Patent Application: US-27891507-A

Abstract:
the invention relates to strains of talaromyces emersonii which are thermostable and encode thermostable enzymes . the enzymes retain activity at temperatures above 550 c . these strains and enzymes find use in a variety of processes from waste reduction to the production of novel food ingredients and the production of bio - fuels .

Description:
the invention will be more clearly understood from the following description of an embodiment thereof , given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings , in which : fig1 : process outline for a method for designing an enzyme system suitable for converting a target substrate . fig2 : generation of a sugar - rich feedstock for biofuel production by thermozyme treatment of apple pulp / pomace . fig3 : thin layer - chromatogram of the products generated during paper cup hydrolysis . fig4 : electron microscopy of paper cups before ( 0 h ) and after ( 24 h ) treatment with the talaromyces emersonii paper cup induced enzyme cocktail demonstrating extensive hydrolysis of the target substrate . fig5 a - d : comparison of xylanase production by the 393751 strain and the wild type cbs 549 . 92 ( formerly cbs 814 . 70 ) strain . fig6 a - e : comparison of glucanase and ( galacto ) mannanase production by the 393751 strain and the wild type cbs 549 . 92 strain . fig7 : volume reduction of sterilized cellulose - rich clinical waste catalyzed by the 10 enzyme cocktails at 50 ° c . after 24 h . fig8 : volume reduction of stg sterilized cellulose - rich clinical waste catalyzed by the 10 enzyme cocktails at 70 ° c . after 24 h . fig1 a - b : ethanol production by s . cerevisiae on hydrolysates obtained by treatment of sterilized cellulose - rich clinical waste at 70 ° c . for 24 h ( 60 % moisture ) with cocktail 5 ( a ) and cocktail 8 ( b ). fig1 a : the effect of ph on cellulase activity in the t . emersonii cocktails . fig1 b : the effect of ph on xylanase activity in the t . emersonii cocktails . fig1 : the effect of temperature on cellulase activity in the t . emersonii cocktails . fig1 : the effect of temperature on xylanase activity in the t . emersonii cocktails . fig1 : activity of the purified novel xylanase against different xylans . osx , oat spelts xylan , wsx , wheat straw xylan , lwx , larchwood xylan , bwx , birchwood xylan , rm , rhodymenan ( red algal 1 , 3 ; 1 , 4 - β - d - xylan ). activity is expressed as a % relative to oat spelts xylan ( 100 %). fig1 a - b : activity of purified ( a ) xyn iv and ( b ) xyn vi against different xylans . activity is expressed as a % relative to oat spelts xylan ( 100 %). fig1 c - d : activity of purified ( c ) xyn vii and ( d ) xyn viii against different xylans . activity is expressed as a % relative to oat spelts xylan ( 100 %). fig1 e - f : activity of purified ( e ) xyn ix and ( f ) xyn x against different xylans . activity is expressed as a % relative to oat spelts xylan ( 100 %). fig1 g : activity of purified xyn xi against different xylans . activity is expressed as a % relative to oat spelts xylan ( 100 %). fig1 : % relative activity of purified xyn xii against a variety of purified polysaccharides . osx , oat spelts xylan ; bbg , barley β - glucan ; lic , lichenan ; cmc , carboxymethylcellulose ; lam , laminarin ; d1 , dextran ; d2 , dextrin ; inu , inulin ; ara , arabinan ; gal l , galactan ( lupin ); gal p , galactan ( potato ); rg , rhamnogalacturonan ; lwag , larchwood arabino - galactan . fig1 : specific activity of purified xyn xii against aryl frxylosides and aryl β - glucosides . fig1 : comparison of the specific activities of selected xylanases expressed by imi39375 1 and cbs549 . 92 against osx as assay substrate . referring to fig1 , there is provided a process outline for designing an enzyme system for converting a target substrate . in step 1 a target substrate is obtained . in step 2 the target substrate is inoculated with the microorganism which is cultivated on the target substrate to provide a culture . the microorganism secretes enzymes and these enzymes are recovered in step 3 , by obtaining samples of the culture . the culture samples are separated into cellular fraction and culture filtrate in step 4 . the cellular fraction ( mrna ) is analysed in step 5 , to determine the enzyme activities and properties . in step 6 , a gene expression profile is constructed based on the analysis of step 5 . in step 7 , the culture filtrate is screened for protein activity and a protein expression profile is constructed in step 8 . in step 9 the gene and protein expression profiles are compared . in step 10 the enzymes are purified . the enzymes may be stored in step 11 and in step 12 the enzymes may be further analysed and an enzyme system is designed in step 13 . it has been found that when fungus is used as the microorganism , better results are obtained when the substrate is inoculated with the mycelia of the fungus . this cultivation is preferably carried out in a fermenter and the reaction conditions will vary depending on the type of microorganism and substrate used . cultivation may be either in the form of liquid or solid - state fermentation . for talaromyces emersonii a cultivation temperature in the region of 45 ° to 65 ° is preferable , the enzymes being optimally active up to 85 - 90 ° c . the enzymes are recovered from the target substrate by separation of cellular ( fungal ) biomass from extracellular culture filtrate using centrifugation in the case of enzymes produced by liquid fermentation , or with the aid of a cell separation system for larger cultures . the enzymes are then recovered from the cellular biomass fraction by homogenisation of a known weight of the biomass in two volumes of buffer . suitable buffers include 50 mm ammonium acetate , ph 4 . 5 - 6 . 0 or 50 mm sodium phosphate , ph 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 . for the extraction of enzymes for solid state cultures , the cultures were mixed with 10 volumes of 100 mm citrate phosphate buffer , ph 5 . 0 containing 0 . 01 % ( v / v ) tween 80 , homogenised and extracted by shaking for 2 hours at 140 rpm at room temperature . an enzyme - rich extract is then recovered by centrifugation . it is essential that a comparison of the enzyme system at both genome and proteome levels is carried out i . e . the genes , expression products ( mrna ) and proteins identified are compared . this is due to the fact that there may be genetic information present which is expressed at mrna level , but not translated to functional protein at the protein level . transcriptomic , genomic and proteomic analyses are important for determining the relative abundance of certain enzymes . an isolate of the filamentous fungus strain , from which some of the enzymes of the invention have been isolated has been deposited with the international mycological institute ( imi ) ( cabi bioscience uk ), bakeham lane , englefield green , egham , surrey tw20 9ty , united kingdom for the purposes of patent procedure on nov . 22 , 2005 — deposition no . imi 393751 . after purification of the enzymes they can be optionally stored or directly analysed to obtain ( a ) detailed information on the individual thermostability / thermal activity in general catalytic and functional properties , ( b ) detailed information on their mode of action and catalytic potential , individually and in combination , ( c ) information on synergistic interactions , ( d ) partial sequence information that would assist in cloning of the genes , and ( e ) in some cases to obtain sufficient protein to facilitate collection of the 3 - d structural data . the analysis of these enzymes is then exploited to identify key enzyme systems and optimum harvesting times for these systems . the systems can be optimised with respect to levels of key activities and key enzyme blends , performance characteristics and conditions ( at laboratory scale ) for target applications . freshly harvested (˜ 200 g ) clean grass ( lawn ) cuttings and other mixed plant biomass were placed in a closed container to simulate a composting environment , and incubated in a constant temperature chamber , at 65 ° c ., for approximately 2 h ( combined - pasteurisation and equilibration of the substrate ). humidity / moisture content was maintained at ˜ 65 - 70 % the container was fitted with a line providing a low pulse of moist , filtered air at intervals . after 2 h , a spore suspension ( 1 × 10 8 spores in 2 % sterile water ) of t . emersonii ( laboratory stocks of a 12 year old isolate , originally from cbs814 . 70 ) was used to inoculate the centre region of the biomass . the temperature was maintained at 65 ° c . for 2 days , and increased in 2 ° c . intervals every 24 h thereafter until an air temperature of 70 ° c . was reached internally in the chamber . the culture was grown for a further 7 days before a sample of the inoculated ‘ hot - spot ’ or central region was removed aseptically and transferred to agar plates ( emerson &# 39 ; s agar medium for thermophilic fungi ), and sub - cultured , to ensure culture purity ; purity was cross - checked by microscopic analysis . liquid media containing basic nutrients ( tuohy et al ., 1992 ; moloney et al ., 1983 ) and 2 % ( w / v ) glucose was inoculated with 1 cm 2 pieces of mycelial mat from 36 h old agar plate cultures . liquid cultures were grown at 55 ° c . for 36 h in 250 ml erlenmeyer flasks ( containing 100 ml of growth medium ), with shaking at 220 rpm . aliquots ( 2 . 0 ml ) of mycelial suspensions were removed after 36 h , washed aseptically with sterile water , transferred to sterile petri dishes ( 10 mm diameter ) and irradiated with uv light for timed intervals ( 10 - 60 s ). sterile agar media ( noble agar containing 0 . 2 % w / v of individual catabolite repressors , such as 2 - deoxyglucose ) were inoculated with samples of the irradiated fungal mycelium . replicate cultures were incubated at 45 and 58 ° c . single colonies were carefully selected ( fluffy white appearance ), aseptically transferred to sabouraud dextrose agar plates and purified further via several transfers . strain imi 393751 represents an isolate taken from the plates incubated at 58 ° c . the mutant was evaluated in a comparative study with the parent organism , for enhanced thermal stability and enzyme production , which revealed clear differences between both strains in terms of culture appearance , ability to sporulate ( strain imi 393751 is non - sporulating ), thermophilicity and stability , enzyme production patterns under identical growth conditions , differential expression and levels of individual enzyme activities . appearance of the culture during growth on different agar media — when cultivated on emerson &# 39 ; s agar cbs 814 . 70 has the typical features of this species ( stolk & amp ; samson , 1972 ), i . e . 30 pale , creamy / buff colour , with pale yellowish shades near the agar surface ( around the inoculation zone ), which turns a deeper dark buff / reddish brown colour as the culture matures , and consists of dense mycelial mat of many ascomata . in contrast , imi393751 is much whiter and the culture has a very ‘ fluffy ’ appearance . differences with respect to sporulation — cbs 814 . 70 is a sporulating strain of t . emersonii which produces conidiophores , asci and ascospores ; the conidiophores appear as perpendicular branches on hyphae ( pale yellow in colour and septate ). the asci , or spore containing sacs are somewhat ellipsoidal in shape , and can often be found in chains ; the ascospores are smooth and elliptical in shape ( appear green in an electron micrograph ). in contrast , imi393751 mycelia produces very few classical conidiophores , asci and ascospores . in complete contrast to cbs814 . 70 , imi393751 only produces a paltry number of spores under extreme and quite specific conditions , whereas strain cbs 814 . 70 produces spores on several different media . differences with respect to thermophilicity and optimum growth temperature range . cbs 814 . 70 has a strict growth range from 35 - 55 ° c ., with poor growth at lower or higher temperatures and an optimum growth range of 40 - 45 ° c . imi39375 1 , on the other hand , exhibits a wider growth temperature range of 30 - 65 ° c ., with good growth at 80 ° c ., 85 ° c . and up to 90 ° c ., with an optimum between 48 - 55 ° c . imi393751 grows very well & gt ; 55 ° c . and continues to produce high levels of fungal biomass ( mycelia ) and to actively secrete significant quantities of various proteins . differences with respect to growth at higher ph values — cbs 814 . 70 does not grow well ( in fact starts to die off ) at ph values above ph 6 - 6 . 5 ( previous data , tuohy & amp ; coughlan , 1992 ), whereas imi393751 grows well and secretes substantial levels of enzymes at ph values up to ph 9 . 0 . growth under nutrient limiting / depleted conditions . imi393751 survives well in nutrient depleted cultures for up to 55 days , whereas cbs 814 . 70 undergoes autolysis from 7 days onwards and few surviving mycelia / cells remain after 15 days . mycelia harvested from 55 - day old nutrient depleted liquid cultures of imi393751 could be resuscitated by transfer to sabouraud dextrose agar media , whereas mycelial remnants of the cbs814 . 