Patent Application: US-201615016690-A

Abstract:
this invention is announcing a composition of flavonoid skeleton in the formula i or formula ii compound , wherein each of the substituents is given the definition as set forth in the specification and claims . this composition have the capacity to treating or preventing a virus infection in a subject .

Description:
further embodiments herein may be formed by supplementing an embodiment with one or more element from any one or more other embodiment herein , and / or substituting one or more element from one embodiment with one or more element from one or more other embodiment herein . the phrase “ virus infection ” in this disclosure refers to dna virus infection , rna virus infection or both of them , and the term “ virus ” in this disclosure refers to dna virus , rna virus or both of them . the following non - limiting examples are provided to illustrate particular embodiments . the embodiments throughout may be supplemented with one or more detail from one or more example below , and / or one or more element from an embodiment may be substituted with one or more detail from one or more example below . ataxia telangiectasia - mutated ( atm ) and atm and rad3 - related ( atr ) are 2 members of the phosphoinositide 3 - kinase ( pi3k )- related protein kinases family that play a central role in dna damage response ( ddr ) coordination ; they also function in the signaling cascades machinery of cell cycle arrest , dna repair and transcription , and cell death . while atm is predominant activated in response to dna strand breaks , atr is activated in response to damage arising from ultraviolet ( uv ) ray or replication block ; both kinases activate signaling cascades that involving 2 checkpoint kinases effectors , chk1 and chk2 , whose roles were previously suggested to be redundant . in contrast to atm , atr has been reported to be indispensible for cell growth and for life . atr - knockout mouse embryos died early due to mitotic catastrophe characterized by incomplete dna replication and chromosomal fragmentation . moreover , atr gene mutations are rarely found in humans . the only mutated variants that can survive are heterozygous or hypomorphic variants . furthermore , cells derived from patients with seckel syndrome exhibit cellular features associated with atr signaling cascades defects . consistent with this phenotype , seckel - like mouse embryonic cells showed accelerated aging due to replicative stress , exhibiting an accumulation of lethal chromosomal breaks . however , with regard to its role in regulating the replication checkpoint , atr is activated by most cancer chemotherapeutic agents that target dna in replicating cells . therefore , inhibition of atr signaling cascades is a valid and promising strategy that can improve chemotherapeutic or radiotherapeutic efficiency . thus so far , several inhibitors of ddr - related kinases , including chk1 and chk2 , have been successfully used alone or in combination with each other in clinical trials . recently , several chemicals that inhibit atr kinase activity in vitro were used to support the hypothesis that atr kinase can be targeted to improve cancer therapy . since most of these studies are in their initial stages , it is imperative to focus more efforts toward investigating strategies to inhibit atr signaling cascades . in accordance with an aspect of the present invention , benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives compound , characteristically with inhibiting of dna damage response ( ddr ), is provided . another aspect of this invention , pharmaceutical composition of benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives , characteristically with inhibiting of dna damage response ( ddr ), is provided . the benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives includes a common structure being the following formula i or formula ii , wherein : r 3 , r 5 , r 7 , r 11 , r 14 and r 16 are selected independently from a group consisting of a hydrogen , a hydroxyl group , a methoxyl group and a oxygen atom contain a double bond . r 21 is selected independently from a group consisting of a hydrogen , a hydroxyl group and a methoxyl group . in a further aspect of this invention is directed towards a method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof , including the sequential or simultaneous co - administration of a compound of benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , and a dna - damaging agent . in some embodiments , said dna - damaging agent is selected from chemotherapeutic drugs such as alkylating agents , antimetabolic agents , antibiotic anti - cancer agents , topoisomerase inhibitors and anti - mitosis agents . in some embodiments , said alkylating agent is one selected from nitrogen mustards ( eg . melphalan , mechlorethamine , chlorambucil , ifosfamide , cyclophosphamide , estramustine and phenoxybenzamine ); or aziridines ( eg . thiotepa , carboquone ); or nitrosoureas ( eg . carmustine , semustine , iomustine , nimustine , streptozocin , ranimustine and lomustine ); or procarbazine and triazenes ( eg . dacarbazine , temozolomide and procarbazine ); or alkyl sulfonate ( eg . busulfan ); or platinum coordination complex ( eg . cisplatin , carboplatin , nedaplatin , iproplatin and oxaliplatin ); and mixtures thereof . in some embodiments , said antimetabolic agents are one selected from thymidylate synthase inhibitor ( eg . aminopterin , methotrexate , tegafur , piritrexin , trimetrexate , floxuridine , raltitrexed , pemetrexed , fluorouracil , doxifluridine and capecitabine ); or amidophosphoribosyl transferase inhibitors ( eg . mercaptopurine , thioguanine and thionosine ); or dna chain elongation inhibitors ( eg . cytarabine , ancitabine , gemcitabine , fludarabine , cladribine , clofarabine , azaserine , azacitidine , pentostatin , hydroxyurea ); and mixtures thereof . in some embodiments , said antibiotic anti - cancer agent is one selected from free radical agents ( eg . bleomycin and actinomycin d ); or topoisomerase ii inhibitors ( eg . daunorubicin , doxorubicin , idarubicin , epirubicin , valrubicin , pirarubicin , aclarubicin , mitoxantrone and piroxanthrone ); or other therapies or anticancer agents ( eg . menogaril , plicamycin , acivicin , anthramycin , pentostatin , calicheamicin and peplomycin ); and mixtures thereof . in some embodiments , said topoisomerase inhibitor is one selected from topoisomerase i inhibitors ( eg . camptothecin , irinotecan , topotecan ); or topoisomerase