Patent Application: US-94674797-A

Abstract:
the invention presents the use of non - woven fiber barriers applied to agricultural products or the plants to protect agriculturally or aesthetically valuable plants from damage inflicted by pests of agricultural or ornamental plants . experiments with these fiber barriers have shown a significant deterrent to both the oviposition and feeding of a varied group of agricultural pests . this pest management strategy will be of significant economic value in the more pest sensitive phases of plant growth . another positive benefit of the use of this system of pest control is that it may allow the elimination or moderation in the use of pesticides in commercial agricultural operations , home gardens , or the urban environment . in this way alleviating public concerns about the large number of pesticide treatments that agricultural products typically receive .

Description:
the overall objective in this field of research was to determine the feasibility of using nonwoven biodegradable fiber barriers ( loose arrangements of fibers ) to obstruct egg laying , feeding , or the spread of vectorable plant diseases , by agricultural pests . the results indicate that this use of non - woven mechanical barriers is effective for management of agricultural pests . data are presented herein in the form of data tables to the exclusion of drawings . these data represent the experimental results found by the inventors , and is included in tabular form at the end of this section detailing the preferred embodiments of the invention . it should be noted that each table is individually numbered ( e . g . 1 through 41 ), and is labeled according to the specific data it contains . references to these tables and the experiments that they represent are found throughout the specification but the tables themselves are presented in their own appendix for the sake of clarity , continuity , and ease of reference . the experiments were performed to determine the efficacy of fiber barriers in reducing feeding damage or oviposition ( egg laying ) by insect pests . these represent different aspects in the overall experiment embodied by this specification . in feeding damage and oviposition studies , many insects were initially tested in &# 34 ; choice &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; no choice &# 34 ; conditions with regard to their approach to specific types of fiber barriers . insect pests were presented with a known food source for that species of insect , and data were developed with regard to the amount of feeding damage inflicted or the rate of oviposition on the offered plant in the laboratory , the greenhouse , and in field trials . methodology of approach , as well as results of tests of the susceptibility of various plants to insect damage with regard to the use of non - woven fiber barriers of various types , colors , and densities are presented . laboratory insect flight tunnels and / or cage studies were conducted to determine the effect of various fiber types and configurations ( e . g ., density per unit area , distance from plant tissue etc .,) of obstructive barriers in preventing insects from laying eggs or feeding on specific vegetable crops . several different crop types and pests were utilized . once the optimal fiber barrier and its placement were determined for a specific pest and crop from the flight tunnel and / or cage tests , that combination was tested under field conditions to determine efficacy in preventing insect oviposition and injury to the given agricultural crops . behavioral bioassay studies of fiber efficacy were performed using field - collected and naturally occurring striped cucumber beetles ( acalymma vittatum ), spotted cucumber beetles ( diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi ), colorado potato beetle ( leptinotarsa decemlineata ), and flea beetles ( epitrix spp .) as well as laboratory - cultured d . undecimpunctata howardi , diamondback moth ( plutella xylostella ), corn earworm ( helicoverpa zea ), silverleaf whitefly ( bemisia argentifoli ), imported cabbageworm ( pieris rapae ), and cabbage maggot ( delia radicum ). all the experiments related below were arranged in a complete randomized block design where appropriate and data analyzed using superanova ™ ( abacus concepts , inc . 1989 ). where subsamples were taken within the same cage , cage treatment means were analyzed . means testing was performed with fisher &# 39 ; s lsd to discern differences between treatments . as appropriate , data were square root transformed and proportions arc / sine square root transformed prior to analyses . in the experiments run , the insect pests were presented with food sources that they recognize and are known to eat or oviposit on . &# 34 ; choice tests &# 34 ; or &# 34 ; no choice tests &# 34 ; were developed so that data regarding the effectiveness of fiber barriers could be obtained . these tests are the source of much of the relevant data discussed in this specification , and laid out graphically in the tables attached hereto . no choice tests &# 34 ; no choice &# 34 ; tests refer to the use of the various barriers on all the host plants available to the insect pest . that is , the insects were presented only untreated plants or only treated plants . choice tests &# 34 ; choice &# 34 ; tests refer to the availability of the normal plant host of the insect pest both with and without the placement of fiber barriers in the same environment or test conditions . five &# 34 ; off - the - shelf ,&# 34 ; multifilament fibers ( tows ) were used in tests : ( 1 ) a 900 denier spectra polyethylene fiber ( 20 μm diameter fiber , 120 - 150 monofilaments per strand , allied corporation , new york , n . y . ), 2 ) a smaller diameter graphite fiber ( 6 - 7 μm diameter , 3000 monofilaments per strand ), 3 ) a 840 denier polyester fiber in six colors ( white , red , blue , green , yellow and burgundy ), 70 monofilaments per strand ; ( allied corporation , new york , n . y . ); 4 ) the constituent filaments of ajute twine , and 5 ) a 1280 denier , black unitaka polyester fiber ( unitaka ). a length ( in cm ) of tow was specified as a repeatable measure of fiber density for these experiments . all &# 34 ; off - the - shelf &# 34 ; fiber treatments used in trials were applied by carefully teasing individual fibers from a multifilament tow of a specified length ( cm ) and , therefore , density of fiber and placing them on the plant , plant part or the soil around the plant to be protected . the amount and length of tow or density of yarn ( composed of x number of filaments ) cut , teased apart and placed on plants for barrier testing ( e . g ., a density of 2 × 1 cm = two , 1 cm lengths of tow composed of , approximately 70 filaments ). placement of experimental fiber treatments was either around the seedling base ( e . g ., acalymma , diabrotica , delia , and leptinotarsa experiments ), in a teased layer , covering the entire seedling ( e . g ., epitrix , plutella , pieris , and bemesia experiments ) or teased over the silks of sweet corn ( e . g ., helicoverpa experiments ). a sixth fiber , an electrostatically - spun , polyvinyl alcohol fiber , was applied directly to test seedlings in some laboratory and greenhouse trials by electrically charging a polymer solution with the plant as a ground ( e . g ., polyvinyl alcohol fibers form a &# 34 ; web &# 34 ; of 0 . 