Patent Application: US-22747107-A

Abstract:
the invention comprises neutral multi - functionality assemblies of pharmaceuticals comprising an active medicinal functionality , a transition metal functionality , and an ancillary ligand functionality . an exemplary series of mixed - ligand coordination complexes comprised of copper , a drug and an ancillary ligand were made and tested . it is demonstrated that the judicious choice of an ancillary ligand affords a large degree of control over die relative lipophilicity / hydrophilicity of the complex in relation to the uncomplexed drug molecule . the important factors to be considered in the design of such complexes , such as the additive - constitutive nature of the partition coefficient of the ancillary ligand and the relative size of the two types of ligands are disclosed , and methods of designing neutral multi - functionality assemblies of pharmaceuticals are disclosed .

Description:
the terms “ pharmaceutical ( s )” and drug ( s )” refer to any biologically active compound capable of having a therapeutic effect on a mammal with a pathological disease or condition . the therapeutic effect may be palliative , curative , or prophylactic . the terms include pharmaceutically acceptable salts . “ pharmaceutically acceptable salts ” means salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable , non - toxic , acids or bases , including inorganic acids and bases and organic acids and bases . suitable pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include , for example , metallic salts made from aluminum , calcium , lithium , magnesium , potassium , sodium , or organic salts made from chloroprocaine , choline , diethanolamine , ethylenediamine , lysine , n , n ′- dibenzylethylenediamine , n - methylglucamine , or procaine . suitable exemplary non - toxic acids include , for example , inorganic and organic acids such as acetic , alginic , anthranilic , benzenesulfonic , benzoic , camphorsulfonic , citric , ethenesulfonic , formic , fumaric , furoic , galacturonic , gluconic , glucuronic , glutamic , glycolic , hydrobromic , hydrochloric , isothionic , lactic , maleic , malic , mandelic , methanesulfonic , mucic , nitric , pamoic , pantothenic , phenylacetic , phosphoric , propionic , salicylic , stearic , succinic , sulfanilic , sulfuric , tartaric , or p - tolenesulfonic acids . specific , preferred , non toxic acids include hydrochloric , hydrobromic , methanesulfonic , phosphoric , or sulfuric acids . specific salts include hydrochloride or mesylate salts . other examples of pharmaceutically acceptable slats are well known to those skilled in the art , see , e . g ., remingon &# 39 ; s pharmaceutical sciences , 18 th ed ., mack publishing , easton pa . ( 1990 ). the term “ behavior altering functionality ” refers to and includes a transition metal functionality ( tmf ), an ancillary ligand functionality ( alf ), or both . the tmf comprises one or more transition metal cations to which are covalently bonded anionic elements including one or more active pharmaceutical functionalities ( apfs ) and one or more ancillary ligand functionalities ( alfs ), such that the total molecular charge is neutral . in the context of transition metal complexes , there are two classifications of ligands : neutral and charge - compensating ( i . e . anionic ). there are , therefore , three primary classes of mixed - ligand pharmaceutical coordination species : anionic apf with neutral ancillary ligand functionality , anionic ancillary ligand functionality with neutral apf , and species with both anionic apf and ancillary ligand functionality ( the latter may , or may not , have additional neutral ancillary ligands , such as solvent molecules ). herein we describe the synthesis and characterization of examples of all three classes of complexes and report their bulk solubility in water and octanol , solubility ratio and partition coefficient . although the invention is illustrated by means of the following examples using cu as the tmf ( in this case the biotmf ), aspirin , salsalate , as the amf , and as the alf , quinoline , water , pyridines ( for example methyl , ethyl or phenyl pyridine ), caffeine , nicotinamide , isonicotinamide , and various other ancillary ligand functionalities , it is understood that any transition metal may be employed instead of cu as the tmf , and that the alfs employed may be selected from others meeting the necessary criteria as discussed above . it is also understood that aspirin or salsalate are merely exemplary amfs , which can be replaced with any other pharmaceutical compound . the examples illustrate the use of tmfs in drug development . with the existence of a transition metal in the pharmaceutical compound , the intrinsic properties of the metal , such as a coordination mode , can also affect the physical properties of the pharmaceutical . the pharmacodynamic properties can thus be fine - tuned with the employment of these tmf - apf - alf systems . 1 - octanol ( acs reagent , & gt ; 990 %) were ordered from aldrich chemical co . deionized water with resistivity up to 18 . 