ii ( eg . podophyllin , podophyllotoxin , etoposide , teniposide ); and mixtures thereof . in some embodiments , said anti - mitosis agent is one selected from paclitaxel and docetaxel ; or anti - microtubule agents ( eg . colchicine , vinblastine , vincristine , vindesine and vinorelbine ); and mixtures thereof . benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives compounds of this invention include protoapigenone ( i - 1 ), 5 ′, 6 ′- dihydro - 6 ′- methoxy - protoapigenone ( i - 2 ), protoapigenin , ( i - 3 ), protoflavonone ( i - 4 ), 5 - hydroxyprotoflavone ( i - 5 ), 5 - hydroxy - 7 - methoxy - protoflavonone ( i - 6 ), compounds i - 7 , compounds i - 8 , 3 -( 1 - hydroxy - 4 - oxocyclohexa - 2 , 5 - dienyl )- 1 - h - benzo [ f ] chromen - 1 - one ( ii - 1 ) and compounds ii - 2 . in a further aspect of this invention , pharmaceutical composition of benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives , characteristically with modulating the activation state of atm kinase is provided . the benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives includes a common structure being the following formula i or formula ii , in a further aspect of this invention , both assay kit and assay composition of benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives , characteristically with detecting the activation state of atr , dna ddr kinase signaling cascades is provided . in a further aspect of this invention is directed towards a method of analyzing atr , dna ddr kinase signaling cascades in a reaction site thereof , including the sequential or simultaneous of benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , and a chemotherapeutic drugs or additional agent . in some embodiments , said chemotherapeutic drug is selected from chemotherapeutic drugs such as alkylating agents , antimetabolic agents , antibiotic anti - cancer agents , topoisomerase inhibitors and anti - mitosis agents . in some embodiments , the individual components of the combination may be administered separately , at different times during the course of therapy , or concurrently , in divided or single combination forms . also provided is , for example , simultaneous , staggered , or alternating treatment . in a further aspect of this invention , compounds and pharmaceutical composition of benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives , characteristically with detecting of dna damage in cancer cell as determined by the activation state of atm kinase is also useful for monitoring therapeutic effects during treatment . in some embodiments , method using benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives compound or pharmaceutical composition for defecting in the atr signaling cascade and / or dna - damage response ( ddr ). in some embodiments , said defect is altered expression or activity of one or more of the following cell markers as determined by standard cell marker detection assays : atm , chk1 , chk2 , cellular tumor antigen p53 , adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase ( ampk ), mammalian target of rapamycin complex ( mtorc ) 1 , metal response element ( mre ) 11 , mitogen - activated protein kinase ( mapk ), mapk - activated protein kinase ( mapkapk ) 2 , dna repair protein ( rad50 ), nijmegen breakage syndrome ( nbs ) 1 , 53bp1 , mediator of dna damage checkpoint ( mdc ) 1 , h2a histone family member x ( h2ax ). in another embodiment , the cell is a cancer cell expressing dna damaging oncogenes . in some embodiments , said cancer cell has altered expression or activity of one or more of the following cell markers as determined by standard cell marker detection assays : k - ras , n - ras , h - ras , raf , myc , mos , e2f , cdc25a , cdc4 , cdk2 , cyclin e , cyclin a and rb . in a further embodiment , the invention relates to an assay kit or assay composition for determent of atr and / or dna ddr signaling cascades at reaction site . in particular the assay kit or assay composition can include , a benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives compound , a processing / handling plan , a compartment , a additional reagent and instructions for use , or a reagent with a compartment and instructions for use . in one embodiment , for the purpose of altered expression or activity can then generate a detectable at the reaction site of the immunocomplex . the additional reagent can include atr , the atr receptor , the complex of dna , or an antigenic fragment thereof , a binding composition , or a nucleic acid . a kit for determining the binding of a test compound , e . g ., acquired from a biological sample or from a chemical library , can include a control compound , a labeled compound , and a method for separating free labeled compound from bound labeled compound and a combination thereof . the term excipients or “ pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipients ” and “ bio - available carriers or excipients ” above - mentioned include any appropriate compounds known to be used for preparing the dosage form , such as the solvent , the dispersing agent , the coating , the anti - bacterial or anti - fungal agent and the preserving agent or the delayed absorbent . usually , such kind of carrier or excipient does not have the therapeutic activity itself . each formulation prepared by combining the derivatives disclosed in the present invention and the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients will not cause the undesired effect , allergy or other inappropriate effects while being administered to human . accordingly , the derivatives disclosed in the present invention in combination with the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipients are adaptable in the clinical usage and in the human . a therapeutic effect can be achieved by using the dosage form in the present invention by the local or sublingual administration via the venous , oral , and inhalation routes or via the nasal , rectal and vaginal routes . about 0 . 