Patent Application: US-57854405-A

Abstract:
the present invention relates to a vaccination which reduces the risk to contract melanoma to about half to third and moreover , within a five year period post diagnosis of malignant melanoma the risk to die is reduced to about half as compared to the non - vaccinated individuals . beyond its effect on melanoma , the vaccination of the invention also may have protective effects against some other malignancies such as cancers of bladder , breast , esophagus , and kidney , against sarcomas and lymphomas , and against a multitude of micro - organisms which can induce severe and lethal infections or allergies . the present invention relates also to the use the yellow fever vaccine for the prophylactic vaccination against a malignancy , in particular melanoma , to the use of some other licensed vaccinations for the prophylactic vaccination against a malignancy , in particular melanoma , and to new synthetic vaccines which use the identified antigenic motifs .

Description:
for several years scientists could not find an , approach to identify the immunological basis of the protection by coley &# 39 ; s toxin therapy . the present inventors have identified the target antigen and have further found that there are sequence homologies of this target antigen with polypeptides of further vaccines and bacteria . the present inventors found experimental proof for the concept of para - immunity induced by the vaccines of the invention . the immune response of four rhesus monkeys vaccinated with yellow fever vaccine has been investigated . before vaccination , sera of the four monkeys showed no immune reaction against two melanoma cell lines ( titre 1 : & lt ; 10 ). four weeks after vaccination with the yellow fever vaccine , sera from these animals showed reactions against the two melanoma lines with titres around 1 : 160 ( for details see table 3 , for experimental details see section “ examples ”), which demonstrated the ability of the inventive vaccines to induce a cross - reactive immune response against the causative agent of another disease than yellow fever , namely melanoma cells . vaccines of the invention can thus be used to induce a para - specific or non - specific immunity against infectious diseases . the micro - organisms present in vaccines of the invention do not only induce a cross - reactive immune response ( antibody and perhaps ctc responses ) against the human herv k - mel but also to some extent cross - reactive immune responses against each other on the basis of the widely distributed sequence homology found by the inventors . therefore , a vaccine which protects against a tumor , based on the inventive concept of the discovered herv k - mel homology , will , based on the insight gained by the present invention , also provide some protection against an infectious disease caused by another micro - organism with a herv k - mel homology ( examples see table 1 ). the invention therefore relates to the use of a first peptide with defined homology to seq id no : 1 ( herv k - mel ) and / or a composition or a polypeptide comprising said first peptide sequence for the preparation of a vaccine for the prevention of a disease , wherein one of the causative agents of said disease comprises a polypeptide comprising a second peptide sequence with defined homology to seq id no : 1 ( herv k - mel ) which second peptide sequence is not identical with said first peptide sequence , wherein the vaccine is not a vaccinia vaccine or the bcg vaccine . thus , the first peptide with defined homology to seq id no : 1 ( herv k - mel ) is used to generate a para - immune response against a causative agent of another disease , in which the causative agent comprising a polypeptide with the first peptide sequence is not involved , the causative agent of said other disease comprising a polypeptide with said second peptide sequence with defined homology to seq id no : 1 ( herv k - mel ). to use an example , the yellow fever vaccine , comprising a polypeptide with a first peptide sequence with defined homology to seq id no : 1 ( herv k - mel ), namely the peptide lavssav ( seq id no : 94 ), when used in accordance with this invention , is not used for the prevention of yellow fever , but for the prevention of the other diseases mentioned herein , the causative agents of which all comprise a polypeptide with a different second peptide sequence with defined homology to seq id no : 1 ( herv k - mel ), which second peptide sequence is not identical with the mentioned first peptide sequence of the yellow fever vaccine , for example the use of the yellow fever vaccine for the prevention of melanoma . thus , in general , a vaccine against disease x , when used in accordance with this invention , is used for the prevention of the other diseases mentioned , for example for the prevention of melanoma , but not for the prevention of disease x . preferably , the disease is a malignancy , and more preferably said malignancy is selected from the group consisting of melanoma , carcinoma of bladder , carcinoma of kidney , carcinoma of esophagus , sarcoma , lymphoma and leukemia , more preferably said malignancy is melanoma . immune surveillance of melanoma and of some other malignancies seems to be a feature of an immune defense mechanism which depends on previous expositions to external stimuli . the present inventors identified that the causative agents of “ melanoma - protective diseases ” as well as the two vaccines have polypeptides with a defined sequence homology with the herv k - mel antigen ( 6 ). this antigen is a nona - or dekapeptide coded by an endogenous human retrovirus . for example , with the hla - a2 class - i molecules said antigen presents itself to the immune system without proteolytic processing . the antigenic peptide was shown earlier not to be expressed in normal body cells but to be presented on most melanomas and in most persons also on dysplastic and congenital naevi — potential melanoma precursors ( 6 ). the homologous sequences to said antigen identified by the present inventors in 75 pathogenic micro - organisms of humans include also the anchors needed for presentation with the hla - a2 molecule . the immune surveillance can thus be induced by prophylactic vaccination and maintained over decades . it is predicted , without wishing to be bound by any theory , that upon emergence of said tumour antigen herv - k - mel , which correlates with the risk of malignancy , the immune surveillance recognizes those cells which could result in malignant transformation years or even decades later . these cells can be destroyed or hindered to proceed on their way to malignancy . in a preferred embodiment , said disease is an infectious disease , and preferably said infectious disease is selected from the group consisting of acute respiratory disease , african sleeping disease , anthrax , arthritis , babesiosis , chagas disease , chancroid , cholera , dell wart , diphtheria , duodenal ulcera , ecthyma contagiosum , endemic typhus , enteritis , epidemic typhus , erysipelas , gastritis , gonorrhea , histoplasmosis , intra - abdominal and pelvic infections , japanese encephalitis b , kala - azar , leprosy , listeriosis , local invasive infection , lyme disease , lymphogranuloma inguinale , malaria tropica , meningitis , morbus bang , morbus weil , oroya fever , peritonitis , pertussis , plague , pneumonia , q fever , rocky mountain spotted fever , sepsis , sinusitis , smallpox , swimming pool granuloma , syphilis , tetanus , tick - borne encephalitis , toxoplasmosis , trachoma , trichomoniasis , tuberculosis , ulcera , urinary tract infection , venezuelan equine encephalitis , wound infection , and yellow fever , more preferably said disease is selected from the group consisting of acute respiratory disease , anthrax , arthritis , chancroid , enteritis , histoplasmosis , intra - abdominal and pelvic infections , leprosy , local invasive infection , lyme disease , lymphogranuloma inguinale , morbus bang , peritonitis , sinusitis , toxoplasmosis , and trichomoniasis , and most preferably said disease is selected from the group consisting of african sleeping disease , chagas disease , cholera , gonorrhea , kala - azar , listeriosis , malaria tropica , meningitis , morbus weil , pneumonia , sepsis , syphilis , trachoma , tuberculosis , urinary tract infection , and wound infection . the above - mentioned diseases are caused by micro - organisms which have polypeptides which comprise a peptide sequence with defined sequence homology to herv - k - mel , and these micro organisms might also be controlled by the immune surveillance which can be induced by prophylactic vaccination ( s ) of the invention . the vaccination ( s ) make use of cross - reacting immune responses involving the homology to herv - k - mel . the importance of this phenomenon results from the circumstance that micro - organisms which are frequent or rare but which can cause very severe infectious diseases have polypeptides with the sequence homology to herv - k - mel . for example a dirty dozen of micro - organisms or toxins is defined which are regarded the main candidates for bio - terrorism . eight of these candidates for bio - terrorism - micro - organisms have said sequence homology to herv - k - mel . in a preferred embodiment said first peptide with defined homology and / or said second peptide with defined homology each have at least 5 , more preferably 6 and most preferably 7 , amino acid residues in common with seq id no : 1 when aligned with seq id no : 1 to maximize the number of identical residue &# 39 ; s in such a way that only at position 5 and position 6 an insertion or deletion of one amino acid residue is allowed . for example , one or two , preferably only one , amino acid ( s ) may be inserted between amino acids corresponding to amino acids v and i of the nonapeptide mlaviscav or between amino acids corresponding to amino acids i and s of said nonapeptide , or an amino acid may be inserted between amino acids corresponding to amino acids v and i of the decapeptide amlaviscav or between amino acids corresponding to amino acids i and s of said decapeptide . in a further preferred embodiment , said first peptide with defined homology and / or said second peptide with defined homology each are derived from the peptide sequence mlaviscav or mlavvscav in such a way that a ) either residue m at position 1 and residue a at position 8 remain unchanged , or that b ) residue l at position 2 and residue v at position 9 remain unchanged . and that one , two or three , more preferably one or two , even more preferably one , of the other amino acid residues are exchanged for another amino acid residue , preferably wherein the amino acid exchange is a semi - conservative exchange , more preferably wherein the amino acid exchange is a conservative exchange , and / or wherein one or two amino acid residues can be inserted or deleted at any position between amino acid residue 1 and 8 in the case of alternative a ) or amino acid residue 2 and 9 in the case of alternative b ); wherein preferably said insertion is an insertion of one or two , more preferably only one , amino acid residues at position 5 or 6 , or wherein preferably said deletion is a deletion of one or two , more preferably only one , amino acid residues at position 5 or 6 . for example , one or two , preferably only one , amino acid ( s ) may be inserted between the amino acids v and i of the nonapeptide mlaviscav or between the amino acids i and s of said nonapeptide , or between the amino acids v and v of the nonapeptide mlavvscav or between the amino acids v and s of said nonapeptide . in a further preferred embodiment the first and / or second peptide is selected from the group consisting of seq id no : 1 - 97 , preferably selected from any one from the following groups consisting of seq id no : 3 - 13 or seq id no : 14 - 24 or seq id no : 25 - 35 or seq id no : 36 - 46 or seq id no : 47 - 57 or seq id no : 58 - 67 or seq id no : 68 - 77 or seq id no : 78 - 87 or seq id no : 88 - 97 . seq id no : 3 - 97 are examples of peptides with defined homology to herv - k - mel which were found by a database search in polypeptides of some 75 pathogenic micro - organisms of humans . in a further preferred embodiment said first peptide with defined homology to seq id no : 1 ( herv k - mel ) and / or said composition comprising said first peptide sequence is comprised in a vaccine and said vaccine is selected from the group consisting of the yellow fever vaccine , the japanese encephalitis b vaccine , the venezuelan equine encephalitis vaccine , the typhoid fever vaccine , the cholera vaccine , the rickettsia typhi vaccine , the pneumococci vaccine , the friedmann vaccine ( mycobacterium chelonae ), the vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus , the vaccine against pertussis , the vaccine against tick borne encephalitis , the coley &# 39 ; s toxin vaccine , the vaccine against q - fever , the vaccine against brucella , the vaccine against anthrax , the vaccine against plague and the modified vaccinia ankara ( mva ), preferably selected from the group consisting of the yellow fever vaccine , the japanese encephalitis b vaccine , the venezuelan equine encephalitis vaccine , the typhoid fever vaccine , the cholera vaccine and the rickettsia typhi vaccine , and most preferably the yellow fever vaccine . these vaccines will provide a subject with the desired melanoma protection and furthermore with protection against many infections causing severe and lethal infectious diseases or allergies . intranasal administration of the yellow fever vaccine is particularly preferred . the composition of said vaccines is well known to a person skilled in the art . the mode of preparation and / or composition of such registered vaccines can , for example , be determined by sending a request to the german paul - ehrlich - institute , bundesamt fir sera and impfstoffe , langen , which is keeping records of registered vaccines . in the united states the corresponding official institute is the united states food and drug administration . it is further preferred that the