Patent Application: US-96337510-A

Abstract:
the leading cause of graft failure is the subsequent development of intimal hyperplasia , which represents a response to injury that is thought to involve smooth muscle proliferation , migration , phenotypic modulation , and extracellular matrix deposition . surgical techniques typically employed for vein harvest — stretching the vein , placing the vein in low ph , solutions , and the use of toxic surgical skin markers — are shown here to cause injury . the invention therefore provides for non - toxic surgical markers than also protect against stretch - induced loss of functional viability , along with other additives . devices and compositions for reducing physical stress or protecting from the effects flowing therefrom , also are provided .

Description:
thus , the present invention provides new methods and reagents with which to harvest , treat , preserve and transplant autologous conduits and inhibit intimal hyperplasia . the ph of the solution used to store autologous vein conduits prior to implantation , which includes heparinized saline , is highly acidic ( ph 6 . 2 ). this acidic ph has been shown to reduce the functionality of the conduit . moreover , the use of surgical skin markers comprising isopropyl alcohol , to mark the autologous conduits , also reduces the functionality of the conduit . erioglaucine , otherwise known as fd & amp ; c blue dye # 1 , is not toxic to the vein and restores functional integrity after injury . it also has been shown that common manual distension of the vein can lead to intraluminal pressures greater than 300 mm hg , which also has a deleterious effect on conduit functionality . placing a pop off valve on the syringe reduces the maximal possible intraluminal pressure to 130 - 140 mm hg , thereby protecting the vein conduit . in one aspect , the present invention provides a buffered solution , ph 7 . 0 - 7 . 6 , in which to place the vein after harvest . in one embodiment the buffer is phosphate buffered saline ; however , mops , hepes , pipes , and acetate are alternative formulations . magnesium sulfate ( 5 mm ) can also be added to the solution to stabilize membranes . another buffer option is plasma - lyte 56 injection ( multiple electrolytes injection , type 1 , usp ) a sterile , nonpyrogenic , hypotonic solution in a single dose container for intravenous administration . each 100 ml contains 234 mg of sodium chloride , usp ( nacl ); 128 mg of potassium acetate , usp ( c 2 h 3 ko 2 ); and 32 mg of magnesium acetate tetrahydrate ( mg ( c 2 h 3 o 2 ) 2 · 4h 2 o ). it contains no antimicrobial agents . the ph is adjusted with hydrochloric acid . in another aspect of the invention , the harvest solution can be prepared as a highly viscous solution such as that described in seal & amp ; panitch ( 2003 ). these authors described a rapidly forming polymer matrix with affinity - based controlled release properties was developed based upon interactions between heparin - binding peptides and heparin . dynamic mechanical testing of 10 % ( w / v ) compositions consisting of a 3 : 1 molar ratio of poly ( ethylene glycol )- co - peptide ( approximately 18 , 000 g / mol ) to heparin ( approximately 18 , 000 g / mol ) revealed a viscoelastic profile similar to that of concentrated , large molecular weight polymer solutions and melts . in addition , the biopolymer mixtures recovered quickly following thermal denaturation and mechanical insult . these gel - like materials were able to sequester exogenous heparin - binding peptides and could release these peptides over several days at rates dependent on relative heparin affinity . the initial release rates ranged from 3 . 3 % per hour for a peptide with low heparin affinity to 0 . 025 % per hour for a peptide with strong heparin affinity . by altering the affinity of peptides to heparin , a series of peptides can be developed to yield a range of release profiles useful for controlled in vivo delivery of therapeutics . in another aspect of the invention , the solutions of the present invention may contain additional additives to address various protective aspects of the invention . for example , the solutions of the present invention may include heparin ( 1 - 10 u / ml ) to prevent thrombus formation . heparin is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan that is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant , and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule . it can also be used to form an inner anticoagulant surface on various experimental and medical devices such as test tubes and renal dialysis machines . pharmaceutical grade heparin is derived from mucosal tissues of slaughtered meat animals such as porcine ( pig ) intestine or bovine ( cow ) lung . although used principally in medicine for anticoagulation , the true physiological role of heparin in the body remains unclear , because blood anti - coagulation is achieved mostly by endothelial cell - derived heparan sulfate proteoglycans . heparin is usually stored within the secretory granules of mast cells and released only into the vasculature at sites of tissue injury . it has been proposed that , rather than anticoagulation , the main purpose of heparin is in a defensive mechanism at sites of tissue injury against invading bacteria and other foreign materials . in addition , it is preserved across a number of widely different species , including some invertebrates that do not have a similar blood coagulation system . native heparin is a polymer with a molecular weight ranging from 3 kda to 50 kda , although the average molecular weight of most commercial heparin preparations is in the range of 12 kda to 15 kda . heparin is a member of the glycosaminoglycan family of carbohydrates ( defined as an organic compound which has the empirical formula cm ( h2o ) n ; that is , consists only of carbon , hydrogen and oxygen , with a hydrogen : oxygen atom ratio of 2 : 1 ). glycosaminoglycans ( gags ) or mucopolysaccharides are long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit . the repeating unit consists of a hexose ( six - carbon sugar ) or a hexuronic acid , linked to a hexosamine ( six - carbon sugar containing nitrogen ). heparin , ( which includes the closely - related molecule heparan sulfate ) consists of a variably - sulfated repeating disaccharide unit . the main disaccharide units that occur in heparin are shown below . the most common disaccharide unit is composed of a 2 - o - sulfated iduronic acid and 6 - o - sulfated , n - sulfated glucosamine , idoa ( 2s )- glcns ( 6s ). for example , this makes up 85 % of heparins from beef lung and about 75 % of those from porcine intestinal mucosa . not shown below are the rare disaccharides containing a 3 - o - sulfated glucosamine ( glcns ( 3s , 6s )) or a free amine group ( glcnh 3 + ). under physiological conditions , the ester and amide sulfate groups are deprotonated and attract positively - charged counterions to form a heparin salt . it is in this form that heparin is usually administered as an anticoagulant . in another aspect , the harvest solution can be a hydrogel that coats the vessel to minimize volume while keeping the vessel moist . in addition , the hydrogel can contain a therapeutic to help maintain vasorelaxation . hydrogels include those synthesized from hydrophilic polymers that are crosslinked through covalent bods such as poly ( ethylene glycol ), polyacrylamide , polyfumerate , poly ( n - siopropyl acrylamide ), etc ., or any gel like material crosslinking through physical interactions including hydrophobic and ionic . gels include polyurethanes , agarose and alginates . in another aspect of the invention , the present invention includes papaverine ( 1 mm ) to inhibit contraction and spasm of the vein . alternative anti - spasmodic agents are nicardipine , sodium nitroprusside , nitroglycerine ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 0 mm ), or dibutyryl camp ( 2 mm ). in another aspect of the invention , the present invention includes antioxidants to prevent oxidative damage to the vein . n - acetylcysteine ( 10 mm ), allopurinol ( 1 mm ), glutathione ( 3 mm ), mannitol ( 30 - 60 mm ), or green tea phenols ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 0 mg / ml ) are particular antioxidants of interest . in another aspect , the present invention provides oligosaccharides in the harvest solution to prevent desiccation of the graft . lactobionic acid ( 100 mm ), raffinose ( 30 mm ), or trehalose ( 30 mm ) are particular oligosaccharides . lactobionic acid is a disaccharide that provides osmotic support and prevents cell swelling . raffinose is a trisaccharide that provides hypertonicity . trehalose is a disaccharide with water retention properties . in another aspect , the present invention provides starch in the harvest solution to support colloid osmotic pressure . hydroxyethyl starch ( 30 - 50 mm ), dextran ( 40 g / l ), blood , or albumin , are particularly contemplated colloid agents . in another aspect of the invention , the present invention includes anti - inflammatory agents . steroids such as dexamethasone ( 5 - 10 mg / l ) or salicylic acid are examples of anti - inflammatory agents . in another aspect of the invention , drugs will be included to prevent endothelial dysfunction . angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors , statins , metformin , aicar and estrogens are examples of such drugs . in another aspect of the invention , the present invention includes metabolic regulators . glucose ( 200 mm ), adenosine ( 5 mm ), and insulin ( 100 u / ml ) are particularly contemplated metabolic regulators . in another aspect of the invention , the present invention includes a novel peptide inhibitor of mapkap kinase 2 ( and related peptides ) to reduce inflammation , enhance relaxation of the smooth muscle , and prevent spasm . pct applications us2007 / 16246 and us2008 / 72525 describe such inhibitors , and are incorporated by reference herein . in another aspect of the invention , the present invention includes sirna or mirna to decrease the expression of hsp27 to prevent intimal hyperplasia . the sense strand sirna sequences are 1 ) gaccaaggauggcgugguguu ( seq id no : 1 ) and 2 ) auacacgcugccccccgguuu ( seq id no : 2 ). the sense strand mirna sequences are 1 ) mir - 580 or mir - 1300 , aacucuuacuacuuaguaaucc ( seq id no : 3 ) and 2 ) mir - 552 , uuguccacugaccaaucuguu ( seq id no : 4 ). the anti - mir - 320 sequence is : ucgcccucucaacccagcuuuu expression of the sirna and mirna is plasmid based or synthetic . delivery of the dna or synthetic oligo - duplexes can be performed via reversible permeabilization or pressurization ( monahan et al ., 2009 ). injury leads to prolonged release of atp which can activate atp receptors ( khakh & amp ; north , 2006 ). p2x receptors are a family of ligand - gated ion channels that bind extracellular atp . the p2x 7 receptor is responsible for the atp - dependent lysis of macrophages and is also found on human saphenous vein smooth muscle ( cario - toumaniantz et al ., 1998 ). activation of the p2x 7 receptor can form membrane pores permeable to large molecules in human saphenous vein ( cario - toumaniantz et al ., 1998 ). this leads to increases in intracellular ca 2 + which can activate caspases , and ultimately lead to cell death due to autolysis and apoptosis ( donnelly - roberts et al ., 2004 ). activation of the p2x 7 receptor has been associated with activation of p38 mapk pathway and changes in the actin cytoskeleton ( pfeiffer et al ., 2004 ). activation of p2x 7 receptor also leads to production and release of interleukins and other cytokines which contributes to an inflammatory response ( donnelly - roberts et al ., 2004 ). recently , systemic administration of an antagonist of the p2x 7 receptor has been shown to improve recovery in a rodent model of stretch induced spinal cord injury ( peng et al ., 2009 ). a variety of p2x 7 receptor antagonists have been described in the literature . for example , alcaraz et al . ( 2003 ) describe the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a series of potent p2x 7 receptor antagonists . the compounds inhibit bzatp - mediated pore formation in thp - 1 cells . the distribution of the p2x 7 receptor in inflammatory cells , most notably the macrophage , mast cell and lymphocyte , suggests that p2x 7 antagonists have a significant role to play in the treatment of inflammatory disease . carroll et al . ( 2009 ) review distinct chemical series of potent and highly selective p2x 7 receptor antagonists . the following u . s . patents , incorporated herein by reference , disclose p2x 7 receptor antagonists : u . s . pat . nos . 