Patent Application: US-90593086-A

Abstract:
the invention describes a helicene compound having the structure ## spc1 ## which contains seven six - membered conjugated aromatic rings capped by two five - membered rings which do not superimpose on each other . the invention also describes a helical metallocene oligomer capped by unsaturated five - membered rings , having the structure : ## spc2 ## wherein m is a transition metal halide and n = 1 to 100 . method for the preparation of these compounds are also presented .

Description:
the present invention is a new composition of matter , a polymer comprised of alternating metal atoms and rings of atoms in which the path of conjugation of so - called π - electrons extending from one metal to the next is unbroken either by atoms that do not have available a single η - electron to continue the path of conjugation or in which the carbon skeleton does not constrain the π - electrons on adjacent atoms to almost parallel orbitals . the π - electrons are those valence shell electrons on the skeletal atoms in excess of the one required to bond to each adjacent atom . the invention includes those examples of materials in which the skeleton is coiled in a helix , and those examples in which one of the two directions predominate in which the helices wind . it includes examples of the materials described in the first sentence above that are optically active . it is contemplated that the metals useful in the present invention are any metals chosen from among the transition elements ( i . e . groups 3 - 10 of the most recent revision of mendeleev &# 39 ; s table of the elements ), the lanthanides or the actinides . an example of the present invention is the polymeric cobaltocinium hexafluorophosphate shown below . ## spc7 ## foreseeable uses of the materials of the present invention include those exploiting the electrical , magnetic , and optical properties of the materials and their derivatives . the metallocenes of the present invention may also be the basis for new catalysts that induce high asymmetry in chemical transformations . ## spc8 ## a 1 , 4 - bis [( c 6 h 5 ) 3 p + ch 2 ]- 2 - br -- c 6 h 3 , 2br - ( 0 . 5 equiv wt ), lioet ( 1 . 1 equiv wt ), etoh , 25 ° c ., 5 - 12 h , 95 - 100 % yield ). b h , c 6 h 6 , i 2 ( 2 . 2 equiv wt ), propylene oxide , 4 - 12 h . c ( 1 ) t - buli , tetrahydrofuran , 78 ° c . ; ( 2 ) h 2 o ; ( 3 ) p - toluenesulfonic acid , c 6 h 6 , 80 ° c ., 10 min ( 45 - 65 % yield from j ). the preparation of hydrocarbon g , summarized in scheme i , is easy to carry out ( 7 ). the phosphonium salt of step a was prepared from 2 - bromo - p - xylene ( 2 . 2 equiv . n - bromosuccinimide , 0 . 008 equiv . dibenzoylperoxide , ccl 4 , reflux , 3h , 75 % yield , then 2 equiv . triphenylphosphine in dmf , 91 % yield . all new compounds exhibited satisfactory nmr , ir , and ( except for the salts ), mass spectra ( including , for key compounds , high resolution mass spectra ). in the 1 h nmr spectrum of g , as in other helicenes , the olefinic and allylic proton resonances are shifted to higher field than in simpler indenes ( 1 , 3b , 7 ). the isomers of j in which both ether functions are in the other benzylic position do not give appreciable amounts of helical product , and the one in which the ethers are in the non - benzylic position gives a helical product from which the ethers cannot be eliminated ( 7 ). the method of preparation has three main features . ( 1 ) a bromine directs the photocyclization to give the helix by blocking both the position it occupies ( c - 1 ) and the position