Patent Application: US-29548402-A

Abstract:
a method is disclosed for creating hydrogels with ordered crystalline structures that exhibit a characteristic colored opalescence . in addition to the unique optical properties , these materials contain a large amount of water in their crosslinked networks . the manufacturing processes include synthesizing monodispersed hydrogel nanoparticles containing specific reactive functional groups , self - assembly of these particles to form a crystalline structure , and subsequent crosslinking neighboring spheres to stabilize the entire network . polymerizing a hydrogel monomeric composition around the crystalline structure can enhance the mechanical strength . the resulting network is dimensionally and thermodynamically stabile under various ph and temperature conditions . the color and volume of these crystalline hydrogel networks can reversibly change in response to external stimuli such as temperature , ph and other environmental conditions . these new materials may lead to a variety of technological and artistic applications , ranging from sensors , displays , controlled drug delivery devices , jewelry and decorative consumer products .

Description:
a conceptual model is shown in fig1 . the manufacturing methods consists of three steps : ( 1 ) synthesis of monodispersed polymer gel nanoparticles having specific reactive groups suitable for crosslinking , ( 2 ) self - assembly of the nanoparticles into a crystal structure , and ( 3 ) covalent bonding of the network to form a stable lattice . additionally , polymerizing a hydrogel monomeric composition around the crystalline structure can enhance the mechanical strength if needed . the covalent bonding contributes to the structural stability , while self - assembly provides large crystal grain structures , resulting in refractive colored facets throughout the network in addition to light scattering properties exhibited by natural crystals . monodispersed hydrogel nanoparticles can be prepared by an emulsion method . preferred major monomer is n - isopropylacrylaimde ( nipa ) or other related analogs . preferred co - monomers are hydroxyethyl acrylate ( heac ), allylamine , acrylic acid , and other related analogs . for example , co - polymer nanoparticles composed of 90 % nipa and 10 % 2 - hydroxyethyl acrylate using an emulsion polymerization method were produced . the size distribution of nanoparticles was characterized using a light scattering spectrometer ( alv - 5000 ). the hydrodynamic radius of the resultant nanoparticles in water was narrowly distributed with a size variance of about 1 % as shown in fig2 . the nipa has a thermally responsive property , while the heac provides hydroxyl (— oh ) groups for subsequent crosslinking . the nipa - heac nanoparticle water dispersion was condensed to a desired concentration by either ultra - centrifuging or evaporating method . at a suitable polymer concentration , nanoparticles form a crystalline structure . to quantify this observation , the turbidity of the nipa - heac colloidal crystal as a function of light wavelength was measured as shown in fig3 using a spectrophotometer . corresponding to the appearance of colored speckles , the turbidity of the colloidal crystal exhibited a peak at a specific wavelength , λ c . λ c is proportional to the periodicity of the crystal . the colored speckles of the samples arise directly from selective bragg diffraction at λ c . specifically , the bragg condition of 2nd sin θ = mλ c is satisfied with the diffraction angle θ = 90 ° and m = 1 . here n is the refractive index of the hydrogel nanoparticles . because the periodicity can be adjusted by varying either the concentration or the particle size , the colors of the samples can be shifted accordingly . the crystalline structure was then stabilized by linking nanoparticles together using a small molecular crosslinker . preferred crosslinking agents include divinylsulfone ( dvs ), glutaric dialdehyde , a mixture of 1 - ethyl - 3 -( 3 - dimethylaminopropyl ) carbodiimide hydrochloride ( edc ) and adipic acid dihydrozide , and epichlorohydrin ( epo ). for example , after the self - assembling occurred , divinylsulfone was added to bond the nipa - heac nanoparticles at room temperature . the more crosslinking agent used the higher the rigidity and the lower the pore size of the resulting crystal hydrogels . thus , one can choose an appropriate amount and type of crosslinker