7 , 709 , 469 , 6 , 812 , 226 , 7 , 741 , 493 7 , 718 , 693 and 7 , 326 , 792 . the following u . s . patent publications , incorporated herein by reference , disclose p2x 7 receptor antagonists : 2010 / 0292295 , 2010 / 0292224 , 2010 / 0286390 , 2010 / 0210705 , 2010 / 0168171 , 2010 / 0160389 , 2010 / 0160388 , 2010 / 0160387 , 2010 / 0160384 , 2010 / 0160373 , 2010 / 0144829 , 2010 / 0144727 , 2010 / 0105068 , 2010 / 0075968 , 2010 / 0056595 , 2010 / 0036101 , 2009 / 0264501 , 2009 / 0215727 , 2009 / 0197928 , 2009 / 0149524 , 2009 / 0005330 , 2008 / 0132550 , 2008 / 0009541 , 2007 / 0122849 , 2007 / 0082930 , 2005 / 0054013 , 2005 / 0026916 and 2002 / 0182646 . as discussed above , an aspect of the invention includes a marker that contains a non - toxic dye to mark the vein . fd & amp ; c blue # 1 ( erioglaucine ), an artificial food dye approved by the fda ( e # 133 ), also has not only been shown to be non - toxic , but protective of harvest techniques that are injurious to saphenous veins and is a p2x 7 receptor antagonist . brilliant blue g , an analog erioglaucine , also is contemplated as a p2x 7 receptor antagonist . indigotine ( e132 ) is another dark blue artificial dye approved by the fda . fast green ( e143 ) is another bluish green artificial dye approved by the fda . natural dyes such as curcurmin or betanin are other alternatives . curcumin is the principal curcuminoid of the spice tumeric and has antioxidant and anti - inflammatory properties . as a food additive , its e number is e100 . betanin is a red glycosidic food dye obtained from beets and is a natural food dye . other possible dyes include genestein blue , evans blue , india ink , allura red ac , tartazine , and erythrosine . preliminary studies , discussed below , demonstrate that currently used harvest techniques are injurious to saphenous veins . these data pose a new paradigm for thinking about vein graft failure and offer simple and straightforward approaches to ameliorate vein graft injury . thus , in another aspect of the invention , the present invention includes a “ pop off ” valve to prevent over distension of the vein during side branch ligation . qosina pressure relief t valve ( part # d002501 ) is one example . in another aspect of the invention , the present invention includes a “ bullet tipped ” needle that is used to secure the vein and a device to prevent stretch of the vein . the present invention may also be embodimed in a kit for use in conjunction with surgical vein transplant procedures . the immunodetection kits will comprise , in suitable container means , various containers , devices and / or reagents , along with appropriate instructions for use . in certain embodiments , the kit will comprise harvest solutions , or reagents for making such . the solutions or reagents would be provided in sterile form , optionally with sterile containers for mixing and storing harvest solutions . the kit may also advantageously comprise a chamber for bathing / storing transplant tissue following explant and prior to transplant . various other supplemental additives described above may also be included . another element of the kit may be the inclusion of a surgical marking pen comprising a non - toxin dye / marker , as described above . the pen may be “ preloaded ” with the marker / dye , or may be provided empty , with the marker / dye in solution or in reagent form to be loaded into the pen by the user . further devices including a syringe , catheter , and / or tubing equipped or including a pop - off valve as described above . also included may be a device for holding a vein in place , such as a clamp , optionally provided with a stand or base , permitting “ hands - free ” positioning of the graft for further treatment . the container aspect of the kit will generally include means for holding at least one vial , test tube , flask , bottle , packet , syringe , catheter or other container in a secure and protected fashion , for example , in close confinement for commercial sale . such means may include injection or blow - molded plastic containers into which the desired containers , devices or reagents are retained . the following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention . it should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques discovered by the inventor to function well in the practice of the invention , and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice . however , those of skill in the art should , in light of the present disclosure , appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . de - identified discarded segments of human saphenous vein were collected ( n = 66 ), after informed consent approved by the institutional review board of the vanderbilt university ( nashville , tenn . ), from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass or peripheral vascular bypass surgery . the veins were stored in a saline solution until the end of the surgical procedure at which time they were placed in cold transplant harvest buffer ( 100 mm potassium lactobionate , 25 mm kh 2 po 4 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 30 mm raffinose , 5 mm adenosine , 3 mm glutathione , 1 mm allopurinol , 50 g / l hydroxyethyl starch , ph 7 . 4 ) and stored at 4 ° c . the vessels were tested within 24 hours of harvest . the presense of blue markings were assessed for each hsv . rings 1 . 0 mm in width were cut from segments of saphenous vein dissected free of fat and connective tissue , stripped of the endothelium and were suspended in a muscle bath containing a bicarbonate buffer ( 120 mm nacl , 4 . 7 mm kcl , 1 . 0 mm mgso 4 , 1 . 0 mm nah 2 po 4 , 10 mm glucose , 1 . 5 mm cacl 2 , and 25 mm na 2 hco 3 , ph 7 . 4 ), gassed with 95 % o 2 / 5 % co 2 at 37 ° c . the rings were manually stretched to 4 g of tension , and was maintained at a resting tension of 1 g was obtained and equilibtrated for ˜ 2 hr . force measurements were obtained using a radnoti glass technology ( monrovia , calif .) force transducer ( 159901a ) interfaced with a powerlab data acquisition system and chart software ( ad instruments , colorado springs , colo .). to determine viability , the rings were contracted with 110 mm kcl ( with equimolar replacement of nacl in bicarbonate buffer ), and the force generated was measured . force was converted to stress ([ newtons ( n )/ m 2 ]= force ( g )× 0 . 0987 / area , where area is equal to the wet weight [ mg / length ( mm at maximal length )] divided by 1 . 055 ) 10 5 n / m 2 . there was variability in the functional viability of the veins ( fig1 ). veins generating stress of ≦ 0 . 025 × 10 5 n / m 2 were considered non - viable ( grey ) and those generating stress of & gt ; 0 . 025 × 10 5 n / m 2 were viable ( black ). 