70 strain ( 55 - day old ) could not be revived by the same approach . an enzyme system from talaromyces emersonii for converting hemicellulosic materials the complete hydrolysis of xylan requires the synergistic action of xylanases , β - xylosidase , α - glucuronidase , α - l - arabinofrranosidase and esterases . table 1 . gives an example of selected target substrates ( including wastes / residues ) and the percentage inducing carbon source used in this example . the percentage induction refers to the weight of carbon source per volume of medium ( g / 100 mls ). based on the results obtained , an enzyme system was designed using enzymes purified from talaromyces emersonii for the degradation of a hemicellulose ( xylan ) or xylan - rich wood - derived product , residue or waste . the relative amounts of the key enzymes present in the enzyme system are tabulated in table 2 . the relative amounts of the core activities , the profile and relative amounts of the accessory activities will vary depending on the composition of the target substrate . table 3 outlines enzyme systems from talaromyces emersonii which have boen designed for specific applications . { circumflex over ( )}{ circumflex over ( )}% conversion of softwood substrate ( unmilled and roughly milled fractions , untreated and pretreated with dilute acid ). total % conversion can be increased ( up to 74 %) using this enzyme system in a blend with other t . emersonii or chaetomium thermophile enzyme systems , or amplication of key enzyme activities by addition of recombinant enzyme . system from talaromyces emersonii for converting cereals , beet pulp , and other materials ( including wastes ) rich in arabinoxylans and acetylated hemicelluloses table 4 gives relative amounts of different enzyme activities in designed enzyme systems from talaromyces emersonii imi 39375 land two previously identified mutant strains designed for conversion of cereals , beet pulp , and other materials ( including wastes ) rich in arabinoxylans and acetylated hemicelluloses . characterisation of three novel endoglucanases ( eg )), which are important for both selective modification and degradation of a variety of cereal residues , including potential candidates for brewing and animal feedstuff , such as sorghum , maize and rye . these three enzymes have been purified from talaromyces emersonii imi393751 the total carbohydrate content of purified enzyme preparations was determined by the phenol - sulfuric acid method ( dubois et al .) by reference to glucose or mannose standard curves ( 20 - 100 μg . ml − 1 ). protein separation techniques sequential gel filtration , ion - exchange , hydrophobic interaction and lectin affinity chromatographies and chromatofocusing ( pseudo ion - exchange ) was required to obtain highly purified preparations of eg v , eg vi and eg vii . non - denaturing gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focussing followed by coomassie blue staining was performed by standard methodology known to one in the field and give the relevant references ( e . g . murray et al ., 2001 ; tuohy & amp ; coughlan , 1992 , tuohy et al 2002 ; maloney et al ., 2004 ). initial experiments revealed that the pi values of eg v - vii were & lt ; ph 3 . 5 . therefore , chromatofocusing on pbe 94 , pre - equilibrated with 0 . 025 m piperazine - hcl , ph 3 . 5 , was used to determine accurate pi values for eg v - vii . the ph corresponding to the elution peak for β - glucanase was determined to be the pi . differences of 0 . 01 ph units could be detected thus yielding accurate pi values for each enzyme . ph and temperature optima and stabilities optimum ph values were determined by 5 monitoring the enzyme activity at ph values between 2 . 5 and 9 . 0 , at 50 ° c ., in constant ionic strength citrate phosphate buffer . to evaluate the effects of ph on the activity of eg v - vii , purified samples of each enzyme were incubated at ph 4 . 0 , 5 . 0 and 6 . 0 at 50 ° c . aliquots were removed after 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 24 , 36 , 48 and up to 336 h ( 14 d ), diluted appropriately in 100 mm naoac buffer , ph 5 . 0 ( normal assay ph ) and assayed for residual activity according to the standard assay method . the stability of each purified enzyme was investigated at 50 ° c ., 60 ° c ., 70 ° c . and 80 ° c ., in the absence of substrate . eg v - vii were not modular proteins in that none of the three enzymes adsorbed to cellulose ( or other insoluble carbohydrates , i . e . they did not contain carbohydrate binding substrate specificity on various polysaccharides and synthetic glycosides was evaluated by 15 measuring activity against a wide variety of carbohydrates ( bbg , lichenan , cmc , other polysaccharides and synthetic glycosides ) using the normal β - glucanase assay procedure . effects of metal ions , chemical modification reagents and potential inhibitors a range of monovalent , divalent and heavy metal ions , at final assay concentrations of 1 . 0 mm , were investigated for their potential effects on the activities of eg v , eg vi and eg vii , by incubating the enzymes with the chemicals and then conducting the normal enzyme assay . finally , the inhibitor effects of glycosides , such as disaccharides , lactones and flavanoid glycosides on the purified enzymes were examined . specified concentrations of each glycoside were included in normal assay cocktails and residual activity determined by comparison with controls ( no glycoside present ). a summary of the purification of eg v , eg vi and eg vii , and purification parameters such as yield (%) are given in table 5 . yields , as well as final specific activity values , were similar for eg v and eg vii , while eg vi was obtained at a lower yield and had a higher specific activity . enzyme homogeneity m r and pi values positive staining with schiff reagent ( results not shown ) indicated that all three enzymes were single subunit glycoproteins . the homogeneity of each enzyme preparation was verified by ief . the pi values obtained were as follows : eg v , 2 . 45 ; eg vi , 3 . 00 ; eg vii , 2 . 85 . evidence for glycosylation and estimation of molar extinction coefficients total carbohydrate contents ( w / w ) were 22 . 6 ± 0 . 1 %, 14 . 7 ± 0 . 1 % and 65 . 9 ± 0 . 04 % for eg v , eg vi and eg vii , respectively . calculated molar extinction coefficient ( ε 280 ) values ( mol . i . cm − 1 ) were 1 . 04 × 10 − 5 for eg v , 8 . 80 × 10 − 6 for eg vi and 7 . 05 × 10 − 6 for eg vii . ph and temperature optima and stabilities the three enzymes were active over relatively broad ph ranges but exhibited acidic ph optimum values of 5 . 7 , 5 . 4 and 5 . 7 for eg v , eg vi and eg vii , respectively . a ph optimum of 4 . 5 was obtained for bbgase activity in the t . emersonii crude extract . approximately 75 % of the optimum activity was evident between ph 3 . 0 and 7 . 0 ( eg v ), ph 2 . 5 and 7 . 5 ( eg vi ) and ph 2 . 8 and 7 . 5 ( eg vii ). the release of reducing sugars from bbg , at ph 5 . 0 , over 10 min , at 30 - 90 ° c . optimum temp values for activity were 78 . 0 ° c ., 78 . 0 ° c . and 76 . 0 ° c . for eg v , eg vi and eg vii , respectively . activation energies ( e a ), estimated from arrhenius plots , were 21 . 2 ± 0 . 05 kj . mol − 1 for eg v , 23 . 5 ± 0 . 02 kj . mol − 1 for eg vi , and 26 . 7 ± 0 . 05 kj . mol − 1 for eg vii . the effect of ph on enzyme stability was investigated at ph 5 . 0 , ph 5 . 5 and ph 6 . 0 ( at 50 ° c . and 70 ° c .). ph stability was greatest in the range ph 4 . 0 - 7 . 0 , over a 1 h incubation period , with a marked decrease observed at ph & lt ; 4 . 0 and & gt ; 7 . 0 eg v lost no activity at ph 5 . 0 and 50 ° c . over a period of 15 d , while eg vi and eg vii lost minimal activity ( 13 . 0 % and 11 . 5 % respectively ). however , at 70 ° c . and the same ph , eg v , eg vi and eg vii lost 42 %, 35 % and 33 % respectively , of the original activity in each sample over a 60 min period . at ph 5 . 5 ( 50 ° c . ), eg v , eg vi and eg vii lost 30 %, 22 % and 8 % of their respective original activities over a 15 d period , but at 70 ° c ., eg v was destabilised further ( 58 % decrease in original activity after 60 min ), while the activity of eg vi and eg vii after 60 min was very similar to that obtained following incubation at ph 5 . 5 and 70 ° c . eg v was considerably less stable at ph 6 . 0 and 50 ° c . losing 63 % of its original activity in 15 d . eg vi and eg vii were considerably more stable at the latter ph with similar stabilities to those determined at ph 5 . 5 ( 30 % loss of activity for both enzymes ). by increasing the incubation temperature to 70 ° c ., the activity of eg v decreased markedly ( 65 %) over a 60 min incubation period ( at ph 6 . 0 ), while eg vii remained remarkably stable losing only 22 % of its original activity . half - life ( t ½ ) values were in excess of 15 d at ph 5 . 0 and 50 ° c ., while at 70 ° c . values ranged from 67 min ( eg v ) to & gt ; 80 min ( eg vi and eg vii . evidence for modular structure eg v , eg vi , and eg vii adsorbed weakly to avicel ( microcrystalline cellulose ) at ph 5 . 0 and 4 ° c . ( 8 - 15 % adsorption ); however , this extent of adsorption is not indicative of the presence of a carbohydrate binding module ( cbm ). effect of metal ions , chemical modifiers and potential inhibitors on enzyme activity . the effects of 1 mm final concentrations of a range of mono , di and multivalent cations on the activity of eg v , eg vi and eg vii , were investigated . activity was expressed as a % relative to a control ( no metal ion present in incubation mixture ). in general , heavy metal ions are thought to inactivate enzymes by forming covalent salts with cysteine , histidine or carboxyl groups . while a number of the metal ions , e . g . mg 230 , zn 230 and mo 6 + enhanced the activity of all three enzymes and ions such as ag + , fe 2 + and especially hg 2 + markedly decreased activity of eg v - vii , noticeable inter - enzyme differences were noted for the effects of other metal ions . chloride salts of na + and k + had either no effect or slightly stimulated the activity of each enzyme , e . g . k + increased the activity of eg vii by 20 %, while na + enhanced the activity of eg v by & gt ; 39 %. ba 2 + and ca 2 + decreased the activity of eg v by 16 . 5 % and 21 . 5 - 24 . 6 %, respectively , while both ions increased the activity of eg vi by 37 . 6 % and 10 %. other divalent cations such as cd 2 + , co 2 + and cu 2 + exerted a noticeably inhibitory effect on eg v (˜ 26 . 5 - 77 . 4 % loss of activity ). almost total inhibition of the activity of all three enzymes by hg 2 + suggests the presence of an essential thiol group ( s ) involved in catalysis . valency was noted to modulate activity , for example , fe 3 + exerted a more potent negative effect on the activity of all three enzymes ( 35 . 4 - 88 . 0 % decrease in activity ), in contrast to fe 2 + , which actually enhances the activity of eg v by 20 %, has minimum effects on eg vii and decreases the activity of eg vi by 38 . 6 % ( fe 3 + decreases the activity of eg vi by 53 . 6 - 59 . 3 %). the nature of the counteranion , i . e . cl − versus so 4 2 − had a profound effect on activity where both salts of a particular anion were investigated . so 4 2 − salts of ca 2 + and fe 3 + selectively enhanced the activity of eg vii ˜ 2 - fold and ˜ 4 . 5 - fold , respectively , relative to the activity observed with the corresponding cl − salt . by contrast , the so 4 2 − salt of mg 2 + markedly decreased the activity of eg v ( 54 . 2 %) and eg vi ( 50 . 1 %) relative to the cl − salt of the same cation . a selection of reagents known to modify amino acid r - groups in proteins were tested for their effects on eg v , eg vi and eg vii , both in the absence and presence of substrate ( substrate - protective effects could be observed in this manner ) ( see table 6 ). the potent inhibitory effect of n - bromosuccinimide ( nbs ) suggests the involvement of tryptophan in binding and / or catalysis . however , o - phthaldialdehyde , another tryptophan - modifying reagent has no net effect on the activity of eg v , eg vi or eg vii , therefore nbs could be modifying another amino acid residue with which it is known to have side reactivity , e . g . cysteine . furthermore , the failure of the substrate to protect against enzyme inactivation would rule out a direct role for tryptophan in binding or catalysis . as cysteine and dithiotreitol ( dtt ) both protected against inactivation , the effect of nbs may be due to side - reactions , e . g . oxidation of cysteine . the sulphydryl reagents iodoacetamide , p - hydroxymercuri - benzoate and n - ethylmaleimide cause little or no inhibition either in the presence or absence of substrate , which would seem to suggest that eg v , eg vi and eg vii do not have essential thiol groups . however , cysteine , dtt and dithioerythritol activate all three enzymes , especially eg vi and eg vii , which may suggest the reduction of a disulphide oxidized perhaps during extraction and / or enzyme purification , thus restoring the native conformation of the active site region of the enzyme , or the enzyme molecule as a whole . sodium borohydride , a strong reducing agent , inhibits the three enzymes ( especially eg vi ) in the presence of substrate . by contrast , the oxidation of other reactive groups at the active site by the action of strong oxidizing agents such as sodium periodate , iodine and thioglycolic acid notably enhance the activity of all three enzymes with the effects being most pronounced with sodium periodate and eg vi , in the presence of substrate . woodward &# 39 ; s reagent k , a carboxylate - modifying reagent enhanced the activity of eg v , eg vi and eg vii , being most effective in the absence of substrate . in general , phenolic substances , such as m - phenylphenol , (−) epicatechin , (+) catechin , o - coumaric acid , caffeic acid , ferulic acid , syringic acid , and tannic acid , to name but a few of the compounds tested , did not have a marked inhibitory effect on enzyme activity ( in the absence of substrate ) with the exception of tannic acid which is a potent inhibitor due to its protein precipitating function . in fact , some of the compounds , e . g . protocatechuic acid , syringic acid , cafeic acid and polyvinylalcohol markedly activated all three enzymes ( results obtained during pro incubation of enzyme with inhibitor in the absence of substrate ). however , when co - incubated with enzyme and substrate , several of the phenolics were noted to effect a decrease in activity of ˜ 7 - 32 % ( substrate did not protect any of the enzymes against the potent effect of tannic acid ). in general , the majority of detergents tested did not result in loss of enzyme activity . however , taurocholic acid , taurodeoxycholic acid , tween 20 and tween 80 all decreased the activity of eg v , by 47 . 7 %, 22 . 7 %, 12 . 7 % and 30 . 8 % respectively , when pre - incubated with enzyme in advance of the addition of substrate . with the exception of tween 80 ( 34 . 