Patent Application: US-201013258512-A

Abstract:
the invention relates to compounds of formulae and : and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof for the treatment of cancer , inflammation , auto - immune diseases , diabetes and diabetic complications , infection , cardiovascular disease and ischemia - reperfusion injuries .

Description:
the terms used to describe the present invention have the following meanings herein . the compounds and intermediates of the present invention may be named according to either the iupac ( international union for pure and applied chemistry ) or cas ( chemical abstracts service ) nomenclature systems . the carbon atom content of the various hydrocarbon - containing moieties herein may be indicated by a prefix designating the minimum and maximum number of carbon atoms in the moiety , for example , the prefix ( ca — cb ) alkyl indicate an alkyl moiety of the integer “ a ” to “ b ” carbon atoms , inclusive . thus , for example , ( c1 - c6 ) alkyl refers to an alkyl group of one to six carbon atoms inclusive . the term “ alkyl ” denotes a straight or branched chain of carbon atoms with only hydrogen atom substituents , wherein the carbon chain optionally contains one or more double or triple bonds , or a combination of double bonds and triple bonds . examples of alkyl groups include , but are not limited to , methyl , ethyl , propyl , isopropyl , propenyl , propynyl , hexadienyl , and the like . the term “ alkoxy ” refers to straight or branched , monovalent , saturated aliphatic chains of carbon atoms wherein one of the carbon atoms has been replaced with an oxygen atom . examples of alkoxy groups include , but are not limited to , methoxy , ethoxy and iso - propoxy . the term “ cycloalkyl ” refers to a saturated and optionally unsaturated monocyclic or bicyclic arrangement of aliphatic chains . examples of cycloalkyl groups include , but are not limited to , cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclopentyl and cyclohexenyl . cycloalkyl groups may also be optionally fused to aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene to form fused cycloalkyl groups , such as indanyl and the like . the term “ substituted ” refers to replacement of a hydrogen atom on a molecule with a different atom or molecule . the atom or molecule replacing the hydrogen atom is denoted as a “ substituent .” the term “ het ” refers to a saturated or unsaturated mono - or multi - ring carbocycle in which one or more of the ring carbon atoms are replaced by n , s , p or o . the term “ het ” is intended to encompass fully saturated and unsaturated ring systems as well as partially unsaturated ring systems , including all possible isomeric forms of the heterocycle ( for example , pyrrolyl comprises 1h - pyrrolyl and 2h - pyrrolyl ). examples of where het is a monocyclic ( e . g ., a 4 -, 5 - or 6 - membered ring ) or a bicyclic ( e . g ., a 5 / 6 , 5 / 5 , 6 / 6 system ) saturated heterocycle include , but are not limited to , tetrahydrofuranyl , pyrrolidinyl , tetrahydrothienyl , dihydrooxazolyl , piperidinyl , hexahydropyrimidinyl , dioxanyl , morpholinyl , dithianyl , thiomorpholinyl , piperazinyl and the like . examples of where het is a monocyclic , bicyclic or tricyclic partially saturated heterocycle include , but are not limited to , pyrrolinyl , imidazolinyl , pyrazolinyl , 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuranyl , 1 , 3 - benzodioxolanyl , 2 , 3dihydro - 1 , 4 - benzodioxinyl , indolinyl and the like . examples of where het is a monocyclic , bicyclic or tricyclic aromatic heterocycle include , but are not limited to , pyrrolyl , furanyl , thienyl , imidazolyl , oxazolyl , isoxazolyl , thiazolyl , isothiazolyl , pyrazolyl , 1 , 2 , 3 - triazolyl , 1 , 2 , 5 - thiadiazolyl , 1 , 2 , 3 - thiadiazolyl , 1 , 2 , 3 - oxadiazolyl , 1 , 2 , 5 - oxadiazolyl , pyridinyl , pyrimidinyl , pyrazinyl , pyridazinyl , triazinyl , benzofuranyl , isobenzofuranyl , benzothienyl , isobenzothienyl , indolizinyl , indolyl , isoindoly , benzoxazolyl , benzimidazolyl , indazolyl , benzisoxazolyl , benzisothiazolyl , benzopyrazolyl , benzoxadiazolyl , benzothiadiazolyl , benzotriazolyl , quinolinyl , isoquinolinyl , cinnolinyl , quinolizinyl , phthalazinyl , quinoxalinyl , quinazolinyl , naphthyridinyl , pteridinyl , pyrrolopyridinyl , thienopyridinyl , furanopyridinyl , isothiazolopyridinyl , thiazolopyridinyl , isoxazolopyridinyl , oxazolopyridinyl , pyrazolopyridinyl , imidazopyridinyl , pyrrolopyrazinyl , thienopyrazinyl , furanopyrazinyl , isothiazolopyrazinyl , thiazolopyrazinyl , isoxazolopyrazinyl , oxazolopyrazinyl , pyrazolopyrazinyl , imidazopyrazinyl , pyrrolopyrimidinyl , thienopyrimidinyl , furanopyrimidinyl , isothiazolopyrimidinyl , thiazolopyrimidinyl , isoxazolopyrimidinyl , oxazolopyrimidinyl , pyrazolopyrimidinyl , imidazopyrimidinyl , pyrrolopyridazinyl , thienopyridazinyl , furanopyridazinyl , isothiazolopyridazinyl , thiazolopyridazinyl , isoxazolopyridazinyl , oxazolopyridazinyl , pyrazolopyridazinyl , imidazopyridazinyl , oxadiazolopyridinyl , thiadiazolopyridinyl , triazolopyridinyl , oxadiazolopyrazinyl , thiadiazolopyrazinyl , triazolopyrazinyl , oxadiazolopyrimidinyl , thiadiazolopyrimidinyl , triazolopyrimidinyl , oxadiazolopyridazinyl , thiadiazolopyridazinyl , triazolopyridazinyl , isoxazolotriazinyl , isothiazolotriazinyl , pyrazolotriazinyl , oxazolotriazinyl , thiazolotriazinyl , imidazotriazinyl , oxadiazolotriazinyl , thiadiazolotriazinyl , triazolotriazinyl , carbazolyl and the like . the phrase “ therapeutically effective amount ” refers to an amount of a compound that ( i ) treats or prevents the particular disease , condition , or disorder , ( ii ) attenuates , ameliorates , or eliminates one or more symptoms of the particular disease , condition , or disorder , or ( iii ) prevents or delays the onset of one or more symptoms of the particular disease , condition . the phrase “ pharmaceutically acceptable ” indicates that the designated carrier , vehicle , diluent , excipient ( s ), and / or salt is generally chemically and / or physically compatible with the other ingredients comprising the formulation , and physiologically compatible with the recipient thereof . the term “ mammal ” relates to an individual animal that is a member of the taxonomic class mammalia . examples of mammals include , but are not limited to , humans , dogs , cats , horses and cattle . in the present invention , the preferred mammal is a human . racemic compound 2 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl ) quinoline - 3 - carboxamide is described in example 2 herein and is referred to throughout as the compound of example 2 . in an exemplary embodiment , the compounds of the present invention have the structure and the stereochemistry shown in formula ( 3 ). the compounds may be resolved into their enantiomers by methods well known to those skilled in the art . examples include formation of diastereoisomeric salts which may be separated , for example , by crystallization ; formation of diastereoisomeric derivatives or complexes which may be separated , for example , by crystallization , gas - liquid or liquid chromatography ; selective reaction of one enantiomer with an enantiomer - specific reagent , for example , enzymatic etherification ; or gas - liquid or liquid chromatography in a chiral environment , for example , on a chiral support for example silica with a bound chiral ligand or in the presence of a chiral solvent . it will be appreciated that where the desired stereoisomer is converted into another chemical entity by one of the exemplary separation procedures described above , a further step is required to liberate the desired enantiomeric form . alternatively , the specific stereoisomers may be synthesized by using an optically active starting material , by asymmetric synthesis using optically active reagents , substrates , catalysts or solvents , or by converting one stereoisomer into the other by asymmetric transformation . wherein the compounds contain one or more additional stereogenic centers , those skilled in the art will appreciate that all diastereoisomers and diastereoisomeric mixtures of the compounds illustrated and discussed herein are within the scope of the present invention . these diastereoisomers may be isolated by methods well known to those skilled in the art , for example , by crystallization , gas - liquid or liquid chromatography . alternatively , intermediates in the course of the synthesis may exist as racemic mixtures and be subjected to resolution by methods well known to those skilled in the art , for example by formation of diastereoisomeric salts which may be separated , for example , by crystallization ; formation of diastereoisomeric derivatives or complexes which may be separated , for example , by crystallization , gas - liquid or liquid chromatography ; selective reaction of one enantiomer with an enantiomer - specific reagent , for example , enzymatic esterification ; or gas - liquid or liquid chromatography in a chiral environment , for example , on a chiral support for example silica with a bound chiral ligand or in the presence of a chiral solvent . it will be appreciated that where the desired stereoisomer is converted into another chemical entity by one of the exemplary separation procedures described above , a further step is required to liberate the desired enantiomeric form . alternatively , the specific stereoisomers may be synthesized by using an optically active starting material , for example , by asymmetric synthesis using optically active reagents , substrates , catalysts or solvents , or by converting one stereoisomer into the other by asymmetric transformation . these methods are described in more detail in texts such as “ chiral drugs ”, cynthia a . challener ( editor ), wiley , 2002 or “ chiral drug separation ” by bingyunh li and donald t . haynia in “ encyclopedia of chemical processing ” by sunggyu lee and lee lee ( editors ), crc press , 2005 . the compounds of the present invention , and the salts thereof , may exist in the unsolvated as well as the solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water , ethanol , and the like . selected compounds of formula ( 1 ) and formula ( 2 ) and their salts and solvates may exist in more than one crystal form . polymorphs of compounds represented by formula ( 1 ) and formula ( 2 ) form part of this invention and may be prepared by crystallization of a compound of formula ( 1 ) or formula ( 2 ) under different conditions . examples include using different solvents or solvent mixtures for recrystallization ; crystallization at different temperatures ; and various modes of cooling , ranging from very fast to very slow cooling during crystallization . polymorphs may also be obtained by heating or melting a compound of formula ( 1 ) or formula ( 2 ) followed by gradual or fast cooling . the presence of polymorphs may be determined by , for example , solid state nmr spectroscopy , ir spectroscopy , differential scanning calorimetry , powder x - ray diffraction or other such techniques . this invention also includes isotopically - labeled compounds , which are identical to those described by formulas ( 1 ) and ( 2 ), but for the fact that one or more atoms have been replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature . examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen , carbon , nitrogen , oxygen , sulfur and fluorine , such as 2 h , 3 h , 13 c , 14 c , 15 n , 18 o , 17 o , 35 s , 36 cl , 125 i , 129 i and 18 f respectively . compounds of the present invention and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds which contain the aforementioned isotopes and / or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention . certain isotopically - labeled compounds of the present invention , for example those into which an isotope such as 2 h ( deuterium ) have been incorporated can afford therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability , for example , increased in vivo half life or reduced dosage requirements and , hence , may be preferred in some circumstances . isotopically labeled compounds of formulas ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) of this invention , salts and solvates thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out procedures disclosed in the schemes and / or in the examples below , by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non - isotopically labeled reagent . pharmaceutically acceptable salts , as used herein in relation to compounds of the present invention , include pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic salts of said compounds . these salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of a compound , or by separately reacting the compound with a suitable organic or inorganic acid and isolating the salt thus formed . representative salts include , but are not limited to , the hydrobromide , hydrochloride , hydroiodide , sulfate , bisulfate , nitrate , acetate , trifluoroacetate , oxalate , besylate , camsylate , palmitate , malonate , stearate , laurate , malate , borate , benzoate , lactate , phosphate , hexafluorophosphate , benzene sulfonate , tosylate , formate , citrate , maleate , fumarate , succinate , tartrate , naphthylate , mesylate , glucoheptonate , lactobionate , and laurylsulphonate salts , and the like . compounds of the present invention may also react to form salts with pharmaceutically acceptable metal and amine cations formed from organic and inorganic bases . the term “ pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation ” contemplates positively charged metal ions derived from sodium , potassium , calcium , magnesium , aluminum , iron , zinc and the like . the term “ pharmaceutically acceptable amine cation ” contemplates the positively charged ions derived from ammonia and organic nitrogenous bases strong enough to form such cations . bases useful for the formation of pharmaceutically acceptable nontoxic base addition salts of compounds of the present invention form a class whose limits are readily understood by those skilled in the art . ( see , for example , berge , et al ., “ pharmaceutical salts ,” j . pharm . sci ., 66 : 1 - 19 ( 1977 )). the present invention further includes prodrugs of compounds of formula ( 1 ). a prodrug of a compound of formula ( i ) may be fowled in a conventional manner with a functional group of the compound , such as with an amino , hydroxy or carboxy group . the term “ prodrug ” refers to a compound that is transformed in vivo to yield a compound of formula ( i ) or formula ( ii ) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound . the transformation may occur by various mechanisms , such as through hydrolysis in blood . a discussion of the use of prodrugs is provided by t . higuchi and w . stella , “ pro - drugs as novel delivery systems ,” vol . 14 of the a . c . s . symposium series , and in bioreversible carriers in drug design , ed . edward b . roche , american pharmaceutical association and pergamon press , 1987 . for example , if a compound of the present invention contains an alcohol functional group , a prodrug can be formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the alcohol group with a group such as cor 6 to provide an ester prodrug ; with conhr 6 to provide a carbamate prodrug ; with coor 6 to provide a carbonate prodrug ; with ch 2 ocor 6 to provide an alkylcarbonyloxymethyl prodrug ; with p ( o )( oh ) 2 to provide a phosphate prodrug ; with p ( o )( o ( c1 - c6 ) alkyl ) 2 to provide a phosphate prodrug ; with p ( o )( och2oco ( c1 - c6 ) alkyl ) 2 to provide a phosphate prodrug ; with p ( o )( oh )( och2oco ( c1 - c6 ) alkyl ) to provide a phosphate prodrug ; with p ( o )( oh )( oc1 - c6 ) alkyl ) to provide a phosphate prodrug ; or with p ( o )( oh )( c1 - c6 ) alkyl ) to provide a phosphonate prodrug , and the corresponding inorganic salts of the phosphate and phosphonate prodrugs , or glycosyl ( the radical resulting from the removal of a hydroxyl group of the hemiacetal form of a carbohydrate ), wherein r 6 is c1 - c6 alkyl , trifluoromethyl , cyclopropyl , cyclohexyl , cyclohexylmethyl , phenyl , phenyl substituted with fluorine , chlorine , bromine , hydroxyl , trifluoromethyl , ( c1 - c4 ) alkyl , ( c1 - c4 ) alkoxy , phenylmethyl , phenylmethyl substituted with fluorine , chlorine , bromine , hydroxyl , trifluoromethyl , ( c1 - c4 ) alkyl , ( c1 - c4 ) alkoxy , 2 -, 3 -, or - 4 - pyridinyl , 2 -, - 4 -, or 5 - pyrimidinyl . there was a focus on targeting a “ down - stream ” event of nf - κb activation , preventing p65 , relb and c - rel from binding to dna enhancer sequences and activating transcription . this approach made it possible to modulate both canonical and non - canonical pathways , either together or separately with different compounds . in addition , the “ down - stream ” nf - κb inhibitors may avoid the side effects observed for many “ up - stream ” nf - κb inhibitors . a drug screening paradigm has been established to identify novel and proprietary nf - κb inhibitors of the rel family . three parallel approaches have been taken to identify suitable lead molecules : ( 1 ) an in - silico screen of 5 , 000 , 000 compounds using the crystal structure of p65 , ( 2 ) a broad high - throughput screen of a diversified compound library using a cell based screen , and ( 3 ) modification to improve existing inhibitors of p65 . in comparison to known p65 antagonists , e . g ., the natural product pathenolide and the synthetic molecule , dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin ( dhmeq ), the compounds of the invention display a