Patent Application: US-29885699-A

Abstract:
a method and system for determination of a pressure of the pressurized fluid with the use of a diaphragm pump responsible for accumulating the pressurized fluid in the vessel . the pump has a pump cavity and a diaphragm with a piezoelectric element which is actuated by an application of a voltage to displace the diaphragm for pumping a fluid into the vessel . the method comprises the steps of : deactivating the diaphragm by removal of the voltage to the piezoelectric element so as to stop pumping the fluid and accumulating the pressurized fluid into the vessel ; introducing the pressurized fluid only from the vessel back into the pump cavity so as to cause a displacement of the diaphragm by the pressurized fluid ; deriving an electrical signal indicative of the displacement of the diaphragm ; and translating the electrical signal into a corresponding pressure value indicative of the pressure of the pressurized fluid in the vessel .

Description:
referring now to fig1 to 4 , there is shown a pump system in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention . the pump system is adapted for measurement of a blood pressure and includes a diaphragm pump 10 , a cuff 30 for occluding an artery of a human body , and an electronics for controlling the pump . the pump 10 draws in an outside air through an inlet path 13 and feed it through an outlet path 15 to accumulate a pressurized air in the cuff 30 or vessel . as shown in fig2 to 4 , the pump 10 has a diaphragm 20 which is made of a piezoelectric element , for example , pzt and defines a pump cavity 12 between the pump casing 11 and the diaphragm . the diaphragm 20 is formed on opposite faces thereof with driving electrodes 21 and 22 . a power source 40 is connected to apply a dc pulse voltage through a relay 41 across the electrodes 21 and 22 , causing the diaphragm to deflect or displace repeatedly , thereby drawing the air through an inlet valve 14 and feeding it to the cuff through an outlet valve 16 . as usual with the known diaphragm pump , the inlet and outlet valves are of passive type and operate respectively only for drawing the air into the pump cavity 12 and only for discharging the air from the cavity . the pump is fabricated partly by a liga process or the like process into a miniature structure with the diaphragm 20 being supported at its periphery to a pump casing 11 so that a remaining center portion of the diaphragm is responsible for the pumping action . the thickness of the electrodes 21 and 22 are selected to facilitate the deflection of the diaphragm . for example , the lower electrodes 21 and the upper electrode 22 are selected to have thickness of 0 . 1 mm and 0 . 01 mm , respectively for the pzt diaphragm of 0 . 25 mm thickness . the cuff 30 is connected to the pump through a return path 31 in order to introduce the pressurized air into the pump cavity 12 back from the cuff for measurement of the pressurized air by use of the diaphragm 20 . a return valve 32 is disposed in the return path 31 and is actuated through a relay 44 by a controller 50 . extending from the pump cavity 12 is a release path 17 with a release valve 18 for evacuating the air prior to introducing the pressurized air from the cuff 30 back into the pump cavity 12 , as will be discussed later . the release valve 18 is controlled to open and close by the controller 50 through a relay 43 . a signal processor 60 is connected in circuit to determine the pressure of the pressurized air introduced into the pump cavity 12 from the cuff 30 based upon the displacement of the diaphragm 20 caused by the pressurized air . for this purpose , a signal line 65 diverges from a drive line 45 of applying the dc pulse voltage across the driving electrodes 21 and 22 and extends to the signal processor 60 through a relay 42 so that a voltage developed as a result of the diaphragm being deformed is fed to the signal processor 60 . relays 41 and 42 are also controlled by the controller 50 in such a manner as to drive the pump 10 for accumulating the pressurized air in the cuff 30 and deenergize the pump 10 for taking the voltage from the diaphragm 20 , selectively . the signal processor 60 includes a pressure determination unit 61 responsible for determination of the pressure of the pressurized air and a pulse wave discriminating unit 62 for judging particular timings at which systole and diastole appear based upon a pulse wave occurring in the pressurized air within the cuff for determination of systolic and diastolic pressures . the determination of the pressure and the appearances of the systole and diastole are both judged from a variation in the voltage developed at the diaphragm 20 itself , i . e ., the piezoelectric element . the systolic and diastolic pressures determined by the signal processor 60 are indicated at a display 70 . operation of the system is discussed with reference to fig5 which illustrates one mode for determination of the systolic and diastolic pressures during the course of lowering the pressure of the cuff 30 . after the cuff 30 has been inflated to reach a sufficient pressure level , the controller 50 deenergizes relay 41 to stop providing the driving