Patent Application: US-91234401-A

Abstract:
this invention relates to a composition and procedure for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella . in particular , this invention relates to the use of specific semiochemical and sonic signals for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moths . a composition of chemicals for manipulating the behaviour of clothes moths , said composition comprising two or more chemicals in all possible combinations and ratios selected from the group consisting of : 1 ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ; 2 ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ; 3 ) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ; 4 ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ; 5 ) nonanal ; 6 ) geranylacetone ; 7 ) octanal ; 8 ) decanal ; 9 ) nonenal ; 10 ) octenal ; 11 ) decenal .

Description:
throughout the following description , specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention . however , the invention may be practiced without these particulars . in other instances , well known elements have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention . accordingly , the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative , rather than a restrictive , sense . 1 . attraction of male and female t . bisselliella to larval habitat natural larval habitat tested in choice experiments included sheep &# 39 ; s wool ( freshly sheared or aged 1 year ), specimens of horseshoe crab ( dry formaldehyde - preserved ) and samples ( 100 cm 2 ) of untanned , dried animal pelts . tactic responses of t . bisselliella to volatile stimuli from larval habitat were assessed in a closed cylindrical plexiglas container ( 125 cm diameter , 60 cm height ). thin cardboard discs ( 10 cm diameter ) coated with tanglefoot on the upper side were placed on the arena floor 80 cm apart from each other . platforms suspended above the centre of the coated discs supported randomly assigned test or control stimuli . control stimuli consisted of cardboard silhouettes visually resembling test stimuli . per experiment 10 replicates with 25 adult moths each were employed . moths were released during the scotophase from a petri dish in the centre of the arena after 30 - min of acclimation . after 12 hours of experimental time , moths captured on sticky discs ( fig1 ) were recorded as responders and statistically analysed . [ 0043 ] fig1 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with larval habitat . asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 )]. samples of animal pelt ( 150 cm 2 ) were aerated for one week in a cylindrical pyrex glass chamber . a water - aspirator was used to draw charcoal - filtered , humidified air at 2 l / min through the chamber and a glass column ( 14 cm × 13 mm o . d .) filled with porapak q . volatiles captured on porapak q were eluted with 5 ml of redistilled pentane and the eluent concentrated to 2 ml by distillation in a 30 cm dufton column , adjusting the volatile extract so that 2 μl equalled 5 pelt - min of volatile collection . aliquots of 2 . 5 pelt - min equivalents of porapak q - captured volatile extracts were analysed by coupled gas chromatographic - electroantennographic detection ( gc - ead ) ( 28 ) ( fig2 ). [ 0046 ] fig2 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detector ( ead ♂: male t . bisselliella antenna ; ead ♀: gravid female t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to 5 pelt - min of squirrel pelt volatile extract . chromatography : hewlett packard ( hp ) 5890a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica column ( 30 m × 0 . 25 mm id ) coated with db - 5 ; linear flow velocity of carrier gas : 35 cm / sec ; injector and fid detector temperature : 240 ° c . ; temperature program : 1 min at 50 ° c ., 20 ° c ./ min to 70 ° c . then 7 . 5 ° c ./ min to 280 ° c .. ( j & amp ; w scientific , folsom , calif . 95630 ). ead - active compounds were analyzed by gc - mass spectrometry ( ms ) in full scan electron impact ( ei ) and chemical ionization ( isobutane ) ( ci ) modes , using a varian saturn ii ion trap gc - ms and a hp 5985b gc - ms . antennally - active compounds were identified as follows : 1 . hexanal ( 20 . 0 ); 2 . heptanal ( 35 . 0 ); 3 . octanal ( 55 . 0 ); 4 . nonanal ( 80 . 0 ); 5 . decanal ( 20 . 0 ); 6 . dodecanal ( 4 . 0 ); 7 . tridecanal ( 6 . 0 ); 8 . tetradecanal ( 5 . 0 ); 9 . pentadecanal ( 0 . 8 ); 10 . hexadecanal ( 1 . 0 ); 11 . heptadecanal ( 0 . 7 ); 12 . octadecanal ( 0 . 1 ); 13 . heptanol ( 10 . 0 ); 14 . nonanol ( 10 . 0 ); 15 . decanol ( 12 . 0 ); 16 . undecanol ( 200 . 0 ); 17 . dodecanol ( 10 . 0 ); 18 . tridecanol ( 70 . 0 ); 19 . tetradecanol ( 3 . 0 ); 20 . pentadecanol ( 2 . 0 ); 21 . hexadecanol ( 0 . 3 ); 22 . heptadecanol ( 0 . 5 ); 23 . octadecanol ( 0 . 1 ); 24 . tetradecane ( 20 . 0 ); 25 . pentadecane ( 100 . 0 ); 26 . hexadecane ( 100 . 0 ); 27 . eicosane ( 20 . 0 ); 28 . uneicosane ( 0 . 7 ); 29 . 2 - undecanal ( 4 . 0 ); 30 . e2 - nonenal ( 9 . 0 ); 31 . e2 - decenal ( 11 . 0 ); 32 . geranylacetone ( 1 . 