Patent Application: US-1812108-A

Abstract:
the present invention relates to a method for preparing α - hydroxy , α - substituted methylenebisphosphonates and phosphonoacetates via addition of grignard or organoindium reagents to tetraalkyl carbonylbisphosphonates and trialkyl carbonylphosphonoacetates . also disclosed are compounds so synthesized .

Description:
the present invention provides advancements to date in the generation of α - hrmbp and α - hrmpa acids and related derivatives from various organometallic reagents employing specific methods for limiting common rearrangement / decomposition pathways that lead to side products . nmr - scale reactions of alkyl and aryl grignard reagents with ipr 4 cobp 28 , 32 established precedence for the facile creation of product libraries . more specifically , one method of the invention for preparing a compound comprises contacting ipr 4 cobp with a grignard reagent to form an alkyl or aryl substituted α - hrmbp , in the form of an ester . a grignard reagent is a reagent obtained by reacting a suitable alkyl or aryl halide with mg under conditions well known to those skilled in the art . in some embodiments , the grignard reagent is referred to as rmgx , in which , r is an alkyl or aryl ( e . g ., methyl , phenyl , or benzyl ) group and x is a halo group . the grignard reagent of the invention is generated in et 2 o : thf . the ratio of et 2 o : thf is in the range of 5 : 1 to 1 : 5 , preferably 4 : 1 to 1 : 4 , 3 : 1 to 1 : 3 , or 2 : 1 to 1 : 2 , and most preferably is 1 : 1 . the term “ substituted ” refers to moieties having one , two , three , or more substituents , which may be the same or different , each replacing a hydrogen atom . for example , scheme 1 . 5 illustrates optimized reactions for synthesis on a 0 . 5 - 1 . 0 g or other scale , improving the yields of 2b and 2c by 20 % and 30 % ( by 31 p nmr ) respectively , via adjusting the et 2 o : thf ratio in the grignard reagents to 1 : 1 before adding ipr 4 cobp . the reaction product may be directly dealkylated under typical bromotrimethylsilane ( btms ) conditions 33 , 34 , purified by hplc , and characterized as the triethylammonium salt . a second method of the invention for preparing a compound comprises contacting ipr 4 cobp or cotepa with a grignard reagent and then an anion - interceptor to form an α - substituted α - hrmbp or α - hrmpa ester , which may be converted to an acid or salt using a method well known in the art or described in the present application . the grignard reagent may be a heterocyclic grignard reagent , and the heterocyclic group may contain nitrogen . an example of a heterocyclic grignard reagent is 2 - chloropyridine grignard reagent . alternatively , the grignard reagent may be any alkyl or aryl grignard reagent . a heterocyclic , alkyl , or aryl grignard reagent may be obtained from commercial vendors or synthesized using a method well known in the art or described in the present application . the grignard reagent may be generated in situ by a halogen exchange process . for example , scheme 1 . 6 illustrates methods to synthesize grignard reagents by an exchange reaction of isopropyl magnesium bromide with iodo compounds 36 that can be utilized in practicing the instant invention . an anion - interceptor is a reagent that replaces the ionizable hydrogen in an oh group with a moiety that cannot be removed by a base , thus preventing formation of a reactive oxygen anion . in some embodiments , the anion - interceptor is a silylating agent such as ctms , which converts the — oh group to an — osi ( ch 3 ) 3 group . for example , scheme 1 . 7 illustrates heteroatom - containing grignard reagent addition to ipr 4 cobp and subsequent generation of the bisphosphonic acid . typical btms silyldealkylation 33 , 34 is ineffective for complete dealkylation of this product . use of dried and distilled acetonitrile provides the dealkylated form of 6a and the 2 - chloropyridine p — o — c — p derivative . scheme 1 . 