adjacent ( c - 2 ) ( 5 ). this atom is then easy to remove . in its absence , the cyclization gives only the planar isomer l and none of the helicene g . resonances characteristic of g are absent in the 1 h nmr spectrum of the crude product ( 7 ). propylene oxide is required during the photocyclization to consume the hi generated , thereby preventing the roh functions from being eliminated prior to cyclization ( 7 ). in the absence of propylene oxide , photo - cyclization of ( r , r )- k gives helical product , but in a racemic form ( 7 ). the direction in which the helix winds is that expected if silyloxyls outside the helix are favored . the helicity is thus controlled by the stereochemistry of i ( 7 ). j is prepared from ( r )- i [ 46 - 52 % enantiomeric excess ( ee )] and irradiated in the presence of traces of iodine , it gives helical bis - indene ( containing the bromine ) whose [ α ] d (+ 82 °) corresponds to ca . 1 % ee . the double bonds in this material are shifted from their position in g ( 7 ). for the absolute configuration of ( s )-(-)- i see ref . 7 . the absolute configuration of g was assigned on the assumption that , like all helicenes , the ( m )- enantiomer is levorotatory at 578 nm and exhibits a negative cotton effect in its cd spectrum in methanol for the band at 395 nm ([ α ]=- 1 × 10 5 deg cm 2 mol - 1 ) ( 7 ). its ee was measured by analyzing the 1 h nmr resonances of one of its ch 2 &# 39 ; s when a solution ( 2 . 5 mg ) in cdcl 3 ( 1 ml ) contained ag ( fod ) ( 4 mg ) and eu ( hfc ) 3 ( 12 mg ) ( 7 ). the rotation of a sample , [ α ] d = 4200 °, measured to have an ee of 60 % implies that [ α ] d max = 7000 °. structure ( s , s )- j is contacted , e . g . mixed in a suitable solvent , contacted with a suitable reducing agent ( e . g . t - buli ) which eliminates the bromine group and then contacted with an acid ( e . g . p - toluene sulfonic acid ) which eliminates the ro - groups and introduces two double bonds . ( s , s )- j of scheme i gives 27 % structure ka ( recognized by the symmetry of the 1 h nmr after debromination ), 12 % kb , and no detectable ( 1 h nmr ) endo , endo isomer . the latter could not have been misassigned the exo , exo - structure since the ( m )- configuration requires more asymmetric carbons to have the ( r )- stereochemistry than are present in j ( 7 ). when the helicene g is combined first with t - butyllithium and then with cobr 2 . dme ( dme = 1 , 2 - dimethoxyethane ) and the product is oxidized in aqueous hcl with fecl 3 , added nh 4 pf 6 precipitates a red cobaltocinium salt ( 69 % yield after washing with water and ether , and drying ) that elemental and spectroscopic analyses indicate to be an oligomer of structure h ( m - co + pf 6 ) ( 7 , 8 ). the anion of the salt of the hexaflurophosphate ( pf - 6 ) substitutes for the bromines of cobr 2 . this material is soluble in acetone and acetonitrile , and was purified by adding its solutions in acetone to vigorously stirred ether , then filtering and drying the resulting precipitate . it is unaffected by heating in air at 260 ° c . evidence that the cobaltocinium salt is a short polymer of structure h is the following . the 13 c nmr spectrum ( fig1 ) consists of resonances at positions characteristic only of benzenoid helicenes ( including g ) ( 135 - 118 ppm ), ( 10 ) of bis ( indenyl ) cobalt ( iii ) salts ( 80 - 74 ppm ), ( 11 ) and of the methylene group of g ( 40 ppm , this last peak very small , corresponding to approximately two end groups for every 3 - 4 cobalts ) ( 11 ). fig1 marks ( with dotted arrows ) the positions at