1 mg to 1000 mg per day of the active ingredient is administered for the patients of various diseases . the carrier is varied with each formulation , and the sterile injection composition can be dissolved or suspended in the non - toxic intravenous injection diluents or solvent such as 1 , 3 - butanediol . among these carriers , the acceptable carrier may be mannitol or water . besides , the fixing oil or the synthetic glycerol ester or di - glycerol ester is the commonly used solvent . the fatty acid such as the oleic acid , the olive oil or the castor oil and the glycerol ester derivatives thereof , especially the oxy - acetylated type , may serve as the oil for preparing the injection and as the naturally pharmaceutical acceptable oil . such oil solution or suspension may include the long chain alcohol diluents or the dispersing agent , the carboxylmethyl cellulose or the analogous dispersing agent . other carriers are common surfactant such as tween and spans or other analogous emulsion , or the pharmaceutically acceptable solid , liquid or other bio - available enhancing agent used for developing the formulation that used in the pharmaceutical industry . the composition for oral administration adopts any oral acceptable formulation , which includes capsule , tablet , pill , emulsion , aqueous suspension , dispersing agent and solvent . the carrier generally used in the oral formulation , taking a tablet as an example , the carrier may be lactose , corn starch and lubricant , and magnesium stearate is the basic additive . the excipients used in a capsule include lactose and dried corn starch . for preparing an aqueous suspension or an emulsion formulation , the active ingredient is suspended or dissolved in oil interface in combination with the emulsion or the suspending agent , and appropriate amount of sweetening agent , flavors or pigment is added as needed . the nasal aerosol or inhalation composition may be prepared according to the well - known preparation techniques . for example , the bioavailability can be increased by dissolving the composition in the phosphate buffer saline and adding the benzyl alcohol or other appropriate preservative , or the absorption enhancing agent . the compound of the present invention may be formulated as suppositories for rectal or virginal administration . the compound of the present invention can also be administered intravenously , as well as subcutaneously , parentally , muscular , or by the intra - articular , intracranial , intra - articular fluid and intra - spinal injections , the aortic injection , the sterna injection , the intra - lesion injection or other appropriate administrations . protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) induces chromosomal aberrations but does not produce marked ddr . previously , protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) and compound ii - 1 were demonstrated to cause dna strand breaks and apoptosis in lung and prostate cancers ( chen h m , et al ., free radic biol med 2011 ), suggesting that inducing dna damage may be the potential mechanism underlying the anticancer effect of benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives . to test this hypothesis , we investigated the cytogenetic effect of protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) on cho cells ( fig1 ). according to the table 1 , low protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) concentrations produced dose - dependent increases in chromosomal structural changes , such as breakages , radials , and chromosomal polyploidy , similar to the effects seen with mitomycin c treatment ; however , the complete mitotic chromosome could not be obtained upon high - dose protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) treatment . since mitomycin c can induce ddr in many cancers , we investigated what kind of ddr signaling was activated by protoapigenone ( i - 1 ). surprisingly , high doses of protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) in hek293t cells did not induce noticeable changes in the putative ddr signaling , which we measured by analyzing the phosphorylation of the atm - dependent chk2 thr 68 residue and the atr - dependent chk1 ser 345 residue ( fig2 ). we did observe that protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) treatment caused slight accumulation of the p53 protein , which could have been the result of several posttranslational modifications . however , phosphorylation of the p53 ser 15 residue did not contribute to this protoapigenone ( i - 1 )- induced p53 protein accumulation , suggesting that protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) does not directly damage dna because dna damage normally stimulates atm / atr - dependent p53 ser15 phosphorylation . our result is similar to previous reports that p38 mapk is activated by protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) ( chen w y , et al . invest new drugs 2011 ), as its downstream target mapkapk2 was found to be phosphorylated starting as early as 2 h after protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) exposure ( fig2 ). we repeated the benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives experiment on lung and breast carcinoma cell lines a549 and mda - mb - 231 cells , respectively , and obtained similar results . consistently , no marked changes in chk1 and chk2 phosphorylation signaling were detected even at high doses of either drug for as long as 8 h after drug treatment ( fig3 ( a ) and 3 ( b ) ). the cytotoxic effect by benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives on cancer cells was determined by mtt assay at 48 h of incubation ( fig4 ); our data indicated that the ic 50 value range for cytotoxicity was similar to those in previous reports , confirming that benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives are stable compounds that do not directly cause dna damage . protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) and compound ii - 1 inhibit chk1 phosphorylation after dna damage . understanding the mechanism by which the benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives compounds cause chromosomal breakages ( fig1 ) and other abnormalities might aid in identifying their targets . we hypothesized that genes with functions associated with dna damage checkpoints and / or dna repair might be targeted by benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives . to test this hypothesis , we assessed the effects of benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives on ddr induced by h 2 o 2 . protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) was found to inhibit chk1 , but promote chk2 phosphorylation in a594 cells treated with 0 . 