vaccine is to be administered to a human subject above age 10 , in those case wherein the human subject has previously been vaccinated as a child with an above - mentioned vaccine or with smallpox - or bcg - vaccine . this is done to boost the already existing , but waning immune response against herv - k - mel in those subjects , i . e . in subjects which had been vaccinated as a child with the vaccinia or bcg vaccine . in a further preferred embodiment , the vaccine is to be administered to a child below age 2 years , more preferably to a baby below age 1 year . this is done to provide vaccination ( s ) with an effect similar to classical vaccinia or bcg vaccination for the purpose of melanoma protection to all newborns . furthermore the vaccination ( s ) provides a para - specific immunity and gives some protection against many infections causing severe and lethal infectious diseases or allergies . but also all persons who are vaccinated neither against smallpox nor against tuberculosis and are therefore likely to have no protective immunity against melanoma may benefit from the vaccination of the invention . it is preferred that the vaccine has further been adapted so as to be administrable to a child below age 2 years , preferably to a baby below age 1 year . this is achievable by lowering the volume to be administered to the child or baby in comparison to the dosage which would be administered to an adult human being , and by using diluents and adjuvants considered safe for use in small children , and will avoid or reduce the risk of an untoward reaction of the child or baby to the vaccine . the invention further relates to a method of vaccinating a subject for the prophylaxis of a disease as specified above , preferably wherein the disease is a malignancy , more preferably wherein the malignancy is melanoma , wherein the method comprises the step of administering a first peptide as defined above , preferably wherein said first peptide has at least 5 , more preferably 6 and most preferably 7 , amino acid residues in common with seq id no : 1 when aligned with seq id no : 1 to maximize the number of identical residues in such a way that only at position 5 and position 6 an insertion or deletion of one amino acid residue is allowed , or alternatively wherein said first peptide is derived from the peptide sequence mlaviscav or mlavvscav in such a way that a ) either residue m at position 1 and residue a at position 8 remain unchanged , or that b ) residue l at position 2 and residue v at position 9 remain unchanged , and that one , two or three , more preferably one or two , even more preferably one , of the other amino acid residues are exchanged for another amino acid residue , preferably wherein the amino acid exchange is a semi - conservative exchange , more preferably wherein the amino acid exchange is a conservative exchange , and / or wherein one or two amino acid residues can be inserted or deleted at any position between amino acid residue 1 and 8 in the case of alternative a ) or amino acid residue 2 and 9 in the case of alternative b ); wherein preferably said insertion is an insertion of one or two , more preferably one , amino acid residues at position 5 or 6 , or wherein preferably said deletion is a deletion of one or two , more preferably one , amino acid residues at position 5 or 6 ; and / or a composition comprising said peptide sequence to , a subject . it is preferred that the subject is a human subject . preferably said peptide and / or a composition comprising said peptide sequence is administered to a child below age 2 years , preferably to a baby below age 1 year . the method of vaccinating of the invention will provide the vaccinated subject with the desired immune protection . the method of vaccinating of the invention relates to the generation of a para - immune response , that is , to use an example , the yellow fever vaccine is not used for the prevention of yellow fever , but for the prevention of the other diseases mentioned , for example for the prevention of melanoma . thus , in general , the vaccine against disease x , when used in accordance with this invention , is used for the prevention of the other diseases mentioned herein , for example , and in particular , for the prevention of melanoma , but not for the prevention of disease x . the invention further relates to a peptide wherein either i ) said peptide has at least 5 , more preferably 6 and most preferably 7 , amino acid residues in common with seq id no : 1 when aligned with seq id no : 1 to maximize the number of identical residues in such a way that only at position 5 and position 6 an insertion or deletion of one amino acid residue is allowed , or alternatively ii ) wherein said peptide is derived from the peptide sequence mlaviscav or mlavvscav in such a way that a ) either residue m at position 1 and residue a at position 8 remain unchanged , or that b ) residue l at position 2 and residue v at position 9 remain unchanged , and that one , two or three , more preferably one or two , even more preferably one , of the other amino acid residues are exchanged for another amino acid residue , preferably wherein the amino acid exchange is a semi - conservative exchange , more preferably wherein the amino acid exchange is a conservative exchange , and / or wherein one or two amino acid residues can be inserted or deleted at any position between amino acid residue 1 and 8 in the case of alternative a ) or amino acid residue 2 and 9 in the case of alternative b ); wherein preferably said insertion is an insertion of one or two , more preferably one , amino acid residues at position 5 or 6 , or wherein preferably said deletion is a deletion of one or two , more preferably one , amino acid residues at position 5 or 6 ; for use in vaccination for the prevention of a malignancy , wherein the peptide does not have the peptide sequence seq id no . 1 . preferably said peptide is selected from the group consisting of seq id no : 3 - 97 , more preferably selected from any one from the following groups consisting of seq id no : 3 - 13 or seq id no : 14 - 24 or seq id no : 25 - 35 or seq id no : 36 - 46 or seq id no : 47 - 57 or seq id no : 58 - 67 or seq id no : 68 - 77 or seq id no : 78 - 87 or seq id no : 88 - 97 . in a further preferred embodiment , said peptide has a length of from 8 to 12 amino acid residues . peptide synthesis is know in the art . ( w . chang , p . d . white ; fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis , a practical approach ; oxford university press , oxford , 2000 , isbn 0199637245 ). in a further preferred embodiment , the peptide is further coupled to a carrier polypeptide . examples of carrier polypeptides useful in the present invention are preferably polypeptides derived from tetanus or diphtheria toxoid , or choleratoxin , the outer membrane protein complex crm197 , hepatitis b surface antigen ( hbsag ) or hepatitis b core antigen , or for example mutants thereof . coupling can be , for example by a chemical crosslink , for example which crosslink further comprises a spacer , wherein the spacer is selected from the group consisting of functional cross - linkers , flexible amino acid linkers , like the hinge region of immunoglobulins , glycine serine linkers and glycine linkers and homo - bifunctional crosslinkers . for the present invention , preferred linkers are hetero - bifunctional cross - linkers . several hetero - bifunctional cross - linkers are known to the art . these include the preferred cross - linkers smph ( pierce ), sulfo - mbs , sulfo - emcs , sulfo - gmbs , sulfo - siab , sulfo - smpb , sulfo - smcc , svsb , sia and other cross - linkers available for example from the pierce chemical company ( rockford , ill ., usa ). a preferred cross - linker has one functional group reactive towards amino groups and one functional group reactive towards cysteine residues . the above mentioned preferred cross - linkers all lead to formation of a thioether linkage . another class of cross - linkers suitable in the practice of the invention is characterized by the introduction of a disulfide linkage between the peptide of the invention and the carrier protein . preferred cross - linkers belonging to this class include for example spdp and sulfo - lc - spdp ( pierce ). examples of flexible spacers useful for a crosslinking are the hinge region of immunoglobulins , glycine serine linkers ( ggggs ) n , and glycine linkers ( g ) n . it is further preferred that the peptide is capable of being presented by the hla a2 or another frequently occurring hla class i molecule . for example , the peptide may comprise an anchor sequence for presentation by hla a2 class i . the invention further relates to a polypeptide comprising a peptide sequence as defined in i ) or ii ) above 5 for use in vaccination for the prevention of a malignancy , wherein said polypeptide is a fusion polypeptide which is not a naturally occurring polypeptide . polypeptides of the invention are obtainable , for example , by way of recombinant protein expression . recombinant polypeptides are obtainable by way of standard molecular biological techniques as , for example , described in molecular cloning : a laboratory manual , 3rd edition , eds . sambrook et al ., cshl press 2001 . briefly , polypeptides can be expressed from recombinant expression vectors comprising a nucleic acid encoding the desired polypeptide , which nucleic acid is operably linked to at least one regulator sequence allowing expression of the desired polypeptide . for example , a nucleic acid sequence encoding the desired polypeptide can be isolated and cloned into an expression vector and the vector can then be transformed into a suitable host cell for expression of the desired polypeptide . such a vector can be a plasmid , a phagemid or a cosmid . for example , a nucleic acid molecule can be cloned in a suitable fashion into prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression vectors ( molecular cloning , see above ). such expression vectors comprise at least one promoter and can also comprise a signal for translation initiation and — in the case of prokaryotic expression vectors — a signal for translation termination , while in the case of eukaryotic expression vectors preferably expression signals for transcriptional termination and for polyadenylation are comprised . examples for prokaryotic expression vectors are , for expression in escherichia coli e . g . expression vectors based on promoters recognized by t7 rna polymerase as described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 952 , 496 , for eukaryotic expression vectors for expression in saccharomyces cerevisiae , e . g . the vectors g426 / met25 or p526 / gal1 ( 13 ), for the expression in insect cells , e . g . baculovirus vectors , as e . g described in ep - b1 - 0127839 or ep - b1 - 0549721 or by ciccarone et al . (“ generation of recombinant baculovirus dna in e . coli using baculovirus shuttle vector ” ( 1997 ) volume 13 , u . reischt , ed . ( totowa , n . j . : humana press inc .) and for the expression in mammalian cells , e . g . the vectors rc / cmw and rc / asw and sw40 - vectors , which are commonly known and commercially available , or the ebna - system described in example 4 , the sindbis replicon - based pcytts ( 14 ), the sindbis virus expression system ( 15 ) or an adenovirus expression system ( 16 ). the molecular biological methods for the production of these expression vectors as well as the methods for transfecting host cells and culturing such transfected host cells as well as the conditions for producing and obtaining the polypeptides of the invention from said transformed host cells are well known to the skilled person . the invention further relates to a polypeptide for use in vaccination for the prevention of a malignancy wherein said polypeptide comprises a peptide sequence which peptide sequence is selected from the group consisting of seq id no : 3 - 97 , for example selected from any one from the following groups consisting of seq id no : 3 - 13 or seq id no : 14 - 24 or seq id no : 25 - 35 or seq id no : 36 - 46 or seq id no : 47 - 57 or seq id no : 58 - 67 or seq id no : 68 - 77 or seq id no : 78 - 87 or seq id no : 88 - 97 . preferably the polypeptide is derived from mycobacterium bovis , mycobacterium tuberculosis , vaccinia virus , staphylococcus aureus , yellow fever virus , chlamydia pneumoniae , chlamydia trachomatis , entamoeba histolytica , giardia lamblia , haemophilus ducreyi , japanese encephalitis b , klebsiella pneumoniae , leishmania donovani , moraxella catarrhalis , mycobacterium leprae , pasteurella multocida , pseudomonas aeruginosa , salmonella typhi , serratia marcescens , shigella flexneri , treponema pallidum , venezuelan equine encephalitis virus , vibrio cholerae , vibrio parahaemolyticus , yersinia enterocolitica , bartonella bacilliformis , bordetella pertussis , brucella mellitensis , fusobacterium nucleatum , haemophilus influenzae , leishmania major , listeria monocytogenes , neisseria gonorrhoe , neisseria meningitides , orf - virus , pasteurella multocida , pneumocystis carinii , proteus vulgaris , pseudomonas aeruginosa rickettsia rickettsii , salmonella typhi , salmonella enterica , streptococcus agalactiae , streptococcus pyogenes , tick - borne - encephalitis virus , trichomonas vaginalis , toxoplasma gondii , trypanosoma gambiense , yersinia pestis , ajellomyces capsulatus , babesisa bovis , bacillus anthracis , bacteroides thetaiotaomicron , bacteroides fragilis , campylobacter jejuni , clostridium tetani , corynebacterium diphtheriae , enterococcus faecalis , enterococcus faecium , escherichia coli , giardia lamblia , helicobacter pylori , legionella pneumophila , leptospira interrogans , listeria innocua , molluscum contagiosum , mycobacterium fortuitum - chelonae , mycobacterium marinum , mycobacterium leprae , mycoplasma penetrans , pasteurella multocida , plasmodium falciparum , respiratory syncytial virus , tropheryma whippeli , trypanosoma brucei , trypanosoma cruzi , vibrio parahaemolyticus , vibrio vulnificus , yersinis pestis . more preferably wherein the polypeptide is derived from