8 illustrates heteroatom - containing grignard reagent addition to cotepa and subsequent generation of the phosphonoacetate . silyldealkylation to the phosphonic acid is accomplished by btms affording the c - ethyl ester ( 8a ). this may be converted to the triacid , if desired , by methods known in the art such as acid hydrolysis . a third method of the invention for preparing a compound comprises contacting ipr 4 cobp or cotepa with an unsaturated indium halide reagent , such as allyl inbr 2 , to form an unsaturated substituted α - hrmbp or α - hrmpa ester , which may be converted to an acid or salt using a method well known in the art or described in the present application . ipr 4 cobp or cotepa may be contacted with the unsaturated indium halide reagent in the presence of acetic acid or ctms . furthermore , ipr 4 cobp or cotepa may be contacted with the unsaturated indium halide reagent in the presence of a lewis acid . a lewis acid is a compound containing an atom capable of accepting a pair of electrons from a suitable donor molecule ( lewis base ). a well - known example of a lewis acid includes , but is not limited to , bf 3 . for example , scheme 1 . 10 illustrates allyl indium reagent additions to ipr 4 cobp and subsequent generation of the bisphosphonic acid . direct silyldeakylation of the ester is completed using btms in acetonitrile to access the corresponding acid in good yield . it should be noted that in certain cases , further modification of the product may be observed . in particular , the α - methylene ester derivative 9f further forms 10c via intramolecular cyclization . scheme 1 . 11 illustrates allyl indium reagent additions to cotepa and subsequent generation of the phosphonoacetate . generation of the carboxylic acid form of 12b , product 12c , can be effected in various commonly known ways , including simply by prolonged exposure to the hplc buffer used . furthermore , the invention provides the compounds prepared according to the methods described above . such compounds include , but are not limited to , 4a , 5a , 6a , 9a - d and f , 10a - c , 11a - c , and 12a - c . as mentioned above , bisphosphonate and phosphonoacetate derivatives are useful for the treatment of bone diseases , cancer , and viral infection . the methods of the invention can be used to prepare such bisphosphonate and phosphonoacetate derivative drugs . in particular , α - hydroxyl , unsaturated bisphosphonates find application for the preparation of dental materials such as self - etching primers or enamel - dentin adhesives . currently used self - etching enamel - dentin adhesives are composed of methacrylate ( or similar unsaturated functionalities such as acrylate or vinyl groups ) containing phosphoric acids , which modify the enamel and dentin surface and mediate the formation of a strong bond to the composite restorative materials . however , these types of compounds are easily hydrolyzed . thus , polymerizable bisphosphonates , such those containing methacrylate or other polymerizable moieties , will be much more stable to hydrolysis than their phosphoric acid counterparts . conventional photopolymerization and / or chemical polymerization techniques could then be employed to convert the bisphosphonate monomer into the appropriate polymer for dental uses . the following examples are intended to illustrate , but not to limit , the scope of the invention . while such examples are typical of those that might be used , other procedures known to those skilled in the art may alternatively be utilized . indeed , those of ordinary skill in the art can readily envision and produce further embodiments , based on the teachings herein , without undue experimentation . early findings by maeda et al . demonstrated that acylphosphonates could react with alkyl grignard reagents to generate the stable dialkyl α - hydroxy , α - alkyl phosphonate , by adjusting solvents to limit fractionation 27 . the inventors previously introduced a small - scale synthesis of 2a - c via nucleophilic addition of the respective grignard reagents with ipr 4 cobp 28 , 32 . the inventors have optimized these reactions for large - scale ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 0 g ) synthesis , improving the yields of 2b and 2c by 20 % and 30 % ( by 31 p nmr ) respectively , via adjusting et 2 o : thf ratios in the grignard reagents before adding ipr 4 cobp ( scheme 1 . 