1 mm h 2 o 2 for 2 h ; however , atm autophosphorylation was not affected ( fig5 ( a ) ). pretreatment of cells with okadaic acid ( oa ) ( a phosphatase inhibitor ) or mg132 ( a proteasome inhibitor ) could not reverse the protoapigenone ( i - 1 )- induced inhibition of chk1 phosphorylation , indicating that the inhibition does not occur due to phosphatase activation or proteasome degradation by other regulatory factors ( fig5 ( b ) ). further , we investigated other sources of dna stimuli specific for atr activation ; our results demonstrate that uv - induced chk1 phosphorylation was dose - dependently inhibited by benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives within different cells ( fig6 ( a ) and 6 ( b ) ). in response to dna double - strand breaks ( dsbs ), fancd2 is known to be monoubiquitinated on k561 ( fancd2 - ub ) in an atr - dependent manner to stimulate repair ( andreassen p r , et al . genes dev 2004 ). we showed that fancd2 - ub was also inhibited by benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives ( fig5 ( a ), 6 ( a ) and 6 ( b ) ); further , atr inhibition by benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives was also observed in cells treated with currently prescribed chemotherapeutic agents ( fig7 ). collectively , these findings indicate that benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives can modify atr signaling after various types of dna damage . interestingly , compound ii - 1 was more potent than protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) in inhibiting chk1 phosphorylation and cytotoxicity ( fig4 ( a ) and 6 ( b )). we speculate that the replacement of 2 hydroxyl groups on protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) with an additional benzene ring contributes positively to this atr inhibition ; however , the definite pharmacophores need to be further investigated when the atr protein structure is resolved . target specificity of protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) and compound ii - 1 for atr - mediated signaling inhibition . to elucidate the specificity of the benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives inhibition on atr - mediated signaling , we compared the change between cells treated with benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives or the atm - specific inhibitor ku55933 before the induction of ddr . after h 2 o 2 damage , atm is thought to be the principal responder , and ku55933 treatment strongly inhibited atm - mediated chk2 phosphorylation specifically , but its effect on atr - mediated chk1 phosphorylation was small ( fig8 ( a ) ). in contrast , after hydroxyurea ( hu ; a replication blocker ) damage , atr is thought to be the principal responder , and benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives treatment significantly inhibited chk1 phosphorylation , but only slightly inhibited chk2 phosphorylation ( fig8 ( b ) ). using these pharmacological methods , we demonstrated that the specificity of ddr inhibition between benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives and ku55933 was completely different . to strengthen the argument that benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives specifically inhibits atr signaling , small inhibitory rnas against atm , atr , and the catalytic subunit of dna protein kinase ( dna - pkcs ) were introduced into hek293t cells before exposure to uv or h 2 o 2 . our results demonstrated that benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives completely inhibited uv - induced or h 2 o 2 - induced chk1 phosphorylation in a manner similar to sirna knockdown of atr , but not atm or dna - pkcs ( fig9 , fig1 ( a ), 10 ( b ) and 10 ( c ) ). the sirnas against atm and dna - pkcs decreased the uv - induced or h 2 o 2 - induced chk2 phosphorylation , which were not altered by the addition of protoapigenone ( i - 1 ), but were increased by compound ii - 1 treatment . interestingly , neither sirna targeted to atm or atr nor dna - pkcs affected the compound ii - 1 - mediated increase in chk2 phosphorylation . since a high dose of compound ii - 1 itself slightly induces chk2 activation ( fig3 ( a ) and 3 ( b ) ), the increased chk2 phosphorylation was likely a synergistic effect due to dna damage . to further identify the specific mediator that contributes to the effect of protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) on the initiation of atr kinase activation , we tested whether topbpl , atrip , and claspin were involved , as they have been identified as mediators of atr kinase activation ( lopez - contreras a j , et al . dna repair ( amst ) 2010 ). our results demonstrated that overexpression of atrip or topbp1 did not reverse the inhibitory effect of protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) on chk1 phosphorylation , whereas overexpression of claspin or atr did ( fig1 ), suggesting that protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) might affect the function of atr or claspin contributes to atr signaling inhibition . protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) and compound ii - 1 impair the functions of dna damage checkpoints and dna repair . previously , it has been demonstrated that s / m and g2 / m checkpoints are activated by atr in response to different types of dna damage ( nghiem p , et al . proc natl acad sci usa 2001 ). of these , the g2 / m checkpoint involves atm and atr in collaboration , whereas the s / m checkpoint is mediated solely by atr . to maintain genetic integrity , atr can prevent premature mitotic entry in the event of incomplete dna replication or unrepaired dna damage . in order to evaluate the effect of benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives on these atr - associated dna damage checkpoints , we observed the effect of benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives on mitotic entry following hydroxyurea or cisplatin treatment . in mda - mb - 231 cells , hydroxyurea and cisplatin significantly decreased the number of mitotic cells , indicating that the s / m and g2 / m checkpoints are intact in mda - mb - 231 cells ( fig1 ( a ) ). benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives or ku55933 treatment increased the percentage of mitotic cells in cisplatin - treated cells , as the table 2 suggesting that all of these compounds inhibited the damage - induced g2 / m checkpoint . however , benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives , but not ku55933 , significantly increased the hu - induced mitotic entry that is specific for the s / m checkpoint , indicating that benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives specifically impaired this distinctive checkpoint mediated solely by atr ( fig1 ( a ) ). atr function is also linked to dna repair via its coupled targets ( sorensen c s , et al . nat cell biol 2005 ). to examine the effect of benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives treatment on dna repair , we performed a homologous recombination repair ( hrr ) assay in hela cells . our result , as table 3 demonstrated that chromosomal breaks normally repaired by hrr were dose - dependently inhibited by protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) at low concentrations . compound ii - 1 produced similar effects at doses that were 10 - fold lower than that of protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) ( fig1 ( b ) ). from these results , we assumed that the cells carrying unrepaired dna would enter into mitosis following dna damage . to verify this assumption , we analyzed the dna - damage marker gamma - h2ax on mitotic cells using immunofluorescence staining . as expected , the numbers of large gamma - h2ax foci were increased upon addition of benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives in both unperturbed and perturbed mitotic cells ( fig1 ), suggesting that benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives increase dna damage in mitotic cells . the chromosomes became flat and aggregated after benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives treatment , differing from the three - dimensional and hair - like appearance of normal chromosomes at metaphase . inhibition of the checkpoint and repair mechanisms leads to chemosensitization in cancers . we questioned whether benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives could function as sensitizers for the chemotherapeutic drugs cisplatin that has been shown to induce atr activation as well as fancd2 monoubiquitination , which is the vital step for dna crosslink repair ( chirnomas d , et al . mol cancer ther 2006 ). we found that benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives treatment decreased the cisplatin - induced chk1 phosphorylation and fancd2 monoubiquitination in a549 , mda - mb - 231 , and u2os cells ( fig1 ( a ), 14 ( b ) and 14 ( c ) ). using the same doses , compound ii - 1 not only inhibits monoubiquitination of fancd2 but also affects fancd2 protein stability ; this data emphasizes that compound ii - 1 has more potent inhibitory effects as compared to protoapigenone ( i - 1 ). we further treated individual cells with cisplatin in combination with several varying doses of benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives , and counted survival colonies to determine their ability to survive after cisplatin - induced damage . our results demonstrated that benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives effectively decreased the clonogenic survival in cisplatin - treated mda - mb - 231 and a549 cells in the nanomolar dose range ( fig1 ( a ), 15 ( b ) , fig1 ( a ) and 16 ( b ) ). to investigate the chemosensitization effect of low - dose benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives in vivo , we established a tumor xenograft in nude mice using human mda - mb - 231 tumor cells , which are considered to be more resistant to cisplatin and are also sensitive to treatment with benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives , at least as compared to a549 cells ( fig4 , fig1 ( a ) and 17 ( b ) ). when the mice were treated with 0 . 2 mg / kg compound ii - 1 in combination with 2 mg / kg cisplatin , the tumor inhibitory effect was greater than that of cisplatin treatment alone ( fig1 ). however , protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) unexpectedly did not affect the cisplatin sensitivity of mda - mb - 231 tumors when a higher dose of 2 mg / kg was used in our experiments ( data not shown ). the pharmacokinetic data of protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) and compound ii - 1 needs to be compared in future studies to determine the differences in the chemical effects of these 2 compounds in vitro and in vivo . atr are involved in dna replication . low doses of protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) and compound ii - 1 significantly slowed cancer growth in a dose - dependent manner ( fig1 ( a ), 19 ( b ), 20 ( a ) and 20 ( b ) ), and caused s phase delay and inhibition of dna synthesis ( fig2 ( a ), 22 ( b ), 22 ( c ), 23 ( a ), 23 ( b ) and 23 ( c ) ); these events are similar to previously reported characteristics of atr defects . in the results of double - thymidine cell cycle synchronization assay , according to the table 4 which sorted out from fig2 - 23 , the unsynchronized cells ( fig2 ( a ) ) become synchronization by using this method , and 97 % of cells were stopped at g1 / s boundary after two cycles of thymidine blocks ( fig2 ( b ) ). those synchronized cells released from thymidine blockade and allowed progress into s phase in presence or absence of protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) and compound ii - 1 . protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) ( fig2 ( b ) and 23 ( c ) ) and compound ii - 1 ( fig2 ( c ) and 23 ( c ) ) showed significantly reduce the percentage of g2 / m cells at 9 hours of treatment in compared with control group ( fig2 ( a ) and 23 ( a ) ). so far , indicating that benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives with the ability to delay the s phase progression . through edu ( 5 - ethynyl - 2 ′- deoxyuridine ) incorporation to measurement the capacity of dna replication , 4 μm protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) ( fig2 ( d ) ) and 0 . 4 μm compound ii - 1 ( fig2 ( e ) ) but not 10 μm atm inhibitor ku55933 ( fig2 ( c ) ) showed efficiently reduce the percentage of incorporation in compared with control group ( fig2 ( a ) ), indicating that dna replication is inhibited ( fig2 ); these events are similar to the effect of a dna replication blocker hydroxyurea ( hu ) ( fig2 ( b ) ) and visualized that benzopyran - 4 - one derivatives with the ability to inhibit the dna replication . primary antibodies of chk1 ( sc - 8408 ), chk2 ( sc - 17747 ), fancd2 ( sc - 20022 ), phospho - atm ser1981 ( sc - 47739 ), and myc ( sc - 40 ) were purchased from santa cruz . phospho - histone h3 ser10 ( 06 - 570 ) and h2ax ser139 ( 05 - 636 ) antibodies were purchased from millipore . claspin ( 2880 ) and phospho - chk1 ser345 ( 2348 ), phospho - chk2 thr68 ( 2661 ), phospho - p53 ser15 ( 9286 ), p38 mapk thr180 / tyr182 ( 9216 ), and mapkapk2 thr334 ( 3007 ) were purchased from cell signaling . actin ( a2066 ), flag ( f1804 ), and hemagglutinin ( h9658 ) antibodies were purchased from sigma - aldrich . atr ( a300 - 137a ), atrip ( a300 - 095a ), and