Patent Application: US-83354301-A

Abstract:
a method for diversity transmission and reception for channels with intersymbol interference is created . with this method one can transmit from two or more antennas in such a way that a receiver with one or more antennas can benefit from the diversity offered by the difference in channels from the transmit antennas to the receiver antenna . the way the transmission and reception is organized makes it relatively simple to in the receiver detect the transmitted symbols despite intersymbol interference in the channel . due to the increased diversity experienced by the receiver the average power level required at the receiver is reduced which can be used to increase the capacity or coverage of a wireless network and / or reduce the required transmitted power .

Description:
throughout this description , we will consider discrete - time channel models and detectors . a discrete - time filter will be represented as a polynomial in the unit delay operator , q − 1 , as exemplified below : υ  ( t ) = a  ( q - 1 )  u  ( t ) = ( a 0 + a 1  q - 1 + ⋯  + a na  q - na )  u  ( t ) = a 0  u  ( t ) + a 1  u  ( t - 1 ) + ⋯  + a na  u  ( t - na ) , where na is the order of the polynomial a ( q − 1 ), representing a filter with na + 1 taps . the discrete time is denoted with the discrete variable t . note that filters may also be non - causal and have terms with powers of the unit advance operator q . multiple - input - single - output ( miso ) filters will be represented as polynomial row vectors , and single - input - multiple - output ( simo ) filters will be represented as polynomial column vectors . multiple - input - multiple - output ( mimo ) filters will be represented as polynomial matrices . the complex conjugate of a filter a ( q − 1 ) is defined as ( a ( q − 1 ))* a *( q )= a 0 *+ a 1 * q + . . . + a na * q na ( 1 ) correspondingly , the complex conjugate transpose of a miso , simo or mimo filter is the transpose of the filter with all filter elements complex conjugated according to ( 1 ). the discrete - time model of a channel with two transmit antennas and one receive antenna is given by y  ( t )  = h 1  ( q - 1 )  d 1  ( t ) + h 2  ( q - 1 )  d 2  ( t ) + n  ( t )  = ( h 10 + … + h 1 , nh 1 - 1  q - nh 1  1 + 1 )  d 1  ( t ) +  ( h 20 + … + h 2 , nh 2 - 1  q - nh 2 + 1 )  d 2  ( t ) + n  ( t ) , ( 2 ) where ( 2 ), y ( t ) is the received signal , d 1 ( t ) and d 2 ( t ) are the symbol sequences transmitted from antenna 11 and antenna 12 respectively , and h 1 ( q − 1 ) and h 2 ( q − 1 ) are the channels for antenna 11 and antenna 12 respectively . the additive noise is modeled by n ( t ). we will in this description assume that the noise is white with variance σ n 2 . see fig2 . the channel is assumed to be fading but to be approximately stationary over a block of symbols . note that the pulse shape used in the modulation and the receive filter is part of the overall channel modeled in ( 2 ). the invention here is described in terms of complex baseband processing in digital form . it is assumed that there are digital - to - analog converters that convert the digital baseband signals to be transmitted into analog signals that in turn are upconverted to radio frequency with radios using well known methods . these radio signals are then transmitted from antennas over the radio channel . correspondingly it is assumed that the radio signals are received by antenna ( s ) and downconverted with radios using well known methods to an analog signals at baseband . this signal is then sampled and converted into a complex digital baseband signals using analog - to - digital converters . let us for a moment assume that the channel has no delay spread and that we do not use partial response modulation . thus , without any intersymbol interference the channels have only a single tap each , i . e . in the scheme presented by alamouti in [ 1 , 2 ], the original symbol stream , d ( t ), is divided into two separate symbol streams , d 1 ( t ) and d 2 ( t ). these