0 ). numbers in brackets refer to nanogram quantities present in 15 pelt - min of aeration of dried , untanned animal pelt ( 150 cm 2 ). in arena bioassay experiments ( following the general protocol as described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ]) male and gravid female t . bisselliella preferred porapak q volatile extract from red squirrel pelt over a pentane control ( exp . 16 , 17 ), and also a blend of 29 synthetic squirrel pelt volatiles ( sb - 1 ) over a pentane control ( exps . 18 , 19 ) ( fig3 ). [ 0048 ] fig3 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with porapak q volatile extract from red squirrel pelt ( 75 pelt - min ), a blend of synthetic pelt volatiles ( sb - 1 ) or a pentane solvent control . compounds in sb - 1 consisted of nonanal ( 400 . 0 ); decanal ( 100 . 0 ); 6 . dodecanal ( 20 . 0 ); 7 . tridecanal ( 24 . 0 ); 8 . tetradecanal ( 25 . 0 ); 9 . pentadecanal ( 4 . 0 ); 10 . hexadecanal ( 5 . 0 ); 11 . heptadecanal ( 3 . 5 ); 12 . octadecanal ( 0 . 5 ); 13 . heptanol ( 50 . 0 ); 14 . nonanol ( 50 . 0 ); 15 . decanol ( 60 . 0 ); 16 . undecanol ( 1000 . 0 ); 17 . dodecanol ( 100 . 0 ); 18 . tridecanol ( 350 . 0 ); 19 . tetradecanol ( 15 . 0 ); 20 . pentadecanol ( 10 . 0 ); 21 . hexadecanol ( 1 . 5 ); 22 . heptadecanol ( 1 . 5 ); 23 . octadecanol ( 0 . 5 ); 24 . tetradecane ( 100 . 0 ); 25 . pentadecane ( 500 . 0 ); 26 . hexadecane ( 500 . 0 ); 27 . eicosane ( 100 . 0 ); 28 . uneicosane ( 3 . 5 ); 29 . 2 - undecanal ( 20 . 0 ); 30 . e2 - nonenal ( 45 . 0 ); 31 . e2 - decenal ( 55 . 0 ); 32 . geranylacetone ( 5 . 0 ). numbers in brackets refer to nanogram quantities . for each experimental replicate , test stimuli in traps were dispensed from whatman # 1 filter paper . asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p & lt ; 0 . 01 )]. similar attractiveness of natural red squirrel pelt volatiles and the blend of synthetic pelt volatiles ( sb - 1 ) ( exps . 20 - 21 ) indicated that all essential volatiles were present in sb - 1 . two compounds in the sb - 1 blend , nonanal and geranylacetone , were more attractive than natural ( muskrat ) pelt , when tested at equivalent quantities ( fig4 ). [ 0050 ] fig4 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with synthetic geranylacetone ( 44 ng ) and nonanal ( 3 . 5 μg ) or dried muskrat pelt [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 )]. to determine the sex that emits or responds to sexual communication signals , four experiments were conducted using a bioassay with 3 interconnected identical chambers ( each chamber : 10 cm diam .× 2 cm height ; passage 0 . 5 cm interior diam .× 2 . 5 cm length ) ( 29 ). for each replicate , one side chamber was randomly baited with two perforated gelatin capsules [( 2 . 5 × 0 . 9 cm ) with 7 perforations ( 0 . 3 mm ) at both ends ] each containing a virgin t . bisselliella on wool fabric while the other side chamber contained two empty perforated gelatin capsules on wool fabric . virgin adult moths were released individually into the centre chamber 1 hour prior to dusk and their position recorded 16 hours later ( 1 hour after dawn ). moths in side chambers were included in statistical analyses . each replicate employed a new device , wool fabric , and virgin moth . both virgin females and virgin males preferred the chamber containing capsules with male t . bisselliella ( exps . 24 , 25 ). virgin females avoided other females , and virgin males were not attracted to virgin females ( exp . 27 ) ( fig5 ), but exhibited excitatory behaviour in contact with capsules containing virgin females . [ 0054 ] fig5 illustrates graphical data of responses of adult t . bisselliella in binary choice bioassays to two confined virgin adult t . bisselliella . numbers of individuals responding to each stimulus are given in parentheses beside bars . asterisks indicate a significant preference for a particular treatment [ fisher exact test ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 )]. these results indicate that male t . bisselliella produce signals that attract males and females , and that females produce signals exciting to males only at very close range . 4 . analysis and bioassays of pheromone components produced by male t . bisselliella the bodies of two hundred 24 - 48 hour old virgin male t . bisselliella were extracted for 15 min in methanol . analyses of these extracts by coupled gas chromatographic electroantennographic detection ( gc - ead ) revealed 3 antennally - active compounds ( fig6 ) which were identified by gc - mass spectrometry as 1 .) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ; 2 .) ( z )- 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ; and 3 .) octadecanoic acid methyl ester . [ 0058 ] fig6 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detection ( ead : male t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to one male equivalent of male t . bisselliella body extract . ead - active compounds 1 - 3 were identified by gc - mass spectrometry as 1 . hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ; 2 . ( z )- 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ; and 3 . octadecanoic acid methyl ester . similar responses were observed with female antennae . chromatography : hewlett packard ( hp ) 5890a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica column ( 30 m × 0 . 