2 % loss of activity ), simultaneous incubation with substrate restored full activity . enhanced activity was observed when substrate , enzyme and detergent ( deokycholic acid , chaps , taurodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid ) were incubated simultaneously , e . g . the activity of eg vi was increased & gt ; 2 fold in the presence of substrate and deoxycholic acid . glycosides such as salicin , esculin and arbutin had no apparent effect on the activity of eg v - vii , similar to the disaccharides melibiose , maltose , sucrose and the alditol , sorbitol . however , concentrations of cellobiose from 50 - 75 mm markedly inhibited all three enzymes , especially eg v , which was also inhibited by lactose at concentrations & gt ; 75 mm . lactose also effected ˜ 50 % inhibition of eg vi and eg vii bbgase activity at concentrations of ˜ 120 mm . glucono - δ - lactone and glucoheptono - 1 , 4 - lactone also inhibit eg v - vii but at much higher concentrations ( 500 to & gt ; 750 mm for 50 % inhibition ). substrate specificity crude extracts of t . emersonii , catalyse the hydrolysis of a variety of polysaccharides including cellulose , cmc , bbg , laminaran , lichenan , xylan , pectin , and a spectrum of synthetic glycoside derivatives . none of the three purified enzymes were active against 4 - nitrophenyl derivatives of β - d - xylopyranoside , or α - d - galactopyranoside ( table 7 ). furthermore , eg v , eg vi and eg vii did not display any activity against filter paper , avicel , locust bean gum galactomannan , and did not catalyse the oxidation of cellobiose , even on extended incubation with substrate . the results are expressed in terms of % activity relative to the control ( activity against bbg assigned a value of 100 %). all three enzymes exhibit maximum activity against the mixed linkage fglucans , bbg and lichenan , with markedly more activity on the latter substrate . trace activity exhibited by all three enzymes with xylan on extended incubation periods may be explained by the fact that the oat spelts xylan preparation used contained minor , contaminating amounts of β - glucan . after carrying out similar analysis on each of the enzymes expressed , an enzyme system was designed using enzymes purified from talaromyces emersonii for the degradation of non - cellulosic material such as tealeaves , carob powder and other similar materials . table 8 gives an example of the relative amounts of different enzyme activities for this enzyme system . talaromyces emersonii imi 393751 was grown on a variety of paper wastes and paper products as substrates . the enzymes excreted were extracted and enzyme expression was monitored and quantified by proteome and transcriptome analyses and by a thorough spectrum of functional assays . several paper wastes proved to be excellent inducers of cellulases ( and complementary activities , e . g . starch - hydrolysing enzymes , where coated / finished paper products were used ). differences were clearly evident with respect to the relative amounts / types of cellulase enzymes induced by different paper wastes / products . the data obtained confirmed that cellobiohydrolase i ( cbh i ) and cellobiohydrolase ii ( cbh ii ) isoenzymes were the most important cellulase activities and , where more complete saccharification / bioconversion of cellulose in the target substrate was desired ( e . g . generation of monosaccharide - rich feedstocks for biofuel production ), β - glucosidase i ( bg i ) was also very important . paper plates induced remarkable levels of filter paper ( fp ) degrading activity ( 1573 iu / g , where iu represents timoles product formed / min reaction time / g inducing substrate ), low endocellulase levels ( 27 . 5 iu / g ) and low β - glucosidase levels ( 6 . 05 iu / g ). at a transsiptome level , cbh i was the most abundant / highly expressed cellulase , an observation complemented at functional level with 242 . 0 iu / g cbh i type activity being detected . the enzymes produced during growth on paper cups were significantly more exo - acting , with 495 . 0 iu / g fp activity and 53 . 9 iu / g β - glucosidase being detected . in the latter example , gene expression and functional assays indicated that cbh ii was the key cellulase ( transcript and enzyme levels for cbh ii were ˜ 2 - fold the corresponding levels for cbh i enzymes ). cbh ii was again the key cellulase induced by brown paper , corrugated cardboard and white office paper . individual enzyme systems , and combinations thereof ( e . g . for the amplification of key exo - or side / accessory activities ), were shown to be effective tools for the conversion of cellulose ( and hemicelluloses / other carbohydrates ) in a wide variety of cellulose - rich virgin , secondary and waste materials . enzymes were isolated and analysed by conventional procedures ( walsh , ( 1997 ) and et al ., 2002 ) cbh ia , containing traces of xylanase as the only contaminating activity , eluted at a nacl concentration between 115 and 170 mm . fractions 52 - 66 were pooled and dialyzed for 16 h against 4 changes of 100 mm ammonium acetate buffer , ph 5 . 0 , and subjected to affinity chromatography on a column ( 1 . 4 × 11 . 3 cm ) of ch - sepharose 4b substituted with p - aminobenzyl - 1 - thio - cellobioside . the residual contaminating xylanase activity did not bind and was eluted in the application and wash buffers . cbh ia was eluted using 0 . 1 m lactose in 100 mm ammonium acetate buffer , ph 5 . 0 . fractions 13 - 21 were pooled , dialyzed against distilled water to remove lactose and stored at 4 ° c . until used . cbh ib from the anion exchange step ( de - 52 at ph 5 . 5 ) was dialysed versus 100 mm ammonium acetate buffer , ph 5 . 5 and applied to the affinity column as for cbh ia . the residual contaminating activities , mainly endoglucanase , did not bind to the affinity matrix and were elated in the wash . cbh ib was specifically eluted using 0 . 1 m lactose in affinity buffer . fractions 43 - 48 were pooled and dialysed against distilled water to remove lactose and stored at 4 ° c . until further use . based on the above analysis , the following enzyme system was designed using enzymes purified from talaromyces emersonii for the degradation of paper waste and paper products , and other waste containing cellooligosaccharides . the strategy outlined for the design of enzyme systems / thermozyme compositions from t . emersonii imi 393751 and previously known mutants was adapted for the production of carbohydrate - modifying compositions by over twenty - three mesophilic and thermophilic fungal species . particular attention was given to the production / induction of potent hemicellulase ( xylanase , mannanase ) and pectinase - rich enzyme systems by these fungal species . chaetomium thermophile and themoascus aurantiacus were individually cultivaed in liquid fermentation , as described earlier , on the t . emersonii nutrient medium containing 1 - 6 % inducing carbon source ( enzyme production by solid fermentation was also investigated ). a potent mannan - degrading enzyme system was obtained by cultivation of c . thermophile for 96 - 120 h on coffee waste . this composition of this system was characterised and shown to contain 45 - 60 % mannan - hydolysing activities , 0 . 7 - 4 . 0 % pectin - modifying enzymes , 35 . 2 - 52 . 0 % xylan - modifying activities , with the remainder being attributed to cellulase activities ( very low or trace cbh and β - glucosidase were noted ). cultivation of the same fungus on soyabran yielded a potent xylanolytic enzyme system ( 70 . 2 - 86 . 5 % of the total activities being attributed to xylan - modifying enzymes ); ˜ 10 . 6 - 28 . 0 % and ˜ 8 . 6 - 22 . 5 % of the remaining carbohydrate - modifying activities were attributed to cellulase , pectinolytic and low levels of mannanolytic enzymes . similarly , a potent pectin - modifying enzyme system was induced during cultivation of th . aurantiacus on wheat bran and beet pulp ( 1 : 1 ), with & gt ; 56 . 5 - 80 . 0 % of the total carbohydrate - modifying activity profile being represented by pectinolytic activities ; this enzyme system also contained ˜ 22 . 1 - 40 . 1 % xylan - modifying enzymes , with the remainder being mainly cellulase / β - glucan - modifying activities . in contrast , cultivation of th . aurantiacus on soyabrain induced a potent xylanolytic enzyme system (& gt ; 62 . 1 - 85 . 8 %), complemented by ˜ 3 . 5 - 11 . 0 % pectin - modifying enzymes with the remaining activities being predominantly β - glucan - modifying . in contrast to c . thermophile , th . aurantiacus did not elaborate significant levels of mannan - degrading enzymes during cultivation on either substrate . these systems , on their own and in combination with each other or other enzyme systems ( e . g . t . emersonii ) have been shown to effect extensive saccharification ( sugar release ) of a wide range of different agricultural , food / vegetable , beverage , woody / paper and other carbohydrate - rich virgin and waste materials , and can be used for the generation of specialised oligosaccharide products or sugar - rich feedstocks for a wide range of biotechnological applications ( e . g . biofuel production ). system from t . emersonii for the generation of sugar - rich feedstocks from food / beverage , paper and woody wastes to be used in biofuel production waste apples ( pulped ), apple pulp and pomace were obtained from local fruit suppliers , food processing and cider / beverage production outlets . t . emersonii was cultivated on 2 - 6 % apple pomace / pulp ( both by solid and liquid fermentation ) and high levels of a range of carbohydrate - modifying enzymes were measured . this system was characterised by high levels of β - glucan hydrolases , mainly non - cellulosic β - glucanases (˜ 27 . 4 % in 120 h liquid culture filtrates ), substantial amounts of key exo - glycosidases with especially high levels of α - arabinofuranosidase ( 13 . 3 % of the total carbohydrase activity ) and β - galactosidase ( 22 . 6 %). additional esterase , pectin and xylan - modifying enzymes were also detected (& gt ; 7 . 2 - 33 . 5 %). thus using the above analysis , it is possible to design an enzyme system suitable for degrading apple waste . the initial studies used an enzyme loading which contained 2 , 344 nkat xylanase , 5 , 472 nkat mixed linked β - glucanase and 8 , 529 nkat lichenanase per 3 . 6 kg substrate and a reaction temperature of 70 ° c . was used . complete pasteurisation of the hydrolysate was achieved at 70 ° c ., and the hydrolysate was used to feed mesophilic and thermophilic upflow anaerobic reactors ( uahr ). 100 % utilization of the sugar feedstock has been observed , with concomitant production of methane ( 50 - 70 % in the biogas stream ). subsequent optimization studies were conducted , which demonstrated that incubation at 80 ° c ., with gentle agitation (˜ 120 rpm ) for a 24 h period with approx . ⅔ of the original enzyme dosage , achieved ˜ 87 % saccharification of the carbohydrates present to simple , fermentable sugars . the sugars produced by this enzyme system can be used as a monosaccharide - rich feedstock for biofuel production . t . emersonii was cultivated without supplementation on a variety of paper wastes in liquid fermentation ( see example 5 ). paper cups proved to be a very efficient carbohydrase inducer , yielding a potent multi - component enzyme cocktail with high levels of xylanase and starchdegrading enzyme activities , and levels of cellulase activities higher than reported on conventional growth substrates . the potential of this enzyme system to efficiently release reducing sugars and effect degradation of paper wastes was clearly illustrated by biochemical tests and scanning electron microscopy . the effect of thermozyme treatment on substrate integrity and morphology using scanning electron , microscopy confirm the potential of these cocktails as potent biotechnological tools for paper waste conversion . sem provided clear evidence for extensive cellulose fibre degradation ( complete loss of fibre structure in certain samples ) following treatment of the cellulose - rich substrate with the t . emersonii cocktails . the enzyme cocktail produced by t . emersonii after 108 h growth on paper cups contains a battery of cellulose , hemicellulose and starch degrading enzymes and saccharification studies conducted with this multi - component cocktail demonstrates its ability to effectively release glucose and other reducing sugars from conventional cellulose and paper waste substrates . this enzyme cocktail was found to be active on all paper waste and conventional cellulose substrates analysed . while all substrates were increasingly degraded over time different biodegradation susceptibilities were exhibited in response to the different substrate compositions . prior to any pre - treatment biodegradable packing showed the strongest susceptibility towards enzymatic hydrolysis followed by tissue paper , paper cups and corrugated cardboard . the paper cup - induced enzyme system , functions optimally , releasing maximum sugar levels from paper waste , at a temperature of 50 ° c ., ph 4 . 5 , at an enzyme dosage of 4 ml / g substrate and while shaking at 37 rpm . homogenisation of the paper cups increased the level of hydrolysis by 2 . 3 - fold . under these experimental conditions ( enzyme dosage of 36 fpu ) ( filter paper units ) a total % hydrolysis of 85 % was achieved , with glucose accounting for ˜ 80 % of the reducing sugars released . glucose and xylose were the main products released ( see fig3 ). however , decreasing the enzyme dosage to 9 fpu effected an overall hydrolysis of ˜ 76 %. electron microscopy demonstrated the excellent hydrolytic properties of this cocktail ( fig4 ). heat treatment increased cardboard conversion by the same enzyme system , by a factor of 34 % ( an overall carbohydrate hydrolysis based on reducing sugars released of ˜ 88 %), while the combination of both heat treatment and homogenisation increased the reducing sugars released by 80 % yielding 1 . 47 mg / ml glucose ( 31 . 7 % of the total sugars released ). paper plates were rapidly degraded by the paper cup - induced enzyme cocktail with glucose accounting for ˜ 67 % of the total sugars released . enzymatic saccharification of paper and food wastes have been investigated in sequential hydrolysis and saccharification ( shf ), i . e . enzyme pre - treatment followed by yeast fermentation to produce ethanol , and in simultaneous hydrolysis and saccharification ( ssf ), where feedstock is continuously generated and immediately fermented by yeast . the enzymatic pretreatment reaction temperatures are different in both processes , i . e . higher in shf as the hydrolysate is cooled prior to fermentation , and at a temperature close to ambient temperatures for yeast growth and fermentation in ssf . while the t . emersonii imi39375 lenzymes are more efficient and higher reaction rates , and pasteurization are achieved ( and less enzyme is required ), the t . emersonii enzymes still work quite well at 25 - 37 ° c . and compare well with commercial enzyme preparations from other fungal sources . the sugar - rich feedstocks produced were found to be suitable for biofuel ( bioethanol and biogas ) production . woody residues and wastes from primary and secondary sources ( e . g . bark , thinings , and processing wastes , such as shavings and sawdust ) represent a vast resource with as much as 65 - 70 % of the dry weight comprising complex carbohydrates such as hemicellulose (˜ 19 - 28 % and mainly xylans and mannans with some other polysaccharides ) and cellulose (˜ 39 - 46 %), which are encased in lignin . t . emersonii imi 393751 was grown in liquid or solid state fermentation , on woody residues , such as sitka spruce sawdust and ash shavings to generate enzyme systems with the appropriate profile of enzymes for conversion of the target waste . different reaction / pre - treatment temperatures and enzyme dosages were investigated . the enzyme systems evaluated included cocktails obtained during growth of t . emersonii on a variety of substrates . reaction temperatures of 50 ° c ., 60 ° c ., 70 ° c . and 80 ° c . were investigated , and a number of different substrates were used , i . e . untreated and pretreated woody residues . enzyme loading was also investigated , with initial studies starting with a 60 fpu , later increased up to 200 fpu ( fpu : filter paper units , a measure of total cellulase activity ). preparation of the test substrate spruce chips ( 2 - 10 mm in diameter ) were impregnated with sulphur dioxide ( 3 % w / v moisture ) for 20 min at room temperature to an absorption rate of 2 . 