Patent Application: US-45122195-A

Abstract:
lipid - containing prodrugs are provided for treating viral infections due to herpes , influenza , hepatitis b , epstein - barr , and varicella zoster viruses , as well as cytomegalovirus and derivatives of antiviral agents . the compounds comprise phosphonoacids having antiviral activity which are linked , either through the phosphate group or carboxyl group of the phosphonoacid , to one of a selected group of lipids . phosphonoacetic acid and phosphonoformic acid are thus linked to phospholipids , glycerolipids , sphingolipids , glycolipids , or fatty acids . the compounds persist , after intracellular hydrolysis , as the antiviral phosphonoacids . the lipid prodrugs are effective in improving the efficacy of antiviral phosphonoacids by prolonging their antiviral activity following administration .

Description:
the invention provides synthesized lipid derivatives of phosphonoacids which can be incorporated into the lipid bilayer of liposomes . these derivatives are converted into antiviral phosphonoacids by constituent metabolic processes , and they accordingly have antiviral effects in vivo and in vitro . a phosphonoacid has the general structure ## str2 ## in preferred embodiments of the invention , n is 0 to 1 , and the phosphonoacid is phosphonoformic acid or phosphonoacetic acid . any lipid derivative of a phosphonoacid which possesses antiviral activity is within the scope of the invention . compositions which will be most effective will have a lipid portion sufficient to be able to incorporate the material in a stable way into a liposomal bilayer , cell membrane , lipid bilayer , or other macromolecular array . lipid groups attached to the phosphonoacids can be , for example , glycolipids , sphingolipids , phospholipids , glycerolipids , or fatty acids . the phosphonoacid can be conveniently linked to an available hydroxyl group of a lipid either through a carboxyester link or through a phosphoester link . some preferred lipid derivatives of phosphonoacids are members of the following general classes : one species of this class of antiviral lipid compounds has the structure : ## str3 ## wherein n is 0 or 1 ; an aliphatic acid , either formic or acetic , is joined to p through a phosphonate bond to form the phosphonoacid ; and r 1 and r 2 are aliphatic groups , defined below . another species of this class of compounds is 1 , 2 ,- diacylglycerol oxycarbonyl phosphonoacids . having the structure : ## str4 ## wherein n = 0 or 1 , and r 1 and r 2 are c 2 - 24 aliphatic groups having 0 to 6 double bonds , and are linked to the c1 and c2 of a glycerol group through an ester linkage . one species of this class are those lipid derivatives having the general structure : ## str5 ## wherein n is 0 or 1 ; an aliphatic acid , either formic or acetic , is joined to p through a phosphonate bond ; and r 1 is an aliphatic group defined below . another species of this class of compounds has the structure ## str6 ## wherein a phosphonoacid , either phosphonoformic , ( n = 0 ), or phosphonoacetic ( n = 1 ), is linked to the glycerol moiety by means of a carboxyester bond . this class of antiviral phosphonoacid lipids has the general structure : ## str7 ## wherein n is 0 or 1 ; an aliphatic acid group , either formate or acetate , is joined to p through a phosphonate bond ; and r 1 and r 2 are aliphatic groups , defined below . antiviral phosphonoacids can also be generated in cells after liposomal delivery of ceramide derivatives thereof having the general structure shown below : ## str8 ## where n is 0 or 1 and cer is an n - acylsphingosine having the structure : ## str9 ## wherein r is an aliphatic group as defined below , or an equivalent lipid - substituted derivative of sphingosine . this class of compounds is useful in liposomal formulation in the therapy of aids and other viral diseases because it can be acted upon by sphingomyelinase or phosphodiesterases in cells giving rise to the antiviral phosphonoacid . in addition to the compound shown above , ceramide diphosphate phosphonoacids can also be synthesized , which may be degraded by cellular pyrophosphatases to give a phosphonoacid and ceramide phosphate . one approach to achieving even greater stability of lipid derivatives of phosphonoacids within liposomes is by increasing lipid - lipid interaction between the lipid - phosphonoacid structure and the lipid bilayer . accordingly , in preferred embodiments , lipid derivatives of phosphonoacids having up to four lipophilic groups may be synthesized . specific compositions are provided having the formula : ## str10 ## t is ( ch 2 ) p -- c ( o )-- o --, wherein p = 0 or 1 ; v is phosphate ; n = 0 to 2 ; l is a lipid moiety ; m = 1 to 3 ; and wherein each l is linked directly to v in a