Patent Application: US-61321903-A

Abstract:
a recombinant prototrophic micro - organism such as a yeast is provided which over - expresses the activity of an enzyme catalysing the conversion of glucose - 1 phosphate to glucose - 6 phosphate in the galactose uptake and metabolism pathway . suitably the increased enzyme activity is due to over - expression of the gene pgm2 . this produces increased uptake of galactose and increased ethanol production when the organism is grown on a galactose containing medium .

Description:
said micro - organism may be a fungi and said enzyme may be a phosphoclugomutase . specifically the enzyme may be gal5 and may be encoded by either or both of the genes pgm1 and pgm2 . preferably , said enzyme activity is expressed in the micro - organism at a level which is at least 1 . 5 times that of the said reference micro - organism . the over expression may be brought about by introducing multiple copies of a gene coding for the said enzyme . alternatively or additionally , a gene coding for the said enzyme may be under the control of a genetic control sequence which has been recombinantly introduced and which is not natively associated with said gene , leading to said over expression of said enzyme activity . alternatively or additionally there may be present a gene coding for a mutated form of the said enzyme which mutated form has a higher specific activity than the native form of said enzyme of said micro - organism . specific methodologies for mutating yeast strains to produce over expression of genes by all of these methods are well known in the art . preferably , the micro - organism is a yeast . it may be a strain of saccharomyces cerevisiae . more generally the micro - organism may be a species belonging to the genus saccharomyces , e . g . s . cerevisiae , s . kluyveri , s . bayanus , s . exiguus , s . sevazzi , s . uvarum , a species belonging to the genus klyuveromyces , e . g . k . lactis k . marxianus var . marxianus , k . thermotolerans , a species belonging to the genus candida , e . g . c . utilis c . tropicalis , a species belonging to the genus pichia , e . g . p . stipidis , p . pastoris , p . sorbitophila , or other yeast species , e . g . debaromyces hansenii , hansenula polymorpha , yarrowia lipolytica , zygosaccharomyces rouxii or schizosaccharomyces pombe . concerning other fungal micro - organisms , a non - exhaustive list of suitable micro - organisms will include the following : the micro - organism preferably exhibits an increase of the maximum specific galactose uptake rate of at least 10 %, more preferably at least 20 %, for instance at least 40 %, in comparison to a said reference micro - organism . preferably , the micro - organism exhibits an increase of said enzyme activity of at least 2 fold , more preferably at least 5 fold , more preferably at least 10 fold , more preferably at least 20 fold , more preferably 100 fold , in comparison to a said reference micro - organism . preferably , the micro - organism exhibits an increased maximum specific ethanol production rate compared to said reference micro - organism , e . g . said ethanol production is increased by at least a factor of 1 . 1 , more preferably by at least a factor of 1 . 5 . fig2 shows the regulation of the gal system in s . cerevisiae . fig3 shows the result of batch cultivation of the strain so7 in example 2 below . fig4 shows the result of batch cultivation of the pgm2 strain in example 6 below . as described below , we have genetically engineered a strain of s . cerevisiae to over express the pgm2 gene by transformation with a multicopy plasmid vector containing the pgm2 gene under the control of a strong promoter to obtain a non - auxotrophic ( prototrophic ) strain exhibiting increased pgm enzyme activity whilst being able to grow on minimal medium ( and specifically being able to grow in the absence of added leucine and histidine ). it is found that surprisingly this strain has increased flux through the galactose pathway when cultured with a supply of galactose , leading to increased uptake of galactose and increased ethanol production . the invention will be further described with reference to the following examples which are non - limiting and presented for illustration . all s . cerevisiae strains used were generated from the cen . pk113 - 7d ( mata ) wild type strain ( van dijken et al . 