40 % of the vein tested was non - viable . each point represents a different patient and an aggregate of at least three separate rings from that patient . segments of human saphenous vein ( n = 8 ) were collected prior to preparation of the vein for transplantation into the arterial circulation ( unmanipulated , um ) and after surgical preparation ( after manipulation , am ). preparation involves manual distension of the vein , marking with a surgical skin marker , and placing the vein in heparinized saline . the contractile response to 110 mm kcl ( fig2 a ) or phenylephrine ( 10 − 6 m , fig2 b ) was determined and force generated was converted to stress ( 10 5 n / m 2 ). manipulation during vein preparation led to decreased contractile response to kcl and phenylephrine ( fig2 a - b ). each point represents a different patient and an aggregate of the response of at least three separate rings from each patient . human saphenous veins were also precontracted with phenylephrine ( 10 − 6 m ) followed by treatment with carbachol ( 5 × 10 − 7 m ) to determine endothelial dependent relaxation ( furchgott et al ., 1980 ). segments of human saphenous vein ( n = 5 ) were collected prior to preparation of the vein for transplantation into the arterial circulation ( unmanipulated , um ) and after surgical preparation ( after manipulation , am ). rings from each segment were suspended in a muscle bath , equilibrated in a bicarbonate buffer , and contracted with 110 mm kcl . after an additional 30 min equilibration in a bicarbonate buffer , rings were pre - contracted with 10 − 6 m phenylephrine ( pe ) and treated with 5 × 10 − 7 m carbachol . force was measured and converted to stress 10 5 n / m 2 . responses were expressed as % of maximum pe - induced contraction . typical manipulation during surgical preparation led to reduced endothelial - dependent relaxation ( fig3 ). um veins had 28 . 74 ± 3 . 542 % endothelial - dependent relaxation whereas am contracted in response to carbachol (− 5 . 976 ± 0 . 9172 %). human saphenous veins were also precontracted with phenylephrine ( 10 − 6 m ) followed by treatment with sodium nitroprusside ( 10 − 7 m ) to determine endothelial independent relaxation . segments of saphenous vein ( n = 6 ) were collected prior to harvest preparation ( unmanipulated , um ) or after harvest preparation ( after manipulation , am ). rings from each segment were suspended in a muscle bath , equilibrated in a bicarbonate buffer , and contracted with 110 mm kcl . after an additional 30 min equilibration in a bicarbonate buffer , rings were pre - contracted with 10 − 6 m phenylephrine ( pe ) and treated with 10 − 7 m sodium nitroprusside . typical manipulation during surgical preparation reduced endothelial - independent relaxation of human saphenous vein ( fig4 a - b ). representative force tracings of the um and am segments collected from the same patient in response to pe and snp ( fig4 a ). the endothelial independent relaxation displayed by the two groups , expressed as % of maximum pe - induced contraction , were significantly different . um veins displayed an 86 . 62 +/− 5 . 986 % relaxation , whereas am veins displayed a 4 . 292 +/− 1 . 397 % relaxation ( fig4 b ). of the 38 veins collected from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass or peripheral vascular revascularization surgery , 16 of the veins did not have any visible color by surgical marking pen whereas 22 of the veins had visible color . rings were cut from the veins , suspended in a muscle bath and equilibrated in bicarbonate buffer . the rings were contracted with 110 mm kcl and force generated was converted to stress ( 10 5 n / m 2 ). the force generated by the two groups of veins were significantly different ( fig5 ). veins that had visible blue marking displayed less contractile responses ( 0 . 047 ± 0 . 014 10 5 n / m 2 ) than veins that had no visible marking ( 0 . 174 ± 0 . 023 10 5 n / m 2 ). de - identified discarded segments of human saphenous vein that did not have any color were used to test the effect of different marking methods . rings cut from the segments were either left unmarked ( control ; n = 12 ), marked with a surgical skin marker ( cardinal health , # 5227 violet marking ink ; n = 5 ), marked in 50 % isopropyl alcohol , a solvent used in the skin marker ( n = 4 ), or marked with methylene blue ( akorn , inc ., lake forest ill . ; n = 10 ) and incubated for 15 min at room temperature . the rings were stripped of the endothelium and were suspended in a muscle bath containing a bicarbonate buffer ( 120 mm nacl , 4 . 7 mm kcl , 1 . 0 mm mgso 4 , 1 . 0 mm nah 2 po 4 , 10 mm glucose , 1 . 5 mm cacl 2 , and 25 mm na 2 hco 3 , ph 7 . 4 ), gassed with 95 % o 2 / 5 % co 2 at 37 ° c . the rings were manually stretched to 4 g of tension , and were maintained at a resting tension of 1 g and equilibtrated for ˜ 2 hr . force measurements were obtained using a radnoti glass technology ( monrovia , calif .) force transducer ( 159901a ) interfaced with a powerlab data acquisition system and chart software ( ad instruments , colorado springs , colo .). the rings were contracted with 110 mm kcl ( with equimolar replacement of nacl in bicarbonate buffer ), and the force generated was converted to stress 10 5 n / m 2 . the three marked groups were significantly different from the control unmarked group ( p ≦ 0 . 05 ) ( fig6 ). the rings that did not have markings had an average stress of 0 . 110 ± 0 . 014 10 5 n / m 2 , the rings that were marked with the surgical skin marker had an average stress of 0 . 003 ± 0 . 00110 5 n / m 2 , rings marked with 50 % isopropyl alcohol had an average stress of 0 . 005 ± 0 . 003 10 5 n / m 2 , and rings marked with methylene blue had an average stress of 0 . 014 ± 0 . 01 10 5 n / m 2 . freshly isolated porcine saphenous veins were used to test the effect of different marking methods . the veins were collected and placed in cold transplant harvest buffer [ 100 mm potassium lactobionate , 25 mm kh 2 po 4 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 30 mm raffinose , 5 mm adenosine , 3 mm glutathione , 1 mm allopurinol , 50 g / l hydroxyethyl starch , ph 7 . 4 ]. the vessels were stored in transplant harvest buffer at 4 ° c . and tested within 24 hours of harvest and . to test the viability , rings 1 . 0 mm in width were cut from segments of saphenous vein and dissected free of fat and connective tissue . saphenous vein rings were untreated ( control ; n = 6 ), marked with the surgical skin marker ( n = 3 ), or 50 % isopropyl alcohol ( the solvent used in the surgical marker ; n = 3 ) and incubated for 15 min at room temperature . the rings were then equilibrated in a muscle bath , contracted with kcl , and force was measured and converted to stress ( 10 5 n / m 2 ). the rings that did not have markings had an average stress of 0 . 