to provide the mechanical strength and porosity desired for a variety of diversified applications . since this crosslinking process is carried out directly in water , it is particularly useful for hydrogels . furthermore , because the colloidal particles are linked together by covalent bonding , they cannot be re - dispersed into a solution , in contrast to well - known colloidal aggregates described in the prior art . the resultant nipa - heac crystal hydrogels are shown in fig4 . in contrast to other colloidal fluids known in the art , these hydrogels are solids and thus do not significantly deform due to gravity . this is apparent by viewing these networks when their formation tubes are inverted . it is obvious by one skilled in the art , other suitable monomers with functional groups , crosslinkers , surfactants and initiators can be used , absent of compatibility problems . formation of a crystal hydrogel depends strongly on the polymer concentration in the pre - gel nanoparticle solution . in general , below 1 wt %, the particles are too far apart and could not be easily bonded together . conversely , when the concentration is above 10 wt %, the nanoparticles are too close to each other and then lose the mobility that is required to form crystals . there are many factors that can make this polymer concentration vary between 1 to 10 wt % become narrower including particle size , functional groups on the particle surface , reaction temperature , ph values , quality of solvent ( water or organic solvent ), condensation methods ( evaporation or ultracentrifugation ), etc . below the polymer concentration range for the crystal formation , the nanoparticles are in a fluid state . above this range , the bonded nanoparticles exhibit a uniform color with no iridescence and the methods of manufacture have been disclosed in the aforementioned provisional patent application . for example , this invention relates to the formation of crystal hydrogels using a very narrowly distributed , monodispersed nipa - heac nanoparticles as building blocks . these crystal hydrogels unexpectedly exhibit a striking colored speckled array due to light diffraction by large - sized crystal domains . the crystal grain size also decreases with increasing concentration within this concentration range from 2 . 9 to 5 wt %. also , as the particle size increases , the color shifted to the red region and the crystal phase occurred at a lower concentration as shown in fig5 . the crosslinked crystal hydrogel networks have good mechanical strength relative to other colloidal crystals that are fluids and have a zero static shear modulus . the nipa - heac crystal hydrogel was taken out of a glass tube and immersed in a ph = 2 . 5 solution at room temperature as shown in the top panel of fig6 . the colored speckles of the sample are a clear indication that the sample has retained the crystal structure of its colloidal precursor . after applying a weight ( a transparent dish ) on the sample &# 39 ; s upper surface , the sample was compressed ( the bottom panel , fig6 ) and greatly deformed . the fractional increase in length was 80 % along the radial direction and 40 % along the longitudinal direction . once the weight was removed , however , the network immediately returned to its original shape due to its elasticity and re - exhibited the iridescent pattern , as shown in the top panel . it is also noted that colored speckles are usually associated with rigid materials such as precious opals that can deform slightly , or with colloidal fluids that have no definite shape . here , a soft material that is elastic , wet , and exhibiting an iridescent pattern has been created . the covalent linkages between nanoparticles also lead to a remarkable thermal stability of the crystal structure . fig7 shows the temperature dependence of a crystal hydrogel in a tube after polymerization . the iridescent pattern ( left panel ) at room temperature became invisible when the sample was heated to 50 ° c ., at which point the gel became cloudy due to phase separation ( right panel ). when the sample at 50 ° c . was cooled back to 21 ° c ., the pattern reappeared within 10 seconds , and this process was reversible . in contrast , a non - crosslinked nanoparticle assembly with the same concentration was completely disrupted as the temperature was raised to 30 ° c . it required about 1000 times longer for a non - crosslinked assembly to re - assemble