Patent Application: US-11827698-A

Abstract:
the invention concerns a process for producing transgenic eucaryotic cells , particularly plants , which comprises : contacting a culture of untransformed cells with an inhibitor of poly - polymerase for a period of time sufficient to reduce the response of the cultured cells to stress and to reduce their metabolism . the untransformed cells are then contacted with foreign dna comprising at least one gene of interest under conditions in which the foreign dna is taken up by the untransformed cells and the gene of interest is stably integrated in the nuclear genome of the untransformed cells to produce the transgenic cells . optionally , the transgenic cells are recovered from the culture . preferably , the inhibitor is niacinamide , preferably at a concentration of about 200 mg / l to 500 mg / l and the untransformed cells are cultured in a medium containing the inhibitor for a period of time of approximately 3 to 14 days prior to the contacting with the foreign dna . the invention also relates to a plant having in the nuclear genome of its cells foreign dna integrated only in the regions of the nuclear genome that are transcriptionally active in cells of the plant when the cells are treated with an effective amount of a parp inhibitor for a period of time sufficient to reduce cell metabolism to a state where gene expression is essentially limited to genes expressed irrespective of the differentiated or physiological condition of the cell .

Description:
for the purpose of the invention , the term “ plant - expressible promoter ” means a promoter which is capable of driving transcription in a plant cell . this includes any promoter of plant origin , but also any promoter of non - plant origin which is capable of directing transcription in a plant cell , e . g ., certain promoters of viral or bacterial origin such as the camv35s or the t - dna gene promoters . the term “ expression of a gene ” refers to the process wherein a dna region under control of regulatory regions , particularly the promoter , is transcribed into an rna which is biologically active i . e ., which is either capable of interaction with another nucleic acid or protein or which is capable of being translated into a biologically active polypeptide or protein . a gene is said to encode an rna when the end product of the expression of the gene is biologically active rna , such as e . g . an antisense rna or a ribozyme . a gene is said to encode a protein when the end product of the expression of the gene is a biologically active protein or polypeptide . the term “ gene ” means any dna fragment comprising a dna region ( the “ transcribed dna region ”) that is transcribed into a rna molecule ( e . g ., a mrna ) in a cell under control of suitable regulatory regions , e . g ., a plant - expressible promoter . a gene may thus comprise several operably linked dna fragments such as a promoter , a 5 ′ leader sequence , a coding region , and a 3 ′ region comprising a polyadenylation site . an endogenous plant gene is a gene which is naturally found in a plant species . a chimeric gene is any gene which is not normally found in a plant species or , alternatively , any gene in which the promoter is not associated in nature with part or all of the transcribed dna region or with at least one other regulatory regions of the gene . as used herein “ comprising ” is to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features , integers , steps or components as referred to , but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more features , integers , steps or components , or groups thereof . thus , e . g ., a nucleic acid or protein comprising a sequence of nucleotides or amino acids , may comprise more nucleotides or amino acids than the actually cited ones , i . e ., be embedded in a larger nucleic acid or protein . a chimeric gene comprising a dna region which is functionally or structurally defined , may comprise additional dna regions etc . the invention is based on the one hand on the finding that eukaryotic cells , particularly plant cells , quite particularly zea mays cells contain simultaneously at least two functional major parp protein isoforms ( classes ) which differ in size and amino - acid sequence , yet are both capable of binding dna , particularly dna with single stranded breaks , and both have poly - adp ribosylation activity . on the other hand , the inventors have realized that programmed cell death in eukaryotes , particularly in plants , can be modulated by altering the expression level of the parp genes or by altering the activity of the encoded proteins genetically , and that in order to achieve this goal , the expression of both genes needs to be altered or in the alternative both classes of proteins need to be altered in their activity . thus , the invention relates to modulation i . e . the enhancement or the inhibition - of programmed cell death or apoptosis in eukaryotic cells , preferably plant cells , by altering the level of expression of parp genes , or by altering the activity or apparent activity of parp proteins in that eukaryotic cell . conveniently , the level of expression of parp genes or the activity of parp proteins is controlled genetically by introduction of pcd modulating chimeric genes altering the expression of parp genes and / or by introduction of pcd modulating chimeric genes altering the apparent activity of the parp proteins and / or by alteration of the endogenous parp encoding genes . as used herein , “ enhanced pcd ” with regard to specified cells , refers to the death of those cells , provoked by the methods of the invention , whereby the killed cells were not destined to undergo pcd when compared to similar cells of a normal plant not modified by the methods of the invention , under similar conditions . “ inhibited pcd ” with regard to specified cells is to be understood as the process whereby a larger fraction of those cells or groups of cells , which would normally ( without the intervention by the methods of this invention ) undergo programmed cell death under particular conditions , remain alive under those conditions . the expression of the introduced pcd modulating chimeric genes or of the modified endogenous genes will thus influence the functional level of parp protein , and indirectly interfere with programmed cell death . a moderate decrease in the functional level of parp proteins leads to an inhibition of programmed cell death , particularly to prevention of programmed cell death , while a severe decrease in the functional level of the parp proteins leads to induction of programmed cell death . in accordance with the invention , it is preferred that in order to inhibit or prevent programmed cell death in a eukaryotic cell , particularly in a plant cell , the combined level of both parp proteins and / or their activity or apparent activity is decreased significantly , however avoiding that dna repair ( governed directly or indirectly by parp ) is inhibited in such a way that the cells wherein the function of the parp proteins is inhibited cannot recover from dna damage or cannot maintain their genome integrity . preferably , the level and / or activity of the parp proteins in the target cells , should be decreased about 75 %, preferably about 80 %, particularly about 90 % of the normal level and / or activity in the target cells so that about 25 %, preferably about 20 %, particularly about 10 % of the normal level and / or acttivity of parp is retained in the target cells . it is further thought that the decrease in level and / or activity of the parp proteins should not exceed 95 %, preferably not exceed 90 % of the normal activity and / or level in the target cells . methods to determine the content of a specific protein such as the parp proteins are well known to the person skilled in the art and include , but are not limited to ( histochemical ) quantification of such proteins using specific antibodies . methods to quantify parp activity are also available in the art and include the above - mentioned tunel assay ( in vivo ) or the in vitro assay described collinge and althaus ( 1994 ) for synthesis of poly ( adp - ribose ) ( see examples ). also in accordance with the invention , it is preferred that in order to trigger programmed cell death in a eukaryotic cell , particularly in a plant cell , the combined level of both parp proteins and / or their activity or apparent activity is decreased substantially , preferably reduced almost completely such that the dna repair and maintenance of the genome integrity are no longer possible . preferably , the combined level and / or activity of the parp proteins in the target cells , should be decreased at least about 90 %, preferably about 95 %, more preferably about 99 %, of the normal level and / or activity in the target cells , particularly the parp activity should be inhibited completely . it is particularly preferred that the functional levels of both classes of parp proteins seperately are reduced to the mentioned levels . for the purpose of the invention , parp proteins are defined as proteins having poly ( adp - ribose ) polymerase activity , preferably comprising the so - called “ parp signature ”. the parp signature is an amino acid sequence which is highly conserved between parp proteins , defined by de murcia and menussier de murcia ( 1994 ) as extending from amino acid at position 858 to the amino acid at position 906 from the mus musculus parp protein . this domain corresponds to the amino acid sequence from position 817 to 865 of the conventional parp protein of zea mays ( zap1 ; seq id no 2 ) or to the amino acid sequence from position 827 to 875 of the conventional parp protein of zea mays ( zap2 ; seq id no 11 ) or to the amino acid sequence from position 500 to 547 of the non - conventional parp protein of zea mays ( seq id no 4 ) or to the amino acid sequence from position 485 to 532 of the non - conventional parp protein of arabidopsis thaliana ( seq id no 6 ). this amino sequence is highly conserved between the different parp proteins ( having about 90 % to 100 % sequence identity ). particularly conserved is the lysine at position 891 ( corresponding to position 850 of seq id no 2 , position 861 of seq id no 11 , position 532 of seq id no 4 , position 517 of seq id no 6 ) of the parp protein from mus musculus , which is considered to be involved in the catalytic activity of parp proteins . particularly the amino acids at position 865 , 866 , 893 , 898 and 899 of the parp protein of mus musculus or the corresponding positions for the other sequences are variable . parp proteins may further comprise an n - terminal dna binding domain and / or a nuclear localization signal ( nls ). currently , two classes of parp proteins have been described . the first class , as defined herein , comprises the so - called classical zn - finger containing parp proteins ( zap ). these proteins range in size from 113 - 120 kda and are further characterized by the presence of at least one , preferably two zn - finger domains located in the n - terminal domain of the protein , particularly located within the about 355 to about 375 first amino acids of the protein . the zn - fingers are defined as peptide sequences having the sequence cxxcx n hxxc ( whereby n may vary from 26 to 30 ) capable of complexing a zn atom . examples of amino acid sequences for parp proteins from the zap class include the sequences which can be found in the pir protein database with accession number p18493 ( bos taurus ), p26466 ( gallus gallus ), p35875 ( drosophila melanogaster ), p09874 ( homo sapiens ), p11103 ( mus musculus ), q08824 ( oncorynchus masou ), p27008 ( rattus norvegicus ), q11208 ( sarcophaga peregrina ), p31669 ( xenopus laevis ) and the currently identified sequences of the zap1 and zap2 protein from zea mays ( seq id no 2 / seq id no 11 ). the nucleotide sequence of the corresponding cdnas can be found in the embl database under accession numbers d90073 ( bos taurus ), x52690 ( gallus gallus ), d13806 ( drosophila melanogaster ), m32721 ( homo sapiens ), x14206 ( mus musculus ), d13809 ( oncorynchus masou ), x65496 ( rattus norvegicus ), d16482 ( sarcophaga peregrina ), d14667 ( xenopus laevis ) and in seq id no 1 and 10 ( zea mays ). the second class as defined herein , comprises the so - called non - classical parp proteins ( nap ). these proteins are smaller ( 72 - 73 kda ) and are further characterized by the absence of a zn - finger domain at the n - terminus of the protein , and by the presence of an n - terminal domain comprising stretches of amino acids having similarity with dna binding proteins . preferably , parp protein of these class comprise at least one amino acid sequence of about 30 to 32 amino acids which comprise the sequence r g x x x x g x k x x x x x r l ( amino acids are represented in the standard one - letter code , whereby x stands for any amino acid ; seq id no 7 ). even more preferably these parp proteins comprise at least 1 amino acid sequence of about 32 amino acids having the sequence x l x v x x x r x x l x x r g l x x x g v k x x l v x r l x x a i ( seq id no 8 ) ( the so - called a1 domain ) or at least 1 amino acid sequence of about 32 amino acids having the sequence g m x x x e l x x x a x x r g x x x x g x k k d x x r l x x ( seq id no 9 ) ( the so - called a2 domain ) or both . particularly , the a1 and a2 domain are capable of forming a helix - loop - helix structure . these parp proteins may further comprise a basic “ b ” domain ( k / r rich amino acid sequence of about 35 to about 56 amino acids , involved in