263 ± 0 . 039 n / m 2 , the rings that were marked with the surgical skin marker had an average stress of 0 . 114 ± 0 . 017 n / m 2 , and rings marked with 50 % isopropyl alcohol had an average stress of 0 . 00005 ± 0 . 00005 n / m 2 . the two marked groups were significantly different from the control unmarked group ( p ≦ 0 . 05 ). ( fig7 ). a live cell assay was used to determined cellular viability of human saphenous vein . de - identified discarded segments of saphenous vein ( n = 13 ) were collected , after informed consent approved by the institutional review board of the vanderbilt university ( nashville , tenn . ), from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass or peripheral vascular bypass surgery . the veins were stored in a saline solution until the end of the surgical procedure at which time they were placed in cold transplant harvest buffer ( 100 mm potassium lactobionate , 25 mm kh 2 po 4 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 30 mm raffinose , 5 mm adenosine , 3 mm glutathione , 1 mm allopurinol , 50 g / l hydroxyethyl starch , ph 7 . 4 ). the vessels were stored in transplant harvest buffer at 4 ° c . and tested within 24 hours of harvest . each vein was subject to physiologic experiment and live cell assay using 3 -( 4 , 5 - dimethyl - 2 - thiazolyl )- 2 , 5 - diphenyl - 2h - tetrazolium bromide ( mtt ). to test the viability , rings 1 . 0 mm in width were cut from segments of saphenous vein dissected free of fat and connective tissue , some were stripped of the endothelium and suspended in a muscle bath containing a bicarbonate buffer ( 120 mm nacl , 4 . 7 mm kcl , 1 . 0 mm mgso 4 , 1 . 0 mm nah 2 po 4 , 10 mm glucose , 1 . 5 mm cacl 2 , and 25 mm na 2 hco 3 , ph 7 . 4 ), gassed with 95 % o 2 / 5 % co 2 at 37 ° c . the rings were manually stretched to 4 g of tension , and was maintained at a resting tension of 1 g was obtained and equilibtrated for ˜ 2 hr . force measurements were obtained using a radnoti glass technology ( monrovia , calif .) force transducer ( 159901a ) interfaced with a powerlab data acquisition system and chart software ( ad instruments , colorado springs , colo .). the rings were contracted with 110 mm kcl ( with equimolar replacement of nacl in bicarbonate buffer ), and the force generated was measured . any tissue failing to contract with kcl was considered non - viable . force was converted to stress 10 5 n / m 2 for each ring and was averaged for each vein . to assess cellular viability , three rings from each vein were placed separately in 0 . 25 ml of 0 . 1 % mtt solution ( prepared in dulbecco phosphate buffered saline , ph 7 . 4 ). for negative control , one ring was placed in 20 ml of water and microwaved for 10 min to inactivate any enzymatic activity before placing in the 0 . 1 % mtt solution . the rings were incubated at 37 ° c . for 1 hr . the reaction was stopped by placing the rings in distilled water . the tissues was weighed and placed in 1 ml of cellosolve ( sigma ) for 4 hours at 37 ° c . to extract the formazan pigment each . the concentration of the pigment was measured at 570 nm using a spectrophotometer ( beckman coulter ). the absorbance of the negative control was subtracted from each sample . the viability index was expressed as od 570 / mg / ml . the average for each vein was calculated from the three rings . the average stress obtained from each vein was then plotted against the average viability index . the data depict a significant slope showing that there was a proportional relationship ( r 2 = 0 . 7262 ) between mitochondrial viability and the stress viability determined by the 110 mm kcl induced contraction ( fig8 ). representative hsv rings of low ( left ) and high ( right ) viability index are shown in the inset . freshly isolated porcine saphenous vein was collected in cold transplant harvest buffer ( 100 mm potassium lactobionate , 25 mm kh 2 po 4 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 30 mm raffinose , 5 mm adenosine , 3 mm glutathione , 1 mm allopurinol , 50 g / l hydroxyethyl starch , ph 7 . 4 ). the vessels were tested within 24 hours of harvest and storage in transplant harvest buffer at 4 ° c . the vein was dissected free of fat and connective tissue and cut into 2 cm long segments . the segments were stretched to twice their resting length ( stretched ; n = 7 ) or not manipulated ( control ; n = 12 ). after stretching , the segments from both groups were further divided . a solution of erioglaucine ( fcf , 2 . 6 mm , in 5 % propylene glycol and water ) or vehicle was then applied with a cotton swab in a longitudinal line to the untreated ( fcf ; n = 8 ) or the stretched ( stretched + fcf ; n = 3 ) vein segments . the segments were incubated at room temperature for 15 min in plasmalyte and then cut into rings . the rings were suspended in a muscle bath containing a bicarbonate buffer ( 120 mm nacl , 4 . 7 mm kcl , 1 . 0 mm mgso 4 , 1 . 0 mm nah 2 po 4 , 10 mm glucose , 1 . 5 mm cacl 2 , and 25 mm na 2 hco 3 , ph 7 . 4 ), bubbled with 95 % o 2 / 5 % co 2 at 37 ° c . the rings were manually stretched to 4 g of tension , and maintained at a resting tension of 1 g and equilibtrated for ˜ 2 hr . force measurements were obtained using a radnoti glass technology ( monrovia , calif .) force transducer ( 159901a ) interfaced with a powerlab data acquisition system and chart software ( ad instruments , colorado springs , colo . the rings were contracted with 110 mm kcl ( with equimolar replacement of nacl in bicarbonate buffer ), and the force generated was converted to stress 10 5 n / m 2 ( fig9 ). the control rings had an average stress of 0 . 47 ± 0 . 034 n / m 2 , the rings that were marked with the erioglaucine dye had an average stress of 0 . 566 ± 0 . 064 n / m 2 , and rings stretched had an average stress of 0 . 367 ± 0 . 042 n / m 2 and the stretched rings with erioglaucine dye had an average stress of 0 . 713 ± 0 . 111 n / m 2 . the stress for the stretched vein was significantly (* p & lt ; 0 . 05 ) different from the control unstretched veins and the stretched vein with erioglaucine dye was significantly (# p & lt ; 0 . 