which the carbon atoms of the five - membered rings of bis ( indenyl ) cobalt ( iii ) hexafluorophosphate exhibit their resonances , and it shows that the corresponding peaks attributed to structure h are all 2 ppm to their right . this shift is expected , for when comparing the resonances of carbon - 2 in [ 4 ]- and [ 7 ]- helicenes , ( the second protonated carbon on the first ring counting from the inside of the helix ) the latter ( in which this carbon is above another ring ) is shifted to higher field by 2 ppm ( 10 ). another significant feature of the spectra is the absence of resonances around 51 . 3 ppm , characteristic of 1 , 1 &# 39 ;- bi - 1 h - indene [&# 34 ; bi ( 3 - indenyl )&# 34 ;], showing that the transition metal ions do not couple the carbanions by oxidation . the elemental analysis corresponds to a composition of 3 . 13 hydrocarbons , 2 . 13 copf 6 &# 39 ; s , and 3 . 45 ± 1 . 4 h 2 o &# 39 ; s . the molecular weight is thus ca . 1 . 9 × 10 3 . three independently prepared samples were analyzed . anal . calcd . for 2 . 0 h 2 o &# 39 ; s : c , 71 . 65 ; h , 3 . 66 ; co , 6 . 65 . found : c , 71 . 24 ; h , 3 . 90 ; co , 6 . 71 . anal calcd . for 4 . 9 h 2 o &# 39 ; s : c , 69 . 93 ; h , 3 . 88 ; co , 6 . 49 . found : c , 69 . 82 ; h , 3 . 73 ; co , 6 . 48 . the third sample &# 39 ; s analysis corresponded to that of a slightly larger molecule . anal . calcd . for 3 . 49 rings , 2 . 49 copf 6 &# 39 ; s , 7 . 3 h 2 o &# 39 ; s : c , 67 . 96 ; h , 3 . 92 ; co , 6 . 61 ; f , 12 . 78 . found : c , 68 . 18 ; h , 3 . 61 ; co , 6 . 63 ; f , 12 . 45 . for a simple complex of 2 rings and 1 co , calcd . is c , 77 . 84 ; h , 3 . 81 ; co , 5 . 30 ; and for an infinite polymer , c , 65 . 89 ; h , 3 . 07 ; co , 8 . 97 . the optical activity is very high , 4 . 1 (± 0 . 6 ) times as great as that of g . when measured using a sample prepared from g whose enantiomeric excess ( ee ) was 60 %, [ α ] d for cobaltocinium salt of 100 % ee is 26 , 000 . the molar ellipticities of the cd peaks at 474 and 263 nm (- 8 . 4 × 10 5 and - 3 . 3 × 10 6 , assuming the molecular weight to be 1 . 9 × 10 3 ) are 7 . 2 and 6 . 0 times as large as for the corresponding peaks in f ( m = co + pf 6 - ) ( 7 ). the present invention is further illustrated by reference to the examples which follow . these examples are keyed to the reactions and structures depicted in fig6 . in an oven - dried 2 l 3 - necked round - bottomed flask , fitted with a mechanical stirrer , an argon inlet and a 250 ml dropping funnel , was placed 114 . 4 g ( 0 . 4 mol ) 2 , 7 - dibromonaphthalene ( fig6 structure n ) and 1 l freshly distilled thf . the solution was stirred and cooled to - 78 ° under argon . a solution of n - butyllithium ( 175 ml 2 . 4m , 0 . 42 mol ) in hexanes was injected into the addition funnel and added in drops in 30 min . the greenish - yellow mixture was stirred at - 78 ° c . for another 20 min . dry chlorotrimethylsilane ( 81 ml , 69 . 5 g , 0 . 64 mol , distilled from cah 2 ) was then added in 10 min from the dropping funnel , resulting in an exothermic reaction and a color change to orange . after the exotherm subsided ( ca . 15 min ), the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 2 h . solvent was evaporated to about 250 ml and the mixture was diluted with 1 l of water . it was then extracted with ether ( 1 × 600 ml , 3 × 100 ml ether ). the combined ether extracts were washed with 200 ml brine , dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate , and filtered . evaporating the solvent gave 126 g ( 112 %) yellow - orange liquid , which when kept at 15 ° c . overnight solified to a pale yellow mass . this crude product is pure enough for the next step , although the results of that step imply that 2 - bromonaphthalene is present as an impurity . 