Patent Application: US-74137903-A

Abstract:
the present invention provides for a method to circumvent the problem of using antibiotic resistant selectable markers . in particular , target plants are transformed using a plastid vector which contains heterologous dna sequences coding for a phytotoxin detoxifying enzyme or protein . the selection process involves converting a antibiotic - free phytotoxic agent by the expressed phytotoxin detoxifying enzyme or protein to yield a nontoxic compound . the invention provides for various methods to use antibiotic - free selection in chloroplast transformation .

Description:
the invention discloses a novel way of selecting transformed plants , wherein the plant &# 39 ; s plastid genome is transformed via a vector targeted to the plastid , and the selectable markers used for such transformation is a antibiotic - free marker . the invention further consists of the plants transformed and selected using the present method . the invention also discloses a method to confer osmoprotection to plants through chloroplast transformation . the present invention is applicable to all plastids of plants . these include chromoplasts which are present in the fruits , vegetables and flowers ; amyloplasts which are present in tubers like the potato ; proplastids in roots ; leucoplasts and etioplasts , both of which are present in non - green parts of plants . the vectors . this invention contemplates the use of vectors capable of plastid transformation , particularly of chloroplast transformation . such vectors would include chloroplast expression vectors such as puc , pbr322 , pbluescript , pgem , and all others identified by daniell in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 693 , 507 and u . s . pat . no . 5 , 932 , 479 . included are also vectors whose flanking sequence is located outside the inverted repeat of the chloroplast genome . these publications and patents are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference . a preferred embodiment of this invention utilizes a universal integration and expression vector competent for stably transforming the chloroplast genome of different plant species ( universal vector ). a universal vector is described in wo 99 / 10513 which was published on mar . 4 , 1999 , which is herein incorporated in its entity . the vector pld - badh was constructed by generating a pcr product using spinach cdna clone as the template . the 5 ′ primer also included the chloroplast optimal ribosome binding site ( ggagg ). pcr product was subcloned into the ecor1 site of pld - ctv , resulting in pld - badh . badh is one of the few proteins targeted to the chloroplast that lacks a definite transit peptide ( rathinasabapathi et al 1994 ). authors suggest that information for transport may be contained within the mature protein . even if a transit peptide was present , it should be cleaved in the stroma by the stromal processing peptidase ( keegstra and cline , 1999 ). furthermore , nuclear encoded cytosolic proteins with transit peptides have been successfully expressed within chloroplasts and found to be fully functional ( daniell et al . 1998 ). therefore there was no need to delete any transit peptide . the universal vector , pld - badh , as shown in fig1 integrates the aada and badh genes into the 16s - 23s - spacer region of the chloroplast genome . expression cassettes of the chloroplast integration vector contain the chimeric aada gene and the badh gene driven by the constitutive 16s rrna promoter and regulated by the 3 ′ untranslated region of the plastid psba gene . the chimeric aada gene encoding aminoglycoside 3 ′ adenyltransferase confers spectinomycin resistance in chloroplasts enabling selection of the transformants on spectinomycin dihydrochloride . on the other hand , badh converts the toxic betaine aldehyde in cells to glycine betaine . when present , this pathway is compartmentalized within chloroplasts ( nuccio , et al . 1999 ). to facilitate translation of the dicistronic mrna , independent shine - dalgarno ( sd ) sequences were provided to the aada and badh genes upstream of the initiation codons . in order to accurately compare transformation efficiency of both selectable markers under identical bombardment and transformation conditions , aada and badh genes were inserted into the same vector , at the same site . bombarded leaves were treated in identical manner except the addition of selection reagent . other plant specific vectors can be used to transform the plastids , particularly chloroplast , of various crops for betaine aldehyde selection . some examples of these include the pld - alfa - badh is for transforming the chloroplast genome of alfalfa using betaine aldehyde selection ; the pld - gm - utr - badh is for transforming the chloroplast genome of soybean ( glycine max ) with betaine aldehyde ; this contains the psba promoter and untranslated region ( utr ) for enhanced expression ; the pld - st - badh is for transforming the chloroplast genome of potato ( solanum tuberosum ) using betaine aldehyde selection ; pld - st - utr - badh is for transforming the chloroplast genome of potato ( solanum