significant improvement in potency against p65 ( rela ) ( see fig7 ). unlike dhmeq or pathenolide , the compounds of the invention have been discovered to also inhibit relb ( see fig8 ) and c - rel ( table 1 ). thus , the compounds are dual inhibitors of canonical and non - canonical paths , as well as sole inhibitors . in general , compounds of the present invention are prepared by the general synthetic methods outlined in reaction schemes 1 and 2 , where “ r ” as indicated in the schemes is the moiety shown below referring to reaction scheme 1 , compounds 2 - 5 can be prepared according to published literature procedures ( see , e . g ., taylor et al ., synthesis 1998 , 775 ). treatment of 2 , 5 - dimethoxyaniline 1 with di - tert - butyl dicarbonate ( boc 2 o ) and triethylamine in methanol or tetrahydrofuran at temperatures ranging from 0 ° c . to room temperature gave the protected aniline derivative 2 . oxidation with bis ( acetoxyiodo ) benzene in methanol at 0 ° c . gave the ketal 3 . monoepoxidation to yield 4 was achieved using 30 % aqueous hydrogen peroxide and a base such as aqueous sodium hydroxide or potassium carbonate in aqueous tetrahydrofuran at temperatures ranging from 0 ° c . to room temperature . selective removal of the boc group with a 4 / 1 dichloromethane / trifluoroacetic acid mixture at temperatures ranging from 0 ° c . to room temperature gave the free amine 5 . alternatively , this deprotection can be achieved using boron trifluoride - diethyl ether complex and activated molecular sieves in a solvent such as dichloromethane at room temperature . the amine 5 was then coupled with an acid chloride ( rcl ) using a base such as lithium tert - butoxide ( lio t bu ) in a solvent such as anhydrous tetrahydrofuran at − 78 ° c . to give the ketal 6 . the various acid chlorides ( rcl ) were prepared from the corresponding carboxylic acid by refluxing in neat thionyl chloride . the ketal 6 was de - protected in an acidic media such as trifluoroacetic acid in a solvent such as dichloromethane at temperatures ranging from 0 ° c . to room temperature to give diketone 7 . regioselective reduction of 7 was achieved by treatment with a slight excess of a mild reducing agent such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride ( nabh ( oac ) 3 ) in a solvent such as methanol at temperatures ranging from 0 ° c . to room temperature . an alternative synthetic route is depicted in reaction scheme 2 . treatment of 2 , 5 - dimethoxyaniline 1 with an acid chloride ( rcl ) and a base such as pyridine in a solvent such as anhydrous tetrahydrofuran at temperatures ranging from 0 ° c . to room temperature gave 10 . oxidation with bis ( acetoxyiodo ) benzene in methanol at 0 ° c . gave the ketal 11 . monoepoxidation to yield 6 was achieved using 30 % aqueous hydrogen peroxide and a base such as aqueous sodium hydroxide at temperatures ranging from 0 ° c . to room temperature . the ketal 6 was deprotected in an acidic media such as trifluoroacetic acid in a solvent such as dichloromethane at temperatures ranging from 0 ° c . to room temperature to give diketone 7 . regioselective reduction of 7 to provide 8 was achieved by treatment with a slight excess of a mild reducing agent such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride ( nabh ( oac ) 3 ) in a solvent such as methanol at temperatures ranging from 0 ° c . to room temperature . it was discovered that the diketone intermediates of the general formula ( 7 ) as depicted in reaction scheme ( 2 ) also exhibited significant activity as nf - κb inhibitors . thus , diketones of general formula ( 2 ) as described herein are considered as part of the invention . a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula ( 1 ), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier , vehicle , diluent or excipient . a preferred pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula ( 2 ), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier , vehicle , diluents or excipient . the pharmaceutical compositions formed by combining the compounds of this invention and the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers , vehicles or diluents are then readily administered in a variety of dosage forms such as tablets , powders , lozenges , syrups , injectable solutions and the like . these pharmaceutical compositions can , if desired , contain additional ingredients such as flavorings , binders , excipients and the like . thus , for purposes of oral administration , tablets containing various excipients such as sodium citrate , calcium carbonate and / or calcium phosphate , may be employed along with various disintegrants such as starch , alginic acid and / or certain complex silicates , together with binding agents such as polyvinylpyrrolidone , sucrose , gelatin and / or acacia . additionally , lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate , sodium lauryl sulfate and talc are often useful for tabletting purposes . solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard filled gelatin capsules . preferred materials for this include lactose or milk sugar and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols . when aqueous suspensions of elixirs are desired for oral administration , the active pharmaceutical agent therein may be combined with various sweetening of flavoring agents , coloring matter or dyes and , if desired , emulsifying or , suspending agents , together with diluents such as water , ethanol , propylene glycol , glycerin and / or combinations thereof . for parenteral administration , solutions of the compounds or compositions of this invention in sesame or peanut oil , aqueous propylene glycol , or in sterile aqueous solutions may be employed . such aqueous solutions should be suitably buffered if necessary and the liquid diluents first rendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose . these particular aqueous solutions are especially suitable for intravenous , intramuscular , subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration . in this connection , the sterile aqueous media employed are all readily available by standard techniques known to those skilled in the art . in an exemplary embodiment , the pharmaceutical preparation is in unit dosage form . in such form , the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component . the unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation , for example , packeted tablets , capsules , and powders in vial or ampoules . the unit dosage form can also be a capsule , cahet , or tablet itself or it can be the appropriate number of any of these packaged forms . methods of preparing various pharmaceutical compositions with a certain amount of active ingredient are known to those skilled in the art . for examples of methods of preparing pharmaceutical compositions , see remington : the science and practice of pharmacy , lippincott , williams & amp ; wilkins , 21 st ed . ( 2005 ), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety . in one embodiment of the invention , the compounds of the invention may also be combined with at least one additional therapeutic agent . to a solution of 2 , 5 - dimethoxyaniline 1 ( 50 g , 326 mmol ) in meoh ( 1 l ) in an ice bath under an inert nitrogen atmosphere was added triethylamine ( 55 ml , 397 mmol ), followed by the drop - wise addition of boc 2 o ( 78 g , 359 mmol ) in methanol ( 150 ml ). the reaction was stirred overnight . after judging incomplete by thin layer chromatography , additional boc 2 o ( 22 g , 69 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 55 ml , 397 mmol ) was added and the solution was stirred 3 days . the methanol was removed and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate , which was rinsed with diluted hydrochloric acid ( 2 ×) and brine before drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate , followed by filtration , and solvent evaporation to afford 50 g ( 61 %) tert - butyl 2 , 5 - dimethoxyphenylcarbamate ( 2 ) as a brown oil . the 1 h nmr was consistent with that reported in the literature ( synthesis 1998 , 775 ). a methanolic ( 700 ml ) solution of compound 2 ( 29 g , 115 mmol ) was cooled in an ice bath before the addition of bis ( acetoxyiodo ) benzene ( 62 g , 194 mmol ) in six portions over a period of 30 minutes . the solution was stirred in the ice bath for 2 hours then brought to room temperature and stirred overnight . the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate ( 1 . 5 l ) and rinsed with water , dilute hydrochloric acid , and brine . the aqueous was back - extracted once with ethyl acetate and the organics combined before drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate , followed by filtration , and solvent evaporation . the resulting liquid was purified over silica gel using a gradient of ethyl acetate ( 0 to 2 %) in heptane , giving 6 . 