targeting the protein to the nucleus ) and / or a an acid “ c ” domain ( d / e rich amino acid sequence of about 36 amino acids ). examples of protein sequences from the nap class include the app protein from arabidopsis thaliana ( accessible from pir protein database under accession number q11207 ; seq id no 6 ) and the nap protein from zea mays ( seq id no 4 ). the sequence of the corresponding cdnas can be found in the embl database under accession number z48243 ( seq id no 5 ) and in seq id no 3 . that the second class of parp proteins are indeed functional parp proteins , i . e . are capable of catalyzing dna dependent poly ( adp - ribose ) polymerization has been demonstrated by the inventors ( see example 2 ). the inventors have further demonstrated that eukaryotic cells , particularly plant cells express simultaneously genes encoding parp proteins from both classes . it is clear that for the purpose of the invention , other genes or cdnas encoding parp proteins from both classes as defined , or parts thereof , can be isolated from other eukaryotic species or varieties , particularly from other plant species or varieties . these parp genes or cdnas can be isolated e . g . by southern hybridization ( either low - stringency or high - stringency hybridization depending on the relation between the species from which one intends to isolate the parp gene and the species from which the probe was ultimately derived ) using as probes dna fragments with the nucleotide sequence of the above mentioned parp genes or cdnas , or parts thereof , preferably parts which are conserved such as a gene fragment comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the parp signature mentioned supra . the nucleotide sequences corresponding to the parp signature from the parp proteins encoded by plant genes are the nucleotide sequence of seq id no 1 from nucleotide 2558 to 2704 or the nucleotide sequence of seq id no 3 from nucleotide 1595 to 1747 or the nucleotide sequence of seq id no 5 from nucleotide 1575 to 1724 . if a discrimination is to be made between the classes of parp genes , parts of the parp genes which are specific for the class , such as the n - terminal domains preceding the catalytic domain or parts thereof , should preferably be used . alternatively , the genes or cdnas encoding parp proteins or parts thereof , can also be isolated by pcr - amplification using appropriate primers such as the degenerated primers with the nucleotide sequence corresponding to the sequences indicated in seq id no 13 , seq id no 14 , or primers with the nucleotide sequence corresponding to the sequences indicated in seq id no 15 to 20 . however , it is clear that the person skilled in the art can design alternative oligonucleotides for use in pcr or can use oligonucleotides comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least 20 , preferably at least about 30 , particularly at least about 50 , consecutive nucleotides of any of the parp genes to isolate the genes or part thererof by pcr amplification . it is clear that a combination of these techniques , or other techniques ( including e . g . race - pcr ), available to the skilled artisan to isolate genes or cdnas on the basis of partial fragments and their nucleotide sequence , e . g . obtained by pcr amplification , can be used to isolate parp genes , or parts thereof , suitable for use in the methods of the invention . moreover , parp genes , encoding parp proteins wherein some of the amino acids have been exchanged for other , chemically similar , amino acids ( so - called conservative substitutions ), or synthetic parp genes ( which encode similar proteins as natural parp genes but with a different nucleotide sequence , based on the degeneracy of the genetic code ) and parts thereof are also suited for the methods of the invention . in one aspect of the invention , pcd in eukaryotic cells , particularly in plant cells , is inhibited by a moderate decrease in the functional level of parp in those eukaryotic cells . in one embodiment of this first aspect of the invention , the functional level of parp in eukaryotic cells , particularly in plant cells is reduced by introduction of at least one pcd modulating chimeric gene in those cells , comprising a promoter capable of directing transcription in these cells , preferably a plant - expressible promoter , and a functional 3 ′ transcription termination and polyadenylation region , operably linked to a dna region which when transcribed yields a biologically active rna molecule which is capable of decreasing the functional level of the endogenous parp activity encoded by both classes of parp genes . in a preferred embodiment , at least two such pcd modulating chimeric genes are introduced in the cells , whereby the biologically active rna encoded by the first pcd modulating chimeric gene decreases the functional level of the endogenous parp activity encoded by the genes of the nap class , and whereby the biologically active rna encoded by the second pcd modulating chimeric gene decreases the functional level of the endogenous parp activity encoded by the genes of the zap class , so that the combined parp activity is moderately decreased . in a particularly preferred embodiment , the pcd modulating chimeric genes decrease the functional level of the endogenous parp activity by reducing the level of expression of the endogenous parp genes . to this end , the transcribed dna region encodes a biologically active rna which decreases the mrnas encoding nap and zap class parp proteins , that is available for translation . this can be achieved through techniques such as antisense rna , co - suppression or ribozyme action . as used herein , “ co - suppression ” refers to the process of transcriptional and / or post - transcriptional suppression of rna accumulation in a sequence specific manner , resulting in the suppression of expression of homologous endogenous genes or transgenes . suppressing the expression of the endogenous parp genes can thus be achieved by introduction of a transgene comprising a strong promoter operably linked to a dna region whereby the resulting transcribed rna is a sense rna or an antisense rna comprising a nucleotide sequence which has at least 75 %, preferably at least 80 %, particularly at least 85 %, more particularly at least 90 %, especially at least 95 % sequence identity with or is identical to the coding or transcribed dna sequence ( sense ) or to the complement ( antisense ) of part of the parp gene whose expression is to be suppressed . preferably , the transcribed dna region does not code for a functional protein . particularly , the transcribed region does not code for a protein . further , the nucleotide sequence of the sense or antisense region should preferably be at least about 100 nucleotides in length , more preferably at least about 250 nucleotides , particularly at least about 500 nucleotides but may extend to the full length of the coding region of the gene whose expression is to be reduced . for the purpose of this invention the “ sequence identity ” of two related nucleotide or amino acid sequences , expressed as a percentage , refers to the number of positions in the two optimally aligned sequences which have identical residues (× 100 ) divided by the number of positions compared . a gap , i . e . a position in an alignment where a residue is present in one sequence but not in the other is regarded as a position with non - identical residues . the alignment of the two sequences is performed by the wilbur and lipmann algorithm ( wilbur and lipmann , 1983 ) using a window - size of 20 nucleotides or amino acids , a word length of 2 amino acids , and a gap penalty of 4 . computer - assisted analysis and interpretation of sequence data , including sequence alignment as described above , can be conveniently performed using commercially available software packages such as the programs of the lntelligenetics ˜ suite ( intelligenetics inc ., calif .). it will be clear to a skilled artisan that one or more sense or antisense pcd modulating chimeric genes can be used to achieve the goals of the first aspect of the invention . when one sense or antisense pcd modulating chimeric gene is used , this gene must be capable of simultaneously reducing the expression of parp genes of both classes . this can e . g . be achieved by choosing the transcribed region of the chimeric gene in such a way that expression of both classes of genes can be regulated by one sense or antisense rna , i . e . by choosing target regions corresponding to the highest homology dna region of the parp genes of both classes and incorporating a sense or antisense transcribed dna region corresponding to both target regions , conform to the conditions described above for sense and antisense rna . alternatively , different sense or antisense rna regions , each specific for regulating the expression of one class of parp genes , can be combined into one rna molecule , encoded by one transcribed region of one pcd modulating chimeric gene . obviously , the different sense or antisense rna regions specific for regulating the expression of one class of parp genes can be introduced as separate pcd modulating chimeric genes . preferred sense and antisense encoding transcribed regions comprise a nucleotide sequence corresponding ( with sequence identity constraints as indicated above ) to a sequence of at least about 100 consecutive nucleotides selected from the n - terminal domains of the parp genes , preferably corresponding to a sequence of at least about 100 consecutive nucleotides selected from the sequence of seq id no 1 from nucleotide position 113 to 1189 , the sequence of seq id no 3 from nucleotide position 107 to 583 , the sequence of seq id no 5 from nucleotide position 131 to 542 or the sequence of seq id no 10 from nucleotide position 81 to 1180 . however , it is clear that sense or antisense encoding transcribed regions can be used comprising a sequence corresponding to the complete sequence of the n - terminal domain of the parp genes , or even to complete sequence of the parp genes , particularly the protein - encoding region thereof . further preferred are sense and antisense encoding transcribed regions which comprise a nucleotide sequence corresponding ( with sequence identity constraints as indicated above ) to a sequence of at least about 100 consecutive nucleotides selected from the c - terminal catalytic domains of the parp genes , preferably a sequence of at least 100 nucleotides encompassing the parp - signature encoding nucleotide sequences , particularly the parp - signature encoding nucleotide sequences indicated supra . again , it is clear that sense or antisense encoding transcribed regions can be used comprising a sequence corresponding to the complete sequence of the c - terminal domain of the parp genes . in another particularly preferred embodiment , the pcd modulating chimeric genes decrease the functional level of the endogenous parp activity by reducing the level of apparent activity of the endogenous parps of both classes . to this end , the transcribed dna region encodes a biologically active rna which is translated into a protein or inhibiting nap or zap class parp proteins or both , such as inactivating antibodies or dominant negative parp mutants . “ inactivating antibodies of parp proteins ” are antibodies or parts thereof which specifically bind at least to some epitopes of parp proteins , such as the epitope covering part of the zn finger ii from position 111 - 118 in zap1 or a corresponding peptide in zap2 , and which inhibit the activity of the target protein . “ dominant negative parp mutants ” as used herein , are proteins or peptides comprising at least part of a parp protein ( or a variant thereof ), preferably a parp protein endogenous to the eukaryotic target host cell , which have no parp activity , and which have an inhibitory effect on the activity of the endogenous parp proteins when expressed in that host cell . preferred dominant negative parp mutants are proteins comprising or consisting of a functional dna binding domain ( or a variant therof ) without a catalytic domain ( such as the n - terminal zn - finger containing domain of about 355 to about 375 amino acids of a parp of the zap class , particularly a dna binding protein domain comprising the amino acid sequence of seq id no 2 from amino acid 1 to 370 or a dna binding protein domain comprising the amino acid sequence of seq id no 11 from amino acid 1 to 98 , or a dna binding protein domain comprising the amino acid sequence of seq id no 2 from amino acid 1 to 370 wherein the amino acid sequence from amino acid 1 to 88 is replaced by the amino acid sequence of seq id no 11 from amino acid at position 1 to the amino acid at position 98 , or such as the n - terminal dna binding protein domain of about 135 to 160 amino acids of a parp of the nap class , particularly a dna binding protein domain comprising the amino acid sequence of seq id no 4 from amino acid 1 to 159 or a dna binding protein domain comprising the amino acid sequence of seq id no 6 from amino acid 1 to 138 ) or without a functional catalytic domain ( such as inactive parp mutants , mutated in the so - called parp signature , particularly mutated at the conserved lysine of position 850 of seq id no 2 , position 532 of seq id no 4 , position 517 of seq id no 6 ). preferably , dominant negative parp mutants should retain their dna binding activity . dominant negative parp mutants can be fused to a carrier protein , such as a β - glucuronidase ( seq id no 12 ). again , one or more pcd modulating genes encoding one or more dominant negative parp mutants can be used to achieve the goals of the first aspect of the invention . when one pcd modulating chimeric gene is used , this gene must be capable of simultaneously reducing the expression of parp genes of both classes . in another embodiment of the first aspect of the invention , the functional level of parp in eukaryotic cells , particularly in plant cells is reduced by modification of the nucleotide sequence of the endogenous parp genes in those cells so that the encoded mutant parp proteins retain about 10 % of their activity . methods to achieve such a modification of endogenous parp genes include homologous recombination to exchange the endogenous parp genes for mutant parp genes e . g . by the methods described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 527 , 695 . in a preferred embodiment such site - directed modification of the nucleotide sequence of the endogenous parp genes is achieved by introduction of chimeric dna / rna oligonucleotides as described in wo 96 / 22364 or u . s . pat . no . 