3 mω / cm were prepared by a nanopure ultrapure water system . all other materials were obtained from aldrich chemical co . or vwr international inc . and used as received . single crystal x - ray diffraction data were collected on a bruker smart - apex ccd diffractometer using mo kα radiation ( λ = 0 . 71073 å ). thermogravimetric analysis was performed under nitrogen on ta instruments tga q500 hi - res . xrpd data were collected on a bruker d8 diffractometer at 40 kv , 40 ma for cu kα ( λ = 1 . 5418 å ), with a step size 0 . 01 ° in 2θ at room temperature . uv - vis spectra were recorded on a hp 8452a diode array uv - vis spectrometer . esi ( electrospray ionization )- ms spectra were recorded on an applied biosystem qstar instrument . ir spectra were recorded on a ati mattson infinity series ftir instrument . nmr spectra were obtained on bruker avance 400 spectrometer . nmr tubes with a 5 - mm internal diameter were used . the diffusion nmr experiment was performed at 298k with a stimulated echo sequence ( ste ) using bipolar gradient pulse pair . diffusion coefficients were measured by incrementing the amplitude of the field gradient pulse over 32 steps ( 0 . 5 - 30 g / cm ). the bipolar gradient duration and the diffusion time were optimized to 2 . 4 ms and 14 . 9 ms , respectively . the intensities were fitted to an exponential decay using the simfit program within the topspin software to provide estimates of the diffusion constant . partition coefficients of complexes were determined in 1 - octanol / water system . 1 - octanol and water were mutually saturated before use . the octanol saturated water ( ow ) layer was used to prepare the stock solution , generally 25 ml of which was stirred vigorously , in triplicate , with 50 ml of water saturated octanol ( wo ) at 25 □ overnight . the organic layer was collected , and centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 20 min to get rid of trace amount of water . the organic layer was analyzed by uv . the partition coefficient was determined from the equation : where , m represents the total mass of the sample ; c wo represents equilibrium solute concentrations of the octanol phase ; v ow and v wo represent the volume of aqueous and octanol phases , respectively . the only exception is the measurement of p of copper acetate monohydrate ( cu 2 ( ch 3 coo ) 4 ( h 2 o ) 2 ). the octanol saturated layer were collected . then extra amount of nh 4 oh solution were added and mixed well . the mixture were analyzed by uv - vis at 615 nm . the partition coefficient was determined from the equation : solubilities were determined at 25 ° c . in water ( s w ), octanol saturated water ( s ow ), water saturated octanol ( s wo ). an excess of the sample was added to 15 ml of each solvent and stirred vigorously at 25 ° c . for 8 hours . this was then ported immediately into centrifuge tubes , and centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 20 min . the supernatant was collected . the supernatant samples after appropriate dilutions with respective solvent were analyzed by uv spec using a standard plot of solute in the same medium . solubility of copper acetate in water saturated octanol was determined by extracting 200 ml saturated wo solution into 20 ml ow . then the aqueous ( ow ) layer were analyzed by uv - vis at 615 nm after adding proper amount of nh 4 oh solution . fig1 illustrates the structures of the 28 exemplary complexes made and analyzed . the formulae for the complexes are set forth in table 1 , below . experimental procedures employed in preparing asp - 1 and asp - 2 are detailed in viossat et al ., j . med . chem . 19 : 135 - 45 ( 1976 ). the structures were characterized by single - crystal x - ray diffraction ( xrd ). asp - 1 is a multi - crystalline powder and was characterized by tga . hi - res thermogravimetric analysis ( tga ) resulted in peaks at 222 . 05 ° c ., 226 . 95 ° c ., 268 . 08 ° c ., 361 . 93 ° c ., weight loss 73 . 66 %. crystal data for asp - 2 : c 42 h 42 cu 2 n 2 o 18 . m = 989 . 54 , monoclinic , p - 2 1 / n , a = 12 . 259 ( 1 ), b = 10 . 228 ( 1 ), c = 16 . 987 ( 1 ) å , β = 92 . 068 ( 9 ), v = 2128 . 506 å3 , z = 2 , ρ cal = 1 . 54 g / cm 3 , t = 180 ( 2 ) k , r 1 ( i & gt ; 2σ ( i ))= 0 . 030 , wr 2 = 0 . 033 . deposited in csd , ref code : okezuz . the structure consists of two cu atoms linked by four aspirin carboxylate moieties forming a paddle - wheel structure , with two dmf molecules coordinating to the cu atoms along the cu — cu axis . asp - 3 was prepared by adding 3 - br - py to 0 . 5 g cu 2 ( asp ) 4 until the solid was merged by 3 - br - py in a 4 dram glass vial . the mixture was placed in water bath at 60 ° c . for 1 hr and then set aside . after 1 day , the green crystal was formed . the structure was characterized by single - crystal xrd . crystal data : c 92 h 72 br 4 cu 4 n 4 o 32 . m = 2319 . 34 , triclinic , p - 1 , a = 10 . 796 ( 3 ), b = 13 . 313 ( 4 ), c = 17 . 371 ( 5 ) å , α = 74 . 133 ( 6 ), β = 73 . 352 ( 6 ), γ = 77 . 566 ( 6 ), v = 2275 . 5 ( 12 ) å3 , z = 1 , ρ cal = 1 . 693 g / cm 3 , t = 90 ( 2 ) k , r 1 ( i & gt ; 2σ ( i ))= 0 . 1109 , wr 2 = 0 . 2729 . the structure consists of two cu atoms linked by four aspirin carboxylate moieties forming a paddle - wheel , with two 3 - br - py molecules coordinating to cu atoms along the cu — cu axis . asp - 4 was prepared by adding quinoline to 0 . 