9 g ( 21 %) ( 3 ) as a yellow - orange solid . material was sufficiently pure ( approx . 95 %) by 1 h nmr , which was consistent with that reported in the literature ( synthesis 1998 , 775 ). compound 3 ( 3 . 4 g , 12 . 7 mol ) in tetrahydrofuran ( 93 ml ) was cooled in an ice bath . to the stirring solution , in drop - wise fashion , was added hydrogen peroxide ( 30 % aq ., 22 ml ) and aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 1m , 61 ml ) in tandem using 2 separate addition funnels and utilizing a claisen adapter . the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes in the ice bath and then for 5 hours at room temperature . the flask was cooled in an ice bath and the peroxide was carefully quenched with manganese dioxide . after filtration of the mixture over a small bed of silica gel followed by rinsing of the silica gel with ethyl acetate , the mixture was washed with brine . the organics were then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate , filtered , and evaporated . the resulting oil was treated with pentane to precipitate an off white solid after solvent evaporation yielding 2 g ( 56 %) of compound ( 4 ). 1 h nmr indicated 20 % starting material in the mixture , which was easily removed in the next step ( treatment with tfa ). the 1 h nmr of the product was consistent with that reported in the literature ( synthesis 1998 , 775 ). a solution of compound 4 ( 300 mg , 1 . 1 mmol ) in anhydrous dichloromethane ( 6 ml ) was stirred in an ice bath under an inert nitrogen atmosphere . to this solution was added trifluoroacetic acid ( 1 . 5 ml ) drop - wise and the solution was brought to room temperature , stirring 3 hours . after judging complete by thin layer chromatography , the solvents were evaporated and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate . solid sodium bicarbonate ( 2 g ) was carefully added and the solution was stirred 10 minutes . the salt was filtered and rinsed with ethyl acetate before evaporation of the solvent . the crude compound was purified over silica gel using a gradient of ethyl acetate ( 0 to 100 %) in heptane . the product eluted in 100 % ethyl acetate giving 178 mg ( 91 %) of compound ( 5 ). the 1 h nmr of the product was consistent with that reported in the literature ( synthesis 1998 , 775 ). a mixture 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid ( 112 mg , 0 . 81 mmol ) and thionyl chloride ( 650 ml , 8 . 9 mmol ) was heated to reflux for 30 minutes . after cooling to room temperature , the excess thionyl chloride was removed under vacuum and the resulting acid chloride stored under an inert nitrogen atmosphere . separately , a flask containing the amine 5 ( 100 mg , 0 . 54 mmol ) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran ( 4 ml ) was cooled to − 78 ° c . under and inert nitrogen atmosphere before the drop - wise addition of lithium tert - butoxide ( in 1m tetrahydrofuran , 540 ml , 0 . 54 mmol ). this solution was stirred for 30 minutes before the drop - wise addition of the crude 2 - hydroxynicotinoyl chloride ( in 1 ml tetrahydrofuran ). the reaction mixture was stirred at − 78 ° c . for 30 minutes and then warmed to room temperature and stirred for an hour . liquid chromatography - mass spectra ( lc - ms ) indicated both desired and over - acylated products . the reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate , rinsed with saturated ammonium chloride , followed by brine , and the aqueous was back - extracted with ethyl acetate , followed by a brine wash . the combined organics were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate before filtration and solvent evaporation , affording 169 mg crude material . chromatography with silica gel using a gradient of ethyl acetate ( 50 to 100 %) in heptane afforded 56 mg of a mixture of product and starting material , 56 mg of a mixture of desired product and over - acylated product , and 31 mg of primarily over - acylated product ( crude yield : 99 %) the 56 mg mixture of desired / over - acylated material was dissolved in methanol ( 1 . 4 ml ) and water ( 200 ml ) before the addition of potassium carbonate ( 9 mg , ˜ 1 equiv .). the reaction was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature before judging complete by thin layer chromatography . the solution was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with brine before drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate , filtration , and solvent evaporation to afford 50 mg compound 6a . the product structure was confirmed by 1 h nmr . nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ12 . 10 ( br . s , 1h ), 10 . 60 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 62 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 55 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 25 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 85 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 70 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( s , 3h ) ppm . to a solution of 6a ( 50 mg , 0 . 16 mmol ) in anhydrous dichloromethane ( 2 was slowly added trifluoroacetic acid ( 0 . 5 ml ) at room temperature . after overnight stirring , lc - ms indicated 27 % starting material remained . additional trifluoroacetic acid ( 0 . 5 ml ) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred an additional 24 hours , at which time it was judged complete . the solution was cooled in an ice bath and diluted with additional dichloromethane ( 10 ml ) before the slow addition of saturated sodium bicarbonate solution until the stirring mixture was alkaline . the mixture was then partitioned and the organic solvents were removed and rinsed with brine . the aqueous layer was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed with brine . all organics were pooled and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate before filtration and solvent evaporation , giving 7a as a light - yellow solid ( 30 mg , 71 %). lc - ms indicated 80 % purity , and the material was used in the next step without further purification . to a solution of compound 7a ( 30 mg , 0 . 092 mmol , 80 % purity ) in methanol ( 4 ml ) cooled to 0 ° c . under an inert nitrogen atmosphere was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride ( 30 mg , 0 . 142 mmol ) in one portion . the solution was stirred at this temperature for 15 minutes before bringing to room temperature . after stirring an additional 45 minutes , the reaction was judged complete by tlc . the methanol was evaporated to approx . 2 ml volume and the flask was cooled in an ice bath for 10 minutes . the precipitate was then filtered and rinsed with methanol ( 2 × 3 ml ). after drying under high vacuum , 10 mg ( 42 % yield ) of compound 8a as a pale yellow solid was isolated . the purity was 95 % by hplc ( restek pinnacle ii column , c18 , 5μ , 250 × 4 . 6 mm ; mobile phase : 5 minutes at 5 % acetonitrile in water , then 5 to 100 % acetonitrile in water over 20 min . ; flow rate : 1 . 5 ml / min ; detector : 316 nm ( vwd ). the product structure was confirmed by 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ12 . 70 ( br . s , 1h ), 12 . 50 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 35 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 85 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 55 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . employing the method of example 1 , but using 2 - hydroxyquinoline - 3 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , 2 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl ) quinoline - 3 - carboxamide was prepared . in a dry round bottom flask charged with 2 - hydroxyquinoline - 3 - carboxylic acid ( 528 mg , 2 . 8 mmol ) was added thionyl chloride ( 4 ml , 57 mmol ). the mixture was then heated to reflux for 20 minutes before rotary evaporation of the thionyl chloride . in a separate flask amine 5 ( 430 mg , 2 . 3 mmol ) was dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran ( 17 ml ) and cooled to − 78 ° c . under an inert nitrogen atmosphere . to the cooled amine solution was slowly added lithium tert - butoxide ( in 1 m tetrahydrofuran ; 3 ml , 3 mmol ) followed by stirring for 15 minutes . the acid chloride was then suspended in tetrahydrofuran ( 12 ml ) and directly added to the cooled amine solution . the reaction mixture was stirred overnight , during which time it came to room temperature . the reaction was then diluted with ethyl acetate , washed with brine , dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate , filtered and concentrated to afford 550 mg crude material that contained 10 % of the o - aroylated product ( as determined by lc - ms ). the solid was stirred in 8 / 1 methanol / water ( 9 ml ) containing 25 mg potassium carbonate for an hour after which it was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution , and brine . the ethyl acetate was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate , filtered and concentrated give a solid containing a small amount of the ester . the product was then purified over a small plug of silica , eluting with 95 / 5 dichloromethane / ethyl acetate to give 530 mg of a pale yellow solid ( 64 % yield ). the product structure was confirmed by 1 h nmr . nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ12 . 