two symbol streams are then transmitted on antenna 11 and antenna 12 such that every “ even ” sample the signal , r 1 ( t )= h 1 d 1 ( t )+ h 2 d 2 ( t )+ n 1 ( t ), ( 4 ) is received . that is , d 1 ( t ) is transmitted from antenna 11 and d 2 ( t ) is transmitted from antenna 12 . the noise n 1 ( t ) represents the corresponding even noise samples . every “ odd ” sample the symbol streams are transmitted such that the signal , r 2 ′( t )= h 2 d 1 *( t )− h 1 d 2 *( t )+ n 2 ′( t ), ( 5 ) is received at the receiver . that is , d 1 *( t ) is transmitted from antenna 12 and − d 2 *( t ) is transmitted from antenna 11 . the noise n 2 ( t ) represents the corresponding odd noise samples . the received odd signal samples are then complex conjugated giving the signal r 2 ( t )=( r 2 ′( t ))*= h 2 * d 1 ( t )− h 1 * d 2 ( t )+ n 2 ( t ) ( 6 ) r = [ r 1  ( t ) r 2  ( t ) ] , d  ( t ) = [ d 1  ( t ) d 2  ( t ) ] , ( 7 ) n  ( t ) = [ n 1  ( t ) n 2  ( t ) ] = [ n 1  ( t ) ( n 2 ′  ( t ) ) * ] ( 8 ) and   the   matrix h = [ h 1 h 2 h 2 * - h 1 * ] , ( 9 ) we can express the transmission from the two symbol streams d 1 ( t ) and d 2 ( t ) to the received sequences r 1 ( t ) and r 2 ( t ) as h h h =(| h 1 | 2 +| h 2 2 |) i . ( 11 ) in [ 1 , 2 ], alamouti proposes to multiply r ( t ) with h h in the receiver to obtain the signal z  ( t ) = h h  r  ( t ) = h h  hd  ( t ) + h h  n  ( t ) = (  h 1  2 +  h 2  2 )  d  ( t ) + υ  ( t ) , ( 12 ) where υ  ( t ) = [ υ 1  ( t ) υ 2  ( t ) ] = h h  n  ( t ) . ( 13 ) note that h h is in fact the matched filter and that z ( t ) in ( 12 ) is the matched filter output . using the components of z ( t )=[ z 1 ( t ) z 2 ( t )] t , we can express ( 12 ) as z 1 ( t )=(| h 1 | 2 +| h 2 | 2 ) d 1 ( t )+ v 1 ( t ) ( 14 ) z 2 ( t )=(| h 1 | 2 +| h 2 | 2 ) d 2 ( t )+ v 2 ( t ). ( 15 ) using ( 11 ), we can compute the covariance of the noise vector v ( t )=[ v 1 ( t ) v 2 ( t )] t as r υυ  = e  [ υ  ( t )  υ h  ( t ) ] = h h  r nn  h  = σ n 2  h h  h = σ n 2  (  h 1  2 +  h 2  2 )  i , ( 16 ) in the third equality we have used the fact that n ( t ) is a white vector noise sequence with the covariance r nn = σ n 2 i . since r vv is diagonal , v 1 ( t ) and v 2 ( t ) are uncorrelated . the matched filter outputs , z 1 ( t ) and z 2 ( t ), can obviously after proper scaling and slicing be used independently to estimate the transmitted symbols d 1 ( t ) and d 2 ( t ) respectively . the reason for this simplified decoupled detection is of course that the channel matrix h is orthogonal and thus h h h is diagonal . the detection of the two symbol streams , d 1 ( t ) and d 2 ( t ), thus decouples making the detection very easy . further , since v 1 ( t ) and v 2 ( t ) are uncorrelated , no gain can be achieved by joint detection of the two symbol streams . if we had one transmit antenna and two receive antennas the corresponding matched filter output would be z ( t )=(| h 1 | 2 +| h 2 | 2 ) d ( t )+ v ( t ) ( 17 ) we can thus see that the matched filter output in ( 12 ), using two transmit and one receive antenna , experiences the same diversity benefit as when using one transmit and two receive antennas 1 . this was shown by alamouti [ 1 , 2 ]. the received signals after complex conjugation of r 2 ′( t ) in the transmit diversity scheme for channel without intersymbol interference is shown in fig3 . let us now return to our original channel model in ( 2 ) with intersymbol interference . with the proper substitutions and manipulations we can derive the counterpart of the scheme by alamouti [ 1 , 2 ] for a channel with intersymbol interference . this derivation is however not trivial . assume that we transmit in such a way that the received signal has the form r  ( t ) = h  ( q , q - 1 )  d  ( t ) + n  ( t ) , ( 18 ) where h = [ h 1  ( q - 1 ) h 2  ( q - 1 ) h 2 *  ( q ) - h 1 *  ( q ) ] . ( 19 ) the noise vector n ( t ) is the noise after the necessary manipulation in the receiver which will be explained below . it will be white with the covariance r nn = σ n 2 i . note that