Patent Application: US-201414171369-A

Abstract:
methods for single - molecule preparation and analysis are disclosed herein . the methods can , for example , be used for isolating and analyzing dna from various biological samples .

Description:
maintaining and restoring the integrity of dna strands is essential for obtaining long labeled molecules that are useful for complex genome mapping and information density . the methods described herein provide approaches to minimize the formation of fragile dna sites and fragmentation of dna , restore the structural integrity of dna following the use of nicking approaches , and maximize the information content of dna in order to generate high - resolution maps . described herein are approaches that can be used in conjunction with a nanochannel array to reproducibly and uniformly linearize dna . in addition to improved noise characteristics ( e . g ., by virtue of keeping dna in solution rather than affixed ), these approaches can entail cycles of channel - loading and imaging to generate high - throughput dna reads . genome mapping on nanochannel arrays at the single - molecule level overcomes many of the limitations of preexisting technologies and is described in depth in lam et et al . ( genome mapping on nanochannel arrays for structural variation analysis and sequence assembly , nat biotechnol 30 : 771 - 776 , 2012 ), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety . in some embodiments described herein , a genome mapping approach allows multiple motifs to be labeled with different colors is employed , significantly increasing information density . in some embodiments , a high - resolution physical map is constructed . the physical map can be used to validate or correct a physical map generated using another method , such as snapshot fingerprinting technology . in some embodiments , the physical map is used to validate assembled regions and correct inaccuracies in sequence scaffolds . the physical map can also be used to facilitate de novo sequence assembly of a region by anchoring sequence scaffolds . in some embodiments , the physical map is used to produce a highly accurate and complete sequence assembly . in some embodiments provided herein , nick labeling is used to prepare dna for analysis . as part of the nick labeling process , nicks can move closer to one another ( as shown in fig1 a ) or farther apart ( as shown in fig1 b ). it has been discovered that fragile sites occur when two nicks are & lt ; 1 kb apart on opposite dna strands . fragmentation can occur at fragile sites due , for example , to : 1 ) mechanical manipulation , 2 ) heat required for labeling , 3 ) strand extension associated with labeling and certain kinds of repair ( e . g ., using the exonuclease activity of polymerases ), or 4 ) shear forces associated with linearizing dna molecules . in general , the shorter the distance between nicks , the more frequent the fragmentation , particularly if labeling decreases the original distance ( fig1 a ). as described herein , it has been found that repairing nicks can ameliorate the breakage of dna . in some embodiments , the methods described herein utilize nicking enzymes to create sequence - specific nicks that are subsequently labeled , for example by a fluorescent nucleotide analog . in some embodiments , the nick - labeled dna is stained with the intercalating dye , loaded onto a nanofluidic chip by an electric field , and imaged . in some embodiments , the dna is linearized by confinement in a nanochannel array , resulting in uniform linearization and allowing precise and accurate measurement of the distance between nick - labels on dna molecules comprising a signature pattern . in some embodiments , dna loading and imaging can be repeated in an automated fashion . in some embodiments , a second nicking enzyme is used . in some embodiments , this second nicking enzyme is used with a second label color . in some embodiments , methods are provided to mitigate fragile site - based fragmentation . in some embodiments , reduced driving conditions are used to limit the rate of incorporation of a label , and therefore minimize fragmentation at the fragile sites . in some embodiments , reduced driving conditions are used to minimize shearing stress forces associated with dna elongation . in some embodiments , drive is reduced by lowering the concentration of dntps , lowering reaction temperature , lowering cofactor concentration , adjusting buffer and salt concentration , or a combination thereof . drive can be also be reduced at the level of repair by stimulating the exonuclease activity of a polymerase with a high concentration of dntps , then limiting extension by restricting or omitting at least one nucleotide ( which can be referred to as “ choked repair ”). in a preferred embodiment , a single species of dntp ( e . g ., datp ) is incorporated at the nick site , the flap is removed with a flap nuclease without extension , and ligation is performed . in some embodiments , a suboptimal temperature for a thermophilic polymerase is used to reduce driving conditions . in some embodiments , the reaction temperature is about 35 ° c . to about 75 ° c ., such as 35 ° c ., 36 ° c ., 37 ° c ., 38 ° c ., 39 ° c ., 40 ° c ., 41 ° c ., 42 ° c ., 43 ° c ., 44 ° c ., 45 ° c ., 46 ° c ., 47 ° c ., 48 ° c ., 49 ° c ., 50 ° c ., 51 ° c ., 52 ° c ., 53 ° c ., 54 ° c ., 55 ° c ., 56 ° c ., 57 ° c ., 58 ° c ., 59 ° c ., 60 ° c ., 61 ° c ., 62 ° c ., 63 ° c ., 64 ° c ., 65 ° c ., 66 ° c ., 67 ° c ., 68 ° c ., 69 ° c ., 70 ° c ., 71 ° c ., 72 ° c ., 73 ° c ., 74 ° c ., or 75 ° c . in preferred embodiments , the temperature is between about 50 ° c . and about 55 ° c ., between about 55 ° c . and about 60 ° c ., between about 60 ° c . and about 65 ° c ., or between about 50 ° c . and about 65 ° c . in some embodiments , the polymerase used herein is thermostable . in some embodiments , the polymerase is mesophilic . in some preferred embodiments , the polymerase does not have a proofreading capability . in some preferred embodiments , the polymerase has a strand displacement capability . in some preferred embodiments , the polymerase has a 5 ′ to 3 ′ exonuclease activity . in some preferred embodiments , the polymerase does not have proofreading ability , but does have a strand - displacement capability and a 5 ′ to 3 ′ exonuclease activity . in some embodiments , nickases that target the same sequence motif but nick at opposite strands are used to target specific dna strands to minimize the formation of fragile sites . in some embodiments , nickases have been modified to only bind to one strand of a double - stranded dna . in some embodiments , nickases are used to target a single strand from a first dna molecule , and a single strand from a second dna molecule . in some of these embodiments , a single strand from the first dna is targeted by a first nickase , and the complementary strand from the second dna molecule is targeted with a second nickase that recognizes the same sequence motif as the first nickase . in some embodiments , the orientation of extension is reversed for one of the strands . for example , in some embodiments , extension from the site of nicking occurs in one direction for a first dna molecule , and in the opposite direction for a second dna molecule . in some embodiments , extension from the site of nicking occurs in one direction for a top strand of a dna molecule , and in the opposite direction for the bottom strand for the same dna molecule . in some embodiments , a reference map is used for assembly as described herein . in some embodiments , a plurality of nickases are used to maximize information density . in some embodiments , molecules nicked by the plurality of nickases are assembled using a reference map . in some embodiments , more than one nicking step is used to maximize information density . in some embodiments , the molecule or molecules subjected to more than one nicking step are assembled using a reference map . in some embodiments , dna is linearized . means of linearizing dna can include the use of shear force of liquid flow , capillary flow , convective flow , an electrical field , a dielectrical field , a thermal gradient , a magnetic field , combinations thereof ( e . g ., the use of physical confinement and an electrical field ), or any other method known to one of skill in the art . in some embodiments , the channel ( s ) described herein have a cross sectional dimension in the micrometer range . in some preferred embodiments , channels have a cross sectional dimension in the nanometer range . examples of nanochannels and methods incorporating the use of nanochannels are provided in u . s . publication nos . 2011 / 0171634 and 2012 / 0237936 , which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties . in some embodiments , a second motif is investigated in a molecule of interest . in some embodiments , the second motif includes at least one binding site for a binding entity selected from a non - cutting restriction enzyme , a zinc finger protein , an antibody , a transcription factor , a transcription activator like domain , a dna binding protein , a polyamide , a triple helix forming oligonucleotide , and a peptide nucleic acid . in some embodiments , marking or tagging of the second motif is effected with a binding entity comprising a second label . in some embodiments , marking is performed with a label that does not cut or nick the dna . in some embodiments , tagging is performed with a label that does not cut or nick the dna . in some preferred embodiments , the second motif includes at least one binding site for a peptide nucleic acid . in some embodiments , tagging is effected with a peptide nucleic acid comprising a second label . in other embodiments , the second motif includes at least one recognition sequence for a methyltransferase . in some embodiments , tagging is performed with a methyltransferase . in some embodiments , tagging is performed with a methyltransferase comprising a modified cofactor which includes a second label . in some embodiments , a modified cofactor is used . in some embodiments , the modified cofactor contains a second label that functions as a transferable tag which becomes covalently coupled to a methyltransferase recognition sequence . in other embodiments , the modified cofactor contains a second label that is directly coupled to a methyltransferase recognition sequence . in some embodiments , the labels described herein are selected from a fluorophore , a quantum dot , a dendrimer , a nanowire , a bead , a hapten , a streptavidin , an avidin , a neutravidin , a biotin , or a reactive group . in some preferred embodiments , the first and second labels described herein are selected from a fluorophore or a quantum dot . in some embodiments , labeling is carried out with a polymerase in the presence of at least one labeled dntp using the process of nick translation . the labeled dntp preferably contains a fluorophore or a quantum dot . in some embodiments , labeling is carried out as described in u . s . provisional application no . 