voltage to the diaphragm 20 , and energize relay 42 so that the signal processor 60 is ready for receiving a voltage from the diaphragm 20 , i . e ., piezoelectric element . then , the controller 50 gives a number of measurement cycles within each of which an instant pressure of the cuff 30 is determined and the appearance of the systole or diastole is checked . the sufficient pressure level is determined by periodically providing like measurement cycles for determination of the cuff pressure during the course of inflating the cuff 30 , or by estimation of the cuff pressure in terms of a time elapsed for inflating the cuff . each measurement cycle during the course of lowering the cuff pressure begins to energize relay 43 for a short time period t1 to open release valve 18 for discharging a pressurized air remaining in the pump cavity 12 , i . e ., releasing back pressure in the cavity . before closing release valve 18 , return valve 32 is opened to introduce the pressurized air from the cuff 30 back into the pump cavity 12 , thereby deforming the diaphragm 20 by the pressurized air to generate a corresponding voltage at the piezoelectric element . the voltage appears across the electrodes 21 and 22 and is fed through the signal line 65 to the signal processor 60 . return valve 32 is kept opened by relay 44 for a time period t2 within which the pressure determination unit 61 is first to determine the cuff pressure and subsequently the pulse wave discriminating unit 62 operates to judge the appearances of the systole and diastole . the measurement cycle terminates at the end of the time period t2 . as shown in fig6 the voltage from the diaphragm 20 change rapidly to a large extent in the beginning of time period t2 where the pressurized air rushes into the pump cavity from the cuff . this voltage change is analyzed in pressure determination unit 61 to determine a pressure level of the cuff pressure in consideration of relevant factors such as pressure loss in the return path 31 . the determination of the cuff pressure may be based upon a peak value of the voltage or an integral of the voltage within a time period t3 . the resulting cuff pressure is indicated on the display 70 . after closing the release valve 18 at the end of t1 , the voltage lowers but represents a minute pulse wave indicative of pulsatile changes in the cuff pressure over a time period t4 , as shown in fig6 . this voltage variation is analyzed in the pulse wave discriminating unit 62 to judge the appearance of the systole and diastole . the judgement is based upon the voltage level . for example , during the course of repeating measurement cycles , the unit 62 judges the appearance of systole when the minute voltage is first to exceed a systolic reference level , and judges the appearance of diastole when the voltage lowers below a diastole reference level . upon judgement of the appearance of the systole and diastole , the unit 62 issues systole and diastole signals , respectively , in response to which the processor 60 allocates the instant cuff pressures which are indicated on the display 70 as representing the systolic and diastolic pressures . after the diastolic pressure is determined , the measurement cycles are terminated . each of the valves 18 and 32 is preferred to be of a microstructure having a valve opening of 0 . 5 mm diameter or less and operating at an opening / closing time of 0 . 1 sec or less . particularly , with the use of such microstructure valve as the release valve 18 , the cuff pressure can be lowered by a less extent in each measurement cycle , as shown in fig7 thereby providing a large number of the measurement cycles during the course of evacuating the cuff , and therefore assuring accurate measurement of the systolic and diastolic pressures . the same is true when determining the systolic and diastolic pressure in the course of increasing the cuff pressure . that is , as shown in fig8 the cuff can be rapidly inflated while repeating the like measurement cycles associated with the lowering of the cuff pressure . fig9 illustrates this mode of determining the systolic and diastolic pressures while inflating the cuff . the relay 41 is periodically energized to drive the pump 10 intermittently to increase the cuff pressure while defining a number of the measurement cycles in the course of inflating the cuff . in each measurement cycle where the relay 42 is energized to make the processor 60 ready for receiving the voltage from the diaphragm 20 , the relay 43 is energized firstly for a time period t1 to remove the back pressure of the pump cavity . within this time period t1 , the return valve 32 is caused to open for a short time period t3 to introduce the pressurized air from the cuff 30 , deforming the diaphragm , i . e ., the piezoelectric element with attendant voltage developed thereat . the resulting voltage is received at the pressure determination unit 61 where it is processed to determine the instant cuff pressure . immediately after closing the release valve 18 , the return valve 32 is again opened for another short period t4 to monitor the voltage in the form of the pulse wave from the piezoelectric element for determination of the diastole or systole