Patent Application: US-201013257332-A

Abstract:
the invention relates to peptides for modulate igf - 1 activity , a pharmaceutical composition comprising them as well as their applications as medicinal products and cell proliferation modulating agents in vitro .

Description:
the term “ modulation ” refers to an inhibitory and / or activating activity of the peptides of the invention on igf - 1 functions , “ inhibition ” means any inhibitory effect on igf - 1 synthesis and / or expression of igf - 1r including an inhibition and / or a down - regulation reducing the activity , activation , functions and / or expression of igf - 1 . “ activation ” means any effect potentiating , stimulating or activating igf - 1 synthesis and / or the expression of igf - 1r including an activation and / or an up - regulation of the activity , functions and / or expression of igf - 1 . an inhibitory and / or activating effect of a peptide is investigated by measuring the expression of igf - 1 and / or of igf - 1r . it is also possible to investigate the inhibition and / or activation induced by a peptide of the invention by means of cell cultures expressing igf - 1 and / or igf - 1r . the term “ patient ” refers to any human or non - human animal , preferably a mammal , including male , female , adult and / or child requiring treatment that modulates igf - 1 synthesis and / or the igf - 1 receptor expression . the term “ treatment ” or “ therapy ” comprises both a curative treatment and a prophylactic treatment of a disease . a curative treatment is defined as a treatment resulting in cure or a treatment alleviating , improving and / or eliminating , reducing and / or stabilizing the symptoms of a disease or the suffering that it causes . a prophylactic treatment comprises both a treatment resulting in the prevention of a disease and a treatment reducing and / or delaying the incidence of a disease or the risk of its occurrence . the expression “ conservative substitution ” expresses any replacement of an amino acid residue with another , without altering the general conformation or the function of the peptide . conservative substitution includes , but is not limited to , replacement by an amino acid having similar properties ( for example shape , polarity , hydrogen binding potential , acidity , basicity , hydrophobicity etc .). amino acids having similar properties are well known in the prior art . for example , arginine , histidine and lysine are hydrophilic basic amino acids and can be interchangeable . similarly , isoleucine , a hydrophobic amino acid , can be replaced with a leucine , a methionine or a valine . the hydrophilic neutral amino acids that can be substituted with one another include asparagine , glutamine , serine and threonine . by “ substituted ” and “ modified ” the invention means amino acids that have been altered or modified relative to a natural amino acid . the expression “ substantially homologous sequence ” comprises any sequence having one or more conservative substitution ( s ). thus , in the context of the present invention , a conservative substitution is known in the prior art as a substitution of one amino acid with another having similar properties . examples of conservative substitutions are given in table 1 below : table 1 conservative substitutions i side chain characteristic amino acid non - polar g a p i l v polar - uncharged c s t m n q polar - charged d e k r aromatic h f w y other n q d e as described in lehninger , 1975 , conservative amino acids can also be grouped as shown in table 2 below : table 2 conservative substitutions ii characteristics of the side chain amino acid non - poiar ( hydrophobic ) a . aliphatic : a l i v p b . aromatic : f w c . sulphur - containing m d . other g uncharged - polar , a . hydroxyl : s t y b . amides : n q c . sulfhydryl : c d . other g positively charged ( basic ) k r h negatively charged ( acid ) d e still another alternative of conservative substitution is presented in table 3 below : the peptides according to the invention can be prepared by all standard techniques of peptide synthesis used in the art , namely notably by chemical synthesis or genetic recombination . in a preferred embodiment , the peptides are obtained by chemical synthesis . more preferably , the peptides are obtained either by successive condensation of the amino acid residues in the required order , or by