30 ( br . s , 1h ), 10 . 60 ( br . s , 1h ), 9 . 00 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 65 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 40 ( m , 2h ), 5 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 85 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 70 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( s , 3h ) ppm . to a flask containing n -( 2 , 2 - dimethoxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl )- 2 - hydroxyquinoline - 3 - carboxamide ( 65 mg , 0 . 18 mmol ) was added trifluoroacetic acid ( 15 ml ) in one portion . the solution was stirred 3 hours , after which the reaction was judged complete by lc - ms . the trifluoroacetic acid was removed in vacuo and the product dried with a stream of nitrogen to afford 57 mg ( 100 %) of the title product that contained ca . 15 % of a byproduct that was suggested to be the hydrolyzed product ( at both amide and epoxide positions ; m + 204 ). the solid was used in the next step without additional characterization or purification . the compound obtained above was dissolved in a 2 / 1 tetrahydrofuran / methanol mixture ( 36 ml ) and cooled to 0 ° c . sodium triacetoxyborohydride was then added in one portion and the reaction was brought to room temperature . after stiffing for 30 minutes , the reaction was complete as judged by lc - ms . the solvents were then evaporated and methanol ( 5 ml ) was added . the mixture was briefly sonicated and cooled in an ice bath for 15 minutes . the solid was then filtered and rinsed with methanol ( 2 × 2 ml ), collected , and dried under high vacuum to afford 18 mg ( 78 %) of the product . the purity was 94 % by hplc ( restek pinnacle ii column , c18 , 5μ , 150 × 4 . 6 mm ; mobile phase : 5 minutes at 5 % acetonitrile in water ( 0 . 1 % tfa ), then 5 to 100 % acetonitrile in water ( 0 . 1 % trifluoroacetic acid ) over 20 min . ; flow rate : 1 . 5 ml / min . ; detector : 316 nm ( vwd )). the product structure was confirmed by 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ12 . 70 ( br . s , 1h ), 12 . 50 ( br . s , 1h ), 9 . 00 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 00 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 75 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 30 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 85 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 65 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 11 . 20 ( br . s , 1h ), 10 . 70 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 85 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 45 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 12 . 90 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 45 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 75 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ13 . 1 ( br . s , 1h ), 12 . 50 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 75 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 12 . 30 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 75 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 25 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 70 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 13 . 10 ( br . s , 1h ), 12 . 65 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 25 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 05 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 55 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 13 . 70 ( br . s , 1h ), 12 . 00 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 75 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 20 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 50 ( m , 3h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 13 . 00 ( br . s , 1h ), 7 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 70 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 40 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 12 . 60 ( br . s , 1h ), 12 . 20 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 25 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 35 ( s , 3h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): 8 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 75 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 85 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 6 ( m , 6h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 60 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 30 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 5 . 00 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 20 ( s , 3h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 11 . 10 ( br . s , 1h ), 10 . 60 ( br . s ), 8 . 30 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 60 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 40 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 10 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 2 ( s , 3h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 90 ( br . s , 1h ), 10 . 80 ( br . s , 1h ), 7 . 90 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 60 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 70 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 35 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 05 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 90 ( br . s , 1h ), 10 . 80 ( br . s , 1h ), 7 . 90 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 60 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 30 ( s , 3h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 90 ( br . s , 1h ), 10 . 80 ( br . s , 1h ), 7 . 90 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 60 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 80 ( m , 1h ) 4 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 50 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 90 ( br . s , 1h ), 10 . 80 ( br . s , 1h ), 7 . 90 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 60 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 40 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 1 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 80 ( m , 1h ) 4 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 2 ( s , 3h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 60 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 30 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 65 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 00 ( m , 1h ), 5 . 70 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 00 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 70 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 35 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 05 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 40 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 30 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 65 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 90 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 11 . 80 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 13 . 40 ( br . s , 1h ), 11 . 80 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 60 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 80 ( br . s , 1h ), 9 . 00 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 10 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 80 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 20 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 30 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 60 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 35 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 70 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 00 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 12 . 30 ( br . s , 1h ), 10 . 30 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 40 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 10 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 12 . 60 ( br . s , 1h ), 10 . 30 ( br . s , 1h ), 9 . 00 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 00 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 70 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 5 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 30 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 90 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 11 . 10 ( br . s , 1h ), 9 . 