5 % w / w moisture . the so 2 treated spruce was treated with steam at 215 ° c . for 2 - 5 min . the hemicellulose content was almost completely hydrolysed ; solid recovery was 60 - 65 % of the starting raw material . enzymes mgbg thermozymes : numbered mgbg 1 , mgbg 2 , mgbg 3 and mgbg 4 . commercial enzymes used were celluclast 2l from t . reesei and novozym 188 from a . niger ( novo industri a / s , bagsvaerd , denmark ). standard enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out at 37 ° c ., 50 ° c . and 60 ° c . in 300 ml , 1 l and 10 l reaction vessels with agitation at ˜ 130 rpm . the enzyme dosage was 32 fpu of each enzyme prepper g of cellulose in a buffered substrate solution ( gilleran , 2004 ). the ph of the reaction buffer was adjusted to ph 5 . 0 for the mgbg enzymes and ph 4 . 8 for the commercial preparations . samples were removed at timed intervals and enzymatic action was terminated by boiling each reaction mixture ( and controls ) for 10 min . at the lowest reaction temps ( 37 - 50 ° c . ), 2 of the enzyme preparations of the invention perform as well as the commercial celluclast preparation , and ( ii ) the performance of 3 of the mgbg enzymes is in the same range as the commercial celluclast ( and celluiclast / novozym blend ). the glucose yield using the composition of the invention was similar to the optimizd commercial preparations but they yield higher levels of additional fermentable sugars than the commercial enzymes . the enzyme preparations of the invention out - performed the commercial enzymes / enzyme blends at the higher reaction conditions ( 60 - 70 ° c . ), in terms of overall extent hydrolysis , product yield and enzyme stability . a lower enzyme dosage could be used at the higher reaction temperatures to attain similar hydrolysis performance ( depending on the enzyme preparation , only 62 . 5 - 78 % of the commercial enzyme loading required ). they are also less affected by inhibitory substances present in the steam - pre - treated substrate and higher concentrations of glucose and cellobiose in the sugar - rich hydrolysates . they also yield a greater amount of sugar in 24 h at 60 ° c ., than the commercial enzymes achieve in 72 h at 50 ° c ., the optimum working temperature for the commercial enzymes . the key results for the enzymatic hydrolysis are presented in table 12 , while the best reaction temperature / reaction time combinations for optimum % hydrolysis , for each of the commercial and enzyme compositions of the invention tested are given in table 13 batch ssf experiments with spruce hydrolysate were carried out to compare the performance of different enzyme preparations . fermentation was carried out at a concentration of spruce fibres of 4 %, the pre - treated material was diluted with sterile water to the desired concentration . the ph was maintained at 5 . 0 with the addition of 2m naoh . the fermentation temperature was 37 ° c . and the stirrer speed was 500 rpm . the reactor medium was sparged with nitrogen ( 600 ml / min ) and the co 2 content was measured with a gas analyser . the enzyme preparation was added directly to the fermentor at a loading of 25 filter paper units ( fpu )/ g cellulose . the fermentation medium was supplemented with nutrients ; 0 . 5 g / l ( nh 4 ) 2hpo 4 , 0 . 025 g / l mgso 4 . 7h 2 o and 1 . 0 g / l of yeast extract . the concentration of yeast ( baker &# 39 ; s yeast , saccharomyces cerevisiae ) cell mass added was 5 g / l and all ssf experiments were carried out at 37 ° c . for 72 hours . samples were withdrawn at various time intervals , were centrifuged in 1 . 5 ml microcentriftige tubes at 14 , 000 g for 5 minutes ( z 160 m ; hemle labortechnik , germany ), the supernatant was then prepared for hplc analysis . products of hydrolysis generated during the degradation of lignocellulosic materials were analysed by hplc . cellobiose , glucose , xylose , galactose , mannose , hmf and furfural were separated on a polymer column ( aminex hpx - 87p ) at 85 ° c ., the mobile phase was millipore water at a flow rate of 0 . 5 ml / min . concentrations of ethanol , glycerol and acetate were determined using an aminex bpx - 87h column at 60 ° c ., using a shimadzu hplc system equipped with a refractive index detector . the mobile phase was a 5 mm aqueous solution of h 2 so 4 at a flow rate of 0 . 5 ml / min . ethanol produced was also determined using an enzyme - linked assay ( r - biopharm , germany ). yeast growth takes place in two phases . carbon dioxide is an important by - product of the ethanol fermentation process as anaerobic fermentation of one mole of glucose yields one mole of ethanol and two moles of carbon dioxide . therefore , measurement of the carbon dioxide concentration in the outlet gas , is an indirect measurement of the fermentation rate . in the first growth phase the available glucose is consumed and ethanol is formed , and the initial fast response to the glucose present is represented by a surge in the evolution of co 2 . the results obtained during ssf are given in table 3 . as mentioned previously , the total time taken for ssf , for each enzyme preparation was 72 h , and the temperature used for ssf was 37 ° c . the fermentation efficiency was determined by dividing the actual concentration of ethanol produced ( g / l ) by the total theoretical ethanol ( g / l ) that would be produced if all of the available substrate was converted to soluble , fermentable sugar and all of the sugar was converted to ethanol , and multiplying by 100 . based on the data obtained , the ethanol yields for each enzyme / ssf combination are given in l ethanol / dry tonne , and the corresponding us units , gallons ethanol / dry us ton . bioethanol yields obtained by sequential hydrolysis and fermentation , were investigated for the commercial and enzyme preparations of the invention . one advantage of ssf , is that the process consists of an initial rapid fermentation and metabolism of monomeric sugars resulting from the pre - treatment step . once glucose is released from the substrate by the action of the hydrolytic enzymes that have been added , fermentation is rapid , which means that , in ssf , the concentration of free sugars always remains low . in ssf , the fermentation rate eventually decreases as a result of either a decrease in the rate of substrate conversion by the enzymes , or inhibition of yeast metabolism , whichever is rate limiting . the data obtained in these experiments are summarized in table 15 . % this enzyme cocktail is particularly effective in releasing fermentable sugars from hemicellulose - rich substrates and would not be expected to be as effective on a substrate that has a significant part of the hemicellulose fraction removed ( pre - treatment step ). hplc analysis confirmed that the main products formed are monosaccharides ( single sugars ) with very small amounts of higher oligomers formed ( cellobiose , which is a disaccharide , being the main , or only , higher chain sugar present in hydrolysates ), each enzyme composition was evaluated in individual target applications , with model studies conducted at laboratory scale with 5 - 25 g of the substrate ( cereal , cereal flour or other plant residue ) in 50 - 250 ml final reaction volumes , at ph 2 . 5 - 7 . 0 and 37 - 85 ° c ., with or without shaking . enzyme performance was evaluated with and without substrate pre - treatment , i . e . gentle steam pre - treatment ( 105 ° c ., 8 p . s . i for 5 min ), grinding using a mortar and pestle , homogenization in a parvalux or ultraturrax homogenizer . for soft fruit and vegetable tissues / residues , the substrate was macerated roughly by mixing , and incubated with enzyme , without pretreatment . substrate hydrolysis was monitored by ( i ) measurement of reducing sugars released and assays to detect and quantify individual sugars , ( ii ) confirmatory tlc and hplc analysis of the sugar products of hydrolysis , ( iii ) analysis of weight / volume reduction of the residue , ( iv ) comparison of cellulose , hemicellulose , starch and pectin contents before and after enzymatic treatment , and ( v ) physical analysis of substrate degradation by scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) for fibrous substrates such as paper and woody wastes . studies were conducted at temperatures over the range 50 - 85 ° c . ( with - shaking at 140 rpm ), with crude cereal fractions ( 1 - 5 g lots ). hydrolysis of carbohydrate in the substrate , by each enzyme preparation ( 0 . 5 iu maximum dosage per g substrate ), was monitored over 24 h by quantifying reducing sugars released , and products formed in samples removed from the reaction mixture at periodic intervals . significant hydrolysis of the xylan and non - cellulosic β - glucan fraction was observed , which resulted in the formation of medium to longer chain oligosaccharide products of hydrolysis , which would also be suitable fermentation substrates for probiotic microorganisms . two 10 l upflow anaerobic hybrid reactor ( uahr ; reynolds , 1986 ), one maintained at 37 ° c . and the other at 55 ° c . were used for biogas production by individual mixed populations of mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria , respectively . the sugar - rich hydrolysate was pumped up through the sludge bed and degraded by the communities of microorganisms present . a separating device at the top of the reactor was used to separate the gas produced from any sludge particles that might have become dislodged during anaerobic digestion . both reactors were evaluated continuously throughout at 650 day operation period by monitoring the efficiency of cod removal ( apha , 1992 ), total carbohydrate reduction ( dubois method ) and methane production . fatty acids production , an indicator of sugar metabolism , and methane production were monitored by gas chromatography ( gc ). biofuel can be produced from a number of feedstocks . many of these require the use of different enzyme cocktails . mgbg 16 is the best cocktail for production of feedstocks from the food and vegetable wastes listed below for biogas production by anaerobic digestion . the data in table 18 were achieved at retention times of only 3 days , in contrast with reports in the literature , in which retention times are normally between 9 - 30 days . retention times indicates the period taken ( or lag phase ) for metabolism of the carbohydrate feedstock and production of biogas . standard enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out at 37 ° c ., 50 ° c . and 60 ° c . in 300 ml and 1 l vessels with agitation at ˜ 136 rpm . enzyme dosage was 32 fpu of each enzyme preparation per gram of cellulose in a buffered substrate solution ( as described by gilleran , ( nui , galway , ph . d . thesis , 2004 ) total weight processed = 100 g in laboratory - scale studies ). the ph of the reaction buffer was adjusted to ph 5 . 0 . samples were removed at timed intervals and enzymatic action was terminated by boiling for 10 min . over a 0 - 72 h period the following were measured : release of reducing sugars and detection and quantification of individual sugars ( expressed as g / l ) hplc analysis of the sugar products of hydrolysis ( product quantities expressed in g / l ) weight / volume reduction of the residue cellulose fibre content before and after enzymatic treatment scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) of substrate integrity before and after enzyme treatment production of key fatty acids during the metabolism of sugars by the anaerobic bacteria , and the production of methane , were monitored by gas chromatography ( gc ). bioethanol produced by yeast fermentation was measured using two approaches , an enzyme - linked assay kit for quantification of ethanol ( r - biopharm , germany ) and also by high performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ). sitka spruce hydrolysate , paper waste and woody residues ( mixture of coniferous residues , mainly sitka spruce ) were tested in laboratory - scale studies . two ethanol production formats were investigated , shf ( sequential hydrolysis and fermentation ) and ssf ( simultaneous saccharification and fermentation ). several of the cocktails listed above have applications in a wide range of other applications . in these applications , the key differences in the use of the cocktails lies in ( a ) enzyme dosage , or quantity used in each treatment , and ( b ) the duration of the incubation . for example , mgbg 18 is very well suited to the treatment of certain waste streams , as well as in autraceutical applications . in the ‘ waste ’ treatment / saccharification steps , a higher dosage of enzyme is used and the reaction time is ˜ 18 - 24 h (˜ 25 - 32 filter paper units ). the ultimate goal is to achieve extensive breakdown of the target residue to fermentable monosaccharides . in contrast , where production of bioactive oligosaccharides ( either glucoligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides ) is required , and / or a textural change to breads , a lower enzyme concentration is required and the modification ( or reaction ) time may take no longer than 1 ( max 2 ) h to achieve the desired end - point . where the target substrate is primarily cellulose - rich , enzyme concentrations have been based on ‘ filter paper units or fpu ’. where a bioactive oligosaccharide ( e . g . non - cellulosic β - glucooligosaccharide ) is being produced , enzyme concentrations are based on the main activity required to fragment the target substrate ( e . g . non - cellulosic , mixed - linkage β - 1 , 3 ; 1 , 4 - glucans or β - 1 , 3 ; 1 , 6 - glucans from fungal or algal sources ). imi ( imperial mycological institute ( cabi bioscience )) 393751 ( patent strain ), imi 393753 ( cbs ( centraal bureau voor schimmelcultures ) 180 . 68 ), imi 393755 ( cbs 355 . 92 ), imi 393756 ( cbs 393 . 64 ), imi 393757 ( cbs 394 . 64 ), imi 393758 ( cbs 395 . 64 ), imi 393759 ( cbs 397 . 64 ), imi 393760 ( cbs 472 . 92 ), imi 393752 ( cbs 549 . 92 ), imi 393761 ( cbs 759 . 