5 μm fibers around the seedling ). a seventh fiber , a spun sucrose &# 34 ; cotton candy ,&# 34 ; was also applied to all surfaces of a test plant using a wooden dowel to prevent contamination . an eighth fiber , a melt and extruded ethylene vinyl acetate was applied and / or draped over test plants . other fibers that would be of use would include biological compounds or protein polymers . striped and spotted cucumber beetles were held in polystyrene containers ( 18 . 4 × 13 . 3 × 10 . 2 cm ) under a 16 : 8 light : dark cycle and 15 - 20 ° c . ambient temperature . beetles were provided with fresh cut cucurbit foliage daily as a food source and harborage along with a water source in the form of a dental wick placed into a small , closed petri dish with water . thirty minutes prior to testing , beetles were removed , and placed in 4 dram glass vials and allowed to acclimate to ambient test conditions . laboratory behavioral experiments using both species of cucumber beetles were performed under a combination of fluorescent light , incandescent light and daylight at 22 ° c ., under a 16 : 8 light : dark cycle . laboratory arenas for acalymma and diabrotica were the same polystyrene boxes containing a single , squash seedling ( with two cotyledons ) planted in a greenhouse potting mixture . control arenas housed plants , waltham winter squash - var . &# 34 ; butternut &# 34 ; and summer squash - var . &# 34 ; seneca &# 34 ;, without fibers , while fiber treatments were each applied to different plants in similar arenas . the arenas were covered with rectangular , 0 . 16 cm thick , clear plexiglas to facilitate observations and minimize air current interference and / or fiber movement . individual beetles were transferred from vials to the potting soil surface and allowed to move freely about the test arena . the 20 - minute observation period for behavioral recording could be extended if necessary ( e . g ., the beetle was in contact with the fiber barrier or in partial contact with the plant ). the observation period was terminated when the beetle &# 39 ; s body was in full contact with the plant ( i . e ., plant acquisition ). while all beetles were observed until plant acquisition , or at least 20 minutes , only the behavior of those beetles , which attempted to reach the seedling , was included in the analyses . at the end of each observation period , beetles were individually placed in vials containing 95 % ethanol and later sexed . laboratory experiments were replicated at least 15 times for the control and each treatment using different acalymma to minimize the effect of previous experience . total observation time and the duration of individual behavioral events were recorded ( seconds ) along with data on certain behavioral parameters . the behavior of individual beetles when confronted by fiber barriers was characterized by four repeatable and quantifiable parameters that allowed us to assess fiber treatment efficacy for data analysis : total time , approach , time per approach and number of repels . these parameters are defined below . total time : total time during the ≦ 20 minute observation period during which the insect was in contact with fiber barrier or within 2 cm radius of the stem of a control plant . timing continued until the insect left the timing radius , broke off contact with the barrier or acquired the plant ( i . e ., attains full , unobstructed contact with the plant surface ). approach : insect , moving in a goal - oriented fashion , makes contact with fiber barrier or enters the 2 - cm radius thereby initiating the timing of contact . data from insects , which failed to &# 34 ; approach &# 34 ; the test plant , were not used in any analyses . time / approach : total time divided by the number of observed approaches . the insect , although having recorded one or more approaches , is never able to acquire the plant during the observation period . two arena types were used in the greenhouse experiments . first , polyethylene , 2 - liter soda containers that had been separated from their bases , had their mouths removed , had a square window cut and had both openings covered with fine mesh fabric . an access hole was cut for the introduction of test insects and sealed with foam plugs . a 3 . 81 cm dental wick , soaked in a 10 % sucrose - water solution and inserted into the foam plug , was provided to the experimental insect in each arena . a single squash seedling was planted in greenhouse potting soil within the base and the clear section of the bottle was inverted and slid within the base to enclose the arena for acalymma and diabrotica experiments . control plants received no treatment while experimental plants received a cover of a specified length / density of graphite or polyester multifilaments . for choice tests with multiple plants , including tests of fiber color effects , rectangular ( 30 . 48 × 60 . 96 × 30 . 48 cm ) or square ( 45 . 72 × 45 . 72 × 45 . 72 cm ) screen cages were arranged to house planting trays containing 4 or 5 seedlings in greenhouse potting soil . greenhouse studies for all test species were performed under a combination of daylight and incandescent grow light and ambient temperatures ranging between 23 . 5 and 34 ° c . and a 16 : 8 light cycle . individual or groups of three to five cucumber beetles of undetermined sex were introduced into each polyethylene arena containing a treated or untreated seedling . the insects were allowed to move freely about each container for at least 24 hours but , in some trials , up to 72 hours , then removed . beetles were then preserved in alcohol to be later sexed . to determine damage ( the area of leaf material removed by beetles ) in each replicate , each cotyledon was removed , traced on paper to its perceived pre - test area , and along with this tracing , measured with a calibrated lc3 leaf area meter ( licor , inc ., lincoln , nebr .). the difference was recorded as leaf tissue loss . in addition , areas of each cotyledon which were scoured by beetle feeding , rather than fully removed , were removed by scalpel or insect pin and the leaf area re - measured to assess real tissue damage . at least ten replicates each of the control , low fiber treatment ( 3 × 5 cm length of fiber ), medium fiber treatment ( 6 × 5 cm length of fiber ) and high level ( 9 × 5 cm length of fiber ) graphite for density , 3 × 5 cm lengths of graphite and polyethylene with pva treated plants for fiber type or blue , red , green , yellow and white polyester for color trials were performed . field choice tests , were performed without cages using cotyledon - age summer squash seedlings raised under greenhouse conditions which were transplanted directly within mature , pumpkin plots with pre - existing natural populations of beetles . transplanted squash cotyledons were placed in rows with 1 . 