5 , 565 , 350 . in another aspect of the invention , programmed death of eukaryotic cells , preferably selected cells , particularly selected plant cells is enhanced by a severe decrease in the functional level of parp , preferably reduced almost completely , such that the dna repair and maintenance of the genome integrity are no longer possible . in one embodiment of this aspect of the invention , the functional level of parp in eukaryotic cells , particularly in plant cells is reduced severely , particularly abolished almost completely , by introduction of at least one pcd modulating chimeric gene in those cells , comprising a promoter capable of directing transcription in these cells , preferably a plant - expressible promoter , and a functional 3 ′ transcription termination and polyadenylation region , operably linked to a dna region which when transcribed yields a biologically active rna molecule which is capable of decreasing the functional level of the endogenous parp activity encoded by both classes of parp genes . in a preferred embodiment of the second aspect of the invention , at least two such pcd modulating chimeric genes are introduced in the cells , whereby the biologically active rna encoded by the first pcd modulating chimeric gene decreases the functional level of the endogenous parp activity encoded by the genes of the nap class , and whereby the biologically active rna encoded by the second pcd modulating chimeric gene decreases the functional level of the endogenous parp activity encoded by the genes of the zap class , so that the combined parp activity is severely decreased , particularly almost completely eliminated . as mentioned for the first aspect of this invention , the transcribed regions of the pcd modulating chimeric genes encode biologically active rna , which can interfere with the expression of the endogenous parp genes ( e . g . through antisense action , co - suppression or ribozyme action ) or the biologically active rna can be further translated into a peptide or protein , capable of inhibiting the parp proteins of the nap and zap class , such as inactivating antibodies or dominant negative parp mutants . in a particularly preferred embodiment of the second aspect of the invention , the transcribed region of the pcd modulating chimeric genes ( pcd enhancing chimeric genes ) codes for a biologically active rna which comprises at least one rna region ( preferably of at least about 100 nucleotides in length ) classifying according to the above mentioned criteria as a sense rna for at least one of the endogenous parp genes , and at least one other rna region ( preferably of at least about 100 nucleotides in length ), classifying according to the above mentioned criteria as an antisense rna for at least one of the endogenous parp genes , whereby the antisense and sense rna region are capable of combining into a double stranded rna region ( preferably over a distance of at least about 100 nucleotides ). in an especially preferred embodiment , two such pcd modulating genes , one targeted to reduce the functional level of a parp protein of the nap class , and the other targeted to reduce the functional level of a parp protein of the zap class are introduced into an eukaryotic cell or organism , preferably a plant cell or plant . it is clear that the different embodiments for the transcribed dna regions of the chimeric pcd modulating genes of the invention can be used in various combinations to arrive at the goals of the invention . e . g . a first chimeric pcd modulating gene may encode a sense rna designed to reduce the expression of an endogenous parp gene of the zap class , while the second chimeric pcd modulating gene may encode a dominant negative parp mutant designed to reduce the expression of an endogenous parp gene of the nap class . whether the introduction of pcd modulating chimeric genes into eukaryotic cells will ultimately result in a moderately reduced or a severally reduced functional level of combined parp in those cells — i . e . in inhibited pcd or enhanced pcd — will usually be determined by the expression level ( either on transcriptional level or combined transcriptional / tranlational level ) of those pcd modulating genes . a major contributing factor to the expression level of the pcd modulating gene is the choice of the promoter region , although other factors ( such as , but not limited to , the choice of the 3 ′ end , the presence of introns , codon usage of the transcribed region , mrna stability , presence of consensus sequence around translation initiation site , choice of 5 ′ and 3 ′ untranslated rna regions , presence of pest sequences , the influence of chromatin structure surrounding the insertion site of a stabile integrated pcd modulating gene , copy number of the introduced pcd modulating genes , etc .) or combinations thereof will also contribute to the ultimate expression level of the pcd modulating gene . in general , it can be assumed that moderate reduction of functional levels of combined parp can be achieved by pcd modulating genes comprising a relatively weak promoter , while severe reduction of functional levels of combined parp can be achieved by pcd modulating genes comprising a relatively strong promoter . however , the expression level of a pcd modulating gene comprising a specific promoter and eventually its effect on pcd , can vary as a function of the other contributing factors , as already mentioned . for the purpose of particular embodiments of the invention , the pcd modulating chimeric genes may comprise a constitutive promoter , or a promoter which is expressed in all or the majority of the cell types throughout the organism , particularly throughout the plant , such as the promoter regions derived from the t - dna genes , particularly the opine synthase genes of agrobacterium ti - or ri - plasmids ( e . g . nos , ocs promoters ), or the promoter regions of viral genes ( such as camv35s promoters , or variants thereof ). it may be further be advantageous to control the expression of the pcd modulating gene at will or in response to environmental cues , e . g . by inclusion of an inducible promoter which can be activated by an external stimuli , such as , but not limited to application of chemical compounds ( e . g . safeners , herbicides , glucocorticoids ), light conditions , exposure to abiotic stress ( e . g . wounding , heavy metals , extreme temperatures , salinity or drought ) or biotic stress ( e . g . pathogen or pest infection including infection by fungi , viruses , bacteria , insects , nematodes , mycoplasms and mycoplasma like organisms etc .). examples of plant - expressible inducible promoters suitable for the invention are : nematode inducible promoters ( such as disclosed in wo 92 / 21757 ), fungus inducible promoters ( wo 93 / 19188 , wo 96 / 28561 ), promoters inducible after application of glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone (), or promoters repressed or activated after application of tetracyclin ( gatz et al . 1988 ; weimann et al . 1994 ) in several embodiments of the invention , particularly for the second aspect of the invention ( i . e . enhanced pcd ), it may be convenient or required to restrict the effect on programmed cell death to a particular subset of the cells of the organism , particularly of the plant , hence the pcd modulating genes may include tissue - specific or cell type - specific promoters . examples of suitable plant - expressible promoters selectively expressed in particular tissues or cell types are well known in the art and include but are not limited to seed - specific promoters ( e . g . wo89 / 03887 ), organ - primordia specific promoters ( an et al ., 1996 ), stem - specific promoters ( keller et al ., 1988 ), leaf specific promoters ( hudspeth et al ., 1989 ), mesophyl - specific promoters ( such as the light - inducible rubisco promoters ), root - specific promoters ( keller et al ., 1989 ), tuber - specific promoters ( keil et al ., 1989 ), vascular tissue specific promoters ( peleman et al ., 1989 ), meristem specific promoters ( such as the promoter of the shootmeristemless ( stm ) gene , long et al ., 1996 ), primordia specific promoter ( such as the promoter of the antirrhinum cycd3a gene , doonan et al ., 1998 ), anther specific promoters ( wo 89 / 10396 , wo9213956 , wo9213957 ) stigma - specific promoters ( wo 91 / 02068 ), dehiscence - zone specific promoters ( wo 97 / 13865 ), seed - specific promoters ( wo 89 / 03887 ) etc . preferably the chimeric pcd modulating genes of the invention are accompanied by a marker gene , preferably a chimeric marker gene comprising a marker dna that is operably linked at its 5 ′ end to a plant - expressible promoter , preferably a constitutive promoter , such as the camv 35s promoter , or a light inducible promoter such as the promoter of the gene encoding the small subunit of rubisco ; and operably linked at its 3 ′ end to suitable plant transcription 3 ′ end formation and polyadenylation signals . it is expected that the choice of the marker dna is not critical , and any suitable marker dna can be used . for example , a marker dna can encode a protein that provides a distinguishable “ color ” to the transformed plant cell , such as the a1 gene ( meyer et al ., 1987 ) or green fluorescent protein ( sheen et al ., 1995 ), can provide herbicide resistance to the transformed plant cell , such as the bar gene , encoding resistance to phosphinothricin ( ep 0 , 242 , 246 ), or can provided antibiotic resistance to the transformed cells , such as the aac ( 6 ′) gene , encoding resistance to gentamycin ( wo94 / 01560 ). methods to introduce pcd modulating chimeric genes into eukaryotic cells , particularly methods to transform plant cells are well known in the art , and are believed not to be critical for the methods of the invention . transformation results in either transient or stably transformed cells ( whereby the pcd modulating chimeric genes are stably inserted in the genome of the cell , particularly in the nuclear genome of the cell ). it is clear that the methods and means described in this invention to alter the programmed cell death in eukaryotic cells and organisms , particularly in plant cells and plants , has several important application possibilities . inhibition of pcd by the methods and means of the invention , can be used to relieve the stress imposed upon the cells , particularly the plant cells , during transformation and thus to increase transformation efficiency , as described in wo 97 / 06267 . inhibition of pcd can also be used to improve cell culture of eukaryotic cells , particularly of plant cells . triggering of pcd in particular cell types using the means and methods of the invention , can be used for methods which call upon the use of a cytotoxin . since pcd is the “ natural ” way for cells to die , the use of pcd enhancing chimeric genes of the invention constitutes an improvement over the use of other cytotoxic genes such as rnase or diptheria toxin genes which lead to cell lysis . moreover , low - level expression of pcd enhancing genes in cells different than the targeted cells , will lead to a moderate reduction instead of a severe reduction of parp activity in those cells , thus actually inhibiting pcd in non - target cells . for plants , preferred applications of pcd enhancing chimeric genes include , but are not limited to : 1 . the generation of plants protected against fungus infection , whereby the pcd enhancing chimeric gene or genes comprise a fungus - responsive promoter as described in wo 93 / 19188 or wo 96 / 28561 . 