5 ). during this time , the inventors discovered that the tetraisopropyl esters of 2b and 2c could not be efficiently purified on a silica gel column due to an increase in rearrangement and fragmentation on the column . furthermore , ruel et al . observed that bulkier substituents were more sensitive to rearrangement 22 . chromatography was circumvented by direct dealkylation of the reaction mixture under typical “ mckenna reaction ” bromotrimethylsilane ( btms ) conditions 33 , 34 , the product being purified by hplc and characterized as the triethylammonium salt . as nitrogen - containing heterocyclic α - hrmbp inhibitors are known to exhibit high potency in treating diseases involving abnormal bone metabolism , the inventors addressed the problem of generating a heterocyclic grignard reagent for reaction with ipr 4 cobp . there are several literature examples of how to synthesize functionalized heterocyclic grignard reagents 35 - 37 . knochel et al . described a method to synthesize heterocyclic grignard reagents via a low temperature halogen - magnesium exchange 36 . 2 - chloro - 4 - iodopyridine was chosen for facile generation of the corresponding grignard reagent 16 ( scheme 1 . 6 ). the inventors &# 39 ; first attempt at the synthesis of the 2 - chloropyridine methylenebisphosphonate derivative produced p — o — c — p as the major product . considering the mechanism of rearrangement , the inventors propounded the idea of intercepting the oxygen anion with a silylating agent such as chlorotrimethylsilane ( ctms ). after several attempts , the inventors discovered that co - addition of ipr 4 cobp with excess ctms ( 20 eq .) at low temperatures (− 78 ° c .) generated both 4a and 5a in a 3 : 2 ratio according to 31 p nmr integration ( scheme 1 . 7 ). while not wanting to be bound by the theory , the inventors consider that excess ctms immediately silates the oxygen anion producing hcl , which in turn protonates pyridine , blocking further base - catalyzed rearrangement . as observed with the aryl products , rearrangement and fragmentation during large - scale chromatography prompted the conversion of the crude ester to the corresponding acid . typical btms dealkylation conditions 33 , 34 were found to be ineffective for complete dealkylation of this product . use of dried and distilled acetonitrile as solvent provided the dealkylated form of 6a and the 2 - chloropyridine p — o — c — p derivative . employing this modification with the 2 - chloropyridine grignard addition to cotepa successfully provides the silyl - protected α - hrmpa intermediate ( 7a ), which proved to be less labile on silica gel in comparison to 4a . dealkylation to the phosphonic acid was accomplished by btms affording the ethyl ester ( 8a ) ( scheme 1 . 8 ). directing their attention to the synthesis of the methylene - bridged heterocyclic derivatives , the inventors found the generation and use of heteroatom - containing ‘ benzylic - like ’ grignard reagents challenging 38 , 39 . exploration commenced on α - hydroxy - protected methylenephosphonates containing an α - methyl halide substituent , which could be later functionalized to the desired bridged heterocycle . braun et al . demonstrated that diiodomethane undergoes halogen - magnesium exchange at low temperature , generating the corresponding grignard reagent 40 ( scheme 1 . 7 ). following the above procedure using the ‘ ctms - modification ,’ 4b was generated and found to be stable as a yellow crystal if properly stored after silica gel chromatography ( scheme 1 . 