Patent Application: US-85513992-A

Abstract:
a rate 2 / 5 code especially suitable for use with a resonant coil overwrite technique for magneto - optical recording . serial binary input data is converted to serial binary code data that satisfies a constraint and is reconverted to the serial binary input data . an encoder receives two sequential input bits and a five - bit state vector derived from an immediately preceding encoding operation , and generates a five - bit codeword and a new five - bit state vector based on the two input bits and five - bit state vector . a decoder converts the binary code data into five - bit codewords , converts each five - bit codeword sequentially into a reassigned three - bit codeword representation , then collects sets of four adjacent three - bit codeword representations . each reassigned codeword representation is converted to a two - bit output corresponding to a then current set of said four three - bit codeword representations , and successive two - bit outputs are reconverted into the serial binary data .

Description:
the ( 2 , 18 , 2 ) code is a run length limited code with traditional ( d , k ) constraints and the additional constraint that all run lengths of consecutive zeros are even . the d = 2 constraint serves to limit intersymbol interference and k = 18 guarantees transitions close enough for timing recovery . the ( 2 , 18 , 2 ) code can be described by the finite state transition diagram shown in fig1 . the capacity of the ( 2 , 18 , 2 ) constraint is sufficient to allow a rational code rate of 2 / 5 . fig2 illustrates a data storage system employing a ( 2 , 18 , 2 ) code and embodying the invention . a binary data stream from a source 10 is converted into a ( 2 , 18 , 2 ) code bit stream by an encoder 11 . the code bit stream controls a writing means 12 , such as a diode laser and associated electronics in an optical disk system or a magnetic recording head and associated electronics in a magnetic disk or tape system . the information , as encoded into ( 2 , 18 , 2 ) code by encoder 11 , is written onto a medium 13 , such as an optical or magnetic disk in the form of marks in the case of optical media or magnetic transitions in the case of magnetic media . the written marks or transitions are read back as an analog signal by a reading means 14 , which may include a laser beam or magnetic reading head . this analog signal is converted back into a digital data stream representing the code data by a data detector and synchronizer 15 that is suitable for codes with even consecutive zeros and may be of the type described in the proceedings of the ieee international conference on communications , apr . 16 - 19 , 1990 , at pages 1729 - 1733 . the data output of data detector and synchronizer 15 is decoded by a decoder 16 which converts the ( 2 , 18 , 2 ) code data back to the original binary representation . an algorithm for sliding block codes is described in ieee transactions on information theory , published jan . 1983 at pp . 5 - 22 . this algorithm is described in more condensed form in ieee transactions on magnetics , published sep . 1985 , at pp . 1348 - 1349 . these articles describe state - splitting and state - merging . according to a feature of the invention , applicants found that , by manipulation of the finite state transition diagram of fig1 for the ( 2 , 18 , 2 ) code and making selective use of state - splitting methods , a finite state machine ( fsm ) with only 25 states and four outgoing edges per state could be used to define the ( 2 , 18 , 2 ) encoding algorithm . this fsm is depicted in table 1 ( see appendix ). it describes the encoding rules used by encoder 11 and , because of its simplicity , allows practical implementation of a ( 2 , 18 , 2 ) code . each edge of the fsm is represented by an entry in table 1 . edges are selected during the encoding process according to the current state of the fsm and a two - bit input label . each edge specifies a five - bit codeword and next state of the fsm . encoded data is produced by tracing a path through the fsm . with each new set of two input bits , the correct edge is chosen from the current state and the codeword associated with the edge is output by encoder 11 . thus , two bits of input data and the current state of the fsm serve to specify the five - bit codeword plus the next state of the fsm . note that there are only 8 possible choices of codewords : 00000 , 00001 , 00010 , 00100 , 01000 , 10000 , 01001 and 10010 . the fsm in table 1 was generated