21 m spacing between rows and plants within rows ( control and either 3 or 4 treatments ). beetles were allowed to feed for 48 hours with behavior observed periodically . at the end of that time , beetles were removed from the seedlings and the feeding damage assessed visually and then the plants were returned to the laboratory , in soil to prevent desiccation , and the cotyledons measured with a calibrated leaf area meter . the start date for field trials was 9 / 5 / 96 for both density and color choice . meteorological parameters including precipitation , wind velocity and temperature , collected within 500 meters of experimental cages , were monitored during all field trials . seed potatoes , stored in a cooler and brought to 28 ° c . temperature for one week , were cut by hand and placed in six - packs with potting mix in a greenhouse and allowed to sprout seedlings . laboratory and greenhouse protocols and arenas for leptinotarsa were the same as those used for acalymma and diabrotica above , containing one ( for behavioral experiments ) or more ( choice experiments ) potato seedlings planted in an approximately flat - surfaced matrix of greenhouse potting mixture . behavioral and leaf damage studies were performed under a combination of daylight and incandescent grow light and ambient temperatures ranging between 23 . 5 and 34 ° c . and a day length of 16 : 8 . at the start of a field trial , ten small cages ( blocks ) were each erected over 5 transplanted potato seedlings in two alternating rows with 30 . 5 cm spacing between both rows and plants within rows ( control and 4 treatments ). beetles for field trials were transported from the laboratory in screened cages held in a cooler . meteorological parameters including precipitation , wind velocity and temperature , collected within 500 meters of experimental cages , were monitored during all field trials . ten adult leptinotarsa were released into each cage and allowed to feed for 24 hours with behavior observed periodically . at the end of that time , beetles were removed and the feeding damage assessed visually and then the plants were returned to the laboratory , in soil to prevent desiccation , and the cotyledons measured with a calibrated leaf area meter as described above . start dates for field trials were june 30 and july 3 for density choice and jul . 11 , 1996 for color choice . the response of flea beetles to fiber barriers was tested with the treated and untreated radish var . &# 34 ; champion .&# 34 ; the same arenas were used for flea beetle studies as for other beetle behavioral studies described above , with a 10 : 4 sand / top soil mixture as a planting matrix and light colored background so that the movement of the beetles could be observed . twenty arenas , 5 of each treatment ( untreated , polyethylene , graphite and pva ) were run simultaneously under identical ambient conditions . for epitrix trials , individual beetles were not observed individually due to their small size and high mobility . instead , acquisition by any of the beetles , was monitored and recorded every 10 minutes for the first hour and at two 30 - minute time points in the second hour . under no choice conditions all spotted cucumber beetle behavioral parameters showed significant responses to fiber treatments . significant differences were recorded between the mean total contact time for untreated and fiber treated winter squash plants ( p = 0 . 023 ; table 1 ). likewise , number of approaches ( p = 0 . 0004 , range : control = 1 . 00 ± 0 . 00 versus high density 3 . 10 ± 0 . 50 ), time in contact with fibers per approach ( p = 0 . 030 ), and the proportion of unsuccessful plant acquisitions or repels ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 2 ) were significantly different . these parameters were not statistically different between each sex ( p = 0 . 588 - 1 . 000 ), determined a posteriori through dissection . when spotted cucumber beetles were given a choice , no significant differences in leaf damage were observed between untreated squash and squash treated with 3 × 5 cm graphite or 3 × 5 cm polyethylene ( p = 0 . 212 ) in fiber type comparisons . likewise , no particular polyester fiber color ( red , blue , green , white , or yellow ) significantly deterred feeding by spotted cucumber beetles ( p = 0 . 194 ). mixed groups of beetles containing both sexes , determined a posteriori through dissection , caused significantly more proportional squash leaf damage ( chew , p = 0 . 042 ; chew + scour , p = 0 . 005 ) than do same - sex groupings in fiber type choice experiments . under no choice conditions fiber density had a significant influence on behavioral parameters such as time in contact with the fibers or time striped cucumber beetles were within 2 cm of stem ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 3 ), approach ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 4 ), time in contact with fibers / approach ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 5 ) and the proportion of unsuccessful plant acquisitions ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 6 ). fiber type had a significant influence on parameters such as total time ( seconds ) in contact with the fibers or within 2 cm of stem ( p = 0 . 0001 ; table 7 ), approach number ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 8 ), time in contact with fibers / approach ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 9 ), and the proportion of unsuccessful plant acquisitions ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 10 ). the feeding damage data for laboratory density choice experiments suggests no significant deterrent to feeding attributable to fiber treatments ( p = 0 . 181 ). field graphite density choice studies ( untreated , 1 × 5 , 3 × 5 , 6 × 5 and 9 × 5 graphite tow ) exhibit a significant reduction in mean leaf damage ( p = 0 . 012 ; table 11 ) and proportional leaf damage ( p = 0 . 007 ; table 12 ) with increasing density . this was inconsistent with some of the earlier laboratory results . fiber type ( untreated , 3 × 5 cm polyethylene , graphite and jute fibers ) produced no significant differences in actual ( p = 0 . 357 ) or proportional ( p = 0 . 265 ) leaf damage between treatments . because these field experiments are uncaged , damage may be due to not only to acalymma but also to diabrotica spp ., ( d . virgifera virgifera , d . barberi and d . undecimpunctata howardi ) which also feed on squash and are active in the field simultaneously . under &# 34 ; no choice &# 34 ; conditions fiber density had a significant influence on total time ( seconds ) colorado potato beetles were in contact with the fibers or within 2 cm of stem ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 13 ), number of approaches ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 14 ), time in contact with fibers / approach ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 15 ) and the proportion of unsuccessful plant acquisitions ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 16 ). fiber type also had a significant influence on total time ( seconds ) ( p = 0 . 007 ; table 17 ), approach number ( p = 0 . 0207 ; table 18 ), time in contact with fibers / approach ( p = 0 . 032 ; table 19 ), and the proportion of unsuccessful plant acquisitions ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 20 ). under greenhouse choice conditions , fiber treatments reduced feeding damage in terms of actual leaf area removed by chewing ( p = 0 . 002 ; table 21 ) and the proportion of the leaf damaged ( p =& lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 22 ) with all treatments showing less damage than the control . no significant differences ( p & gt ; 0 . 