71 ). liquid fermentation ; replicate liquid cultures of the individual t . emersonii were grown at 45 ° c ., in the medium described by moloney et al ., ( 1983 ) and tuohy & amp ; coughlan ( 1992 ), under ph un - controlled conditions . the four carbon sources selected were : glucose ( monosaccharide ), oat spelts xylan ( arabinoglucuronoxylan ), carob powder and a 1 : 1 tea leaves / paper plates mixture ( fragmented in a blender for ˜ 15 - 20 seconds , culture supernatants were recovered ( tuohy & amp ; coughlan , 1992 ; murray et al ., 2002 ) and used to analyze extracellular enzyme production . enzyme assays ; enzyme activity was expressed in international enzyme units ( iu ) per gram of inducing carbon source . one unit iu releases 1 micromole of product ( reducingsugar , 4 - nitrophenol etc .) per minute . all exoglycosidase and endo - hydrolase enzyme assays were conducted as described previously ( tuohy & amp ; coughlan , 1992 ; tuohy et al ., 1994 , 2002 ; murray et al ., 2002 ; gilleran , 2004 ). unless otherwise stated , all initial activity measurements were conducted at 50 ° c . and ph 5 . 0 . exoglycosidase activities included : β - glucosidase , α - glucosidase , β - xylosidase , β - galactosidase , β - mannosidase , β - fucosidase , α - arabinofuranosidase , n - acetylglucosaminidase , α - rhamnopyranosidase , α - galactosidase , α - fucosidase , α - arabinopyranosidase , α - mannosidase , and α - xylosidase . α - glucuronidase activity was assayed by a reducing sugar method using a mixture of reduced aldouronic acids as substrate ( megazyme international ltd ). this substrate contained reduced aldotriouronic , aldotetrauronic and aldopentauronic acids in an approx . ratio of 40 : 40 : 20 . activity was measured at ph 5 . 0 with a 5 mg / ml stock of this mixture . the reducing groups liberated during a 30 min incubatio period were detected by the dns method as some of the enzyme samples contain appreciable β - xylosidase activity that could liberate xylose residues from the aldo - uronic acids , the assay was repeated and xylose included in the reaction mixture to inhibit β - xylosidase activity . additional exo - acting xylanolytic enzymes such as : α - arabinoxylan arabinofifranohydrolase ( release of arabinose from wheat straw arabinoxylan measured using an enzyme - linked assay ), acetyl esterase ( using 4 - nitrophenyl and 4 - methylumbelliferyl acetate substrates ), acetyl xylan esterase activity ( monitoring the release of acetate from acetylated beechwood xylan ), ferulic acid esterase ( spectrophotometric and hplc assay methods ) were also measured . endohydrolase activities included : β - d -( 1 , 3 ; 1 , 4 )- glucanase ( β - glucan from barley ( bbg ) or lichenan as assay substrates ), xyloglucanase ( tamarind xyloglucan ), laminarinase ( laminaran from laminaria digitata ), endo - 1 , 4 - β - glucanase , ( referred to as cmcase ), based on activity against the commercial substrate carboxymethylcellulose , β - mannanase ( carob galactomannan ) pectinase and polygalacturonase , rhamnogalacturonase ( soybean rhamnogalacturonan ), galactanase ( lupin and potato pectic galactans as substrates ), arabinanase ( sugar beet arabinan ), amylase , glucoamylase , and dextrinase . temperature / ph optima and stabilities ; the optimum temperature for activity was determined by carrying out the appropriate standard assays at temperature increments over the range 30 - 100 ° c ., in normal assay buffer ( 100 mm naoac , 5 . 0 ). variation of ph with temperature was taken into consideration . ph optima were determined using the following buffers ph 2 . 2 - 7 . 6 : mcilvaine - type constant ionic strength citrate - phosphate buffer ; ph 7 - ph 10 tris - hcl buffer . all buffers regardless of ph were adjusted to the same ionic strength with kcl . temperature and ph stabilities were determined as described previously ( tuohy et al ., 1993 ; gilleran , 2004 ; braet , 2005 ) protein determination ; protein concentration in enzyme samples ( crude culture samples ) was estimated by the bensadoun and weinstein modification of the method of lowry ( bensadoun and weinstein , 1976 ; lowry et al ., 1951 ) using bsa fraction v as a standard ( murray et al ., 2001 ). electrophoresis and zymography ; to determine the profile of proteins present in culture filtrates , a known volume of each sample was concentrated by lyophilization and analyzed by native and / or renaturing sds - page or isoelectric focusing ( ief ; tuohy & amp ; coughlan , 1992 ). endoglycanase - active bands in the renatured sds - page gels and ief gels were identified using a modification of the gel overlay technique of mackenzie & amp ; williams ( 1984 ), ( tuohy & amp ; coughlan , 1992 ). to detect exoglycosidase activity , gels were incubated immediately in 50 - 100 μm solution of the appropriate 4 - methylumbelliferyl glycoside derivative ( reaction period of 2 - 30 min ). enzyme active band ( s ) were visualised under uv light using a fluor - s ™ multimager ( bio - rad ). liquid cultivation of the strains was repeated at least 3 times , in independent experiments conducted in different time periods . culture filtrates harvested ( 120 h ) from replicate flasks ( for each strain / carbon source combination ) were assayed for enzyme activity ; multiple replicates were assayed at a range of enzyme dilutions . in addition , the results were validated by intra and inter - assay measurements , and independence of volume tests . there were clear differences between the cultures in terms of culture appearance and growth pattern . for example , the imi393751 strain rapidly yielded quite a dense , filamentous culture on glucose , whereas the several of the other strains ( e . g . cbs180 . 68 , cbs355 . 92 , cbs393 . 64 , cbs395 . 64 , cbs397 . 64 , cbs 549 . 92 and cbs 759 . 71 ) displayed limited growth and atypical morphology i . e . absence of normal filamentous growth and formation of a slimy looking , limited culture mass . strain cbs394 . 64 yielded a lower mycelia biomass , but did grow as a filamentous culture , while cbs472 . 92 adopted pellet morphology under identical growth conditions . a 120 h growth time - point was selected , as previous studies have shown that extracellular exoglycosidase and endoglycanase activities are present in significant quantities during growth of t . emersonii on most carbon sources ( in ph uncontrolled conditions , ‘ peaking and troughing ’ of key activities has been observed . however , maximum activity is generally detected towards the end of the fermentation cycle ). utilization of glucose was only approximately 15 - 25 % by 120 h for many of the strains . strain cbs 394 . 64 utilized ˜ 50 - 55 % while cbs472 . 92 ( which displayed pellet morphology ) utilized ˜ 20 - 25 % of the glucose in the medium . in contrast , ˜ 95 % of the glucose in the culture medium was utilized by the strain of the invention ( imi 393751 ) by 72 h and no glucose was detected in the culture medium at the harvest timepoint of 120 h . tables 31a - d show the production of selected exoglycosidases by the strains . as the results reveal , clear distinctions can be seen between the strain of the invention and other t . emersonii strains with respect to exoglycosidase production . glucose does not completely repress exoglycosidase production by the t . emersonii strains ( table 31a ). strain 393751 produces significantly higher levels of β - glucosidase ( bgase ) than the other strains and the second highest levels of n - acetylglucosaminidase ( nagase ) during growth on glucose . the production pattern obtained for the 393751 strain contrasts markedly with that for the cbs549 . 92 ( previously cbs814 . 70 ) strain . production of several exoglycosidase activities by the latter strain appears to be repressed by glucose . it should be noted that exoglycosidase activity levels were measured in undialyzed and dialyzed culture filtrates in case residual glucose in the medium was inhibiting bgase and / or nagase present ( similar patterns were noted in the dialyzed samples ). carob induces differential production of extracellular glycosidases by the strains ( table 31b ). strain cbs 394 . 64 produces relatively no exoglycosidase activity apart from α - arabinofuran - osidase . low levels of all exoglycosidases were produced by strain cbs 393 . 64 , cbs 395 . 64 and cbs 549 . 92 . the 393751 strain produced significant levels of a broad range of exoglycosidases ( highest levels of certain activities , e . g . the pectin modifying exoglycosidase β - fucosidase ). a . xylanase production : two of the major type of endohydrolase activities required for conversion of plant biomass and waste residues rich in non - starch polysaccharides are glucanase and xylanase . of all of the polymeric glycan degrading activities assayed , glucanase and xyranase were the predominant glycanase activities present . tables 32a - d present values for production of xylanase by all strains on the same carbon sources . previous studies have shown that the wild type ( cbs814 . 70 ) and other mutant strains produce a complex xylanolytic enzyme system ( tuohy et al ., 1993 ; 1994 ), with multiple endoxylanases . several of the isolated xylanases display selective specificity towards different types of xylans , e . g . arabinoxylans , arabinoglucuronoxylans , glucurononxylans , more substituted xylans versus non - substituted xylans ( from previous results and ongoing results with the enzymes from the strain of invention ). as the results show , glucose is a strong repressor of xylanase expression in all t . emersonii strains . significant levels of xylanase activity active against oat spelts arabinoxylan ( osx ) is expressed by the 393751 strain . this component is not active against rye or wheat arabinoxylans . carob , which is mainly rich in galactomannans ( contains some xylan ), is a potent inducer of very high levels of xylanase activity against all xylan substrates by the 393751 strain . the role of carob as an inducer of potent xylanase acitivty would not be expected based on knowledge of its composition . the appearance of the cultures obtained for a number of the cbs strains ( after 120 h ) was significantly different and clear morphological differences could be observed between the 393751 and cbs549 . 92 strains , i . e . dense mycelial ( filamentous ) growth for imi 393751 and formation of a slimy looking , limited ( non - filamentous ) culture mass for the cbs549 . 92 strain . as shown in table 31b , the xylanase levels are significantly higher for the 393751 strain than any other . in contrast to the 393751 strain , carob is a very poor inducer of xylanase in cbs394 . 64 , cbs395 . 64 , and cbs549 . 92 strains . another marked difference can be seen in the type of xylanase activity induced by carob . in the 393751 strain potent activity is produced against all xylans . in the other strains , in general , very little or no activity against rye and wheat arabinoxylans is produced . only two strains other than the 393751 strain produce appreciable levels of activity against both of these xylans , i . e . cbs472 . 92 and cbs759 . 71 . zymogram analysis of the 393751 strain culture filtrate revealed high levels of multiple xylanase - active bands , including a new bi - functional xylanase which has been isolated . the tea leaves / paper plates ( tl / ppl ) mixture also proved to be a potent inducer of xylanase activity in the 393751 strain ( table 32c ), and while this mixture did induce xylanase expression in the other strains , the levels were significantly lower . as observed with carob , potent activity was produced by the 393751 strain against all xylans , with almost 1 . 8fold greater activity against rye arabinoxylan ( rye ax ) being obtained and lower activity against osx and birchwood xylan . this suggests differential expression of individual xylanases by the tl / ppl and carob inducers , which was subsequently supported by zymogram analysis . tl / ppl also induces a multicomponent xylanolytic enzyme system , and complementary esterase and oxidase / peroxidase activities in the 393751 strain and not in the other strains . these complementary activities enhance the effectiveness of polysaccharide hydrolases in enzyme cocktails optimized for key biomass degradation applications ( e . g . cereals , plant wastes , woody residues , paper products ). in comparison with carob , tl / ppl induces higher xylanase production by all strains ( especially activity against the arabinoxylans ), but levels are much lower than for the 393751 strain . although osx is a known inducer of xylanase in fungi and did induce enzyme production by all strains , the most pronounced induction was with the 393751 strain . however , in contrast to the 393751 strain , only osx induced high xylanase activity and tl / ppl was a poor inducer of xylanase production by the 472 . 92 strain . the pattern of enzyme production on osx is different to that obtained with carob and tl / ppl . overall , the results for xylanase production on osx , suggest that the 393751 strain can metabolize the crude substrates very rapidly and effectively to generate soluble inducers of xylanase . hemicellulose in more complex crude substrates is more accessible to this strain . the results also suggest that the cocktails of enzymes produced by the 393751 strain on such complex substrates would be more suitable for hydrolysis of complex crude plant materials and residues . model studies and applications investigated to date ( e . g . woody biomass conversion , saccharification of carbohydrate - rich food and vegetable wastes and ofmsw and cereals ) have confirmed the potential of these cocktails . finally , fig3 a - d compare and contrast the production of xylanase active against the different assay substrates ( i . e . osx , rye ax , etc .) by the 393751 strain and the parent strain cbs549 . 92 ( also cbs814 . 70 ) on all four carbon sources . b . glucanase and mannanase production : previous studies have shown that the wild type ( cbs814 . 