with only four rounds of state - splitting , which together with selective input edge assignment , enabled the design of a decoder having a window of only four codewords , an important feature of the invention . this limits error propagation upon decoding to eight bits . the two - bit input labels for each edge in table 1 are chosen so as to allow unique decoding by a sliding block decoder . fig3 illustrates the manner in which the fsm described in table 1 can be implemented in hardware . since the fsm has 25 states , at least five bits are required to represent a particular one of the states . the five state bits are identified as s1 , . . . , s5 and the two input data bits as x1 and x2 . these seven bits generate the codeword y1 , . . . , y5 and the next state s1 *, . . . , s5 *. the clock φ has a frequency that is five times higher than the bit rate of the input data stream and twice the bit rate of the code data . the other clocks , φ / 2 , φ / 5 and φ / 10 , are derived from φ by frequency division by suitable means ( not shown ). in encoder 11 , serial input data 19 is converted to two parallel bits x1 , x2 by a serial - to - parallel converter 20 which may be a serial - in , parallel - out shift register . the two parallel data bits x1 and x2 plus five state bits s1 , . . . , s5 that identify the present state of encoder 11 are supplied to , and specify the address of a memory location in , a read only memory ( rom ) 21 . rom 21 serves as a look - up table to generate the codeword bits y1 , . . . , y5 and the bits s1 *, . . . , s5 * describing the next state of encoder 11 . register 22 holds the value of the current state of the fsm while the next state and codeword are generated . the codeword bits y1 , . . . , y5 are converted into a serial data stream 23 by parallel - to - serial converter 24 which may be a parallel - in , serial - out shift register . the encoding rules for the ( 2 , 18 , 2 ) encoder 11 can be converted into a truth table such as specified in table 2 ( see appendix ) by assigning a unique binary label to each state . as illustrated , table 2 specifies the contents of rom 21 for the case where states 1 , . . . , 25 of the fsm have been assigned the binary values 00001 , . . . , 11001 ; however , any other consistent assignment of binary values to fsm state labels may be used , if preferred . if desired , the truth table in table 2 can also be converted into logic equations using standard logic minimization techniques . rom 21 can then be replaced by suitable combinational logic circuitry . for example , the logic expression for y1 would be referring now to fig4 decoder 16 for the ( 2 , 18 , 2 ) code uses a sliding window to convert five - bit codewords y1 , . . . , y5 back to the correct two - bit sequences x1 , x2 , representing the recovered data . the input data stream for decoder 16 consists of concatenated five - bit codewords . in order to determine x1 , x2 , the current codeword and the three following codewords must be examined . decoder 16 looks at a window of four five - bit codewords ( a total of 20 bits ) and produces the correct translation of the first one . when five new code bits are received , the window shifts forward one codeword and the process repeats . although the decoder window is 20 - bits wide , the same information , according to an important feature of the invention , desirably can be conveyed in a 12 - bit form by adopting the codeword reassignment shown in table 3 ( see appendix ) to produce the logic equation z 1 = y 1 + y 2 ; z 2 = y 1 + y 4 + y 3 ; z 3 = y 5 + y 3 +( y 1 y 4 ). this is possible since there are only eight different five - bit codewords output by encoder 11 . these five - bit codewords y1 , . . . , y5 are reassigned the smaller three - bit label z1 , z2 , z3 when received . these three - bit codewords are then used to form the needed window of four words , resulting in only 12 bits total . this reduction from 20 bits to 12 bits greatly reduces the size the circuitry used to determine recovered data bits . more specifically , and as illustrated in fig4 shift register 31 receives encoded data serially from data detector and synchronizer 15 and presents it in parallel to combinational codeword reassignment logic circuitry 32 . circuitry 32 receives five - bit codeword y1 , . . . , y5 in parallel and converts it to a new three - bit representation z1 , . . . , z3 , as specified in table 3 . these three - bit codewords are made available in parallel to a twelve - bit address register 33 . address