mycobacterium bovis , mycobacterium tuberculosis , vaccinia virus , staphylococcus aureus , yellow fever virus , chlamydia pneumoniae , chlamydia trachomatis , entamoeba histolytica , giardia lamblia , haemophilus ducreyi , japanese encephalitis b , klebsiella pneumoniae , leishmania donovani , moraxella catarrhalis , mycobacterium leprae , pasteurella multocida , pseudomonas aeruginosa , salmonella typhi , serratia marcescens , shigella flexneri , treponema pallidum , venezuelan equine encephalitis virus , vibrio cholerae , vibrio parahaemolyticus and yersinia enterocolitica , most preferably wherein the polypeptide is derived from mycobacterium bovis , mycobacterium tuberculosis , vaccinia virus , staphylococcus aureus and yellow fever virus . the sequence identification numbers of exemplary polypeptides are given in table 1 , but the polypeptides of the invention can also be identified by a simple protein blast search for short , nearly exact matches ( http :// www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / blast /) using the peptide sequences of any one of seq il ) no : 3 - 97 of the invention as query . the invention further relates to a composition comprising a peptide or polypeptide of the invention as defined above , further comprising an adjuvant , for use in vaccination for the prevention of a malignancy . there are several technologies for increasing the immunogenicity of peptides . already mentioned was the genetic fusion of defined epitopes to a carrier protein that forms large particles to improve the presentation of the peptide to the cells of the immune system . fusion partners of this type are hbsag and the hepatitis b core antigen . alternatives are to make genetic or chemical fusions with immunogenic proteins such as tetanus toxoid , or to produce a complex peptide as a multimer of the peptide sequence . the invention further relates to a vaccine suitable for use in children , in particular adapted for use in infants and / or babies , comprising a peptide or polypeptide of the invention as defined above . it is preferred that the vaccine be in unit dosage form , wherein the unit dosage contains the same amount of plaque forming units as the dosage for adults , however , it should be administered in a 0 . 5 ml volume ( 17 ). a further preferred vaccine comprises two or more different peptides of the invention as defined above , two or more different polypeptides of the invention as defined above , or at least one peptide of the invention as defined above and at least one polypeptide of the invention as defined above . the invention further relates to a dna - based vaccine comprising an expression construct comprising a promoter functional in eulcaryotic cells and a polynucleotide encoding at least one peptide of the invention as defined above , for example as defined in i ) and / or ii above , and / or at least one polypeptide of the invention as defined above , for example a polypeptide comprising a peptide of the invention as defined above , for example as defined in i ) and / or ii above , wherein said polynucleotide is positioned sense to and under the control of said promoter , for use in vaccination for the prevention of a malignancy . dna based vaccines , for example those comprising a cpg - rich motif or chimaeric bacterial dna , are advantageously recognized by dendritic cells ( antigen - presenting cells [ apcs ]) and lead to subsequent activation of t lymphocytes . dna based vaccines lead to both , humoral and comprehensive cell - mediated responses in primates and particularly in a human subject . administration to human subjects , including children , is in principle regarded as being safe , although the aaplication of such vaccines to humans is postponed until remaining questions on the safety of this kind of vaccine are settled . of advantage is the generation of strong and high avidity cd8 + cytotoxic t lymphocyte ( ctl ) responses in primates , after administration of chimaeric , dna followed by a boost with a chimaeric live viral vector . such chimaeric live viral vectors can be , for example , an attenuated poxvirus or adenovirus . generation of dna based vaccines is discussed , for example , in two reviews ( 18 , 19 ). in a preferred embodiment , the dna based vaccine is in the form of “ naked ” dna vaccines ( reviewed in 20 ). in case of “ naked ” dna vaccines , the construction of dna based vaccines comprises the cloning of the polynucleotide encoding at least one peptide of the invention as defined above , for example as defined in i ) and / or ii above , and / or at least one polypeptide of the invention as defined above , for example a polypeptide comprising a peptide of the invention as defined above , for example as defined in i ) and / or ii above into an expression cassette , for example under the control of a viral promoter , like the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter . without wishing to be bound to any theory , it is believed that “ naked ” dna vaccines function by moving to cell nuclei after administration , possibly persisting there and resulting in long - term expression of the encoded proteins by the host &# 39 ; s cells , providing a stable and persistent source of the encoded antigen leading to a permanent stimulation of the immune system and the generation of long - lasting immunity . an advantage of dna immunization is that both cellular ( including cd4 + and cd8 + t cells ) and humoral immune responses can be induced . peptide epitopes encoded by the naked dna vaccine , for example the peptide of the invention as defined above , for example as defined in i ) and / or ii above , are presentable by major histocompatibility complexes ( mhc ) class i as well as class ii complexes after processing into peptides by the proteasome . the mhc class i - “ peptide of the invention ” complex can be recognized by cd8 + t cells and can induce cd8 + t cells to acquire antigen - specific cytotoxic functions . these cd8 + cytotoxic t lymphocytes ( ctl ) should then be able to kill cells with a peptide of the invention presented on their surface , for example a melanoma cell with herv - k - mel on its surface . as far as administration of “ naked ” dna vaccines is concerned , they include direct intramuscular or intradermal injections of expression vectors , administration with a needle - free injection device , administration by a gene gun using gold particles coated with dna into the target tissue , in vivo electropermeabilization , for example by intramuscular administration as polymer - based formulations of dna followed by electroporation of the injected muscle and the use of aerosols . in a preferred embodiment , the dna based vaccine is in the form of the polynucleotide encoding at least one peptide of the invention as defined above , for example as defined in i ) and / or ii above , and / or at least one polypeptide of the invention as defined above , for example a polypeptide comprising a peptide of the invention as defined above , for example as defined in i ) and / or ii above into an expression cassette , for example under