70 ) and other mutant strains produce a complex glucanolytic enzyme system ( murray et al ., 2001 , 2004 ; tuohy et al ., 2002 ; mccarthy et al ., 2003 , 2005 ), which includes cellulases and an array of non - cellulolytic β - glucan modifying activities . as noted for the xylanolytic system , multiple endoglucanases are produced , depending on the carbon source . several of the isolated β - glucanases display selective specificity towards different types of β - glucans . tables 7a - d show activity against the modified commercial β - 1 , 4 - glucan cmc ( sigma aldrich ), β1 - 1 , 3 ; 1 , 4 - glucans from barley ( bbg ; megazyme ) and the lichen cetraria islandica ( lichenan ; sigma aldrich ), xyloglucan ( β - 1 , 4 - glucan backbone ; megazyme ) from tamarind and galactomannan from carob ( megazyme ). non - cellulosic β - glucans are present in significant concentrations in the non - starch polysaccharide component of a number of plant residues , especially those derived from cereals tables 7a - d illustrate differential induction of the respective activities in the strains , with the pattern of induction being completely different on the more complex ( crude ) carbon sources . glucose is a potent repressor of glucanase and mannanase production in almost all of the strains ( table 33a ). for all samples , activities were measured on dialyzed and un - dialyzed samples . as the results reveal , carob is a potent inducer of high levels of β - 1 , 3 ; 1 , 4 - glucanase ( against bbg and lichenan ) in the 393751 strain , the highest levels for all of the strains tested ( table 33b ). levels of β - 1 , 4 - glucanase ( against cmc ) produced by the 393751 strain were ˜ 10 - fold lower than activity against bbg ( the level of cmcase was higher for this strain when compared with other strains ). even lower xyloglucanase was detected , with the levels obtained for the 393751 strain being the highest . zymogram analysis confirmed that the types of endoglucanase components , expression pattern and relative levels of expression of glucanase components in the respective t . emersonii cultures filtrates are markedly different . low levels of ( galacto ) mannanase were produced by all strains during growth on carob . the tl / ppl mixture was an even more potent inducer of β1 , 3 , 1 , 4 - glucanase ( both bbgase and lichenanase ), and ( galacto ) mannanase , by the 393751 strain ( table 33c ). overall these results highlight the non - equivalence of β - glucanase production by the t . emersonii strains and confirm that the 393751 strain is an excellent source of different β - glucanase activities and tl / ppl mixture induces a potent cocktail of these activities . osx ( table 33d ), as expected , induced much lower levels of β - glucanase than either carob or tl / ppl . the pattern of enzyme production is different for the 393751 and cbs 549 . 92 strains . in table 33d , β - 1 , 4 - glucanase levels ( carboxymethylcellulase activity ) were lower for most strains except cbs 397 . 64 , which produced 2 - fold higher levels than the 393751 strain ( on osx as inducer ), and was not detected in culture filtrates of four strains ( i . e . cbs 393 . 64 , cbs 394 . 64 , cbs 395 . 64 and cbs 549 . 92 ). significant ( galacto ) mannanase activity was produced during growth on osx by the 393751 strain ( lower than with tl / ppl as inducer ) and cbs 472 . 92 . fig6 a - e compare and contrast glucanase and mannanase production under the experimental conditions outlined by the 393751 and cbs814 . 70 strains . the 393751 strain is a potent producer of high levels of a range of very important enzyme activities , the 393751 strain is the only t . emersonii strain that produces very high levels of both xylanase and β - 1 , 3 ; 1 , 4 - glucanase on two key depolymerising hemicellulase activities , on lowcost inducers ( carob and tl / ppl ), and highest activity levels were obtained on crude carbon sources thus providing demonstrating that the 393751 strain is a cost - effective source of a potent array of enzyme cocktails . exoglycosidase production following growth for 120 h on glucose as carbon source . exoglycosidase production following growth for 120 h on carob as carbon source . exoglycosidase production following growth for 120 h on tea leaves / paper plates as carbon source . exoglycosidase production following growth for 120 h on oat spelts xylan as carbon source . production of extracellular xylanase by t . emersonii strains on glucose as sole carbon source extracellular xylanase activity in 120 h t . emersonii culture filtrates on carob powder as sole carbon source extracellular xylanase activity in 120 h t . emersonii culture filtrates extracellular xylanase activity in 120 h t . emersonii culture filtrates during extracellular glucanase and mannanase present in 120 h culture filtrates from the t . emersonii strains during growth on glucose as sole carbon source extracellular glucanase and mannanase present in 120 h culture filtrates from the t . emersonii strains during growth on carob as sole carbon source extracellular glucanase and mannanase present in 120 h culture filtrates from the t . emersonii strains during growth on tea leaves / paper plates as sole carbon source extracellular glucanase and mannanase present in 120 h culture filtrates from the t . emersonii strains during growth on oat spelts xylan as sole carbon source thermozymes from t . emersonii imi393751 with potential for bioenergy production the object was to reduce the biodegradable component of sterilized cellulose - rich clinical waste , thus reducing the volume of waste to landfill , and to recover the sugar - enriched liquid output after enzyme treatment and to recover energy in the form of biofuel . the waste stream contained a high proportion of cellulose (& gt ; 50 %) and consisted mainly of paper , tissues , medical swabs and cotton - rich bandages and cloths , cotton wool , etc . the main ‘ fibre ’ in the wastestream is cellulose , but many products are ‘ finished ’ with polysaccharide coatings , binding agents and fillers , so a mixture of accessory enzymes ( viz . hemicellulase , pectinase and starch - degrading enzymes ) is essential to enhance cellulose accessibility and improve waste reduction or conversion to simple , soluble sugars ( e . g . glucose , galactose , xylose , etc .). the profile of endohydrolase and exoglycosidase enzyme activities in each of 10 thermozyme cocktails , derived from the 393751 strain , were determined ( tuohy & amp ; coughlan 1992 ; tuohy et al ., 1993 , 1994 , 2002 ; murray et al ., 2001 , 2004 ). table 34 summarizes the relative levels of key activities determined in a selection of the cocktails . the enzyme preparations were added in different concentrations to 100 g batches of stg treated cellulose - rich waste , at 50 ° c . and 70 ° c ., and incubated for 24 - 48 h ( at moisture levels of 50 - 60 %). samples of the sugar - rich liquor ( and cellulose - rich materials , e . g . tissue , etc .) were removed periodically over 48 h and analyzed for ( i ) weight and volume reduction , ( ii ) volume of sugar rich liquor recovered , ( iii ) reducing sugars released , ( iv ) physical structure of substrate following enzymatic treatment ( using scanning electron microscopy ), ( v ) qualitative analysis of the types of sugars released by tlc , ( vi ) quantitative analysis of the sugars produced by hplc , gc - ms and esi - q - tof - ms , ( vii ) substances potentially toxic to fermentation microorganisms ( bioenergy production ), ( viii ) sterility of hydrolysates , ( ix ) bioethanol production , and ( x ) biogas production , as described by tuohy et al ., 1993 , 1994 , 2002 ; murray et al , 2001 , 2004 , gilleran ( 2004 ) and braet ( 2005 ). a . weight and volume reduction , volume of sugar rich liquor recovered , reducing sugars released pre - and post enzyme treatment weights were recorded and estimates of reduction in volume recorded for all of the enzyme preparations were made . volume reduction data and reducing sugars obtained at 50 ° c ., using the same reaction parameters ( enzyme loading , 60 % moisture content and a reaction time of 24 h ), are illustrated in fig7 . in summary , 70 ° c . for 24 h @ 60 % moisture yielded the best results in terms of volume reduction for all of the cocktails . in repeated studies with the 6 selected cocktails ( and with replicate tests ), the volume reduction was consistently between ˜ 60 - 75 % depending on the cocktail ( see fig8 ). reducing sugars released were converted to % hydrolysis or conversion of the cellulose present , which was between 66 - 82 % of the cellulose - rich fraction present in the initial sterilized waste . a 60 - 75 % volume reduction was obtained in laboratory tests . per 100 g batch , approximately 70 - 100 ml of added moisture ( h 2 o ) were added to bring the final moisture content to 50 - 60 %. liquid recovery volumes , post enzymatic hydrolysis ranged from 69 - 105 ml . experiments were also completed at reaction temperatures of 75 - 85 ° c . and different ph values . above 70 ° c . a marginal increase (˜ 2 - 5 . 5 %) in the overall hydrolysis was noted , when compared with values obtained at 70 ° c ., and while ph 3 . 5 - 4 . 0 yielded optimum levels of hydrolysis , values were not significantly greater (& lt ; 5 %) than obtained using h 2 o . b . physical loss of substrate integrity , sugar products generated and relative amounts of each type of sugar . sem demonstrated significant loss in cellulose fibre structure ( fig9 b ) & gt ; 76 - 92 % of the sugar released was monosaccharide for the 7 best cocktails , and this consisted mainly of glucose , with some galactose , mannose and xylose . for example , sugar levels ranged from 0 . 2 - 0 . 55 g / ml and the monosaccharide concentration ranges determined by hplc were as follows ( dependent on the thermozyme cocktail and waste batch ): glucose : 43 - 70 %; mannose : 5 - 15 %; galactose : 4 - 10 %; xylose : 20 - 30 %; cellobiose : 4 - 12 % and higher oligosaccharides : 5 - 26 %. c . screeningfor substances that are potentially toxic to fermentation microorganisms ( bioenergy production ), before and after fermentation , analysis sterility of hydrolysates , and bioethanol and biogas production the liquid fraction recovered did not appear to be toxic to yeast species screened for fermentation of the sugar - rich hydrolysates to bioethanol , i . e . did not prevent growth of s . cerevisiae ( baker &# 39 ; s yeast ), pachysolen tannophilus , pichia sp ., candida shehatae and kluveromyces marxianus . in addition , analysis of ethanol production ( using an enzyme - linked assay kit ) indicated that the yeasts were producing ethanol . agar plates ( containing the appropriate agar medium ) were inoculated with samples of the sugar - rich liquors and residual wastes , incubated under the recommended conditions ( for the microorganism ) and analyzed for the presence of colonies ( bacteria and yeast ) and radial growth ( filamentous fungi ). no microbial growth occurred in plates inoculated with the sugar - rich liquors and waste samples from the 70 ° c . enzyme treatments , i . e . microbial spoilage ( and sugar loss ) of the waste hydrolysates did not occur . bioethanol production from sugar - rich feedstocks by different yeast species e . g . saccharomyces cerevisiae , pachysolen tannophilus , pichia sp ., candida shehatae and kluveromyces marxianus ( and strains ) was evaluated . end - points measured included yeast growth ( and yeast biomass ), utilization of sugars , evolution of co 2 and ethanol produced . two of the 70 ° c . enzyme digests ( hydrolysates generated by cocktails 5 & amp ; 8 in fig8 ) were selected as the test feedstocks for bioethanol production by all of the yeast species in 1 l laboratory - scale cultures . fig1 a and b illustrate the ethanol production profiles obtained with s . cerevisiae . ethanol yields are similar with both feedstocks , even though thermozyme cocktail 8 yields marginally more simple sugars in the hydrolysate . however , the digest from cocktail 8 contains higher pentose ( not fermented by s . cerevisiae ) than that generated by thermozyme cocktail 5 . the thermozyme cocktail 5 digest contains some cellobiose ( and smaller amounts of cellooligosaccharides ) which are easily metabolised by the yeast . a range of techniques ( hplc , ms ), especially gc - ms , were used to determine the presence of potential toxic end - of - fermentation products . almost complete sugar utilization was achieved ( with the exception of digests rich in pentose sugars ( xylose , arabinose ) for s . cerevisiae , and normal end - of - fermentation products were detected , i . e . glycerol , acetate and some trace by - products ( solvents ). larger batches of cocktail 5 and 8 digests were prepared to feed to mesophilic and thermophilic upflow anaerobic hybrid reactor ( uahr ) anaerobic digestors . the total carbohydrate levels of the influents and effluents of both reactors were measured ( dubois et al . 1956 ; laboratory protocol ). reducing sugars present in influent and effluent samples were determined ( tuohy et al ., 1994 ). to determine the chemical oxygen demand ( cod ), a known volume of the hydrolysate was oxidized using potassium dichromate ( concentrated sulphuric acid with silver sulphate as catalyst ), over 2 hours ( international test method ; laboratory protocol ). the remaining dichromate was determined by titration with a standardized solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate . cod and carbohydrate removal efficiency were measured ( daily samples ) throughout the trial . the specific methanogenic activity ( sma ) of the sludges were analysed using the pressure transducer technique ( colleran and pistilli , 1994 ; coates et al . 1996 ).- a sample of sludge was removed from the sludge bed through an outlet port and tests were carried out at either 37 ° c . ( for mesophilic reactor sludge ) or 55 ° c . ( for thermophilic reactor sludge ). the sugars present in the enzymatically - generated digests were metabolized quickly by the bacteria in both mesophilic ( 37 ° c .) and thermophilic ( 55 ° c .) uahrs , i . e . 95 - 97 % reduction of carbohydrate at loading rates of 4 . 5 g cod / m 3 / day , under non - optimized conditions . methane levels in the biogas stream obtained were between 55 - 61 %, and the estimated retention time ( days ) taken to metabolise all of the sugar and reach maximum methane levels was ˜ 3 . 0 - 4 : days . ph of the effluent was monitored and there was no noticeable change in the ph of effluents from either reactor . c . optimization of the thermozyme systems for treatment of cellulos - rich clinical wastestreams a combination of genomics and functional proteomics was used to identify the optimum growth conditions and substrates to use ( based on information from the 10 cocktails used in the initial experiments ) to obtain an enzyme cocktail that would have optimum levels of all of the key enzyme components . two inducer combinations were selected : a 1 : 1 mixture of spent tea leaves and waste paper plates , and a 1 : 1 mixture of sorghum and unmolassed beet pulp . additional blends of selected cocktails from the 10 used above were also prepared . the novel cocktail and the blends were characterized with respect to the component enzymes and their ability to catalyse extensive conversion of commercial celluloses , hemicelluloses , and sterilized cellulose - rich waste to simple , fermentable sugars . optimum ph and temperature for maximum enzyme reactivity , thermostability of the optimized enzyme system and blended cocktails , and potential inhibition by reaction end - product ( s ), the simple sugars , or potential toxic molecules ( phenolic compounds / benzene - derivatives ) were determined . temperature optima : 75 - 80 ° c ., with & gt ; 70 - 85 % activity remaining at 85 ° c ., depending on the enzyme preparation / blend ( enzyme activity was still detected at 90 - 95 ° c .) thermostability : no real loss of activity after 24 h at 50 ° c . and & lt ; 5 - 10 % loss of activity after 1 week at the same temperature . at 70 ° c , & lt ; 2 - 20 % loss of activity in the first 24 h , with & lt ; 10 % further loss of activity thereafter over a 5 day period . ph optima : while the enzymes were most active at between ph 4 - 5 , & gt ; 60 % activity was observed at ph 3 . 