05 ) different when compared to stretched without erioglaucine dye ( fig9 ). however , treatment with another dye , allura red , did not restore functional viability after stretch injury of porcine saphenous vein ( fig1 ), porcine saphenous veins ( n = 4 ) were left untreated ( control ) or stretched to twice their resting length ( no dye ), cut into rings and suspended in the bicarbonate buffer in a muscle bath . rings from stretched segments were either incubated with 50 μm allura red (+ red ) or 50 μm of erioglaucine (+ fcf ) for 30 min . the rings were then allowed to equilibrate in the bicarbonate buffer for before contracting with 110 mm kcl . force generated was converted to stress ( 10 5 n / m 2 ). data represent relative contractile response to control rings which was set as 100 %. the stress for the stretched vein was not significantly different from the stretched vein with allura red ( ns ). erioglaucine significantly restored contractile response in the stretched vein (# p ≦ 0 . 05 ) when compared to the stretched vein with allura red . effect of erioglaucine on human saphenous vein was determined using de - identified discarded segments of human saphenous vein from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass or peripheral vascular bypass surgery ( n = 4 ). the veins were stored in a saline solution until the end of the surgical procedure at which time they were placed in cold transplant harvest buffer ( 100 mm potassium lactobionate , 25 mm kh 2 po 4 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 30 mm raffinose , 5 mm adenosine , 3 mm glutathione , 1 mm allopurinol , 50 g / l hydroxyethyl starch , ph 7 . 4 ). the vessels were tested within 24 hrs of harvest storage in transplant harvest buffer at 4 ° c . to test the viability , rings 1 . 0 mm in width were cut from segments of saphenous vein dissected free of fat and connective tissue , treated with either a solution of erioglaucine ( fcf , 2 . 6 mm , in 5 % propylene glycol and water ) or vehicle and incubated for 30 min at room temperature . the tissues were then stripped of the endothelium and suspended in a muscle bath containing a bicarbonate buffer , gassed with 95 % o 2 / 5 % co 2 at 37 ° c . the rings were manually stretched to 4 g of tension , and was maintained at a resting tension of 1 g was obtained and equilibrated for ˜ 2 hr . force measurements were obtained using a radnoti glass technology ( monrovia , calif .) force transducer ( 159901a ) interfaced with a powerlab data acquisition system and chart software ( ad instruments , colorado springs , colo .). the rings were contracted with 110 mm kcl ( with equimolar replacement of nacl in bicarbonate buffer ), and the force generated was measured . force was converted to stress 10 5 n / m 2 , and was plotted for vehicle and erioglaucine rings . representative force tracings of rings left untreated ( control ) or treated with the erioglaucine dye ( fcf ) are depicted ( fig1 a ). the vehicle rings had an average stress of 0 . 015 ± 0 . 012 n / m 2 , and the erioglaucine - treated rings had an average stress of 0 . 103 ± 0 . 021 n / m 2 ( fig1 b ). the two groups were significantly different ( p ≦ 0 . 05 ). human saphenous vein segments were collected after harvest before surgical manipulation from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass or peripheral vascular bypass surgery and stored in plasmalyte . the vessels were tested within 2 hours of harvest . freshly isolated porcine saphenous vein was collected in cold transplant harvest buffer ( 100 mm potassium lactobionate , 25 mm kh 2 po 4 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 30 mm raffinose , 5 mm adenosine , 3 mm glutathione , 1 mm allopurinol , 50 g / l hydroxyethyl starch , ph 7 . 4 ). the vessels were tested within 24 hours of harvest . rings 1 . 0 mm in width were cut from porcine saphenous veins ( fig1 a , n = 2 ) and unmanipulated human saphenous vein ( fig1 b , n = 4 ) dissected free of fat and connective tissue . the rings were then stripped of the endothelium and suspended in a muscle bath containing a bicarbonate buffer , bubbled with 95 % o 2 / 5 % co 2 at 37 ° c . the rings were manually stretched to 4 g of tension , and was maintained at a resting tension of 1 g was obtained and equilibrated for ˜ 2 hr . force measurements were obtained using a radnoti glass technology ( monrovia , calif .) force transducer ( 159901a ) interfaced with a powerlab data acquisition system and chart software ( ad instruments , colorado springs , colo .). rings were contracted with 110 mm kcl . after an additional 30 min equilibration , rings were treated with either a solution of erioglaucine ( fcf , 50 - 200 μm for 30 minutes ) or vehicle for 30 min and then contracted with 100 μm bzatp . force was measured and converted to stress . response was expressed as % of maximal kcl contraction . representative force tracing of human saphenous vein contracted with bzatp after pretreatment with vehicle ( control ) or 50 μm erioglaucine ( fcf pretreatment ) are depicted in fig1 c . pretreatment with erioglaucine ( fcf ) but not the vehicle ( control ) significantly inhibited bzatp induced contraction (* p & lt ; 0 . 05 ) ( fig1 b ). segments of human saphenous vein were collected prior to preparation of the vein for transplantation into the arterial circulation ( unmanipulated , um ) and after surgical preparation ( after manipulation , am ) from the same patients in plasmalyte and were used within 2 hr of harvest . the segment was cut into ˜ 1 mm rings and one ring from each group was fixed in formalin ( pre - culture ). the other rings were cultured in rpmi medium supplemented with 1 % l - glutamine , 1 % penicillin / streptomycin and 30 % fetal bovine serum at 5 % co 2 and 37 ° c . in the absence ( control ) or presence of 50 μm erioglaucine ( fcf ) for 14 days . after 14 days , the rings were fixed in formalin , sectioned at 5 μm and stained using verhoff van gieson stain . light micrograph of the rings was captured using an axiovert 200 and intimal thickness was measured using axiovision . data represent % increase of intimal thickness related to basal intimal thickness of the pre - culture ring which was set as 0 %. the error bars show the standard error of the mean . manipulation during vein preparation increased the thickening of the intimal layer (# p = 0 . 053 in paired t - test ) and treatment with erioglaucine significantly (* p & lt ; 0 . 05 ) inhibited the development of intimal thickness when compared to control ( fig1 ). fresh porcine saphenous vein was harvested by a no touch method under sterile conditions and stored in cold transplant harvest buffer ( 100 mm potassium lactobionate , 25 mm kh 2 po 4 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 30 mm raffinose , 5 mm adenosine , 3 mm glutathione , 1 mm allopurinol , 50 g / l hydroxyethyl starch , ph 7 . 