into a crystal structure . it is apparent that disturbed nanoparticles in a crosslinked assembly are able to return to their equilibrium crystalline positions quickly through restorative forces provided by the network &# 39 ; s elasticity . the fast and reversible response rate of these crystal hydrogels could be a major advantage in developing sensor or display technologies as compared to using conventional colloidal crystal arrays known in the art . it is noted from the left panel in fig7 that the crystal hydrogel in water displays an iridescent color with good transparency and no sedimentation ( without adding an index - matching or a density - matching fluid ). this is because the building blocks are hydrogel nanoparticles which contain up to 97 wt % water ; both the refractive index and the density of the particles are nearly matched with those of the surrounding water . the crystal structures of these systems are further enriched by their unique two - level structural hierarchy : the primary network consists of crosslinked polymer chains inside each nanoparticle , while the secondary network is a crosslinked system of the nanoparticles . the mesh sizes of the primary and the secondary networks are usually around 1 - 10 nm and 10 - 500 nm respectively . there are a variety of crosslinkers that can be used to bond nanoparticles into a crystal hydrogel including divinylsulfone ( dvs ), glutaric dialdehyde , a mixture of 1 - ethyl - 3 -( 3 - dimethylaminopropyl ) carbodiimide hydrochloride ( edc ) and adipic acid dihydrozide , and epichlorohydrin ( epo ). to use glutaric dialdehyde as a crosslinker , nipa - co - allylamine nanoparticles were first synthesized using an emulsion polymerization . allylamine offers the free amine function groups on the surface of the particles for further crosslinking . the hydrodynamic radius of the nanoparticles in water was narrowly distributed . the average hydrodynamic radius at 23 ° c . is about 140 nm . after using ultra centrifuge with the speed of 40 , 000 rpm for 2 hrs , we obtained condensed particle dispersions with solid content between 3 and 4 %. then , 25 wt % glutaric dialdehyde was added and mixed into the solution . the crosslinking reaction was carried out at room temperature for 24 hours , resulting in a bright iridescent crystal hydrogel . because the crystal hydrogel composed of poly ( nipa - co - allylamine ) nanoparticles arranged in a close - packed structure , the lattice spacing between particles will undergo a change in responsive to environmental stimuli . fig8 a shows that the color and volume changes of the crystal hydrogel as a function of temperature . as the temperature increases , the volume of the gel decreases and its color shifts from green to blue and eventually to milky white when the temperature is above the volume phase transition temperature about 34 ° c . fig8 b shows the ph dependent volume and color change of the nipa - co - allylamine crystal hydrogel . this is caused by the different degrees of ionization of amine groups on the polymer chains at different ph values . to use a mixture of 1 - ethyl - 3 -( 3 - dimethylaminopropyl ) carbodiimide hydrochloride ( edc ) and adipic acid dihydrozide as a crosslinker , poly ( nipa - co - acrylic acid ) ( nipa - co - aa ) nanoparticles were first synthesized using emulsion polymerization . acrylic acid offers — cooh groups on the surface of the particles for further crosslinking . the nipa - co - aa nanoparticles ( 210 nm ) were then concentrated below 50 ° c . for two days . the nipa - co - aa nanoparticle water dispersion at a solid content of 3 . 1 wt % was put into a special cylindrical tube with a large amount of holes ( 0 . 5 mm in diameter ) in the wall and the bottom . the nipa - co - aa particles self - assemble into a crystalline array within 5 h . then , the tube was half - immersed into 1 - ethyl - 3 -( 3 - dimethylaminopropyl ) carbodiimide hydrochloride ( edc or edac ) ( 5 wt %) and adipic acid dihydrazide ( aadd ) ( 5 wt %). this assembly was kept at 4 ° c . for 24 hours and then 5 % edc and aadd solution was replaced with a fresh 7 wt % edc and 7 wt % aadd solution . after another 24 hours , the nipa - co - aa nanoparticles were covalently bonded into a crystalline hydrogel as shown in fig9 . to use epichlorohydrin ( epo ) as a crosslinker , poly ( nipa - co - aa ) nanoparticles were synthesized using emulsion polymerization . these particles were cooled down to