condensation of the residues on a previously formed fragment and already containing several amino acids in appropriate order , or by condensation of several fragments previously prepared , taking care to protect , beforehand , all the reactive functions of the amino acid residues , except the amine and carboxyl functions used in peptide bond during condensation , and notably by the solid - phase synthesis technique of merrifield . peptides of the invention can modulate igf - 1 effects . these peptides comprise , or consist of , the 20 to 24 amino acids following sequence ( i ): ( seq id no : 1 ) p a - x 1 - phe - trp - x 2 - x 3 - p b ( i ) p a represents a sequence comprising 10 to 12 amino acids selected from the sequences : p b represents a sequence comprising 5 to 7 amino acids selected from the sequences : the invention also includes a peptide resistant to proteolysis derived from sequence ( i ) by one or more chemical modifications or a substantially homologous peptide derived from sequence ( i ) by one or more conservative substitution ( s ). preferably , x 1 is a lysine residue , x 2 is a threonine residue , and x 3 is an aspartate residue . in a preferred embodiment , the peptide comprises the following amino acid sequence : preferably , the n - and / or c - terminal positions are protected from proteolysis . for example , the n - terminal end can be in the form of an acetyl , and / or the c - terminal end can be in the form of an amide group . any modification rendering the peptides of the invention resistant is contemplated , for example peptides in which at least one peptide bond is modified and replaced with a ( ch 2 nh ) bond , an ( nhco ) bond , a ( ch 2 — o ) bond , a ( ch 2 — s ) bond , a ( ch 2 ch 2 ) bond , a ( co — ch 2 ) bond , a ( choh — ch 2 ) bond , an ( n — n ) bond , an alkene - e bond or a — ch ═ ch bond . all peptides chemically modified for resisting to proteolysis are included in the present invention . for example the above peptide designated p70 can be in the form the invention also encompasses substantially homologous peptides derived from sequence ( i ) by one or more conservative substitution ( s ). two amino acid sequences are called “ substantially homologous ” or “ substantially similar ” when one or more amino acid residues are substituted with one or more residues that are similar in a biological view , or when more than 80 % of the amino acids are identical , or preferably when more than 90 % of the residues are identical ( functionally identical ). the similar or homologous sequences are preferably identified by alignment using , for example , gcg “ pileup ” program ( genetics computer group , software manual for the gcg package , version 7 , madison , wis . ), or any other program known by a person skilled in the art ( blast , fasta , etc .). according to the invention , all amino acid residues of the peptides belong to the l form ( levogyral ). however , it is also encompassed , whatever the amino acid of sequence ( i ), to substitute the d form ( dextrogyral ) for the l form . in particular it is encompassed that some amino acids — those located in positions 11 to 18 in sequence ( i ) and notably tryptophan in position 15 — belong to the d form , for the peptides to be more resistant to peptidases . advantageously , peptides are covalently bound to one or more polyethylene glycol ( peg ) molecule ( s ) by their c - terminal terminus or a lysine residue , notably a peg of 1500 or 4000 mw , for an increase of the half - life in blood plasma and for a decrease in therapeutic doses used . the binding of peg is as described by abuchowski et al . ( j . biol . chenu ., 1977 , 252 : 3582 - 3586 ). in a further aspect of the invention , peptides are included in biodegradable polymers or copolymers forming microspheres , for example poly ( d , l - lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plga ) ( as illustrated in us2007 / 0184015 , soonkap hahn et al ). peptides of the invention , different from endogenous ( native ) somatostatin or from peptides known in the art , exhibit a r - hairpin molecular conformation which is stable in physiological medium as in hydrophobic medium . advantageously , no condition of the medium can induce a transition of the peptide conformation to α helix . moreover , the hairpin conformation enable to expose , in the bend formed by the folding of the peptide sequence , two amino acids ( phe - trp ) out of the four contiguous amino acids ( phe - trp - lys - thr ) considered in srif as major for binding to receptors . without being bound by this hypothesis , the inventors believe that in peptide sequences of the invention , an electrostatic attraction between amino acid in position 13 and amino acid in position 17 allowing a conformation “ bend ”- type , causing the whole peptide to have a conformation of the β type ( type viii β conformation ). peptides useful herein display bi - phasic effect . depending on the concentration used peptides are thus able to activate or to inhibit igf - 1 production and expression of its receptor ( igf - 1r ). in vitro , these effects lead either to stimulation or to inhibition of cell proliferation . bi - phasic effect of a biological molecule showing a dose dependent agonist or antagonist effect is well known for other molecules and in various biological systems ( enzymes [ gamage et al . 2003 , he et al . 2003 ], ionic channels and co - carriers [ arias et al . 1996 , lombardi et al . 2001 , borst et al . 2002 , incerpi et al . 2003 ] carriers [ henry et al . 2002 ], tyrosine kinase receptors [ leiser et al . 1986 , schlessinger 1988 ], g protein - coupled receptor ( gpcrs ), neurotransmitters , hormones and chemokines [ winding et al . 1993 , chidiac et al . 1996 , bronnikov et al . 1999 , cuthbert 2003 , hornigold et al . 2003 , griffin et al . 2003 , fuh et al . 1992 , talmadge 1998 ], in particular concerning gnrh and analogs thereof [ browning j . y et al . 1983 , ho m . n . et al . 1997 , barbarino a et al . 1982 , imai , a et al . 1993 , kang , sung k et al . 2000 et 2001 , gründker c et al . 2003 , leung p . c . k et al . 2003 , bhasin s . et al . 2008 ]. peptides described herein are useful for stimulating cell proliferation in vitro , for example in keratocytes , chondrocytes or hepatocytes cultures or for the preparation of tissues of medical interest . with these remarkable properties , peptides described herein are useful in various applications , in vitro and in vivo , notably in human or veterinary medicine . the peptides of the invention can be used at a suitable dose : either for stimulating igf - 1 synthesis and / or igf - 1 receptor expression ; or for inhibiting igf - 1 synthesis and / or igf - 1 receptor expression . stimulation of igf - 1 synthesis and / or of expression of its receptor is desired in a variety of cases : when peptides are used as growth hormone substitute . the peptides are particularly useful in all therapeutic indications associated with a complete or partial deficiency , congenital or acquired , of the endogenous growth hormone or of igf - 1 , and notably in the treatment of underdevelopment in children or in adults . other therapeutic applications comprise for example turner &# 39 ; s syndrome , prader - willi syndrome , chronic renal insufficiency . the peptides of the invention are particularly useful for disorders where an increase in muscle mass may be required such as cachectic conditions associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( aids ) or with cancer . peptides are also useful in the veterinary area , notably in cattle , pigs , sheep , horses etc breeding . in the therapeutic treatment of metabolic syndrome , such as obesity or type ii diabetes ( notably by lowering the blood lipid rate and improving glucose metabolism ), as well as for stimulating or restoring the immune defences , in particular in elderly or immunodepressed subjects , or for the treatment of autoimmune diseases ( such as type i diabetes ) and / or neurodegenerative diseases ( such as multiple sclerosis ). for stimulating the survival of nerve cells ( anti - apoptotic effect ), differentiation or neuronal development , regeneration of motor or sensory nerves , synaptogenesis and remyelinization . by stimulating the production of igf - 1 , peptides of the invention are therefore used as neurotrophic agents for stimulating neurogenesis and / or as neuroprotective agents ( in particular in ischaemic attacks ). inhibition of igf - 1 synthesis and / or of expression of its receptor is notably desired in the following cases : when the peptides are used as somatostatin &# 39 ; s substitute , like those disorders for which octreotide and lantreotide are indicated . the desired biological effects are for instance inhibition of pituitary gh