4 ). the vessels were used within 24 hr of harvest . the veins were divided into three segments that were left untreated ( unmanipulated , n = 7 ), distended ( distended , n = 8 ) to & gt ; 300 mm hg , or distended in the presence of the pressure relief valve ( pop off , n = 7 ). each segment was then cut into ˜ 1 mm rings and one ring from each condition was immediately fixed in formalin ( pre - culture ). the other rings were cultured in rpmi medium supplemented with 1 % l - glutamine , penicillin / streptomycin and 30 % fetal bovine serum at 5 % co 2 and 37 ° c . in the absence ( control ) or presence of either 50 μm erioglaucine ( fcf ), 50 μm brilliant blue g ( bbg ) or 50 μm allura red ( red ) for 14 days . after 14 days , the rings were fixed in formalin , sectioned at 5 μm and stained using verhoff van gieson stain . light micrograph of the rings was captured using a axiovert 200 and intimal thickness was measured using axiovision . treatment with erioglaucine but not allura red inhibited distension induced increases in intimal thickening , * p & lt ; 0 . 05 compared to distended - control ( fig1 ). rings of human left internal mammary artery ( lima ; n = 3 ) and saphenous veins were obtained prior to preparation of the vein for transplantation into the arterial circulation ( unmanipulated , um ; n = 5 ) and after surgical preparation ( after manipulation , am ; n = 5 ). rings cut from the um segments were incubated in university of wisconsin solution ( uw ), heparinized saline ( hs ), heparinized plasmalyte ( hp ) or heparinized plasmalyte containing 30 mm trehalose ( hpt ) for 2 hrs at room temperature . rings were cut from the veins , suspended in a muscle bath and equilibrated in bicarbonate buffer . the rings were pre - contracted with 10 − 6 m phenylephrine and then treated with 5 × 10 − 7 m carbachol to determine endothelial dependent relaxation . rings from the lima had greater endothelial dependent relaxation than saphenous vein ( fig1 ). manipulation during surgical preparation led to decreased endothelial dependent relaxation ( fig1 ). storage in heparinized saline [* p & lt ; 0 . 05 compared to hs for all um groups ( um , uw , hp , & amp ; hpt )], but not in heparinized plasmalyte , heparinized plasmalyte plus trehalose or transplant harvest solution led to decreased endothelial dependent relaxation ( fig1 ). data is presented as % relaxation ( compared to the maximal phenylephrine induced contraction ). de - identified discarded segments of human saphenous vein ( n = 5 ) were collected , after informed consent approved by the institutional review board of the vanderbilt university ( nashville , tenn . ), from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass or peripheral vascular bypass surgery . the veins were stored in a saline solution until the end of the surgical procedure at which time they were placed in cold transplant harvest buffer ( 100 mm potassium lactobionate , 25 mm kh 2 po 4 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 30 mm raffinose , 5 mm adenosine , 3 mm glutathione , 1 mm allopurinol , 50 g / l hydroxyethyl starch , ph 7 . 4 ). the vessels were tested within 24 hours of harvest and storage in transplant harvest buffer at 4 ° c . a pop off valve was connected to a syringe at one end and to a cannulated saphenous vein at the other . the distal end of the saphenous vein was also cannulated and connected to a pressure transducer . pressure was monitored while the vein was distended with a hand held syringe with and without the pressure release valve . the pressure monitor would not measure pressures above 300 mmhg . this created three groups and they were the following : pop - off pressure ( popoff ), max pressure with pop - off valve ( max with valve ), and max pressure without pop - off valve ( max without valve ). the veins that had a pop - off valve had a mean pressure of 129 ± 1 . 265 mm hg and maximum pressure of 141 . 8 ± 1 . 985 mm hg , while the veins with out the pop off valve had a maximum pressure of 300 ± 0 . 00 mm hg ( fig1 ). the average and maximum pressure in the veins with the pop - off valve were significantly different from the veins without the pop - off valve ( p ≦ 0 . 05 ). fresh porcine saphenous vein was harvested by a no touch method under sterile conditions and stored in cold transplant harvest buffer ( 100 mm potassium lactobionate , 25 mm kh 2 po 4 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 30 mm raffinose , 5 mm adenosine , 3 mm glutathione , 1 mm allopurinol , 50 g / l hydroxyethyl starch , ph 7 . 4 ). the vessels were used within 24 h of harvest . veins ( n = 4 ) were manually distended with a syringe in the absence ( distended ) or presence of an in line pressure release valve ( pop - off ). control segments were not distended ( nd ). after distension , rings were cut from the segments and suspended in a muscle bath . the rings were precontracted with 10 − 6 m phenylephrine and then treated with 5 × 10 − 7 m carbachol to determine endothelial dependent relaxation . data is presented as the % relaxation ( compared to the maximal phenylephrine induced contraction ). manual distension with a hand held syringe led to significant decreases ( p & lt ; 0 . 0005 ) in endothelial dependent relaxation and the pressure release valve prevents this loss of endothelial dependent relaxation ( fig1 ). porcine coronary arteries were freshly isolated from euthanized pigs and placed directly into cold transplant harvest buffer ( 100 mm potassium lactobionate , 25 mm kh 2 po 4 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 30 mm raffinose , 5 mm adenosine , 3 mm glutathione , 1 mm allopurinol , 50 g / l hydroxyethyl starch , ph 7 . 4 ). coronary arteries were dissected free of fat and adventitial tissues and the endothelium was removed . transverse rings ( 1 . 0 mm thickness ) were cut and suspended in muscle bath , via silk 3 - 0 linked to force transducers ( kent scientific , ct ) interfaced with a data translation a - d board ( data translation , ma ). data was acquired with the power lab software program . porcine coronary artery rings were suspended in a muscle bath and equilibrated in krebs ringer bicarbonate buffer for 2 h . the rings were stretched and the length progressively adjusted until maximal tension was obtained . the rings were contracted with 110 mm kcl ( with equimolar replacement of nacl in bicarbonate buffer ), and the force generated was measured and converted to stress [ newtons ( n )/ m 2 ]= force ( g )× 0 . 