phosphoester linkage and t is linked to w through a phosphonate bond . in another embodiment , compositions are provided having the formula : ## str11 ## v is phosphate ; n = 0 or 1 ; t is ( ch 2 ) p -- c ( o )-- o ; p is 0 or 1 ; l is a lipid moiety ; l 1 is ( ch 2 -- choh -- ch 2 ); and wherein l and l 1 are each linked to v through a phosphoester bond and t is joined to w through a phosphonate bond . one class of these comprises diphosphatidylglycerol derivatives , having the general structure : ## str12 ## wherein n is 0 or 1 , and r 1 - 4 are to , three or four aliphatic groups which are independently r as defined below , said groups being in acyl ester , ether , or vinyl ether linkages . in this class , phosphonoacids are attached to one or both phosphates by a diphosphate bond . there may be one or two phosphonoacids attached to each molecule . another class of phosphonoacid derivatives having increased lipid components comprises bis ( diacylglycero ) phosphate phosphonoacids , having the general structure : ## str13 ## where n is 0 or 1 , and r 1 - r 4 are as defined previously . this compound will be metabolized to a phosphonoacid in the cells by endogenous pyrophosphatases or other esterases . these two types of compounds may provide superior metabolic and physical properties . substituent r groups r 1 and r 2 , as well as r 3 - 4 for the bis ( diacylglycero ) species ) may be the same or different , and are c 2 to c 24 aliphatic groups , having from 0 to 6 sites of unsaturation , and preferably having the structure wherein the sum of a and c is from 0 to 22 ; and b is 0 to 6 ; and wherein y is c ( o ) o - , c -- o - , c ═ c -- o - , c ( o ) s --, c -- s --, c ═ c -- s --; forming acyl ester , ether or vinyl ether bonds , respectively , between the aliphatic groups and the glycerol moiety . these aliphatic groups in acyl ester linkage therefore comprise naturally occurring saturated fatty acids , such as lauric , myristic , palmitic , stearic , arachidic and lignoceric , and the naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids palmitoleic , oleic , linoleic , linolenic and arachidonic . preferred embodiments comprise a monoester or diester , or a 1 - ether , 2 - acyl ester phosphatidyl derivative . in other embodiments , the aliphatic groups can be branched chains of the same carbon number , and comprise primary or secondary alkanol or alkoxy groups , cyclopropane groups , and internal ether linkages . the glycero - phospho bonds may be racemic or sn - 1 or sn - 3 ester bonds ; alternatively , the phosphate group may be joined at the 2 - position of the glycerol moiety . there may be 1 or 2 , ( as well as 3 , or 4 for the bis ( diacylglycero ) species ) acyl ester groups , or alkyl ether or vinyl ether groups , as required . in any of the above embodiments , l is independently selected from the group consisting of r ; ## str14 ## wherein r , r 1 and r 2 are independently c 2 to c 24 aliphatic groups in ester , ether , or vinyl ether linkage . in any of the specific compositions described , r , r 1 and r 2 independently have from 0 to 6 sites of unsaturation , and have the structure : wherein the sum of a and c is from 0 to 22 ; and b is 0 to 6 ; and wherein y is c ( o ) o --, c -- o --, c ═ c -- o --, c ( o ) s , c -- s , or c ═ c -- s . this class of lipid derivatives of phosphonoacids wherein the lipid is joined through a phosphate ester link with the phosphate of the phosphonoacid , for example , the compounds of formula iia , iiia , iv , v , vi , vii , viii , and ix , can be prepared as described in examples 1 , 2 , and 5 . diacylglycerophosphonoformates of formula iia , for example , can be synthesized from the reaction of a diacylglycerol and phosphonoformic acid using triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine as described for the preparation of 1 , 2 - dimyristoyl - glycero - 3 - phosphophonoformate in example 1 , or 1 , 2 - dipalmitoyl - glycero - 3 - phosphophonoformate in example 2 . 1 - o - alkyl - sn - glycero - 3 - phosphonoacids , of the general formula iiia , or 2 - o - alkyl - sn - glycero - 3 - phosphonoacids , can be prepared according to example 5 , in a similar procedure . lipid derivatives of phosphonoacids wherein the phosphonoacid is linked to the lipid group through a carboxyester bond with the carbonyl group of the phosphonoacid , of the formulas iib and iiib , can be prepared according to the method set forth in examples 3 and 4 . the unesterified glycerol hydroxyl groups having protective groups , such as benzyl . other analogs , comprising 1 - acyl - 2 - o - alkylglycerols , 1 - o - alkyl - 2 - acylglycerols , dialkylglycerols , 1 - acylglycerols , 2 - acylglycerols , 2 - o - alkylglycerols can be synthesized by the same methods , using similar protective groups as