Patent Application: US-77063891-A

Abstract:
the present invention relates to new bisquinolines useful in the treatment of malaria and to processes for the production thereof . the invention also relates to methods for the treatment of malaria and , in particular , to the treatment of chloroquine - resistant strains of malaria . the compounds of the invention have the following formula : ## str1 ## wherein r is a bivalent radical derived from an acyclic or cyclic hydrocarbon by removal of one hydrogen atom from each of two different carbon atoms . r &# 39 ; is hydrogen or lower alkyl . x is hydrogen , fluoro , chloro , bromo , trifluoromethyl , cyano , or methylsulfoxide . in its acyclic form , r generally contains at least two , and no more than about 12 , carbon atoms and , preferably , is an unsubstituted straight or branched alkane . in its cyclic form , r contains at least three and , generally , no more than about eight carbon atoms and , preferably , is an unsubstituted cycloalkane . in a preferred embodiment , this invention relates to n , n - bisalkane diamines which are active against chloroquine - resistant malaria . the bisquinolines of this invention are useful agents against chloroquine - resistant malaria . ±- trans - n 1 , n 2 - biscyclohexane - 1 , 2 - diamine is highly preferred for treatment of chloroquine - resistant malaria . this compound is one of the most potent antimalarials discovered to date and is clearly unique in its in vivo activity - 80 % and 100 % cure rates being achieved at doses of 160 and 320 mg / kg , respectively .

Description:
the bisquinolines of this invention can be produced via a displacement reaction with 4 , 7 - dichloroquinoline , alkanediamine , and triethylamine in a 2 : 1 : 2 ratio using n - methylpyrrolidinone as solvent . for the production of compounds 1 - 13 ( see table i ) no success resulted with the method of singh et al . ( 1971 ) where k 2 co 3 was used as base with ethoxyethanol as solvent . substitution of triethylamine for k 2 co 3 , however , gave good results . furthermore , substitution of n - methylpyrrolidinone as reported by tyman et al . ( 1989 ) was found to be a better solvent than ethoxyethanol for this reaction . for example , yields for compounds 4 and 7 ( table i ) more than doubled when n - methylpyrrolidinone , rather than ethoxyethanol was used . yields for reactions in ethoxyethanol and n - methylpyrrolidinone ranged from 23 - 85 % and 49 - 87 % respectively . compounds 1 - 13 ( table i ) were isolated by adding water and ethyl ether or ethyl acetate to the cooled reaction mixtures which initiated product precipitation and dissolved any unreacted starting materials . twelve of the thirteen bisquinolines set forth in table i had a significantly lower resistance index than did cq , and compared favorably with pq in this regard . the resistance index was apparently unrelated to in vitro or in vivo activity . eight bisquinolines were more potent than was either cq and pq against both clones of p . falciparum . except for compounds 8 and 12 , there was a reasonable correlation between in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities . for example , compounds 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , and 9 - 11 which had ic 50 &# 39 ; s less than 6 nm against p . falciparum were either active or curative against p . berghei in vivo . conversely , compounds 1 , 4 , 5 , and 13 which were approximately an order of magnitude less potent in vitro , were also without activity in vivo . compound 3 , the most potent bisquinoline in vitro , was clearly unique in its in vivo activity ; 4 / 5 and 5 / 5 mice were cured at 160 and 320 mg / kg , respectively . no other compound was curative at the 160 mg / kg dose . methyl substitution in the bridge improved activity , eg . 