5 g cu 2 ( asp ) 4 until the solid was merged by quinoline in a 4 dram glass vial . the mixture was placed in water bath at 60 ° c . for 1 hr and then set aside . after 1 day , the green crystal was formed . the structure was characterized by single - crystal xrd . crystal data : c 54 h 42 cu 2 n 2 o 16 . m = 1101 . 98 , triclinic , p - 1 , a = 10 . 878 ( 9 ), b = 11 . 245 ( 9 ), c = 12 . 165 ( 10 ) å , α = 74 . 226 ( 14 ), β = 63 . 597 ( 15 ), γ = 68 . 579 ( 14 ), v = 1230 . 0 ( 17 ) å3 , z = 1 , ρ cal = 1 . 488 g / cm 3 , t = 90 ( 2 ) k , r 1 ( i & gt ; 2σ ( i ))= 0 . 0794 , wr 2 = 0 . 1420 . the structure consists of two cu atoms linked by four aspirin carboxylate moieties forming a paddle - wheel structure , with two quinoline molecules coordinating to cu atoms along the cu — cu axis . asp - 5 was prepared as described in j r j sorenson et al ., inorg . chim . acta 93 : 67 ( 1984 ). the structure was characterized by single - crystal xrd . crystal data : cuc 28 h 24 o 8 n 2 . m = 580 . 05 , monoclinic , p - 2 1 / n , a = 17 . 82 ( 1 ), b = 10 . 903 ( 7 ), c = 6 . 598 ( 4 ) å , β = 95 . 74 ( 5 ), v = 1276 å 3 , z = 2 , ρ cal = 1 . 510 g / cm 3 , r 1 ( i & gt ; 2σ ( i ))= 0 . 046 , wr 2 = 0 . 046 . deposited in csd , ref code cukped . the structure is mononuclear , with the cu atom surrounded by four ligands in a trans square planar arrangement with two cu — o bonds and two cu — n bonds . asp - 6 was prepared by taking an accn solution of isonicotinamide ( 10 ml , 0 . 1 moll − 1 ), adding it to a 8 dram glass vial . 100 mg of cu 2 ( asp ) 4 was stirred vigorously and suspending in 20 ml accn . the suspension was carefully added into the vial . purple crystals of cu ( asp ) 2 ( isonicotinamide ) 2 . 2accn formed within a week under ambient conditions . the structure was characterized by single - crystal xrd . crystal data : c 34 h 32 cun 6 o 10 . m = 748 . 20 , triclinic , p - 1 , a = 7 . 7795 ( 16 ), b = 10 . 451 ( 2 ), c = 12 . 500 ( 3 ) å , α = 110 . 06 ( 3 ), β = 107 . 97 ( 3 ), γ = 90 . 97 ( 3 ), v = 899 . 4 ( 3 ) å3 , z = 1 , ρ cal = 1 . 381 g / cm 3 , t = 293 ( 2 ) k , r 1 ( i & gt ; 2σ ( i ))= 0 . 0590 , wr 2 = 0 . 1321 . the structure is mononuclear , with the cu atom surrounded by four ligands in a trans square planar arrangement with two cu — o bonds and two cu — n bonds . asp - 7 was prepared by heating asp - 6 in oven at 100 ° c . overnight . hi - res thermogravimetric analysis ( tga ) resulted in peaks at 161 . 83 ° c ., 249 . 60 ° c ., weight loss 84 . 50 %. asp - 8 was prepared by taking an accn solution of nicotinamide ( 10 ml , 0 . 1 moll − 1 ), adding it to a 8 dram glass vial . 100 mg of cu 2 ( asp ) 4 was stirred vigorously and suspending in 20 ml accn . the suspension was carefully added into the vial . purple crystals of cu ( asp ) 2 ( isonicotinamide ) 2 . 2accn formed within a week under ambient conditions . the structure was characterized by single - crystal xrd . crystal data : c 30 h 26 cun 4 o 10 . m = 666 . 09 , monoclinic , p - 2 1 / n , a = 8 . 799 ( 2 ), b = 9 . 619 ( 3 ), c = 17 . 334 ( 5 ) å , β = 95 . 245 ( 6 ), v = 1461 . 0 ( 7 ) å3 , z = 2 , ρ cal = 1 . 514 g / cm 3 , t = 293 ( 2 ) kc , r 1 ( i & gt ; 2σ ( i ))= 0 . 0553 , wr 2 = 0 . 1023 . the structure is mononuclear , with the cu atom surrounded by four ligands in a trans square planar arrangement with two cu — o bonds and two cu — n bonds . asp - 9 was prepared by adding 3 - ph - py to 0 . 5 g cu 2 ( asp ) 4 until the solid was merged by 3 - ph - py in a 4 dram glass vial . the mixture was placed in water bath at 60 ° c . for 1 hr and then set aside . after 1 day , the purple crystal was formed . the structure was characterized by single - crystal xrd . crystal data : c 40 h 32 cun 2 o 8 . m = 732 . 22 , triclinic , p - 1 , a = 8 . 5173 ( 16 ), b = 8 . 7980 ( 17 ), c = 11 . 913 ( 2 ) å , α = 101 . 907 ( 4 ), β = 98 . 371 ( 3 ), γ = 98 . 140 ( 4 ), v = 850 . 5 ( 3 ) å3 , z = 1 , ρ cal = 1 . 430 g / cm 3 , t = 90 ( 2 ) k , r 1 ( i & gt ; 2σ ( i ))= 0 . 0587 , wr 2 = 0 . 1211 . the structure is mononuclear , with the cu atom surrounded by four ligands in a trans square planar arrangement with two cu — o bonds and two cu — n bonds . sas - 1 was prepared following the procedures detailed in a e underhill , j . inorg . biochem 37 : 1 ( 1989 ). the structure was characterized by single - crystal ed . sas - 1 is a multi - crystalline powder and was characterized hi - res thermogravimetric analysis ( tga ), which resulted in peaks at 120 . 06 ° c ., 213 . 38 ° c ., 282 . 78 ° c ., 374 . 54 ° c ., weight loss 75 . 73 %. the structure consists of two cu atoms linked by four salsalate carboxylate moieties forming a paddle - wheel structure , with two water molecules coordinating to cu atoms along the cu — cu axis . sas - 2 was prepared by transferring an meoh solution of cucl 2 ( 10 ml , 0 . 1 moll − 1 ) to a 8 dram glass vial . 2 mmol salsalate was dissolved in 20 ml meoh and partly neutralized by 1 mmol sodium methoxide . the salsalate solution was carefully added into the vial . blue crystals formed within an hour under ambient conditions . the structure was characterized by single - crystal xrd . crystal data : c 59 h 48 cu 2 o 23 . m = 1252 . 