61 / 713 , 862 , which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety . in some embodiments , the polymerase used herein leaves a flap region that is removed to generate a ligatable nick prior to repair . in some preferred embodiments , repair is carried out with a dna ligase . examples of dna ligases include taq dna ligase , e . coli dna ligase , t7 dna ligase , t4 dna ligase , and 9 ° n dna ligase ( new england biolabs ). in some embodiments , the flap region is removed with an endonuclease . for example , in some preferred embodiments , the flap region is removed with a flap endonuclease ( e . g ., fen i ). in some embodiments , the flap region is removed with an exonuclease . in some preferred embodiments , the flap region is removed using the 5 ′ to 3 ′ exonuclease activity of a polymerase . in some preferred embodiments , the flap region is removed using the 5 ′ to 3 ′ exonuclease activity of a polymerase under conditions where at least one of four nucleotides ( e . g ., datp , dgtp , dctp , dttp / dutp ) is provided in limited concentration . in some preferred embodiments , the flap region is removed using the 5 ′ to 3 ′ exonuclease activity of a polymerase under conditions where at least one of the four nucleotides is omitted . in some preferred embodiments , the flap region is removed using the 5 ′ to 3 ′ exonuclease activity of a taq polymerase . in some embodiments , the flap is removed to restore ligatability of the translated nick . in some embodiments , the flap region is removed and the nick is repaired using a mixture of enzymes that perform these functions , such as precr enzyme mix ( new england biolabs ). in some embodiments , the precr enzyme mix is used under conditions where at least one of the four nucleotides is provided in limited concentration or omitted . nucleotides that are not omitted during the flap removal process can be present at a concentration of about 25 nm to about 50 nm each , about 50 nm to about 100 nm , about 100 nm to about 200 nm , about 200 nm to about 400 nm , about 400 nm to about 800 nm , about 800 nm to about 1 . 6 um , about 1 . 6 um to about 3 . 2 um , about 3 . 2 um to about 6 . 4um , about 6 . 4 um to about 12 . 8 um , about 12 . 8 um to about 25 . 6 um , about 25 . 6 um to about 51 . 2 um , about 51 . 2 um to about 102 . 4 um , about 102 . 4um to about 204 . 8 um , about 204 . 8 um to about 409 . 6 um , and about 409 . 6 um to about 819 . 2 um , about 819 . 2 um to about 1638 . 4 um , or about 1638 . 4 um to about 3276 . 8 um . in some preferred embodiments , the concentration of nucleotides that are not omitted is about 50 um to about 500 um each . in some preferred embodiments , the nucleotides that are present are present in equimolar amounts . in some embodiments , the at least one nucleotide that is limited in concentration is at a concentration at least 2 × less , at least 5 × less , at least 10 × less , at least 20 ×, at least 30 × less , at least 60 × less , at least 100 ×, at least 500 × less , at least 1000 × less , or at least 3000 × less than at least one of the other nucleotides that is present . in some embodiments , the at least one nucleotide that is limited in concentration is at a concentration that is negligible compared to the nucleotides that are present . in some preferred embodiments , the at least one nucleotides that is limited in concentration is at a concentration at least 100 × less that the nucleotides that are present . in some embodiments , a method for repairing flap - containing dna is provided . in some embodiments , at least one nucleotide is omitted prior to dna characterization . for example , in some embodiments , the method entails treating a double stranded dna containing at least one flap on either stand of the dna with a 5 ′ to 3 ′ exonuclease activity of a polymerase under conditions wherein at least one nucleotide is omitted , ligating the nicks to restore strand integrity at the flap regions , and characterizing the dna . in some embodiments , at least one nucleotide is limited in concentration prior to dna characterization . for example , in some embodiments , the method entails treating a double stranded dna comprising at least one flap on either stand of the dna with a 5 ′ to 3 ′ exonuclease activity of a polymerase under conditions wherein at least one nucleotide is limited in concentration , ligating the nicks to restore strand integrity at the flap regions , and characterizing the dna . methods for characterizing the molecules described herein include any method for determining the information content of the dna , such as sequencing , mapping , single nucleotide polymorphism ( snp ) analysis , copy number variant ( cnv ) analysis , haplotyping , or epigenetic analysis . unless defined otherwise , technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art . the dna described herein can be of any length ( e . g ., 0 . 