2000 ). so7 containing the 2μ high - copy vector pbm959 with gal4 behind its native promoter and ura3 as marker and so16 ( gal80 , mig1 , gal6 ) were constructed by ostergaard and co - workers ( ostergaard et al ., 2000 ). the pgm2 strain overexpressing pgm2 was constructed by transforming cen . pk113 - sd ( ura3 ) with the 2μ high - copy vector ppgm2 ( masuda et al ., 2001 ) containing pgm2 behind the pma1 gene promoter and ura3 . strains were stored at − 80 ° c . in 20 % ( v / v ) glycerol . these frozen stocks were used for obtaining single colonies on plates with a selective minimal medium for inoculation of precultures . the s . cerevisiae strains either overexpressing gal4 ( so7 ) or deleted in gal6 , gal80 and mig1 ( so16 ) and the corresponding reference strain cen . pk113 - 7d ( wt ) were examined under controlled conditions in aerobic batch cultivations on a minimal media with a start concentration of 15 g / l galactose . all the strains were prototrophic thereby avoiding addition of various amino acids that could affect transcription of amino acid related genes . cultivations of all strain were done in triplicates and samples for dna arrays were harvested at a residual galactose concentration of 7 . 5 ± 2 . 0 g / l . the batch cultivations were carried out in well - controlled laboratory fermenters with a working volume of 2 or 4 litres . a defined medium ( verduyn et al ., 1992 ) was used , which contained per litre : 15 g galactose ; 5 . 0 g ( nh 4 ) 2 so 4 ; 3 . 0 g kh 2 po 4 ; 0 . 5 g mgso 4 , 7h 2 o ; and trace metals and vitamins as described by verduyn et al . ( 1992 ). 50 μl / l antifoam ( sigma a - 8436 ) was added to avoid foaming . galactose was autoclaved separately from the mineral medium and afterwards added to the fermenter together with a sterile filtrated solution containing the vitamins . precultures were grown at 30 ° c . and 150 rpm in cotton - stopped , 500 ml erlenmeyer flasks with baffles containing each 100 ml of a media of ph 6 . 5 similar to that in the fermenters , but containing different concentrations of galactose ( 20 g / l ), ( nh 4 ) 2 so 4 ( 7 . 5 g / l ) and kh 2 po 4 ( 14 g / l ). precultures were inoculated from plate cultures , which were inoculated directly from frozen stocks , and grown at 30 ° c . on selective media . exponential phase precultures were used to inoculate to a start concentration of 1 mg cdw / l . cultivations were carried out at 30 ° c . with a stirrer speed of 800 rpm and were aerated with air at a flow rate of 1 litre per litre staring volume per minute . the concentration of dissolved oxygen was measured with a mettler toledo polarographic electrode and remained above 70 %. ph was kept at 5 . 0 by automatic addition of 4 m koh . the bioreactors were fitted with cooled condensers , and the off - gas was led to a gas analyser ( innova , denmark ) to measure the content of co 2 . the concentration of biomass in batch fermentations was determined on a dry weight basis by filtering a known volume of culture through a pre - weighed 0 . 45 μm nitrocellulose filter ( gelman sciences , ann arbor , mich .). the filter was washed with distilled water , dried in a microwave oven at 150 w for 15 minutes and finally weighed to determine its increase in dry weight . culture samples for determination of galactose , ethanol , glycerol , acetate , pyruvate and succinate concentrations were filtered through a 0 . 45 μm cellulose acetate filter ( osmonics ) immediately after sampling , and the filtrate was frozen at − 20 ° c . until further analysis . the concentrations of the metabolites were determined by high - pressure liquid chromatography on an aminex hpx - 87hm column ( bio - rad ) kept at 65 ° c . and eluted at 0 . 