7 ). work with grignard reagents provided motivation to further study other organometallic reagents with ipr 4 cobp and cotepa . alkyl lithium , samarium and magnesium - lithium reagents in addition to aryl zinc reagents were found to propagate rearrangement and decomposition chemistry with these two substrates , according to 31 p nmr studies . wiemer et al . demonstrated that allyl inbr 2 reagents react with acyl phosphonates to yield the corresponding α - hydroxy alkylphosphonate in the presence of acetic acid 41 . with respect to the other organometallic reagents studied , apart from zinc reagents , indium reagents are milder , exhibiting a higher tolerance for the presence of heteroatoms and are relatively unaffected by oxygen and water 42 . following wiemer &# 39 ; s protocol 41 , the inventors attempted the allyllation of ipr 4 cobp using in situ - generated allyl inbr 2 in the presence of acetic acid . 31 p nmr spectral analysis of the reaction mixture confirmed that no p — o — c — p formed ; however , only a small amount of the desired product was seen , with a trimer as the major component . 31 p nmr experiments showed that indium metal and acetic acid promote the decomposition of carbonylbisphosphonates to phosphite , resulting in the unwanted trimer formation . the role of acetic acid in these reactions was examined by comparing the effects of acids with varying acidities . formic acid ( pka = 3 . 75 ) and p - nitrophenol ( pka = 7 . 2 ) were used to replace the acetic acid ( pka = 4 . 7 ) but with no enhancement in product yield . lewis acids , such as bf 3 . etherate , have been shown to enhance or catalyze organometallic reactions . augé et al . observed that allylation of aldehydes and ketones may be enhanced by stoichiometric amounts of indium ( s ) and ctms 43 but the relevance of this reaction to organophosphorus compounds , in particular bisphosphonates and phosphonoacetates , is not known . surprisingly , a significant increase in the allylation product was observed when 1 eq . of ctms was added replacing the acetic acid in the reaction mixture , immediately following the addition of co - tipmbp and sonication . direct deakylation of the ester was completed using btms in acetonitrile to provide the corresponding acid in good yield . this improved protocol can be extended to synthesize other novel α - hydroxy , α - unsaturated bp and pa derivatives ( schemes 1 . 10 and 1 . 11 ). the α - methylene ester derivative 9f may undergo intramolecular cyclization . lactone formation in compounds containing α - hydroxy , α - methylene esters under acidic conditions is not uncommon , especially when flanked by strong electron withdrawing groups ( scheme 1 . 12 ) 44 , 45 . the acidic conditions generated upon aqueous work - up of the btms reaction mixture promote cyclization of the bisphosphonate ( 9f ) but not the phosphonoacetate derivative , which provides the ester ( 12b ) as the predominant product . hydrolysis to 12c was facilely achieved by hydrolytic cleavage after prolonged exposure to the hplc mobile phase buffer . all reactions were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere , unless otherwise indicated . toluene and tetrahydrofuran ( thf ) ( both reagent grade purchased from mallinckrodt chemicals ) were dried and distilled over sodiumibenzophenone . ethyl acetate and acetonitrile ( both hplc grade purchased from mallinckrodt chemicals ) were dried and distilled over p 2 o 5 . anhydrous diethyl ether ( et 2 o ) was purchased from emd chemicals , inc . acetone ( hplc grade ) was purchased from mallinckrodt chemicals and hexanes ( reagent grade ) from em science . isopropylmagnesium bromide ( 15 % in thf , ca . 1 mol / l ) was purchased from tci . indium metal ( 100 mesh , 99 . 99 %), magnesium turnings (≧ 99 . 5 %), chlorotrimethylsilane (≧ 99 %), bromotrimethylsilane ( 97 %), and all halogenated starting materials were purchased from sigma aldrich . tetraisopropyl methylenebisphosphonate and triethyl phosphonoacetate were graciously donated by albright & amp ; wilson americas , inc . ipr 4 cobp and cotepa were synthesized in situ via “ the moisture modification ” ( mckenna et al . 