Patent Application: US-37212606-A

Abstract:
a method of eddy current testing without the need for lift - off compensation . signal response features similar to those used in pulsed eddy current techniques are applied to conventional eddy current methods . the described method provides advantages in terms of data storage , since only two response parameters , the amplitude and phase , are sufficient to reconstruct any sinusoidal signal , therefore allowing for scanning of large surfaces .

Description:
fig1 a , and 1 b show three response curves for sinusoidally driven eddy currents for three lift - off values . it is noted that each response curve traces out a sinusoid . each response curve is temporally ( phase or x - axis ) aligned with the sinusoidal driving function , which is the same in each of the three cases . the y - axis represents the detected voltage , which represents the rate of change of the magnetic flux in the material . it will be appreciated that alternatively the magnetic field may be measured and a time derivative taken to obtain a similar result . the different sinusoids have slightly different amplitudes and phase off - sets , such that at they all intersect at two different phase times in each period . these two phase times are the loi points . while only the response curves corresponding to lift - off values of 0 , 0 . 254 mm , and 0 . 762 mm from the design lift - off of the probe are plotted , response curves corresponding to intermediate lift - off values also pass through these loi points . the design lift - off is the distance between a tip of the probe and the bottom of the coil of the probe , as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art . the behavior of the curves in the neighborhood of the loi points is shown in fig1 b . the response curves shown in fig1 a , and 1 b are produced with the set - up schematically illustrated in fig2 . the conductive material or sample 10 is an aluminum block 280 mm long , 102 mm wide , and 12 . 7 mm thick . at the frequencies used with the configuration of the test apparatus , this conductive sample is effectively a semi - infinite plane . the sample conductivity was determined to be 45 . 88 percent international annealed copper standard (% iacs ). the apparatus includes a waveform generator 11 ( leader lfg - 1300s ) feeding a sinusoidal input signal to a probe . the input signal and the probe &# 39 ; s response are recorded using a data capture and processor 12 ( tektronix tds 5104 oscilloscope ). the eddy current probe 13 has a single 300 - turn absolute coil of nominal dimensions 3 . 1 mm thick and 9 . 5 mm outer diameter . the data processor 12 plots the response curve as a function of the sinusoidal driving function . this data is captured . to produce the three response curves shown in fig1 a and 1 b , response curves are captured with different spacers 14 between the probe and the sample . it will be appreciated that once the loi time and amplitude are determined , the apparatus may be used ( without the spacer ) to perform discontinuity testing . such testing involves capturing response curves at corresponding locations of interest on the material , and determining the amplitude of the response curve at that time . this measured amplitude is compared with the loi amplitude , as a difference between these amplitudes is an indicator of a discontinuity in the sample . one way to determine amplitude of the response curve at the loi time is to time gate on the loi time to inspect only the relevant values of the response curve . the response curve may be digitally smoothed , or may be synthesized in a particularly easy way because the response curve is a sinusoid . fig3 schematically illustrates a time gate set at the loi time and useful for detecting discontinuities for response curves at other locations that are likewise aligned to the sinusoidal input signal , and applied at the same amplitude . the elements of fig2 and their functional substitutes form an apparatus for eddy current testing . probe 13 is coupled to a probe interface 15 through which the sinusoidal input signal is applied to the probe . probe 13 serves to induce the magnetic field within the material , and to detect the response of the material . it will be appreciated that other mechanisms for inducing eddy currents within a sample can be used instead of a coil , and that multiple coils may be used . for example , probes consisting of a single input coil and a concentric response detector coil are known . in place of a coil , a hall effect device or other device may be used as a detector . the response is fed to data capture and processing device 12 , which may consist of an oscilloscope and a computer . in fig2 a commercially available amplifier and filter 16 is placed between the probe interface 15 and the data capture and processor 12 for amplifying the signal and filtering out noise from the response data in a manner well known in the art . the response curve shown in fig1 and 3 varies with the response of the material to the sinusoidally driven induced eddy current . while the response curve amplitude may be current modulated , or any other type of modulated signal , typical probes emit a voltage modulated signal , which is amplified and filtered by the amplifier and filter 16 . accordingly the curve plotted in fig1 a and 1 b is a measured voltage , but its amplitude is arbitrarily chosen . it will be noted that the amplitude and temporal off - set induced by the experimental setup must remain constant between the computation of the loi time and amplitude , and subsequent testing in order to obtain accurate evaluation of the response data . the processor may further be adapted to derive the loi time . the determination of the loi time may be performed empirically or alternatively by solving an equation associated with the probe and the material . according to the empirical determination , an intersection of response curves aligned with the input signal is used , where each response curve corresponds to a different lift - off distance . this intersection may be obtained with the response data captured directly , by a smoothed or digitally filtered representation of the response data . the response data captured directly may be filtered to a sine function by a regression technique in order to obtain a phase off - set and an amplitude , which together are sufficient to completely characterize the response curve , as the response curve is a sinusoid of known frequency . this method further involves computing multiple intersections to derive an loi time with an established uncertainty . a record of uncertainty of the amplitude or phase off - set of the curve , and / or a measure of the fit of the curve to the sine function may also be stored . the aligning of the response curve with respect to a common reference trigger may involve triggering detection at a phase of an input signal that drives the induced eddy currents . the computing of an intersection of the response curves may further compute an uncertainty of the loi time and / or a loi amplitude . the method for determining the loi