the channels h 2 *( q ) and h 1 *( q ) have complex conjugated coefficients and are time reversed and thus anti - causal . we will see below how this signalling can be achieved . the polynomial channel matrix h ( q , q − 1 ) is also here orthogonal in the sense that h h ( q , q − 1 ) h ( q , q − 1 )=( h 1 *( q ) h 1 ( q − 1 )+ h 2 *( q ) h 2 ( q − 1 )) i in the receiver we now filter this signal with the matched filter h h ( q , q − 1 ). the output from the matched filter is then given by z  ( t ) = h h  ( q , q - 1 )  h  ( q , q - 1 )  d  ( t ) + h h  ( q , q - 1 )  n  ( t ) = ( h 1 *  ( q )  h 1  ( q - 1 ) + h 2 *  ( q )  h 2  ( q - 1 ) )  d  ( t ) + υ  ( t ) , ( 20 ) where υ  ( t ) = [ υ 1  ( t ) υ 2  ( t ) ] = h h  ( q , q - 1 )  n  ( t ) . ( 21 ) using the components of z ( t )=[ z 1 ( t ) z 2 ( t )] t , we can express ( 20 ) as z 1 ( t )=( h 1 *( q ) h 1 ( q − 1 )+ h 2 *( q ) h 2 ( q − 1 )) d 1 ( t )+ v 1 ( t ) ( 22 ) z 2 ( t )=( h 1 *( q ) h 1 ( q − 1 )+ h 2 *( q ) h 2 ( q − 1 )) d 2 ( t )+ v 2 ( t ). ( 23 ) similar to ( 16 ), the noise sequences v 1 ( t ) and v 2 ( t ) are uncorrelated as the spectrum 2 of v ( t ) given by r υυ  ( q , q - 1 )  = ∑ m = - ∞ ∞   e  [ υ  ( t )  υ h  ( t - m ) ]  q - m  = h h  ( q , q - 1 )  r nn  ( q , q - 1 )  h  ( q , q - 1 )  = σ n 2  h h  ( q , q - 1 )  h  ( q , q - 1 )  = σ n 2  ( h 1 *  ( q )  h 1  ( q - 1 ) + h 2 *  ( q )  h 2  ( q - 1 ) )  i ( 24 ) has no cross terms between v 1 ( t ) and v 2 ( t ). in the third equality we have used the fact that n ( t ) is a white vector noise sequence with r nn ( q , q − 1 )= σ n 2 i . the problem of detecting the symbol streams d 1 ( t ) and d 2 ( t ) thus decouples . furthermore , the channel after matched filtering is the same as one would obtain when using one transmit antenna and two receive antennas . this scheme thus , similar to the case without intersymbol interference , obtains the same diversity benefit as one can achieve using one transmit and two receive antennas . it thus achieves full diversity . the intersymbol interference of course still has to be handled by an equalizer . the output from the matched filter is however exactly the signal to be processed by a maximum likelihood sequence estimator utilizing the matched filter metric . see for example [ 4 , 3 ]. again it should be noted that , as for the case without intersymbol interference , the gain from coherent combining obtained when using two receive antennas is not reproduced when using two transmit antennas and one receive antenna . when using an mlse , the estimated symbol sequence , { circumflex over ( d )} 1 ( t ), will be the symbol sequence that maximizes the recursively defined matched filter metric [ 4 , 3 ] μ mf  ( t )  = μ mf  ( t - 1 ) + re  { d 1 *  ( t )  ( 2  z 1  ( t ) - γ 0  d 1  ( t ) -  2  ∑ m = 1 n   γ   γ m  d 1  ( t - m ) ) } . ( 25 ) in ( 25 ), γ k are the coefficients of the double sided complex conjugate symmetric metric polynomial γ  ( q , q - 1 ) = γ n   γ *  q n   γ + … + γ 0 + … + γ n   γ  q - n   γ = h 1 *  ( q )  h 1  ( q - 1 ) + h 2 *  ( q )  h 2  ( q - 1 ) . ( 26 ) preferably , the maximizing sequence is found using the viterbi . algorithm 3 [ 5 ]. the estimated symbol sequence { circumflex over ( d )} 2 ( t ) is similarly formed by maximizing the corresponding metric utilizing the second component , z 2 ( t ), of z ( t ). in order for the symbol detector in the receiver to work properly it has to be adapted to the channel . one way of doing this is to estimate the channel using the known transmitted symbols . this estimation of the channel can be performed in many different ways using well known methods . one method of estimating the channel is to estimate the polynomials h 1 ( q − 1 ) and h 2 ( q − 1 ) that best model the part of the received signal that correspond to the known transmitted symbols . this approach is well known and is only one of the examples of how channel estimation can be performed . in the symbol detector described here the maximum likelihood sequence detector using the metric