necessary . the diacylglycerol phosphate phosphonoacid class of compounds of formula iv may also be synthesized by preparing the morpholidate derivative of the phosphonoacid and coupling to phosphatidic acid in dry pyridine as described for cytidine diphosphate diglyceride by agranoff and suomi ( 23 ). alternatively , the morpholidate of phosphatidic acid may likewise be coupled to the phosphonoacid directly . ceramide phosphonoacids of formula v may be prepared in a method similar to the method for preparing antiviral phosphonoacid diphosphate diglycerides , with appropriate changes to the starting materials . the bis ( diacylglycero ) phosphate phosphonoacid compounds of formula ix may be synthesized by joining a phosphonomorpholidate to the phosphoester residue of bis ( diacylglycero ) phosphate by the condensation methods presented in the examples . other suitable lipid derivatives of phosphonoacids may be synthesized using the same methods and using appropriate novel lipids as starting materials . it is desirable , for example , to synthesize phospholipid derivatives of antiviral and antiretroviral phosphonoacids which will give rise to potent antiviral agents upon alternate paths of metabolism by the target cells which take up the lipid formulation . after synthesis and purification , the lipid derivative of the phosphonoacid is incorporated into liposomes , or other suitable carrier . the incorporation can be carried out according to well known liposome preparation procedures , such as sonication and extrusion . suitable conventional methods of liposome preparation include , but are not limited to , those disclosed by bangham , et al . ( 9 ) olson , et al . ( 24 ), szoka and papahadjapoulos ( 25 ), mayhew , et al . ( 26 ), kim , et al . ( 27 ), and mayer , et al . ( 28 ). the liposomes may be made from the lipid derivatives of phosphonoacids alone or in combination with any of the conventional synthetic or natural phospholipid liposome materials including phospholipids from natural sources such as egg , plant or animal sources such as phosphatidylcholine , phosphatidylethanolamine , phosphatidylglycerol , sphingomyelin , phosphatidylserine , or phosphatidylinositol . synthetic phospholipids that may also be used , include , but are not limited to : dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine , dioleoylphosphatidyl - choline , dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and distearoylphosphatidycholine , and the corresponding synthetic phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylglycerols . other additives such as cholesterol or other sterols , cholesterol hemisuccinate , glycolipids , cerebrosides , fatty acids , gangliosides , sphingolipids , 1 , 2 - bis ( oleoyloxy )- 3 -( trimethyl ammonio ) propane ( dotap ), n - 1 -( 2 , 3 - dioleoyl ) propyl !- n , n , n - trimethylammonium chloride ( dotma ), dl - 2 , 3 - distearoyloxypropyl ( dimethyl )- β - hydroxyethylammonium ( 29 ), or psychosine can also be added , as is conventionally known . the relative amounts of phospholipid and additives used in the liposomes may be varied if desired . the preferred ranges are from about 80 to 95 mole percent phospholipid ( including the lipid phosphonoacid ) and 5 to 20 mole percent psychosine or other additive . cholesterol , cholesterol hemisuccinate , fatty acids or dotap may be used in amounts ranging from 0 to 50 mole percent . the amounts of antiviral phosphonoacids and nucleoside analogue incorporated into the lipid layer of liposomes can be varied with the concentration of their lipids ranging from about 0 . 01 to about 100 mole percent . using conventional methods , approximately 20 to 30 % of the phosphonoacid present in solution can be entrapped in liposomes ; thus , approximately 70 to 80 % of the active compound is wasted . in contrast , where the lipid phosphonoacid is incorporated into liposomes , virtually all of the antiviral compound is incorporated into the liposome , and essentially none of the active compound is wasted . the liposomes with the above formulations may be made still more specific for their intended targets with the incorporation of monoclonal antibodies or other ligands specific for a target . for example , monoclonal antibodies to the cd4 ( t4 ) receptor may be incorporated into the liposome by linkage to phosphatidylethanolamine ( pe ) incorporated into the liposome by the method of leserman , et al . ( 30 ). the lipid derivatives of the present invention or liposomes comprising these antiviral agents and containing 0 . 