2 vs . 1 and 7 vs . 6 . in the three derivatives ( 1 - 3 ) with a two - carbon bridge , decreased conformational mobility seemed to increase activity . compounds 4 , 5 , and 13 with bridges of three , four or twelve carbon atoms were inactive in both screens . however , compounds 6 - 11 with bridges of between 5 and 9 carbon atoms were active . molecular modeling using mmx suggests that 4 and 5 , unlike 6 - 11 , are not able to achieve a conformation similar to that observed for 3 which suggests that the relative orientation of the two quinoline heterocycles is important for activity . in summary , the data set forth in table i is consistent with the excellent results observed in china with pq against cq - resistant falciparum malaria . pq had a resistance index of 1 . 9 compared to that of 11 . 2 for cq . from this data , it is also observed that , like pq , bisquinolines 1 - 13 have much lower resistance indices than does cq against cq - resistant p . falciparum in vitro . furthermore , six of the thirteen bisquinolines show superior antimalarial activity ( both in vitro and in vivo ) to cq . thus , it is believed that these results support the premise that the bisquinolines of this invention are useful agents against malaria and cq - resistant malaria , in particular . melting points were taken with a mel - temp capillary apparatus . ir spectra were run as kbr discs on a perkin elmer 1420 spectrophotometer . nmr spectra were obtained with either varian xl - 300 or bruker ac - 200 spectrometers using deuteriated dimethyl sulfoxide with tms as an internal standard . it was not possible to obtain 13 c nmr spectra for 1 , 4 , and 5 due to their low solubilities in dmso . microanalyses were performed by m - h - w laboratories , phoenix , az . the purity of 1 - 13 was confirmed with silica gel or alumina tlc . 4 , 7 - dichloroquinoline and the required diamines are commercially available from aldrich chemical co ., with the exception of 2 - methylpentamethylenediamine and 1 , 12 - dodecanediamine which are available from the du pont company , petrochemicals department , wilmington , del . all reactions were conducted under a positive pressure of n 2 subsequent to ten purge - cycles using a firestone valve . chemistry . synthesis of table i compounds 1 - 13 . a solution of 4 , 7 - dichloroquinoline ( 10 mmol , 1 . 98g ), triethylamine ( 10 mmol , 1 . 01g ) and diamine ( 5 mmol ) in either ethoxyethanol or n - methylpyrrolidinone ( 10 ml ) was heated to reflux for 6 to 24 hours under a slight positive n2 pressure . after the reaction mixture cooled to room temperature , ether or ethyl acetate ( 15 ml ) and water ( 15 ml ) were added with stirring and the resulting solid was filtered and washed with water and ethyl acetate or ether to provide 1 - 13 . when required , crystallization of 1 - 13 was best accomplished from aqueous etoh . n 1 n 2 , - bis ( 7 - chloroquinolin - 4 - y1 ) ethane - 1 , 2 - diamine ( 1 ): ( 1 . 63 g , 85 %); mp 342 °- 345 ° c . dec . ( lit . mp 334 . 