secretion , inhibition of biliary secretion , inhibition of pancreatic and gastrointestinal exocrine and / or endocrine secretions . for example , peptides are used as sornatostatin &# 39 ; s substitute for treatment of alzheimer &# 39 ; s disease . for treatment of acromegaly , particularly in patients who have had an inadequate response to surgery , and / or radiation therapy , and other medical therapies , or for whom these therapies are not appropriate . the goal of treatment is then to normalize serum igf - 1 levels and to improve clinical signs and symptoms . in treatment of cancer , in particular but not limited to , for the treatment of breast cancer , pancreatic cancer , prostatic cancer , pituitary adenoma or digestive endocrine tumor . furthermore , peptides may be used for the treatment of metastases ( including gastrointestinal metastasis ). also encompassed is the use of peptides of the invention in an inhibitory dose to improve the symptoms associated with digestive endocrine tumor such as diarrhea and flush the peptide may be administered by any convenient route including systemic ( parenteral , intravenous . . . ), oral , rectal , topical , transdermal , subcutaneous , intrapulmonary ( see agu et al , 2001 ) and intranasal route . in a preferred embodiment , peptides are administered by intranasal route . in vitro , an example of suitable dose for stimulating igf - 1 synthesis and / or igf - 1 receptor expression is a dose in a concentration of about 10 − 7 m , and an example of suitable dose to inhibit igf - 1 synthesis and / or igf - 1 receptor is a dose in a concentration of at least 10 − 6 m . corresponding dosing in vivo is selected by the skilled person with regard to disorders to treat so that desired effect is achieved . an efficient dose to stimulate igf - 1 synthesis and / or expression of igf - 1 receptor in vivo typically includes a concentration of at least 100 μg daily , preferably from about 10 μg to 100 μg . an efficient dose to inhibit igf - 1 synthesis and / or expression of igf - 1 receptor in vivo typically includes a concentration of at least 300 μg daily , preferably from about 300 μg to 3 mg . preferably , the efficient daily dosage is from about 1 mg to 3 mg , still more preferably from about 2 mg to 3 mg . for administration via intranasal or intrapulmonary route or if sustained - release formulations are used , stimulating and / or inhibiting doses required can be from 10 to 100 times lower . these administrations can be repeated for long periods , preferably for a period from 3 to 6 months . further aspects and advantages of the present invention will be disclosed in the following experimental section , demonstrating the biological activity of a peptide according to the invention the peptide sequence of the invention used in following examples and figures — named p70 — contains the following amino acids sequence : these examples should be regarded as illustrative and not limiting the scope of the present application . fig1 is a graph that shows p70 effect on incorporation of [ h 3 ] thymidine in dna . fig2 is a graph that shows p70 effect on expression of igf - 1r assessed by measuring optical density . fig3 shows p70 effect on igf - 1r expression in a primary neonatal mouse mandibulary chondrocytes culture , by immunohistochemistry . fig4 shows p70 effect on igf - 1 synthesis in a primary neonatal mouse mandibulary chondrocytes culture , by immunohistochemistry . fig5 shows p70 effect on the production of type ii collagen in a primary neonatal mouse mandibulary chondrocytes culture , by immunohistochemistry . fig6 shows p70 effect on chondrogenesis process in a primary neonatal mouse mandibulary chondrocytes culture . the arrows show the cartilage formation nodules . the biological effects of the peptides of the invention are demonstrated in a chondrocytes primary culture model of neonatal mouse mandibulary . to assess peptide ability to induce cell proliferation , inventors carried out a test showing [ h 3 ] thymidine incorporation during dna duplication according to kurz et al ., 1997 method . this test was adapted to the model used by the inventors , namely a primary mouse embryonic chondrocytes culture . chondrocytes , obtained by dissociation of mouse mandible condyles ( mcdc ) were incubated in a culture medium permitting chondrogenesis , in particular , 5 × 10 5 cells / ml were incubated with 1 μci [ 3 h ]- thymidine / ml of medium ( amersham , code tra120 , stock 1 mci / ml , specific activity 5 ci / mmol ) for 3 hours at 37 ° c . in dmem medium ( dulbecco &# 39 ; s modified eagle &# 39 ; s medium ) fetal calf serum ( fcs ) free but supplemented with 100 μg / ml of ascorbic acid , 1 mmol / l of calcium chloride , 10 mmol / l of 3 - glycerophosphate , and antibiotics . same medium , in which 5 μl of [ 3 h ]- thymidine are added for 2 minutes , is used as negative control . supernatant was removed and cells were washed twice with saline solution buffered at ph 7 . 