1 to 100 % of a lipid derivative such as batyl alcohol phosphonoformic acid or phosphatidylphosphonoformic acid ( phosphatidyl - pfa ) or phosphatidylphosphonoacetate ( phosphatidyl - paa ) or antiviral analogues of this class of compounds may be administered by parenteral routes to persons infected with hiv or cytomegalovirus ( cmv ). these liposomes can be given to aids or cmv patients by parenteral administration , enhancing delivery of the compound to macrophages and monocytes , an important reservoir of viral infections . this will allow for the efficacious use of lower doses of the modified phosphonoacids , reducing toxicity of the compound . these antiviral agents may be used alone or in combination with other antiviral nucleosides of this general class as given conventionally . in addition , it is important to note that liponucleotides of azt , ddc , dda , ddi , d4t and ddt as disclosed in a copending application ( 22 ) may also be incorporated into the phosphatidyl - pfa liposomes singly or in combination to produce ppfa / dideoxynucleoside combination therapies . alternatively , phosphate esters of the dideoxynucleosides may be encapsulated in the interior of the ppfa liposome as previously described ( 16 ) to produce a combination therapy for hiv infections . these combination therapies with azt and phosphatidyl - pfa may be especially important in order to treat more effectively the azt - resistant ( or nucleoside - resistant ) strains which have been seen to develop during single drug therapy ( 31 ). the use of combination therapy as outlined may greatly reduce the tendency for drug resistant hiv mutant strains to appear and would therefore increase the likelihood of stopping the progression of hiv infection . the same argument would hold equally well in treating cytomegalovirus or herpes virus infections with regard to the likelihood of developing resistant strains . the liposome - incorporated lipid - phosphonoacid conjugate is administered to patients by any of the known procedures utilized for administering liposomes . the liposomes can be administered intravenously , intraperitoneally , intramuscularly , intravitreally or subcutaneously as a buffered aqueous solution . any pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous buffer or other vehicle may be utilized so long as it does not destroy the liposome structure or the activity of the lipid phosphonoacid analogue . one suitable aqueous buffer is 150 mm nacl containing 5 mm sodium phosphate with a ph of about 7 . 4 or other physiological buffered salt solutions . the dosage for a mammal , including a human , may vary depending upon the extent and severity of the infection and the activity of the administered compound . dosage levels for the phosphonoacids are well established ( 2 , 6 , 16 ). dosage levels of liposomal lipid analogs of phosphonoacids will be about the same as for the phosphonoacid itself , but in general , should be such that about 0 . 1 mg / kilogram to 1000 mg / kilogram is administered to the patient on a daily basis and more preferably from about 1 mg / kilogram to about 100 mg / kilogram . the present invention utilizes the antiviral phosphonoformate derivatives noted above incorporated in liposomes in order to direct these compounds to macrophages , monocytes and any other cells which take up the liposomal composition . ligands may also be incorporated to further focus the specificity of the liposomes . the derivatives described have several unique and novel advantages over the liposomal water soluble phosphonoformates . first , they can be formulated in liposomes to much higher ratios of drug to lipid because they are incorporated into the wall of the liposome instead of being located in the aqueous core compartment . secondly , the liposomes containing the lipophilic phosphonoformate derivatives noted above do not leak during storage , providing improved product stability . furthermore , these compositions may be lyophilized , stored dry at room temperature , and reconstituted for use , providing improved shelf life . they also permit efficient incorporation of antiviral compounds into liposomal formulations without significant waste of active compound . a further advantage is that the compositions used in vivo treatment cause a larger percentage of the administered antiviral lipid - phosphonoacid conjugate to reach the intended target . at the same time the use of the compositions reduces the amount being taken up by cells in general , thereby decreasing the toxic side effects of the nucleosides . the toxic side effects of the phosphonoformates may be further reduced by targeting the liposomes in which they are contained to actual or potential sites of infection by incorporating ligands into the liposomes . lipid derivatives of antiviral agents have a prolonged antiviral effect as compared to the lipid - free agents ; therefore they provide therapeutic advantages as medicaments even when not incorporated into liposomes . non - liposomal lipid derivatives of antiviral