5 °- 337 ° c . ( pearson , et al ., 1946 )); ir 3460 , 3230 , 3065 , 3020 , 2970 , 2890 , 1610 , 1580 , 1535 cm - 1 ; 1 h nmr δ3 . 62 ( m , 4h ), 6 . 58 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 2h ), 7 . 47 ( dd , j = 9 . 0 hz , j = 2 . 4 hz , 2h ), 7 . 48 ( t , j = 4 . 2 hz , 2h ), 7 . 79 ( d , j = 2 . 4 hz , 2h ), 8 . 23 ( d , j = 9 . 0 hz , 2h ), 8 . 41 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 2h ). anal . ( c 20 h 16 cl 2 n 4 . 0 . 5 h 2 o ) c , h , n . n 1 , n 2 - bis ( 7 - chloroquinolin - 4 - yl ) propane1 , 2 - diamine ( 2 ): ( 1 . 43 g , 72 %); mp 287 °- 289 ° c . dec . ; ir 3440 , 3070 , 2980 , 2930 , 1610 , 1575 , 1535 cm - 1 1 h nmr δ6 1 . 35 ( d , j = 6 . 3 hz , 3h ), 3 . 49 - 3 . 59 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 11 - 4 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 55 ( d , j = 5 . 7 hz , 1h ), 6 . 61 ( d , j = 5 . 7 hz , 1h ), 7 . 05 ( d , j = 8 . 1 hz , 1h ), 7 . 44 ( dd , j = 9 . 0 hz , j = 2 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 46 ( t , j = 2 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 47 ( dd , j = 9 . 0 hz , j = 2 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 778 ( d , j = 1 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 784 ( d , j = 1 . 8 hz , 1h ), 8 . 22 ( d , j = 9 . 0 hz , 1h ), 8 . 34 ( d , j = 9 . 0 hz , 1h ), 8 . 35 ( d , j = 5 . 7 hz , 1h ), 8 . 40 ( d , j = 5 . 7 hz , 1h ); 13 c nmr δ17 . 88 , 46 . 86 46 . 99 , 98 . 76 , 98 . 93 , 117 . 39 , 117 . 47 , 123 . 86 , 124 . 03 , 124 . 21 , 127 . 43 , 127 . 47 , 133 . 34 , 149 . 05 , 149 . 17 , 149 . 43 , 150 . 10 , 151 . 79 , 151 . 83 . anal . ( c 21 h 18 cl 2 n 4 ) c , h , n . ±- trans - n 1 , n 2 - bis ( 7 - chloroquinolin - 4 - yl ) cyclohexane - 1 , 2 - diamine ( 3 ): ( 1 . 55 g , 71 %); mp 322 °- 324 ° c . dec . ; ir 3435 , 3250 , 3060 , 2935 , 2860 , 1610 , 1570 , 1535 cm - 1 ; 1 h nmr δ1 . 34 - 1 . 70 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 72 - 1 . 91 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 02 - 2 . 21 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 78 - 3 . 97 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 74 ( d , j = 5 . 6 hz , 2h ), 6 . 94 - 6 . 98 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 31 ( dd , j = 8 . 9 hz , j = 2 . 0 hz , 2h ), 7 . 63 ( d , j = 2 . 0 hz , 2h ), 8 . 11 ( d , j = 9 . 1 hz , 2h ), 8 . 28 ( d , j = 5 . 5 hz , 2h ) ; 13 c nmr δ24 . 63 , 31 . 55 , 55 . 50 , 99 . 02 , 117 . 30 , 123 . 54 , 124 . 02 , 127 . 25 , 133 . 09 , 149 . 07 , 149 . 78 , 151 . 55 . anal . ( c 24 h 22 cl 2 n 4 ) c , h , n . n 1 , n 3 - bis ( 7 - chloroquinolin - 4 - yl ) propane1 , 3 - diamine ( 4 ): ( 0 . 73 g , 37 %); mp 312 °- 314 ° c . dec . ; ir 3450 , 3240 , 3070 , 2960 , 2880 , 1610 , 1580 , 1535 cm - 1 ; 1 h nmr δ2 . 07 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 43 ( m , 4h ), 6 . 51 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 2h ), 7 . 40 ( t , j = 5 . 3 hz , 2h ), 7 . 45 ( dd , j = 9 . 0 hz , j = 2 . 4 hz , 2h ), 7 . 78 ( d , j = 2 . 4 hz , 2h ), 8 . 29 ( d , j = 9 . 0 hz , 2h ), 8 . 37 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 2h ). anal . ( c 21 h 18 cl 2 n 4 ) c , h , n . n 1 , n 4 - bis ( 7 - chloroquinolin - 4 - yl ) butane - 1 , 4 - diamine ( 5 ): ( 1 . 