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ7 . 99 ( dd , j = 1 . 5 , 0 . 8 hz , 1 . 01h ), 7 . 88 ( d , j = 0 . 8 hz , 0 . 96h ), 7 . 77 ( d , j = 8 . 1 , 1 . 2 hz ), 7 . 67 ( d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 7 . 58 ( dd , j = 8 . 1 , 1 . 2 hz ), 7 . 52 ( dd , j = 8 . 7 , 2 . 0 hz )-- the integral of 7 . 77 - 7 . 52 corresponds to 4 . 4h -- 0 . 32 ( s , 8 . 6h ). anhydrous aluminum chloride ( 70 g , 0 . 526 mol , fisher ) was placed in a 1 l 3 - necked flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , nitrogen inlet , and 250 ml addition funnel . dichloromethane ( 100 ml ) and a solution of 61 g ( 0 . 48 mol ) 3 - chloropropionyl chloride in 50 ml dichloromethane were added to the flask while its contents were stirred . the flask was cooled in dry - ice acetone , and a solution of 126 g bromosilane ( fig6 structure q ) in 200 ml dichloromethane was added in 35 min . the mixture was stirred for 10 min at - 78 ° c . and allowed to warm to room temperature during 45 min . the reaction mixture was poured into ca . 1000 ml ice containing 100 ml conc . hydrochloric acid . the mixture was extracted with 1 . 5 l dichloromethane , and the aqueous layer was extracted with additional dichloromethane ( 3 × 200 ml ). the combined organic layers were washed once with 1 . 5 l water , dried ( mgso 4 ), filtered , and evaporated to give 135 g crude structure p as an off - white solid . this was cyclized without further purfication . however , it could be purified by shaking with 500 ml petroleum ether and filtering . the precipitate was then pure structure p ( 90 g , 76 %), and the filtrate on evaporation gave 44 g of dark liquid containing some structure p . for the pure material the m . p . is 120 ° c . and the 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ : 8 . 35 ( br s , 0 . 79h ), 8 . 12 ( d , j = 0 . 95 hz , 0 . 79h ), 8 . 02 ( dd , j = 8 . 6 , 1 . 7 hz , 1 . 11h ), 7 . 87 ( d , j = 8 . 6 hz , 1 . 05h ), 7 . 75 ( d , j = 8 . 9 , 1 . 05h ), 7 . 66 ( dd , j = 8 . 8 , 1 . 8z , 1 . 05h ), 3 . 96 ( t , j = 6 . 9 hz , 2 . 10h ), 3 . 56 ( t , 6 . 9 hz , 2 . 10h ). method a : anhydrous alcl 3 ( 35 g , fisher ) was weighed into an oven - dried 2 l 3 - necked flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , a drying tube the outlet of which is vented to the hood , and a stopper . concentrated sulfuric acid ( 325 ml , mallinckrodt , electronic grade ) was added , and the mixture was stirred in an ice - water bath . crude structure p ( 65 g ) was added to the suspension in small portions in 20 min while stirring vigorously . the reaction mixture became yellow and then orange . the stopper was replaced in a thermometer and the flask was heated by means of a mantle . when the internal temperature was 65 ° c ., the stirring rate was increased , and rate of heating decreased to control the foaming . after the foaming had subsided , the mixture was held at 98 ° c . for 1 h . it was then cooled to ca . 70 ° c ., and cautiously poured into 4 l of ice - water containing ice . the mixture was stirred for 2 h and extracted with ch 2 cl 2 and filtered through a 6 &# 34 ;× 5 cm column of neutral alumina , eluting with ch 2 cl 2 . the filtrate was evaporated , giving 38 . 7 g ( 68 % from p , 76 % from n ) o as a pale yellow solid , m . p . 131 °- 132 ° ( lit . 