75 ) were observed in laboratory color choice trials ( blue , green , red , white and yellow polyester ). there was no significant effect attributable to sex of the beetle , as determined through a posteriori dissection . field studies comparing graphite fiber densities also showed a reduction in feeding damage in terms of actual leaf area removed by chewing ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 23 ) and the proportion of the leaf damaged ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 24 ). beetles presented with a single , untreated or treated 3 × 5 cm graphite , polyethylene or electrostatically applied polyvinyl alcohol ) radish seedling in no choice arenas differed significantly in their time course of plant acquisition . these differences between treatments occurred at 20 ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ) and 30 ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ) minutes after experiment initiation ( table 25 ). at other experimental times the beetle numbers are not significantly different among treatments . when the mean total number of observed beetles on plants for each treatment were analyzed , no significant differences were observed ( p = 0 . 558 ). however , for the proportion of the leaf damaged ( p = 0 . 025 , proportional mean damage ± se : control = 0 . 17 ± 0 . 05 , polyethylene = 0 . 13 ± 0 . 04 , graphite 0 . 05 ± 0 . 02 , pva = 0 . 23 ± 0 . 04 ), pva treatment significantly enhanced damage over the control and all other treatments . this was consistent with the rapid beetle buildup on pva - treated plants during the experiments . laboratory - cultured diamondback moth pupae , placed in 12 . 07 cm diameter polystyrene containers and cabbage maggot pupae in 30 . 48 × 30 . 48 × 30 . 48 cm screen cages , were held under a 16 : 8 light cycle and 24 ° c . ambient temperature until eclosion . adults of both sexes were then held together , under like conditions for at least 4 and 7 days , respectively , to allow both sexes to reach sexual maturity and mate . adult insects were provided with a 10 % sucrose - water solution ad libitum and cabbage maggots were additionally provided with a powdered baker &# 39 ; s yeast mixture , as a protein source . individuals were transferred to capped 4 - dram glass vials before final transfer to test arenas . laboratory and greenhouse arenas for plutella and delia were the same as those used for acalymma and diabrotica above , containing one ( for behavioral experiments ) or more ( choice experiments ) broccoli seedlings , hybrid broccoli - var . &# 34 ; premium crop &# 34 ; or var . &# 34 ; southern comet ,&# 34 ; planted in a greenhouse potting mixture . fiber treatments were teased out over the seedlings ( plutella ) or around the base of the seedling on top of the soil ( delia ). individual or multiple females of ovipositional age were used . the assessment of oviposition in plutella involved the counting of eggs on individual seedlings in three areas ( i . e ., top and bottom of leaves including petiole and on the stem , i . e ., below the petiole insertions ) and on the fibers in the treated arenas . determination of delia oviposition involved the careful removal of each sub - container of substrate and placing them individually in water - filled containers . this allows the substrate to sink while the eggs in each container float and can be easily counted . blocks ( control + treatments ) without eggs laid on control plants ( plutella ) or within control containers ( delia ) were not included in the analyses . for field experiments involving brassica , ten small cages ( blocks ) were erected over 5 transplanted ( plutella experiments ) or potted ( delia experiments ) broccoli seedlings in two alternating rows with 30 . 48 cm spacing between rows and plants within rows . for plutella experiments , greenhouse - grown broccoli seedlings ( with two cotyledons ) were removed from a matrix of greenhouse potting mixture and planted directly into the soil within the cages . for delia , broccoli seedlings were planted in potting mixture in 12 . 7 - cm diameter standard pots to a depth of at least 3 - cm below the rim . a 3 cm layer of a 10 : 4 mixture of # 1 sand / topsoil was then placed over the top of the potting mixture containing the growing seedling as an oviposition substrate . the five potted plants per cage were buried so that the brim of each pot was even with the surrounding soil . a 10 % sucrose - water solution was provided in each cage along with a powdered brewer &# 39 ; s yeast mixture in the delia trials . within each cage for choice tests , a single replicate of a control and four fiber treatments were applied ( 5 plants total ). the behavior of caged insects ( 5 - 10 adult females / trial ) was observed periodically to assess setup and insect viability . after 72 hours , the insects were removed and oviposition was assessed . for plutella , number and position of eggs on each plant was measured . start dates for field trials were july 18 and june 31 for density choice and august 6 , august 14 and sep . 18 , 1996 for color choice . for delia , the sand / topsoil mixture was removed and the eggs counted after flotation in water . start dates for field trials were june 3 and jun . 10 , 1996 . blocks ( control + treatments ) without eggs deposited in control plots were not included in the analyses . meteorological parameters including precipitation , wind velocity , and temperature , collected within 500 meters of experimental cages , were monitored during all field trials . to initially determine the spatial oviposition pattern of helicoverpa on untreated sweet corn , four potted greenhouse - grown sweet corn plants , var . &# 34 ; horizon ,&# 34 ; in the silking stage with tassels and stems removed from about 30 . 48 cm above the silking ear , were placed in a wooden - framed , enclosed cage with a plywood bottom . the sectioned stem of each plant was sealed tightly with parafilm ™ ( american national can , neenah , wis .) to prevent desiccation and moderate volatile release . four plants in each cage for fiber trials were treated by teasing out monofilaments over the silks of randomly assigned plants . two pairs of unmated , but reproductively mature , male and female moths were released together in the oviposition cage for 96 hours . at the end of the experiment , the moths were removed and the position ( stem , leaf , ear , silks and fibers if present ) and number of eggs were recorded . ambient temperature and time of day were tracked during laboratory and greenhouse trials . these trials were replicated nine times . two sweet corn plantings var . &# 34 ; horizon ,&# 34 ; 14 rows wide and 33 . 5 m in length with a 91 . 4 cm between - row spacing and 20 . 32 cm inter - plant spacing were planted on june 3 and jun . 26 , 1996 . for field experiments involving helicoverpa , five natural color hdpe or woven lumite ( synthetic industries , gainesville , ga . ), 20 × 20 mesh screen cages were fabricated . each cage was constructed to fit over a 2 . 9 m wide , by 3 . 8 m long , by 2 . 3 m high , 15 . 2 - cm thick pvc frame . cages were erected over the three center rows of each 7 rows of corn leaving two rows outside the cage on either side to minimize edge effect . within each cage , all ears of sweet corn were removed from each plant in direct proximity to each the cage walls . all treatments and controls were confined to the ears of plants in the center row contained within this ear - removed buffer zone . within each cage 16 plants were available , comprising a maximum of 4 replicates of a control and 3 fiber treatments for each cage in a trial . a food source of 10 % sucrose - water solution in a vial with a dental wick , sealed with parafilm ™ and attached to a 1 . 