phosphonoacids may be applied to the skin or mucosa or into the interior of the body , for example orally , intratracheally or otherwise by the pulmonary route , enterally , rectally , nasally , vaginally , lingually , intravenously , intra - arterially , intramuscularly , intraperitoneally , intradermally , or subcutaneously . the present pharmaceutical preparations can contain the active agent alone , or can contain further pharmaceutically valuable substances . they can further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier . pharmaceutical preparations containing lipid derivatives of antiviral phosphonoacids are produced by conventional dissolving and lyophilizing processes to contain from approximately 0 . 1 % to 100 %, preferably from approximately 1 % to 50 % of the active ingredient . they can be prepared as ointments , salves , tablets , capsules , powders or sprays , together with effective excipients , vehicles , diluents , fragrances or flavor to make palatable or pleasing to use . formulations for oral ingestion are in the form of tablets , capsules , pills , ampoules of powdered active agent , or oily or aqueous suspensions or solutions . tablets or other non - liquid oral compositions may contain acceptable excipients , known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions , comprising diluents , such as lactose or calcium carbonate ; binding agents such as gelatin or starch ; and one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents , flavoring agents , coloring or preserving agents to provide a palatable preparation . moreover , such oral preparations may be coated by known techniques to further delay disintegration and absorption in the intestinal tract . aqueous suspensions may contain the active ingredient in admixture with pharmacologically acceptable excipients , comprising suspending agents , such as methyl cellulose ; and wetting agents , such as lecithin or long - chain fatty alcohols . the said aqueous suspensions may also contain preservatives , coloring agents , flavoring agents and sweetening agents in accordance with industry standards . preparations for topical and local application comprise aerosol sprays , lotions , gels and ointments in pharmaceutically appropriate vehicles which may comprise lower aliphatic alcohols , polyglycols such as glycerol , polyethylene glycol , esters of fatty acids , oils and fats , and silicones . the preparations may further comprise antioxidants , such as ascorbic acid or tocopherol , and preservatives , such as p - hydroxybenzoic acid esters . parenteral preparations comprise particularly sterile or sterilized products . injectable compositions may be provided containing the active compound and any of the well known injectable carriers . these may contain salts for regulating the osmotic pressure . the therapeutically effective amount of the lipid derivatives is determined by reference to the recommended dosages of the active antiviral phosphonoacid , bearing in mind that , in selecting the appropriate dosage in any specific case , consideration must be given to the patient &# 39 ; s weight , general health , metabolism , age and other factors which influence response to the drug . the parenteral dosage will be appropriately an order of magnitude lower than the oral dose . a more complete understanding of the invention can be obtained by referringto the following illustrative examples , which are not intended , however , tounduly limit the invention . to a three necked reaction flask was added 0 . 620 grams of phosphonoformate ( pfa ; sigma chemical co ., st . louis , mo .) dissolved in 4 ml of dry pyridine ( aldrich , milwaukee , wis .) and 1 . 28 grams of triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride ( aldrich ). 40 ml of 1 , 2 dimyristoylglycerol ( 10 mg / ml ; avanti polar lipids , pelham , ala .) was evaporated and redissolved in 10 ml of freshly distilled dry chloroform and added dropwise to the reaction mixture over a period of 30 minutes . the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature . after 24 hours , the reaction was stopped by the addition of 50 ml of cold 0 . 1n hcl . the organic phase was separated , dried over p 2 o 5 and evaporated under vacuum . the product was crystallized from chloroform and acetone at 20 ° c . thin - layer chromatography of the crystallized product , developed in a basic system of chloroform , methanol , ammonia and water ( 70 / 30 / 1 / 1 by volume ) gave three phosphorus - containing products . further purification of the required compound was obtained by column chromatography . the product , in 50 ml of chloroform , was loaded onto 40 gms of silica gel g , 70 - 200 mesh , in a glass column measuring 1 × 14 inches and sequentially eluted with 200 ml of chloroform , 200 ml of chloroform / methanol ( 1 : 5 ), 200 ml of chloroform / methanol ( 1 : 10 ), and finally 300 ml of chloroform / methanol ( 1 : 1 ). pure 1 , 2 - dimyristoyl - 3 - phosphonoformate was recovered in the chloroform / methanol ( 1 : 1 ) fraction . the purity of the compound was checked using two solvent systems , chloroform , methanol , ammonia , and water ( 70 / 30 / 1 / 1 ) and chloroform , methanol , ammonia , and water ( 65 / 35 / 4 ). the pure compound has an rf value of 0 . 