132 °- 134 ° c .) ( 3b ). the 200 mhz 1 h nmr is identical with that of a sample prepared according to the previously published procedure ( 3b ). the ir spectrum also was identical to that reported for structure o ( 3b ). purification of crude o may also be achieved by crystallization as shown below . method b : 89 . 5 g of purified p was added over 40 min to 300 ml concentrated sulfuric acid in a 2 l 3 - necked flask ( the apparatus was the same as in method a above ). the reaction mixture was heated to 90 ° c . ( internal temperature ) and maintained at this temperature for 80 min . after cooling , the reaction mixture was poured into ice - water , extracted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 15 × 200 ml ), the organic layer washed with 2 l water , dried ( mgso 4 ), filtered and evaporated . the residue was crystallized from ch 2 cl 2 - ether , giving 61 g off - white solid . a second crop of o , 15 g was obtained after chromatography of the mother liquor . the total yield of o , 76 g , represents a 73 % yield from 2 , 7 - dibromonaphthalene . lithium aluminum hydride ( 8 . 05 g , 0 . 2 mol , aldrich ) and dry ether ( 100 ml ) were placed in a 2 l 3 - necked flask fitted with mechanical stirrer , 250 ml kontes addition funnel and a dry condenser carrying a n 2 inlet . to the stirred suspension was added during 20 min a solution of 35 . 8 g ( 0 . 2 mol ) (+)- n - methylephedrine in 350 ml dry ether . the reaction mixture was refluxed for 1 h , cooled , and a solution of 48 . 9 g ( 0 . 4 mol ) 3 , 5 - dimethylphenol ( aldrich ) in 220 ml dry ether was added over a period of 225 min . the mixture was again refluxed for 1 h , cooled in ice - salt - water mixture ( internal temp . 0 ° c . ), and 20 g o was added in one portion . the mixture was stirred overnight . water ( 10 ml ) was added in drops to the reaction mixture , followed by 400 ml 1m hydrochloric acid . after 5 min , the ether layer was separated and the aqueous layer extracted with 200 ml ether . the combined ether layer was washed with 1m hcl ( 1 × 300 ml ), water ( 1 × 200 ml ), 10 % naoh solution ( 3 × 200 ml ), brine ( 1 × 500 ml ), and dried over mgso 4 . the solvent was then evaporated to a small volume , and the solid was filtered giving 11 . 5 g r , [ α ] 578 20 =- 43 ° ( c = 0 . 40 , ch 2 cl 2 ). a second crop ( 4 . 1 g , [ α ] 578 20 =- 0 . 56 ° ( c = 0 . 36 , ch 2 cl 2 ) was obtained from the filtrate when pentane was added . evaporation gave a third portion , 4 . 3 g [ α ] 576 20 =- 9 . 2 °. the nmr spectrum of r was identical to that of its racemate ( 3b ). the results of two related experiments are these : ( 1 ) from 32 . 6 g ketone there were obtained 23 . 4 g r with [ α ] 578 =- 40 °, 4 . 3 g r with [ α ] 578 =- 2 °, and 4 . 8 g r with [ α ] 578 =- 12 . 4 °; ( 2 ) from 32 . 6 g ketone , 24 . 3 g r with [ α ] 578 =- 41 . 2 ° ( ee = 46 %) and 10 . 2 g r with [ α ] 578 =- 6 . 67 °. the nmr spectra of the o - methylmandelate ester ( 12 ) and the cd spectrum of the p - bromobenzoate ester ( 13 ) show that the (-)- enantiomer has the ( s )- configuration . s -(-)- r ( 34 . 9 g , 0 . 133 mol ), [ α ] 578 20 =- 41 ° ( c = 0 . 4 , ch 2 cl 2 ), was mixed with 30 g ( 0 . 199 mol ) t - butyldimethylsilylchloride ( petrarch systems ) and 28 g ( 0 . 412 mol ) imidazole ( aldrich ) in 400 ml dmf ( fisher , spectroscopic grade ). the solution was stirred at room temperature under n 2 for 200 min , diluted with 800 ml ether , and shaken with 2 l cold water . the ether layer was washed with brine ( 2 × 500 ml ), dried ( mgso 4 ), filtered and evaporated , giving an orange oil that eventually solidified . this was chromatographed on a silica ( 6 &# 34 ;× 10 cm dia .) column , eluting with ch 2 cl 2 - petroleum ether ( 1 : 7 ). the product eluted quickly , and evaporation gave 51 g ( 102 %) white solid , [ α ] 578 20 =- 50 ° ( c = 0 . 