8 - m stake , was provided ad libitum . the five adult females and five adult male helicoverpa , previously held together for 5 - 7 days to accommodate the pre - oviposition period , were released into each cage . start dates for field trials were august 14 , august 20 , august 28 , september 3 and sep . 9 , 1996 . subsamples ( control + treatments ) without eggs on the silks of control plants were not included in the analyses . meteorological parameters including precipitation , wind velocity and temperature ( t °), collected within 500 meters of experimental cages , were monitored during all field trials . at the end of the 96 - hour experimental period , moths were collected and individual control and fiber - treated plants were surveyed for the presence , number and position of eggs . whiteflies were tested with a &# 34 ; no choice &# 34 ; protocol using single treated and untreated summer squash plants var . &# 34 ; seneca .&# 34 ; two liter , polyethylene soda container arenas holding a single squash plant in a potting soil mixture were used for whitefly studies . ten mating pairs of whiteflies were introduced into each arena for all studies . up to forty arenas , depending on the treatment parameters of a given trial , were run simultaneously under identical ambient conditions . ambient temperature and time of day were tracked during greenhouse trials . the length of each trial was 48 hours , at which point , the whiteflies were removed and the eggs counted on the top and bottom of each cotyledon and true leaf . counts were made using a binocular dissecting scope . the fibers for plant treatments were created and / or applied in four ways : 1 ) pva fibers were electrostatically spun as a web directly onto squash plants , 2 ) sucrose cotton candy fibers were spun using a robson model cc 1 - 3701 ( chino , calif .) cotton candy maker and applied by hand to the top and bottom of each cotyledon and true leaf , 3 ) &# 34 ; off - the - shelf &# 34 ; graphite fibers were teased by hand out at known densities ( 3 × 5 cm , 6 × 5 cm and 9 × 5 cm ) over and around each cotyledon and true leaf and 4 ) ethylene vinyl acetate ( eva ) was melt extruded under pressure into a stream of compressed air to form a fiber web directly onto the squash plant . while eva , graphite and pva fibers were relatively stable in greenhouse studies , the sucrose fibers were quickly degraded by moisture and formed a sugar coating of the leaf s surface with numerous raised and stable sugar droplets . this was an expected result and the efficacy of this fiber application was worthy of testing . efficacy against pieris ( commonly known as imported cabbageworm ) oviposition was tested using a choice protocol with fiber treated and untreated squash plants var . &# 34 ; seneca .&# 34 ; four 2 liter , polyethylene soda container bottoms , each holding a single broccoli plant in a top soil mixture , were placed in each of five 45 . 7 × 47 . 5 × 45 . 7 cm screen cages used as test arenas ( blocks ). three of the plants were treated with fibers and the fourth was an untreated control . treatments were arranged randomly within each cage . four , reproductively mature female pieris were introduced into each arena for all studies , given a 10 % sucrose solution as a food source and allowed to oviposit ad libitum . ambient temperature and time of day were tracked during greenhouse trials . the length of each trial was 96 hours , at which point , the butterflies were removed and the eggs counted on the top , bottom and stem of each cotyledon and true leaf and on the fibers for treated plants . the three fibers for plant treatments were created and / or applied in two ways : 1 ) ethylene vinyl acetate ( eva ) fibers were melt extruded under pressure through a nozzle into a stream of compressed air forming a web that was then placed onto broccoli plants ; or 2 ) either &# 34 ; off - the - shelf &# 34 ; graphite or black polyester fibers were teased by hand out at known densities ( 6 × 5 cm ) over and around each cotyledon and true leaf . fiber type studies indicate that graphite fibers significantly reduced diamondback moth oviposition at 24 hours when compared with polyethylene - treated and untreated plants ( p = 0 . 0097 ; table 26 ). the proportion of females ovipositing was reduced by the graphite fiber treatment ( table 27 ) along with a significant change in the spatial egg deposition pattern ( table 28 ). in an additional fiber type trial , electrostatically - spun , pva fibers did not reduce total oviposition on broccoli seedlings ( p = 0 . 257 ) from that of untreated , polyethylene - and graphite - treated seedlings even though oviposition was lowest for pva on each plant area and significantly so for the bottom ( p = 0 . 005 ). this was due to the significantly greater egg deposition on the pva fibers themselves ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; mean number of eggs ± se : pva = 105 . 42 ± 27 . 84 , polyethylene = 11 . 27 ± 5 . 76 , graphite = 23 . 40 ± 8 . 70 ). this does not equate to increased plant protection since newly hatched larvae were then able to penetrate the pva barrier and feed on the leaves . significantly more eggs were recorded on control plants than those treated with a medium ( 6 × 5 cm ) or a high ( 9 × 5 cm ) level of fibers at 3 hr ( p = 0 . 0482 ) and 6 hr ( p = 0 . 0231 ). in choice studies , color had a significant effect on egg placement , with plants treated with blue fibers less preferred ( p = 0 . 040 ; mean number of eggs ± se : blue = 0 . 92 ± 0 . 61 , white = 13 . 08 ± 5 . 06 , burgundy = 9 . 92 ± 3 . 89 ). no significant differences were noted in separate no choice tests of untreated , green and yellow polyester ( p = 0 . 1214 ). oviposition was significantly reduced in graphite density choice polyester fibers tests ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; range of mean number of eggs ± se : control = 127 . 33 ± 1 . 73 , 6 × 5 cm = 9 . 75 ± 6 . 96 ) with 3 of 12 blocked replicates exhibiting oviposition only on the untreated plants and 6 of the 12 with oviposition only on untreated and low density treatments . positional oviposition data ( top , bottom , stem , fibers ) was also recorded with similar results for each fiber treatment ( p = 0 . 0012 & lt ; 0 . 001 ). field studies testing graphite density ( untreated , 1 × 5 , 3 × 5 , 6 × 5 , and 9 × 5 graphite tow ) showed a significant reduction in mean total oviposition with increasing density ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; table 29 ). this was consistent with the results when each plant location ( top : p & lt ; 0 . 001 , bottom : p & lt ; 0 . 001 , and stem : p & lt ; 0 . 001 ) were considered individually . the number of eggs laid on the test fibers also decreased significantly with increasing density ( p = 0 . 046 ; table 30 ). no significant differences ( p = 0 . 731 - 0 . 089 ) were observed in field color choice trials ( blue , green , red , white and yellow polyester ). initial greenhouse cage studies of cabbage maggot females showed that 96 . 4 % of all eggs were deposited within 1 . 25 cm of an untreated host plant . these studies also outlined the behavioral oviposition sequence for delia , documenting the fly &# 39 ; s need for tactile contact with the host plant during its ovipositional sequence . these data were useful in comparisons of oviposition with increasing fiber densities , and other delia studies . in fiber type studies , graphite fibers significantly reduced oviposition within 1 . 25 cm of the stem when compared with polyethylene treated and untreated plants ( p = 0 . 