54 in the former basic system . 1 gram of phosphonoformic acid ( pfa ), trisodium salt ( fluka , ronkonkoma , n . y .) was dissolved in 50 ml of distilled water and passed through a 1 . 4 × 10 cm column of dowex 50 - x8 ( h +), 200 - 400 mesh . the pfa - h + was eluted with water , lyophilized overnight , and dried for 48 hours over p 2 o 5 in a vacuum oven at room temperature . to a 50 ml round bottom flask containing 15 ml of dry pyridine ( aldrich , milwaukee , wis .) was added 120 mg 1 , 2 - dipalmitoylglycerol ( sigma , st . louis , mo .) and 230 mg of pfa - h + and 527 mg of triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride ( tps , aldrich milwaukee , wis .). the vessel was sealed with a rubber serum stopper and flushed with argon . the reaction was stirred overnight under argon and after 24 hours , 15 ml of chloroform / methanol ( 1 : 2 ) was added andthe product was precipitated by the addition of 15 ml of acetone at - 20 ° c . the precipitate was collected and recrystallized from chloroform / acetone to obtain 1 , 2 - dipalmitoylglycero - sn - 3 - phosphonoformate in yield of about 70 %. the product was taken up in a small volume of chloroform / methanol ( 1 : 2 ) anda small aliquot was applied to silica gel g plates ( uniplate , analtech ) anddeveloped with either chloroform / methanol / conc . ammonia / water ( 70 / 30 / 1 / 1 byvolume ) or chloroform / methanol / water ( 65 / 35 / 6 ). the product was present as a phosphorus - positive spot with rf values of 0 . 69 or 0 . 80 , respectively . the purity of the compound was estimated to be 0 % by visual inspection after charring with concentrated sulfuric acid . further purification was achieved by subjecting a portion of the crude product to preparative thin layer chromatography using 20 × 20 cm plates of silica gel g ( silica thickness 0 . 5 mm , analtech ) developed with chloroform / methanol / conc . ammonia / water ( 70 / 30 / 1 ). the compound was located by spraying reference guide spots on the outside edges of the plate with phosphorus spray , taking care to cover the surface of the remainder with a clean glass plate . the spot representing the product was scraped and extracted with chloroforom / methanol / water ( 1 / 2 / 0 . 8 ). the chloroform phase was separated by the addition of chloroform / water ( 1 / 1 ) so that the final ratio of solvents is 1 / 1 / 0 . 9 as described by bligh and dyer ( 32 ). the chloroform phase was separated and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the product was dried by lyophilization from cyclohexane . the purified product gave single spots upon thin layer chromatography in the two systems noted above . a solution of 1 - o - octadecyl , 2 - o - benzyl - sn - glycerol ( obg ) ( bachem bioscience , philadelphia , pa .) ( 0 . 68 g ) in tetrahydrofuran was added over a period of 1 . 5 h to a solution of phosgene ( 1 . 5 eg ) in triethylamine ( 5 ml ) while maintaining the temperature at 0 ° c . after the addition was completed the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 ° c . for 4 h . atthe end of which time trimethylphosphite ( 4 equiv ) was added at 0 ° c . and the reaction mixture was gradually warmed to room temperature overnight . the intermediate bis ( methoxy ) phosphonate was demethylated and the crude product was purified by chromatography to afford the title compound in 40 % yield . a solution of obg alcohol ( 0 . 68 g ) in tetrahydrofuran was added over a period of 1 h to a cooled (- 50 ° to - 55 ° c .) solution of ( dichlorophosphinyl ) acetyl chloride ( 0 . 6 g ) and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at - 30 ° c . and gradually warmed to 0 ° c . the solventwas evaporated and the residue treated with methanol ( 5 ml ) and the mixtureallowed to stir at room temperature for 4 h , at the end of which time the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the solid was filtered and the solid was washed with ice cold methanol to afford the desired product in 50 % yield . a quantity of 0 . 9 grams of racemic batyl alcohol ( 1 - o - octadecyl - 2 , 3 - glycerol , sigma chemical , st . louis , mo . ), 2 . 6 grams of triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride ( tps , aldrich , milwaukee , wis .) and 0 . 