11 g , 54 %); mp 339 °- 341 ° c . dec . ; ir 3215 , 3065 , 2960 , 1610 , 1580 , 1550 cm - 1 ; 1 h nmr δ . anal . ( c 22 h 20 cl 2 n 4 ) c , h , n . n 1 , n 5 - bis ( 7 - chloroquinolin - 4 - yl ) pentane - 1 , 5 - diamine ( 6 ): ( 1 . 07 g , 50 %); mp 272 °- 274 ° c . ; ir 3450 , 3250 , 3070 , 2950 , 2880 , 1610 , 1585 , 1535 cm - 1 ; 1 h nmr δ1 . 49 - 1 . 56 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 69 - 1 . 78 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 25 - 3 . 32 ( m , 4h ), 6 . 46 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 2h ), 7 . 32 ( t , j = 5 . 4 hz , 2h ), 7 . 44 ( dd , j = 9 . 0 hz , j = 2 . 4 hz , 2h ), 7 . 78 ( d , j = 2 . 4 hz , 2h ), 8 . 28 ( d , j = 9 . 0 hz , 2h ), 8 . 38 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 2h ); 13 c nmr δ24 . 25 , 27 . 55 , 42 . 33 , 98 . 56 , 117 . 42 , 123 . 88 , 124 . 04 , 127 . 45 , 133 . 28 , 149 . 08 , 150 . 03 , 151 . 85 . anal . ( c 23 h 22 cl 2 n 4 ) c , h , n . n 1 , n 5 - bis ( 7 - chloroquinolin - 4 - yl )- 2 - methylpentane - 1 , 5 - diamine ( 7 ): ( 0 . 50 g , 23 %); mp 228 °- 230 ° c . ; ir 3450 , 3065 , 2960 , 1610 , 1580 , 1535 cm - 1 ; 1 h nmr δ0 . 97 ( d , j = 6 . 6 hz , 3h ), 1 . 23 - 1 . 36 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 55 - 2 . 02 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 03 - 3 . 51 ( m , 4h ), 6 . 44 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 1h ), 6 . 45 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 29 ( t , j = 5 . 1 hz , 1h ), 7 . 36 ( t , j = 5 . 7 hz , 1h ), 7 . 42 ( dd , j = 9 . 0 hz , j = 2 . 1 hz , 2h ), 7 . 77 ( d , j = 2 . 4 hz , 2h ), 8 . 25 ( d , j = 9 . 0 hz , 1h ), 8 . 29 ( d , j = 9 . 0 hz , 1h ), 8 . 357 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 1h ), 8 . 364 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 1h ); 13 c nmr δ7 . 71 , 25 . 18 , 31 . 26 , 31 . 57 , 42 . 64 , 48 . 66 , 98 . 50 , 98 . 58 , 117 . 39 , 123 . 82 , 123 . 90 , 123 . 97 , 127 . 41 , 133 . 26 , 149 . 04 , 149 . 08 , 149 . 99 , 50 . 14 , 151 . 75 , 151 . 79 . anal . ( c 24 h 24 cl 2 n 4 ) c , h , n . n 1 , n 6 - bis ( 7 - chloroquinolin - 4 - yl ) hexane - 1 , 6 - diamine ( 8 ): ( 1 . 55 g , 71 %); mp 284 °- 286 ° dec . ; ir 3450 , 3300 , 3105 , 3065 , 3010 , 2930 , 2830 , 1610 , 1570 , 1535 cm - 1 ; 1 h nmr δ1 . 42 - 1 . 53 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 63 - 1 . 74 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 23 - 3 . 29 ( m , 4h ), 6 . 45 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 2h ), 7 . 31 ( t , j = 5 . 1 hz , 2h ), 7 . 43 ( dd , j = 9 . 0 hz , j = 2 . 1 hz , 2h ), 7 . 77 ( d , j = 2 . 1 hz , 2h ), 8 . 27 ( d , j = 9 . 0 hz , 2h ), 8 . 37 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 2h ); 13 c nmr 6 26 . 37 , 27 . 71 , 42 . 29 , 98 . 52 , 117 . 39 , 123 . 86 , 124 . 02 , 127 . 41 , 133 . 25 , 149 . 06 , 150 . 01 , 151 . 83 anal . ( c 24 h 24 cl 2 n 4 ) c , h , n . n 1 , n 7 - bis ( 7 - chloroquinolin - 4 - yl ) heptane - 1 , 7 - diamine ( 9 ): ( 1 . 96 g , 87 % ); mp 218 °- 220 ° c . ; ir 3450 , 3060 , 2935 , 2860 , 1610 , 1580 , 1535 cm - 1 ; 1 h nmr δ1 . 39 ( br s , 6h ), 1 . 53 - 1 . 77 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 16 - 3 . 32 ( m , 4h ), 6 . 44 ( d , j = 5 . 5 hz , 2h ), 7 . 31 ( t , j = 5 . 1 hz , 2h ), 7 . 44 ( dd , j = 9 . 0 hz , j = 2 . 2 hz , 2h ), 7 . 79 ( d , j = 2 . 2 hz , 2h ), 8 . 29 ( d , j = 9 . 1 hz , 2h ), 8 . 39 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 2h ) ; 13 c nmr δ26 . 