topbp1 ( a300 - 111a ) antibodies were purchased from bethyl ; and anti - atm ( gtx70103 ) antibodies were purchased from gene tex . mda - mb - 231 ( breast adenocarcinoma ; atcc htb - 26 , bcrc 60425 ) and a549 ( lung adenocarcinoma ; atcc ccl - 185 , bcrc 60074 ) human cell lines were purchased from bioresource collection and research center ( bcrc , hsinchu , taiwan ), and were authenticated by american type culture collection ( atcc , manassas , va .). u2os ( osteosarcoma ), hela ( cervical adenocarcinoma ), and hek 293t ( embryonic kidney cells ) human cell lines were provided by dr . sheau - yann shieh ( institute of molecular biology , academia sinica , taipei , taiwan ). cells were maintained in dulbecco &# 39 ; s modified eagle &# 39 ; s medium ( dmem , sigma - aldrich ) supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum ( fbs ) ( gibco ). for ddr induction , freshly diluted h 2 o 2 ( merck ) was added to the culture medium 1 h before the cells were harvested . for uv irradiation treatment , the cells were irradiated for 10 j / m 2 by a cross - linker ( uvp ) 1 h prior to analysis . protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) and compound ii - 1 were isolated and synthesized as described previously ( 15 - 17 ). to evaluate in vitro chemosensitization , cells were seeded in 6 - well plates 1 d before the experiment at a density of 100 - 400 cells / well . the drugs were incubated with the cells for 6 h , after which the medium was replaced with fresh drug - free fbs - containing medium . the colonies became visible and were counted 7 - 10 d later using 0 . 1 % crystal violet staining following image capture by a ccd camera ( las - 4000 mini ; fujifilm ). to evaluate the effect of dna damage checkpoint activation on cell cycle distribution , the cells were harvested at indicated time points and fixed with methanol for at least 2 h . the dna was then stained with a solution containing propidium iodide ( pi ) and rnase a ( sigma - aldrich ). fluorescently labeled cells were subsequently analyzed by the flow cytometer ( lsr ii ; bd biosciences ) with a suitable selection of excitation and emission wavelengths . the percentages of different fluorescent cell populations were analyzed using winmdi ver . 2 . 9 ( the scripps research institute ). dna replication was measured using a click - it edu assay kit , which is based on incorporation of the thymidine analogue 5 - ethynyl - 2 ′- deoxyuridine ( edu ) into dna during replication ( invitrogen ). then , 10 μm edu was added to the cell culture medium 30 min before the cells were harvested and fixed in 4 % paraformaldehyde . after cycloaddition , edu was detected with alexa fluor 647 using click reaction catalyzed by cu ( ii ), and the dna content was stained by cellcycle 405 - blue . to assay the mitotic entry , cells were treated with the indicated drugs and trapped in 70 nm nocodazole for 16 h , and antibodies against phospho - histone h3 ser10 and pi were used to stain the mitotic cells and dna content , respectively . an fitc annexin v apoptosis detection kit was used to characterize the phenotype of cell death based on pi and annexin v double staining ( bd pharmingen , san diego , calif .). fluorescence - labeled cells were subsequently analyzed by the bd lsr ii flow cytometer with a suitable selection of excitation and emission wavelengths . the percentages of different fluorescent cells were analyzed using winmdi ver . 2 . 9 . in brief , 5 × 10 5 chinese hamster ovary ( cho ) cells were seeded in 60 - mm dishes 1 d before the experiment . protoapigenone ( i - 1 )- induced structural chromosomal changes after 20 h were compared with that of the cells cultured in 2 μm mitomycin c . at 18 h after protoapigenone ( i - 1 ), 0 . 1 μg / ml colchicine was added for 2 h , and metaphase cells were collected by shaking them off the dishes . mitotic cells were treated with 0 . 5 % kcl for 10 min and fixed with a 3 : 1 mixture of methanol : glacial acetic acid . the cells were then spread on slides for chromosome staining with 5 % giemsa solution . we then analyzed the chromosome structure of 200 well - spread metaphase cells ( 100 metaphase cells / experiment ) under a 100 × oil immersion objective . the plasmids atr , atrip , and claspin were kindly provided by dr . x . wu ( the scripps research institute , la jolla , calif . ), and topbp1 was provided by dr . j . chen ( university of texas md anderson cancer center , houston , tex .). the sirna sequences of the target atm ( 5 ′- aagcgcctgattcgagatcct - 3 ′) [ seq id no : 1 ], atr ( 5 ′- cctccgtgatgttgcttgatt - 3 ′) [ seq id no : 2 ], dna - pkcs ( 5 ′- gatcgcaccttactctgttga - 3 ′) [ seq id no : 3 ], and the random sequence that served as the control ( 5 ′- aagtcaatatgcgactgatgg - 3 ′) [ seq id no : 4 ] were synthesized by sigma - proligo ( 23 , 24 ). all transfections in hek293t cells were performed by the calcium phosphate precipitation method . cell lysate preparations , gel electrophoresis , and immunoblotting were performed as previously described ( 23 ). the binding of primary antibodies were detected by horseradish peroxidase - coupled secondary antibodies ( jackson immunoresearch ) followed by enhanced chemiluminescence ( ecl ) ( millipore ). the images of non - saturated bands were captured using a luminescent image analyzer ( las - 4000 mini ; fujifilm ). the antibodies used in this study are listed in supplementary materials . dna constructs of the recombination substrate phprt - drgfp , in which the i - scei site lies within 1 copy of 2 mutated tandem repeated gfp genes , and the i - scei endonuclease expression vector pcbascei , were originally constructed by dr . m . jasin ( 25 ). in brief , we generated a stable phprt - drgfp construct in hela cells , and evaluated the chromosomal breaks generated by i - scei endonuclease expression . six hours after pcbascei was delivered into the cells , complete medium with or without protoapigenone ( i - 1 ) or compound ii - 1 was replaced onto the cells . forty - eight hours after delivery , the efficiency of chromosomal hrr was obtained as the percentage of gfp - positive cells , which was assessed by flow cytometry . human breast cancer mad - mb - 231 cells were harvested from the culture , resuspended in medium without serum at 1 × 10 8 cells / ml , and 0 . 1 ml of this suspension was subcutaneously injected into the right flank of female nude mice ( balb / cann - foxn1nu / crl narl ; purchased from the national science council animal center , taiwan ). tumor - injected mice that successfully developed tumors that grew to approximately 50 - 100 mm 3 in volume were randomly sorted into groups and used for the experiments . control vehicle or 2 mg / kg of cisplatin with or without 0 . 