10 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 05 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 70 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 35 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 60 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 30 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 10 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 95 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 60 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 05 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 00 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 60 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 11 . 20 ( br . s , 1h ), 9 . 00 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 10 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 70 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 40 ( s , 3h ), 4 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 00 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d b ): δ 11 . 20 ( br . s , 1h ), 9 . 00 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 10 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 70 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 00 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 90 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 90 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 30 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 00 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 20 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 00 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr / dms ( 1 - d 6 ): δ 11 . 00 ( br . s , 1h ), 9 . 00 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 90 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 75 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 40 ( s , 3h ), 4 . 00 ( s , 1h ), 3 . 90 ( m , 1h ) ppm . 1 h nmr . nmr ( dmso - d o ): δ12 . 50 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 40 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 40 ( m , 1h ) ppm . employing the method of example 1 , but using 6 - hydroxybenzo [ d ] oxazole - 5 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , (±)- 6 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl ) benzo [ d ] oxazole - 5 - carboxamide may be prepared . employing the method of example 1 , but using 6 - hydroxybenzo [ d ] thiazole - 5 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , (±)- 6 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl ) benzo [ d ] thiazole - 5 - carboxamide may be prepared . employing the method of example 1 , but using 3 - hydroxypiperidine - 2 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , (±)- 3 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl ) piperidine - 2 - carboxamide may be prepared . employing the method of example 1 , but using 3 - hydroxypyrazine - 2 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , (±)- 3 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl ) pyrazine - 2 - carboxamide may be prepared . employing the method of example 1 , but using 5 - hydroxypyrimidine - 4 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , (±)- 5 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl ) pyrimidine - 4 - carboxamide may be prepared . employing the method of example 1 , but using 2 - hydroxy - 1 , 8 - naphthyridine - 3 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , (±)- 2 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl )- 1 , 8 - naphthyridine - 3 - carboxamide may be prepared . employing the method of example 1 , but using 7 - hydroxy - pyrido [ 2 , 3 - d ] pyrimidine - 6 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , (±)- 7 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl ) pyrido [ 2 , 3 - d ] pyrimidine - 6 - carboxamide may be prepared . employing the method of example 1 , but using 4 - hydroxy - pyridazine - 3 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , (±)- 4 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl ) pyridazine - 3 - carboxamide may be prepared . employing the method of example 1 , but using 4 - hydroxy - 1h - pyrazole - 3 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , (±)- 4 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - carboxamide may be prepared . employing the method of example 1 , but using 4 - hydroxyfuran - 3 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , 4 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl ) furan - 3 - carboxamide may be prepared . employing the method of example 1 , but using 4 - hydroxythiophene - 3 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , (±)- 4 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl ) thiophene - 3 - carboxamide may be prepared . employing the method of example 1 , but using 3 - hydroxyisothiazole - 4 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , (±)- 3 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl ) isothiazole - 4 - carboxamide may be prepared . employing the method of example 1 , but using 3 - hydroxyisoxazole - 4 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , (±)- 3 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl ) isoxazole - 4 - carboxamide may be prepared . employing the method of example 1 , but using 6 - hydroxy - 1h - indole - 5 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , (±)- 6 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl )- 1h - indole - 5 - carboxamide may be prepared . employing the method of example 1 , but using 6 - hydroxy - 1h - benzo [ d ] imidazole - 5 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , (±)- 6 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl )- 1h - benzo [ d ] imidazole - 5 - carboxamide may be prepared . employing the method of example 1 , but using 2 - hydroxymorpholine - 3 - carboxylic acid instead of 2 - hydroxynicotinic acid in step e , (±)- 2 - hydroxy - n -( 2 - hydroxy - 5 - oxo - 7 - oxabicyclo [ 4 . 1 . 0 ] hept - 3 - en - 3 - yl ) morpholine - 3 - carboxamide may be prepared . inhibition of nf - κb in cells by the compound of example 1 . two reporter cell assays were used to determine the ability of the compound of example 1 to inhibit ne - kb driven transcription . the first assay was a 293 - cell based assay with a stably integrated pnf - κb - luc reporter plasmid containing 3 nf - κb promoter elements . the second assay was a 293 - cell based assay with a stably integrated ptrh1 - nf - κb - dscgfp reporter containing 4 nf - κb promoter elements . cells were treated with 0 , 0 . 2 , 1 , 10 , 20 and 40 μm of the compound of example 1 for 2 hours then were induced with 20 ng / ml tnf - α for 18 hours . following the induction , luminescence or fluorescence was quantified using a beckman - coulter 2300 plate reader . fig1 a and b shows the dose response curve generated from the luminescence and fluorescence data respectively . the compound of example 1 was observed to inhibit the expression of the luciferase gene in a dose dependent manner with a median ic 50 ( inhibitory concentration of 50 %) of 16 . 2 ± 1 . 1 μm . the compound of example 1 also inhibited the expression of the green fluorescent protein gene in a dose dependent manner with a median ic 50 of 6 . 2 ± 0 . 5 μm . these values represent the median value generated from three independent experiments ± the standard error . as a control , 0 . 5 % dmso treated and untreated cells were compared to verify that the example 1 carrier had no effect on the expression of luciferase or in the readout of the assay . there was a slight decrease in the output from the assay in the dmso treated population although it was not statistically significant . as a result of the controls , the decrease in activity in the drug treated samples was compared to the dmso control sample . the cytotoxicity profile of the compound of example 1 . the cytotoxicity of the compound of example 1 was determined for human peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( hpbmcs ). see fig2 . as with the activity assay , the hpbmcs were treated with 0 , 0 . 2 , 1 , 10 , 20 and 40 μm of the compound of example 1 for 2 hours , and then induced with 20 ng / ml tnf - α for 48 hours . the number of viable cells was determined using celltiter - glo luminescent cell viability assay ( promega ( cat # g7573 )). a representative experiment is shown in fig2 . as the graph shows , there was little detectable toxicity to these cells with the compound of example 1 up to the 40 μm tested . in contrast , dhmeq exhibited inhibition of cell growth of greater than 60 % at 40 μm . cells treated with 0 . 5 % dmso showed no detectable cytotoxic effects as compared to untreated hpbmcs . the selectivity index ( the ratio of cytotoxicity cc 50 to inhibitory ic 50 ) is assigned to the compound of example 1 . based on the results obtained in the inhibition and toxicity experiments described above , the compound of example 1 exhibited greater selectivity ( i . e ., greater activity and lower cytotoxicity ) compared to dhmeq . soluble il - 2rα is transcriptionally regulated by nf - κb . fig3 demonstrates that serum levels of sil - 2rα can be influenced by example 1 treated cells . human pbmcs were treated with 0 , 0 . 