2 , ch 2 cl 2 ). the nmr spectrum of this material was identical to that reported for racemic s ( 3b ). s -(-)- s ( 34 . 2 g , 0 . 091 mol , [ α ] 578 =- 50 °) was dissolved in 1 l dry thf and 0 . 5 l dry ether in a 2 l 3 - necked flask fitted with an ar inlet , low - temperature thermometer and a septum . the solution was cooled to - 78 ° c . under argon and 80 ml ( 0 . 208 mol ) of 2 . 6m n - butyllithium in hexanes was injected through the septum during 5 min . the slightly greenish solution was stirred at - 78 ° c . for 20 min , and then 100 ml dry dmf ( distilled from bao under reduced pressure ) was injected . the cooling bath was removed and the solution stirred for 70 min . quenching with 200 ml water , extraction with 700 ml ether , washing with brine ( 1 l , 2 × 0 . 5 l , re - extracting with 2 × 400 ml ether ) and again with brine ( 400 ml ), drying ( mgso 4 ), and evaporation gave an oil , which was chromatographed on silica . ch 2 cl 2 - petroleum ether ( 1 : 2 ) eluted an impurity , and ch 2 cl 2 - petroleum ether ( 1 : 1 to 2 : 1 ) eluted the aldehyde i , 25 . 2 g ( 85 %) as a pale yellow solid , [ α ] 578 20 =- 42 . 7 ° ( c = 0 . 3 , ch 2 cl 2 ). the nmr spectrum of this material was identical to that of racemic i ( 3b ). 2 - bromo - p - xylene t ( 46 . 25 g , 0 . 25 mol , aldrich ) was mixed with 98 g ( 0 . 55 mol ) n - bromosuccinimide ( fisher ) and 500 ml carbon tetrachloride in a 1 l round - bottomed flask . dibenzoyl peroxide ( 500 mg ) was added , and the mixture was refluxed for 100 min , cooled , filtered , and the filtrate was evaporated to a small volume . trituration with pentane gave a precipitate , which was filtered giving 18 . 5 g white solid , m . p . 86 ° c . a second crop ( 20 . 5 g ) was obtained from the mother liquor . the total yield of u was 39 . 0 g ( 45 . 5 %). 1 h nmr ( 270 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ : 7 . 60 ( d , j = 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 42 ( d , j = 7 . 9 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 31 ( dd , j = 7 . 9 hz , 2 hz , 1h , 4 . 57 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 40 ( s , 2h ). the tribromide u ( 39 g ) and 63 g triphenylphosphine were dissolved in 300 ml dry dmf , and the solution was refluxed for 3 h . after cooling , 200 ml ether was added , and the precipitate was filtered . the solid was washed with ether to give v as a white fluffy solid , m . p . 260 ° c . yield 89 . 2 g ( 91 %). h nmr ( 300 mhz , cd 3 cn ) δ : 7 . 9 - 7 . 8 ( m , 6h , 7 . 7 - 7 . 45 ( m , 24h ), 7 . 09 ( br s , 1h ), 7 . 0 - 6 . 95 ( dd , j = 8 . 0 , 2 . 4 , 1h ), 6 . 9 - 6 . 85 ( br d , j = 8 . 08 ), 4 . 85 ( dd , 4h ). n - butyllithium ( 37 ml , 2 . 4m , 88 . 8 mmol ) was injected into a 2 l 3 - necked flask fitted with argon inlet , mechanical stirrer , and an addition funnel . the flask was cooled to - 78 ° c ., and 400 ml 200 - proof ethanol was added in drops from the funnel during 20 min . the solution was then allowed to warm to room temperature . the bis ( phosphonium ) bromide v ( 35 , 0 . 040 mol ) and s -(-)- aldehyde i -( 25 . 2 g , 0 . 