05 , triclinic , p - 1 , a = 10 . 061 ( 3 ), b = 10 . 899 ( 3 ), c = 14 . 406 ( 4 ) å , α = 104 . 463 ( 4 ), β = 91 . 665 ( 4 ), γ = 0 . 0958 . hi - res thermogravimetric analysis ( tga ) resulted in peaks at 214 . 27 ° c ., 269 . 77 ° c ., weight loss 48 . 53 %. the structure consists of two cu atoms linked by four salsalate carboxylate moieties forming a paddle - wheel structure , with two water molecules coordinating to cu atoms along the cu — cu axis . sas - 3 was prepared by slow evaporation of saturated cu 2 ( sas ) 4 ( water ) 2 thf solution overnight . the green crystal was formed . the structure was characterized by single - crystal xrd . crystal data : c 64 h 52 cu 2 o 22 , m = 1300 . 14 , triclinic , p - 1 , a = 10 . 1423 ( 16 ), b = 10 . 9246 ( 17 ), c = 14 . 398 ( 2 ) å , α = 104 . 006 ( 2 ), β = 94 . 966 ( 2 ), γ = 107 . 953 ( 2 ), v = 1449 . 9 ( 4 ) å 3 , z = 1 , ρ cal = 1 . 489 g / cm 3 , t = 100 ( 2 ) k , r 1 ( i & gt ; 2σ ( i ))= 0 . 0529 , wr 2 = 0 . 0972 . hi - res thermogravimetric analysis ( tga ) resulted in peaks at 172 . 79 ° c ., 199 . 14 ° c ., 279 . 59 ° c ., weight loss 81 . 86 %. the structure consists of two cu atoms linked by four salsalate carboxylate moieties forming a paddle - wheel structure , with two thf molecules coordinating to cu atoms along the cu — cu axis . sas - 4 was prepared by adding 3 - ph - py to 0 . 5 g cu 2 ( sas ) 4 ( water ) 2 until the solid was merged by 3 - ph - py in a 4 dram glass vial . the mixture was placed in water bath at 60 ° c . for 1 hr and then set aside . after 1 day , the green crystal was formed . the structure was characterized by single - crystal xrd . crystal data : c 66 h 44 cl 2 cu 2 n 2 o 20 . m = 1383 . 01 , triclinic , p - 1 , a = 10 . 423 ( 18 ), b = 11 . 032 ( 18 ), c = 14 . 32 ( 2 ) å , α = 104 . 03 ( 3 ), β = 94 . 41 ( 3 ), γ = 108 . 91 ( 4 ), v = 1490 ( 4 ) å 3 , z = 1 , ρ cal = 1 . 542 g / cm 3 , t = 90 ( 2 ) k , r 1 ( i & gt ; 2σ ( i ))= 0 . 1243 , wr 2 = 0 . 1648 . hi - res thermogravimetric analysis ( tga ) resulted in peaks at 186 . 25 ° c ., 215 . 66 ° c ., 265 . 90 ° c ., weight loss 85 . 37 %. the structure consists of two cu atoms linked by four salsalate carboxylate moieties forming a paddle - wheel structure , with two 3 - cl - py molecules coordinating to cu atoms along the cu — cu axis . sas - 5 was prepared by adding 0 . 5 g cu 2 ( sas ) 4 ( water ) 2 and 0 . 163 g caffeine into 10 ml accn in a 4 dram glass vial . the mixture was placed in water bath at 60 ° c . for 1 hr and then set aside . after 1 day , the green crystal was formed . the structure was characterized by single - crystal xrd . crystal data : c 72 h 56 cu 2 n 8 o 24 , m = 1544 . 33 , monoclinic , p - 2 1 / n , a = 12 . 904 ( 2 ), b = 17 . 095 ( 3 ), c = 15 . 923 ( 3 ) å , β = 109 . 361 ( 4 ), v = 3313 . 9 ( 11 ) å 3 , z = 2 , ρ cal = 1 . 548 g / cm 3 , t = 90 ( 2 ) k , r 1 ( i & gt ; 2σ ( i ))= 0 . 0666 , wr 2 = 0 . 1060 . hi - res thermogravimetric analysis vga ) resulted in peaks at 126 . 08 ° c ., 209 . 15 ° c ., 299 . 94 ° c ., weight loss 76 . 94 %. the structure consists of two cu atoms linked by four salsalate carboxylate moieties forming a paddle - wheel structure , with two 3 - cl - py molecules coordinating to cu atoms along the cu — cu axis . sas - 6 was prepared by adding py to 0 . 5 g cu 2 ( sas ) 4 ( water ) 2 until the solid was merged by py into a 4 dram glass vial . the mixture was placed in water bath at 60 ° c . for 1 hr and then set aside . after 1 day , the blue crystal was formed . the structure was characterized by single - crystal xrd . crystal data : c 43 h 33 cun 3 o 10 . m = 815 . 26 , monoclinic , c2 / c , a = 23 . 694 ( 3 ), b = 9 . 3561 ( 12 ), c = 16 . 664 ( 2 ) å , β = 97 . 587 ( 3 ), v = 3661 . 8 ( 8 ) å 3 , z = 4 , ρ cal = 1 . 479 g / cm 3 , t = 90 ( 2 ) k , r 1 ( i & gt ; 2σ ( i ))= 0 . 0519 , wr 2 = 0 . 0811 . hi - res thermogravimetric analysis ( tga ) resulted in peaks at 98 . 73 ° c ., 202 . 39 ° c ., 306 . 63 ° c ., weight loss 85 . 35 %. the structure is mononuclear , with the cu atom surrounded by five ligands in a square pyramidal arrangement with two cu — o bonds and three cu — n bonds . sas - 7 was prepared by suspending 0 . 4 mg cu 2 ( sas ) 4 ( water ) 2 in 10 ml thf with vigorous stirring . the suspension was then transferred to a 8 dram glass vial . an accn solution of isonicotinamide ( 20 ml , 0 . 1 moll − 1 ) was carefully added into the vial . purple crystals of ( cu ( sas ) 2 ( isonicotinamide ) 2 . ⅔ ( accn )) formed within a week under ambient conditions . the structure was characterized by single - crystal xrd . crystal data : c 62 h 48 cu 1 . 5 n 7 o 18 . m = 1274 . 38 , triclinic , p - 1 , a = 12 . 415 ( 3 ), b = 12 . 601 ( 3 ), c = 20 . 925 ( 5 ) å , α = 90 . 467 ( 4 ), β = 97 . 140 ( 4 ), γ = 118 . 314 ( 3 ), v = 2850 . 9 ( 11 ) å 3 , z = 2 , ρ cal = 1 . 485 g / cm 3 , t = 100 ( 2 ) k , r 1 ( i & gt ; 2σ ( i ))= 0 . 0951 , wr 2 = 0 . 1779 . hi - res thermogravimetric analysis ( tga ) resulted in peaks at 149 . 72 ° c ., 185 . 00 ° c ., weight loss 84 . 32 %. the structure is mononuclear , with the cu atom surrounded by four ligands in a trans square planar arrangement with two cu — o bonds and two cu — n bonds . sas - 8 was prepared by adding 4 - me - py to 0 . 