28 , 31 , 32 ) and co - evaporated from ethyl acetate with dry toluene . thin layer chromatography plastic - back sheets ( 20 × 20 ; silica gel 60 f 254 ) were purchased from emd chemicals , inc . preparative thin layer chromatography glass - back sheets ( 20 × 20 ; 1000 microns ) were purchased from analtech . silica gel 150 ( 60 - 200 mesh ) used for column chromatography ( column width 1 - 2 in ) of bisphosphonate esters was purchased from mallinckrodt chemicals ; the esters were eluted using either a gradient from 100 % toluene to 1 : 1 acetone : toluene or from 100 % hexanes to 2 : 3 acetone : hexanes . preparative hplc was accomplished using the waters 600e multisolvent delivery system with waters 486 tunable absorbance detector , equipped with a varian dynamax column ( microsorb 100 - 5 , c 18 ; 250 × 21 . 4 mm ). the mobile phase was 0 . 1 m triethylamine / acetic acid ( 0 . 1 m tea : aa ) at ph 7 . 0 using a gradient of 1 % to 20 % acetonitrile ( hplc grade ) at a flow rate of 8 ml / min , detected at λ = 254 nm . proton ( 1 h ), carbon ( 13 c ), and phosphorus ( 31 p ) nmr spectra were measured either on a bruker am - 360 mhz , varian mercury - 400 mhz , or bruker amx - 500 mhz spectrometer . chemical shifts are reported relative to external tms ( 1 h ), internal cdcl 3 [ δ = 77 . 0 ] ( 13 c ) or external 85 % h 3 po 4 ( 31 p ). nmr samples of bp and pa esters were dissolved in cdcl 3 , while bp and pa triethylammonium salts were dissolved in d 2 o . triethylammonium salt peaks are on average 1 . 08 ( t , 2 j hh = 7 , 3h ); 3 . 00 ( q , 2 j hh = 7 , 2h ) for ( 1 h ) and 7 . 8 ( s , ch 3 ); 46 . 2 ( s , ch 2 ) for ( 13 c ) and are omitted from the reported nmr spectral data . high - resolution mass spectrometry was performed at the university of california at riverside high resolution mass spectrometry facility using a vg - zab mass spectrometry instrument , operated in the negative ion mode . preparation of substituted 1 - hydroxymethylene - 1 - phosphonic acid , alkyl ester derivatives via grignard chemistry the methyl grignard reagent 46 ( 5 eq .) was obtained from magnesium turnings and methyliodide in 10 ml of a 1 : 1 dry et 2 o : thf solution at 5 ° c . ipr 4 cobp ( 0 . 200 g , 0 . 54 mmol ) was generated in situ and co - evaporated from ethyl acetate using 2 ml dry toluene and added via a glass syringe to a magnetically stirred solution of the grignard reagent at 5 ° c . after 10 - 25 min , 5 ml of 10 % acetic acid was added at 5 ° c . and stirred magnetically for 10 min . the aqueous phase was extracted twice with 5 ml portions of et 2 o . the organic layer and et 2 o extracts were combined and dried over na 2 so 4 , filtered and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure at 50 ° c . the residue was purified by column chromatography eluted using a gradient from 100 % toluene to 1 : 1 acetone : toluene . solvent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure (˜ 1 mm hg ) at room temperature to constant weight , leaving 2a as a viscous oil ( 0 . 135 g , 65 % yield overall ). δ h 1 . 3 - 1 . 4 ( m , 24h ), 1 . 6 ( t , 3 j hp = 16 hz , 3h ), 4 . 6 - 4 . 8 ( m , 4h ) 47 prepared as for 2a . 2b was obtained as a viscous yellow oil ( 0 . 10 g , 41 % yield overall ). prepared as for 2a . 2c was obtained as a light yellow viscous oil ( 0 . 045 g , 18 % yield ). δ h 1 . 3 ( m , 24h ), 3 . 5 ( t , 3 j hp = 14 hz , 2h ), 4 . 6 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 9 ( m , 5h ) the grignard reagent of 2 - chloro - 4 - iodopyridine was synthesized according to abarbri et al . 16 in a 25 ml pear - shape flask , ipr 4 cobp ( 0 . 200 g , 0 . 54 mmol ) was generated in situ and co - evaporated from ethyl acetate using 5 ml toluene . ctms ( 1 ml , ˜ 10 eq .) was added by a glass syringe under n 2 ( g ) and subsequently taken back up into the glass syringe . the ketone / ctms solution was added to a magnetically stirred solution of the pyridinyl grignard reagent ( 1 . 