0126 ; table 31 ). in addition , the proportion of females ovipositing within 1 . 25 cm of the stem was reduced , particularly by the graphite treatment , which was responsible for a reduction from 80 % for untreated plants to less than 10 % ( table 32 ). in separate laboratory fiber type trials including plants treated with electrostatically - spun pva fibers , oviposition within the 1 . 25 cm of the stem was significantly reduced ( p = 0 . 027 ; table 33 ). a significantly greater proportion of eggs were deposited within 1 . 25 cm of an untreated stem than for graphite , polyethylene or pva treatments ( p = 0 . 004 ). trials with broccoli seedlings covered with electrostatically - spun , polyvinyl alcohol fibers indicate that as long as the &# 34 ; web &# 34 ; formed by the 0 . 5 μm fibers remains intact , oviposition by cabbage maggot is prevented . small rips or tears , in some of our pva treatments , allowed females to contact the stem and accomplish oviposition . still the result presents the efficacy of electrostatically spun and biodegradable fiber barriers against cabbage maggot . oviposition within 1 . 25 cm of a stem declined significantly with increasing density ( 3 × 5 , 6 × 5 , 9 × 5 ) of graphite fibers ( p = 0 . 0043 ; table 34 ). a reduction in total eggs ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ) per female was also noted . the proportion of females ovipositing was reduced by increasing fiber density particularly within the inner 1 . 25 - cm radius ( table 35 ). laboratory trials showed no significant effect of color on cabbage maggot oviposition . when given a choice , untreated plants were subject to more oviposition than those treated with fibers ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; egg mean ± se : control = 12 . 93 ± 3 . 78 , high density = 0 . 53 ± 0 . 19 ) and oviposition near the stem than treated plants ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ; egg mean within 1 . 25 cm ± se : control = 10 . 07 ± 3 . 78 , high density 0 . 27 ± 0 . 15 ). greenhouse cage studies in which fibers were teased over silks of the corn suggested that jute might significantly reduce , while graphite fibers significantly enhance oviposition in the area around the ear silks when compared with untreated plants ( p =& lt ; 0 . 001 ; oviposition proportion mean + se : control = 0 . 13 ± 0 . 05 , jute = 0 . 00 ± 0 . 00 , graphite = 0 . 28 ± 0 . 05 ; number of eggs 407 ). field fiber type studies performed in large cages , showed a significant reduction only in mean proportional oviposition with differing fiber types ( p = 0 . 019 ; table 36 ). despite this apparent deflection of earworm spatial oviposition pattern , both the mean proportion of eggs on the silks and fibers if present ( eggs on . silks + eggs on fibers / total eggs on plant + fibers ; p = 0 . 955 ) and the mean total eggs per plant + fibers ( p = 0 . 207 ) exhibited non - significant treatment effects . under no choice conditions all three treatments significantly reduced whitefly oviposition . significant differences were recorded between the mean oviposition for untreated and graphite fiber treated squash plants ( p = 0 . 0001 ; table 37 ) with a steady reduction in the mean total number of eggs with increasing fiber density . likewise , the total mean number of eggs / plant ( p = 0 . 0001 , control = 24 . 47 ± 1 . 88 versus sucrose = 5 . 87 ± 1 . 96 ; table 38 ) was significantly reduced by sucrose treatment . the results of the pva trial show a significant reduction in mean total number of eggs laid between untreated and treated plants ( p = 0 . 0174 , control = 54 . 89 ± 8 . 17 versus pva = 30 . 78 ± 4 . 83 ). significant differences in egg location are statistically supportable , as well ( table 39 ). untreated plants exhibited significantly more whitefly oviposition on true leaves ( p = 0 . 0016 ) and significantly less oviposition on the cotyledons ( p = 0 . 0001 ) than untreated plants . no significant differences were observed in whitefly oviposition on untreated and eva - treated squash seedlings ( p = 0 . 940 ). under choice conditions , all three treatments significantly reduced the total mean number of eggs / plant ( p = 0 . 0002 ; see table 40 ) laid by imported cabbageworm . in addition , ethylene vinyl acetate prevented oviposition significantly better than the &# 34 ; off - the - shelf &# 34 ; treatments , perhaps due to its better coverage of plant tissue . decreased oviposition was primarily due to significant reductions in the number of eggs laid on the bottoms of the leaves ( p = 0 . 0001 ; see table 41 ). fiber treatments may present particular difficulties for egg laying on the underside of the leaves by eliminating adequate leaf - edge perches . table 1______________________________________the time in contactwith fibers per insect aproachas a function of fiber density standarddensity total time error______________________________________control 2 . 65 0 . 371 × 5 cm 67 . 90 24 . 912 × 5 cm 99 . 20 47 . 163 × 5 cm 68 . 60 15 . 59______________________________________ table 2______________________________________unsuccessful plantacquisitions ( repels ) withincreasing fiber density proportion standarddensity of repels error______________________________________control 0 . 00 0 . 001 × 5 cm 0 . 20 0 . 132 × 5 cm 0 . 90 0 . 103 × 5 cm 0 . 90 0 . 10______________________________________ table 3______________________________________the pests &# 39 ; time incontact with the fibers as afunction of fiber density ( no choice conditions ) total time standarddensity ( sec ) error______________________________________control 1 . 50 0 . 221 × 1 cm 18 . 07 3 . 982 × 1 cm 63 . 93 24 . 563 × 1 cm 64 . 07 10 . 845 × 1 cm 109 . 31 20 . 731 × 5 cm 138 . 25 26 . 37______________________________________ table 4______________________________________the ability of increasing fiberdensity to increse the pests &# 39 ; approachto plant patterns ( no choice conditions ) number of standardtreatment approaches error______________________________________control 1 . 00 0 . 001 × 1 1 . 50 0 . 132 × 1 1 . 79 0 . 193 × 1 2 . 34 0 . 235 × 1 3 . 56 0 . 471 × 5 3 . 18 0 . 32______________________________________ table 5______________________________________the influence of increasingfiber density on time in contactwith fibers ( no choice conditions ) time / standardtreatment approach error______________________________________control 1 . 50 0 . 221 × 1 11 . 16 2 . 542 × 1 24 . 94 4 . 543 × 1 22 . 52 2 . 285 × 1 35 . 64 6 . 701 × 5 56 . 29 15 . 00______________________________________ table 6______________________________________proportion of repels ( noplant acquisition ) with increasingfiber density ( no choice conditions ) proportion standarddensity of repels error______________________________________control 0 . 00 0 . 001 × 1 cm 0 . 40 0 . 132 × 1 cm 0 . 53 0 . 133 × 1 cm 0 . 60 0 . 095 × 1 cm 0 . 69 0 . 121 × 5 cm 0 . 94 0 . 06______________________________________ table 7______________________________________fiber type influence onthe time in contact with fibers total contact time standardtreatment ( seconds ) error______________________________________control 1 . 50 0 . 22polyethylene 32 . 25 4 . 72graphite 77 . 32 8 . 73______________________________________ table 8______________________________________number of pest approaches tothe plant as a function of fiber type number of standardtreatment approaches error______________________________________control 1 . 