5 g cu 2 ( sas ) 4 ( water ) 2 until the solid was merged by 4 - me - py in a 4 dram glass vial . the mixture was placed in water bath at 60 ° c . for 1 hr and then set aside . after 1 day , the purple crystal was formed . the structure was characterized by single - crystal xrd . crystal data : c 40 h 32 cun 2 o 10 , m = 764 . 22 , monoclinic , p - 2 1 / n , a = 7 . 8154 ( 16 ), b = 15 . 567 ( 3 ), c = 14 . 920 ( 3 ) å , β = 104 . 52 ( 3 ), v = 1757 . 2 ( 6 ) å 3 , z = 2 , ρ cal = 1 . 444 g / cm 3 , t = 90 ( 2 ) k , r 1 ( i & gt ; 2σ ( i ))= 0 . 0494 , wr 2 = 0 . 0710 . hi - res thermogravimetric analysis ( tga ) resulted in peaks at 142 . 34 ° c ., 206 . 39 ° c ., 283 . 10 ° c ., weight loss 85 . 12 %. the structure is mononuclear , with the cu atom surrounded by five ligands in a trans square planar arrangement with two cu — o bonds and two cu — n bonds . sas - 9 was prepared by adding 4 - et - py to 0 . 5 g cu 2 ( sas ) 4 ( water ) 2 until the solid was merged by 4 - et - py in a 4 dram glass vial . the mixture was placed in water bath at 60 ° c . for 1 hr and then set aside . after 1 day , the purple crystal was formed . the structure was characterized by single - crystal xrd . crystal data : c 42 h 36 cun 2 o 10 , m = 792 . 27 , monoclinic , p - 2 1 / n , a = 7 . 822 ( 3 ), b = 15 . 493 ( 6 ), c = 15 . 188 ( 5 ) å , β = 102 . 096 ( 8 ), v = 1799 . 7 ( 11 ) å 3 , z = 2 , ρ cat = 1 . 462 g / cm 3 , t = 90 ( 2 ) k , r 1 ( i & gt ; 2σ ( i ))= 0 . 0766 , wr 2 = 0 . 0949 . hi - res thermogravimetric analysis ( tga ) resulted in peaks at 148 . 55 ° c ., 203 . 68 ° c ., 266 . 73 ° c ., weight loss 88 . 23 %. the structure is mononuclear , with the cu atom surrounded by five ligands in a trans square planar arrangement with two cu — o bonds and two cu — n bonds . mc - 1 was obtained from aldrich chemical co and used as received . mc - 2 through mc - 5 complexes were prepared as described in strinnaerre et al ., inorg . chem . 24 : 2297 - 2300 ( 1985 ) and in kozlevcar , et al ., polyhedron 25 : 1161 - 66 ( 2006 ). these complexes were characterized by powder x - ray diffraction ( pxrd ) and by thermogravimetric analysis ( tga ) as follows . mc - 4 hi - res tga : peak 51 . 72 ° c ., 152 . 12 ° c ., 217 . 27 ° c ., 230 . 57 ° c ., 258 . 49 ° c ., 325 . 52 ° c ., weight loss 64 . 95 % mc - 5 hi - res tga : peak 189 . 64 ° c ., weight loss 38 . 92 %; peak 294 . 52 ° c ., weight loss 40 . 19 %. caf - 1 through caf - 5 complexes were prepared as described in melnik et al ., j . inorg . nucl . chem . 43 : 3035 - 38 ( 1981 ); valach et al ., j . organomet . chem . 622 : 166 - 71 ( 20010 ; and in abuhijleh et al ., j . inorg . biochem 55 : 255 - 62 ( 1994 ). these complexes were characterized by pxrd , by tga , and by ft - ir as follows . caf - 1 hi - res tga : peak 206 . 58 ° c ., 246 . 76 ° c ., 358 . 51 ° c ., weight loss 78 . 760 %. ir ( kbr ): 1624 cm − 1 s ( γcoo -( asym )); 1422 cm − 1 m ( γcoo -( sym )). caf - 2 hi - res tga : peak 193 . 03 ° c ., weight loss 71 . 15 %. ir ( kbr ): 1650 cm − 1 s ( γcoo -( asym )); 1413 cm − 1 m ( γcoo -( sym )). caf - 3 hi - res tga : peak 184 . 98 ° c ., 199 . 66 ° c ., 221 . 81 ° c ., weight loss 78 . 710 %. ir ( kbr ): 1650 cm − 1 s ( γcoo -( asym )); 1401 cm − 1 m ( γcoo -( asym )). caf - 4 hi - res tga : peak 233 . 08 ° c ., 305 . 58 ° c ., weight loss 57 . 07 %. ir ( kbr ): 1628 cm − 1 s ( γcoo -( asym )); 1405 cm − 1 m ( γcoo -( asym )). caf - 5 hi - res tga : peak 201 . 92 ° c ., 236 . 21 ° c ., 363 . 84 ° c ., weight loss 88 . 92 %. ir ( kbr ): 1662 cm − 1 s ( γcoo -( asym )); 1405 cm − 1 m ( γcoo -( asym )). the powder xrd patterns for sas - 1 through sas - 9 , mc - 2 through mc - 5 and caf - 1 through caf - 5 are shown in fig1 . the foregoing data from the preparation and characterization of the 28 exemplary complexes of example 1 demonstrates that lipophilicity and solubility of drug - metal complexes can be tuned by varying neutral ancillary ligands . the coordination chromophore of these complexes is illustrated in fig1 . tables 2 - 5 list their respective solubilities in water ( s w ), octanol - saturated water ( s ow ), and water - saturated octanol ( s wo ) at 25 ° c . the partition coefficient ( logp ) and solubility ratio logsr ( log ( s wo / s ow )), for each compound have also been listed in tables s1 - s4 . logp and logsr are commonly used as a suitable estimate of lipophilicity . 6 the additive - constitutive character of partition coefficients within a congeneric series of compounds prepared from a parent organic drug is well established . 7 more specifically , inductive effect , resonance effect and hydrogen bond are important factors that affect lipophilicity . 