room temperature and precipitated with acetone . the precipitated particles were dried for 2 days and then re - suspended in acetone . the poly - nipaam - co - aa particles self - assemble into a crystalline structure at 10 wt % concentration at room temperature . then , epichlorohydrin ( epo ) ( 10 wt . %) was added into the solution . the crosslinking reaction was conducted in the oven at 90 ° c . for 6 hours . the resultant crystal gel was then taken out from the tube and immersed into acetone . acetone was then gradually replaced with water to obtain a crystalline hydrogel . the crystal hydrogels can be strengthened by filling the pores between nanoparticles with a secondary hydrogel matrix . this is a two - step process including : ( 1 ) covalently bonding neighboring nanoparticles to stabilize the periodic structure , and ( 2 ) polymerizing the secondary matrix around nanoparticles . here , the covalent bonding between particles contributes to stabilizing periodic structure , while the formation of the hydrogel matrix around each particle contributes to enhancing mechanical strength . without the first step , polymerization of the secondary hydrogel matrix can completely disrupt the periodic stacking of the particles . to obtain this high strength crystal hydrogel , nipa - heac nanoparticles were first made following the method described above . this nipa - heac nanoparticle dispersion was then diluted with monomer solution that contained nipa monomer , sodium acrylate as ionic group , photo - sensitive initiator of 2 , 2 - diethoxyacetophenone , and n , n ′- methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker . the polymer concentration of the particles was 2 . 0 wt %, while the monomer concentration was in the range between 2 . 5 to 6 wt % in the final dispersion . the dispersion was thoroughly bubbled with nitrogen gas to remove oxygen . this dispersion was heated to 40 ° c ., at which point divinylsulfone ( dvs ) as a crosslinking agent was added to the system . then , the dispersion was cooled below 25 ° c ., and naoh solution was added to adjust the ph to 13 . the formation of colloidal crystals yielded colored speckles as a result of typical bragg diffraction . after observing the iridescence from the sample , the nanoparticles were crosslinked to stabilize the crystal structure for 24 hours . the polymerization of the secondary hdyrogel matrix was carried out using a uv lamp to initiate polymerization of the nipa and sodium acrylate monomers . the sample was kept in the nitrogen environment for 24 hr for completing gelation . this resulting crystal hydrogel consists of periodically stacked nipa - heac nanoparticles for bragg diffraction encased in the nipa - co - sodium acylate polymer for enhancing materials strength and providing other environmentally responsive properties to the crystalline hydrogel . the shear modulus of the crystal hydrogel encased within a secondary hydrogel matrix is about the same as that of the pure hydrogel matrix but much higher than that of covalently bonded nanoparticles without the support of the secondary hydrogel matrix . the crystal hydrogels not only have all of the properties that conventional hydrogels exhibit but also have unique periodic structures . as a result , the crystal hydrogels change in volume and color in response to external stimuli including ph , electric field , salt concentration , and temperature . [ 0054 ] fig1 a shows the optical pictures of a crystal hydrogel consisting of covalently bonded , periodically stacked nipa - heac nanoparticles encased within a nipa - co - sodium acrylate matrix at various ph values . the gel swelled fully at ph = 7 with large crystal grain sizes . as ph decreases or increases , the gel shrank and the crystal size becomes smaller and the crystal density increases . the detailed relationship between the gel size and the ph is shown in fig1 b . [ 0055 ] fig1 a shows the pictures of a hydrogel crystal under various electric fields and fig1 b shows the gel size as a function of the electric field . it is apparent that the gel shrinks as the electric field increases . the color of the gel also becomes more intense and shifts to blue color . the electric field causes electrolysis in the water solvent and an ionic gradient results causing a gel volume change . this effect was not observed when the electrodes were placed outside the insulating container holding the gel and its solvent while applying