tuberosum ) with betaine aldehyde ; this contains the psba promoter and untranslated region ( utr ) for enhanced expression ; and the pld - tom - badh is for transforming the chloroplast genome of tomato using betaine aldehyde selection . promoters . for transcription and translation of the dna sequence encoding the gene of interest , the entire promoter region from a gene capable of expression in the plastid generally is used . the promoter region may include promoters obtained from green and non - green chloroplast genes that are operative upon the chloroplast , such as the psba gene from spinach or pea , the rbcl , atpb promoter region from maize , the accd promoter and 16s rrna promoter . competent promoters are also described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 693 , 507 , and the other literature sources contained therein . these publications and patents are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference . selectable markers . the preferred embodiment of this invention teaches the use of the spinach badh gene as a selectable marker ; wherein a plant is transformed via the chloroplast with the spinach badh gene along with another nucleotide sequence encoding a desirable trait . the badh gene product — betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase — will oxidize the betaine aldehyde in the growth medium allowing for the lethal selection of transformed plants . other forms of antibiotic - free selection . enzymes and proteins that function in plastids can be used as antibiotic - free phytotoxic agents . in case of amino acid biosynthesis , the synthesis is regulated by the substrate . when adequate amino acid is made , it binds to one of the enzymes in the pathway to block further synthesis ( feed back inhibition ). mutant genes are available for many enzymes that are insensitive to such feed back inhibition . such enzymes are expressed in the chloroplast by engineering feed back insensitive mutant genes via the chloroplast genome . putative transgenic shoots are regenerated in a growth medium lacking specific amino acids . true transgenic plants will be regenerated in the growth medium . thus , antibiotic free selection is accomplished . pigment biosynthesis can also be used in antibiotic free selection in plastids . while ancient plants ( including pines ) have the ability to synthesize chloroplhyll in the dark , flowering plants lost this capacity . this is because of the last step in chlorophyll biosynthesis is controlled by the enzyme protochlorophyllide reductase . this enzyme can function in the dark in primitive land plants and certain algae but is light dependent in higher plants . that is why ornamental plants kept inside the house requires light to synthesize chlorophyll . it is known that the chloroplast gene ( chlb ) for protochlorophyllide reductase in the green alga chlamydomonas is required for light independent protochlorophyllide reductase activity ( plant cell 5 : 1817 - 1829 ). therefore , chlb gene from the chlamydomonas chloroplast is introduced into the chloroplast genome of higher plants and transgenic green shoots appearing in the dark is selected . thus , pigment biosynthesis genes are used as antibiotic free selectable markers . another possibility is herbicide selection . several methods can be used to genetically engineer herbicide resistance via the chloroplast genome . the target enzyme or protein is overproduced with 10 , 000 copies of foreign genes per transformed cell . this results in binding of all herbicide molecules thereby facilitating regeneration of transgenic shoots . another approach is the use of modified enzyme or proteins ( mutant ) that does not bind the herbicide . the third approach is to use enzymes or proteins to breakdown the herbicide . drought tolerance likewise can be used as a selectable marker . expression of the badh enzyme or trehalose phosphate synthase via the chloroplast genome enables cells to tolerate drought . drought conditions are created in culture plates by the addition of polyethylene glycol to the growth medium ( 3 - 6 %). only cells that express badh or tps are capable of drought tolerance and grows in the presence of polyethylene glycol . thus , antibiotic free chloroplast transgenic plants are obtained . other aldehyde dehydrogenases . other genes that code for an aldehyde dehydrogenase capable of detoxifying other phytotoxic aldehydes can be used in this novel selection system . these include , and are not limited to , genes that encode acetaldehyde dehydrogenase , formaldehyde dehydrogenase , proprionaldehyde dehydrogenase , and butyraldehyde dehydrogenase . the transformation of this invention maybe accomplished by any methods of transformation known in the art . such methods include , but are not limited to peg treatment , agrobacterium treatment , and microinjection . methods of transformation are described by daniell et . al ., “ new tools for chloroplast genetic engineering ,” nat . biotechnology , 17 : 855 - 857 ( 1999 ). this publication is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety . in the preferred embodiment , the method for transformation is by bombardment . the badh gene expression was tested in e . coli cell extracts by enzyme assays before proceeding with bombardment . the universal vector pld - badh was transformed into the e . coli strain xl - 1 blue and grown in terrific broth ( guda et al . 