1 kb to a mega base ). the dna can be a highly pure preparation , crude , or semi - crude material . the dna can come from any biological source or can be synthetic . as used herein , the term “ polymerase ” refers to any enzyme , naturally occurring or engineered , that is capable of incorporating native and modified nucleotides in a template dependent manner starting at a 3 ′ hydroxyl end . as used herein , the term “ nicking endonuclease ” refers to any enzyme , naturally occurring or engineered , that is capable of breaking a phosphodiester bond on a single dna strand , leaving a 3 ′- hydroxyl at a defined sequence . nicking endonucleases can be engineered by modifying restriction enzymes to eliminate cutting activity for one dna strand , or produced by fusing a nicking subunit to a dna binding domain , for example , zinc fingers and dna recognition domains from transcription activator - like effectors . the following examples are intended to illustrate , but not to limit , the invention in any manner , shape , or form , either explicitly or implicitly . while they are typical of those that might be used , other procedures , methodologies , or techniques known to those skilled in the art may alternatively be used . e . coli genomic dna was nicked with nt . bspqi nicking endonuclease . the nicked dna was labeled with taq polymerase by nick translation using atto dutp or alexa dutp in the presence of cold datp , dgtp , and dctp . the labeled nicks were : 1 .) not repaired , 2 .) repaired with precr as recommended by manufacture ( new england biolabs ), 3 .) repaired with precr under conditions of omitting dgtp , 4 .) repaired with precr under conditions of omitting datp and dgtp , or 5 .) repaired with taq polymerase under conditions of omitting dgtp . ligation was then performed with a ligase . the resulting dna was stained with yoyo - 1 ( life technologies ) and processed on the irys system ( bionano genomics ). briefly , dna was linearized in massively parallel nanochannels , excited with the appropriate laser for backbone and label detection , and optically imaged . mapping to a reference genome , center of mass , and false positive ( fp ) and false negative ( fn ) calculations were carried out using nano studio data analysis software ( bionano genomics ). results are shown in fig2 . e . coli genomic dna was nicked with nt . bspqi nicking endonuclease . the nicked dna was labeled with taq polymerase by nick translation using atto dutp . the labeled dna was : 1 .) left unrepaired or 2 .) treated with fen ito remove flaps followed by a ligase to repair the translated nicks . the dna was linearized in massively parallel nanochannels , excited with the appropriate laser for backbone and label detection , and optically imaged . mapping to a reference genome , center of mass , and false positive ( fp ) and false negative ( fn ) calculations were carried out using nano studio data analysis software ( bionano genomics ). results are shown in fig3 . drosophila genomic dna was nicked with nt . bspqi or nb . bbvci nicking endonuclease . the nicked dna was labeled with taq polymerase by nick translation using atto dutp . the labeled dna was treated with precr reagent ( new england biolabs ) to repair the nicks . the resulting dna was stained with yoyo - 1 ( life technologies ) and processed on the irys system ( bionano genomics ). mapping to a reference genome , center of mass , and false positive ( fp ) and false negative ( fn ) calculations were carried out using nano studio data analysis software ( bionano genomics ). results are shown in fig4 . a genome map was constructed using two nicking enzymes , nt . bbvci and nt . bspqi , whose nick motifs were labeled with red and green dyes , respectively , across 27 bacs making up an mtp of a 2 . 1 - mb region containing the prolamin multigene family in the ae . tauschii genome . fig5 a shows the layout of the iryschip ( bionano genomics ). the yoyo - stained dna was loaded into the port , unwound within the pillar structures , and linearized inside 45 nm nanochannels ( fig5 b ). after image processing , individual bac molecules with red and green labels distributed at sequence - specific locations were compared and clustered into pools with similar map patterns ( fig5 c , top ). density plots for the bac clones were generated to determine the consensus peak locations ( fig5 c , bottom ). the consensus maps of individual bac clones were aligned based on overlaps of consensus maps of adjacent bacs ( fig5 d ) to create a genome map of the entire region . the two - color labeling strategy resulted in an average information density of one label per 4 . 8 kb ( 437 labels in 2 . 1 mb ). since each motif was marked by its own color , peaks of different motifs could be distinguished from each other even if their peaks were almost overlapping ( arrow in fig5 d ). peaks of the same motif ( i . e ., the same color ) could be resolved when they were at least ˜ 1 . 5 kb apart . taking advantage of the combination of long 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