an electric field . [ 0056 ] fig1 a shows the pictures of a hydrogel crystal under various salt concentrations and fig1 b shows the gel size as a function of salt concentration . it is apparent that the gel shrinks as the salt concentration increases . the color of the gel also becomes more intense and shifts to blue color upon an increase in salt concentration . the addition of increasing amounts of nacl deteriorates the hydrogen bonding between the nipa and water , and therefore decreases the volume phase transition temperature of the nipa from 34 ° c . to room temperature . [ 0057 ] fig1 a shows the optical picture of a hydrogel crystal at various temperatures and fig1 b shows the gel size variation as a function of temperature . as the temperature increases , the gel shrinks due to intra - chain hydrophobic interaction . the environmentally - induced color change of the crystal hydrogels can be revealed using uv - visible spectroscopy . fig1 shows temperature - dependent uv - visible spectra for non - bonded nipa - heac nanoparticles in water and a crystal hydrogel made with covalently bonded , periodically stacked nipa - heac nanoparticles encased in a nipa - co - acrylamide matrix . as the temperature increases , the bragg peak does not change for the nanoparticle dispersion but significantly changes for the crystal hydrogel . the color changes of the crystal hydrogel from red to blue as the temperature increases , suggesting that these unique crystalline hydrogel materials can be used as sensors . 3 . 79 g nipa monomer , 66 mg methylene - bis - acrylamide as crosslinker , 0 . 120 g sodium dodecyl sulphate as surfactant , and 260 ml deionized water were mixed in a reactor . 2 - hydroxyethyl acrylate ( heac ) ( 9 . 5 % molar ratio ) used to provide functional groups was added to the pregel solution . the solution was heated to 70 ° c . under nitrogen for 40 min . 0 . 170 g of potassium persulfate dissolved in 21 ml of deionized water was added to start the polymerization reaction . the reaction was carried out at 70 ° c . under nitrogen atmosphere for 4 hours to ensure that all monomer was reacted . after cooling down to room temperature , the final reaction dispersion was exhaustively dialyzed in a dialysis tube for 10 days while the deionized water ( conductivity of less then 1 μs · cm − 1 ) outside the tube was changed twice a day . the dispersion was first evaporated at 60 ° c . and then dried at 120 ° c . the concentration of the dialyzed dispersion was calculated from the weight difference in the drying process . the dispersion of the particles was dialyzed to remove all small molecules , and the dispersion was concentrated with ultra - centrifuging . after the concentrated dispersion was heated above the phase transition temperature , divinylsulfone ( dvs ) as a crosslinking agent was added to the system dropwise in order to make dvs homogeneously dispersed throughout the solution . then , the dispersion was cooled below 25 ° c ., and naoh solution at ph = 13 . 0 was added . the formation of large colloidal crystals in a very narrow concentration range ( ca . 3 ˜ 5 wt %), at 20 ° c ., yields colored speckles from typical bragg diffraction as shown in fig4 . the effect of polymer concentration on formation of the crystal hydrogels is shown in table 2 . here , the average hydrodynamic radius of the nipa - heac nanoparticle spheres in water at 25 ° c . was 150 nm . the range of concentrations for forming large hydrogel crystal grains depends on the particle size . emulsion polymerization of nipa monomer , heac monomer and cross - linking agent , methylene - bis - acrylamide ( bis ), was performed in water at 70 ° c ., using different amounts of sodium dodecylsulfate ( sds , cmc of 8 . 3 mm in water at room temperature ) as surfactant to control particle size . as shown in fig5 the average hydrodynamic radii for the two red samples ( left ) and the two green samples ( right ) in water at room temperature were 175 and 150 nm , respectively . from left to right , the particle concentrations were 3 . 0 , 3 . 1 , 3 . 8 , and 4 . 0 wt %. the effect of temperature on the formation of crystal hydrogels is given by table 3 . the crystal hydrogels are produced in one to three days within this temperature range 18 - 22 ° c . the control of ph is as important as the control of the reaction temperature . it is found that the naoh solution of ph & gt ; 13 . 