in ( 25 ), one need to estimate the channel polynomials h 1 ( q − 1 ) and h 2 ( q − 1 ) and use them to form the metric polynomial in ( 26 ), whos coefficients are used in the maximum likelihood sequence detector metric in ( 25 ). consider the components r 1 ( t ) and r 2 ( t ) of the vector signal r ( t )=[ r 1 ( t ) r 2 ( t )] y : r 1 ( t )= h 1 ( q − 1 ) d 1 ( t )+ h 2 ( q − 1 ) d 2 ( t )+ n 1 ( t ) ( 27 ) r 2 ( t )= h 2 *( q ) d 1 ( t )− h 1 *( q ) d 2 ( t )+ n 2 ( t ). ( 28 ) to receive r 1 ( t ) we simply transmit the symbol stream d 1 ( t ) from antenna 11 and symbol stream d 2 ( t ) from antenna 12 . however , since there is intersymbol interference in the channel we cannot transmit such as to receive r 1 ( t ) and r 2 ( t ) in alternating symbol intervals . we have to transmit such as to receive a longer sequence of r 1 ( t ), and a longer sequence of r 2 ( t ). we will describe this in more detail below . achieving r 2 ( t ) at the receiver is less straightforward but nonetheless possible . consider the two symbol streams d 1 ( t ) and d 2 ( t ). let us choose their length to be n + 1 . time reverse these symbol streams to form the new symbol streams { tilde over ( d )} 1 ( t )= d 1 ( n − t ), t = 0 , 1 , . . . , n ( 29 ) { tilde over ( d )} 2 ( t )= d 2 ( n − t ), t = 0 , 1 , . . . , n . ( 30 ) now transmit −{ tilde over ( d )} 2 *( t ) from antenna 11 and { tilde over ( d )} 1 *( t ) from antenna 12 . the signal at the receiver will then be r 2 ′( t )= h 2 ( q − 1 ) { tilde over ( d )} 1 *( t )− h 1 ( q − 1 ) { tilde over ( d )} 2 *( t )+ n ( t ). ( 31 ) by time reversing r 2 ′( t ) in ( 31 ) and complex conjugating it we obtain the signal ( r 2 ′( n − t ))*= h 2 *( q ) d 1 ( t )− h 1 *( q ) d 2 ( t )+ n 2 ( t ), ( 32 ) where we have denoted n *( n − t ) with n 2 ( t ). note that the signal in ( 32 ) is is exactly the desired signal r 2 ( t ) in ( 28 ). the received signal after manipulation in the transmit diversity scheme for channels with intersymbol interference is shown in fig4 . the transmit diversity scheme can thus be summarized as follows . divide a sequence of symbols , d ( t ), t = 0 , 1 , . . . , 2n + 2 , into two sequences , d 1 ( t ), t = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , n and d 2 ( t ), t = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , n . this division of the symbol sequence d ( t ) into two symbol sequence can be made more or less arbitrary as long as there is an equal amount of symbols in each sequence d 1 ( t ) and d 2 ( t ) and the correlation between symbols in the sequences close to each other is not significantly effected . also divide a transmission frame into two blocks . during the first block of the frame , transmit the sequence d 1 ( t ) from antenna one and the sequence d 2 ( t ) from antenna two . during the second block of the frame , transmit d 2 ( t ) time reversed and complex conjugated from antenna 11 and transmit d 1 ( t ) time reversed , complex conjugated and negated from antenna 12 . the transmission procedure is depicted in fig5 . on the receive side , during the first block of the frame , the samples are collected to form the sequence r 1 ( t ) and during the second block of the frame the samples are collected and the sequence is complex conjugated and time reversed in order to form the sequence r 2 ( t ). the sequences r 1 ( t ) and r 2 ( t ) are then fed into the mimo matched filter h h ( q , q − 1 ) to form the decoupled outputs z 1 ( t ) and z 2 ( t ). the sequences z 1 ( t ) and z 2 ( t ) are then used independently to estimate the transmitted sequences d 1 ( t ) and d 2 ( t ). this detection can for example be performed with a maximum likelihood sequence estimator . the receive signal processing is schematically depicted in fig6 . the way the symbols are transmitted and received , as described above , is a principal part of this invention . especially important is the concept of time reversing the symbol streams when they are transmitted in the second block of the frame , and in the receiver