00 0 . 00polyethylene 1 . 63 0 . 14graphite 2 . 73 0 . 16______________________________________ table 9______________________________________total time in contact / approach withthe plant as a function of fiber type time / approach standardtreatment ( seconds ) error______________________________________control 1 . 50 0 . 22polyethylene 19 . 58 2 . 26graphite 29 . 20 3 . 57______________________________________ table 10______________________________________proportion of unsuccessfulplant acquistions ( repels ) as afunction of fiber type proportion standardtreatment repelled error______________________________________control 0 . 00 0 . 00polyethylene 0 . 20 0 . 05graphite 0 . 63 0 . 05______________________________________ table 11______________________________________increasing graphite fiberdensity in the field reduces leaf damage mean leaf damage standardtreatment ( cm . sup . 2 ) error______________________________________control 12 . 21 4 . 161 × 5 10 . 46 3 . 243 × 5 3 . 99 0 . 666 × 5 2 . 97 0 . 589 × 5 2 . 54 0 . 30______________________________________ table 12______________________________________increasing graphite fiberdensity in the field reduces theproportion of leaf damage proportion standardtreatment leaf damage error______________________________________control 0 . 47 0 . 141 × 5 0 . 46 0 . 153 × 5 0 . 16 0 . 046 × 5 0 . 11 0 . 029 × 5 0 . 09 0 . 01______________________________________ table 13______________________________________under no choice conditions , fiber density influence on a pest &# 39 ; s totaltime in contact with the fiber barrier total time standarddensity total time error______________________________________control 2 . 44 0 . 341 × 5 29 . 32 7 . 162 × 5 41 . 95 8 . 683 × 5 88 . 14 18 . 88p1 × 5 16 . 76 2 . 88p2 × 5 104 . 60 19 . 99p3 × 5 57 . 25 13 . 33pva 42 . 05 6 . 94______________________________________ table 14______________________________________under no choice conditions , fiber density influence on the numberof pest approaches to the plant number of approaches number of standarddensity approaches error______________________________________control 1 . 00 0 . 001 × 5 1 . 79 0 . 302 × 5 1 . 52 0 . 183 × 5 1 . 91 0 . 32p1 × 5 1 . 20 0 . 13p2 × 5 2 . 50 0 . 52p3 × 5 2 . 60 0 . 47pva 1 . 25 0 . 12______________________________________ table 15______________________________________under no choice conditions , fiber density marked influence ontime in had a contact / approach with fibers time / approach time / standarddensity approach error______________________________________control 2 . 44 0 . 341 × 5 19 . 68 6 . 252 × 5 28 . 71 5 . 673 × 5 54 . 88 14 . 63p1 × 5 14 . 18 2 . 43p2 × 5 53 . 00 16 . 10p3 × 5 24 . 73 5 . 75pva 35 . 37 6 . 08______________________________________ table 16______________________________________under no choice conditions , fiberdensity influence on the proportion ofunsuccessful plant acquisitions ( repels ) proportion of repels proportion of standarddensity repels error______________________________________control 0 . 00 0 . 001 × 5 0 . 63 0 . 112 × 5 0 . 67 0 . 113 × 5 0 . 67 0 . 11p1 × 5 0 . 36 0 . 10p2 × 5 0 . 40 0 . 11p3 × 5 0 . 95 0 . 05pva 0 . 00 0 . 00______________________________________ table 17______________________________________total time to the plant perinsect as a function of fiber type total time standardtreatment ( seconds ) error______________________________________control 2 . 44 0 . 34polyethylene 56 . 25 8 . 63graphite 53 . 92 8 . 05pva 42 . 05 6 . 94______________________________________ table 18______________________________________number of approaches to theplant per insect as a function of fibertype number of standardtreatment approaches error______________________________________control 1 . 00 0 . 00polyethylene 2 . 03 0 . 23graphite 1 . 74 0 . 16pva 1 . 25 0 . 12______________________________________ table 19______________________________________time per approach to theplant as a function of fiber type mean time / approach standardtreatment ( seconds ) error______________________________________control 2 . 44 0 . 34polyethylene 29 . 37 5 . 63graphite 34 . 91 5 . 97pva 35 . 37 6 . 08______________________________________ table 20______________________________________fiber type ( graphite ) influenceon proportion of unsuccessful plantacquisitions ( repels ) proportion standardtreatment repelled error______________________________________control 0 . 00 0 . 00polyethylene 0 . 55 0 . 06graphite 0 . 66 0 . 06pva 0 . 00 0 . 00______________________________________ table 21______________________________________under greenhouse choiceconditions , fiber density influence onthe total area of leaf damaged by aninsect pest mean leaf damage standardtreatment ( cm . sup . 2 ) error______________________________________control 3 . 11 0 . 783 × 5 0 . 89 0 . 346 × 5 0 . 97 0 . 309 × 5 0 . 69 0 . 50______________________________________ table 22______________________________________under greenhouse choiceconditions , fiber density influence onproportion of leaf damaged by aninsect pest mean proportion standardtreatment leaf damage error______________________________________control 0 . 44 0 . 073 × 5 0 . 15 0 . 066 × 5 0 . 17 0 . 069 × 5 0 . 07 0 . 04______________________________________ table 23______________________________________graphite fiber density effecton the total area of leaf damaged byan insect pest mean leaf damage standardtreatment ( cm . sup . 2 ) error______________________________________control 1 . 72 0 . 401 × 5 1 . 30 0 . 243 × 5 1 . 07 0 . 196 × 5 0 . 68 0 . 149 × 5 0 . 43 0 . 15______________________________________ table 24______________________________________graphite fiber density effecton the proportion of leaf damaged byan insect pest proportion standardtreatment leaf damage error______________________________________control 0 . 44 0 . 071 × 5 0 . 40 0 . 073 × 5 0 . 32 0 . 066 × 5 0 . 24 0 . 059 × 5 0 . 09 0 . 03______________________________________ table 25__________________________________________________________________________fiber type influence on the time course of flea beetles in plant ( raddish ) acquisition ( particularly at 20 and 30 minutes ) control graphite pvatime standard standard polyethylene standard ( min .) control error graphite error polyethylene standard error pva error__________________________________________________________________________0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 0010 . 00 0 . 50 0 . 17 0 . 16 0 . 09 0 . 20 0 . 08 0 . 25 0 . 1020 . 00 1 . 20 0 . 36 0 . 36 0 . 15 0 . 04 0 . 04 1 . 20 0 . 2830 . 00 1 . 20 0 . 39 0 . 32 0 . 14 0 . 20 0 . 10 1 . 35 0 . 2840 . 00 1 . 50 0 . 40 0 . 48 0 . 17 1 . 20 0 . 24 0 . 75 0 . 1850 . 00 1 . 30 0 . 30 0 . 40 0 . 17 0 . 60 0 . 19 0 . 70 0 . 2260 . 00 1 . 90 0 . 62 0 . 84 0 . 22 0 . 72 0 . 21 1 . 05 0 . 1890 . 00 1 . 90 0 . 46 1 . 04 0 . 21 0 . 96 0 . 36 0 . 90 0 . 20120 . 00 1 . 80 0 . 47 1 . 00 0 . 25 1 . 08 0 . 36 1 . 15 0 . 20__________________________________________________________________________ table 26______________________________________the influence of graphitefiber treatment on oviposition over a24 hour period mean standardtreatment oviposition error______________________________________control 18 . 60 6 . 09polyethelene 18 . 07 4 . 26graphite 3 . 87 1 . 84______________________________________ table 27______________________________________the effect offiber type on the proportionof female pests ovipositing proportion ovipositing - treatment total______________________________________ control 0 . 