2000 ) in the presence of ampicillin ( 100 μg / ml ) at 37 ° c . for 24 hours . in e . coli , the level of expression by the chloroplast prrn promoter is equivalent to that of the highly efficient t7 promoter and both systems have highly compatible protein synthetic machinery ( brixey et al . 1997 ). therefore , badh enzyme activity was tested in untransformed cells and cells transformed with pld - badh , a high copy number plasmid ( fig2 ). crude sonic extracts isolated from transformed cells showed 3 - 5 fold more badh activity than the untransformed control , confirming that the expression cassette is fully functional . this result also suggests that codon preference of the nuclear badh gene is compatible with expression in the prokaryotic chloroplast compartment . tobacco ( nicotiana tabacum var . petit havana ) was grown aseptically by germination of seeds in mso medium . this medium contains ms salts ( 4 . 3 g / liter ), b5 vitamin mixture ( myoinositol , 100 mg / liter ; thiamine - hcl , 10 mg / liter ; nicotinic acid , 1 mg / liter ; pyridoxine - hci , 1 mg / liter ), sucrose ( 30 g / liter ) and phytagar ( 6 g / liter ) at ph 5 . 8 . fully expanded , dark green leaves of about two month old plants were used for bombardment . leaves were placed abaxial side up on whatman no . 1 filter papers laying on the rmop medium ( daniell 1993 ) in standard petri plates ( 100 × 15 mm ) for bombardment . microprojectiles were coated with plasmid dna ( pld - badh ) and bombardments were carried out with the biolistic device pds 1000 / he ( bio - rad ) as described by daniell ( 1997 ). following bombardment , petri plates were sealed with parafilm and incubated at 24 ° c . under 16 hour photoperiod . two days after bombardment , leaves were chopped into small pieces of ˜ 5 mm 2 in size and placed on the selection medium ( rmop containing 500 μg / ml of spectinomycin dihydrochloride or 5 - 10 mm betaine aldehyde ) with abaxial side touching the medium in deep ( 100 × 25 mm ) petri plates . the regenerated resistant shoots were chopped into small pieces (˜ 2 mm 2 ) and subcloned into fresh deep petri plates containing the same selection medium . resistant shoots from the second culture cycle were transferred to the rooting medium ( mso medium supplemented with iba , 1 mg / liter containing appropriate selectable marker ). rooted plants were transferred to soil and grown at 26 ° c . under 16 hour photoperiod . the entire process of regeneration , starting from bombardment until transfer to soil , takes about 3 - 6 months for spectinomycin selection and 2 - 3 months for betaine aldehyde selection . fig3 and table 1 show differences between the two selection processes . under spectinomycin selection , leaf discs continued to grow but pigments were bleached ; resistant clones formed green shoots in about 45 days ( fig3 b ). on the other hand , under betaine aldehyde selection , growth of the leaf discs was completely inhibited and photosynthetic pigments were degraded ( fig3 g - 1 ), resistant clones formed green shoots within 12 days ( fig3 e ). leaf disks in fig3 under betaine aldehyde selection appear partially green because they were photographed 12 days after the initiation of the selection process whereas the disc photographed on spectinomycin were 45 days after initiation of the selection process . in spite of the short period of selection one leaf disk was almost bleached ( fig3 d ) and all of them were killed after 30 days . under 10 mm betaine aldehyde selection , control untransformed samples were killed ( turned black , 3 g - 1 ) whereas transgenic leaves produced new shoots ( fig3 g , 2 - 4 ). when the leaf discs were selected for spectinomycin resistance , only 15 % of the discs responded and an average of one resistant shoot per plate was observed after 45 days . from each callus , all resistant shoots are considered to represent an individual clone . under betaine aldehyde selection 80 % of the discs responded and an average of 25 resistant shoots per plate was observed . responding leaf disks formed one or two resistant shoots under spectinomycin selection whereas under betaine aldehyde selection , as many as 23 shoots were observed from a single leaf disk . overall , 10 resistant shoots were regenerated from ten bombardments under spectinomycin selection while more than 150 shoots were recovered from six bombardments under betaine aldehyde selection . therefore , the efficiency of transformation is 25 fold higher in betaine aldehyde selection than spectinomycin selection . additionally , the latter procedure results in rapid regeneration . lethal selection . the prior art suggests that chloroplast transformation system is possible only under non - lethal selection ( svab and maliga 1993 ). this invention distinctly shows that this is not the case . non - lethal selection was defined in the chloroplast transformation literature as lack of suppression of growth on the selection medium and that this was an absolute requirement for plastid transformation ( staub and maliga 1993 ). it is known that accumulation of betaine aldehyde is toxic and lethal to plant cells ( rathinasabapathi et . al . 