077 mol ) were suspended in 500 ml 200 - proof ethanol in a 2 l 3 - necked flask fitted with an ar inlet , mechanical stirrer , and a septum . during 30 min the lithium ethoxide solution prepared above was transferred to the solution via a cannula . the resulting yellow solution was stirred overnight , during which a fine yellow precipitate appeared . the suspension was poured into 2 l water , and the mixture was extracted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 1 × 600 ml , 2 × 300 ml ). the ch 2 cl 2 extract was washed with 1 l brine , dried ( mgso 4 ), and evaporated . the yellow oily residue was chromatographed on silica , eluting with ch 2 cl 2 - petroleum ether ( 1 : 5 to 1 : 4 ), giving 31 . 3 g ( 100 % yield ) of yellow solid , [ α ] 578 20 =- 67 . 8 ° ( c = 0 . 39 , c 6 h 6 ). 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ : 8 . 0 - 6 . 5 ( m , 19 . 4h ), 5 . 45 ( br dd , 2 . 16h ), 3 . 6 - 2 . 8 ( m , 3 . 69h ), 2 . 8 - 2 . 5 ( m , 1 . 84h ), 2 . 3 - 1 . 9 ( m , 1 . 90h ), 1 . 1 - 0 . 9 ( 3 singlets , 16 . 5h ), 0 . 3 - 0 . 15 ( m , 10 . 3h ). ir ( kbr , cm - 1 ): 2955 , 2928 , 2889 , 2855 , 1420 , 1461 , 1360 , 1252 , 1105 , 1051 , 1037 , 985 , 955 , 884 , 861 , 836 , 775 . ( s , s )-(-)- j ( 200 mg ) and 150 mg iodine dissolved in 440 ml benzene ( fisher , spectra - analyzed ) was degassed with argon for 20 min and 5 ml propylene oxide was added . the solution was then irradiated for 12 h through a water - cooled pyrex jacket by means of a hanovia medium pressure hg lamp . the solvent was evaporated . this experiment was repeated ten times , and the combined residues , dissolved in ch 2 cl 2 - petroleum ether ( 1 : 1 ), were filtered through a 4 &# 34 ; column of neutral alumina . evaporation gave an orange solid , which was taken up in 100 ml dry thf in a 250 ml round - bottomed flask and cooled to - 78 ° c . under ar . t - butyllithium in pentane ( 10 ml , 1 . 7m ) was added , and after the dark mixture had stirred at - 78 ° c . for 20 min , it was quenched with water and allowed to warm to room temperature . extraction into 100 ml ether , washing with brine , drying ( mgso 4 ), and evaporation gave a yellow - orange solid , which was dissolved in benzene ( 100 ml ) containing p - toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate ( 50 mg ). the solution was refluxed for 30 min , cooled , extracted with 100 ml ether , washed with saturated nahco 3 solution ( 50 ml ) and brine ( 50 ml ), dried ( mgso 4 ), and evaporated giving an oily solid . chromatography on alumina ( silica can also be used ) and elution with ch 2 cl 2 - petroleum ether ( 1 : 10 to 1 : 5 ) gave 635 mg ( 56 %) of g as a yellow solid , [ α ] 578 20 - 3480 ° ( c = 0 . 015 , ch 2 cl 2 ). 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ : 7 . 99 ( 2 , 2h ), 7 . 93 ( d , j = 8 . 2 hz , 2h ), 7 . 69 ( d , j = 8 . 2 hz , 2h ), 7 . 21 ( an ab quartet , j = 8 . 6 hz , 4h ), 7 . 13 ( an ab quartet , j = 8 . 0 hz , 4h ), 6 . 45 ( dt , j = 5 . 5 , 1 . 8 hz , 2h ), 5 . 82 ( dt , j = 5 . 5 , 1 . 9 hz , 2h ), 1 . 91 ( dt , j = 23 . 8 , 1 . 7 hz , 2h ), 1 . 03 ( dt , j = 23 . 6 , 1 . 7 - 2 . 0 hz , 2h ). ir ( kbr , cm - 1 ): 3033 ( m ), 2923 ( w ), 1609 ( w ), 1385 ( m ), 1321 ( m ), 1254 ( m ), 1196 ( w ), 1160 ( w ), 953 ( m ), 839 ( vs ), 775 ( m ), 697 ( s ), 675 ( m ), 637 ( m ), 566 ( s ), 504 ( m ), 403 ( w ). m -(-)- j ( 150 mg , [ α ] 589 =- 3480 °) was dissolved under argon in 10 ml dry thf in a 100 ml round - bottomed flask , the solution was cooled to - 78 ° c ., and 1 ml 1 . 6m t - butyllithium was added . the deep brown mixture was stirred at 0 ° c . for 90 min , cooled to - 78 ° c ., and then 105 mg cobr 2 . dme complex was quickly added against an argon stream . the solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then cooled to - 78 °. another 120 mg cobr 2 . dme was then added . the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 7 h . it was then quenched at 0 ° c . with a solution of 0 . 