0 and ph 6 . 8 , with all enzymes still displaying activity at ph 7 . 0 . the enzyme preparations were most stable between ph 3 . 5 - 6 . 0 ( 4 - 50 ° c ., over a period of 1 week ). while the rate of reaction / substrate conversion to monosaccharides did decrease or reach a plateau where high concentrations of glucose and other monosaccharides were present , the enzyme preparations were still quite active in the presence of high concentrations ( up to 100 mm ) of monosaccharides ( glucose , xylose , arabinose , galactose ). in addition , although the phenolic compounds / benzene - derivatives did decrease the overall activity of the cocktails , the concentrations used in the tests were significantly greater than present potentially in the waste . nonetheless , certain cocktails and the optimized enzyme cocktail displayed significant activity (& gt ; 50 - 70 %) in the presence of these compounds . overall , the concentrations of each enzyme required to achieve ˜ 45 - 75 % hydrolysis values was surprisingly low ( 9 - 16 cellulase units / 10 g waste ) and , while cocktail blend dependent , higher dosages ( up to 60 cellulase units ) did not increase the final degree of hydrolysis markedly . scale - up of enzyme treatment to 100 and 10 kg batches yielded a similar final degree of hydrolysis , and a similar profile and concentration of sugar products . the best volume reduction values obtained for the optimized cocktails were 73 - 80 %, while the corresponding % hydrolysis values for conversion of the cellulosic fraction to simple sugars were 72 - 81 %. two of the optimized blends yielded similar end - points in terms of volume reduction and cellulose hydrolysis . the ethanol yield obtained was 195 - 210 l / tonne with s . cerevisiae and 215 - 220 l / tonne with p . tannophilus . approximately , 80 - 85 % of the bio - ethanol could be recovered by distillation , but this could be improved . thermozymes from t . emersonii imi393751 for generation of sugar - rich feedstocks , from cellulose - rich paper and tissue wastes crude enzyme preparations were analyzed for a range of different lignocellulose - hydrolysing enzyme activities using 10 - 30 mg / ml concentrations of the relevant substrates for endo - acting enzymes , 50 mg filter paper / ml reaction volume for ‘ filter paperase ’ ( general cellulase ) or 1 mm of the appropriate 4 - nitrophenyl - glycoside derivative ( tuohy et al ., 2002 ; murray et al ., 2001 ). assays were performed in triplicate . all results are representative of two identical experiments using different crude enzyme preparations . the ph and temperature requirements for enzyme activity and stability were evaluated over the ph range from 2 . 6 - 7 . 6 , and over a temperature range from 30 - 90 ° c ., using the normal assay procedures . an aliquot of individual enzymes , containing 5 - 60 fpu ( or 2 - 20 xylanase units , as appropriate ), was incubated with 1 g of the target substrate , at the appropriate ph and reaction temperature , for up to 24 h . samples were removed at timed intervals and the sugar content ( reducing sugars ) and composition analysed . cellulose - rich substrates investigated : mixed tissue and lavatory paper , office paper waste , brown paper , mixed newsprint . summary of results : the thermozyme cocktails displayed high activity on a broad spectrum of carbohydrate substrates and therefore reflect the complexity and efficiency of enzyme production by t . emersonii imi393751 . production of particular thermozymes reflected the inducing substrate composition and variation ( table 35 ). mgbg 2 , derived from 108 h t . emersonii cultures grown on a 1 : 1 mixture of spent tea leaves / paper plates ; mgbg 3 , derived from 120 h t . emersonii cultures grown on a 1 : 1 mixture of sorghum / beet pulp ; mgbg 4 , derived from 120 h t : emersonii cultures grown on a 1 : 1 mixture of wheat bran / beet pulp ; mgbg 5 , derived from 120 h t . emersonii cultures grown on a 1 : 1 mixture of paper plates / beet pulp ; mgbg 6 , derived from 120 h t . emersonii cultures grown on a ( 2 : 1 : 1 ) mixture of brown paper / paper plates / beet pulp ; mgbg 7 , derived from 120 h t . emersonii cultures grown on a 1 : 1 mixture of rye flakes / wheat bran ; mgbg 8 , derived from 120 h t . emersonii cultures grown on a 1 : 1 mixture of beet pulp / spent tea leaves . cellulase in the thermozyme cocktails were most active around ph 4 . 0 ( fig1 a ) and between 70 ° c . and 80 ° c . ( fig1 ). the cellulase component ( s ) in each enzyme preparation are active over a broad ph range (& lt ; ph 2 . 6 -& gt ; ph 6 . 5 ). xylanase activity present in the same cocktails was most active at ph 4 . 0 - 5 . 0 ( fig1 i b ) and between 75 - 85 ° c . ( fig1 ). however xylanase activity in the cocktails was active over a broad ph range (& lt ; ph - 2 . 6 to & gt ; ph 7 . 0 ), while similar activity levels were observed at 90 ° c . and 50 ° c . the thermal stability of several of the mgbg cocktails ( listed in table 35 ) was reflected in the long half - life values at 50 ° c . and 70 ° c ., i . e . effectively no or minimum loss in endoxylanase or endocellulase activity at 50 ° c . after incubation in buffer only ( ph 5 . 0 ). all of the cocktails were crude enzyme preparations and no stabilizers or enhancers were added . xylanase activity present in cocktails 2 , 5 , 6 and 8 was particularly stable at 70 ° c . ( only ˜& lt ; 2 - 20 % loss of xylanase activity after 25 h ). for example , the t½ value of cocktail 2 at 70 ° c . was & gt ; 6 days . the stabilities at 70 ° c . of cocktails 3 and 4 , and to a lesser extent cocktail 7 , were lower due the presence of high levels of eqolisin protease ( t1½ values of 2 h , 12 h and 25 h ). in the presence of substrate ( i . e . crude waste ), the stability of all three cocktails was markedly greater , i . e . ( t½ values of 22 h , 46 h and 72 h ). the general performance of the mgbg cocktails on cellulose and hemicellulose substrates was very high ( table 36 ). the level of hydrolysis increased significantly as the reaction temperature was increased from 50 ° c . to 70 ° c . ( table 37 ). at the higher reaction temperatures ( e . g . 70 ° c . ), the % hydrolysis was achieved in 18 h and was similar to , and in some cases greater than , the % hydrolysis obtained after 24 h at 50 ° c . ( table 37 ). this finding highlights the advantage of the thermozymes compared to the enzymes from mesophilic organisms , which would be active at lower temperatures . the products of the time - course hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose , which were analysed by tlc , have confirmed the high conversion efficiency of mgbg thermozymes . the polysaccharide substrates were degraded initially to oligosaccharides and finally to glucose , which was almost the sole product of hydrolysis , while the cellulose present in cellulose - rich wastes , e . g . tissue paper were similarly hydrolysed almost completely to glucose . the implications of these results for bio - ethanol based industry - are significant and indicate the potential of the t . emersonii thermozyme systems . eight thermozyme cocktails were selected from an initial range of 20 cocktails . the profile of endohydrolase and exoglycosidase enzyme activities in each of 8 thermozyme cocktails , derived from the 393751 strain , were determined ( tuohy & amp ; coughlan , 1992 , tuohy et al ., 1993 , 1994 , 2002 ; murray et al , 2001 , 2004 ). the enzyme preparations were combined in different concentrations or dosages with 1 g batches of sugar beet fractions , prepared using different extraction methods . the fractions were as follows : a sugar beet tops and stalks ( 1 g dry weight / 10 ml total volume ) b . sugar beet pulp ( 1 g dry weight / 10 ml total volume ) c . sugar beet fruit ( 1 g dry weight ) d . sugar beet peel ( 1 g dry weight ) sugar beet fractions a - d were homogenized in a waring blender ( 2 × 30 sec bursts ). aliquots of enzyme , i . e . 2 ml and 5 ml of enzyme solutions ( 1 - 8 ) were added to a final total reaction volume of 10 ml ( with tap water , ph 7 . 2 ) and incubated at 63 ° c . initially . further experiments were conducted to optimize reaction temperature ( 75 ° c . ), ph ( ph 4 . 0 ) and to reduce incubation time ( 16 h ). samples were taken at timed intervals over the 16 - 48 h incubation , centrifuged , and enzyme action terminated by boiling at 100 ° c . for 10 min . the supernatant fraction was analysed for reducing sugars released . qualitative analysis of the types of sugars released was analyzed by tlc , and quantitative analysis of the sugars produced was determined by hplc . sugar - rich feedstocks were evaluated for bioethanol production ( tuohy et al ., 1993 , 1994 , 2002 ; murray et al ., 2001 , 2004 ; gilleran , 2004 ; braet , 2005 ). the optimum reaction conditions were 75 ° c . and ph 4 . 0 . table 38 presents the reducing sugars released after 16 h under optimum conditions . increasing incubation to 48 h increased the % hydrolysis in the case of the peel and fruit fractions . optimization of the enzyme loading conditions enabled the incubation time to be decreased by half ( i . e . 24 h ) with yields shown in table 39 . development and optimization of a enzyme cocktail to effect hydrolysis was undertaken using a combination of genomics and functional proteomics ( based on information from the 8 cocktails used in the initial experiments ). two cocktails were produced , labeled mgbg sb # 1 and mgbg sb # 2 . hydrolysis of the total sugar beet plant and the total fruit component by the two optimized cocktails were compared with cocktails 3 and 5 from the previous experiments . reactions were conducted at the optimum conditions for the two novel cocktails , i . e . 71 ° c . and ph 4 . 5 . table 40 gives the relative levels of enzyme included in each reaction per g substrate ( i . e . total sugar beet plant or the total fruit component ). tables 41 and 42 summarize the hydrolysis results - obtained . both novel cocktails released high levels of reducing sugar from the total plant homogenate . of the reducing sugars released approximately 88 - 90 % was monosaccharide of which approximately 43 - 67 % was glucose . studies were conducted to investigate production of bioethanol from the total plant and beet hydrolysates . more than 90 % of the glucose present in the total plant hydrolysate was converted to bioethanol by s . cerevisiae ( from 40 g / l fermentable sugar , approximately 9 . 0 g / l ethanol were obtained ). other yeast species were investigated for production of bioethanol ( aerobic conditions ), e . g . pachysolen tannophilus . the latter yeast utilized glucose and pentose sugars released ( xylose and arabinose ) in repeated fermentations (& gt ; 92 - 95 % metabolism ). however , ethanol yields were slightly lower than with s . cerevisiae (( from 40 g / l fermentable sugar , approximately 6 . 7 g / l ethanol were obtained ). temperature optima : 75 - 80 ° c ., with & gt ; 75 - 87 % activity remaining at 85 ° c ., depending on the cocktail . thermostability : no real loss of activity after 24 h at 50 ° c and & lt ; 10 % loss after 3 weeks at 50 ° c . at 71 ° c ., ˜ 4 - 9 % loss of activity in the first 24 h , with less than 5 - 7 % further loss over 5 days . ph optima and stabilities : while both cocktails were most active at ph 4 . 5 , & gt ; 55 % activity was observed at ph & lt ; 2 . 6 and & gt ; 50 - 60 % at ph 6 . 8 ; both enzymes displayed significant (& gt ; 48 - 58 %) activity at ph 7 . 0 . the enzyme preparations were most stable between ph 3 . 5 - 6 . 0 ( 4 - 50 ° c ., over 1 month ). identification and selected properties of a novel bi - functional xylanase produced by talaromyces emersonii imi393751 talaromyces emersonii secretes between 14 - 20 distinct endoxylanase components when grown on the appropriate carbon source . thirteen of these endoxylanases have been purified to homogeneity and characterized with respect to catalytic properties . the molecular weights of the purified endoxylanases vary between 30 - 130 kda . xylanase and glucanase expression is not equivalent between 10 t . emersonii strains grown under identical conditions on the same nutrient medium and carbon inducers . a new low molecular weight xylanase has been identified , xyn xii ( 17 . 5 kda ) from the xylan - degrading system t . emersonii imi393751 strain . secretion of xylanases with m r values less than or equal to 20 kda has been reported for a number of other bacterial and fungal species , but not for t . emersonii before this . t . emersonii imi393751 was grown on a 1 : 1 mixture of wheat bran and beet pulp for 120 h at 45 ° c ., 210 rpm ( or alternatively for 11 days in solid ( static ) fermentation , 33 % substrate : 67 % moisture ; 45 ° c .). xylanase and protein contents of crude and fractionated enzyme samples were analyzed as described previously ( tuohy & amp ; coughlan , 1992 ; tuohy et al ., 1993 , 1994 ; murray et al ., 2001 ). crude enzyme extract was harvested as described previously ( tuohy & amp ; coughlan , 1992 ). ultrafiltration using an amicon dc2 system , equipped with a hip 10 - 43 hollow - fibre dialyzer was used to separate the novel xylanase ( permeate fraction ) from the higher molecular weight xylanases ( retentate ). xyn xii was purified to homogeneity using a combination of fractionation techniques , including ‘ salting - out ’ or precipitation with ( nh 4 ) 2 so 4 ( 0 - 90 % cut ), gel permeation chromatography ( gpc ) on sephacryl s - 200 sf ( 100 mm naoac buffer , ph 5 . 0 as eluent ), ion - exchange chromatography ( iec ) on whatman de - 52 ( equilibrated with 30 mm naoac buffer , ph 5 . 0 ; xylanase was eluted by application of a linear buffered 0 . 0 - 0 . 3 m nacl gradient ), followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography ( hic ) on phenyl sepharose cl - 4b ( equilibrated with 15 % ( nh 4 ) 2 so 4 in 30 mm naoc , ph5 . 0 ). prior to hic , the xylanase sample was ‘ salted - in ’ with ( nh 4 ) 2 so 4 to a final concentration of 15 % ( w / v ). buffer salts and ( nh 4 ) 2 so 4 were removed by application of the sample to sephadex g - 25 ( not shown here ). finally the xylanase - rich fractions were fractionated further by application to a second anion - exchange column of de - 52 , at ph 7 . 0 , followed by gel permeation chromatography on sephacryl s - 100 hr ( 100 mm naoac buffer , ph 5 . 0 used as equilibration and irrigation buffer ) and a final fractionation step on deae - sepharose , pre - equilibrated with 50 mm nh 4 oac buffer , ph 5 . 5 ( 0 . 0 - 0 . 2 m nacl gradient used to elute xylanase ). pooled enzyme was de - salted by application to sephadex g - 25 or biogel p - 6 and lyophilized prior to electrophoretic analysis . the purity of the new enzyme was confirmed by sds - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 15 % ( acrylamide / bis - acrylamide ) gels , according to the method of laemmli . sds - page revealed a single protein band on silver - staining that corresponded to an estimated m r of 17 . 