8 these results demonstrate that the methods and compositions disclosed herein can be employed in systematic effort toward understanding in vitro quantitative structure - activity relationships ( qsar ) for metal - drug complexes . previous thermodynamic results for associations of n - donor ligand and transition metal were used to infer the quality of the metal - ligand bonds and the stability of coordination species in solution . gibbs free energy vales for the association of copper and n donor ligand ( m 2 + + l = ml 2 + ) were reported to be around − 25 ˜− 46 kj / mol 9 , which suggest the association of transition metal and ligand are energy - favored . see fig2 and 3 . the electrospray ionization mass spectra of asp - 5 in water and octanol saturated water are shown in fig2 & amp ; 3 respectively . the spectra show that asp - 5 exists in aqueous solution as a monomer ( cu ( asp ) 2 ( py ) 2 ( h 2 o ) h + , m / z 598 . 7 ; cu ( asp ) 2 ( py )( h 2 o ) h + , m / z 519 . 7 ; cu ( asp )( py ) 2 + , m / z 399 . 8 ; cu ( asp )( py ) + , m / z 320 . 8 ). the fragmentation of asp - 5 should result from the electrospray ionization . 10 these masses indicate the formation of a monohydrate species of asp - 5 , cu ( asp ) 2 ( al ) 2 ( h 2 o ). the formation of cu ( asp ) 2 ( al ) 2 ( h 2 o ) is also observed by us from the esi - ms of asp - 7 and asp - 8 in aqueous solution . indeed , for mononuclear cu ( ii ) species , the coordination of anionic api and neutral al to copper in solution has been confirmed by the mass spectra . since structures of binuclear cu ( ii ) complexes are analogous , as a model , asp - 3 was investigated by using nmr diffusion measurement for stability studies . diffusion - ordered spectroscopy posy ) methods 11 are based on pulsed - field gradient spin - echo nmr experiments . in particular , dosy is effective to analyze intermediate and to discriminate the different species in solution . 12 fig4 shows the 1 h nmr spectra obtained for asp - 3 and the mixture after a small amount of 3 - br - py has been added . the spectra shows a complicated pattern because of the existence of paramagnetic cu ( ii ) in solution . 13 the sharp peak at 2 . 234 ppm is due to the aspirin methyl groups . the small peak on the left at 8 . 160 ppm is assigned to one proton of 3 - br - py by comparing the 1 h nmr spectra of asp - 3 and asp - 3 / 3 - br - py mixture . peaks in the range of 7 - 8 ppm are due to the peak overstocking of aspirin and 3 - br - py aromatic protons . a dosy experiment was performed on a solution of asp - 3 in d 2 o , and the results are shown in fig5 . the resulting 1 h nmr dosy spectrum nicely suggests that aspirin anion and 3 - br - py belongs to one species in water based on the diffusion coefficient . the diffusion coefficient for asp - 3 was 3 . 819 × 10 − 9 m 2 / s . this result indicates the homogeneity of asp - 3 in solution . although no further determination of the configuration of asp - 3 in solution was undertaken in this study , it is clear from the dosy spectrum the dissociation of mixed ligand cu species in aqueous phase is insignificant . b . anionic apf with neutral alf . compounds containing non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) as ligands in copper ( it ) complexes are known 14 ; indeed , they have been shown to exhibit both enhanced efficacy and reduced side - effects . 15 specifically , aspirin ( asp )/ salsalate ( sas ) and a representative group of ancillary ligands were selected to form mixed ligand copper ( ii ) coordination species , respectively . the partition coefficient ( logp ) and solubility ratio ( logsr ) for each compound for these two series have been shown graphically in fig6 & amp ; 7 , respectively and set forth in tables 2 and 3 below . for the binuclear cu ( ii )- aspirinate species , logp and logsr values were significantly increased via the introduction of both 3 - br - py and quinoline . the order of logp / logsr values for the dicopper complexes , cu 2 ( asp ) 4 ( al ) 2 , reflects the order of logp values calculated for the ancillary ligands ( fig6 ), which is consistent with the additive - constitutive character observed for organic congeners . for the mononuclear cu ( ii )- aspirinate species , a similar general tendency is observed . the exception being that , although the logp values of isonicotinamide and nicotinamide are smaller than py , the sr values for complexes asp -( 6 - 8 ) are close to the sr value for asp - 5 ; moreover , the logp values are greater . this indicates that the lipophilicity of complexes asp -( 6 - 8 ) is greater than expected based on the logp value of the ancillary ligand . this is attributed to hydrogen bonding , which is consistent with the additive - constitutive character of hydrogen bonding functionalities in metal - free solid forms where it has been suggested that hydrogen bonding reduces the affinity for the aqueous phase and thus increases the relative lipophilicity . 16 in comparing the binuclear and mononuclear cu ( ii )- aspirinate species , the complexes that possess the dicopper chromophore are more lipophilic than the mononuclear complexes . esi - ms of complexes asp -( 5 , 6 & amp ; 8 ) suggest the monocopper complex exists as a hydrated species , cu ( asp ) 2 ( al ) 2 ( h 2 o ), in the aqueous phase . this presumably increases the aqueous solubility and thus decreases its relative lipophilicity . within the cu ( ii )- salsalate series , the order of logsr values for the cu ( ii )- salsalate species with the same coordination chromophore reflects the order of logp values calculated for the ancillary ligand functionalities , which is also consistent with the additive - constitutive character observed for organic congeners . the exception being that , although the logp value of 4 - benzylpyridine is higher than 4 - phenylpyridine , the logsr / logp values of sas - 4 is smaller than sas - 5 . this might be due to the uncertainty of calculated logp values of ancillary ligands . it &# 39 ; s also worth noting that although the logp values calculated for the ancillary ligand functionalities vary in a wide rang ( from − 0 . 