0 ( pbs ), the cells are washed twice ( for 5 minutes ) with methanol . then the cells are washed three times with a 10 % trichloroacetic acid ( tca ) cold solution . after washing cells twice with ddw , cells are incorporated in 200 μl of 0 . 3m naoh for 15 minutes . the cells are then transferred in 3 ml of a neutralized scintillation fluid with 200 μl of 0 . 3m hcl . finally , samples containing the cells were mixed in a vortex , and placed in a beta counter for 1 minute . the results obtained show ( fig1 ) that peptide p70 has a stimulatory effect on the proliferation of chondrocytes 53 % greater than the untreated control ( chondrocytes that have not been incubated with no peptide or other growth factor ), at the highest concentration ( 10 − 6 m ), whereas this stimulation effect is not observed at a lower concentration ( 10 − 7 m ). effect of a peptide of the invention on igf1 synthesis and on igf1 receptor expression inventors investigated p70 effect on igf - 1 synthesis and on expression of its receptor ( igf - 1r ) by means of chondrocytes in culture . the inventors show that peptide has an important stimulation effect on igf - 1 production and on expression of its receptor ( igf - 1r ) when chondrocytes are incubated with a low concentration of peptide ( 10 − 7 m ) ( fig2 ). conversely , at a higher concentration ( 10 − 6 m ), peptide virtually inhibits the production of igf - 1 and of its receptor . using immunohistochemistry ( ihc ) on a 5 - day primary chondrocytes culture ( fig3 ) the inventors also show that peptide p70 inhibits igf - 1 receptor expression at 10 − 6 m ( 36 . 8 % inhibition at a high concentration of peptide ) whereas it stimulates expression of same receptor at 10 − 7 m ( 23 . 8 % increase at a low concentration of peptide ). moreover ( fig4 ), p70 inhibits igf - 1 synthesis at 10 − 6 m ( 30 % inhibition at a high concentration of peptide ) and stimulates igf - 1 synthesis at 10 − 7 m ( 90 % increase at a low concentration of peptide ). the mouse embryos chondrocytes obtained according to same protocol as described above were cultured and incubated at a 10 − 7 m peptide p70 concentration . at 5th day of culture , the inventors show by immunochemistry ( labelling with specific anti - type ii collagen antibodies ) that the peptide significantly stimulates type ii collagen production , a major component of the extracellular matrix useful in the production of articular cartilage ( fig5 ). in fact , an increase of 150 % is observed relative to the untreated control . in fig6 , the peptide p70 effect at a concentration of 10 − 7 m is compared with untreated chondrocytes ( control ). at 7th day of incubation , in the presence of the peptide , accelerated formation of nodules of cartilage is clearly observed . the cartilage nodules development ( volume / culture ) is 85 % accelerated . it stimulates cell differentiation , particularly by accelerating chondrogenesis first phases ( see fig5 — expression of type ii collagen , and fig6 — chondrogenesis ) it stimulates igf - 1 production and igf - 1 receptor expression ( see fig2 — optical density , and fig3 — immunohistochemistry ) and igf - 1 synthesis ( see fig4 — immunohistochemistry ). it stimulates cell proliferation ( see fig1 — incorporation of tritiated thymidine ) it inhibits igf - 1 production ( see fig4 — immunohistochemistry ) and igf - 1 receptor expression ( see fig2 — optical density , and fig3 — immunohistochemistry ) arias h r : ( 1996 ) agonist self - inhibitory binding site of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor . j neurosci res , 44 : 97 - 105 . agu r u , ugwoke m i , armand m , kinget r , verbeke n . the lung as a route for systemic delivery of therapeutic proteins and peptides . respir res . 2001 ; 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