6 ml per minute with 5 mm h 2 so 4 . acetate and pyruvate were detected spectrophotometrically by a waters 486 turnable absobance detector at 210 nm . galactose , ethanol , glycerol and succinate were detected refractometrically by a waters 410 differential refractometer . results from the batch cultivation with the strain so7 are shown in fig3 and overall results from batch cultivations of all three strains are shown in the table below . wt so7 so16 specific growth rate ( h − 1 ) 0 . 17 ± 0 . 01 0 . 18 ± 0 . 01 0 . 18 ± 0 . 00 specific galactose uptake rate 0 . 60 ± 0 . 03 0 . 80 ± 0 . 04 0 . 84 ± 0 . 02 ( g galactose / g dw / h ) specific ethanol production 0 . 11 ± 0 . 01 0 . 19 ± 0 . 02 0 . 22 ± 0 . 01 rate ( g ethanol / g dw / h ) yield of biomass on galactose 0 . 22 ± 0 . 01 0 . 22 ± 0 . 01 0 . 22 ± 0 . 01 ( g dw / g galactose ) data is given as the average of three similar independent cultivations ± the standard deviation . oligonucleotide microarrays from affymetrix containing sequences for all know orfs in s . cerevisiae were used for genome - wide expression analysis during batch cultivations with the strains so7 , so16 and wt . to find genes , which had changed expression in at least one of the two mutants an anova analysis was performed on the 5963 probe sets representing orfs in s . cerevisiae that were called present on at least one array . only 24 orfs showed a significantly changed expression in at least one of the two mutants when using a global likelihood of getting 1 false positive ( cutoff at p = 1 . 68 · 10 − 4 ), and most of these orfs had only changed expression in the gal4 overexpression strain . the 30 best scoring genes in the anova test are shown in the table below . fold change a orf function so7 so16 p - value b ygl157w unknown 3 . 7 − 1 . 5 3 . 53e − 08 yel021w ura3 pyrimidine 5 . 2 − 1 . 2 5 . 66e − 07 biosynthesis ypl248c gal4 galactose regulation 23 1 . 3 5 . 95e − 07 ybr298c mal31 maltose metabolism − 1 . 4 1 . 1 3 . 85e − 06 yml051w gal80 galactose regulation 1 . 3 − 2 . 1 7 . 90e − 06 yjl056c zap1 transcriptional 2 . 3 1 . 1 1 . 31e − 05 regulation ylr035c mlh2 dna repair 3 . 1 − 1 . 5 2 . 60e − 05 ybr093c pho5 phosphate metabolism 32 1 . 0 3 . 11e − 05 yil057c unknown − 1 . 2 1 . 8 3 . 77e − 05 ygl130w ceg1 mrna capping 2 . 1 1 . 0 5 . 54e − 05 yol143c rib4 riboflavin 1 . 7 1 . 2 5 . 76e − 05 biosynthesis ykl031w unknown 9 . 4 1 . 9 6 . 04e − 05 ylr286c cts1 cell wall biogenesis − 1 . 4 1 . 1 7 . 30e − 05 ynl239w gal6 galactose rebgulation 2 . 0 − 150 7 . 65e − 05 ygr022c unknown 10 1 . 0 9 . 68e − 05 yel069c hxt13 ydl245c hxt15 yjr158w hxt16 ynr072w hxt17 hexose transporters 1 . 0 3 . 2 9 . 95e − 05 ybr299w mal32 ygr292w mal12 maltose metabolism − 2 . 3 1 . 2 1 . 07e − 04 yol126c mdh2 gluconeogenesis 2 . 1 − 1 . 2 1 . 13e − 04 yfl011w hxt10 hexose transporter 2 . 7 1 . 7 1 . 19e − 04 ymr305c scw10 mating − 1 . 6 − 1 . 2 1 . 37e − 04 ykl216w ura1 pyrimidine 1 . 7 1 . 1 1 . 42e − 04 biosynthesis ydr520c unknown 1 . 7 1 . 1 1 . 42e − 04 ygl035c mig1 glucose repression − 1 . 3 − 17 1 . 46e − 04 ypl187w mfα1 mating − 2 . 1 − 2 . 1 1 . 48e − 04 ymr199w cln1 cell cycle − 1 . 7 − 1 . 1 1 . 63e − 04 yjr159w sor1 fructose metabolism ydl246c unknown 2 . 2 1 . 4 1 . 83e − 04 ymr176w ecm5 cell wall biogenesis 2 . 1 1 . 1 2 . 04e − 04 yol058w arg1 arginine biosynthesis 1 . 2 1 . 0 2 . 19e − 04 yor378w unknown 5 . 8 1 . 5 2 . 49e − 04 ygr249w mga1 filamentous growth − 3 . 2 − 2 . 4 2 . 53e − 04 a fold change compared to wild type strain . b p - value returned by anova . the lower the value the higher probability of a significant changed expression . five of the 24 orf with changed expression are gal4 , gal6 , gal80 , mig1 and ura3 , which were deleted or over - expressed in one of the two mutants . of these five orfs gal4 , gal6 and gal80 showed possible changes in the strain were they had not been deleted or over - expressed — a 1 . 3 -, 2 . 0 - and 1 . 