32 mm id ) coated with db - 23 ( j & amp ; w scientific , folsom , calif . 95630 ); linear flow velocity of carrier gas : 35 cm / sec ; injector and fid detector temperature : 240 ° c . ; temperature program : 1 min at 50 ° c ., 10 ° c ./ min to 200 ° c . ead - active compounds were identified by gc - mass spectrometry ( ms ) in full scan electron impact ( ei ) mode using a varian saturn ii ion trap gc - ms . in arena bioassay experiments 29 - 31 ( following the general protocol as described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ]), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and ( z )- 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester proved to be the sex pheromone components that attracted both male and virgin female t . bisselliella ( fig7 ). [ 0060 ] fig7 illustrates graphical data of captures of male , gravid female , or virgin female t . bisselliella in traps baited with hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 16 : ester , 480 ng ) plus ( z )- 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( z9 - 16 : ester , 840 ng ) or octadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 18 : ester , 840 ng ). for each experimental replicate , test stimuli in traps were dispensed from whatman # 1 filter paper . asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p & lt ; 0 . 01 )]. 5 . analysis and bioassays of sonic signals produced by male t . bisselliella sound produced by individual or groups of males was recorded to hard disk by a pentium 166 computer equipped with high - speed data acquisition boards ( daq , ni ; pci - mio - 16xe - 10 ; 16 bit , 100 khz maximum sampling rate ). recordings employed a ½ - in condenser microphone ( akg c 460 b comb - uls / 61 ), phantom power supply ( atus audio technica cp 8508 24 v .) and signal amplification of 200 times with a differential amplifier ( ni ; sc - 2040 ) and a sampling frequency of 43 . 2 khz . sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella comprised two dominant frequencies at 50 +/− 10 hz and 110 +/− 20 hz with 1 to 2 harmonics ( 165 +/− 30 : 220 +/− 40 ) occasionally identified when other clothes moths were & gt ; 5 cm from the signaller . when other moths were & lt ; 5 cm from the signaller , dominant frequencies were 70 +/− 10 hz and 140 +/− 20 hz with 2 - 3 additional harmonics ( 210 +/− 30 hz ; 280 +/− 40 hz ) ( fig8 ). [ 0063 ] fig8 illustrates waveform ( a ), frequency ( b ), and time - frequency sound intensity ( c ) of a sonic signal recorded from male t . bisselliella . top : calling male & gt ; 5 cm away from other moths ; bottom : calling male & lt ; 5 cm away from other . the more intense the shading in diagram c , the more intense the frequency component of the signal . in arena bioassay experiments ( employing the general protocol as described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ]), played - back sound from male t . bisselliella attracted male , gravid female and virgin female t . bisselliella ( fig9 ). [ 0065 ] fig9 illustrates graphical data of captures of male , gravid female or virgin female t . bisselliella in traps baited with sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella or baited with gaussian white noise . asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 )]. recordings were digitally filtered and played back at biologically relevant levels ( 55 db at 2 . 5 cm ) through sennheisser hv 70 headphone speakers using programs developed in labview ( ni ) for the daq boards . this recording was automatically rerun every 26 min during the 12 hour bioassay period . 6 . analysis and bioassays of sex pheromone components produced by female t . bisselliella terminal abdominal segments with pheromone glands of one - hundred 12 - 48 hour - old virgin females were severed and extracted for 5 - 15 min in hexane . gc - ead analysis revealed 2 ead - active components , which occurred below the detection threshold of the flame ionization detector ( fig1 ). [ 0068 ] fig1 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detector ( ead : male t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to one female equivalent of female t . bisselliella pheromone gland extract . ead - active compounds 1 - 3 were identified as 1 . ( e , z )- 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( e2 , z13 - 18 : oh ) and 2 . ( e , z )- 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( e2 , z13 - 18 : ald ). chromatography : hewlett packard ( hp ) 5890a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica column ( 30 m × 0 . 32 mm id ) coated with db - 23 ( j & amp ; w scientific , folsom , calif . 