2 . the generation of nematode resistant plants , whereby the pcd enhancing chimeric gene or genes comprise a nematode inducible promoters such as disclosed in wo 92 / 21757 3 . the generation of male or female sterile plants , whereby the pcd enhancing chimeric gene or genes comprise anther - specific promoters ( such as disclosed in wo 89 / 10396 , wo9213956 , wo9213957 ) or stigma - specific promoters ( such as disclosed in wo 91 / 02068 ) 4 . the generation of plants with improved seed shatter characteristics whereby the pcd enhancing chimeric gene or genes comprise dehiscence zone - specific promoters ( such as disclosed in wo 97 / 13865 ). although it is clear that the invention can be applied essentially to all plant species and varieties , the invention will be especially suited to alter programmed cell death in plants with a commercial value . particularly preferred plants to which the invention can be applied are corn , oil seed rape , linseed , wheat , grasses , alfalfa , legumes , a brassica vegetable , tomato , lettuce , cotton , rice , barley , potato , tobacco , sugar beet , sunflower , and ornamental plants such as carnation , chrysanthemum , roses , tulips and the like . the obtained transformed plant can be used in a conventional breeding scheme to produce more transformed plants with the same characteristics or to introduce the chimeric cell - division controlling gene of the invention in other varieties of the same or related plant species . seeds obtained from the transformed plants contain the pcd modulating gene of the invention as a stable genomic insert . the following non - limiting examples describe the construction of chimeric apoptosis controlling genes and the use of such genes for the modulation of the programmed cell death in eukaryotic cells and organisms . unless stated otherwise in the examples , all recombinant dna techniques are carried out according to standard protocols as described in sambrook et al . ( 1989 ) molecular cloning : a laboratory manual , second edition , cold spring harbor laboratory press , ny and in volumes 1 and 2 of ausubel et al . ( 1994 ) current protocols in molecular biology , current protocols , usa . standard materials and methods for plant molecular work are described in plant molecular biology labfax ( 1993 ) by r . d . d . croy , jointly published by bios scientific publications ltd ( uk ) and blackwell scientific publications , uk . throughout the description and examples , reference is made to the following sequences : seq id no 1 : dna sequence of the zap gene of zea mays ( zap1 ) seq id no 2 : protein sequence of the zap protein of zea mays ( zap1 ) seq id no 3 : dna sequence of the nap gene of zea mays ( nap ) seq id no 4 : protein sequence of the nap protein of zea mays ( nap ) seq id no 5 : dna sequence of the nap gene of arabidopsis thaliana ( app ) seq id no 6 : protein sequence of the nap protein of arabidopsis thaliana ( app ) seq id no 7 : consensus sequence for the a domain of non - conventional parp proteins seq id no 8 : consensus sequence for the a1 domain of non - conventional parp proteins seq id no 9 : consensus sequence for the a2 domain of non - conventional parp proteins seq id no 10 : dna sequence of the second zap gene of zea mays ( zap2 ) seq id no 11 : protein sequence of the zap protein of zea mays ( zap2 ) seq id no 12 : amino acid sequence of a fusion protein between the dna binding domain of app and the gus protein the following free text has been used in the sequence listing part of this application & lt ; 223 & gt ; description of artificial sequence : a 1 domain on non conventional parp protein & lt ; 223 & gt ; description of artificial sequence : a 2 domain of non - conventional parp protein & lt ; 223 & gt ; description of artificial sequence : fusion protein between app n - terminal domain and gus protein & lt ; 223 & gt ; description of artificial sequence : app promoter fusion with beta - glucuronidase gene [ 0131 ] saccharomyces cerevisiae strain dy ( mata his3 can1 - 10 ade2 leu2 trp1 ura3 ::( 3xsv40 ap1 - lacz ) ( kuge and jones , 1994 ) was used for the expression of the app protein . yeast transformation was carried out according to dohmen et al . ( 1991 ). strains were grown on a minimal sdc medium ( 0 . 67 % yeast nitrogen base , 0 . 37 % casamino acids , 2 % glucose , 50 mg l − 1 of adenine and 40 mg l − 1 of tryptophan ). for the induction of the app expression , glucose in sdc was substituted with 2 % galactose . [ 0132 ] escherichia coli strain xl - i ( stratagene , la jolla , calif .) was used for the plasmid manipulations and library screenings , which were carried out according to standard procedures ( ausubel et al ., 1987 ; sambrook et al ., 1989 ). e . coli bl21 ( studier and moffat , 1986 ) was used for the app protein expression and agrobacterium tumefaciens c58c1rif r ( pgv2260 ) ( deblaere et al ., 1985 ) for the stable transformation of plants . enzymatic activity of the app was assayed in total protein extracts of yeast strains prepared as follows . dy ( pv8spa ) or dy ( pyedp1 / 8 - 2 ) were grown in 50 ml of sdc medium overnight at 30 ° c . on a gyratory shaker at 150 rpm . yeast cells were harvested by centrifugation at 1 , 000 × g , washed three times with 150 ml of 0 . 1m potassium phosphate buffer ( ph 6 . 5 ), and resuspended in 5 ml of sorbitol buffer ( 1 . 2m sorbitol , 0 . 12m k 2 hpo 4 , 0 . 033m citric acid , ph 5 . 9 ). lyticase ( boehringer , mannheim , germany ) was added to the cell suspension to a final concentration of 30 u ml − 1 and cells were incubated at 30 ° c . for 1 h . yeast spheroplasts were then washed three times with sorbitol buffer and resuspended in 2 ml of ice - cold lysis buffer ( 100 mm tris - hcl , ph 7 . 5 , 400 mm nacl , 1 mm edta , 10 % glycerol , 1 mm dtt ). after sonication , the lysate was centrifuged at 20 , 000 × g for 20 min at 4 ° c . and the supernatant was desalted on a econo - pack ™ 10 dg column ( bio - rad , richmond , calif .) equilibrated with reaction buffer ( 100 mm tris - hcl , ph 8 . 0 , 10 mm mgcl 2 , 1 mm dtt ). to reduce proteolytic degradation of proteins , the lysis and reaction buffers were supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail ( boehringer ), one tablet per 50 ml . nucleic acids were removed from the total extracts by adding nacl and protamine sulfate to a final concentration of 600 mm and 10 mg ml − 1 , respectively . after incubation at room temperature for 10 min , the precipitate was removed by centrifugation at 20 , 000 × g for 15 min at 4 ° c . the buffer of the supernatant was exchanged for the reaction buffer by gel filtration on an econo - pack ™ 10 dg column . the assay for the synthesis of poly ( adp - ribose ) was adapted from collinge and althaus ( 1994 ). approximately 500 μg of total yeast protein were incubated in a reaction buffer supplemented with 30 μci of 32 p - nad + ( 500 ci mmol − 1 ), unlabeled nad + to a final concentration of 60 μm , and 10 μg ml − 1 sonicated salmon sperm dna . after incubation for 40 min at room temperature , 500 μl of the stop buffer ( 200 mm tris - hcl , ph 7 . 6 , 0 . 1m nacl , 5 mm edta , 1 % na + - n - lauroyl - sarcosine , and 20 μg ml − 1 proteinase k ) were added and reactions incubated at 37 ° c . overnight . after phenol and phenol / chloroform extractions , polymers were precipitated with 2 . 5 volumes of ethanol with 0 . 1m naac ( ph 5 . 2 ). the pellet was washed with 70 % ethanol , dried , and dissolved in 70 % formamide , 10 mm edta , 0 . 01 % bromophenol blue , and 0 . 01 % xylene cyanol . samples were heated at 80 ° c . for 10 min and then loaded onto a 12 % polyacrylamide / 6m urea sequencing gel . gels were dried on 3mm paper ( whatman international , maidstone , uk ) and exposed either to kodak x - omat x - ray film ( eastman kodak , richmond , n . y .) or scanned using a phosphorlmager ™ 445si ( molecular dynamics , sunnyvale , calif .). a truncated app cdna encoding an app polypeptide from amino acids met 310 to his 637 was expressed as a translation fusion with six histidine residues at the n terminus after induction of a 500 - ml culture of the e . coli bl21 ( petδndespa ) with 1 mm isopropyl - β - d - thiogalactopyranoside . the app polypeptide was purified to near homogeneity by affinity chromatography under denaturing conditions ( in the presence of 6m guanidinium hydrochloride ) on a ni 2 + - nta - agarose column , according to the manufacturer &# 39 ; s protocol ( qiagen , chatsworth , calif .). after dialysis against pbs , a mixture of the soluble and insoluble app polypeptides was used to immunize two new zealand white rabbits following a standard immunization protocol ( harlow and lane , 1988 ). for the western blot analysis , proteins were resolved by denaturing sds - page ( sambrook et al ., 1989 ; harlow and lane , 1988 ) and transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes ( hybond - c ; amersham ), using a semi - dry blotter ii ( kem - en - tec , copenhagen , denmark ). in situ antigen localization in yeast cells was carried out as described ( harlow and lane , 1988 ). for the localization of the app protein in yeast spheroplasts , anti - app serum was diluted 1 : 3 , 000 to 1 : 5 , 000 in tris - buffered saline - bsa buffer . 10h monoclonal antibody , which specifically recognizes poly ( adp - ribose ) polymer ( ikajima et al ., 1990 ) was used in a 1 : 100 dilution in pbs buffer . the mouse antibody were detected with the sheep anti - mouse igg f ( ab ′) 2 fragment conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate ( fitc ) ( sigma ) at a dilution of 1 : 200 . rabbit igg was detected with cy - 3 conjugated sheep anti - rabbit igg sheep f ( ab ′) 2 fragment ( sigma ), at a dilution of 1 : 200 . for the visualization of dna , slides were incubated for 1 min in pbs with 10 μg ml − 1 of 4 ′, 6 - diamidino - 2 - phenylindole ( dapi ; sigma ). fluorescence imaging was performed on an axioskop epifluorescence microscope ( zeiss , jena , germany ). for observation of fitc and cy - 3 fluorochromes , 23 and 15 filter cubes were used , respectively . cells were photographed with fuji color - 100 super plus film . [ 0140 ] nicotiana tabacum sr1 ( maliga et al ., 1975 ) was used for the generation of stable transformants following the procedure of leaf disc cocultivation ( de block et al ., 1987 ) with a . tumefaciens c58c1 rif r ( pgv2260 ; pgcnspagus ). n . tabacum sr1 line transformed with authentic gus under the control of the 35s camv was used as a control . arabidopsis thaliana ecotype columbia was used for the transformation of the app - promoter - gus fusion following the in situ infiltration procedure . for in situ histochemical staining of the gus activity , plant samples were fixed in ice - cold 90 % acetone for 30 min , washed in 0 . 1m k 2 hpo 4 ( ph 7 . 8 ), and then incubated in staining buffer ( 0 . 1m k 2 hpo 4 , ph 7 . 8 , 2 mm x - gluc , 20 mm fe 3 + - edta ) at 37 ° c . stained plant tissues were stored in 70 % ethanol at 4 ° c . when necessary , browning of tissues due to phenolic oxidation was reduced by incubation with lactophenol ( beeckman and engler , 1994 ). the gus staining was examined under a jenalumar light microscope ( zeiss ). plant tissues were photographed with fuji color - 100 super plus film . the plasmid construction steps were routinely verified by dna sequencing carried out according to protocols provided by usb biochemicals ( cleveland , ohio ). 32 p - labeled dna probes for nucleic acid hybridization were synthesized by the ready - prime dna labelling kit ( amersham ). for dna and rna hybridization experiments , the buffer system of church and gilbert ( 1984 ) was used ( 0 . 25m sodium phosphate , ph 7 . 2 , 7 % sds , 1 % bsa , 1 mm edta ). for western blot analysis , yeast total proteins were extracted with phenol essentially as described for plant tissues ( hurkman and tanaka , 1986 ). for northern blot analysis , total yeast rna was extracted with hot phenol as described ( ausubel et al ., 1987 ). rna was resolved on 1 . 5 % agarose gels after denaturation with glyoxal ( sambrook et al ., 1989 ). hybond - n nylon filters ( amersham ) were used for the nucleic acid blotting . with the purpose of isolating maize cdna encoding parp homologue ( s ) two approaches were followed . first , a maize cdna library was screened under low - stringency dna - dna hybridization conditions using a dna probe prepared from the arabidopsis app cdna . secondly , pcr amplification of part of the maize parp was performed , using the first - strand cdna as a template and two degenerate primers , designed on the basis of the sequence of the “ parp signature ”, the most conserved amino acid sequence between all known parp proteins . a λzap ( stratagene ) cdna library from leaves of maize ( zea mays l . ), inbred line b734 . plaques ( 500 , 000 ) were screened according to standard procedures ( sambrook et al ., 1989 ). after screening with the arabidopsis app probe , one non - full - length cdna of 1 . 4 kbp was purified . after the initial cdna library screening with the app probe and a subsequent 5 ′ rapid amplification of cdna ends ( race ) pcr analysis , the nap gene , a maize homologue of the arabidopsis app , was identified . for the 5 ′ race pcr , the template was prepared with the marathon kit ( clontech , palo alto , calif .) and 0 . 5 μg of maize poly ( a ) + rna isolated from inner sheath , outer sheath , and leaves of 1 - week - old maize seedlings . the gene - specific , nested primers for pcr amplification were 5 ′- gggaccatgtagtttatcttgacct - 3 ′ ( seq id no 15 ) and 5 ′- gacctcgtaccccaactcttccccat - 3 ′ ( seq id no 16 ) for nap primers . the amplified pcr products were subcloned and sequenced . a fragment of 800 bp was amplified with nap - specific primers which allowed to reconstruct the 2295 - bp - long sequence of nap cdna ( seq id no 3 ). the nap protein was 653 amino acids long ( molecular mass ˜ 73 kda ; seq id no 4 ) and highly similar ( 61 % sequence identity and 69 % similarity ) to the app . most importantly , nap had an organization of the n - terminus congruent to app ( fig1 a ), suggesting a rather strict selection pressure on the structure of app - like proteins in plants . the nap gene was unique in the maize genome ( fig2 a ) and encoded a transcript of 2 . 