3 - fold up - regulation respectively . we expected to see many of the gal4 activated genes to be up - regulated , but gal6 is the only gene with a gal4 binding site in its promoter , which was up - regulated among the 24 significantly changed genes . the hypothetical orf yil057c also has a putative gal4 binding site in its promoter ( ideker et al ., 2001 ), but is down - regulated 2 . 2 fold in so7 . from the significantly changed genes we could not identify any genes with changed expression in both mutants , which could be new candidates as key enhancers of the flux through the galactose utilisation pathway . most of the genes with significantly changed expression are likely to be secondary effects of over - expressing gal4 , since many of them has changed expression in so7 only . hxt10 , which is able to transport galactose ( wieczorke et al . 1999 ) is up - regulated in both so7 and so16 and could be a possible key enhancer , but hxt10 is lowly expressed compared to gal2 . the probe set representing hxt13 , hxt15 - 17 was up - regulated 3 . 2 fold in so 16 , however , none of these hxt &# 39 ; s are able to transport galactose ( wieczorke et al . 1999 ). the hypothetical orf ykl031w is up - regulated 9 . 4 fold in so7 and 1 . 9 fold in so16 compared to the wild type strain . ykl031w is coding a protein of 137 amino acids which binds phosphoinositol 4 , 5 - biphosphate in vitro ( zhu et al ., 2001 ) and contains two predicted transmembrane segments ( purnelle and skala , 1994 ), but which has no related proteins . surprisingly expression of gal1 , gal2 , gal7 and gal10 were not higher in the mutants than the wild type . apparently they were already expressed at their maximum level in the wild type strain . the genome - wide transcription analysis of the two mutants did not identify any new gene candidates for being key enhancers of the galactose flux . nor did it indicate any reason for the mutant &# 39 ; s increased galactose uptake rates , such as significantly increased transcription levels of the genes encoding the gal enzymes . we therefore looked further into the transcription results for the gal genes , which are the most obvious candidates for key enhancers , and which we had hypothesised would be up - regulated to balanced levels in the two mutants . results of this analysis are shown in the table below . transcription fold change a gene so7 so16 p b gal4 23 1 . 3 6 . 0 · 10 − 7 gal80 1 . 3 − 2 . 1 7 . 9 · 10 − 6 gal6 2 . 0 & lt ;− 100 7 . 710 − 5 pgm2 1 . 7 1 . 3 6 . 1 · 10 − 3 gal7 1 . 0 1 . 1 0 . 17 gal3 1 . 7 1 . 0 0 . 18 gal2 1 . 0 1 . 1 0 . 38 gal10 1 . 0 1 . 1 0 . 46 pgm1 1 . 2 1 . 1 0 . 57 gal1 1 . 0 1 . 0 0 . 99 a fold change compared to wild type strain . b p - value returned by anova . the lower the value the higher probability of a significant changed expression . except from gal4 , gal6 , and gal80 , only pgm2 , encoding the major isoform of phosphoglucomutase , gal5 , had a high probability of being significantly changed . for the genes encoding the first four enzymes in the galactose utilisation pathway the probability of a changed expression was less than 83 % when not even considering multiple testing . taking multiple testing of the 10 gal genes into consideration there was a 94 % probability of a changed expression of pgm2 in at least one of the two mutant strains . pgm2 expression had only increased 1 . 7 and 1 . 3 fold in s07 and s016 respectively , so on the basis of the transcription analysis only pgm2 was identified as a possible new key enhancer gene for increasing the galactose flux . to verify that concentration of active gal5 had indeed a higher increased expression and that other gal enzymes had not , the in vitro enzyme activities of gal1 , gal7 and gal5 were measured in cell free extracts from the same cultivations . cell free extracts were produced with the help of a fastprep fp120 instrument ( savant instruments , new york ) as previously described ( møller et al ., 2002 ). in vitro enzyme activities of phosphoglucomutase ( pgm ) and galactose - 1 - phosphate uridyl transferase ( gal7 ) were assayed at 30 ° c . by following the nadph production at 340 nm using a spectrophotometer ( hp 8353 uv - vis system with chemstation software from hewlett packard ). pgm and gal7 activities were determined as earlier described ( bergmeyer et al ., 1983 ; elsevier et al ., 1996 ) respectively , in a 1 ml reaction mixture activity at a minimum of two different concentrations of cell free extract . galactokinase ( gal1 ) activity was measured with a method modified from ( mizoguchi et al ., 1993 ). the reaction mixture contained : 0 . 