at the unit 62 . the appearance of the diastole is acknowledged when the voltage level firstly exceeds a predetermined diastolic reference , and the appearance of the systole is acknowledge when the voltage level goes finally below a predetermined systolic reference over the number of the measurement cycles . in the like manner as in the previous mode , the processor 60 allocates the instant cuff pressures to the appearance of the diastole and systole for indication of the diastolic and systolic pressures respectively on the display 70 . this mode terminates when the systolic pressure is finally determined , whereby the controller responds to stop energizing the pump and the electronics . as is apparent from fig8 and 9 , the pump 10 is energized step by step with increasing periods of driving the pump for measurement of the diastolic and systolic pressures while inflating the cuff . in order to give a good response sensitivity both in actuating the diaphragm and also in sensing the deformation of the diaphragm , the diaphragm is preferred to have a composite piezoelectric structure composed of pzt and pvdf polymer which have different piezoelectric characteristics . pzt is selected to have a good response sensitivity as the actuator for driving the diaphragm and has a great piezoelectric strain constant ( d33 ) of 400 × 10 - 12 c / n attendant with a small voltage output constant ( g33 ) of 20 × 10 - 3 mv / n . pvdf is selected to have a good response sensitivity as a sensor for the displacement of the diaphragm and has a great voltage output constant ( g33 ) of 160 × 10 - 3 omv / n but attendant with a small piezoelectric strain constant ( d33 ) of 20 × 10 - 12 c / n . the pzt cermamic particles are dispersed in a matrix of pvdf resin to give an overall piezoelectric strain constant ( d33 ) of 300 × 10 - 12 c / n and an overall voltage output constant ( g33 ) of 80 × 10 - 3 mv / n . these values are found satisfactory for assuring good sensitivity to the diaphragm both in actuating the pump and sensing the cuff pressure . the characteristics of the composite piezoelectric element can be suitably adjusted by varying blending proportion of the pzt in pvdf . fig1 illustrates an alternative pump system in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention . the system is identical to the first embodiment except that a diaphragm pump 10a is equipped with an inlet valve 14a and an outlet valve 16a both of which are of active type rather than passive type . like parts are designated by like numerals with a suffix letter of &# 34 ; a &# 34 ;. the inlet and outlet valves 14a and 16a are controlled through individual relays 43a and 44a by a like controller 50a to draw in the outside air in the pump 10a and discharge it to the cuff 30a in synchronism with the actuation of the diaphragm . inlet and outlet valves 14a and 16a are dual - purpose ones which act also as a release valve 18a and return valve 32a , respectively for evacuating the pump 10a and for introducing the pressurized air from the cuff 30a . in this consequence , an inlet path 13a from the pump also acts as a release path 17a , and an outlet path 15a as a return path 31a , whereby reducing a number of parts or elements in the system for simplifying the structure of the pump system . the measurement of the systolic and diastolic pressures can be made in the same manner as in the first embodiment . fig1 illustrates a pump system in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention which is similar to the first embodiment except for the use of a pump 10b which provides a sensor output derived from a varying static capacitance caused by the displacement of the diaphragm , rather than the voltage output from the diaphragm of piezoelectric element . like parts and elements are designated by like numerals with a suffix letter of &# 34 ; b &# 34 ;. as shown in fig1 to 14 , the pump 10b includes a diaphragm 20b which is made of a pzt piezoelectric element and is additionally provided with a movable sensor electrode 23 . the movable sensor electrode 23 is opposed to a fixed sensor electrode 24 to form a gap therebetween . as the diaphragm 20b deforms under the effect of the pressurized air introduced into the pump cavity 12b , the movable sensor electrode 23 is caused to move in a direction of varying a static capacitance in the gap , which variation is then derived as indicating the instant cuff pressure and is transmitted to a signal processor 60b for determination of the systolic and diastolic pressures in the same manner as in the first embodiment . the movable sensor electrode 23 is formed over the entire upper surface of the diaphragm 20b with a dielectric layer 25 interposed therebetween . the fixed sensor electrode 24 is supported through a peripheral bridge 26 of a dielectric material to a periphery of a pump casing 11b . it is noted in this connection that the diaphragm 20b sandwiched between driving electrodes 21b and 22b is supported at its periphery to the pump casing 11b around a pump cavity 12b to have a center movable part responsible for pumping action and a peripheral stationary part connected to the pump casing . the dielectric layer 25 is deposited entirely over the