1994 ). this invention confirm earlier observations that betaine aldehyde is toxic to plant cells and inhibits growth . therefore , this invention teaches that non - lethal selection is not a requirement for plastid transformation . the only requirement is that the selection process should be specific to plastids . integration of a foreign gene into the chloroplast genome was confirmed by pcr screening of chloroplast transformants ( fig4 ). primers were designed to eliminate mutants , nuclear integration and to determine whether the integration of foreign genes had occurred in the chloroplast genome at the directed site by homologous recombination . the strategy to distinguish between nuclear and chloroplast transgenic plants was to land one primer ( 3p ) on the native chloroplast genome adjacent to the point of integration and the second primer ( 3m ) on the aada gene ( fig1 ). this primer set generated 1 . 6 kb pcr product in chloroplast transformants ( fig4 ). because this product cannot be obtained in nuclear transgenic plants , the possibility of nuclear integration can be eliminated . pcr screening for chloroplast transformants after the first culture cycle showed that 11 out of 15 betaine aldehyde resistant clones integrated foreign genes into the chloroplast genome . the rest of the resistant shoots may be either escapes or nuclear transformants . hence , only pcr positive clones were advanced to further steps of regeneration . in contrast , nearly 60 % of the spectinomycin resistant clones were mutants . other labs have recently reported as high as 90 % mutants among spectinomycin resistant clones ( eibl et al . 1999 ; sidorov et al . 1999 ). southern blot analysis was performed using total dna isolated from transgenic and wild type tobacco leaves . total dna was digested with a suitable restriction enzyme . presence of a bglli cut site at the 3 ′ end of the flanking 16s rrna gene and the trna intron allowed excision of predicted size fragments in the chloroplast transformants and untransformed plants . to confirm foreign gene integration and homoplasmy , individual blots were probed with the flanking chloroplast dna sequence ( probe 1 , fig5 a ). in the case of the badh integrated plastid transformants , the border sequence hybridized with a 7 . 29 kbp fragment while it hybridized with a native 4 . 47 kbp fragment in the untransformed plants ( fig5 b ). the copy number of the integrated badh gene was also determined by establishing homoplasmy in transgenic plants ( daniell et al . 1998 ; guda et al . 2000 ). tobacco chloroplasts contain about 10 , 000 copies of chloroplast genomes per cell . if only a fraction of the genomes was transformed , the copy number should be less than 10 , 000 . by confirming that the badh integrated genome is the only one present in transgenic plants , it could be established that the badh gene copy number could be as many as 10 , 000 per cell . dna gel blots were also probed with the badh gene coding sequence ( p2 ) to confirm specific integration into the chloroplast genomes and eliminate transgenic plants that had foreign genes also integrated into the nuclear genome . in the case of the badh integrated plants , the badh coding sequence hybridized with a 7 . 29 kbp fragment which also hybridized with the border sequence in plastid transformant lines ( fig5 b ). this shows that the badh gene was integrated only into the chloroplast genome and not the nuclear genome in transgenic lines examined in this blot . also , this confirms that the tobacco transformants indeed integrated the intact gene expression cassette into the chloroplast genome and that no internal deletions or loop outs during integration occurred via homologous recombination . in higher plants accumulation of osmoprotectants during salinity and drought stress is a common phenomenon in their metabolic adaptation . osmoprotectants help to protect plant organelles from osmotic shock as well as the cellular membranes from damage during stress ( nuccio et al . 1999 ). among the osmoprotectants , glycine betaine is the most effective and is commonly present in a few families , including chenopodiaceae and poaceae . but most of the crop species including tobacco do not accumulate glycine betaine . since synthesis and localization of glycine betaine is compartmentalized in chloroplasts , engineering the chloroplast genome for glycine betaine synthesis may provide an added advantage for chloroplast transgenic plants . badh converts toxic betaine aldehyde to non - toxic glycine betaine which is the second step in the formation of glycine betaine from choline . by analyzing badh enzyme activity , the expression of introduced badh gene can be monitored . since badh is a nad + dependent , enzyme activity is analyzed for the formation nadh . the reaction rate is measured by an increase in absorbency at 340 nm resulting from the reduction of nad +. badh enzyme activity was assayed in crude leaf extracts of wild type and transgenic plants . unlike previous reports , no purification with ammonium sulfate was necessary in order to perform the badh assay . crude extracts from chloroplast transgenic plants showed elevated activity ( 15 - 18 fold ) compared to the untransformed tobacco ( fig6 ). the wild type tobacco showed low endogenous activity as reported previously ( rathinasababathy et al . 