282 to 2 . 715 ), table s2 , only the logp values of sas - 4 and sas - 5 were significantly increased via the introduction of aromatic ancillary ligands functionalities , fig7 . this is attributed to size effects . since the phenol groups in salsalate sterically shields the ancillary ligands , then aqueous interactions will decrease , thus the logp values of cu - salsalate - alf species with a small ancillary ligand functionality do not change much . as exemplified in fig8 , the ancillary ligand functionalists were shielded by salsalate phenol rings , and notably ancillary ligands in sas - 2 & amp ; sas - 5 are sandwiched between two phenol rings . so even if 4 - benzylpyridine and 4 - phenylpyridine are sterically shielded by salsalate phenol rings somehow , only the logp values of corresponding complexes sas - 4 & amp ; sas - 5 were still significantly increased because of the large molecular size of ancillary ligands . there is also some degree of predictability in observed aqueous solubility based on the logp of the ancillary ligand . generally with the increase of logp value of ancillary ligand , aqueous solubilities of cu - apf - alf congeners with the same coordination chromophore decrease , as is shown in table s1 & amp ; s2 . c . mixed anionic ligand complexes . dinuclear cu ( ii ) paddle - wheel complexes with four identical carboxylates are ubiquitous , and only rare examples of mixed carboxylate dinuclear cu ( ii ) complexes are known so far . 17 cu 2 ( ac ) 2 ( dmb ) 2 ( h 2 o ) 2 , cu 2 ( dmb ) 4 ( h 2 o ) 2 ( hac = acetic acid , h ( dmb )= 2 , 6 - dimethoxy benzoic acid ), cu 2 ( ac ) 2 ( va ) 2 ( h 2 o ) 2 , cu 2 ( va ) 4 ( h 2 o ) 2 ( h ( va )= vanillic acid ) were prepared in water solution or formed under moist conditions . then cu 2 ( ac ) 4 ( h 2 o ) 2 ( mc - 1 ), cu 2 ( ac ) 2 ( dmb ) 2 ( h 2 o ) 2 ( mc - 2 ), cu 2 ( dmb ) 4 ( h 2 o ) 2 ( mc - 3 ), cu 2 ( ac ) 2 ( va ) 2 ( h 2 o ) 2 ( mc - 4 ) and cu 2 ( va ) 4 ( h 2 o ) 2 ( mc - 5 ) were investigated as proof of principle complexes , whereas neither 2 , 6 - dimethoxy benzoic acid nor vanillic acid is an apf . since the carboxylate ligand is “ negatively ” charged , we can only compare the lipophilicity of their corresponding conjugated acid . the calculated logp values of acetic acid , 2 , 6 - dimethoxy benzoic acid and vanillic acid are − 0 . 285 ( 184 ), 0 . 975 ( 256 ) and 1 . 334 ( 245 ), respectively . as shown in fig9 , the logp / logsr values for mc - 3 are significantly higher than those for mc - 1 , which indicates mc - 3 is more lipophilic than mc - 1 . and the logp / logsr values for the mixed carboxylate complex , mc - 2 , is between logp / logsr values for mc - 1 and mc - 3 ( table s3 ), which is also qualitatively consistent with the additive - constitutive character observed for organic congeners . similar tendency has also been observed among mc - 1 , 4 & amp ; 5 . the only exception is that the logsr value of mc - 5 is lower than the logsr value of mc - 4 , which is due to the low octanol solubility for mc - 5 , table s3 . presumably the low s ow value for mc - 5 was resulted from the relative high lattice energy . particularly , the logp value for mc - 2 is slightly lower than the logp value for mc - 3 . this is due to the small size of acetate anion , which can not effectively change the lipophilicity by ligand substitution . d . neutral apf with anionic anionic apf . caffeine ( caf ) is one imidazole type purine alkaloids with interesting pharmacological properties . copper ( ii )- carboxylate -( imidazole type alf ) mixed ligand species have also been found to have a variety of pharmacological effects such as anticancer 18 , superoxide dismutase 19 , and catecholase mimetic activities 20 . table s4 below lists solubility , partition coefficient and solubility ratio for each prepared copper ( ii )- carboxylate - caffeine complex . as mentioned above , since the carboxylate ligand is “ negatively ” charged , the calculated logp value for the corresponding conjugated acid was used as a quantitative parameter . within this series of compounds , the order of logsr values follows the order of logp values for the conjugated acid of the ancillary ligands , fig1 . complexes caf -( 1 - 5 ) fall into two categories based on the observed logp values . caf -( 1 , 2 & amp ; 3 ): the logp values for complexes caf -( 1 , 2 & amp ; 3 ) are close to the logp value of caffeine . the logp for caf - 3 is the highest among these three species because of the relative higher logp value of dichloro acetic acid than acetic acid and monochloro acetic acid . caf -( 4 & amp ; 5 ): the order of observed logp values also follows the order of logp values for the conjugated acid of the ancillary ligands . however , even