1 m phosphate buffer ( ph 7 . 5 ); 3 . 0 mm mgcl 2 ; 1 . 8 mm naf ; 1 . 5 mm atp and four different concentrations of cell free extract . after 5 minutes at 30 ° c . adding galactose to 2 . 5 mm started the reaction , and the reaction mixture was incubated for another 5 minutes and then boiled for 2 minutes . the amount of consumed galactose was determined by measuring the residual concentration of galactose enzymatically ( boehringer mannheim kit 176303 ) after centrifugation ( 10 minutes , 1000 g ). protein content in cell free extracts was determined by the lowry method ( lowry et al ., 1951 ), using fatty - acid free bsa ( sigma a - 6003 ) as standard . the results of the in vitro enzyme activity measurements supported the conclusion from the transcription analysis . the results are shown in the table below . in vitro enzyme activity fold change a enzyme so7 so16 gal7 1 . 6 − 1 . 3 gal10 − 1 . 2 1 . 2 gal5 2 . 6 b 1 . 5 b a fold change compared to wild type strain . b fold change of total phosphoglucomutase activity . the in vitro enzyme activities of gal1 and ga7 did not change significantly in any of the two mutants compared with the reference strain , while the in vitro activity of gal5 had increased 2 . 6 and 1 . 5 in so7 and so16 respectively . to test the new hypothesis that gal5 does exert control over the flux through the galactose utilisation pathway we constructed a strain over expressing pgm2 . s . cerevisiae was transformed with a multicopy expression vector from masuda et al . ( 2001 ) containing pgm2 under the control of the strong pma1 gene promoter . the s . cerevisiae strain with over expression of pgm2 was compared with the corresponding reference strain cen . pk113 - 7d ( wt ) under controlled conditions in aerobic batch cultivations on a minimal media with a start concentration of 15 g / l galactose . cultivations of both strains were done in triplicates . the batch cultivations were carried out as described in example 2 . results from the batch cultivation with the pgm2 strain are shown in fig4 and overall results from batch cultivations of the strain and the wt are shown in the table below . data is given as the average of three similar independent cultivations ± the standard deviation . wt pgm2 strain specific growth rate ( h − 1 ) 0 . 17 ± 0 . 01 0 . 23 ± 0 . 02 specific galactose uptake rate 0 . 60 ± 0 . 03 1 . 04 ± 0 . 07 ( g galactose / g dw / h ) specific ethanol production rate 0 . 11 ± 0 . 01 0 . 30 ± 0 . 03 ( g ethanol / g dw / h ) yield of biomass on galactose 0 . 22 ± 0 . 01 0 . 22 ± 0 . 01 ( g dw / g galactose ) the resulting pgm2 strain had a significantly increased maximum specific galactose uptake rate compared to the both the reference strain and the two other mutants . overexpressing pgm2 resulted in a 70 % increase in the maximum specific galactose uptake rate and a 3 times higher maximum specific ethanol production rate compared to the wild type strain showing that gal5 is rate controlling for galactose utilisation . the maximum specific growth rate of the pgm2 strain was not negatively affected , but rather increased . in vitro enzyme activity measurements verified that the concentration of active phosphoglucomutase had indeed increased in the pgm2 strain , showing 17 - fold higher phosphoglucomutase activity . however , the in vitro enzyme activity of gal7 had also increased with approximately 3 fold in the pgm2 strain . this might have a positive effect on the galactose utilisation rate as well . bergmeyer h u , bergmeyer j , and grassl m . 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