2 , 1 , 10 , 20 and 40 μm of the compound of example 1 concurrent with pha - p activation . the cells were cultured for an additional three days and media was harvested for marker assessment . fig3 shows that sil - 2rα was significantly induced by pha - p activation . further , the graph clearly demonstrates that sil - 2rα was affected by the addition of the compound of example 1 in a dose dependent manner , with 10 μm of the compound of example 1 producing a statistically significant affect . inhibition of il - 6 and il - 8 secretion by the compound of example 1 . over the past few years , extensive studies on breast cancer have led to the recognition that overexpression of her2 , estrogen receptor ( er ), and mutation of genes including p53 , brca1 , and brca2 play important roles in the development and progression of breast cancer via induction of multiple angiogenic , proapoptotic regulators , including nuclear factor κb . nf - κb is often constitutively activated in breast carcinomas , bladder carcinomas , prostate carcinomas , and melanomas . numerous studies have shown that constitutive activation of nf - κb contributes to the progression of hormone - independent growth of breast cancer cell lines . the nf - κb signaling pathway is constitutively activated in mda - mb - 231 cells which have been shown to secrete il - 6 and il - 8 constitutively , while the addition of tnf - α further accelerates this secretion ( see fig4 a and b ). the compound of example 1 was observed to inhibit the constitutive il - 6 and il - 8 secretion from mda - mb - 231 in a dose - dependent manner . even when cells were stimulated with tnf - α ( 20 ng / ml ), 20 μm of the compound of example 1 completely inhibited the il - 6 and il - 8 secretion from these cells ( fig4 a and b ). macrophages play an important role in immune reactions , allergy , and inflammation . excess macrophage activation may also enhance solid tumors , diabetes mellitus , and neural disorders such as alzheimer &# 39 ; s and parkinson &# 39 ; s diseases . therefore , inhibition of excess macrophage activities should be useful as chemotherapy for these diseases . for cell culture studies , the mouse cell line raw264 . 7 is often used as a model of macrophages . in response to microbes and their products such as lipopolysaccharide ( lps ), macrophages secrete various inflammatory cytokines including interleukin ( il )- 1 , il - 2 , il - 6 , il - 8 , il - 10 , il - 12 , and tumor necrosis factor ( tnf )- α through the activation of nuclear factor nf - κb , as well as express nf - κb - dependent inducible no synthase ( inos ) and cyclooxygenase - 2 ( cox - 2 ). nf - κb is activated by extracellular signals mainly through the various toll - like receptors in macrophages . detection and response to microbial infections by the immune system depend on a family of pattern recognition receptors called toll - like receptors ( tlrs ). these receptors have been evolutionally conserved to recognize pathogen - associated molecular patterns ( pamps ), including molecules from gram - positive and - negative bacteria , dna and rna viruses , fungi , and protozoa ; and they show considerable target specificity . tlr4 is crucial for the effective host cell responses to lps of gram - negative bacteria . lps stimulation induces the expression of cox - 2 the enzyme responsible for prostaglandin e2 . pretreatment with the compound of example 1 resulted in strong inhibition of the expression at 6 to 12 h . this decrease in lps - induced cox - 2 expression was dose dependent as shown by the decrease in downstream pge 2 synthesis as shown in fig5 a . the inflammatory cytokine il - 6 was inhibited in a dose dependent manor by the compound of example 1 as shown in fig5 b . this inhibition is consistent with the inhibition of il - 6 in mda - mb - 231 breast carcinoma cell line . immunostaining of rela / p65 . the compound of example 1 causes the accumulation of activated rela / p65 in the cytoplasm of cells . hek293 cells were treated with dhmeq or the compound of example 1 ( as indicated ) with tnfα ( 20 ng / ml ) for 30 minutes . after incubation , cells were immunostained with anti - p65 antibody ( c - 20 ) antibody ( santa cruz biotechnology , santa cruz , calif .) and nuclei were counterstained with dapi . images were captured using an ae31 inverted microscope with epifluorescence illuminator ( motic , xiamen , china ) and a progres c3 camera ( jenoptik , jena , germany ). individual images of p65 and corresponding nuclei were merged for final figure . control treated cells ( dmso only ) exhibited nuclear accumulation of p65 upon tnfα stimulation . nuclear accumulation of p65 induced by tnfα was significantly blocked by the compound of example 1 at 1 to 12 μm whereas dhmeq required a higher concentration to achieve the same effect . see fig6 . transam nf - κb family dna binding elisa : the binding activity of nf - κb heterodimer or homodimer subunits from activated nuclear extracts or purified recombinant nf - κb proteins exposed to the drug compounds was evaluated using the transam nf - κb family binding elisa ( active motif ). 3 - 5 μg of nuclear extracts from tnfα activated hela or raji cells ( active motif ) or 20 ng of purified recombinant proteins ( p65 and p50 from active motif , p52 from santa cruz ) were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with 20 μl drug compounds diluted in complete lysis buffer without dtt . treated samples were then transferred to 30 μl complete binding buffer ( with dtt ) in microplate wells pre - coated with the nf - κb consensus oligonucleotide . controls included non - specific binding ( nsb ) wells containing lysis buffer without any extract or recombinant protein ( for background ), nuclear extract or recombinant protein treated with dmso only ( for maximal binding ), and wells containing the extract / protein plus 20 pmoles free wild - type nf - κb oligonucleotide as a competitor or 20 pmoles free mutant nf - κb oligonucleotide as a control to demonstrate specificity . the plate was incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with gentle shaking and then washed 3 times with 200 μl 1 × wash buffer . nf - κb p65 , p50 , p52 , relb , or c - rel subunits bound to the plate were detected with 100 μl of the primary antibody ( diluted 1 : 1000 in 1 × antibody buffer ) specific for that subunit . the plate was incubated for 1 hour at room temperature and then washed 3 times with 200 μl 1 × wash buffer . next , 100 μl of a hrp conjugated goat anti - rabbit antibody ( diluted 1 : 1 , 000 in 1 × antibody buffer ) was added to each well . the plate was incubated for 1 hour at room temperature and then washed 4 times with 200 μl 1 × wash buffer . 100 μl of room temperature developing solution was added to each well . the reaction was allowed to develop for 2 - 10 minutes until a medium dark blue color developed ( depending on the subunit activity in the lot of extract or lot of recombinant protein used ) and then the reaction was stopped with 100 μl stop solution yielding a yellow color . absorbance was recorded using a becton - dickinson dtx 880 multimode detector at 450 nm with a reference wavelength subtracted at 620 nm . fig7 and 8 illustrate the effect of example 2 , dhmeq and parthenolide on inhibiting rela and relb to nf - κb sites . in addition to the compounds of examples 1 and 2 , table 1 lists other compounds for their activities to inhibit 1 ) nf - κb driven expression of luciferase and gfp in hek293 cells , 2 ) il - 6 and pge2 release from raw264 cells , and 3 ) binding of rela , relb , c - rel , p50 and p52 ro nf - κb sites . in a series of in vitro experiments , the nf - κb inhibitors of the invention prevented cytokine releases and the growth of a broad spectrum of cancer cell lines . these compounds did not inhibit cytochrome p450 &# 39 ; s activities or block herg channel . several compounds have been assessed for efficacy studies in rodent disease models . we first sought to obtain in vivo efficacy of the compounds in multiple myeloma which has high incidence of constitutive activation of both the canonical and non - canonical pathways . in a xenograft model of human rpmi8226 multiple myeloma , the compound of example 2 attained the same level of tumor growth reduction as ps - 341 ( bortezomib , velcade ®), which is approved as a first line therapy for this indication ( see fig9 ). in addition , the compound of example 2 was better tolerated than ps - 341 . however , statistical analyses revealed that neither ps - 341 nor example 2 treatments achieved statistical significant tumor growth inhibition ( p & gt ; 0 . 