64 , 27 . 73 , 28 . 64 , 42 . 35 , 98 . 54 , 117 . 43 , 123 . 91 , 124 . 08 , 127 . 46 , 3 . 30 , 149 . 09 , 150 . 04 , 151 . 87anal . ( c 25 h 26 cl 2 n 4 ) c , h , n . n 1 , n 8 - bis ( 7 - chloroquinolin - 4 - yl ) octane - 1 , 8diamine ( 10 ): ( 1 . 80 g , 77 %); mp 216 °- 219 ° c . ; ir 3450 , 3350 , 3070 , 2940 , 2865 , 1610 , 1580 , 1540 cm - 1 ; 1 h nmr δ1 . 35 ( br s , 8h ), 1 . 57 - 1 . 75 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 15 - 3 . 31 ( m , 4h ), 6 . 44 ( d , j = 5 . 5 hz , 2h ), 7 . 28 ( t , j = 5 . 1 hz , 2h ), 7 . 43 ( dd , j = 9 . 0 hz , j = 2 . 3 hz , 2h ), 7 . 77 ( d , j = 2 . 2 hz , 2h ), 8 . 27 ( d , j = 9 . 1 hz , 2h ), 8 . 38 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 2h ); 13 c nmr δ26 . 58 , 27 . 73 , 28 . 79 , 42 . 36 , 98 . 55 , 117 . 42 , 123 . 92 , 124 . 08 , 127 . 44 , 33 . 30 , 149 . 08 , 150 . 04 , 151 . 87 . anal . ( c 26 28 cl 2 n 4 ) c , h , n . n 1 , n 9 - bis ( 7 - chloroquinolin - 4 - yl ) nonane - 1 , 9 - diamine ( 11 ): ( 82 g , 76 %); mp 161 °- 164 ° c . ; ir 3455 , 3370 , 3065 , 2930 , 2860 , 1610 , 1575 , 1540 , 1535 cm -; 1 h nmr δ1 . 14 - 1 . 50 ( br s , 10h ), 1 . 54 - 1 . 73 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 13 - 3 . 32 ( m , 4h ), 6 . 44 ( d , j = 5 . 5 hz , 2h ), 7 . 28 ( t , j = 5 . 1 hz , 2h ), 7 . 43 ( dd , j = 9 . 0 hz , j = 2 . 3 hz , 2h ), 7 . 77 ( d , j = 2 . 2 hz , 2h ), 8 . 28 ( d , j = 9 . 0 hz , 2h ), 8 . 38 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 2h ) ; 13 c nmr δ26 . 61 , 27 . 74 , 28 . 78 , 28 . 98 , 42 . 37 , 98 . 53 , 117 . 43 , 123 . 90 , 124 . 08 , 127 . 46 , 133 . 30 , 149 . 09 , 150 . 04 , 151 . 87 . anal . ( c 27 h 30 cl 2 n 4 ) c , h , n . n 1 , n 10 - bis ( 7 - chloroquinolin - 4 - yl ) decane - l , 10 - diamine ( 12 ): ( 2 . 15 g , 87 %); mp 200 °- 204 ° c . ; ir 3445 , 3285 , 3060 , 2930 , 2855 , 1610 , 1580 , 1535 cm -; 1 h nmr δ1 . 28 ( br s , 12h ), 1 . 52 - 1 . 74 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 15 - 3 . 31 ( m , 4h ), 6 . 44 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 2h ), 7 . 28 ( t , j = 5 . 1 hz , 2h ), 7 . 43 ( dd , j = 8 . 9 hz , j = 2 . 3 hz , 2h ), 7 . 70 ( d , j = 2 . 2 hz , 2h ), 8 . 27 ( d , j = 7 . 0 hz , 2h ), 8 . 38 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 2h ) ; 13 c nmr δ26 . 70 , 27 . 72 , 28 . 80 , 28 . 94 , 42 . 37 , 98 . 53 , 117 . 44 , 123 . 89 , 124 . 08 , 127 . 46 , 133 . 29 , 149 . 10 , 150 . 04 , 151 . 86 . anal . ( c 38 h 32 cl 2 n 4 ) c , h , n . n 1 n 12 - bis ( 7 - chloroquinolin - 4 - yl ) dodecane - 1 , 12 - diamine ( 13 ): ( 1 . 70 g , 65 %); mp 188 °- 190 ° c . ; ir 3460 , 3070 , 2930 , 2860 , 1610 , 1580 , 1540 cm - 1 ; 1 h nmr δ1 . 24 - 1 . 35 ( m , 16h ), 1 . 59 - 1 . 69 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 22 - 3 . 28 ( m , 4h ), 6 . 46 ( d , j = 5 . 7 hz , 2h ), 7 . 57 ( t , j = 5 . 3 hz , 2h ), 7 . 44 ( dd , j = 9 . 0 hz , j = 2 . 1 hz , 2h ), 7 . 78 ( d , j = 2 . 1 hz , 2h ), 8 . 29 ( d , j = 9 . 0 hz , 2h ), 8 . 39 ( d , j = 5 . 7 hz , 2h ) ; 13 c nmr δ18 . 49 , 25 . 42 , 26 . 55 , 27 . 69 , 28 . 74 , 28 . 91 , 42 . 34 , 55 . 97 98 . 52 , 117 . 41 , 123 . 86 , 124 . 05 , 127 . 41 , 133 . 26 , 149 . 07 , 150 . 03 , 151 . 83 . anal . ( c 30 h 36 cl 2 n 4 . h . sub . o ) c , h , n . ( 1 ) anal . calcd . for c 20 h 16 cl 2 n 4 . 0 . 5 h 2 o : c , 61 . 23 ; n , 4 . 37 ; n , 14 . 28 . found : c , 61 , 36 ; h , 4 , 46 ; n , 14 . 