4 kb ( fig2 c ). using degenerate primers based on very highly conserved regions in the “ parp signature ” and first - strand cdna from zea mays as a template , a 310 - bp fragment was amplified . for the pcr with degenerate primers 5 ′- ccgaattcggntayatgttyggnaa - 3 ′ ( seq id no 13 ) and 5 ′- ccgaattcacnatrtaytcrttrta - 3 ′ ( seq id no 14 ) with y = c / t ; r = a / g ; n = a / g / c / t ), the first strand cdna was used as a template and was synthesized using 5 μg of poly ( a ) + rna from young maize leaves and mumlv reverse transcriptase . pcr amplifications were performed with taq dna polymerase in 100 μl volume using the following conditions : 1 min at 95 ° c ., 2 min at 45 ° c ., 3 min at 72 ° c ., followed by 38 cycles of 1 min at 95 ° c ., 2 min at 45 ° c ., 3 min at 72 ° c ., with a final incubation for 10 min at 72 ° c . the sequence of the 310 bp fragment showed 55 % sequence identity and 64 % sequence similarity with human parp over the same region , but was , however , different from the sequence of the nap cdna . three zap cdnas were identified after screening with the 310 - bp fragment , which was obtained by pcr with degenerate primers . these three purified cdna were all derived from the same transcript because they had identical 3 ′ non - coding regions ; the longest clone (# 9 ) was sequenced on both strands ( seq id no 1 ). this cdna encoded a parp - homologous polypeptide of 689 amino acids ( seq id no 2 ; molecular mass ˜ 109 kda ), which we designated as zap1 ( fig1 b ). the first zn - finger of zap1 was probably nonfunctional because it had the sequence ckscxxxhasv , which included no third cysteine residue . 5 ′ race pcr analysis of zap transcripts from the maize line lg2080 ( the screened cdna library was made from the inbred line b734 ) was performed as described above using the following zap specific primers 5 ′- aagtcgacgcggccgccacacctagtgccaggtcag - 3 ′ ( seq id no 17 ) and 5 ′- atctcaattgtacatttctcagga - 3 ′ ( seq id no 18 ). a 450 - bp pcr product was obtained after pcr with zap - specific primers . eight independent , because of their slight differences in lengths at their 5 ′ ends , 5 ′ race pcr fragments generated with zap - specific primers were sequenced . in all the transcripts from the lg2080 maize plants , there was an insertion of additional sequence in the coding region , which made the zap protein longer by 11 amino acids ( 980 amino acids , molecular mass ˜ 110 . 4 kda ). the zn - finger i of zap2 was standard and read ckscxxxharc ( fig1 b ; seq id no 11 ). the sequence difference may be due either to differences between maize varieties , to the expression of two homologous genes , or to alternative splicing . in fact , maize may have at least two zap genes ( fig2 b ), which encode a transcript of 3 . 4 - 3 . 5 kb ( fig2 d ). the dna gel blot experiment with a probe prepared from the zap cdna showed that homologous genes were present in arabidopsis . structurally zap was very similar to parp from animals . it had a well conserved dna - binding domain composed of two zn - fingers ( 36 % identity and 45 % similarity to the dna - binding domain of mouse parp ). even higher homology was shown by comparing only the sequences of the zn - fingers , ala 1 - phe 162 in the mouse enzyme ( 44 % identity and 54 % similarity ), or a subdomain downstream from the nuclear localization signal ( nls ), leu 237 - ser 360 in mouse parp ( 40 % identity and 50 % similarity ). whereas the bipartite nuclear localization signal characteristic of mammalian parp could not be identified in zap , the sequence krkk fitted a monopartite nls ( fig1 b ). the putative automodification domain was poorly conserved and was shorter in zap than in mouse parp . the compilation of the homology of the catalytic dmains between zap , nap , app and mouse parp is shown in fig2 . it should be noted that the nad + - binding domain of zap was more similar to the mammalian enzyme ( 48 % identity ) than to that of app and nap ( 40 % and 42 % sequence identity , respectively ), whereas app and nap were 68 % identical and 76 % similar in their catalytic domain . demonstration that non - conventional parp protein has a dna - dependent poly ( adp - ribose ) polymerase activity a more detailed study of the app protein ( expressed in yeast ) was performed to understand the activity of parp - like proteins from the nap class . the choice of yeast as the organism for the expression and enzymatic analysis of the arabidopsis app protein was made for a number of reasons . as an eukaryote , saccharomyces cerevisiae is better suited for the expression of native proteins from other eukaryotic organisms , and unlike most other eukaryotic cells , it does not possess endogenous parp activity ( lindahl et al ., 1995 ). the full - length app cdna was placed in pyedp1 / 8 - 2 under the control of a galactose - inducible yeast promoter in the following way , the full - length app cdna was excised from pc3 ( lepiniec et al ., 1995 ) as an xhol - ecorl fragment . the ends were filled in with the klenow fragment of dna polymerase i , and the fragment was subcloned into the smal site of the yeast expression vector pyedp1 / 8 - 2 ( cullin and pompon , 1988 ). the resulting expression vector pv8spa ( fig4 a ) was transformed into s . cerevisiae strain dy . for app expression in e . coli , the complete coding region of the app cdna was pcr amplified with pfu dna polymerase ( stratagene ), using the primers 5 ′- aggatcccatggcgaacaagctcaaagtgac - 3 ′ ( seq id no 19 ) and 5 ′- aggatccttagtgcttgtagttgaat - 3 ′ ( seq id no 20 ), and subcloned as a bamhi fragment into pet19b ( novagene , madison , wis . ), resulting in petspa . the expression of the full - length app in e . coli bl21 from petspa was very poor . to obtain better expression , petspa was digested with ncol and ndel or with smal , the ends were filled in by the klenow fragment of dna polymerase i , and the plasmids were then self - ligated . of the resulting plasmids petδndespa and petδsmaspa , only petδndespa gave satisfactory expression of the truncated app polypeptide ( met 310 to his 637 ) in e . coli bl21 . the expression of the app in yeast was verified by northern and western blot analysis . ( fig4 ) as the promoter in pv8spa is inactive when cells are grown on glucose and derepressed on galactose - containing media , the expression was expected to be tightly regulated by the carbon source . however , northern blot analysis of rna and immunoblot analysis of proteins in dy ( pv8spa ) as compared to the control dy strain containing the empty vector , showed that app mrna and app protein were expressed in yeast even when grown on glucose - containing media ( fig4 b , lane 2 ). the peculiarity of the expression observed on glucose - containing medium was that both app mrna and app protein were shorter than the ones detected after induction with galactose ( compare lanes 2 and 4 in fig4 b ). the app polypeptide with the higher molecular weight , ( apparently a full - length protein ) was only detected on galactose - containing medium , although such cells also expressed the truncated mrna and protein . the most probable explanation for this finding is that when the dy ( pv8spa ) strain is grown on glucose , there is a leaky expression from the expression cassette , with transcription beginning 200 - 300 bp downstream from the transcription start observed after galactose induction . this shorter mrna probably does not code for the first methiorine ( met 1 ) of app and , therefore , translation is initiated at met 72 . this would explain the observed difference of − 5 kda ( calculated difference being 7 . 5 kda ) in the molecular masses of the app polypeptides from strains grown on glucose or on galactose . the possibility that the differences in molecular masses may be attributed to self - modification through poly ( adp - ribos ) ylation was ruled out by growing strains in the presence of parp inhibitors , such as 3aba and nicotinamide ( fig4 b , compare lanes 6 and 8 to lane 4 ). to detect the synthesis of poly ( adp - ribose ), total proteins were extracted from yeast strains grown under different conditions and incubated in the presence of radioactively labeled nad + . to prevent synthesis of poly ( adp - ribose ) and possible automodification of the app in vivo , strains were also grown in the presence of 3aba , a reversible inhibitor of parp , which was subsequently removed from the protein extracts during desalting . fig5 shows that poly ( adp - ribose ) is synthesized by protein extracts of dy ( pv8spa ) grown on galactose ( fig5 a , lanes 1 and 2 ), but not by a strain containing the empty vector ( fig5 a , lane 4 ). it can also be seen that arabidopsis app could synthesize polymers up to 40 residues in length ( fig5 a , lane 1 ) with the majority of the radioactivity being incorporated into 10 - 15 - mer . this observation is consistent with the polymer sizes detected by other authors ( chen et al ., 1994 ). more radioactivity was incorporated into polymer when the yeast strain was grown with 3aba than without ( fig5 a , lane 1 compared to lane 2 ); the reason might be that either the app extracted from inhibited cultures was less automodified ( it is believed that automodification inhibits the activity of parp ) or the labeled nad + was used by the enzyme from the uninhibited culture for the extension of existing polymer , resulting in a lower specific activity overall . under the same reaction conditions poly ( adp - ribose ) synthesized by human parp , either in reaction buffer alone or in the presence of a yeast total protein extract from dy ( pyedp1 / 8 - 2 ) ( fig5 a , lanes 5 and 6 , respectively ), showed much longer chains , possibly up to 400 - mer ( de murcia and ménissier de murcia , 1994 ). the stimulation of enzymatic activity by nicked dna is a well known property of parp from animals ( alvarez - gonzalez and althaus , 1989 ). we therefore tested whether the activity of the app protein was dna dependent . after removal of yeast nucleic acids ( dna , rna ) and some basic proteins from the galactose - grown dy ( pv8spa ) protein extract the synthesis of poly ( adp - ribose ) was analyzed in the presence of increasing concentrations of sonicated salmon sperm dna . as can be seen in fig5 b , there was a direct correlation between the amount of dna present in the reaction and the incorporation of 32 p - nad + . scanning of the phosphor - images indicated that ˜ 6 - fold more radioactivity was incorporated into poly ( adp - ribose ) in the reaction mixture containing 40 μg ml − 1 of dna than into that with 2 μg ml − 1 of dna ( fig5 b , lanes 4 and 2 , respectively ). the synthesis of the polymer was sensitive to 3aba in the reaction mix ( fig5 b , lane 5 ). in animal cells parp activity is localized in the nucleus ( schreiber et al ., 1992 ). the intracellular localization , if nuclear , of app could provide an important additional indication that app is a bona fide plant parp . to this end , the localization of the app polypeptides in yeast cells was analyzed using anti - app antisera . the app polypeptide synthesized in yeast grown on galactose was found mainly in the nucleus . this localization was unaffected by the presence in the media of the parp inhibitors . in addition , we tested whether app was constitutively active in yeast cells , as has been reported for the human parp ( collinge and althaus , 1994 ). here , fixed yeast spheroplasts were incubated with monoclonal 10h antibody , which specifically recognizes poly ( adp - ribose ) polymers ( kawamitsu et al ., 1984 ). a positive yellowish - green fluorescence signal with 10h antibody was localized in the nucleus and was observed only in dy ( pv8spa ) cells grown on galactose . positive staining was greatly reduced in cells grown in the presence of the parp inhibitors , 3aba and nicotinamide . to identify the intracellular localization of app in plant cells , a widely adopted approach in plant studies was used , i . e ., the examination of the subcellular location of a fusion protein formed between the protein in question and a reporter gene , once the protein fusion was produced in transgenic plants or transfected cells ( citovsky et al ., 1994 ; sakamoto and nagatani , 1996 ; terzaghi et al ., 1997 ; von arnim and deng , 1994 ). an n - terminal translational fusion of gus with the part of the app polypeptide extending from the met 1 to pro 407 was made . the translational fusion of app with bacterial gus was constructed as follows . plasmid petspa was cut with smal , treated with alkaline phosphatase , and ligated to a blunted ncoi - xbal fragment from pgus1 ( plant genetic systems n . v ., gent , belgium ). the ligation mix was transformed into e . coli xl - i and cells were plated onto lb medium supplemented with 0 . 