time reversing the signal received during the second block of the frame . these time reversal operations is what enables the simple detection described in this invention . without these time reversal operations , and the matched filtering described for the receiver , the detection of the two symbol streams , d 1 ( t ) and d 2 ( t ) does not decouple . there are many variations as to how the transmission and the reception can be arranged to achieve this effect . we can change which symbol sequence is being negated , which symbol streams are being complex conjugated and which symbol streams are being time reversed . apart from changing the way in which the transmission is performed it will change the corresponding matched filter , h h ( q , q − 1 ), that is being applied in ( 20 ) in the receiver . all these are simple variations of this invention . the main principle is to arrange the transmission of the symbols in such a way that after they have passed through the channel and has been processed in the receiver as descibed in this invention , two outputs are produced that each depend only on one of the sequences , d 1 ( t ) or d 2 ( t ), and also is easy to equalize as described in this invention using , for example , a maximum likelihood sequence estimator . a very important component of this invention is how to signal over a channel such that the effective experienced channel is a time - reversed version of the actual channel . we here describe the principle for how this can be achieved . assume that we have a time - discrete symbol stream d ( t ), t = 1 , 2 , . . . , n and a channel described by the polynomial h ( q − 1 ). if we transmit the symbol stream d ( t ) over the channel h ( q − 1 ), sampling the received signal once per symbol interval , the sampled output in the receiver , y ( t ), can be expressed as y ( t )= h ( q − 1 ) d ( t )+ n ( t ) ( 33 ) where n ( t ) is a term representing noise plus interference . let us now assume that we want to form a signal , { tilde over ( y )}( t ), of the form { tilde over ( y )} ( t )= h ( q ) d ( t )+ v ( t ) ( 34 ) where v ( t ) is another representation of noise and interference and h ( q ) is a time reversed version of h ( q − 1 ), i . e . the delay operators , q − 1 , in h ( q − 1 ) are replaced by the advance operator q . in other words , if h ( q − 1 )= h 0 + h 1 q − 1 + . . . + h nh q − nh ( 35 ) h ( q )= h 0 + h 1 q + . . . + h nh q nh . ( 36 ) it is not trivial to signal with d ( t ) over h ( q − 1 ) in such a way that { tilde over ( y )}( t ) is generated but it can be done as follows . take the symbol stream d ( t ) and time - reverse it to form the time - reversed symbol stream { tilde over ( d )} ( t )= d ( n + 1 − t ), t = 1 , 2 , . . . , n . ( 37 ) transmit { tilde over ( d )}( t ) over the channel h ( q − 1 ) such that the signal x ( t )= h ( q − 1 ) { tilde over ( d )} ( t )+ n ′( t ) ( 38 ) { tilde over ( y )}( t )= x ( n + 1 − t ), t = 1 , 2 , . . . . , n . ( 39 ) because { tilde over ( y )}( t ) is a time - reversed version of x ( t ) it can be expressed as in equation ( 34 ) and therefore is the signal we desire . due to the intersymbol interference the signalling suffers from some “ edge effects ”. these can however be handled by insertion of known symbols in the beginning and end of each transmission block . let us define the maximum delay in the channels as the first nh samples of r 1 ( t ) will thus not conform with ( 27 ) and similarly the last nh of r 2 ( t ) will not conform with ( 28 ). the matched filter in the receiver ( 20 ), filters r 1 ( t ) with h 1 *( q ) or h 2 *( q ) and r 2 ( t ) with h 2 ( q − 1 ) or − h 1 ( q − 1 ). as a result the matched filter signal , z ( t ), will only conform with ( 20 ) when t ∈[ nh + 1 , n − nh ]. in the beginning and the end of each of the r 1 - and r 2 - blocks , nh symbols can thus not be used in the simplified detection outlined in this description . this is however not a big problem . we will in any case need some training symbols in order to estimate the channels