2 mg / kg of compound ii - 1 was administered intraperitoneally every 4 d throughout the experiment . tablets are prepared using standard mixing and formation techniques as described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 358 , 941 , to bechard et al ., issued oct . 25 , 1994 , which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . proteins that are involved in dna dna - damage response pathways are positive for virus replication , including atm , atr , nbs , and fancd2 . we found that benzopyran - 4 - one derivative compounds can inhibit cells in response to oxidative stress , ultraviolet , and dna - damaging chemotherapeutics induced signaling . therefore , benzopyran - 4 - one derivative compounds may be able to inhibit virus infections by inhibiting the dna damage signaling pathway . to test the effects of anti - virus infection of benzopyran - 4 - one derivative compounds , a green fluorescent protein ( gfp ) expressing adenovirus to visualize adenovirus infection was used . to obtain the reporter virus , the gfp cdna is amplified from pegfp - n1 ( clontech , accession : u55762 . 1 ) through a polymerase chain reaction with primers 5 ′- caccatggtgagcaagggc - 3 ′ [ seq id no : 5 ] and 5 ′- tacttgtacagctcgtccatg - 3 ′ [ seq id no : 6 ], and then cloned into pentr ™/ d - top vector ( invitrogen ). the gfp cdna was transferred to adenovirus vector pad / cmv / v5 - dest ™ through an in vitro recombination method using lr clonase ® ii after the sequence was confirmed . we selected the ampicillin - and chloramphenicol - resistant clones to obtain the pad - gfp . the pad - gfp plasmid is then transfected into e1a and e1b expressing hek293a cells to produce a crude gfp expression adenoviral stock ( ad - gfp ). the adenovirus was amplified by infecting hek293a cells . the adenoviral stock was titered and later used to infect the cells for the analysis . in addition to the test of the benzopyran - 4 - one derivative compounds on the dna virus infection , they were tested on the retrovirus using a gfp - expressing retrovirus to visualize the adenovirus infection . to obtain this virus , plasmids ( obtained from the national rnai core facility at academia sinica , taiwan .) packaging plasmid pcmv - δr8 . 91 ( containing gag , pol and rev genes ), envelope plasmid pmd . g ( vsv - g expressing plasmid ), and trc library plasmid plko_as3 . 1w . egfp . neo ( gfp cdna carrying plasmid ) were co - transfected into a 6 - well plate of the large t antigen expressing package cell line , hek293t cells . 24 hours after transfection , bsa - containing media per plate was replaced with the original media to increase virus production , and the supernatant lentivirus was collected after an additional 16 hours . afterward , the lentiviral stock ( lenti - gfp ) was titered and used to infect the cells for analysis . to observe the anti - virus effect of the benzopyran - 4 - one derivative compounds , ad - gfp and lenti - gfp at a low moi of 0 . 5 were then applied to infect the hek293a cells and hek293t cells , respectively . the protocols for virus infection and compound treatment were shown in fig2 . in the prevention group , cells were treated by compounds of compound i - 1 at 0 . 2 , 1 , and 2 μm or compound ii - 1 at 0 . 1 , 0 . 5 , 1 μm for 30 minutes before ad - gfp and lenti - gfp infection . in the treatment group , cells were treated by compounds of compound i - 1 at 0 . 2 , 1 , and 2 μm or compound ii - 1 at 0 . 1 , 0 . 5 , and 1 μm for 2 hours after ad - gfp and lenti - gfp infection . after a total of 6 hours of compounds and virus treatments , cells were washed with hank &# 39 ; s buffered salt solution and a flash culture media was replaced . 24 hours after virus infection , the effect of the benzopyran - 4 - one derivative compounds on the antivirus infection was recorded by observing the gfp positive cells under an inverted fluorescence microscope . the mean fluorescence intensity by flow cytometry in each plate of cells was analyzed for quantification . according to the results , pre - treatment of 0 . 1 - 1 μm of compound ii - 1 decreased the number of gfp cells ( fig2 ( a ) ) significantly with a dose - dependent effect , as well as the mean fluorescence intensity ( mfi ) of gfp protein ( fig2 ( b ) ) in ad - gfp - infected cells . pre - treatment of compound i - 1 for 0 . 2 - 2 μm did not prevent the ad - gfp infection . these results indicate that compound ii - 1 is more potent in prevention of adenovirus infection than compound i - 1 . pre - treatment of 0 . 2 - 2 μm of compound i - 1 or 0 . 1 - 1 μm of compound ii - 1 significantly decreased the mfi of gfp protein ( fig2 ( c ) ) in lenti - gfp - infected cells with a dose - dependent effect . these results indicate that the benzopyran - 4 - one derivative compounds prevent the retrovirus infection . compound ii - 1 is more potent to prevent retrovirus infection than compound i - 1 . post - treatment of 0 . 1 - 1 μm of compound ii - 1 after 2 hours of ad - gfp virus infection decreased the number of gfp cells significantly with a dose - dependent effect ( fig2 ( a ) ), as well as the mfi of gfp protein ( fig2 ( b ) ) in ad - gfp - infected cells . treatment with compound i - 1 for 0 . 2 - 2 μm did not inhibit the ad - gfp infection . these results indicate that compound ii - 1 is more potent in treating adenovirus infection than compound i - 1 . post - treatment of 0 . 1 - 1 μm of compound ii - 1 after 2 hours of lenti - gfp infection significantly decreased the mfi of gfp protein in lenti - gfp - infected cells with a dose - dependent effect . treatment with compound i - 1 2 μm also showed an inhibition effect ( fig2 ( c ) ). these results indicate that the benzopyran - 4 - one derivative compounds are effective in treating retrovirus infection . compound ii - 1 is more potent in treating retrovirus infection than compound i - 1 . based on the treatment protocol shown in fig2 , pre - treatment of benzopyran - 4 - one derivative compounds was more efficient than post - treatment . we infer that benzopyran - 4 - one derivative compounds affect virus infection in multiple steps . moreover , the inhibition patterns of benzopyran - 4 - one derivative compounds in ad - gfp and lenti - gfp are quite similar , indicating that the mechanisms of these compounds for dna virus and retrovirus infections are similar . ideally , the ad - gfp virus is replicated within hek293a cells . to test the effect of benzopyran - 4 - one derivative compounds on ad - gfp virus replication , the same virus infection and compound treatment are performed as shown in fig2 . at the end of a 24 - hour experiment , we collected the ad - gfp virus from each well of ad - gfp infected hek293a using two freeze - thaw cycles and then collected the supernatants . an equal amount of supernatants from each well were then infected with the hek293a cells , which were newly - prepared 1 day before infection in a 96 - well plate at a density of 5 × 10 4 per well . finally , the gfp cell images were obtained using the inverted fluorescence microscope and quantified by analyzing the mfi using flow cytometry for each well of cells . 