if the logp values of 2 - iodine - benzoic acid and ibuprofen are higher than acetic acid / monochloro acetic acid / dichloro acetic acid , the logp values for caf -( 4 & amp ; 5 ) are lower than logp values for caf -( 1 , 2 & amp ; 3 ). presumably this is due to the small size of the ancillary ligands in caf -( 1 , 2 & amp ; 3 ), which also explain why the logp value for caf -( 1 , 2 & amp ; 3 ) are closer to caffeine &# 39 ; s logp value . electrospray mass spectrometry and dosy nmr data indicate that the mixed ligand cu ( ii ) species are stable in the aqueous phase , which ensure the validity of data measured and disclosed herein . the introduction of ancillary ligand functionalities can form a homologous series of metal - drug complexes with variable lipophilicity and solubility . the solubility and lipophilicity of a drug are key parameters that influence its admet properties . 21 in particular , the relative potency of the drug is related to its lipophilicity by a certain mathematical representation . 22 so , the introduction of ancillary ligand functionalities may also be expected to modify the potency and efficacy of the parent metal - drug complexes . our data suggest that the formation of mixed ligand coordination species can be developed as a complementary technique to pharmaceutical co - crystals for fine tuning critical admet parameters without altering the parent drug compound via organic transformations . the most significant finding is that we have demonstrated herein that there is predictability in the observed lipophilicity and solubilities based on the logp of the ancillary ligand functionality . more specifically , additive - constitutive strategies to tune the lipophilicity of organic molecules can be qualitatively extended to metal - drug complexes . the nature of the chromophore , hydrogen bonds and relative size of the ligands are also important factors that affect the lipophilicity of metal - drug complexes . the use of metals for medicinal purpose is not new . extensive studies of metals in medicine including metal based drugs and metal based diagnostic agents have been carried out since last century . 23 however , we are unaware of a developed , general , and rational approach to the modification of metal - drug complexes other than that described herein . some reported results have indicated the efficacy of metal - drug complexes can be improved by the introduction of a proper ancillary ligand . 24 there are also other advantages of the introduction of ancillary ligand functionalities over altering the patent drug compound via organic transformations : easy preparation , integrity of apf , lower cost . one of the anticipated concerns regarding the use of metal - based coordination species may be the accumulation and toxicity of the metal . since many transition metals are considered dietary micronutrients ( i . e . cr , mn , fe , cu , zn ), the daily intake of certain transition metals under the tolerable upper intake level is supposed to pose no risk of adverse health effects for almost all individuals in the general population . 25 we have therefore initially targeted these metals in our studies . in conclusion , we demonstrate that complexes that incorporate tmfs coordinated to apfs and property - directing alfs offer many opportunities for the development and commercialization of new or existing drugs . more generally , supramolecular synthesis — which includes metal complexes and co - crystals — is a valuable tool for fine - tuning critical physical properties , improving processability . this appears to be a novel approach to affect the lipophilicity of ancillary metal functionalities . the demonstration that the lipophilicity of prototypical apfs may be greatly affected without direct , chemical modification will provide an ability to alter other pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties such as bulk solubility , bioavailability , and biological action . the incorporation of the alf is critical in the ability to afford advantageous physical properties , as it is shown that coordination of the apf to a tmf without the alf offers little advantage or flexibility over the apf itself . all of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the disclosure . although the compositions and methods of the invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments , it will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art that variation may be made to the compositions and methods without departing from the concept , spirit , and scope of the inventions . for , example , certain agents and compositions that are chemically related may be substituted for the agents described herein if the same or similar results would be achieved . all such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit , scope , and concept of the invention . all publications , patent applications , patents and other documents cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety . in case of conflict , this specification including the definitions will control . in addition , the material , methods , and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting . 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