time and intensity may be performed using calibration measurements , or may be derived from a formula . the calibration measurements are performed on a part of the material that is expected to be free of discontinuities , or may be performed on a control or standard for the material that is known to be free of discontinuities . the method involves capturing responses of the material at multiple lift - off positions with respect to the same part of the material , and determining the loi time and a voltage analog of the field intensity by identifying phase times with respect to the sinusoid at which each of the response curves achieves the same voltage . this can be performed by regression on the data point , by visual inspection of the response curves overlaid on top of each other , or by synthesizing an equation of the sinusoidal response curve to fit the data , and computing directly the intersection of the curves using equation ( 2 ) below . once the loi time is established , response curves that are received are used to synthesize a sine function parameterized by an amplitude of the response curve , and a phase off - set . by doing so each response curve is adequately characterized by two values , rather than at least a few thousand data points defining each response curve . this permits a dramatic reduction of memory consumption , while permitting the data to be stored for reference purposes , or to make record of the test . it is possible to perform the reading step of the method only after a whole surface scan of the plate is complete . at this point each of the synthesized curves can be loaded in sequence while triggering the loi time , resulting in one value for each point on the surface . this value can be color mapped and displayed directly , permitting quick and easy manipulation of the data . specific experiments have been conducted that demonstrate the existence of loi time and amplitude as a function of conductivity and thickness of the material . fig4 shows variation in loi time of a plurality of samples having different conductivities , ranging from less than 10 percent to 100 . 58 % iacs . the thickness of the samples was sufficient to effectively emulate a semi - infinite plane , given the input signal was a 24 khz sinusoid . the experiment involved measuring the loi time by varying the lift - off between a probe ( a transducer that provided for both input of the magnetic field , and detector of magnetic flux ) and the conductive sample . the loi time was measured by comparing response curves at four lift - off values with respect to a design lift - off of the probe ( specifically at 0 , 0 . 254 , 0 . 381 , and 0 . 508 mm , respectively ). the standard deviation of the loi times , shown in the figures as a vertical bar , is recorded as the uncertainty of the loi time , with a confidence of 95 %. the voltage , which varies analogously with the response magnetic field of the sample , is also recorded . the loi point is manifest when using material of a wide range of conductances . fig5 shows results of testing of different thicknesses of aluminum ( 60 % iacs ) under similar test conditions as those of fig1 . the results clearly indicate that over a wide range of thicknesses the loi point can be clearly identified . thus , loi points are observed when using sinusoidally driven eddy currents . in fig6 a , a test layout is shown in which a slab of material 20 had three regions of material loss : one of 35 %, one of 16 % and one of 14 %. on four strips 21 a through 21 d , each strip overlapping each of the regions , a respective spacer is provided . one of the strips provides a basic lift - off of the probe , and the other strips add separations of 0 . 15 , 0 . 30 , 0 . 45 mm , respectively . scanning of the top surfaces with sinusoidally driven eddy currents over the strips produces a c - scan shown in fig6 b . the invariance of lift - off according to the technique is noted , as are the clarity of the results . a detected crack 32 is tested at different lift - off values by placing different spacers 31 a - 31 d between the coil and a top surface of the sample 30 , as schematically illustrated in fig7 a . a c - scan of the sample is shown in fig7 b . it is noted that there are no bands evident on the c - scan indicating that the time points at which the measurements are made , are independent of the lift - off , and the variation of the response in the neighborhood of the loi point near the crack is demonstrated . the loi points can also be obtained by calculation instead of by measurement . returning to fig1 a and 1 b , the intersection time for any two sinusoidal outputs , t loi , can be obtained by solving equation ( 1 ) where a 1 , a 2 and φ 1 , φ 2 represent the amplitudes and the phases of any two response curves corresponding to different lift - off values , and ωis the frequency of the sinusoidal input signal . a 1 · sin ⁢ ⁢ ( ω ⁢ ⁢ t loi - ϕ 1 ) = a 2 · sin ⁢ ⁢ ( ω ⁢ ⁢ t loi - ϕ 2 ) ( 1 ) t loi = 1 ω · tan - 1 ⁡ [ a 1 · sin ⁢ ⁢ ϕ 1 - a 2 · sin ⁢ ⁢ ϕ 2 a 1 · cos ⁢ ⁢ ϕ 1 - a 2 · cos ⁢ ⁢ ϕ 2 ] ( 2 ) the time of intersection of any two sinusoidal signals of a same frequency and different phase and amplitude is provided using equation ( 2 ). using equation ( 2 ), and the experimentally measured amplitude and phase for each lift - off and frequency , it is possible to generate a set of predicted synthetic loi points . the results are shown in table 1 . it can be seen that there is agreement between the experimental and synthetic loi point data . the relative error of the data points is less than 1 . 5 %. the loi time determination may be generated from response curves performed on a part of the conductive material that is expected to be free of discontinuities , or may be formed on a control or a standard for the material that is known to be free of discontinuities . the determination may involve capturing responses of the material at three or more lift - off positions with respect to the same part of the material , so that verification of the loi time can be made to a preferred accuracy . the determination of the loi time can be performed by digital analysis of the response curves , by visual inspection of the response curves overlaid on top of each other , or by synthesizing an equation of the sinusoidal response curve to fit the data , and computing directly the intersection of the curves using equation ( 2 ), as previously noted . 1 . j . r . s . giguere , j . m . s . dubois , pulsed eddy current : finding corrosion independently of transducer lift - off , review of progress in qnde , vol 19 , pp . 449 - 456 , 1999 . 2 . j . r . s . giguere , b . a . lepine , j . m . s . dubois , detection of cracks beneath rivets via pulsed eddy current technique , review of progress in qnde , vol . 21 , pp . 1968 - 1975 , 2001 . 3 . b . a . lepine , j . r . s . giguere , d . s . forsyth , a . chahbaz , j . m . s . dubois , interpretation of pulsed eddy current signals for locating and quantifying metal loss in thin skin lap splices , review ofprogress in qnde , vol . 21 , pp . 415 - 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