2 may prevent the dispersion to form a crystal structure or cause the crystal structure to be porous and cloudy . here the ph value is given for the base solution that was dropped into the nanoparticle dispersion to make the final ph value of the dispersion about 12 . a crystal hydrogel synthesized using the methods described above was taken out from a glass tube and immersed in a ph = 2 . 5 solution before ( top ) and after ( bottom ) applying a weight ( a transparent dish ) to compress it , as shown in fig6 . the bar represents 1 . 165 cm . a crystal hydrogel synthesized using the methods described above in a glass tube is transparent and exhibited colored speckles at 21 ° c . ( left ) until the temperature was raised to 50 ° c . ( right ), at which point the hydrogel lost its opalescence as shown in fig7 . when the sample at 50 ° c . was cooled back to 21 ° c ., the colored speckles reappeared within 10 seconds . n - isopropylacrylamide ( nipa )- allylamine nanoparticles were synthesized using an emulsion polymerization method . 3 . 845 g nipa monomer , 0 . 2 g ( 10 % molar ratio ) allylamine monomer , and 0 . 1315 g methylene - bisacrylamide as crosslinker , 0 . 0755 g sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant , and 230 ml deionized water were mixed in a reactor . the solution was heated up to 60 ° c . under nitrogen bubbling for about 40 min , 0 . 155 g potassium persulfate dissolved in 20 ml of deionized water was added to initiate the reaction . the reaction was carried out at 60 ° c . for 5 h . dialysis was performed for seven days to remove the surfactant . allylamine provides free amine functional groups on the surface of the particles for further crosslinking . the hydrodynamic radius of the nanoparticles in water was narrowly distributed with the average hydrodynamic radius at 23 ° c . about 140 nm . at 36 ° c ., the microgels shrink sharply with an average radius of about 80 nm . after using ultra - centrifuge with the speed of 40 , 000 rpm for 2 hrs , a condensed particle dispersion with polymer concentration of 3 . 5 wt % was obtained . the crosslinker glutaric dialdehyde was then added to the dispersion after the nanoparticles self - assembled into an ordered structural array . the crosslinking reaction between particles was carried out at room temperature . after 24 h , a crystal hydrogel formed that could be removed from the formation tube . the crystal hydrogel obtained from example 8 was immersed in a glass of water . at room temperature , it displayed a bright green speckles as shown in fig8 a . as the sample was heated , the color of the gel changed from green to blue gradually , and to milky white at 35 ° c . at the same time , the size of the gel decreased significantly . this change is fully reversible . that is , when the sample was cooled back to room temperature , it restored its color and size . the blue - color - shift is caused by the shrinkage of the particles , which made the lattice spacing smaller as the temperature increases . furthermore , the color of the hydrogel could be tuned by changing the ph value of the environment . fig8 b shows the photographs of the hydrogel in deionized water and in a ph = 11 solution , respectively . it is evident that the color shifted from green to blue after the sample was transferred from the neutral environment to the base solution . the amine groups on the particles were partly ionized in water . however , at a higher ph value , the ionization of the basic groups was hindered , causing the shrinkage of the hydrogel . it is the decrease of the lattice spacing that leads to blue - color - shift of the hydrogel . this crystal hydrogel has a potential to be used a sensor for visual inspection of temperatures or ph values in aqueous solutions . synthesis of crystal hydrogels based on nipa - co - acrylic acid nanoparticles in water the nipa - co - aa nanoparticles were synthesized in a 500 ml flask with a nitrogen bubbling tube and a ptfe stirrer . 3 . 80 g n - isopropylacrylamide ( nipaam ), 0 . 0665 g n , n ′- methylene - bis - acrylamide ( bis ), 0 . 11 g acrylic acid ( aa ) and certain amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate ( sds ) were added into the flask , diluted with deionized water to 250 ml solution . the flask was immersed into a water - bath at 70 ° c . the solution was stirred at 300 rpm for 30 minutes with a nitrogen purge to remove the oxygen inside the solution . 16 . 