5 ml conc . hcl in 5 ml water . after stirring 2 min , 300 mg ferric chloride hexahydrate ( fisher ) was added , and the mixture was stirred overnight . the deep red almost transparent solution was diluted with thf , filtered through celite , and the celite pad was washed with moist acetone . the filtrate was evaporated and the residue washed with ether ( 3 × 50 ml , the washings being discarded ). the solid was dissolved in acetone - water and after 600 mg nh 4 pf 6 in acetone ( 5 ml ) was added , the solution was concentrated and the precipitate filtered . washing this precipitate with much water ( 100 ml ) and ether , and drying at 0 . 005 mmhg gave 150 mg ( 69 %) brick - red solid , [ α ] 578 20 =- 20 , 300 ° ( c = 0 . 0012 , acetone ). purification was achieved by adding a filtered solution of this material in acetone to vigorously stirred anhydrous ether and filtering the precipitate . the optical rotation of purified material was almost the same : [ α ] 578 20 =- 20 , 400 ° to 20 , 800 °. ir ( kbr , cm - 1 ). 3658 ( m ) and 3585 ( m , water peaks ), 3115 ( m ), 3040 ( m ), 1699 ( w ), 1602 ( s ), 1495 ( w ), 1430 ( w ), 1385 ( m ), 1302 ( w ), 1245 ( w ), 1203 ( w ), 1167 ( w ), 841 ( vs ), 783 ( m ), 731 ( m ), 680 ( w ), 646 ( w ), 558 ( vs ), 472 ( m ), 396 ( w ). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cd 3 cocd 3 ): 8 . 3 - 61 ( br m , 14h ), 6 . 1 - 5 . 4 ( br m , 2h ), 5 . 1 - 3 . 9 ( br m , 4h ). elemental analysis : calculated for ( c 36 h 20 copf 6 ) n c , 65 . 85 ; h , 3 . 07 ; co , 8 . 98 ; p , 4 . 73 ; f , 17 . 38 found c , 71 . 24 ; h , 3 . 90 ; co , 6 . 72 ; f , --; calculated for ( c 36 h 21 copf 6 ) ( c 36 h 20 copf 6 ) 2 ( c 36 h 21 ): c , 71 . 35 ; h , 3 . 41 ; co , 7 . 65 . 1 . katz , t . j . ; slusarek , w . j . am . chem . soc ., 101 : 4259 , ( 1979 ) 2 . ( a ) katz , t . j . ; schulman , j . j . am . chem . soc . 86 : 3169 , ( 1964 ). ( b ) katz , t . j . ; balogh , v . ; schulman , j . ibid ., 90 : 734 , ( 1968 ). 3 . ( a ) katz , t . j . ; pesti , j . j . am . chem . soc . 103 : 346 , ( 1982 ). ( b ) pesti , j . ph . d . dissertation , columbia university , new york , n . y ., ( 1981 ). 4 . ( a ) carraher jr ., c . e . ; sheats , j . e . ; pittman jr ., c . u . &# 34 ; organometallic polymers ,&# 34 ; academic press : new york , ( 1978 ). ( b ) hagihara , n . ; sonogashira , k . ; takahashi , s . adv . polym . sci . 41 : 149 , ( 1981 ). 5 . martin observed a similar effect [ martin , r . h . ; schurter , j . j . tetrahedron 28 : 749 , ( 1972 ). 6 . ( a ) martin , r . h . tetrahedron 20 : 897 , ( 1964 ). ( b ) martin , r . h . ; defay , n . ; geerts - evard , f . ; delavarenne , s . ibid . 20 : 1073 , ( 1964 ). 7 . sudhakar , a . ph . d . dissertation , columbia university , new york , n . y . 1985 . 9 . see treichel , p . m . ; johnson , j . w . ; calabrese , j . c . j . organomet . chem . 88 : 215 , ( 1975 ). 10 . defay , n . ; zimmermann , d . ; martin , r . h . tetrahedron lett . p . 1871 ( 1971 ). 12 . b . m . trost , chem . soc . rev . page 141 , ( 1982 ) and references cited therein . 14 . ( a ) nesmeyanov , a . n . et al . izv . akad . nauk sssr , ser . khim . 667 , ( 1963 ). ( b ) watanabe , h ., motoyama , i . ; hata , k . bull . chem . soc . jpn . 39 : 790 , ( 1966 ). ( c ) roling , p . v . ; rausch , m . d . j . org . chem . 37 : 729 , ( 1972 ). ( d ) izumi t . ; kasahara , a . bull . chem soc . jpn . 48 : 1955 , ( 1975 ). 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