95630 ); linear flow velocity of carrier gas : 35 cm / sec ; injector and fid detector temperature : 240 ° c . ; temperature program : 1 min at 50 ° c ., 10 ° c ./ min to 200 ° c . retention index calculations of ead - active components 1 and 2 on fused silica columns coated with db - 5 , db - 210 , and db - 23 suggested the compounds were e2 , z13 - 18 : oh and e2 , z13 - 18 : ald , respectively . gc - ead analyses of synthetic compounds at quantities equivalent to those in pheromone gland extracts resulted in retention times of antennal responses identical for female - produced and synthetic components , confirming structural assignments . in arena bioassay experiments 34 - 37 ( employing the general protocol described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ]) synthetic e2 , z13 - 18 : oh and e2 , z13 - 18 : ald proved to be the sex pheromone components that attracted male t . bisselliella . this 2 - component blend , even at very low quantity , attracted more male t . bisselliella than did 2 virgin females confined in a nylon mesh cage ( exp . 37 ) ( fig1 ). [ 0071 ] fig1 illustrates graphical data of captures of male t . bisselliella in traps baited with ( e , z )- 2 , 13 - octadecadienol ( e2 , z13 - 18 : oh ) and ( e , z )- 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( e2 , z13 - 18 : ald ) in various ratios , solvent , or virgin female t . bisselliella . synthetic chemicals were dispensed from whatman # 1 filter paper . females were confined in a nylon mesh cage . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 ) or kruskal wallis test with tukey type non - parametric multiple comparison ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 ).] 7 . development of an optimal bait for attraction of male and female t . bisselliella stimuli tested singly and in combination included : a ) synthetic male pheromone components 16 : ester and z9 - 16 : ester ( see fig6 and 7 ); b ) recorded sonic signals from male t . bisselliella ( see fig8 and 9 ); c ) synthetic female pheromone components e2 , z13 - 18 : oh and e2 , z13 - 18 : ald ( see fig1 and 11 ); d ) animal pelt (= natural larval habitat , see fig1 ); e ) synthetic semiochemicals nonanal plus geranylacetone ( see fig2 and 4 ). all bioassay experiments were conducted using the general protocol described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ]. in experiments 41 and 42 , synthetic male pheromone components ( 16 : ester and z9 - 16 : ester ) in combination with played - back sonic signals from male t . bisselliella attracted more gravid females and males than did either stimulus alone ( fig1 ). [ 0075 ] fig1 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination , as follows : ♂ p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z )- 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ); ♀ p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z )- 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z )- 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ); sonic = sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella ( see fig8 ). bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 )]. in experiment 44 , synthetic male pheromone in combination with synthetic female pheromone attracted more males than did male or female pheromone alone ( fig1 ). in experiments 45 and 46 , female and male pheromone in combination with played back sonic signals from males attracted more gravid female and male t . bisselliella than did pheromonal or sonic signals alone ( fig1 ). in experiments 47 and 48 , animal pelt ( nas ) attracted more gravid female and male t . bisselliella than did synthetic female plus male pheromone (♂ p +♀ p ); the combination of animal pelt plus male and female pheromone was most attractive ( fig1 ). [ 0078 ] fig1 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination as follows : ♀ p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z )- 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z )- 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ); ♂ p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z )- 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ); nas = natural semiochemicals : dried muskrat pelt ( 50 cm 2 ). bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions ( α = 0 . 05 )]. in experiments 49 , 50 and 51 , animal pelt ( nas ) attracted more virgin female , gravid female , and male t . bisselliella than did a combination of female pheromone (♀ p ), male pheromone (♂ p ) and played - back sonic signals from male t . bisselliella ; all stimuli combined (♀ p +♂ p + sonic + nas ) were significantly most attractive ( fig1 ). [ 0080 ] fig1 illustrates graphical data of captures of virgin female , gravid female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination as follows : ♀ p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z )- 2 , 13 - octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z )- 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ); ♂ p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z )- 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ); nas = natural semiochemicals : dried muskrat pelt ( 50 cm 2 ). bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions ( α = 0 . 