register 33 comprises three four - bit shift registers . every fifth clock cycle a new codeword z1 , z2 , z3 is shifted into address register 33 ; with z1 going to the first shift register , z2 to the second , and z3 to the third . these shift registers are four bits wide , so together they hold twelve bits of window information . this twelve - bit window addresses a look - up table in a rom 34 . the output of rom 34 is the two bits x1 , x2 decoded from the current codeword . these bits x1 , x2 are then serialized through a register 35 , multiplexor 36 and register 37 to provide recovered serial binary data in line 39 . the control signals for decoder 16 are all generated from outputs qa , qb , qc from a counter 38 in response to clock pulses in line 40 . output qc is used to load new three - bit reassigned codewords into address register 33 . output qc also clocks x1 , x2 pairs into register 35 where they can be held while serialized out through the combination of multiplexor 36 and register 37 . output qb is an input to the multiplexor which selects between x1 and x2 , thus determining which data is being fed to register 37 . output qa serves as the output data clock and controls the clocking of data from the multiplexor into register 37 . the relationship between these control signals is shown in fig5 . the serial output issues with an asymmetrical clock having two output pulses for every five code clock pulses ( as required for a rate 2 / 5 code ). counter 38 relies on the synchronization signal in line 41 to correctly align the decoder window . this synchronization signal is generated from a preamble that initiates the data stream . the contents of rom 34 ( shown in table 4 of appendix ) are key to the operation of decoder 16 . the look - up table was derived by considering all possible four codeword sequences generated by the encoder fsm , and choosing the correct x1 , x2 for recovery in each case . there are a total of 100 edges ( 25 states × 4 edges per state ) in encoder 11 . in some cases , there are identical codeword sequences ( also called edge sequences ) that begin in different states . each sequence begins with a different edge , but must decode to the same input if decoding is to be unique . the encoder fsm in table 1 was designed with input assignments that allow these equivalent edge sequences to decode to the same x1 , x2 . the look - up truth table in table 4 is written in terms of the three - bit codeword names or representations as reassigned in table 3 . the entries are written left to right with the oldest codeword ( the one to be translated ) at the left and the three following codewords ( needed for the decoding window ) to the right . when a new codeword is received , it shifts into the window from the right , as the oldest word ( now decoded ) shifts out to the left . while the truth tables of tables 2 and 4 were illustrated as implemented using roms 21 and 34 , respectively , it will be understood that , if preferred , they may be implemented either in discrete logic circuitry or programmable logic arrays . while the invention has been shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that changes in form and detail may be made in these embodiments without departing from the scope and teaching of the invention . accordingly , the apparatus and method herein disclosed are to be considered merely as illustrative , and the invention is to be limited only as specified in the claims . table 1______________________________________finite state machine for ( 2 , 18 , 2 ) encoder input datacurrent 00 01 10 11state * ** * ** * ** * ** ______________________________________01 04 - 00100 17 - 00100 18 - 00100 19 - 0010002 06 - 00100 20 - 00100 21 - 00100 22 - 0010003 01 - 00100 02 - 00100 03 - 00100 05 - 0010004 13 - 00000 14 - 00000 15 - 00000 16 - 0000005 08 - 00000 11 - 00000 23 - 00000 10 - 0000006 04 - 00001 05 - 00001 06 - 00001 07 - 0000107 01 - 00001 02 - 00001 03 - 00001 09 - 0000008 13 - 01000 14 - 01000 15 - 01000 16 - 0100009 04 - 00000 17 - 00000 18 - 00000 19 - 0000010 20 - 00000 21 - 00000 06 - 00000 22 - 0000011 08 - 01000 10 - 01000 11 - 01000 23 - 0100012 01 - 00000 02 - 00000 03 - 00000 24 - 0000013 13 - 00010 14 - 00010 15 - 00010 16 - 0001014 09 - 00010 10 - 00010 11 - 00010 12 - 0001015 01 - 01001 02 - 01001 03 - 01001 08 - 0001016 04 - 01001 05 - 01001 06 - 01001 07 - 0100117 04 - 10000 17 - 10000 18 - 10000 19 - 1000018 06 - 10000 20 - 10000 21 - 10000 22 - 1000019 01 - 10000 02 - 10000 03 - 10000 05 - 1000020 09 - 10010 10 - 10010 11 - 10010 12 - 1001021 13 - 10010 14 - 10010 15 - 10010 16 - 1001022 01 - 00001 02 - 00001 03 - 00001 08 - 1001023 01 - 00000 02 - 00000 03 - 00000 09 - 0100024 08 - 00000 11 - 00000 23 - 00000 25 - 0000025 20 - 00000 21 - 00000 18 - 00000 19 - 00000______________________________________ * next state ** code word table 2______________________________________truth table for finite state machine for ( 2 , 18 , 2 ) decoder______________________________________00 00001 00100 0010001 00001 10001 0010010 00001 10010 0010011 00001 10011 0010000 00010 00110 0010001 00010 10100 0010010 00010 10101 0010011 00010 10110 0010000 00011 00001 0010001 00011 00010 0010010 00011 00011 0010011 00011 00101 0010000 00100 01101 0000001 00100 01110 0000010 00100 01111 0000011 00100 10000 0000000 00101 01000 0000001 00101 01011 0000010 00101 10111 0000011 00101 01010 0000000 00110 00100 0000101 00110 00101 0000110 00110 00110 0000111 00110 00111 0000100 00111 00001 0000101 00111 00010 0000110 00111 00011 0000111 00111 01001 0000000 01000 01101 0100001 01000 01110 0100010 01000 01111 0100011 01000 10000 0100000 01001 00100 0000001 01001 10001 0000010 01001 10010 0000011 01001 10011 0000000 01010 10100 0000001 01010 10101 0000010 01010 00110 0000011 01010 10110 0000000 01011 01000 0100001 01011 01010 0100010 01011 01011 0100011 01011 10111 0100000 01100 00001 0000001 01100 00010 0000010 01100 00011 0000011 01100 11000 0000000 01101 01101 0001001 01101 01110 0001010 01101 01111 0001011 01101 10000 0001000 01110 01001 0001001 01110 01010 0001010 01110 01011 0001011 01110 01100 0001000 01111 00001 0100101 01111 00010 0100110 01111 00011 0100111 01111 01000 0001000 10000 00100 0100101 10000 00101 0100110 10000 00110 0100111 10000 00111 0100100 10001 00100 1000001 10001 10001 1000010 10001 10010 1000011 10001 10011 1000000 10010 00110 1000001 10010 10100 1000010 10010 10101 1000011 10010 10110 1000000 10011 00001 1000001 10011 00010 1000010 10011 00011 1000011 10011 00101 1000000 10100 01001 1001001 10100 01010 1001010 10100 01011 1001011 10100 01100 1001000 10101 01101 1001001 10101 01110 1001010 10101 01111 1001011 10101 10000 1001000 10110 00001 0000101 10110 00010 0000110 10110 00011 0000111 10110 01000 1001000 10111 00001 0000001 10111 00010 0000010 10111 00011 0000011 10111 01001 0100000 11000 01000 0000001 11000 01011 0000010 11000 10111 0000011 11000 11001 0000000 11001 10100 0000001 11001 10101 0000010 11001 10010 0000011 11001 10011 00000______________________________________ table 3______________________________________codeword reassignmentcodeword reassigned wordy . sub . 1 y . sub . 2 y . sub . 3 y . sub . 4 y . sub . 5 z . sub . 1 z . sub . 2 z . sub . 3______________________________________0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 0 0 1 0 0 1 00 0 1 0 0 0 1 10 1 0 0 0 1 0 00 1 0 0 1 1 0 11 0 0 0 0 1 1 01 0 0 1 0 1 1 1logic equationz . sub . 1 = y . sub . 1 + y . sub . 2z . sub . 2 = y . sub . 1 + y . sub . 4 + y . sub . 3z . sub . 3 = y . sub . 5 + y . sub . 3 + ( y . sub . 1 y . sub . 4 ) ______________________________________ table 4______________________________________ ( 2 , 18 , 2 ) look - up truth table for ( 2 , 18 , 2 ) decoderinput outputz . sub . 1 z . sub . 2 z . sub . 3 z . sub . 1 z . sub . 2 z . sub . 3 z . sub . 1 z . sub . 2 z . sub . 3 z . sub . 1 z . sub . 2 z . sub . 3 x . sub . 1 x . sub . 2______________________________________ [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 10 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 10 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 00 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 00 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 00 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 00 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 00 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 10 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 10 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 10 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 10 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 00 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 00 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 00 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 00 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 00 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 00 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 00 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 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