the control of a viral promoter , like the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter , introduced into a dendritic cell , preferably an autologous dendritic cell . for the introduction of said polynucleotide into a dendritic cell , a replication - incompetent adenoviral vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding at least one peptide of the invention as defined above , for example as defined in i ) and / or ii above , and / or at least one polypeptide of the invention as defined above , for example a polypeptide comprising a peptide of the invention as defined above , for example as defined in i ) and / or ii above into an expression cassette , for example under the control of a viral promoter , like the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter , is preferred . the immunogenicity of the vaccine can be improved by a formulation of the dna in cationic lipids ( 21 ) or by transfecting dendritic cells ( dc ) to make use of the dc for professional antigen presentation ( 22 ). in a preferred embodiment , the dna based vaccine is in the form of a recombinant viral vaccine . in this case the dna with the expression cassette for the recombinant protein is integrated into a viral genome , the recombinant viral vector . a single round of a self - limited infection with such a recombinant virus can be sufficient to elicit a broad immunity . therefore , a modified vaccinia virus ankara ( mva ), or a canary - pox virus are preferred candidates . they do not produce infectious virus in the host ( 23 , 24 ). for the generation of recombinant viral vaccines several viruses are particularly useful , for example modified vaccinia virus ankara ( mva ), canary - pox - virus , adenovirus , sindbis - virus , dengue virus , yellow fever virus , measles virus , sendai virus , polio virus , papilloma virus , rota virus , venezuelan encephalitis virus , semliki forest virus and hepatitis a virus , preferably modified vaccinia virus ankara ( mva ), canary - pox - virus , adenovirus , or sindbis - virus . therefore , the present invention , in a preferred embodiment , further relates to a dna - based vaccine of the invention may further comprise a polypeptide of modified vaccinia virus ankara ( mva ), canary - pox - virus , adenovirus , sindbis - virus , dengue virus , yellow fever virus , measles virus , sendai virus , polio virus , papilloma virus , rota virus , venezuelan encephalitis virus , semliki forest virus and hepatitis a virus . in a further preferred embodiment , the dna - based vaccine of the invention is in the form of a viral vector , in particular in the form of a modified vaccinia virus ankara ( mva ), canary - pox - virus , adenovirus , sindbis - virus , dengue virus , yellow fever virus , measles virus , sendai virus , is polio virus , papilloma virus , rota virus , venezuelan encephalitis virus , semliki forest virus and hepatitis a virus . preferred are vectors of the pox group , papilloma , venezuelan encephalitis virus , semliki forest virus , adeno virus and hepatitis a virus . the generation of a dna - based vaccine based on recombinant viral vaccines of the above mentioned viral types is explained in ( 23 , 24 ). in all embodiments relating to a dna based vaccine of the invention , it is preferred that in the dna - based vaccine the polynucleotide encodes 5 to 30 copies , preferably 8 to 25 , more preferably 10 to 20 copies of the peptide of the invention , for example as defined in i ) and / or ii above , and / or 2 to 10 copies , more preferably 4 - 8 copies , of the polypeptide of the invention as defined above , for example a polypeptide comprising a peptide of the invention as defined above , for example as defined in i ) and / or ii above . preferably the multiple copies of said peptide or said polypeptide are encoded in the context of a single fusion polypeptide . the most effective immune responses with designed dna , dna - based or peptide - based vaccines are obtained at present by a combination of two different applications . thus , a prime - boost vaccination regime of dna either intramuscullary or epidermally , followed by intradermal recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara ( mva ) is preferred ( 25 ). the following examples are provided to illustrate preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not to be construed to in any way be limiting to the present invention . fig1 shows the results of an indirect immunofluorescence test using melanoma cells wörl . in the original experiment pairs of sera from four rhesus monkeys ( macaca mulatta ) were investigated ; a first serum drawn before vaccination with yellow fever vaccine was compared with a second serum drawn from the same animal four weeks after vaccination with yellow fever vaccine . the sera were tested at a dilution of 1 : 20 , fitc - labelled anti - monkey igg was used as the secondary antibody . to identify cells in indirect immunofluorescence experiments , melanoma cells were counter - stained with evans blue . in the original experiments , green fitc fluorescence was only observed in case of the sera obtained from the monkeys four weeks after vaccination with yellow fever vaccine , but not in case of the pre - immune sera of the same monkeys . fig1 a shows the result of an indirect immunofluorescence test with melanoma cells wörl using a serum drawn four weeks after vaccination . green - fluorescent bound igg is shown in white . fig1 b : shows the result of an indirect immunofluorescence test with melanoma cells wörl using a serum drawn before vaccination . red fluorescence of the cell counter stain is shown in grey . no green signal from cell - bound igg was detected . seq id no : 1 shows the peptide sequence of herv k - mel in the nonapeptide form . seq id no : 2 shows the peptide sequence of herv k - mel in the decapeptide form seq id no : 3 and following show the peptide sequences in diverse and specified micro - organisms which are pathogenic for humans or are vaccinations for humans . the present inventors found that the two classical vaccinations vaccinia and bcg as well as some mostly severe infectious diseases correlated with a reduced melanoma risk . using protein blasts for short , nearly exact sequences ( ncbi ) with the antigen herv k - mel , which is present on most melanomas and which is also present already on the presumed melanoma precursors , the congenital and dyslastic naevi cells , the present inventors surprisingly identified polypeptides from 75 micro - organisms which cause diseases in humans . the polypeptides of these micro - organisms have sequence homology to said antigen herv k - mel . the present inventors have noted that surprisingly melanoma protective diseases were caused by these micro - organisms . moreover , surprisingly the identified polypeptides also showed appropriate anchor sequences which are suitable for the presentation together with the hla a2 . class i molecule . the latter is in turn used by the melanoma cells to present the target antigen to the immune system . when the amino acids between the anchor sequences