05 )]. similarly , in experiments 52 , 53 , and 54 all stimuli combined (♀ p +♂ p + sonic + nas ) attracted more virgin female , gravid female , and male t . bisselliella than did a combination of chemical stimuli (♀ p +♂ p + nas ) or played back sonic signals ( sonic ) from male t . bisselliella ( fig1 ). in experiments 55 and 56 , a combination of synthetic female pheromone (♀ p ), synthetic male pheromone (♂ p ), synthetic semiochemicals ( ss : identified from animal pelt ; see fig4 ), and played - back sonic signals ( sonic ) from male t . bisselliella attracted more gravid female and male t . bisselliella than did chemical (♀ p +♂ p + ss ) or sonic signals alone ( fig1 ). [ 0083 ] fig1 illustrates graphical data of captures of female and male t . bisselliella in traps baited with stimuli singly or in combination as follows : ♀ p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z )- 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z )- 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ); ♂ p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z )- 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ); ss = synthetic semiochemicals : geranylacetone ( 44 ng ) and nonanal ( 3 . 5 μg ) ( see fig4 ). bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions ( α = 0 . 05 )]. in experiment 57 , a combination of synthetic male pheromone (♂ p ), synthetic female pheromone (♀ p ), and synthetic semiochemicals ( ss ) identified from larval habitat attracted more female and male t . bisselliella than did a commercial lure , which in turn was not more attractive than a solvent ( hexane ) control stimulus ( fig1 ). [ 0085 ] fig1 illustrates graphical data of captures of female and male t . bisselliella in traps baited with the following stimuli : ♀ p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z )- 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z )- 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ); ♂ p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z )- 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ); ss = synthetic semiochemicals : synthetic geranylacetone ( 44 ng ) and nonanal ( 3 . 5 μg ) ( see fig4 ). the commercial lure consisted of ( e , z )- 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) plus ( e )- 2 - octadecanal ( 1 ng ). hexane served as the solvent control . all chemicals were dispensed from whatman # 1 filter paper . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions ( α = 0 . 05 )]. as will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing disclosure , many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention is to be construed in accordance with the substance defined by the following claims . 1 . hill , d . s . 1990 . pests of stored products and their control . belhaven press , london . 2 . mallis , a . 1969 . handbook of pest control : the behavior , life history , and control of household pests . mac nair - dorland company : new york . 3 . story , k . o . 1985 . approaches to pest management in museums . smithsonian institution . pp 33 - 38 . 4 . metcalf , r . l . and r . a . metcalf . 1994 . attractants , repellents , and genetic control in pest management . in : r . l . metcalf and w . h . luckman ( eds .) introduction to insect pest management third edition . john wiley and sons inc : new york . pp . 355 - 356 . 5 . hinton , h . e . 1956 . the larvae of species of tineidae of economic importance . bull . entomol . res . 47 : 251 - 346 . 6 . bry , r . e ., j . h . lang and r . e . boatright . 1981 . feeding by larvae of three species of fabric insects on wool / synthetic blend fabrics . j . georgia entomol . soc . 17 : 280 - 282 . 7 . woodroffe , g . e . 1953 . an ecological study of the insects and mites in the nests of certain birds in britain . bull . entomol . res . 44 : 739 - 772 . 8 . bornemissza , g . f . 1957 . an analysis of arthropod succession in carrion and the effect of its decomposition on the soil fauna . aust . j . zool . 5 : 1 - 12 . 9 . brokerhof , a . w ., r . morton , h . j . banks . time - mortality relationships for different species and developmental stages of clothes moths ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) exposed to cold . j . stor . prod . res . 29 : 277 - 282 . 10 . gerard , p . j . and l . d . ruf . 1995 . effect of a neem ( azadirachta indica a . juss , meliaceae ) extract on survival and feeding of larvae of four keratinophagous insects . j . stor . prod . res . 31 : 111 - 116 . 11 . gerard , p . j ., n . b . perry , l . d . ruf , l . m . foster . 1993 . antifeedant and insecticidal activity of compounds from pseudowintera colorata ( winteraceae ) on the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) and the australian carpet beetle , anthrenocerus australis ( coleoptera : dermestidae ). bull . entomol . res . 83 : 547 - 552 . 12 . wilson , h . f . 1940 . lures and traps to control clothes moths and carpet beetles . j . econ . ent . 33 : 651 - 653 . 13 . kan e . and y . waku . 1985 . analysis of oviposition preference in the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella hum . 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