1 mm isopropyl - β - d - thiogalactopyranoside , 40 μg ml − 1 5 - bromo - 4 - chloro - 3 - indolyl - β - d - glucuronide , and 100 μg ml − 1 of ampicillin . in this way , petspagus was selected as blue colonies . the expression in e . coli of the ˜ 110 - kda fusion protein was confirmed by in situ gus activity gels ( lee et al ., 1995 ). the app - gus fusion was placed under the control of the 35s promoter of the camv ( the klenow - blunted bamhi fragment from petspagus was subcloned into smal - digested pjd330 ; gallie and walbot , 1992 ) and the resulting expression cassette was subcloned as an xbal fragment into the xbal site of the pcgn1547 binary vector ( mcbride and summerfelt , 1990 ) to give pgcnspagus . the pgcnspagus was finally introduced into a . tumefaciens c58c1rif r ( pgv2260 ) by the freezing - thawing transformation procedure . expression of the fusion protein was verified in e . coli . the chimeric cdna under the control of the 35s camv promoter was stably integrated into the tobacco genome . progeny from four independent transgenic tobacco plants were analyzed for the subcellular distribution of the gus activity after in situ histochemical staining ( jefferson et al ., 1987 ). in 2 - day - old seedlings gus activity could be detected in cotyledons and in roots , but not in hypocotyls or root tips . because of the transparency of root tissues , gus staining was clearly localized in the nuclei of root hairs and epidermal cells . additionally , some diffuse , non - localized staining of other root cells was seen , in particular along the vascular cylinders . this non - nuclear gus staining was more pronounced in leaf tissues . whereas young true leaves or cotyledons displayed intense blue staining of the nuclei , there was also some diffuse staining of the cytoplasm . in fully expanded leaves , however , gus stainig became homogenous and similar to the staining of control plants transformed with gus under the control of the camv 35s promoter , in which gus was expressed in the cytoplasm . eventually , older leaves or cotyledons exhibited practically no histochemically detectable gus activity , with the exception of the vascular bundles , where the gus staining could not be confined to any particular cell compartment . deficiency in dna ligase i induces expression of the app gene parp in animal cells is one of the most abundant nuclear proteins and its activity is regulated by allosteric changes in the protein upon binding to damaged dna . we found that the app gene in arabidopsis had a rather low level of expression , suggesting that transcriptional activation of this gene might be essential for app function in vivo . to test this hypothesis , the expression of the app gene was studied during in vivo genome destabilization caused by a dna ligase i deficiency . a t - dna insertion mutation , line sk1b2 , in the arabidopsis dna ligase i gene was isolated previously ( babiychuk et al ., 1997 ). the mutation is lethal in the homozygous state , but the mutant allele shows normal transmission through the gametes . we therefore expected that cells homozygous for the mutation would die due to incomplete dna synthesis during the s phase of the cell cycle , soon after the fertilization of the mutant embryo sac with mutant pollen . an app promoter - gus translational fusion , in which the coding region of gus was fused in - frame with the first five amino acids of app and 2 kb of app 5 ′ flanking sequences was constructed ( seq id no 21 ). the gene encoding the fusion protein was transformed into arabidopsis . after two back - crosses to a wild type , heterozygous plants transformed with app promoter - gus were crossed with arabidopsis line sk1b2 . the inflorescences of the control plants and plants heterozygous for the ligase mutation were stained for the activity of gus . the gus staining pattern mostly detected in aging tissues probably reflects the expression of the app gene , although we have no firm evidence that all of the regulatory sequences were present in the constructs used . this pattern was the same both in the inflorescences of control plants , not carrying the mutant ligase gene and plants heterozygous for a mutation . approximately one - fourth of the ovules in the mutant plants with the fusion protein are gus positive . closer microscopical examination showed that in the gus - positive ovules only the gametophyte was stained . the only difference between the control plants and the mutant plant was a mutation in a dna ligase gene . we therefore conclude that the app gene is induced because of either the accumulation of dna breaks , or the death of the mutant embryo sacs fertilized with mutant pollen . gus staining of embryo sacs was found to appear within 24 h aftepollination , or therefore very soon after fertilization . construction of pcd modulating chimeric genes and introduction of the t - dna vectors comprising such pcd modulating genes in an agrobacterium strain using standard recombinant dna procedures , the following dna regions are operably linked , as schematically outlined in fig6 ( constructs 1 and 5 ): a zap encoding dna region ( about complete ) ( the arabidopsis thaliana homologue to seq id no 10 , isolated by hybridization ) about 500 bp of the 5 ′ end of the zap2 encoding dna region in inverse orientation an app encoding dna region ( about complete ) ( seq id no 5 ) about 500 bp of the 5 ′ end of the app encoding dna region in inverse orientation using standard recombinant dna procedures , the following dna regions are operably linked , as schematically outlined in fig6 ( constructs 2 and 6 ): a zap encoding dna region ( about complete ) ( the arabidopsis thaliana homologue to seq id no 10 , isolated by hybridization ) about 500 bp of the 5 ′ end of the zap2 encoding dna region in inverse orientation an app encoding dna region ( about complete ) ( seq id no 5 ) about 500 bp of the 5 ′ end of the app encoding dna region in inverse orientation using standard recombinant dna procedures , the following dna regions are operably linked , as schematically outlined in fig6 ( constructs 3 and 7 ): a zap encoding dna region ( about complete ) ( the arabidopsis thaliana homologue to seq id no 10 , isolated by hybridization ) about 500 bp of the 5 ′ end of the zap2 encoding dna region in inverse orientation an app encoding dna region ( about complete ) ( seq id no 5 ) about 500 bp of the 5 ′ end of the app encoding dna region in inverse orientation using standard recombinant dna procedures , the following dna regions are operably linked , as schematically outlined in fig6 ( constructs 4 and 8 ): a zap encoding dna region ( about complete ) ( the arabidopsis thaliana homologue to seq id no 10 , isolated by hybridization ) about 500 bp of the 5 ′ end of the zap2 encoding dna region in inverse orientation an app encoding dna region ( about complete ) ( seq id no 5 ) about 500 bp of the 5 ′ end of the app encoding dna region in inverse orientation using standard recombinant dna procedures , the following dna regions are operably linked , as schematically outlined in fig6 : a 3 ′ end region of a nopaline synthase gene ( depicker et al ., 1982 ) a 3 ′ end region of a nopaline synthase gene ( depicker et al ., 1982 ) 3 . 6 . construction of the t - dna vectors comprising the pcd modulating chimeric genes using appropriate restriction enzymes , the chimeric pcd modulating genes described under 3 . 1 to 3 . 5 are excised and introduced in the polylinker between the t - dna borders of a t - dna vector derived from pgsv5 ( wo 97 / 13865 ) together with either the gat marker gene or the bar marker gene . the resulting t - dna vectors are schematically represented in fig6 . the t - dna vectors are introduced in agrobacterium tumefaciens c58c1rif ( pgv4000 ) by electroporation as described by walkerpeach and velten ( 1995 ) and transformants are selected using spectinomycin and streptomycin . agrobacterium - mediated transformation of arabidopsis thaliana with the t - dna vectors of example 3 the agrobacterium strains are used to transform arabidopsis thaliana var . c24 applying the root transformation method as described by valvekens et al . ( 1992 ). the explants are coinfected with the agrobacteria strains containing the dsrna - app respectively the dsrna - zap constructs . the dsrna - app constructs are used in combination with the pact : bar gene . the dsrna - zap constructs are used in combination with the pact : gat gene . transformants are selected for phosphinothricin resistance . the regenerated rooted transgenic lines are tested for the presence of the other t - dna by screening for kanamycin resistance . transgenic lines containing both t - dna &# 39 ; s are transfered to the greenhouse . the phenotype of the t0 - transgenic lines is scored and the t1 - generations are studied further in more detail . agrobacterium - mediated transformation of brassica napus with the t - dna vectors of example 3 the agrobacterium strains are used to transform the brassica napus var . n90 - 740 applying the hypocotyl transformation method essentially as described by de block et al . ( 1989 ), except for the following modifications : hypocotyl explants are precultured for 1 day on a2 medium [ ms , 0 . 5 g / l mes ( ph5 . 7 ), 1 . 2 % glucose , 0 . 5 % agarose , 1 mg / l 2 , 4 - d , 0 . 25 mg / l naphthalene acetic acid ( naa ) and 1 mg / l 6 - benzylaminopurine ( bap )]. infection medium a3 is ms , 0 . 5 g / l mes ( ph5 . 7 ), 1 . 2 % glucose , 0 . 1 mg / l naa , 0 . 75 mg / l bap and 0 . 01 mg / l gibberellinic acid ( ga3 ). selection medium a5g is ms , 0 . 5 g / l mes ( ph5 . 7 ), 1 . 2 % glucose , 40 mg / l adenine . so 4 , 0 . 5 g / l polyvinylpyrrolidone ( pvp ), 0 . 5 % agarose , 0 . 1 mg / l naa , 0 . 75 mg / l bap , 0 . 01 mg / l ga3 , 250 mg / l carbenicillin , 250 mg / l triacillin , 5 mg / l agno 3 for three weeks . after this period selection is continued on a5j medium ( similar a a5g but with 3 % sucrose ) regeneration medium a6 is ms , 0 . 5 g / l mes ( ph5 . 7 ), 2 % sucrose , 40 mg / l adenine . so 4 , 0 . 5 g / l pvp , 0 . 5 % agarose , 0 . 0025 mg / l bap and 250 mg / l triacillin . healthy shoots are transferred to rooting medium which wa a9 : half concentrated ms , 1 . 5 % sucrose ( ph5 . 8 ), 100 mg / l triacillin , 0 . 6 % agar in 1 liter vessels . for introducing both the dsrna - app and the dsrna - zap t - dna constructs into a same plant cell the co - transformation method is applied , essentially as described by de block and debrouwer ( 1991 ). transformed plant lines are selected on phosphinothricin containing medium after which the presence of the second t - dna is screened by testing the regenerated rooted shoots for kanamycin resistance . in the co - transformation experiments , the dsrna - app construct are used in combination with the pact : bar gene . the dsrna - zap constructs are used in combination with the pact : gat gene . transgenic lines containing both t - dna &# 39 ; s are transfered to the greenhouse . the phenotype of the t0 - transgenic lines is scored and the t1 - generations are studied further in more detail . ms medium , 0 . 5 g / l mes ( ph 5 . 8 ), 3 % sucrose , 40 mg / l adenine - so 4 , 0 . 5 % agarose , 1 mg / l 2 , 4 - d , 0 . 25 mg / l naa , 1 mg / l bap seeds are soaked in 70 % ethanol for 2 min , then surface - sterilized for 15 min in a sodium hypochlorite solution ( with about 6 % active chlorine ) containing 0 . 1 % tween20 . finally , the seeds are rinsed with 1 l of sterile destilled water . put 7 seeds / 1 l vessel ( weck ) containing about 75 ml of sowing medium . the seeds are germinated at 23 ° c . and 30 μeinstein / s − 1 m − 2 with a daylength of 16 h . 12 - 14 days after sowing , the hypocotyls are cut in about 7 mm segments . 25 hypocotyls / optilux petridisch ( falcon s1005 ) the hypocotyl explants are cultured for 4 days on medium a2s at 23 - 25 ° c . ( at 30 μeinstein / s − 1 m − 2 ). [ 0268 ] p . s . : about 150 - 300 hypocotyl explants / line are needed to cary out the asssay transfer the hypocotyl explants to optilux petridishes ( falcon s1005 ) containing 30 ml of incubation medium . incubate for about 20 hours at 24 ° c . in the dark . incubate for about 1 hour in the dark at 26 ° c . ( no end reaction !) p . s . : reduced ttc - h is not stable keep in the dark and measure o . d . 485 as soon as possible comparison of the ttc - reducing capacities between samples of different independent experiments can be done by setting the ttc - reducing capacity of n90 - 740 in the different experiment at 100 %. lines with a high ttc - reducing capacity are vigorous , while lines with a low ttc - reducing capacity are weak . 10 min . bleach ( 6 % active chlorine )+ 1 drop tween 20 for 20 ml solution p . s . : sterilization is done in 2 ml eppendorf tubes arabidopsis seeds sink to the bottom of the tube , allowing removal of the liquids by means of a 1 ml pipetman seeds are sown in ‘ intergrid tissue culture disks of falcon ’ ( nr . 3025 ) containing ± 100 ml of plant medium : 1 seed / grid . → p . s . : * about 90 - 110 plants / line are needed to cary out the asssay harvest arabidopsis shoots by cutting of roots ( by means of scissors ) put each shoot immediatly in incubation medium ( shoots have to be submerged , but do not vacuum infiltrate ) incubation medium : ± 150 ml in ‘ intergrid tissue culture disks of falcon ’ ( nr . 3025 ) 30 - 35 shoots / petridish ( but same amount of shoots for all lines and for each condition ) incubate for about 2 hours in the dark at 26 ° c . ( no end reaction !) p . s . : reduced ttc - h is not stable → keep in the dark and measure o . d . 485 as soon as possible compare reducing profiles of tested lines versus control line ( for population of 30 to 35 plants ) comparison of the ttc - reducing capacities between samples of different independent experiments can be done by setting the ttc - reducing capacity of control line ( c24 ; columbia ; . . . ) in the different experiments at 100 %. lines with a high ttc - reducing capacity are vigorous , while lines with a low ttc - reducing capacity are weak . if the addition of niacinamide to the incubation medium results in a higher ttc - reducing capacity indicates to a lower fitness ( as shown for c24 and columbia ). phenotypic analyses of the transgenic lines containing both dsrna - app and dsrna - zap constructs the flower phenotype and pollen viability ( alexander staining ( alexander , 1969 ) and germination asssay ) of the t0 - lines containing dsrna - app and dsrna - zap under the control of tapetum or pollen specific promoters were scored . for arabidopsis , the t1 - generation is obtained by selving or if the plants are male sterile by backcrossing using pollen of non - transformed wild type plants . for brassica napus , the t1 - generation is always obtained by backcrossing using pollen of non - transformed plants . t1 - seed is germinated on kanamycin containing medium after which the resistant plants are scored by means of the ammonium - multiwell assay for phosphinothricine resistance ( de block et al ., 1995 ). one half of the plants that contains both t - dna &# 39 ; s is transfered to the greenhouse to score the male fertility of the plants , while the other half is used to quantify the vigor of the plants by means of the fitness assay . for plants comprising combinations ( app / zap ) of pcd modulating genes under control of 35s or nos promoter , a high vigor is observed in a number of the transgenic lines . for plants comprising combinations ( app / zap ) of pcd modulating genes under control of ta29 male sterility is observed in a number of the transgenic lines . for plants comprising combinations ( app / zap ) of pcd modulating genes under control of ntp303 sterile pollen is observed in a number the transgenic lines . ausubel et al . 