top surface of the diaphragm of a planar configuration , then the movable sensor electrode 23 is deposited over the entire area of the dielectric layer 25 . with the use of the static capacitance for sensing the displacement of the diaphragm , the system is easy to monitor a minute pressure variation of the pressurized air introduced in the pump cavity for more accurate and reliable blood pressure determination , and is advantageous for digital processing of the electrical signal derived from the variation in the static capacitance . fig1 shows a modified pump 10c which may be utilized in the above system . the pump 10c comprises a diaphragm 20c of rather rigid structure carrying at its periphery a piezoelectric actuator 120 of annular configuration by which the diaphragm is supported to the pump casing 11c around the pump cavity 12c . a movable sensor electrode 23c is deposited over the entire top face of the diaphragm 20c in an opposed relation to a fixed sensor electrode 24c which is fixed to the pump casing 11c by a peripheral bridge 26c . upon being applied a dc pulse voltage , the piezoelectric actuator 120 deforms in the direction of oscillating the diaphragm substantially linearly for effecting the pumping action to inflate the cuff . when the diaphragm 20c is caused to displace by the pressurized air introduced into the pump cavity 12c in the absence of the dc pulse voltage , the movable sensor electrode 23c oscillating together with the diaphragm will vary a static capacitance across the two sensor electrodes 23c and 24c , thereby giving a corresponding electrical signal to the processor . as shown in fig1 , the piezoelectric actuator 120 is of a multilayer structure composed of layers 121 of a piezoelectric material with electrodes 122 interposed therebetween and disposed on the top and bottom of the structure . the layers 121 are connected in parallel with each other across the driving voltage source . the multi - layer structure is advantageous for increasing the amount of displacement of the diaphragm with a less voltage requirement . fig1 shows a diaphragm 20d which is made of a pzt piezoelectric material and is provided with a piezoelectric resistor network 130 formed on top of the diaphragm with a dielectric layer 131 interposed therebetween . the network is composed of four piezoelectric resistors connected to form a bridge circuit which gives a varying resistance or voltage proportional to a strain or deformation applied to the diaphragm 20d . driving electrodes 21d and 22d are formed on opposite faces of the diaphragm 20d . the variation of the resistance or voltage is monitored as indicative of the instant pressure of the pressurized air deforming the diaphragm for determination of the systolic and diastolic pressures in the same manner as in the first embodiment . the piezoelectric resistor may be either in the form of an additional patch or in the form of a buried segment in a thin film . in the latter form , resistor is preferred to be made from a material having a high gauge resistance such as chromium oxide , amorphous silicon , and polysilicon . fig1 and 19 show a diaphragm pump 10e which may be utilized in the pump system of the present invention . the pump 10e is designed to increase a pumping capacity by provision of two piezoelectric diaphragms 20e on opposite of a flat pump cavity 12e . the diaphragms 20e are driven to displace outwardly simultaneously to draw in the outside air through an inlet valve 14e and then displace inwardly to discharge the air through an outlet valve 16e . fig2 and 21 show another diaphragm pump 1of which may be equally utilized in the pump system of the present invention for the purpose of enhancing a pumping capacity . the pump 10f includes a single piezoelectric diaphragm 20f which divides a pump cavity into two sub chambers 12f each provided with an inlet valve 14f and an outlet valve 16f . the outlets of the two chambers 12f are joined into a single outlet path 15f for feeding the air to the cuff , thereby accumulating the pressurized air in the cuff efficiently with a small sized structure of the pump . in the above illustrated embodiments , the pump system of the present invention is explained for pumping the air in the blood pressure measurement only by way of example . however , the system should not be limited to this specific use and can be utilized for handling a different fluid medium without substantially modifying the disclosure . ______________________________________list of reference numerals______________________________________ 10 pump 11 casing 12 pump cavity 13 inlet path 14 inlet valve 15 outlet path 16 outlet valve 17 release path 18 release valve 20 diaphragm 21 driving electrode 22 driving electrode 23 movable sensor electrode 24 fixed sensor electrode 25 dielectric layer 26 peripheral bridge 30 cuff 31 return path 32 return valve 40 power source 41 relay 42 relay 43 relay 44 relay 45 drive line 50 controller 60 signal processor 61 pressure determination unit 62 pulse wave discriminating unit 65 signal line 70 display 120 piezoelectric actuator 121 layer 122 electrode 130 piezoelectric resistor network 131 dielectric 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