5 kda . furthermore , a single protein band was obtained on ief corresponding to a pi value of ph 5 . 0 for xyn xii . the temperature optimum for xyn xii - catalyzed degradation of osx was determined to be 75 ° c ., and the optimum ph for activity was ph 4 . 0 - 4 . 5 . however , unlike xyn i - xi , which lost between 25 - 81 % of the respective original activities during a 10 min incubation period at ph 3 . 0 , xyn xii was remarkably acid stable and retained over 91 % of its original activity at ph 3 . 0 even on extended incubation . suitably diluted aliquots of xyn xii were incubated with a range of polysaccharides , including various xylans , β - glucans , pectic polymers and fructan ( all at 1 . 0 % ( w / v ) concentration ). reducing sugars released during an extended 30 min incubation period were quantified as described above . activity against aryl - glycosides ( 1 . 0 mm ) was determined using a microassay method ( murray et al ., 2001 ). preliminary studies to determine kinetic constants were carried out by varying [ substrate ], xylan , between 0 . 2 - 25 mg / ml , under the normal assay conditions . results presented in fig1 illustrate the relative reactivity of the new xylanase ( xyn xii ) against different xylans . this enzyme is most active on a mixed linkage , unsubstituted xylan ( 1 , 3 ,; 1 , 4 - β - d - xylan ) known as rhodymenan from the red algae palmaria palmata . in contrast , of the two cereal arabinoxylans , i . e . osx and wsx , the enzyme displayed greatest activity against the more substituted wsx . the overall pattern of reactivity was : rm & gt ; wsx & gt ; lwx & gt ; osx & gt ; bwx . as fig1 a - g demonstrate , the substrate preferences of a number of the other xylanases ( xyn iv to xyn xi ) are quite distinct from xyn xii . with xyn iv , osx & gt ; rm & gt ; wsx & gt ; lwx & gt ;& gt ;& gt ; bwx ( fig1 a ). the order of reactivity with xyn vi is osx & gt ; lwx & gt ; rm ≧ bwx & gt ; wsx ( fig1 b ), while that displayed by xyn vii is rm & gt ; lwx & gt ; wsx & gt ; bwx & gt ;& gt ; osx ( fig1 c ). the reactivity of xyn viii was rm & gt ; bwx & gt ; wsx & gt ;& gt ; lwx & gt ; osx ( fig1 d ), and xyn ix was rm & gt ; lwx & gt ; bwx ≧ osx & gt ; wsx ( fig1 e ). finally xyn x displayed the following preference rm & gt ;& gt ; bwx - wsx & gt ; osx & gt ;& gt ;& gt ; lwx ( fig1 f ) and xyn xi rm ≧ lwx & gt ; wsx & gt ; bwx ≧ osx ( fig1 g ). furthermore , unlike xyn i - xi which were strictly active against xylans only , the new bifunctional xylanase ( xyn xii ) displayed substantial activity against mixed - linkage β - glucan from barley ( 1 , 3 ; 1 , 4 - β - d - glucan ), i . e ., over 55 % activity relative to that observed with osx , the normal assay substrate ( fig1 ). in contrast to xyn i - xi , the new bifunctional xylanase displayed activity against the aryl - β - xylosides 4 - nitrophenyl β - d - xyloside ( 4npx ) and chloronitrophenylβ - d - xyloside ( cnpx ), with greater activity against the latter substrate ( fig1 ). this finding may reflect the electron - withdrawing effect of the chloro moeity , making the chloronitrophenyl group a better ‘ leaving group ’. however , other novel endoxylanases from the cbs814 . 70 strain of t . emersonii ( tuohy et al ., 1993 ; also produced by strain imi393751 , albeit differentially expressed ) are significantly active against cnpx and display little or no activity against 4npx . this phenomenon reflected partial ‘ exo ’- acting characteristics of these enzymes , and may also reflect a similar characteristic for xyn xii . in addition , low activity was observed against 4np β - glucoside and cnp - β - cellobioside , which is not unexpected as xyn xii is active against 1 , 3 ; 1 , 4 - β - d - glucan and if it possesses some exo - acting properties , as observed with the aryl β - xylosides , it might be expected to have corresponding activity against the aryl β - glucosides . reactivity was not observed against any other α or β - linked aryl glycosides . thus , “ in vivo ”, this new bifunctional xylanase may play a very important - role for t . emersonii imi393751 in providing access to plant cell wall hemicellulose , for example , by degrading mixed - link glucans in cereals and other plants , plant residues and wastes . expression of key hydrolases and other accessory enzymes by t . emersonii strains expression of key enzymes on the same carbon source is different number , type and relative abundance of xylanase ( s ) produced by t . emersonii imi393751 and other strains is different . as shown earlier , enzyme levels in culture filtrates are markedly different and suggest that the t . emersonii strains either produce different levels of the same xylanases , or express different isoforms . to illustrate this point , zymogram staining after gel sds - page electrophoresis ( renatured as described by tuohy & amp ; coughlan ( 1992 ) and ief was conducted with the imi39375 1 and cbs549 . 92 strain culture filtrates . these studies confirmed that ( i ) different xylanases are expressed and ( ii ) the number of xylanase isoforms expressed are markedly different . the results obtained for xylanase expression on carob are summarized as follows : xylanase isoforms detected ( see tuohy et al ., ( 1994 ) for reference to the isoforms — pi and m r ) imi393751 : xyn iv , xyn v , xyn vi , xyn ix and xyn xi , xyl i ( β - xylosidase ) and xyl ii cbs549 . 92 : xyn ii , xyn vii ( note : xyn vii is identical to the sequence published in an earlier patent ( genbank accession number ax403831 ) and very low amounts of xyl i ( β - xylosidase ). in addition , imi393751 is the only strain that produces xyn xii during growth on tea leaves / paper plates ( and on tea leaves only ). the pattern of xylanase expression on different carbon sources is not - equivalent , i . e . imi393751 : glucose as carbon source : xyn i , xyn viii , a smaller amount of xyn xi and no β - xylosidase carob : xyn iv , xyn v , xyn vi , xyn ix and xyn xi , xyl i ( β - xylosidase ) and xyl ii tl / ppl : xyn iii , xyn v , xyn ix , xyn x , xyn xii , xyl i and xyl ii glucose : low levels of a component that might be equivalent to xyn iv and no β - xylosidase carob : xyn ii , xyn vii and very low amounts of xyl i ( β - xylosidase ). tl / ppl : proteins similar to xyn i , xyn vii and xyn ix , some xyl i in addition , other clear examples of differences in expression were observed , e . g . xyl i expression no xyl i is expressed by imi393751 , cbs549 . 92 , cbs180 . 68 , cbs393 . 64 , cbs394 . 64 or cbs397 . 64 during growth on glucose . in contrast , under identical conditions , xyl i is expressed by cbs355 . 92 , cbs395 . 64 , cbs472 . 92 and cbs759 . 71 . similarly on carob , xyl i is expressed by all strains , albeit at markedly different levels , with the exception of cbs394 . 64 . xyl i is also expressed by all strains , except cbs180 . 68 and cbs394 . 64 during growth on tl / ppl . on osx as carbon source , xyl i was not expressed by cbs180 . 68 and cbs394 . 64 , but was expressed by cbs393 . 64 ( low levels ) and all other strains . overall marked differences in xyl i expression levels and the pattern of expression was noted ( i . e . the strains expressing the greatest or lowest amounts of xyl i ) between all of the inducing substrates . the different strains were compared with respect to expression of key xylanases as described above . however , in addition the xylanases present in induced cultures of imi393751 and cbs549 . 92 were fractionated and the specific activity of the purified xylanase components compared . in the first instance , only imi393751 appears to produce xyn xii . furthermore , when the specific activities were compared ( results for osx as assay substrate are presented below ), some differences in specific activity of individual enzymes were clearly observed ( fig1 ). production of novel components by t . emersonii imi393751 during growth on different carbon sources t . emersonii imi393751 was cultivated on a range of carbon sources and profiled by renaturing sds - page and ief , following by zymogram staining , as outlined above . the following are a sample of some of the results obtained : ( i ) tea leaves as inducer : xyn iii , xyn vi xyn ix , some xyn x and xyn xii ; xyl i and xyl ii ( ii ) carob : xyn iv , xyn v , xyn vi , xyn ix and xyn xi , xyl i ( β - xylosidase ) and xyl ii ( iii ) rye flakes : xyn iv , xyn v , xyn vi , xyn ix , with an extra novel ‘ xylanase ’ component of pi 6 . 5 ; xyl i ( β - xylosidase ) and xyl ii ( iv ) retail flour : xyn iii , xyn vi , xyn viii , xyn ix , xyn x , xyl i ( β - xylosidase ) and xyl ii , with additional novel ‘ xylanase ’ component of pi 5 . 8 ( v ) sorghum : xyn i , xyn viii , xyn ix , xyn x , xyn xi , some xyl i ( β - xylosidase ) and xyl ii ( vi ) xylose : xyn i and xyn viii , xyl i ( vii ) glucose : xyn i , xyn viii , a smaller amount of xyn xi and no ββ - xylosidase differential expression of other accessory enzymes by t . emersonii strains glutathione peroxidase culture filtrate samples ( unconcentrated and concentrated samples ) were run on 7 . 5 % native page gels , soaked in reduced glutathione at 50 ° c . followed by incubation with 0 . 002 % h 2 o 2 . the gel was then stained with 1 % ferric chloride / 1 % potassium ferricyanide . zymogram staining was also complemented by enzyme assays on the culture filtrates . imi393751 produces extracellular glutathione peroxidase ( m r ˜ 45 kda ), with differential expression being observed on a number of carbon inducers ( the numbers 1 - 18 represent different inducers ). in contrast no extracellular activity was observed for any of the other t . emersonii strains , even in the concentrated samples . strain imi393751 also produces significant levels of extracellular glutathione peroxidase during growth on tl / ppl . culture filtrate samples ( unconcentrated and concentrated samples ) were run on 7 . 5 % native page gels , followed by incubation with 3 % h 2 o 2 . the gel was then stained with 1 % ferric chloride / 1 % potassium ferricyanide ( catalase bands appear as intense yellow bands ). zymogram staining was also complemented by enzyme assays on the culture filtrates , using the standard , published method . imi393751 produces extracellular catalase ( m r ˜ 230 kda ), with differential expression being observed on a number of carbon inducers ( the numbers 1 - 18 represent different inducers ). in contrast no extracellular activity was observed for any of the other t . emersonii strains , even in the concentrated samples . the presence of these enzyme activities in the culture filtrates of imi393751 would be important potentially in affecting the structure of the substrate , but also in removing any compounds that might oxidase key hydrolase activities , e . g . xylanase or glucanase . comparison of the phenotype of 10 t emersonii strains on different solid ( agar ) media 1 . sabouraud dextrose agar ( oxoid ltd ., uk ) 2 . potato maltose agar ( oxoid ltd ., uk ) 3 . czapek dox ( oxoid ltd ., uk ; ph not adjusted ) 4 . cornmeal agar ( oxoid ltd ., uk ) 5 . malt extract agar ( oxoid ltd ., uk ) 6 . nutrient agar ( difco ltd ., uk ) 7 . emerson &# 39 ; s agar ( yeast potassium soluble starch ; ypss ) the following ingredients were added to 1 l of distilled h 2 o : b 15 . 0 g soluble starch ( sigma - aldrich , dublin , ireland ) 4 . 0 g yeast extract ( oxoid ltd ., uk ) 1 . 0 g potassium di - hydrogen phosphate ( kh 2 po 4 ) 0 . 5 g magnesium sulphate heptahydrate ( mgso 4 . 7h 2 o ) 20 . 0 g agar no . 1 ( oxoid ltd ., uk ) the following ingredients were added to 1 l of distilled h 2 o : 20 . 0 g glucose ( sigma - aldrich , dublin , ireland ) 10 . 0 g yeast extract ( oxoid ltd ., uk ) 15 . 0 g agar no . 1 ( oxoid ltd ., uk ) agar plates ( each type of agar ) were inoculated with the 10 different t . emersonii strains . one batch of plates was incubated at 45 ° c . and the second at 55 ° c ( moisture content of the air was ˜ 20 - 30 %). cultures were checked daily , and the following results were recorded : ( a ) measurement of culture diameter ( using a calipers ) ( b ) photographic record using a 7 . 0 m pixel digital camera ( c ) record of visible phenotypic changes / differences ( d ) indication of spore formation ( microscopic analysis ) or otherwise cultivation of the t . emersonii strains on the different agar media revealed clear differences between the 393751 strain and the other 9 strains with respect to the following : tables 43 and 44 summary of the rate and extent of growth at 45 ° c .— culture diameter measurements taken at day 2 and day 5 table 45 : rate of growth at 55 ° c .— culture diameter measurements taken at day 5 table 46 : summary of visible phenotypic changes and evidence for spore formation . important observation 1 : many of the imi / cbs strains yielded multi - colo4 , red cultures . however , the purity of these cultures was verified . the colours / pigments produced and the pattern of production is typical of many species of penicillium , e . g . p . pinophilum . important observation 2 : as indicated in table 20 , clear differences exist between the 393751 strain and the other in terms of spore formation . 5 . p . g . murray , c . m . collins , a . grassick and m . g . tuohy ( 2003 ), biochem . biophys . res . commun . vol . 301 , 280 - 286 . 6 . a . j . harvey , m . hrmova , r . de gori , j . n . varghese and g . b . fincher , ( 2000 ) proteins vol . 41 , 257 - 269 . 7 . a . p . moloney , t . j . hackett , p . j . considine , m . p . coughlan , ( 1983 ) enzyme microb . technol . vol . 5 , 260 - 264 . 8 . g . l . miller ( 1951 ), anal . chem . vol . 31 , 426 - 428 . 9 . m . dubois , k . gilles , p . a . hamillton , p . a . rebers , f . smith , ( 1956 ) anal . chem . 28 , 350 - 356 . 10 . u . r . laemmli , ( 1970 ), nature ( london ), vol . 227 , 680 - 685 . 11 . p . g . murray , a - grassick , c . d . laffey , m . m . cuffe , t . higgins , a . v . savage , a . planas , m . g . tuohy , ( 2001 ), enzyme microbial technol . vol . 29 , 90 - 98 . 12 . o . h . lowry , n . j . rosebrough , a . l . farr , r . j . randall ( 1951 ), j . biol . chem . 193 : 265 - 275 . 13 . l . falquet , m . pagni , p . bucher , n . hulo , c . j . sigrist , k . hoftnann , a . bairoch , ( 2002 ). nucleic acids research , vol . 30 , 235 - 238 . 14 . h . nielsen , j . engelbrecht , s . brunak , g . on heigne , ( 1997 ), int . j . neural syst ., vol . 8 , 581 - 599 . 15 . d . higgins , j . thompson , t . gibson ( 1994 ): nucleic acids res , vo . 22 , 4673 - 4680 . 16 . a . c . stolk , r . a . samson ( 1972 ) studies in mycology no . 2 , pp . 1 - 65 . 17 . tuohy m . g ., coughlan , m . p . 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