of the target antigen were permutated ( 10 trials ), the present inventors found only 1 or no polypeptide from a human pathogenic micro - organism in an otherwise identical blast search with a sequence homology to the permutated sequences ( table 4 ). the present inventors noted some vaccines which are currently licensed and which the present inventors consider as outstanding candidates for melanoma prophylaxis because they have the sequence homology for said target antigen herv - k - mel . yellow fever ( yf ) vaccination is the main candidate . yf has all the properties which can be deduced from the properties of the causative agents of the melanoma protective natural diseases , which have a statistically significant melanoma preventive effect : often causing severe disease with high fever and frequent lethal course . the present inventors could show that an immune reactivity against melanoma cells was induced by yf vaccination of monkeys . the procedure of vaccination and the drawings of the sera were described in detail previously ( 26 ). we used the original sera from the experiments of niedrig et al . ( 26 ). the sera had been stored frozen below − 20 ° c . all animals had also developed antibodies against yf . it was performed with two different melanoma lines . sera from before vaccination and sera which were drawn from the animals four weeks after vaccination were tested in different dilutions in phosphate - buffered saline , ph = 7 . 2 ( pbs ), in indirect immunofluorescence . dilutions of the sera ( 1 : 10 , 1 : 20 , 1 : 40 , 1 : 80 , 1 : 160 , 1 : 320 and 1 : 640 ) in pbs were incubated for 30 min with the cells in a moist chamber , thereafter washed three times with pbs and incubated 30 min at 37 ° c . with fitc - labeled anti - monkey - igg . the melanoma cells from two different patients ( kii and wörl ) were grown in cell cultures and brought to slides . they were used untreated or treated with 10 μmolar 5 - azacytidine for 1 or for 2 days . in the experiments with cell , line 2 ( wörl ) four from four rhesus monkeys seroconverted , with cell line 1 ( kii ) three of four apes seroconverted . with cell line 1 there was a very weak reaction already with the pre - vaccination sera ( though judged as negative in three of four apes ) but after vaccination there were clearly positive signals in these three animals ( titers 1 :≧ 40 ). cell line 1 and the experiment with the missing reaction after vaccination in the fourth ape : in this case the pre - vaccination serum was already low positive ( 1 : 10 dilution ) and there was no boost after vaccination . 5 - azacytidine treatment had no influence on the strength of the fluorescence signals . in the sera of the apes no antibodies of the igm class against the melanoma cells were detected . the melanoma cells were from two different patients . both patients had the hla - a2 antigen . specific vaccines against several severe and frequent infectious diseases which lay a heavy burden of disease on various countries are missing today . to be mentioned are , for example , aids , malaria , tuberculosis , leprosy , leishmaniosis , other sexually transmitted diseases , such as syphilis , gonorrhea , chlamydia and chankroid ( for more examples see footnote of table 2 ). it seems possible to reduce the risk of these and other disease by the vaccination ( s ) of the invention . moreover , also several micro - organisms causing allergies have the sequence homology with herv - k - mel . thus , it seems possible to use the vaccination of the invention to give a substitute for the protective impact of various cumulative , naturally acquired infectious diseases which have become rare because of improved standards of hygiene . the use of the vaccination ( s ) of the invention in early childhood is therefore also intended to reduce the frequency of allergic disorders . it is surprising that serratia marcescens , the main antigen ingredient of coley &# 39 ; s historical vaccine for tumor therapy , has one of the best sequence homologies to the target antigen herv k - mel . only few micro - organisms have better homologies . it is also surprising that so many human pathogens have this sequence homology . it might be that it has not only a benefit for the human host . the host can use immunologic significant contacts to micro - organisms with said homology to establish a prophylactic non - specific immune response which is permanently available . one can address it as a “ natural vaccination ”. ( this , for example , finds a parallel in the strong rejection of other than the own human blood group determinants of the abo system as experienced by blood transfusions which cause the major transfusion event . this is mediated by antibodies which are induced by micro - organisms in the gut and is based on pre - formed immunologic cross - reactions .) it should be appreciated that nearly all scientists who are interested in vaccination against cancer look for therapeutic vaccinations . this task is completely different from prophylactic vaccination , because it must focus on antigens of the individual tumor and must induce strong cytotoxic effects . prophylaxis does not have the same requirements . the invention provides a vaccination with yellow fever for the whole ( at least caucasian ) population in order to reduce melanoma risk and the risk of some other malignancies , as exemplified above . it seems possible to give this vaccination in a way ( intranasal ), which needs no trained medical personal ( 26 ). thus , during mass vaccination campaigns comparable to oral polio vaccination , one might reduce the costs for manufacturing and application of the vaccine to 2 - 3 euro per person as compared with about 35 euro for an individual vaccination given today to travelers . alternatively , the invention provides a vaccination with another of the licensed vaccinations ( table 5 ), which have the potential to reduce melanoma risk and the risk of some other diseases and malignancies . the invention further provides a vaccination with a new dna - based or peptide - based vaccination which uses mixtures of dna - constructs coding for peptides , or the peptides themselves , with the homologous sequences to the herv k - mel target antigen ( table 1 ). the dna - constructs might be cloned also in a viral vector , such as vaccinia , another pox virus , adenovirus , sindbis virus or retrovirus . alternatively , the peptides with said sequence homologies could be coupled to some immunogenic molecule . moreover , the invention provides a new preventive or therapeutic strategy against one of the pathogenic micro - organisms with said sequence homology , for example a curative therapy of the chronic , widely distributed and severe hiv - infection , the cause of aids . a frequent co - infection of hiv is with mycoplasma penetrans . montagnier , who discovered the hiv , for a long time believed that the mycoplasma penetrans was the true causative agent of aids ( 27 ). this was , however , not confirmed and the role of the mycoplasmas is not known . probably they create places of shelter for hiv , where hiv is not attacked by the immune system , because they have the herv k - mel homology . a curative therapy of hiv / aids is only possible when all active and latent viruses become eliminated from the body . one necessary measure to achieve this task will be a bactericidal therapy of mycoplasma penetrans , for example with gyrase inhibitors , such as the antibiotic ciprofloxacin . other measures to clear the body from all active or latent hiv must , however , be applied in combination . at present only the highly active anti - retroviral therapy ( haart ) against the active hi - viruses is available . other measures to destroy latent hi - viruses outside of cells and on the surface of cells , such as dendritic cells , are not ready for application to humans . it is predicted that several thousand cases of melanoma disease ( about 100 , 000 per year world wide ) and several thousand cases of death from melanoma ( about 20 , 000 per year world wide ) could be avoided annually by the vaccination of the invention . epidemiological studies indicate that within some decades the melanoma frequency in the developed countries of europe and north - america will increase to three - times the current numbers because of discontinuing the old vaccinations . australia , which did not make wide use of the two classical vaccinia and bcg vaccinations as did other countries , already has this high melanoma frequency . thus , in europe and north - america the vaccination ( s ) of the invention may prevent additional 200 % melanoma cases and , moreover , may reduce even the frequency of melanoma to about 50 % of the cases of today by means of booster vaccinations of older persons . in a rough estimation , each case of disease equals 10 , 000 euro , each life which would not be saved by conventional therapy would equal 100 , 000 euro . thus the benefit would be 2 . 5 ×[( 10 , 000 × 100 , 000 )+( 100 , 000 × 20 , 000 )] euro = 7 . 5 billion euro per year . world wide the health systems and the societies could have a profit from the vaccination of the invention of at least about 7 . 5 billion euro per year . the profit should come , for example , from the vaccination of 100 million persons each year . with this strategy all white persons would be vaccinated within a time frame of about 10 years . the vaccination program should continue for the newborns and for a booster of the others every ten years . this means 100 million vaccinations should be given every year in the future . with about 4 euro per nasal yellow fever vaccination one would have a relation of cost to benefit of 400 million to 7 . 5 billion euro , i . e . about 1 to 20 . with the proposed strategy this cost - benefit ratio will be reached after ten years . pre - selection of vaccinees is possible on the basis of the skin type ( fitzpatrick classification type i ), the absence of previous vaccinia and bcg vaccination , or on both risk indicators . this procedure would result in an improved cost - benefit ratio at the beginning of the campaign with factors of about 2 ×, 2 × and 6 ×, respectively . it should be noted that the cost - benefit ratio for the vaccination of the whole population would be comparable to established prophylactic vaccinations against childhood diseases . the profit will increase since the vaccination ( s ) ( for example with yellow fever vaccine ) will protect also against some forms of other malignancies presenting said antigen . such malignancies include some carcinomas , sarcomas and other malignancies including leukemia as mentioned above . this benefit might even exceed the one of melanoma prophylaxis because of the higher frequency of these other combined malignancies . the profit will increase further since the vaccination ( s ) provide a para - specific protection against ( at least some ) other infectious , diseases and allergies where the causative agent has also the herv k - mel homology . thus , the course of the infection with ( at least some of ) these often dangerous infections will be modified . it should be noticed that expositions to these infections result some times in severe and lethal diseases and allergies but lead quite often only to abortive or sub - clinical infections . probably the latter is favored by a good para - specific immune response . in the developed countries the para - specific immune response is today rarely induced by previous exposure to other micro - organisms . the vaccines of the invention will probably reduce the numbers of severe infectious diseases and of allergies of different origin . the burden of allergies is increasing in the developed world . however , social conditions and standards of hygiene are changing in developing countries . therefore , in the future these countries will have a great need to induce a para - specific immunity against infectious diseases by means of vaccination ( s ). in this respect the benefit of the vaccinations might once more exceed even the benefit of the tumor protective effect of the vaccination ( s ). moreover , the knowledge about the identified sequence homologies as outlined opens up the possibility of a curative therapy of hiv / aids . one component of such a therapy will to be a bactericidal therapy of the mycoplasma penetrans co - infection . a curative therapy of hiv would also have an immense economical impact . other infectious diseases for which the invention might prove useful for prophylaxis or therapeutic intervention include very important infectious diseases of humans such as malaria , tuberculosis , syphilis and many others . live vaccines not licensed in human medicine : brucella mellitensis ( licensed for use in veterinary medicine only ), venezuelan encephalitis virus ( investigatioal new drug product developed in u . s . army medical unit , fort detrick , usa ) inactivated vaccines licensed : bacillus anthracis ( anthrax vaccine , michigan biologic products , usa ), bordetella pertussis ( pac merieux , aventis pasteur msd , germany ), clostridium diphtheriae ( diphtherie - adsorbat - impfstoff , chiron behring , germany , clostridium tetani ( tetanol pur , chiron behring , germany ), coxiella burnetii , haemophilus influenzae ( pedvaxhib liquid , chiron behring , germany ), japanese encephalitis b virus ( je - vax , research foundation for microbial diseases of osaka university , usa ), mycobacterium fortuitum chelonae ( aningzochin , germany ), neisseria meningitides ( mencevax acwy , glaxosmithkline , germany ), salmonella typhi ( typhim vi , aventis pasteur msd , germany ), streptococcus pneumoniae ( pneumopur , chiron behring , germany ), tick borne encephalitis virus ( encepur , fsme - vaccine behring , germany ), vibrio cholerae ( cholera impfstoff , behring , germany ), yersinia pestis ( plague vaccine , michigan biologic products , usa ) inactivated vaccines not licensed : borrelia burgdorferi , respiratory syncytial virus , serratia marcescens ( coley &# 39 ; s toxin ) 1 . bonanni p . demographic impact of vaccination : a review . vaccine 1999 ; 17 suppl . 3 : 120 - 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