26 . ( 2 ) anal . calcd . for c 21 h 18 cl 2 n 4 : c , 63 . 48 ; h , 4 . 57 ; n , 14 . 10 . found : c , 63 . 49 ; h , 4 . 71 ; n , 4 . 18 . ( 3 ) anal . calcd . for c 24 h 22 cl 2 n 4 : c , 65 . 91 ; h , 5 . 07 ; n , 12 . 81 . found : c , 65 . 71 ; h , 5 . 16 ; n , 12 . 69 . ( 4 ) anal . calcd . for c 21 h 18 cl 2 n 4 : c , 63 . 48 ; h , 4 . 57 ; n , 14 . 10 . found : c , 63 . 25 ; h , 4 . 65 ; n , 14 . 15 . ( 5 ) anal . calcd . for c 22 h 20 cl 2 n 4 : c , 64 . 24 ; h , 4 . 90 ; n , 13 . 62 . found : c , 64 . 07 ; h , 4 . 83 ; n , 13 . 56 . ( 6 ) anal . calcd . for c 23 h 22 cl 2 n 4 : c , 64 . 94 ; h , 5 . 21 ; n , 13 . 17 . found : c , 65 . 15 ; h , 5 . 21 ; n , 13 , 31 . ( 7 ) anal . calcd . for c 24 h 24 cl 2 n 4 : c , 65 . 61 ; h , 5 . 51 ; n , 12 . 75 . found : c , 65 . 43 ; h , 5 . 58 ; n , 12 . 59 . ( 8 ) anal . calcd . for c 24 h 24 cl 2 n 4 : c , 65 . 61 ; h , 5 . 51 ; n , 12 . 75 . found : c , 65 . 38 ; h , 5 . 69 ; n , 12 . 71 . ( 9 ) anal . calcd . for c 25 h 26 cl 2 n 4 : c , 66 . 22 ; h , 5 . 78 ; n , 12 . 36 . found : c , 66 . 35 ; h , 5 . 82 : n , 12 . 33 . ( 10 ) anal . calcd . for c 26 h 28 cl 2 n 4 ; c , 66 . 81 ; h , 6 . 04 ; n , 11 . 99 . found : c , 66 . 96 ; h , 6 . 28 ; n , 11 . 99 . ( 11 ) anal . calcd . for c 27 h 30 cl 2 n 4 : c , 67 . 35 ; h , 6 . 28 ; n , 11 . 64 . found : c , 67 . 43 ; h , 6 . 36 ; n , 11 . 75 . ( 12 ) anal . calcd . for c 28 h 32 cl 2 n 4 : c , 67 . 87 ; h , 6 . 51 ; n , 11 . 31 . found : c , 68 . 02 ; h , 6 . 63 ; n , 11 . 35 . ( 13 ) anal . calcd , for c 30 h 36 cl 2 n 4 , h 2 o : c , 66 . 53 ; h , 7 . 07 ; n , 10 . 35 . found : c , 66 . 80 ; h , 7 . 32 ; n , 9 . 93 . in vitro activity against p . falciparum was determined using a modification of the semiautomated microdilution technique of desjardins et al . ( 1979 ) and milhous et al . ( 1985 ). two p . falciparum malaria parasite clones , designated as sierra leone ( d - 6 ) and indochina ( w - 2 ), are used in susceptibility testing . the former is resistant to mefloquine , and the latter to cq , pyrimethamine , sulfadoxine , and quinine . test compounds are dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide , and solutions serially diluted with culture media . erythrocytes with 0 . 25 to 0 . 5 % parasitemia are added to each well of a 96 - well microdilution plate to give a final hematocrit of 1 . 5 %. inhibition of uptake of tritiated hypoxanthine is used as an index of antimalarial activity . results are reported as ic , 0 ( ng / ml ) values . for a complete description of this assay , see milhous et al . ( 1985 ) and lin et al . ( 1987 ). in vivo activity against p . berghei was obtained against a drug - sensitive strain of p . berghei ( strain kbg 173 ) ( osdene et al ., 1967 ). each test compound is administered subcutaneous to five male mice per dilution in a single subcutaneous dose 3 days after infection . results are expressed in t - c values which indicate the mean survival time of the treated mice beyond that of the control animals ; untreated mice survive on average 6 . 2 days . compounds are classified as active ( a ) when the mean survival time of the treated mice is twice that of the controls (& gt ; 6 . 