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( 1988 ) proc . natl . acad . sc . usa 85 , 1394 - 1397 harlow and lane ( 1988 ) antibodies : a laboratory manual . cold spring harbor : cold spring harbor laboratory press ménissier de murcia et al . ( 1997 ) proc . natl . acad . sci . usa , 94 , 7303 - 7307 sambrook et al . ( 1989 ) molecular cloning : a laboratory manual , second edition , cold spring harbor laboratory press , ny walkerpeach and velten ( 1995 ) in : gelvin sb , schilperoort ra , verma dps ( eds ) plant molecular biology manual pp b1 / 1 - b1 / 19 . kluwer academic publishers , dordrecht wilbur and lipmann ( 1983 ) proc . natl . acad . sci . usa 80 , 706 willmitzer and wagner ( 1982 ) in adp - ribosylation reactions ( hayashi , o . and ueda , k ., eds ). new york : academic press , pp . 241 - 252 gcg ccg cca aag gcg tgg aag gcg gag tat gcc aag tct ggg cgg gcc 166 tcg tgc aag tca tgc cgg tcc cct atc gcc aag gac cag ctc cgt ctt 214 ggc aag atg gtt cag gcg tca cag ttc gac ggc ttc atg ccg atg tgg 262 gly lys met val gln ala ser gln phe asp gly phe met pro met trp aac cat gcc agc gtt gac gat gtt gaa ggg ata gat gca ctt aga tgg 310 asn his ala ser val asp asp val glu gly ile asp ala leu arg trp gat gat caa gag aag ata cga aac tac gtt ggg agt gcc tca gct ggt 358 asp asp gln glu lys ile arg asn tyr val gly ser ala ser ala gly aca agt tct aca gct gct cct cct gag aaa tgt aca att gag att gct 406 cca tct gcc cgt act tca tgt aga cga tgc agt gaa aag att aca aaa 454 gga tcg gtc cgt ctt tca gct aag ctt gag agt gaa ggt ccc aag ggt 502 ata cca tgg tat cat gcc aac tgt ttc ttt gag gta tcc ccg tct gca 550 ile pro trp tyr his ala asn cys phe phe glu val ser pro ser ala act gtt gag aag ttc tca ggc tgg gat act ttg tcc gat gag gat aag 598 aga acc atg ctc gat ctt gtt aaa aaa gat gtt ggc aac aat gaa caa 646 arg thr met leu asp leu val lys lys asp val gly asn asn glu gln aat aag ggt tcc aag cgc aag aaa agt gaa aat gat att gat agc tac 694 aaa tcc gcc agg tta gat gaa agt aca tct gaa ggt aca gtg cga aac 742 lys ser ala arg leu asp glu ser thr ser glu gly thr val arg asn aaa ggg caa ctt gta gac cca cgt ggt tcc aat act agt tca gct gat 790 lys gly gln leu val asp pro arg gly ser asn thr ser ser ala asp atc caa cta aag ctt aag gag caa agt gac aca ctt tgg aag tta aag 838 gat gga ctt aag act cat gta tcg gct gct gaa tta agg gat atg ctt 886 asp gly leu lys thr his val ser ala ala glu leu arg asp met leu gag gct aat ggg cag gat aca tca gga cca gaa agg cac cta ttg gat 934 glu ala asn gly gln asp thr ser gly pro glu arg his leu leu asp cgc tgt gcg gat gga atg ata ttt gga gcg ctg ggt cct tgc cca gtc 982 arg cys ala asp gly met ile phe gly ala leu gly pro cys pro val tgt gct aat ggc atg tac tat tat aat ggt cag tac caa tgc agt ggt 1030 aat gtg tca gag tgg tcc aag tgt aca tac tct gcc aca gaa cct gtc 1078 asn val ser glu trp ser lys cys thr tyr ser ala thr glu pro val cgc gtt aag aag aag tgg caa att cca cat gga aca aag aat gat tac 1126 arg val lys lys lys trp gln ile pro his gly thr lys asn asp tyr ctt atg aag tgg ttc aaa tct caa aag gtt aag aaa cca gag agg gtt 1174 leu met lys trp phe lys ser gln lys val lys lys pro glu arg val ctt cca cca atg tca cct gag aaa tct gga agt aaa gca act cag aga 1222 leu pro pro met ser pro glu lys ser gly ser lys ala thr gln arg aca tca ttg ctg tct tct aaa ggg ttg gat aaa tta agg ttt tct gtt 1270 gta gga caa tca aaa gaa gca gca aat gag tgg att gag aag ctc aaa 1318 val gly gln ser lys glu ala ala asn glu trp ile glu lys leu lys ctt gct ggt gcc aac ttc tat gcc agg gtt gtc aaa gat att gat tgt 1366 leu ala gly ala asn phe tyr ala arg val val lys asp ile asp cys tta att gca tgt ggt gag ctc gac aat gaa aat gct gaa gtc agg aaa 1414 leu ile ala cys gly glu leu asp asn glu asn ala glu val arg lys gca agg agg ctg aag ata cca att gta agg gag ggt tac att gga gaa 1462 tgt gtt aaa aag aac aaa atg ctg cca ttt gat ttg tat aaa cta gag 1510 cys val lys lys asn lys met leu pro phe asp leu tyr lys leu glu aat gcc tta gag tcc tca aaa ggc agt act gtc act gtt aaa gtt aag 1558 ggc cga agt gct gtt cat gag tcc tct ggt ttg caa gat act gct cac 1606 gly arg ser ala val his glu ser ser gly leu gln asp thr ala his att ctt gaa gat ggg aaa agc ata tac aat gca acc tta aac atg tct 1654 ile leu glu asp gly lys ser ile tyr asn ala thr leu asn met ser gac ctg gca cta ggt gtg aac agc tac tat gta ctc cag atc att gaa 1702 asp leu ala leu gly val asn ser tyr tyr val leu gln ile ile glu cag gat gat ggg tct gag tgc tac gta ttt cgt aag tgg gga cgg gtt 1750 gln asp asp gly ser glu cys tyr val phe arg lys trp gly arg val ggg agt gag aaa att gga ggg caa aaa ctg gag gag atg tca aaa act 1798 gag gca atc aag gaa ttc aaa aga tta ttt ctt gag aag act gga aac 1846 tca tgg gaa gct tgg gaa tgt aaa acc aat ttt cgg aag cag cct ggg 1894 ser trp glu ala trp glu cys lys thr asn phe arg lys gln pro gly aga ttt tac cca ctt gat gtt gat tat ggt gtt aag aaa gca cca aaa 1942 cgg aaa gat atc agt gaa atg aaa agt tct ctt gct cct caa ttg cta 1990 arg lys asp ile ser glu met lys ser ser leu ala pro gln leu leu gaa ctc atg aag atg ctt ttc aat gtg gag aca tat aga gct gct atg 2038 glu leu met lys met leu phe asn val glu thr tyr arg ala ala met atg gaa ttt gaa att aat atg tca gaa atg cct ctt ggg aag cta agc 2086 aag gaa aat att gag aaa gga ttt gaa gca tta act gag ata cag aat 2134 tta ttg aag gac acc gct gat caa gca ctg gct gtt aga gaa agc tta 2182 att gtt gct gcg agc aat cgc ttt ttc act ctt atc cct tct att cat 2230 ile val ala ala ser asn arg phe phe thr leu ile pro ser ile his cct cat att ata cgg gat gag gat gat ttg atg atc aaa gcg aaa atg 2278 ctt gaa gct ctg cag gat att gaa att gct tca aag ata gtt ggc ttc 2326 leu glu ala leu gln asp ile glu ile ala ser lys ile val gly phe gat agc gac agt gat gaa tct ctt gat gat aaa tat atg aaa ctt cac 2374 tgt gac atc acc ccg ctg gct cac gat agt gaa gat tac aag tta att 2422 cys asp ile thr pro leu ala his asp ser glu asp tyr lys leu ile gag cag tat ctc ctc aac aca cat gct cct act cac aag gac tgg tcg 2470 glu gln tyr leu leu asn thr his ala pro thr his lys asp trp ser ctg gaa ctg gag gaa gtt ttt tca ctt gat cga gat gga gaa ctt aat 2518 aag tac tca aga tat aaa aat aat ctg cat aac aag atg cta tta tgg 2566 cac ggt tca agg ttg acg aat ttt gtg gga att ctt agt caa ggg cta 2614 his gly ser arg leu thr asn phe val gly ile leu ser gln gly leu aga att gca cct cct gag gca cct gtt act ggc tat atg ttc ggc aaa 2662 arg ile ala pro pro glu ala pro val thr gly tyr met phe gly lys ggc ctc tac ttt gca gat cta gta agc aag agc gca caa tac tgt tat 2710 gly leu tyr phe ala asp leu val ser lys ser ala gln tyr cys tyr gtg gat agg aat aat cct gta ggt ttg atg ctt ctt tct gag gtt gct 2758 val asp arg asn asn pro val gly leu met leu leu ser glu val ala tta gga gac atg tat gaa cta aag aaa gcc acg tcc atg gac aaa cct 2806 leu gly asp met tyr glu leu lys lys ala thr ser met asp lys pro cca aga ggg aag cat tcg acc aag gga tta ggc aaa acc gtg cca ctg 2854 gag tca gag ttt gtg aag tgg agg gat gat gtc gta gtt ccc tgc ggc 2902 glu ser glu phe val lys trp arg asp asp val val val pro cys gly aag ccg gtg cca tca tca att agg agc tct gaa ctc atg tac aat gag 2950 lys pro val pro ser ser ile arg ser ser glu leu met tyr asn glu tac atc gtc tac aac aca tcc cag gtg aag atg cag ttc ttg ctg aag 2998 tyr ile val tyr asn thr ser gln val lys met gln phe leu leu lys gtg cgt ttc cat cac aag agg tag ctgggagact aggcaagtag agttggaagg 3052 arg leu gly lys met val gln ala ser gln phe asp gly phe met pro met trp asn his ala ser val asp asp val glu gly ile asp ala leu arg trp asp asp gln glu lys ile arg asn tyr val gly ser ala ser lys gly ile pro trp tyr his ala asn cys phe phe glu val ser pro ser ala thr val glu lys phe ser gly trp asp thr leu ser asp glu ser tyr lys ser ala arg leu asp glu ser thr ser glu gly thr val arg asn lys gly gln leu val asp pro arg gly ser asn thr ser ser leu lys asp gly leu lys thr his val ser ala ala glu leu arg asp met leu glu ala asn gly gln asp thr ser gly pro glu arg his leu ser gly asn val ser glu trp ser lys cys thr tyr ser ala thr glu pro val arg val lys lys lys trp gln ile pro his gly thr lys asn asp tyr leu met lys trp phe lys ser gln lys val lys lys pro glu arg val leu pro pro met ser pro glu lys ser gly ser lys ala thr leu lys leu ala gly ala asn phe tyr ala arg val val lys asp ile gly glu cys val lys lys asn lys met leu pro phe asp leu tyr lys val lys gly arg ser ala val his glu ser ser gly leu gln asp thr ala his ile leu glu asp gly lys ser ile tyr asn ala thr leu asn met ser asp leu ala leu gly val asn ser tyr tyr val leu gln ile ile glu gln asp asp gly ser glu cys tyr val phe arg lys trp gly gly asn ser trp glu ala trp glu cys lys thr asn phe arg lys gln pro lys arg lys asp ile ser glu met lys ser ser leu ala pro gln leu leu glu leu met lys met leu phe asn val glu thr tyr arg ala ala met met glu phe glu ile asn met ser glu met pro leu gly lys leu his cys asp ile thr pro leu ala his asp ser glu asp tyr lys leu ile glu gln tyr leu leu asn thr his ala pro thr his lys asp leu trp his gly ser arg leu thr asn phe val gly ile leu ser gln gly leu arg ile ala pro pro glu ala pro val thr gly tyr met phe cys tyr val asp arg asn asn pro val gly leu met leu leu ser glu val ala leu gly asp met tyr glu leu lys lys ala thr ser met asp cys gly lys pro val pro ser ser ile arg ser ser glu leu met tyr asn glu tyr ile val tyr asn thr ser gln val lys met gln phe leu agg cta cgg gtg gcg gac gtc cgc gcg gag ctt cag cgc cgc ggc ctc 163 gat gta tcc ggc acc aag cct gct ctc gtg cgg agg ctg gac gcc gca 211 att tgc gag gcg gag aag gcc gtg gtg gct gct gcg cca acc agt gtg 259 gca aat ggg tat gac gta gcc gta gat ggc aaa agg aac tgc ggg aat 307 aat aag agg aaa agg tcc ggg gat ggg ggt gaa gag gga aac ggc gat 355 acg tgt aca gat gtg aca aaa cta gag ggc atg agc tat cgt gag ctg 403 thr cys thr asp val thr lys leu glu gly met ser tyr arg glu leu cag gga ttg gcc aag gca cgt gga gtt gcg gca aat ggg ggc aag aaa 451 gat gtt atc cag agg ttg ctc tcg gcg act gct ggt cct gct gca gtt 499 asp val ile gln arg leu leu ser ala thr ala gly pro ala ala val gca gat ggt ggt cct ctg ggc gcc aag gaa gtc ata aaa ggt ggt gat 547 gag gag gtt gag gtg aaa aag gag aag atg gtt act gcc acg aag aag 595 gga gct gca gtg ctg gat cag cac att ccc gat cac ata aaa gtg aac 643 gly ala ala val leu asp gln his ile pro asp his ile lys val asn tat cat gtc ttg caa gtg ggc gat gaa atc tat gat gcc acc ttg aac 691 tyr his val leu gln val gly asp glu ile tyr asp ala thr leu asn cag act aat gtt gga gac aac aac aat aag ttc tat atc att caa gtt 739 tta gaa tct gat gct ggt gga agc ttt atg gtt tac aat aga tgg gga 787 leu glu ser asp ala gly gly ser phe met val tyr asn arg trp gly aga gtt ggg gta cga ggt caa gat aaa cta cat ggt ccc tcc cca aca 835 arg val gly val arg gly gln asp lys leu his gly pro ser pro thr cga gac caa gca ata tat gaa ttt gag ggg aag ttc cac aac aaa acc 883 arg asp gln ala ile tyr glu phe glu gly lys phe his asn lys thr aat aat cat tgg tct gat cgc aag aac ttc aaa tgt tat gca aag aaa 931 asn asn his trp ser asp arg lys asn phe lys cys tyr ala lys lys tac act tgg ctt gaa atg gat tat ggt gaa act gag aaa gaa ata gag 979 aaa ggt tcc att act gat cag ata aaa gag aca aaa ctt gaa act aga 1027 att gcg cag ttc ata tcc ctg atc tgc aat att agc atg atg aag caa 1075 aga atg gtg gaa ata ggt tat aat gct gaa aag ctt ccc ctt gga aag 1123 arg met val glu ile gly tyr asn ala glu lys leu pro leu gly lys cta agg aaa gct aca ata ctt aag ggt tat cat gtt ttg aaa agg ata 1171 tcc gat gtt att tca aag gcg gac agg aga cat ctt gag caa ttg act 1219 ser asp val ile ser lys ala asp arg arg his leu glu gln leu thr ggg gaa ttc tac acc gtg att cct cat gac ttt ggt ttc aga aag atg 1267 gly glu phe tyr thr val ile pro his asp phe gly phe arg lys met cgt gaa ttt att atc gat act cct cag aaa cta aaa gct aag ctg gag 1315 arg glu phe ile ile asp thr pro gln lys leu lys ala lys leu glu atg gtt gaa gcc ctt ggt gag att gaa att gca act aaa ctt ttg gag 1363 gat gat tca agt gac cag gat gat ccg ttg tat gct cga tac aag caa 1411 ctt cat tgt gat ttc aca cct ctt gaa gct gat tca gat gag tac tct 1459 leu his cys asp phe thr pro leu glu ala asp ser asp glu tyr ser atg ata aaa tca tat ttg aga aat aca cat gga aaa aca cac tct ggt 1507 met ile lys ser tyr leu arg asn thr his gly lys thr his ser gly tat acg gtg gac ata gtg caa ata ttt aag gtt tca agg cat ggt gaa 1555 tyr thr val asp ile val gln ile phe lys val ser arg his gly glu aca gag cga ttt caa aaa ttt gct agt aca aga aat agg atg ctt ttg 1603 thr glu arg phe gln lys phe ala ser thr arg asn arg met leu leu tgg cat ggt tct cgg ttg agc aac tgg gct ggg atc ctt tct cag ggt 1651 ctg cga atc gct cct cct gaa gca cct gtt act ggt tac atg ttt ggc 1699 leu arg ile ala pro pro glu ala pro val