1994 ). badh enzyme activity was investigated from young ( top 3 - 4 leaves ), mature ( large well developed ), developing leaves ( in between young and mature ) and bleached old leaves from transgenic plants . crude leaf extracts from different developmental stages of the same transgenic plant showed differential activity with the most activity observed in mature leaves ( 18 fold over control ) and least activity in older leaves ( 15 fold over control , as seen in fig6 ). unlike nuclear transgenic lines , crude extracts from different chloroplast transgenic lines did not show significant variation in badh activity ( data not shown ). lack of pleiotropic effects . expression of badh and resultant accumulation of glycine betaine did not result in any pleiotropic effects ; transgenic plants are morphologically indistinguishable from control untransformed plants ( fig7 ). they grew normally , flowered and set seeds . germination of seeds from untransformed plants in the presence of spectinomycin resulted in complete bleaching whereas seeds from the chloroplast transgenic plants germinated and grew normally ( fig8 ). because untransformed seeds germinated in very high concentrations of betaine aldehyde ( 10 - 15 mm ), no comparison between control and transgenic seeds could be made during germination on betaine aldehyde . this may be due to the presence of an active endogenous badh or similar enzymatic activity in non - green plastids during germination . these results demonstrate that the introduced trait is stably inherited in the subsequent generation and that it is safe to use betaine aldehyde selection because of the lack of pleiotropic effects . application to other plants . this invention applies to any higher plants , such as monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant species . the plants that may be transformed via the universal vector with a antibiotic - free selectable marker maybe solanacious plants or plants that grow underground . most importantly , this invention is applicable to the major economically important crops such as maize , rice , soybean , wheat , and cotton . a non - exclusive list of examples of higher plants which may be so transformed include cereals such as barley , corn , oat , rice , and wheat ; melons such as cucumber , muskmelon , and watermelon ; legumes such as bean , cowpea , pea , peanut ; oil crops such as canola and soybean ; solanaceous plants such as tobacco ; tuber crops such as potato and sweet potato ; and vegetables like tomato , pepper and radish ; fruits such as pear , grape , peach , plum , banana , apple and strawberry ; fiber crops like the gossypium genus such as cotton , flax and hemp ; and other plants such as beet , cotton , coffee , radish , commercial flowing plants , such as carnation and roses ; grasses , such as sugar cane or turfgrass ; evergreen trees such as fir , spruce , and pine , and deciduous trees , such as maple and oak . a . betaine aldehyde selection of tobacco chloroplast transformation . tobacco plant chloroplasts were transformed by the universal vector containing both a targeted gene of interest and the spinach betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene . the transformed cells were cultured in growth medium containing betaine aldehyde , a phytotoxic aldehyde . since betaine aldehyde is lethal to all untransformed cells , such cells will not be regenerated in the growth medium . therefore , all cells which grow in the growth medium containing betaine aldehyde are successfully transformed with the badh gene lore importantly , such cells are successfully transformed with the targeted gene of interest . b . other possible plants . other than tobacco , this invention can be practiced upon other monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants , including maize , rice , soybean , wheat , cotton , oat , barley , cucumber , muskmelon , watermelon , bean , cowpea , pea , peanut , canola , potato and sweet potato ; tomato , pepper , radish , pear , grape , peach , plum , banana , apple , strawberry , flax , hemp , beet , coffee , radish , commercial flowing plants , such as carnation and roses ; grasses , such as sugar cane or turfgrass ; fir , spruce , and pine , maple and oak . c . other antibiotics that can be replaced . this example provides that the invention can replace all antibiotics as a selectable marker , including those listed in molecular biotechnology by glick and pasternak , page 437 , table 17 . 4 . d . other targeted genes of interest . this invention provides that genes of interest expressing desirable traits are encoded by the targeted dna sequence in the expression cassette . other antibiotic - 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