16 grams of phosphonoformate , acid form , were reacted in 15 ml of dry pyridine at room temperature under nitrogen . the reaction was monitored athalf hour intervals by thin layer chromatography as in example 3 and was judged to be complete at about 24 hours . the reaction was stopped by the addition of 10 ml of chloroform / methanol / water ( 1 / 2 / 0 . 8 by volume ). the organic ( lower ) phase was separated by further addition of 2 ml of chloroform and 2 ml of water . the organic phase was removed and evaporatedin vacuo and the product was obtained as a white powder . the crude product was dissolved in a small volume of chloroform / methanol ( 1 / 1 by volume ) andsubjected to preparative thin layer chromatography using 0 . 5 mm layer of silica gel g plates ( analtech , newark , del .) developed with chloroform / methanol / concentrated ammonia / water ( 70 / 30 / 1 / 1 ). two pfa - containing spots were visualized , scraped and extracted with chloroform / methanol / water as described earlier in example 3 . the two compounds are referred to as batyl - pfa , top and bottom , respectively . to a sterile 2 . 0 ml sonication vessel were added ( in chloroform solution ) 7 . 5 μmoles of dioleoylphosphatidyl choline , 4 . 5 μmoles of cholesterol , and 3 μmoles of ppfa . the solvent was removed in vacuo , forming a thin film of the lipid mixture . the lipid film was hydrated with0 . 3 ml of sterile 10 mm sodium acetate buffer ( ph 5 . 0 ) containing isotonic dextrose . the mixture was vortexed intermittently for 10 minutes followed by sonication for 90 to 120 min using the cup horn of a heat systems ultrasonics sonicator ( model 431b ) at output control setting # 9 , which treatment resulted in clarification of the sample . this sample was dilutedwith sterile rpmi tissue culture medium and used in hiv experiments at the contractions indicated . ht4 - 6c cells were grown in rpmi 1640 medium containing 100 u / ml penicillin g , 100 ug / ml streptomycin , 2 mm glutamine and 10 % fetal bovine serum ( hyclone laboratories , logan , utah ). cells were infected with hiv - 1 ( lav - 1strain , l . montagnier , paris , france ) at a multiplicity of infection sufficient to give 100 - 300 plaques per well in the no drug controls . viruswas allowed to adsorb at 37 ° c . for one hour . liposomes containing the two batyl - pfas were prepared as described in example 3 . the sonicated preparation was diluted with sterile rpmi buffer and added to the tissue culture wells at the indicated concentrations . after a 3 - day incubation at37 ° c ., the cell monolayers were fixed with 10 % formaldehyde and stained with 0 . 25 % crystal violet to visualize plaques . the straining procedure showed individual dense foci of multinucleated giant cells whichwere counted and used to assess antiretroviral drug activity . the results of the experiment are shown in fig1 . both preparations of batyl - pfa ( top spot and bottom spot ) were active in this experiment . the amount of drug require to produce 50 % inhibition ( i . c . 50 ) can be estimated from the figure as follows : pfa 200 um ; batyl - pfa ( top ) 110 um and batyl - pfa ( bottom ) 180 um . inhibition of human cytomegalovirus - specific dna by phosphonoformate and phosphonoacetate lipid prodrugs assay method : mcr - 5 ( human lung fibroblast ) cells ( about 5 × 10 4 cells per well of a 24 well plate ) are plated in dme media with 10 % fetal bovine serum one to two days before drug addition . the drugs in dimethylsulfoxide ( dmso ) were added to the medium in a final dmso concentration of 1 %. in some cases where the compound was not readily soluble in water or dmso , liposomes were prepared by sonication containing10 mole % drug / 50 mole % dioleoylphosphatidylcholine / 30 mole % cholesterol and 10 mole % dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol . control liposomes were also prepared without the added drug and incubated at matched lipid concentrations as controls . this media is then aspirated and changed to the drug dilutions made in 2 % fbs media and incubated for 24 hours . the drug - containing media is transferred to sterile tubes and a 1 : 50 dilution ( about 20 , 000 pfus ) of the ad - 169 human cmv virus pool is added to the wells at 0 . 