2 days ), and curative ( c ) when one or more test animals live 60 days post - infection . deaths from 0 - 2 days post - treatment are attributed to toxicity ( t ). the compounds set forth in the following table i have the formula : ## str6 ## wherein r is as defined in the table . table i__________________________________________________________________________antimalarial activity of 1 - 13 against p . falciparum in vitro and p . berghei in vivo p . falciparum p . berghei ic . sub . 50 ( nm ) resistance t - c ( days ). sup . bcompound r d - 6 w - 2 index . sup . a 40 160 640 mg / kg__________________________________________________________________________1 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 17 . 3 27 . 0 1 . 6 0 . 0 0 . 4 1 . 42 ch . sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) 3 . 5 3 . 9 1 . 1 3 . 4 5 . 7 c - 33 trans - 1 , 2 - cyclohexyl 1 . 0 1 . 4 1 . 4 8 . 5 c - 4 na . sup . c4 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 15 . 1 82 . 9 5 . 5 0 . 2 0 . 4 1 . 25 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 387 80 . 9 0 . 2 0 . 5 2 . 3 5 . 66 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 2 . 5 3 . 8 1 . 5 1 . 0 5 . 1 . sup . d c - 1 . sup . d7 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 2 . 7 3 . 0 1 . 1 1 . 2 3 . 6 c - 2 . sup . d8 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 21 . 1 23 . 4 1 . 1 0 . 4 3 . 9 c - 19 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 7 1 . 9 4 . 3 2 . 3 2 . 6 7 . 2 . sup . d c - 3 . sup . d10 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 8 5 . 6 3 . 1 0 . 6 - 0 . 2 1 . 0 c - 111 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 9 3 . 0 2 . 3 0 . 8 3 . 1 7 . 4 . sup . d 15 . 0a . sup . d12 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 10 5 . 7 3 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 2 0 . 2 0 . 613 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 12 59 . 7 30 . 8 0 . 5 0 . 0 - 0 . 2 0 . 0cq -- 8 . 9 99 . 6 11 . 2 8 . 7 c - 1 c - 1 , t - 3 . sup . epq -- 8 . 3 16 . 1 1 . 9 -- -- -- __________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a ic . sub . 50 ( w2 )/ ic . sub . 50 ( d6 ) ratio . . sup . b tc is the mean survival time of the treated mice beyond that of th control animals ( single does administered s . c . 3 days post infection , n = 5 ). this value must be ≧ twice the mean survival time ( 6 . 2 days ) o the control animals to be considered active ( a ). survival beyond 60 days is considered curative ( c ), and deaths from 0 - 2 days posttreatment are attributed to toxicity ( t ). . sup . c c5 at 320 mg / kg . . sup . d skin lesions observed at site of injection . . sup . e tc values for cq represent averages of ten best data sets from wrair . the compounds of this invention can be administered to the host or patient as an active ingredient in a variety of dosage forms . in addition to the active ingredient , which may be in the form of a pharmaceutically - acceptable derivative , such as a pharmaceutically - acceptable salt , any of a number of pharmaceutically - acceptable excipients which facilitate processing of the active compound into suitable pharmaceutical preparations can be used to formulate these compositions . these are well known and need not be detailed here ( e . g ., see remington &# 39 ; s , pharmaceutical sciences , 1985 ). because the bisquinolines of this invention are active orally , dosage forms designed for oral administration are preferred . exemplary are tablets , capsules , and dragees . in some cases , for example , where the host is seriously ill and time is of the