h 1 ( q − 1 ) and h 2 ( q − 1 ). we can thus put these training symbols in the beginning and the end of each of the r 1 - and r 2 - blocks , or more precisely , in the beginning and the end of the sequences d 1 ( t ) and d 2 ( t ), and thus also in the beginning and end of the sequences − d 2 *( n − t ) and d 1 *( n − t ). the training symbols at the end of the r 1 - block and at the beginning of the r 2 - block can always be combined to a longer training sequence . this is important since when estimating channels with intersymbol interference , the training sequence cannot be allowed to be too short . further , extra training symbols can be inserted inbetween the end of the r 1 - block and before the begining of the r 2 - block . also , if this scheme is used in the transmission from a base station , then the receiving subscriber can potentially combine the training symbols at the end of an r 2 - block with the beginning of an r 1 - block to form yet another longer training sequence . note that all symbols , including the training symbols , transmitted in the r 2 - block are time reversed compared to the corresponding symbols in the r 1 - block . the training sequences in the r 2 - block are thus time reversed compared to the the training sequences in the r 1 - block . the number of training symbols in the beginning and the end of the sequences d 1 ( t ) and d 2 ( t ) has to be at least equal to the maximum expected delay , nh , in symbol periods . fig7 shows the configuration of training data and data . the upper row of data is transmitted from antenna 11 and the lower row is transmitted from antenna 12 . we will here call the method of transmit diversity described above ‘ time - reversal space - time block coding ’. since time - reversal space - time block coding can handle intersymbol interferference , we can combine it with the well known method of transmit delay diversity [ 6 ]. in transmit delay diversity artificial delay spread is introduced in the channel by transmitting the same signal from two or more antennas with some delay between the transmissions from the different antennas . the delay between the antenns would typically be of the order of a symbol interval . this artificially introduced delay spread in the channel introduces diversity that can be exploited by the equalizer or sequence detector in the receiver . we can now combine transmit delay diversity with time - reversal space - time block coding as follows . let us divide a group of transmit antennas into two groups . within the respective groups we use transmit delay diversity . we then view the two groups as two different channels and apply time - reversal space - time block coding to them . we thereby double the initial diversity that the transmit delay diversity achieved within each group . with more diversity the received signal level will vary even less and even less received power is required at the subscriber unit . this can be used to further increase the range of the system or further increase the capacity as less power can be transmitted from the base station , thus creating less interference and thus allowing more users in the system . the combination of time - reversal space - time block coding with transmit delay diversity is a part of this invention . a new transmit diversity scheme for channels with intersymbol interference , causing intersymbol interference , has been described . the intersymbol interference can be caused by partial response modulation or by delay spread in the propagation channel . this scheme shares many of the benefits of the transmit diversity scheme for channels without intersymbol interference presented in [ 1 , 2 ]. it can however , as opposed to the scheme descriped in [ 1 , 2 ] handle channels with intersymbol interferense efficiently . this is very important as most practical wireless communication channels have some intersymbol interference from either partial response modulation in the transmitter or from delay spread in the propagation channel or from filtering in