6 g potassium persulfate ( kps ) ( 1 wt %) was added and the reaction was carried out for 4 hours . the nipa - co - aa nanoparticles were then concentrated under 50 ° c . for two days to reach polymer concentration about 3 . 1 wt %. this dispersion was then put into a special cylindrical teflon tube with numerous holes in the wall and at the bottom . the size of the holes is 0 . 5 mm . the nipa - co - aa particles self - assembled into a crystalline array within 5 h as the water evaporated . then , the tube was half - immersed into a mixture of 5 wt % 1 - ethyl - 3 -( 3 - dimethylaminopropyl ) carbodiimide hydrochloride ( edc or edac ) and 5 wt % adipic acid dihydrazide ( aadd ). this assembly was kept at 4 ° c . for 24 hours and the edc / aadd mixture was replaced by a fresh mixture of 7 wt % edc and 7 wt % aadd . after another 24 hours , the nipa - co - aa nanoparticles were covalently bonded into a crystalline hydrogel as shown in fig9 . synthesis of crystal hydrogels based on nipa - co - acrylic acid nanoparticles in acetone the nipa - co - aa nanoparticles were prepared following the procedures in example 10 . the nipa - co - aa particles in water were precipitated with acetone at room temperature . the precipitated particles were dried for 2 days and then re - dispersed in acetone to reach a polymer concentration of about 10 wt %. the p - nipaam - co - aa particles self - assembled into a crystalline structure at room temperature . then , epichlorohydrin ( epo ) ( 10 wt . %) was added into the dispersion . the crosslinking reaction was carried out in the oven at 90 ° c . for 6 hours . the resultant crystal gel was taken out of the formation tube and immersed into acetone . acetone was then gradually replaced with water to obtain a crystalline hydrogel . synthesis of crystal hydrogels by filling the pores between covalently linked nanoparticles with a secondary hydrogel matrix the nipa - heac nanoparticles were prepared following example 1 . the dispersion of the nipa - heac nanoparticles was dialyzed to remove all small molecules , and was concentrated with ultra - centrifuging . this concentrated dispersion was then diluted with monomer solution that contained nipa monomer ( 3 wt %), a co - monomer ( 0 . 03 wt %) of sodium acrylate ( naac ), a photo - sensitive initiator of 2 , 2 - diethoxyacetophenone at 1 . 0 wt % nipa content , n , n ′- methylenebisacrylamide at 5 . 0 wt % nipa content as crosslinker . the particle concentration reaches about 2 . 0 wt % and the monomers of the nipa reaches 3 . 0 wt % in the final dispersion . the dispersion was thoroughly bubbled with nitrogen gas to remove oxygen . this dispersion was heated to 40 ° c ., divinylsulfone ( dvs ) as a crosslinking agent was added to the system dropwise in order to make dvs homogeneously dispersed throughout the solution . then , the dispersion was cooled below 25 ° c ., and naoh solution was added to make a ph = 12 dispersion . the formation of colloidal crystals provided colored speckles from typical bragg diffraction . the nanoparticles were then crosslinked using dvs to stabilize the crystal structure and allowed to sit for 24 hours . then , a uv lamp was used to initiate polymerization of nipa monomers to encase the crystal hydrogel . the sample was kept in a nitrogen environment for 24 hr to complete gelation . the shear modulus of the crystal hydrogel incased within a secondary hydrogel matrix is about the same as that of the pure hydrogel matrix of about 1 × 10 4 dyn / cm 2 but much higher than that of covalently bonded nanoparticles without the support of the secondary hydrogel matrix . the resultant hydrogel crystal from example 12 consists of covalently bonded , periodically stacked nipa - heac nanoparticles within a nipa - co - sodium acrylate matrix . the nipa - heac nanoparticles provide periodical structures for bragg diffraction and the nipa - co - sodium acrylate provided a matrix to enhance the strength and introduce additional environmentally responsive properties . [ 0093 ] fig1 a shows the optical pictures of this hydrogel crystal as a function of ph . the gel swelled fully at ph = 7 with a large crystal grain size . as ph decreases or increases , the gel shrinks and the crystal size becomes smaller and the crystal density increases . the detailed relationship between the gel size and the ph is shown in fig1 b . at low ph , protons are attached to coo − by hydrogen bonding so that the osmotic pressure due to coo − ions is significantly reduced . on the other