thr gly tyr met phe gly aag ggt gtt tac ttt gct gac atg ttt tca aag agt gca aac tat tgc 1747 lys gly val tyr phe ala asp met phe ser lys ser ala asn tyr cys tac gcc tct gaa gca tgt aga tct gga gta ctg ctt tta tgt gag gtt 1795 gca ttg ggc gat atg aat gag cta ctg aat gca gat tac gat gct aat 1843 aac ctg ccc aaa gga aaa tta aga tcc aag gga gtt ggt caa aca gca 1891 asn leu pro lys gly lys leu arg ser lys gly val gly gln thr ala cct aac atg gtc gag tct aag gtc gct gac gat ggt gtt gtt gtt ccc 1939 ctt ggc gaa ccc aaa cag gaa cct tcc aaa agg ggt ggc ttg ctt tat 1987 aat gag tac ata gtg tac aac gta gac cag ata aga atg cgg tat gtc 2035 tta cat gtt aac ttc aat ttc aag aga cgg tag atgttgcaaa gagctgaaac 2088 asn gly asp thr cys thr asp val thr lys leu glu gly met ser tyr gly lys lys asp val ile gln arg leu leu ser ala thr ala gly pro thr lys lys gly ala ala val leu asp gln his ile pro asp his ile lys val asn tyr his val leu gln val gly asp glu ile tyr asp ala thr leu asn gln thr asn val gly asp asn asn asn lys phe tyr ile ile gln val leu glu ser asp ala gly gly ser phe met val tyr asn ser pro thr arg asp gln ala ile tyr glu phe glu gly lys phe his asn lys thr asn asn his trp ser asp arg lys asn phe lys cys tyr glu thr arg ile ala gln phe ile ser leu ile cys asn ile ser met met lys gln arg met val glu ile gly tyr asn ala glu lys leu pro gln leu thr gly glu phe tyr thr val ile pro his asp phe gly phe arg lys met arg glu phe ile ile asp thr pro gln lys leu lys ala tyr lys gln leu his cys asp phe thr pro leu glu ala asp ser asp glu tyr ser met ile lys ser tyr leu arg asn thr his gly lys thr his ser gly tyr thr val asp ile val gln ile phe lys val ser arg his gly glu thr glu arg phe gln lys phe ala ser thr arg asn arg ser gln gly leu arg ile ala pro pro glu ala pro val thr gly tyr gln thr ala pro asn met val glu ser lys val ala asp asp gly val agacgaaa atg gcg aac aag ctc aaa gtc gac gaa ctc cgt tta aaa ctc 170 gcc gag cgt gga ctc agt act act gga gtc aaa gcc gtt ctg gtg gag 218 agg ctt gaa gag gct atc gca gaa gac act aag aag gaa gaa tca aag 266 agc aag agg aaa aga aat tct tct aat gat act tat gaa tcg aac aaa 314 ttg att gca att ggc gaa ttt cgt ggg atg att gtg aag gaa ttg cgt 362 gag gaa gct att aag aga ggc tta gat aca aca gga acc aaa aag gat 410 ctt ctt gag agg ctt tgc aat gat gct aat aac gtt tcc aat gca cca 458 gtc aaa tcc agt aat ggg aca gat gaa gct gaa gat gac aac aat ggc 506 ttt gaa gaa gaa aag aaa gaa gag aaa atc gta acc gcg aca aag aag 554 ggt gca gcg gtg cta gat cag tgg att cct gat gag ata aag agt cag 602 gly ala ala val leu asp gln trp ile pro asp glu ile lys ser gln tac cat gtt cta caa agg ggt gat gat gtt tat gat gct atc tta aat 650 tyr his val leu gln arg gly asp asp val tyr asp ala ile leu asn cag aca aat gtc agg gat aat aat aac aag ttc ttt gtc cta caa gtc 698 cta gag tcg gat agt aaa aag aca tac atg gtt tac act aga tgg gga 746 leu glu ser asp ser lys lys thr tyr met val tyr thr arg trp gly aga gtt ggt gtg aaa gga caa agt aag cta gat ggg cct tat gac tca 794 tgg gat cgt gcg ata gag ata ttt acc aat aag ttc aat gac aag aca 842 aag aat tat tgg tct gac aga aag gag ttt atc cca cat ccc aag tcc 890 lys asn tyr trp ser asp arg lys glu phe ile pro his pro lys ser tat aca tgg ctc gaa atg gat tac gga aaa gag gaa aat gat tca ccg 938 tyr thr trp leu glu met asp tyr gly lys glu glu asn asp ser pro gtc aat aat gat att ccg agt tca tct tcc gaa gtt aaa cct gaa caa 986 tca aaa cta gat act cgg gtt gcc aag ttc atc tct ctt ata tgt aat 1034 ser lys leu asp thr arg val ala lys phe ile ser leu ile cys asn gtc agc atg atg gca cag cat atg atg gaa ata gga tat aac gct aac 1082 val ser met met ala gln his met met glu ile gly tyr asn ala asn aaa ttg cca ctc ggc aag ata agc aag tcc aca att tca aag ggt tat 1130 gaa gtg ctg aag aga ata tcg gag gtg att gac cgg tat gat aga acg 1178 agg ctt gag gaa ctg agt gga gag ttc tac aca gtg ata cct cat gat 1226 arg leu glu glu leu ser gly glu phe tyr thr val ile pro his asp ttt ggt ttt aag aaa atg agt cag ttt gtt ata gac act cct caa aag 1274 phe gly phe lys lys met ser gln phe val ile asp thr pro gln lys ttg aaa cag aaa att gaa atg gtt gaa gca tta ggt gaa att gaa ctc 1322 gca aca aag ttg ttg tcc gtc gac ccg gga ttg cag gat gat cct tta 1370 tat tat cac tac cag caa ctt aat tgt ggt ttg acg cca gta gga aat 1418 gat tca gag gag ttc tct atg gtt gct aat tac atg gag aac act cat 1466 asp ser glu glu phe ser met val ala asn tyr met glu asn thr his gca aag acg cat tcg gga tat acg gtt gag att gcc caa cta ttt aga 1514 ala lys thr his ser gly tyr thr val glu ile ala gln leu phe arg gct tcg aga gct gtt gaa gct gat cga ttc caa cag ttt tca agt tcg 1562 aag aac agg atg cta ctc tgg cac ggt tca cgt ctc act aac tgg gct 1610 lys asn arg met leu leu trp his gly ser arg leu thr asn trp ala ggt att tta tct caa ggt ctg cga ata gct cct cct gaa gcg cct gta 1658 act ggt tac atg ttt gga aaa ggg gtt tac ttt gcg gat atg ttc tcc 1706 aag agt gcg aac tat tgc tat gcc aac act ggc gct aat gat ggc gtt 1754 ctg ctc ctc tgc gag gtt gct ttg gga gac atg aat gaa ctt ctg tat 1802 tca gat tat aac gcg gat aat cta ccc ccg gga aag cta agc aca aaa 1850 ggt gtg ggg aaa aca gca cca aac cca tca gag gct caa aca cta gaa 1898 gly val gly lys thr ala pro asn pro ser glu ala gln thr leu glu gac ggt gtt gtt gtt cca ctt ggc aaa cca gtg gaa cgt tca tgc tcc 1946 aag ggg atg ttg ttg tac aac gaa tat ata gtc tac aat gtg gaa caa 1994 atc aag atg cgt tat gtg atc caa gtc aaa ttc aac tac aag cac taa 2042 glu arg leu cys asn asp ala asn asn val ser asn ala pro val lys ala val leu asp gln trp ile pro asp glu ile lys ser gln tyr his val leu gln arg gly asp asp val tyr asp ala ile leu asn gln thr tyr trp ser asp arg lys glu phe ile pro his pro lys ser tyr thr trp leu glu met asp tyr gly lys glu glu asn asp ser pro val asn leu asp thr arg val ala lys phe ile ser leu ile cys asn val ser met met ala gln his met met glu ile gly tyr asn ala asn lys leu glu glu leu ser gly glu phe tyr thr val ile pro his asp phe gly phe lys lys met ser gln phe val ile asp thr pro gln lys leu lys his tyr gln gln leu asn cys gly leu thr pro val gly asn asp ser glu glu phe ser met val ala asn tyr met glu asn thr his ala lys thr his ser gly tyr thr val glu ile ala gln leu phe arg ala ser arg met leu leu trp his gly ser arg leu thr asn trp ala gly ile leu ser gln gly leu arg ile ala pro pro glu ala pro val thr gly leu cys glu val ala leu gly asp met asn glu leu leu tyr ser asp tyr asn ala asp asn leu pro pro gly lys leu ser thr lys gly val gly lys thr ala pro asn pro ser glu ala gln thr leu glu asp gly aaccacagca ggccggcgca atg gcg gcg ccg cca aag gcg tgg aag gcg gag 113 tat gcc aag tct ggg cgg gcc tcg tgc aag tca tgc cgg tcc cct atc 161 gcc aag gac cag ctc cgt ctt ggc aag atg gtt cag gcg tca cag ttc 209 ala lys asp gln leu arg leu gly lys met val gln ala ser gln phe gac ggc ttc atg ccg atg tgg aac cat gcc agg tgc atc ttc agc aag 257 asp gly phe met pro met trp asn his ala arg cys ile phe ser lys aag aac cag ata aaa tcc gtt gac gat gtt gaa ggg ata gat gca ctt 305 lys asn gln ile lys ser val asp asp val glu gly ile asp ala leu aga tgg gat gat caa gag aag ata cga aac tac gtt ggg agt gcc tca 353 arg trp asp asp gln glu lys ile arg asn tyr val gly ser ala ser gct ggt aca agt tct aca gct gct cct cct gag aaa tgt aca att gag 401 att gct cca tct gcc cgt act tca tgt aga cga tgc agt gaa aag att 449 aca aaa gga tcg gtc cgt ctt tca gct aag ctt gag agt gaa ggt ccc 497 aag ggt ata cca tgg tat cat gcc aac tgt ttc ttt gag gta tcc ccg 545 lys gly ile pro trp tyr his ala asn cys phe phe glu val ser pro tct gca act gtt gag aag ttc tca ggc tgg gat act ttg tcc gat gag 593 ser ala thr val glu lys phe ser gly trp asp thr leu ser asp glu gat aag aga acc atg ctc gat ctt gtt aaa aaa gat gtt ggc aac aat 641 gaa caa aat aag ggt tcc aag cgc aag aaa agt gaa aat gat att gat 689 agc tac aaa tcc gcc agg tta gat gaa agt aca tct gaa ggt aca gtg 737 ser tyr lys ser ala arg leu asp glu ser thr ser glu gly thr val cga aac aaa ggg caa ctt gta gac cca cgt ggt tcc aat act agt tca 785 arg asn lys gly gln leu val asp pro arg gly ser asn thr ser ser gct gat atc caa cta aag ctt aag gag caa agt gac aca ctt tgg aag 833 tta aag gat gga ctt aag act cat gta tcg gct gct gaa tta agg gat 881 leu lys asp gly leu lys thr his val ser ala ala glu leu arg asp atg ctt gag gct aat ggg cag gat aca tca gga cca gaa agg cac cta 929 met leu glu ala asn gly gln asp thr ser gly pro glu arg his leu ttg gat cgc tgt gcg gat gga atg ata ttt gga gcg ctg ggt cct tgc 977 cca gtc tgt gct aat ggc atg tac tat tat aat ggt cag tac caa tgc 1025 agt ggt aat gtg tca gag tgg tcc aag tgt aca tac tct gcc aca gaa 1073 ser gly asn val ser glu trp ser lys cys thr tyr ser ala thr glu cct gtc cgc gtt aag aag aag tgg caa att cca cat gga aca aag aat 1121 pro val arg val lys lys lys trp gln ile pro his gly thr lys asn gat tac ctt atg aag tgg ttc aaa tct caa aag gtt aag aaa cca gag 1169 asp tyr leu met lys trp phe lys ser gln lys val lys lys pro glu agg gtt ctt cca cca atg tca cct gag aaa tct gga agt aaa gca act 1217 arg val leu pro pro met ser pro glu lys ser gly ser lys ala thr cag aga aca tca ttg ctg tct tct aaa ggg ttg gat aaa tta agg ttt 1265 tct gtt gta gga caa tca aaa gaa gca gca aat gag tgg att gag aag 1313 ctc aaa ctt gct ggt gcc aac ttc tat gcc agg gtt gtc aaa gat att 1361 leu lys leu ala gly ala asn phe tyr ala arg val val lys asp ile gat tgt tta att gca tgt ggt gag ctc gac aat gaa aat gct gaa gtc 1409 agg aaa gca agg agg ctg aag ata cca att gta agg gag ggt tac att 1457 gga gaa tgt gtt aaa aag aac aaa atg ctg cca ttt gat ttg tat aaa 1505 gly glu cys val lys lys asn lys met leu pro phe asp leu tyr lys cta gag aat gcc tta gag tcc tca aaa ggc agt act gtc act gtt aaa 1553 gtt aag ggc cga agt gct gtt cat gag tcc tct ggt ttg caa gat act 1601 val lys gly arg ser ala val his glu ser ser gly leu gln asp thr gct cac att ctt gaa gat ggg aaa agc ata tac aat gca acc tta aac 1649 ala his ile leu glu asp gly lys ser ile tyr asn ala thr leu asn atg tct gac ctg gca cta ggt gtg aac agc tac tat gta ctc cag atc 1697 met ser asp leu ala leu gly val asn ser tyr tyr val leu gln ile att gaa cag gat gat ggg tct gag tgc tac gta ttt cgt aag tgg gga 1745 ile glu gln asp asp gly ser glu cys tyr val phe arg lys trp gly cgg gtt ggg agt gag aaa att gga ggg caa aaa ctg gag gag atg tca 1793 aaa act gag gca atc aag gaa ttc aaa aga tta ttt ctt gag aag act 1841 gga aac tca tgg gaa gct tgg gaa tgt aaa acc aat ttt cgg aag cag 1889 gly asn ser trp glu ala trp glu cys lys thr asn phe arg lys gln cct ggg aga ttt tac cca ctt gat gtt gat tat ggt gtt aag aaa gca 1937 cca aaa cgg aaa gat atc agt gaa atg aaa agt tct ctt gct cct caa 1985 pro lys arg lys asp ile ser glu met lys ser ser leu ala pro gln ttg cta gaa ctc atg aag atg ctt ttc aat gtg gag aca tat aga gct 2033 leu leu glu leu met lys met leu phe asn val glu thr tyr arg ala gct atg atg gaa ttt gaa att aat atg tca gaa atg cct ctt ggg aag 2081 ala met met glu phe glu ile asn met ser glu met pro leu gly lys cta agc aag gaa aat att gag aaa gga ttt gaa gca tta act gag ata 2129 cag aat tta ttg aag gac acc gct gat caa gca ctg gct gtt aga gaa 2177 agc tta att gtt gct gcg agc aat cgc ttt ttc act ctt atc cct tct 2225 att cat cct cat att ata cgg gat gag gat gat ttg atg atc aaa gcg 2273 aaa atg ctt gaa gct ctg cag gat att gaa att gct tca aag ata gtt 2321 ggc ttc gat agc gac agt gat gaa tct ctt gat gat aaa tat atg aaa 2369 ctt cac tgt gac atc acc ccg ctg gct cac gat agt gaa gat tac aag 2417 leu his cys asp ile thr pro leu ala his asp ser glu asp tyr lys tta att gag cag tat ctc ctc aac aca cat gct cct act cac aag gac 2465 leu ile glu gln tyr leu leu asn thr his ala pro thr his lys asp tgg tcg ctg gaa ctg gag gaa gtt ttt tca ctt gat cga gat gga gaa 2513 ctt aat aag tac tca aga tat aaa aat aat ctg cat aac aag atg cta 2561 tta tgg cac ggt tca agg ttg acg aat ttt gtg gga att ctt agt caa 2609 leu trp his gly ser arg leu thr asn phe val gly ile leu ser gln ggg cta aga att gca cct cct gag gca cct gtt act ggc tat atg ttc 2657 gly leu arg ile ala pro pro glu ala pro val thr gly tyr met phe ggc aaa ggc ctc tac ttt gca gat cta gta agc aag agc gca caa tac 2705 tgt tat gtg gat agg aat aat cct gta ggt ttg atg ctt ctt tct gag 2753 cys tyr val asp arg asn asn pro val gly leu met leu leu ser glu gtt gct tta gga gac atg tat gaa cta aag aaa gcc acg tcc atg gac 2801 val ala leu gly asp met tyr glu leu lys lys ala thr ser met asp aaa cct cca aga ggg aag cat tcg acc aag gga tta ggc aaa acc gtg 2849 cca ctg gag tca gag ttt gtg aag tgg agg gat gat gtc gta gtt ccc 2897 tgc ggc aag ccg gtg cca tca tca att agg agc tct gaa ctc atg tac 2945 cys gly lys pro val pro ser ser ile arg ser ser glu 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his gly thr lys asn asp tyr leu met lys met ser pro glu lys ser gly ser lys ala thr gln arg thr ser leu ala asn phe tyr ala arg val val lys asp ile asp cys leu ile ala ala val his glu ser ser gly leu gln asp thr ala his ile leu glu asp gly lys ser ile tyr asn ala thr leu asn met ser asp leu ala ala trp glu cys lys thr asn phe arg lys gln pro gly arg phe tyr lys met leu phe asn val glu thr tyr arg ala ala met met glu phe leu gln asp ile glu ile ala ser lys ile val gly phe asp ser asp thr pro leu ala his asp ser glu asp tyr lys leu ile glu gln tyr leu leu asn thr his ala pro thr his lys asp trp ser leu glu leu glu glu val phe ser leu asp arg asp gly glu leu asn lys tyr ser arg leu thr asn phe val gly ile leu ser gln gly leu arg ile ala pro pro glu ala pro val thr gly tyr met phe gly lys gly leu tyr phe ala asp leu val ser lys ser ala gln tyr cys tyr val asp arg met tyr glu leu lys lys ala thr ser met asp lys pro pro arg gly tyr asn thr ser gln val lys met gln phe leu leu lys val arg phe 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