse peak power of ˜ 1 . 5w . note that for a peak power of 1 . 2w the pulse duration is 2 . 5 ps , essentially the same as that of the input laser pulses . in fig4 ( b ) we plot the corresponding value of the signal contrast which we define as the ratio between the peak power of the output pulse to that of the first pedestal lobe . after simple matched filtering alone , ( i . e . before the nolm ), this ratio is ˜ 17 db . however , this can be increased by as much as 10 db at a peak power of 1 . 6w and represents the optimum contrast enhancement in this instance . an 8 - 9 db contrast enhancement is achieved at a peak power of 1 . 2 w . in fig4 ( c ) we quantify the improvement in contrast ratio in terms of the measured shg autocorrelation of the decoded pulse form , since in practice it is this that we measured directly in our preliminary experiments . a factor of ˜ 3 reduction in pulse width and a peak contrast ratio enhancement factor of order 10 db is again predicted . the pulse width contraction and nonlinear filtering result from high order soliton effects within the nolm [ 19 ]. these calculations , and others over a broader parameter space than described so far , show that for optimal pulse compression we require a ˜ 70 : 30 coupling ratio , a soliton order of n = 3 within the 70 % coupling direction within the loop , and the loop length to be of order the soliton period . ( the relevant pulse duration for calculating the soliton period and order in the above is given by the half width of the correlation spike incident to the loop ). in fig5 we plot the predicted reflectivity of the nolm as a function of input peak power . the nolm is predicted to transmit ˜ 12 % of the incident decoded pulse power at low intensities , with this percentage increasing to ˜ 78 % at a pulse power of ˜ 1 . 8w . the reflectivity at ˜ 1 . 5 - 1 . 6w incident power , the optimum power in terms of minimum pulse duration / contrast enhancement , is ˜ 70 %. in fig5 we also plot the experimentally determined reflectivity as a function of incident power . the amplifier used in this particular experiment limited our maximum achievable peak power to 1 . 2w , which although slightly less than optimum , still allowed for significant switching , pulse shaping and contrast enhancement . the experimentally observed nonlinear increase in nolm transmission closely follows the predicted theoretical form , and approaches 40 % at the 1 . 2w level . in fig6 we plot the experimental and theoretical shg autocorrelation functions at a peak power of 1 . 2w both before and after the nolm . excellent agreement between theory and experiment is observed in both cases in terms of both pedestal suppression , and pulse narrowing . the final deconvolved pulse duration after the nolm is ˜ 2 . 6 ps , essentially the same as the input pulseform and exactly as predicted in fig4 ( a ). our preliminary experiments thus validate our theoretical predictions of pattern recognition signature clean up , and narrowing . as it happens the autocorrelation properties of this particular m - sequence , and the quality of these 7 - chip bipolar gratings is so good , that error - free , penalty free operation can readily be achieved with matched filtering alone . the benefits of the nolm as a pulse - cleaning element only really become evident from a system perspective as either longer code words are used , or when there are multiple users of the system . the use of longer code words dictates the use of longer coding / decoding gratings and which can lead to a degradation of decode signal quality as a result of the difficulty in maintaining coherence of the grating structure over the longer physical length of the grating during fabrication . moreover , the use of longer codes means that interference noise due to temporal overlap of adjacent coded data bits occurs once the length of the decode signal ( which is two times the code length ) becomes longer than the reciprocal of the data rate . the presence of this interference noise can significantly impact the system performance even under single user operation of the system . similar interference noise is also generated once there are simultaneous users of the system , transmitting either synchronously or asynchronously over the same fiber . in order to demonstrate these features we thus performed detailed system measurements on an ocdma system similar to that described previously for 7 - chip codes , only this time with 63 - chip code sequence bipolar ssfbgs . these experiments are described in detail within the next section . note that the use of longer code words is desirable in real ocdma systems since they support the use of a greater number of simultaneous users . in the case of 7 - chip codes there are just two bipolar m - sequence codes which offers little scope for real system applications . in the case of 63 chip codes based on gold sequences as used in our experiments there are 65 ‘ orthogonal ’ bipolar code combinations [ 20 ], allowing the support of up to 65 simultaneous users . iii . code recognition performance improvement of a 63 - chip time spread grating based ocdma system using a nolm our experimental setup for the 63 chip , 160 gchip / s system experiments is shown in fig7 ( a ) and is similar in principle to the 7 - chip set - up . in this instance the 2 . 