hand , at higher ph values , all of the free coo − was bonded to na + ions , resulting in shrinkage of the gel . the effect of electric field on volume and color of crystal hydrogels the crystal hydrogels were produced using the methods and chemical compositions listed in example 10 . they consisted of covalently bonded , periodically stacked nipa - heac nanoparticles within a nipa - co - sodium acrylate hydrogel matrix . fig1 a shows the pictures of the hydrogels crystal under various electric fields and fig1 b shows the gel size as a function of the electric field . it is apparent that the gel shrinks as the electric field increases . the color of gel also becomes more intense and shifts to blue color . the electric field caused electrolysis in the water solvent and an ionic gradient that causes a gel volume change . this effect was not observed when the electrodes were placed outside the insulating container holding the gel and its solvent while applying an electric field . the effect of salt concentration on volume and color of the crystal hydrogels the experimental samples were produced using the methods and chemical compositions listed in example 10 . these hydrogel crystals consisted of covalently bonded , periodically stacked nipa - heac nanoparticles within a nipa - co - sodium acrylate hydrogel matrix . [ 0098 ] fig1 a shows the pictures of the hydrogels crystal under various salt concentrations and fig1 b shows the gel size as a function of salt concentration . it is apparent that the gel shrinks as the salt concentration increases . the color of gel also becomes more intense and shifts to blue color upon the increase of salt concentration . the addition of increasing amounts of nacl disrupts the hydrogen bonding between the nipa and water , and therefore decreases the volume phase transition temperature of the nipa from 34 ° c . to room temperature . the effect of temperature on volume and color of the crystal hydrogels the crystal hydrogels were prepared as outlined in example 10 . fig1 a shows the optical pictures of the hydrogel crystal at various temperatures and fig1 b shows the gel size as a function of temperature . as the temperature increases , the gel shrinks due to intra - chain hydrophobic interaction . the same method and chemical compositions as outlined in example 10 were used except the sodium acrylate monomer was replaced with acrylamide . the final composition of nipa to aam molar ratio is 2 : 1 . the resultant hydrogel crystal consists of covalently bonded , periodically stacked nipa - heac nanoparticles within a nipa - co - acrylamide hydrogel matrix . fig1 shows temperature - dependent uv - visible spectra for non - bonded nipa - heac nanoparticles in water and a crystal hydrogel made with covalently bonded , periodically stacked nipa - heac nanoparticles encased in a nipa - co - acrylamide matrix . as the temperature increases , the bragg peak does not change for the nanoparticle dispersion but significantly changes for the crystal hydrogel . those skilled in the art will recognize that , while specific embodiments and examples have been described , various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . the following u . s . patents , foreign patents and applications and other references are incorporated by referenced herein . u . s . patents and patent applications 60 / 311 , 036 july , 2001 hu , et al re35068 october , 1995 tanaka et al . 523 / 300 . 4 , 732 , 930 march , 1988 tanaka et al . 524 / 742 . 5 , 100 , 933 march , 1992 tanaka et al . 523 / 300 . 5 , 183 , 879 february , 1993 yuasa et al . 528 / 503 . 5 , 403 , 893 april , 1995 tanaka et al . 525 / 218 . 5 , 532 , 006 july , 1996 lauterber et al . 424 / 9 . 322 5 , 580 , 929 december , 1996 tanaka et al . 525 / 218 . 6 , 030 , 442 february , 2000 kabra , et al . 536 / 84 4 , 912 , 032 march , 1990 hoffman , et al . 435 / 7 . 1 6 , 194 , 073 february , 2001 li , et al . 428 / 420 5 , 976 , 648 november , 1999 li , et al . 428 / 34 . 5 , 062 , 841 november , 1991 siegel 604 / 891 . 1 5 , 654 , 006 august , 1997 fernandez , et al . 424 / 489 6 , 030 , 442 february , 2000 kabra , et al . 106 / 162 . 8 4 , 555 , 344 november , 1985 cussler 6 , 187 , 599 february , 2001 asher , et al . 436 / 531 6 , 165 , 389 december , 2000 asher , et al . 252 / 582 6 , 014246 january 2000 asher , et al . 359 / 288 foreign patents 0 365 011 a2 april , 1990 ep 2 - 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