24 hours after isolating the ad - gfp virus infected with the new prepared hek293a cells , we found that the pre - treatment with compound i - 1 or compound ii - 1 significantly decreased the number of gfp cells with a dose - dependent effect ( fig2 ( a ) ) as well as the mfi of gfp protein ( fig2 ( b ) ). the inhibition of virus infection including virus attaching to or entering the cells , may account for the inhibition of virus replication with compound ii - 1 due to the significant inhibition of virus infection ( fig2 ). however , compound i - 1 significantly inhibited the virus replication in cells , proving that benzopyran - 4 - one derivative compounds prevent adenovirus replication since the same dose of compound i - 1 did not significantly inhibit the ad - gfp virus infection ( fig2 ). moreover , post - treatment of compound i - 1 or compound ii - 1 after 2 hours of ad - gfp virus infection significant decreased the number of gfp cells with a dose - dependent effect ( fig2 ( c ) ) as well as the mfi of gfp protein ( fig2 ( d ) ). to understand whether or not inhibition of the virus infection is followed by the host cell toxicity caused by the compound treatments , we performed an mtt [ 3 -( 4 , 5 - cimethylthiazol - 2 - yl )- 2 , 5 - diphenyl tetrazolium bromide ] assay in cells untreated or treated with indicated compounds for 6 hours . after that , the compound is washed out and the mtt assay was tested after an additional 18 hours of fresh culture medium incubation , in a way similar to the protocol shown in fig2 . 0 . 5 mg / ml of mtt contained media was added to cells at the end of the experiment and incubated for 3 hours . then , the supernatant was removed and the formazone crystals solubilized using 100 μl of dmso and the absorbance at 570 nm was read using a microplate reader . the result showed a decrease of 5 - 10 % of surviving cells in the highest dose of 1 μm compound ii - 1 ( fig3 ). however , the virus inhibition effect of 50 - 99 % is also shown at this dose of compound ii - 1 . therefore , our results show that the compound effect shown by the mfi of gfp protein , which is a reporter of virus infection , was not interfered with cell density in the experiments . suitable dose ranges and cell toxicity levels may be assessed using standard dose range experiments that are well - known in the art . actual dosages administered may vary depending , for example , on the nature of the disorder , e . g ., stage of virus - mediated pathology , the age , weight and health of the individual , as well as other factors . in some embodiments , the compounds in this disclosure are formulated into preparations in solid , semi - solid , liquid or gaseous forms , such as tablets , capsules , pills , powders , granules , dragees , gels , slurries , ointments , solutions , suppositories , injections , inhalants and aerosols . administration of such formulations can be achieved in various ways , including oral , buccal , parenteral , injection , intravenous , intradermal ( e . g ., subcutaneous , intramuscular ), topical , transdermal , transmucosal , inhalation , nasal , rectal , vaginal , etc ., administration . moreover , the compounds in this disclosure can be administered in a local rather than systemic manner , for example , in a depot or sustained release formulation . in some embodiments , a method for treating or preventing a virus infection in a subject is disclosed . the method comprises a step of administering to the subject with the virus infection a therapeutically effective amount of a benzopyran - 4 - one derivative for an administration duration , i . e . the treatment duration , between 1 to 10 days to inhibit a viral replication in the subject . some studies suggest that antiviral treatment may be beneficial in hospitalized patients when started up to 4 or 5 days after illness onset . treatment duration might need to be altered to fit the clinical circumstances . for example , clinical judgment should be the guide regarding the need to extend treatment duration longer than 5 or 10 days for patients whose illness is prolonged . in some embodiments , the method comprises a step of identifying the subject with the virus infection . in some embodiments , the benzopyran - 4 - one derivative is administered intraperitoneally or subcutaneously . in some embodiments , the virus is one of an adenovirus and a retrovirus . in some embodiments , the subject is at risk of developing a viral infection . in some embodiments , the benzopyran - 4 - one derivative is administered at an interval selected from a group consisting of a once - daily interval , a multiple - daily interval ( once every 8 or 12 hrs ) and a weekly interval . dosage adjustment may be performed to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity . in patients with high clearance ( e . g ., young adults ), dosing intervals shorter than 24 hrs may be more appropriate . in some embodiments , the benzopyran - 4 - one derivative is administered in combination with at least one agent selected from a group consisting of an antiviral agent , an antibiotic , and a steroid drug . in some embodiments , the antiviral agent is an anti - retroviral agent selected from a group consisting of a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor , a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor , a non - nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor , a protease inhibitor , a fusion inhibitor , and an integrase inhibitor . in some embodiments , the virus infection is one of an adenovirus infection , which may be a respiratory infection , and a retrovirus infection . andreassen p r , et al . atr couples fancd2 monoubiquitination to the dna - 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