5 ps pulse at 10 ghz were first gated down to a lower repetition frequency , and encoded with pseudorandom data at either 1 . 25 , or 2 . 5 gbit / s . the data pulses were then split using a 3 db coupler and fed onto two separate encoder gratings , denoted c 1 and c 2 respectively , before being recombined into a single fiber using a second 3 db coupler . the individual encoding ssfbg &# 39 ; s contain phase - coding information within their refractive index profiles as defined by two ‘ orthogonal ’, 63 - chip bipolar gold codes . once the data pulses are reflected from gratings c 1 and c 2 they generate two distinct data streams encoded with either one of these two distinct codes . in fig7 ( b ) we plot both the distribution of the phase changes along the gratings as defined by the two gold sequences selected , and their corresponding spectral responses . the spiky reflectivity spectrum observed results from the multiple phase jumps within the spectrum and is as theoretically expected . the chip duration for these gratings is 6 . 4 ps , and the chip rate 160 gchip / s . the coded data bits have a total duration of ˜ 400 ps as illustrated in fig8 ( a ) and 8 ( b ) in which we plot both the theoretically predicted , and experimentally observed , response of gratings c 1 and their corresponding conjugates c 1 * after excitation with 2 . 5 ps pulses . although the response time of the detection system used to measure these pulses was insufficient to precisely resolve the individual chips , a clear correlation between theory and the experimental data is observed , confirming the high quality of the gratings . the coded data stream was then either fed directly to decode grating c 1 *, or else transmitted over 25 km of standard single mode fiber whose dispersion was compensated over a 5 nm bandwidth using a suitably linearly chirped fiber bragg grating and then fed to grating c 1 *. grating c 1 * was designed to provide a matched filter response to grating c 1 . the decoded output from grating c 1 * was then either detected directly , or amplified in edfa3 before being passed through the nolm prior to detection . the nolm used in the 63 - chip experiments was the same nolm used in the previously described 7 - chip experiments . the pulse shaping properties of the individual gratings , and of the gratings when used in conjunction with the nolm , were characterized in the temporal domain using a fast pin diode and sampling oscilloscope of combined ˜ 20 ghz bandwidth , and a shg autocorrelator (& lt ; 100 fs resolution ). the system error rate performance was measured using a ber test set with up to 10 gbit / s measurement capability . note that we ensured that there was a significant difference in passage time through the system for each of the individually coded data streams so as to remove any direct correlation between the data arriving at the receiver from the two channels . moreover the relative passage time of the two channels could be fine - tuned to allow anywhere between zero and fill temporal overlap of the coded data bits at the receiver . disconnecting the fibers connected to grating c 2 in fig7 ( a ) allowed us to make single user experiments using gratings c 1 and c 1 *. we performed encoding : decoding and associated transmission experiments at data rates of both 1 . 25 and 2 . 5 gbit / s . in fig9 ( a ) we show the shg autocorrelations of the central correlation spikes of the decoded pulseforms prior to the nolm and directly after the decoder grating for bit - rates of both 1 . 25 and 2 . 5 gbit / s . this particular data was taken with no intermediate transmission of the coded data bits . the decoded pulseforms have a deconvolved temporal half - width of 6 . 4 ps at 2 . 5 gbit / s , and 5 . 8 ps at 1 . 25 gbit / s and exhibit an appreciable pedestal component which extends +/− 400 ps from the central correlation spike as can be seen in the eye diagrams shown in fig1 ( b ). whilst the pattern recognition signature obtained from simple matched filtering is very good , thereby confirming the quality of our coding : decoding gratings , the presence of the pedestal component can still have a significant impact on the pattern recognition signal to noise ratio . this is particularly true at data rates above 1 . 25 gbit / s for which the 800 ps long correlation pulses arising from individual data bits can have significant overlap in the pulse tails with decoded bits originating from neighboring bit slots . this overlap can result in significant amplitude noise associated with coherent interference between pedestals arising from adjacent / neighboring ‘ 1 ’ data bits . this increased noise level is apparent within fig1 ( b ) where we present the eye diagrams observed for data rates of 1 . 25 gbit / s ( no pedestal overlap ), and at 2 . 5 gbit / s ( pedestal contribution from the two adjacent data slots ). to quantify the system impact of this noise we made detailed ber measurements on the matched filtered pulse forms shown in fig9 ( a ) and 10 ( b ) at data rates of both 1 . 25 and 2 . 5 gbit / s . the results are summarized in fig1 . these measurements showed that high quality error - free performance could be obtained at both data rates albeit with a power penalty relative to back - to - back measurements . at a data rate of 1 . 