87 polyester 0 . 87 graphite 0 . 40______________________________________ table 28__________________________________________________________________________the effect of fiber type on the spatial pattern of egg deposition mean top mean bottom mean stem oviposition standard oviposition standard oviposition standardtreatment top error bottom error stem error__________________________________________________________________________control 7 . 67 3 . 04 10 . 73 3 . 92 0 . 20 0 . 15polyethylene 6 . 07 1 . 54 12 . 00 3 . 45 0 . 00 0 . 00graphite 1 . 27 0 . 57 2 . 00 1 . 13 0 . 60 0 . 60__________________________________________________________________________ table 29______________________________________increasing fiber density actsto change the pests &# 39 ; total ovipositionon the plant total number standardtreatment eggs error______________________________________control 42 . 79 11 . 761 × 5 25 . 79 11 . 053 × 5 14 . 64 10 . 606 × 5 2 . 07 1 . 189 × 5 0 . 86 0 . 49______________________________________ table 30______________________________________increasing fiber density actsto change the pests &# 39 ; ability to layeggs on the plant total number of standardtreatment eggs error______________________________________1 × 5 14 . 07 8 . 443 × 5 4 . 21 3 . 566 × 5 1 . 64 1 . 159 × 5 0 . 36 0 . 29______________________________________ table 31______________________________________fiber type affects oviposition in soil around the plant stem controldis - stand - polyester graphitetancecon - ard standard standard ( cm ) trol error polyethylene error graphite error______________________________________ & lt ; 1 . 254 . 73 1 . 65 2 . 80 1 . 06 0 . 07 0 . 071 . 26 - 0 . 13 0 . 09 0 . 40 0 . 21 0 . 27 0 . 182 . 502 . 60 - 0 . 07 0 . 07 0 . 07 0 . 07 0 . 07 0 . 073 . 003 . 10 - 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 07 0 . 07 0 . 47 0 . 473 . 50______________________________________ table 32______________________________________the proportion of pestsoviposition within 1 . 25 cm of thestem as a function of fiber barrier type proportion proportion ovipositing - ovipositing - treatment total inner______________________________________control 0 . 80 0 . 80polyester 0 . 53 0 . 40graphite 0 . 33 0 . 07______________________________________ table 33______________________________________fiber type influence on eggdeposition within 1 . 25 cm of the stem ( laboratory trials ) total number standardtreatment eggs ( 1 . 25 cm ) error______________________________________control 5 . 60 3 . 64polyethylene 0 . 20 0 . 20graphite 0 . 00 0 . 00pva 0 . 40 0 . 40______________________________________ table 34__________________________________________________________________________increasing graphite fiber density influence on average ovipositio control low medium highdistance standard standard standard standard ( cm ) control error low error medium error high error__________________________________________________________________________ & lt ; 1 . 254 . 09 1 . 64 1 . 18 0 . 99 0 . 46 0 . 46 0 . 18 0 . 121 . 26 - 2 . 500 . 73 0 . 24 0 . 64 0 . 34 0 . 46 0 . 25 0 . 00 0 . 002 . 60 - 3 . 000 . 64 0 . 28 0 . 18 0 . 12 0 . 09 0 . 09 0 . 00 0 . 003 . 10 - 5 . 51 . 00 0 . 56 0 . 27 0 . 20 0 . 55 0 . 28 0 . 09 0 . 09__________________________________________________________________________ table 35______________________________________the effect of increasing fiberdensity on both total oviposition andoviposition with 1 . 25 cm of the stem proportion proportion ovipositing - ovipositing - treatment total inner______________________________________control 1 . 00 1 . 003 × 5 0 . 66 0 . 236 × 5 0 . 38 0 . 009 × 5 0 . 23 0 . 18______________________________________ table 36______________________________________fiber type effect on theproportion of oviposition on the silkof the corn plant proportion of eggs on standardtreatment silks error______________________________________control 0 . 65 0 . 13polyethylene 0 . 33 0 . 12graphite 0 . 14 0 . 08jute 0 . 30 0 . 11______________________________________ table 37______________________________________in the greenhouse , the effect of graphitefiber density on mean oviposition by silverleafwhiteflies on squash planttreatment total # of eggs standard error______________________________________control 24 5 . 313 × 5 11 . 5 2 . 796 × 5 8 . 6 2 . 629 × 5 4 . 8 1 . 89______________________________________ table 38______________________________________the effect of spun sucrose on total meanoviposition by silverleaf whiteflies on squash planttreatment total # of eggs standard error______________________________________untreated 24 . 467 2 . 882sugar 5 . 867 1 . 964______________________________________ table 39______________________________________the effect of pva on the mean amount and location ofoviposition by silverleaf whiteflies on squash plant control pva standard standardplant / leaf control error pva error______________________________________plant 62 . 1 11 . 559 39 . 7 6 . 53true leaves 53 . 3 10 . 519 6 . 2 4 . 046cotyledons 7 . 6 2 . 172 33 . 3 6 . 603______________________________________ table 40______________________________________effect of fiber treatments onmean total imported cabbageworm oviposition mean total # treatment of eggs standard error______________________________________eva 4 . 8 3 . 6black polyester 14 . 2 3 . 7graphite 17 6 . 2control 27 . 4 4 . 8______________________________________ table 41______________________________________effect of fiber treatments on meanimported cabbageworm leaf underside oviposition mean total # oftreatment eggs standard error______________________________________eva 2 . 6 2 . 6black polyester 8 . 2 3 . 6graphite 13 5 . 4control 20 4 . 4______________________________________ 1 . abacus concepts , 1989 , super anova : accessible general linear modeling . abacus concepts , berkeley , calif . 2 . brugger , k . e . ; p . nol , and c . l . phillips ., 1993 , sucrose repellency to european starlings : will 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18 . pike , k . s . and d . allison . 1987 . effects on two spotted spider mites of insecticides applied to sweet corn for control of corn earworn . j . agric . entomol . 4 : 327 - 332 . 19 . schalk , j . m ., c . s . creighton , r . l . fery , w . r . sitterly , b . w . davis , t . l . mcfadden , and a . day . 1979 . reflective mulches influences insect control and yield in vegetables . j . amer . hort . sci . 104 : 759 - 762 . 20 . straub , r . w . and b . emmett . 1992 . pests of monocotyledon crops . in r . g . mckinlay ( ed .) vegetable crop pests . crc press , boca raton , fla . 406 pp . 21 . wells , o . s . and j . b . loy . 1985 . row covers for intensive vegetable production . univ . of new hampshire , cooperative extension service . 22 . yudin , l . s ., b . e . tabashnik , w . c . mitchell , and j . j . cho . 1991 . effects of mechanical barriers on distribution of thrips ( thysanoptera : thripidae ) in lettuce . j . econ . entomol . 84 : 136 - 139 . the foregoing description has been directed to particular embodiments of the invention in accordance with the requirements of the patent statutes for the purposes of illustration and explanation . it will be apparent , however , to those skilled in this art that many modifications and changes will be possible without departure from the scope and spirit of the invention . it is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such modifications and changes .