0987 / area , where area is equal to the wet weight [ mg / length ( mm at maximal length )] divided by 1 . 055 . rings were washed and equilibrated for another 30 mins . rings were treated with 5 μm histamine , 110 mm kcl , 1 mm papaverine ( pap ), 1 mm papaverine for 10 min followed by 5 μm histamine or 1 mm papaverine for 10 min followed by 110 mm kcl and force generated was measured - and converted to stress . representative force tracings of rings treated with 5 μm histamine ( hist ), 110 mm kcl ( kcl ), 1 mm papaverine ( pap ), 1 mm papaverine for 10 min followed by 5 μm histamine ( pap + hist ) or 1 mm papaverine for 10 min followed by 110 mm kcl ( pap + kcl ) were depicted in fig1 a . decrease in stress was converted to a percentage of the maximal initial kcl contraction which was set as 100 %. papaverine treatment reduced basal tension in the rings (− 15 . 0 ± 3 . 135 %) ( fig1 b ). pretreatment of rings with papaverine completely inhibited histamine (− 12 . 0 ± 4 . 163 compared to 98 . 613 ± 11 . 049 ) and kcl (− 20 . 0 ± 10 . 00 compared to 103 . 33 ± 2 . 404 %) induced contraction ( fig1 b ). de - identified discarded segments of human saphenous vein ( n = 6 ) were collected , after informed consent approved by the institutional review board of the vanderbilt university ( nashville , tenn . ), from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass or peripheral vascular bypass surgery . the veins were stored in a saline solution until the end of the surgical procedure at which time they were placed in cold transplant harvest buffer ( 100 mm potassium lactobionate , 25 mm kh 2 po 4 , 5 mm mgso 4 , 30 mm raffinose , 5 mm adenosine , 3 mm glutathione , 1 mm allopurinol , 50 g / l hydroxyethyl starch , ph 7 . 4 ). the vessels were tested within 24 hrs of harvest and storage in transplant harvest buffer at 4 ° c . veins were cleaned off fat and adventitial tissues and the endothelium was removed . transverse rings ( 1 . 0 mm thickness ) were cut and suspended in muscle bath , via silk 3 - 0 linked to force transducers ( kent scientific , ct ) interfaced with powerlab data acquisition system and chart software ( ad instruments , colorado springs , colo .). human saphenous vein rings were suspended in a muscle bath and equilibrated in krebs ringer bicarbonate buffer for 2 hr . the rings were stretched and the length progressively adjusted until maximal tension was obtained . the rings were contracted with 110 mm kcl ( with equimolar replacement of nacl in bicarbonate buffer ), and the force generated was measured and converted to stress [ newtons ( n )/ m 2 ]= force ( g )× 0 . 0987 / area , where area is equal to the wet weight [ mg / length ( mm at maximal length )] divided by 1 . 055 . rings were washed and equilibrated for another 30 mins . rings were treated with 0 . 5 μm norepinephrine ( ne ), 1 mm papaverine ( pap ), or 1 mm papaverine for 10 min followed by 0 . 5 μm ne and force generated was measured and converted to stress . decrease in stress was converted to a percentage of the maximal initial kcl contraction which was set as 100 %. representative force tracings of rings treated with 0 . 5 μm ne ( ne ), 1 mm papaverine ( pap ), or 1 mm papaverine for 10 min followed by 0 . 5 μm ne were depicted in fig1 a . decrease in stress was converted to a percentage of the maximal initial kcl contraction which was set as 100 %. n = 6 . papaverine treatment reduced basal tension in the rings (− 9 . 772 . 0 ± 3 . 226 %). pretreatment of human saphenous vein with papaverine completely inhibited ne (− 3 . 210 ± 5 . 119 compared to 89 . 935 ± 18 . 344 %) induced contraction ( fig1 b ). vein harvest device is shown in fig2 . the distal end of the vein ( the vein is reversed because of valves in the vein ) is cannulated with a bullet tipped plastic catheter which has a lumen for irrigation and secured to the catheter with a spring loaded clamp . the catheter is clipped into the base . an additional bullet tipped catheter with no lumen is attached to the proximal end of the vein clipped into the opposite end of the base . the device is ratcheted open until the vein is at the same length as in vivo . a syringe with extension tubing and an in line pressure release valve is attached to the distal end of the vein . the vein can now be distended and side branches ligated . the greater saphenous vein will be surgically harvested using standard surgical technique . the distal end of the vein will be cannulated with a bullet tipped vein cannula and secured with either a clamp or a silk tie . the pressure release valve will be attached to the cannula with a 10 or 20 cc syringe attached to the other end of the valve . in some cases , extension tubing will be placed between the syringe and the valve . the vein will be distended with the vein harvest solution and tributaries identified and ligated with either silk ties or clips . the vein will be marked with the marker in the kit along one long surface to maintain orientation of the vein . in some cases , the vein may be marked prior to removal from the patient . the vein will then be placed in the harvest solution until implanted into the arterial circulation . in one embodiment , the dye from the pen will contain a p2x 7 receptor antagonist , and the harvest solution will not contain a p2x 7 receptor antagonist . in another embodiment , the dye from the pen will not contain a p2x 7 receptor antagonist , but the solution will . in a third embodiment , both the pen dye and the solution will contain a p2x 7 receptor antagonist . all of the compositions and / or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure . while the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments , it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and / or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept , spirit and scope of the invention . more specifically , it will be apparent that certain agents which are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved . all such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit , scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims . the following references , to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein , are specifically incorporated herein by reference . motwani j g , topol e j ( 1998 ) aortocoronary saphenous vein graft disease : pathogenesis , predisposition , and prevention . circulation 97 : 916 - 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