25 gbit / s this power - penalty was ˜ 1 . 5 db . the power - penalty increased to 4 . 5 db at 2 . 5 gbit / s due to the intra - channel interference noise arising from decode signal overlap as previously discussed . note that at both data rates there was no significant additional power penalty associated with transmitting the coded bits over the 25 km dispersion - compensated transmission line . in order to reduce the power penalties observed at both 1 . 25 and 2 . 5 gbit / s we amplified the decoded code - correlation pulse forms and fed them into the input of the nolm . the resulting nonlinearly switched pulseforms were then characterized as previously , and ber measurements , performed . the improved pattern recognition contrast is clearly evident on comparing fig9 ( a ) and ( b ), and fig1 ( b ) and ( c ). the low - level pedestal obtained with simple matched filtering is almost entirely eliminated by passage through the nonlinear loop mirror . from fig9 it is also seen that the shape and duration of the output pulses were restored to values close to the original input laser pulses . the benefits of the pedestal rejection from a system perspective are highlighted in fig1 . the previously observed power penalties associated with the matched filtering are entirely eliminated . this is true even in the presence of considerable autocorrelation tail overlap at the bit - rate of 2 . 5 gbit / s . note again that for both data rates there was no power penalty associated with transmitting the coded bits over the 25 km dispersion - compensated transmission line . these results are significant from a single - channel data rate perspective since they show that use of a nolm to filter intra - channel coherence noise can allow for higher data rates than possible with simple matched filtering alone . to investigate this aspect further we performed experiments at a bit - rate of 10 gbit / s . at this data rate a given bit - slot receives contributions from as many as 16 neighboring data bits , resulting in considerable interference noise . the eye diagrams obtained with and without the use of the nolm are shown in fig1 ( a ) and highlight the significant performance improvements that can be obtained by nonlinear processing of the signal . after simple matched filtering alone at 10 gbit / s the eye is completely closed , however after nonlinear processing a clear , open eye is restored . the system performance benefits were again quantified by ber measurements as shown in fig1 ( b ). without the nolm it was impossible to measure a meaningful error rate , however with the nolm error - free performance was obtained albeit with a power penalty of ˜ 2 db . interestingly though in this instance we observed an error floor at the 10 − 9 ber level after transmission through the dispersion compensated transmission line . whilst we have yet to fully establish the cause of this error floor we do not consider it to be fundamental to the technique itself . we believe it to be more likely associated with the additional loss of the transmission line (˜ 10 db ) and the specifics of the noise characteristics of the high - power ( 20 dbm ) er 3 + / yb 3 + amplifier used for this particular experiment . we next reconnected grating c 2 and reconfigured the set up for multi - user operation . we performed system tests at the data repetition rates of 1 . 25 gbit / s and 2 . 5 gbit / s . the pulses in each channel were set to fully overlap temporally at the detector so as to maximize the impact of interchannel interference . as can be seen comparing the eye diagrams in fig1 ( a ) and ( b ) the temporal overlap of the two orthogonal codes results in severe interference noise at the receiver without the nolm in place . however , as can be seen in fig1 ( c ) the quality of the eye opening is again drastically improved by nonlinear filtering of the matched filtered signal , resulting in a substantial improvement in the ber performance . the measured ber plots are summarized in fig1 . for a data rate of 1 . 25 gbit / s error - free operation with a 3 . 6 db power penalty reduction relative to simple matched filtering alone is obtained through the use of the nolm . the residual power penalty of ˜ 1 . 5 db is comparable to that achieved previously for single channel operation without the nolm . we believe the penalty in the two channel experiments to be due primarily to the contribution to the received average power made by imperfect suppression of the second (‘ orthogonal ’) channel . the benefits of using the nolm at the higher data rate of 2 . 5 gbit / s are even more manifest . in this instance it was not possible to get error free operation without the use of the nolm . the power penalty relative to the back to back in this instance was 2 . 8 db , and which again was similar to that previously obtained for conventional single channel operation at this data rate . note that as previously discussed at a data rate of 2 . 5 gbit / s the individual pattern recognition signatures overlap providing an additional element of intrachannel interference noise , and hence the slightly increased power penalty relative to the 1 . 