essence , it may be necessary to administer the compounds of this invention parenterally . in such cases intravenous administration is usually preferred . however , other dosage forms designed for parenteral administration can also be employed , e . g ., subcutaneous or rectal ( usually suppositories ). appropriate formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compound prepared in a water - soluble or water - dispersible form . alternatively , the active compounds may be administered as suspensions in appropriate oily injection carriers , i . e ., in suitable lipophilic carriers , such as fatty oils ( sesame oil being an example ), or synthetic fatty acid esters ( ethyl oleate or triglycerides being examples ). pharmaceutical formulations prepared for aqueous injection may contain substances which increase the viscosity or the suspension such as , for example , sodium carboxymethyl cellulose , sorbitol , and / or dextran . the therapeutic bisquinolines of the present invention may also be administered encapsulated in liposomes . in such pharmaceutical preparations , the active compound is contained in corpuscles which consist of concentric aqueous layers interspersed between hydrophobic lipidic layers . the bisquinolines , depending upon their solubility , may be present both in the aqueous layer and in the lipidic layer , or in what is generally termed a liposomic suspension . the hydrophobic layer , generally but not exclusively , comprises phospholipids such as lecithin and sphingomyelin , steroids such as cholesterol , more or less ionic surfactants such as a diacetylphosphate , stearylamine , or phosphatidic acid , and / or other materials of a hydrophobic nature which are generally well known in the art . to be available for use in systemic administration , the therapeutic bisquinolines must be formulated into suitable pharmaceutical compositions ; the protocol for systemic administration would use a therapeutic approach compatible with the particular formulation selected . pharmaceutical compositions within the scope of the present invention include those compositions where the bisquinoline is contained in an effective amount sufficient to kill the malaria - inducing parasite without causing unacceptable toxicity for the host or patient . the therapeutic amount which represents an effective anti - malaria dose sufficient for treatment of each of the various types of malaria remains to be determined empirically by those skilled in the art of designing and administering anti - malarials . however , it has been determined that the bisquinolines of this invention appear to have high therapeutic indices , thus presenting a wide range of effective dosage options and strategies . a preferred dosage range is from about 5 to about 100 milligrams of bisquinoline per milligram of host body weight , given three times a day . doses as high as 500 mg / kg , or even higher , thrice daily can be given , but are not economically practical in the usual case of malaria encountered . as a practical matter , any dose which is sufficient to achieve an effective blood concentration of from about 0 . 05 to about 0 . 2 μg / ml can be employed . benazet , f . plasmodium berghei et antimalariques a action de longue duree . ann . soc . belge . med . trop . 1965 , 45 , 459 - 466 . benazet , f . activite d &# 39 ; 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