the receiver , or from all of these effects . the detection of the symbol streams are decoupled , avoiding an unnecessarily complex detector . the scheme also achieves the same diversity benefit with two transmit antennas and one receive antenna as can be achieved with one transmit antenna and two receive antennas . the channel is required to be approximately stationary over a block of symbols . the size of this block is a design parameter . note that this scheme can be particularly useful in order to achieve transmit diversity when signalling with higher order constellations ( e . g . qam , 8psk or 16qam ) as the complexity of the equalizer is not increased . if we attempt to achieve the same diversity by employing transmit delay diversity , then the equalizer may become substantially more complex . this especially applies if the receiver uses an mlse or a suboptimal version thereof . since the method described above , which we here call time - reversal space - time block coding , can handle intersymbol interferference , we can combine it with the well known method of transmit delay diversity [ 6 ]. we can divide a group of transmit antennas into two groups . within the respective groups we can use transmit delay diversity . we then view the two groups as two different channels and apply time - reversal space - time block coding to them . we thereby double the initial diversity that the transmit delay diversity achieved within each group . both the time - reversal space - time block coding alone and the combination with transmit delay diversity increases the diversity in the transmission . this means that the receiver sees more , somewhat independenatly , fading signals and the probabillity that they all will have low power at the same time is reduced . with more diversity the received signal level will vary even less and even less received power is required at the subscriber unit . this can be used to increase the range of the system or increase the capacity as less power can be transmitted from the base station , thus creating less interference and thus allowing more users in the system . the so called fading margin in the transmission can then be reduced . this means that a lower mean power is required at the subscriber unit . this lower required mean power can either be used to increase the range of the transmission by keeping the transmitted power unchanged or increase the capacity of system by lowering the transmitted power and thereby reducing the interference such that more users can be allowed into the system . the lower required mean power can also be used to increase the data rate to the subscriber if different data rates are available . the above described embodiments of the invention are , obviously , merely illustrative implementations of the principles of the invention and various modifications and enhancements can be introduced by artisans without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention , which is embodied in the following claims . [ 1 ] s . m . alamouti , “ a simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications ,” journal of selective areas of communications , vol . 16 , no . 8 , pp . 1451 - 1458 , october 1998 . [ 2 ] s . m . alamouti , “ transmitter diversity technique for wireless communications ,”, international patent application pct / us98 / 17963 . [ 3 ] e . lindskog . space - time processing and equalization for wireless communications , phd thesis , uppsala university , signals and systems , po box 528 , 751 20 uppsala , sweden , 1999 , see www . signal . uu . se . [ 4 ] e . lindskog , “ multi - channel maximum likelihood sequence estimation ,” in proceedings of the 47 th ieee vehicular technology conference , vol . 2 , phoenix , ariz ., usa , may 5 - 7 , 1997 , pp . 715 - 719 . [ 5 ] a . j . viterbi , “ error bounds for convolutional codes and an asymptotically optimum decoding algorithm ,” ieee transactions on information theory , vol . 13 , pp . 260 - 269 , april 1967 . 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