05 ). inhibition of poly ( adp - ribose ) polymerase - 1 ( parp - 1 ) or down - regulation of p65 ( rela ) can potentiate the irradiation ( ir )- induced cytotoxicity to cancer cell lines . in this study , a novel small molecule p65 ( rela ) inhibitor was evaluated as a radio - sensitizing agent in wild type mouse embryonic fibroblasts ( mefs ) or parp - 1 −/− or p65 −/− mefs . it was found that p65 −/− mefs were ≧ 2 - fold more sensitive than p65 +/+ mefs to ir in clonogenic survival assays , thus demonstrating that nf - κb activation confers radio - resistance . incubation with the compound of example 2 ( 1 . 4 μm , a non - cytotoxic dose ) radio - sensitized p65 +/+ mefs ( ld 50 values of 1 . 5 gy for ir + the compound of example 2 compared with 2 . 3 gy ir alone ). the compound of example 2 had no further effect on radio - sensitization of p65 −/− mefs , which indicates the pharmacological effect of the compound of example 2 is mediated through p65 . similar radio - sensitizing effects were observed by using rna interference technique to down - regulate the expression level of p65 ( by & gt ; 95 %) in p65 +/+ mefs but not in p65 −/− mefs . the compound of example 2 was then tested in parp - 1 +/+ or parp - 1 +/+ mefs . it was demonstrated that either the compound of example 2 ( 1 . 4 μm ) treatment or sirna down - regulation of p65 increased radio - sensitivities of parp - 1 +/+ but not parp - 1 −/− mefs to ir , suggesting that parp - 1 is upstream in the activation of the nf - κb pathway . the inhibition of the nf - κb by the compound of example 2 or p65 sirna in mefs was also confirmed . nf - κb - dependent luciferase expression increased by 2 . 5 - fold after 10 gy ir in p65 +/+ mefs . treatment with the compound of example 2 or p65 sirna reduced luciferase gene transcription significantly . similarly , ir increased p65 +/+ mefs nuclear extract nf - κb dna binding activities by 2 - fold , which was significantly decreased by either the compound of example 2 incubation or p65 sirna treatment in these cells . it was demonstrated that this p65 inhibitor can potentiate radioactivity in vitro as it was shown previously that parp - 1 inhibitors can . further in vivo studies are required to fully explore the potential utility of the compound of example 2 as a radio - sensitizing agent . the objective in another study was to evaluate , in enzyme , and radioligand binding assays , the activity of the compound of example 2 . the methods employed in the study were adapted from the scientific literature to maximize reliability and reproducibility . reference standards were run as an integral part of each assay to ensure the validity of the results obtained . where presented , ic 50 values were determined by a non - linear , least squares regression analysis using mathiqä ( id business solutions ltd ., uk ). where inhibition constants ( k¾ ) are presented , the k¾ values were calculated using the equation of cheng and prusoff ( cheng 1973 ) using the observed ic 50 of the tested compound , the concentration of radioligand employed in the assay , and the historical values for the k 1 of the ligand ( obtained experimentally ). where presented , the hill coefficient ( n½ ), defining the slope of the competitive binding curve , was calculated using mathiqä . hill coefficients significantly different than 1 . 0 , may suggest that the binding displacement does not follow the laws of mass action with a single binding site . where ic 50 , k¾ , and / or n½ data are presented without standard error of the mean ( sem ), data are insufficient to be quantitative . individual responses , if requested , are presented in the appendix to this report . results are displayed in fig1 without estimated ic 50 and / or k¾ values as no inhibition was above 50 %. rna interference screening identified p53 and ras mutations to be synthetic lethal with the canonical and non - canonical pathways of nf - κb ( barbie 2009 ; meylan 2009 ). inhibitors were synthesized that antagonize bindings of rela ( p65 ), relb and c - rel to the ne - κb sites and thus inhibit both the canonical and non - canonical paths . one such exemplary compound , the compound of example 2 , was evaluated as a radiosensitizer in wild type and p65 −/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts ( mefs ), and as a radiosensitizing and chemotherapeutic agent in the p53 deficient and kras ( g13d ) mutant breast cancer cell line , mda - mb - 231 . it was found that p65 −/− mefs were ≧ 2 - fold more sensitive than p65 +/+ mefs to irradiation ( ir ) in clonogenic survival assays , thus demonstrating that nf - κb activation conferred radio - resistance . incubation with the compound of example 2 at 1 . 4 μm , a non - cytotoxic concentration , radiosensitized p65 +/+ mefs ( ld 50 value of 1 . 5 gy for ir + the compound of example 2 compared with 2 . 3 gy for ir alone ). the compound of example 2 had no effect on radio - sensitization of p65 −/− mefs , which indicated the radiosensitizing effect of the compound of example 2 was mediated through p65 . similar radiosensitizing effects were observed by using rna interference technique to down - regulate the expression level of p65 by & gt ; 95 % in p65 +/+ mefs but not in p65 −/− mefs . the inhibition of the nf - κb by the compound of example 2 or p65 sirna in mefs was also confirmed . nf - κb - dependent luciferase expression increased by 2 . 5 fold after 10 gy ir in p65 +/+ mefs . treatment with the compound of example 2 or p65 sirna significantly reduced luciferase expression . similarly , ir increased p65 +/+ mefs nuclear extract nf - κb dna binding activities by 2 fold , which was significantly decreased by either the compound of example 2 incubation or p65 sirna treatment in these cells . the compound of example 2 was also studied in mda - mb - 231 breast cancer cells with constitutive nf - κb activation . first , the compound of example 2 was tested as a single agent on the growth of the breast cancer cells . significant cytotoxic effect to the compound of example 2 was observed with an ld 50 value of 0 . 4 μm to the mda - mb - 231 cells . then the synergistic effect of the compound of example 2 was tested with irradiation in these cells . incubation with 0 . 2 μm the compound of example 2 was observed to significantly enhance radiation effect by 1 . 5 fold ( ld 50 value of 1 . 66 gy ir for ir + the compound of example 2 compared with 2 . 55 gy for ir alone ). these described studies demonstrate that a rel inhibitor of nf - κb can potentiate radioactivity through blocking the canonical pathway . it can also selectively kill tumor cells with p53 and kras mutations , perhaps through blocking both the canonical and non - canonical pathways . a recent genome - wide association study of rheumatoid arthritis has identified the rel locus , encoding c - rel , as a newly defined risk factor for the disease ( gregersen 2009 ). c - rel is a member of the nf - κb family of transcription factors that mediate both the canonical and non - canonical pathways of nf - κb . mice with a genetic deletion of c - rel are resistant to collagen - induced arthritis . low molecular weight inhibitors have been synthesized that block the binding of c - rel , rela and relb to the nf - κb sites . the anti - inflammatory activities of the compound of example 2 , a dual inhibitor of both the canonical and non - canonical pathways of nf - κb , in a mouse model of collagen - induced arthritis . the effect of the compound of example 2 with etanercept , the tnfα blocker , was compared in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis . male dba mice developed arthritis by injecting bovine cii collagen in tails at day 1 and day 21 . groups of animals ( n = 10 ) were treated with 1 ) sham operation , 2 ) vehicle ( dmso ), 3 ) etanercept ( 50 μg / mouse , i . p daily d21 - d35 ), 4 ) compound of example 2 ( 15 mg / kg , s . c . daily d21 - d35 ), 5 ) the compound of example 2 ( 15 mg / kg , i . p . daily d21 - d35 ), 6 ) the compound of example 2 ( 50 mg / kg , i . p . daily d21 - d35 ). the compound of example 2 treatment significantly reduced mouse hind paw erythema and swelling , comparable to etanercept treatment , as assessed by the arthritis index score ( fig1 ). both etanercept and the compound of example 2 reduced paw edema ( p & lt ; 0 . 01 vs vehicle group ). no significant difference in weight loss was observed in mice in all experimental groups . the histological evaluation of joints at day 35 revealed a significant reduction of inflammation in mice treated with the compound of example 2 or etanercept . a measurement of myeloperoxidase activities showed a concomitant reduction of the granulocyte lysozome specific enzyme due to the compound of example 2 or etanercept treatment . in conclusion , we have demonstrated that a rel inhibitor of nf - 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