25 gbit / s case in which no such overlap occurs . we have both numerically and experimentally demonstrated the benefits to be obtained from incorporating a nonlinear switch ( in our case a nolm ) within ssfbg based ocdma and associated all - optical processing and code recognition schemes . error - free , penalty - free operation of a 63 - chip , 160 gchip / s ocdma transmitter / receiver is reliably obtained through the addition of a simple nonlinear optical switch . in our experiments we used a fiber based nolm however , semiconductor based nonlinear devices should offer similar system benefits . the improved performance that we have observed at the repetition rate of 10 gbit / s as well as both at 2 . 5 gbit / s and 1 . 25 gbit / s , offers the possibility of higher capacity data delivery than previously considered viable for coherent , direct - sequence ocdma systems . moreover the fact that we have achieved error - free and penalty - free operation in two channel multiplexing experiments implies that the approach should give equivalent system benefits when used in ocdma systems operating under multi - user operation . we consider the above experiments to represent just one example of the sorts of optical processing function that will be enabled by the combination of ssfbg technology and nonlinear optical devices . although the above - described embodiments have focused on the use of ssfbg technology and ocdma applications , it is to be appreciated that the technology should also find use in a whole range of other network and transport applications in which optical pattern / code generation and recognition are required . the technology is particularly relevant to packet - switched network applications in which individual ‘ packets ’ of data are generally preceded by an optical header that defines the key routing information associated with the data payload . ssfbgs can be used to both generate and recognize these packet headers . packet based systems can be designed to run under a variety of protocols and formats including both internet protocol ( ip ), and asynchronous transfer mode ( atm ) protocol . the technology is also capable of supporting an admixture of protocols on one network . moreover , due to the inherent wavelength selectivity of gratings , the technology will allow significant wdm and dwdm multiplexing of channels . once generated , a header recognition signature can be used to effect onward processing , e . g . routing , of the optical data . [ 0103 ] fig1 shows as one example an optical switching node for ip data for use in a packet switched network . an incoming data stream made up of a series of packets 506 is received at an input 508 of the routing node . each packet 506 comprises a header 502 , that defines the code address , and a subsequent data payload 504 , separated by a short ( guard -) time from the header address . the signal enters the routing node where it is split into two by a splitter 500 , for example a 3 db fiber coupler . in one path 580 the signal proceeds through an optical delay line 585 to an input of an optical switch ( or router , filter or modulator ) 570 . in the other path 505 the signal is supplied through an optical circulator 510 to one or more decoder gratings 520 of the kind described in relation to the previous embodiment . the reflected signal is then routed onwards in the signal path by the circulator 510 . if multiple decoder gratings 520 are provided , they may be arranged in series as shown or parallel . each decoder grating is designed to provide a matched filtered response to a particular optical header 502 . when correct matched filtering is obtained , ( i . e . the incoming header matches one of the decoder gratings ), a relatively intense autocorrelation signature is generated by the decoder grating which is then supplied to an optoelectronic converter 540 , e . g . a fast - response photodetector , through a non - linear element 530 for pulse shaping . the non - linear element 530 may be a nolm as in the previous embodiments , or some other non - linear element , for example a semiconductor optical amplifier ( soa ). the optoelectronic converter 540 is connected to an electronic decision circuit 550 which has an electrical output line 560 connected to a control input of the optical switch 570 for triggering it . the electrical control signal thereby gates the switch 570 for sufficient time to allow passage of the original data packet ( and generally , but not necessarily , also the header ) into the output line 590 . the delay line 585 on the input arm 580 of the switch may be actively controlled ( e . g . by stretching a fiber spool with a piezoelectric actuator ) to ensure that the opening of the switch 570 occurs at the correct time relative to the incoming data signal ( i . e . it can be used to accommodate the various time - lags within the system ). this is just one such example of a useful device for packet switched network applications that can be constructed from ssfbg or other coding / decoding components . there are many other such examples that one can envisage . for example an optical routing node where the incoming signal is routed to one of a plurality of output lines depending on the header . the optical packet switching system may operate with asynchronous transmitters , or a combination of synchronous and asynchronous transmitters and receivers . 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