2 ml per well and incubated at 37 c for 60 min . the inoculum ismade in dme plus 2 % fbs media . after the incubation , the inoculum is aspirated from the welts and the drug dilutions are added back . cells are incubated for five to six days when they should show a 50 - 100 % cytopathic effect . at the end of the 5 to 6 day incubation period , the quantification of the cmv dna present is done by nucleic acid hybridization using a cmv antiviral susceptibility test kit from diagnostic hybrids ( athens , ohio ). the media from each well is aspirated completely and two drops of lysis solution ( dna wicking agent ) is added to each well . after about five seconds the hybriwix filter pairs are placed in the wells in numerical order and the solution is absorb onto the filters for about 30 minutes or until the wells are dry . using forceps , the hybriwix are removed and placed on a paper towel . each pair of hybriwix are cut vertically from theshared bridge of the filter . the hybriwix are transferred to vials containing i 125 labelled cmv probe hybridization agent ( a maximum of 24 hybriwix per vial ) along with three negative control hybriwix and two positive control hybriwix per vial . the vials are placed in a 60 ° c . gently shaking water bath for a minimum of two hours to overnight . after the hybridization , the solution is aspirated from the vials and collected into a radioactive waste container . 4 ml of distilled water is added to each vial to rinse , capped , swirled and then aspirated . 6 ml of wash reagent is added to the wash container and the hybriwix are transferred to this and gently swirled . 114ml of distilled water that has been pre - heated to 73 c is added to the washcontainer and this is placed in a 73 ° c . water bath for 30 minutes . the wash solution is then removed to a radioactive waste container and thehybriwix are placed in numerical order on a paper towel and then are transferred to gamma counting tubes and counted for two minutes . results : after subtraction of the blank value , results are expressed as thepercentage of the no drug control . the concentration dependence of the cmv - dna production was plotted and the amount of the respective drugs required to reduce the control level by 50 % ( ic 50 ) was determined andthe results are shown in the following table . effect of phosphonoformate , phosphonoacetate and various lipid analogs on production of hcmv - specific dna by mrc - 5 human lung fibroblasts in vitro ______________________________________compound ic . sub . 50______________________________________pfa 55 ; 60dmg - pfa 178 ; 112batyl , benzyl - pfa 1 . 7 *; & lt ; 3 . 16 * paa 31 ; 26dmg - paa 19 ; 5dmp - paa 49 ; 40liposome control 125 * ______________________________________ as demonstrated in the preceding table , all lipid analogs of pfa and paa exhibited activity in reducing the production of human cmv - specific dna without apparent toxicity as determined by visual inspection of the cell monolayers . liposome controls reduced cmv - specific dna production at very high lipid doses but the activity of liposomal batyl , benzyl - pfa was 74 times more active than matched liposome controls without the lipid drug . it should be apparent from the foregoing that other phosphonoacid compoundsand lipid derivatives thereof can be substituted in examples 3 and 5 to obtain similar results . other antiviral agents , such as , for example , nucleoside analogue phosphates , may also be contained in the aqueous compartments of the liposome ( 7 ). the molar percentage of the lipid antiviral agents , such as , for example , nucleoside analogue phosphates , may also be contained in the aqueous compartments of the liposome ( 7 ). themolar percentage of the lipid antiviral agent may vary from 0 . 1 to 100 % of the total lipid mixture . furthermore , mixtures of antiviral nucleoside lipids may be used in constructing the liposomes for therapy of viral diseases ( 6 ). it should be further emphasized that the present invention is not limited to the use of any particular antiviral phosphonoacid ; rather , the beneficial results of the present invention flow from the synthesis of the lipid derivatives of these materials and the use of liposomes for formulations for the treatment of viral diseases . thus , regardless of whether a specific antiviral phosphonoacid is presently known , or whether it becomes known in the future , the methods of forming the presently - contemplated lipid derivatives therefrom are based on established chemical techniques , as will be apparent to those of skill in the art , and their incorporation into liposomes is broadly enabled by the preceding disclosure . it should be emphasized again that the present syntheses are broadly applicable to formation of compounds from essentially al phosphonoacids for use in the practice of the present invention . accordingly , the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from it spirit or essential characteristics . the described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive , and the scope of the invention is , therefore , indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description . all modifications which come within the meaning and range of the lawful equivalency of the claims are to be embraced with their scope . 3 . fischl , m . s ., richman , d . d ., grieco , m . h ., et al . 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