5 eq . in thf ) at − 60 ° c . ( dry ice / acetone bath ). the solution was first stirred at − 60 ° c . for 20 min , then at room temperature for 10 min . the reaction mixture was worked up by adding 5 ml of 10 % acetic acid at 5 ° c . stirring magnetically for 10 min . the aqueous phase was extracted twice with 5 ml portions of et 2 o . the organic layer and et 2 o extracts were combined and dried over na 2 so 4 , filtered and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure . the residue was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography ( silica gel ) using a 1 : 1 acetone : toluene mobile phase ( r f = 0 . 68 ). solvent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure (˜ 1 mm hg ) at room temperature to a constant weight , leaving 4a as a light yellow viscous oil ( 0 . 091 g , 31 % yield overall ). δ h 0 . 3 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 2 - 1 . 3 ( m , 24h ), 4 . 6 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 8 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 6 ( broad m , 1h ), 7 . 7 ( broad s , 1h ), 8 . 3 ( broad d , 3 j hh = 5 , 1h ) δ c 2 . 7 ( s ), 23 . 8 ( m ), 73 . 1 ( d , 2 j pc = 30 hz ), 121 . 1 ( s ), 122 . 8 ( s ), 148 . 3 ( s ), 150 . 8 ( s ) prepared as for 4a using 0 . 135 g ( 0 . 54 mmol ) of cotepa . 7a was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography using a 2 : 3 acetone : hexane mobile phase , providing a light yellow viscous oil ( 0 . 062 g , 27 % yield overall ). δ h 0 . 23 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 2 ( m , 6h ), 1 . 3 ( t , 3 j hh = 7 , 3h ), 4 . 1 ( m , 4h ), 4 . 3 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 5 ( broad m , 1h ), 7 . 6 ( broad s , 1h ), 8 . 3 ( broad d , 3 j hh = 5 hz , 1h ) the grignard reagent of diiodomethane was synthesized according to braun 40 . 4b was prepared for as 4a . purification was accomplished by preparative thin layer chromatography using a 1 : 1 acetone : toluene mobile phase ( r f = 0 . 86 ) providing yellow crystals ( 0 . 091 g , 30 % yield overall ). δ h 0 . 3 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 3 ( m , 24h ), 3 . 7 ( t , 3 j hp = 14 , 2h ), 4 . 8 ( m , 4h ) δ c − 0 . 1 ( s ), 5 . 8 ( s ), 21 . 5 ( m ), 69 . 1 ( s ), 70 . 3 ( s ) direct dealkylation of the 2b reaction mixture ( 70 % by 31 p nmr ) was performed by first drying the residue by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure (˜ 1 mm hg ) at room temperature to a constant weight . neat btms ( 0 . 5 ml , ˜ 10 eq .) was added under n 2 ( g ) and the mixture was stirred magnetically for 12 hrs . unreacted btms was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure at 40 ° c . to the residue , 5 ml of water was added . after being stirred magnetically for 30 min at room temperature , the mixture was extracted twice with 5 ml portions of et 2 o . the aqueous phase was collected and water removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure (˜ 1 mm hg ) at 40 ° c . leaving a light yellow viscous oil . the crude product was dissolved in 0 . 5 ml of 0 . 1 m tea : aa at ph 7 . 0 and purified by hplc using a linear gradient from 1 % to 10 % acetonitrile ( t r = 16 . 8 min ). solvent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure (˜ 1 mm hg ) at 5 ° c . excess triethylamine and acetic acid was removed by adding 0 . 5 ml of water and freeze - drying (˜ 0 . 7 mm hg ). this process was repeated twice , providing the pure salt of 3b as a white foam ( 0 . 054 g , 22 % yield overall as a di - salt ). hr - ms ( fab − ; [ m 2 − + h + ] − ) calcd . for 266 . 9823 , found 266 . 9816 prepared as for 3b . 3c was purified by hplc using a 1 % to 10 % acetonitrile linear gradient ( t r = 24 . 8 min ), providing a white foam ( 0 . 051 g , 20 % yield overall ). δ h 3 . 1 ( t j hp = 14 hz , 2h ), 7 . 1 - 7 . 3 ( m , 5h ) hr - ms ( fab − ; [ m 2 − + h + ] − ): calcd . for 280 . 9980 , found 280 . 9986 direct dealkylation of the 4a reaction mixture ( 60 % by 31 p nmr ) was employed . the crude product was dried under reduced pressure (˜ 1 mm hg ) at room temperature to a constant weight in a 25 ml pear - shape flask . under n 2 ( g ) 4a was first dissolved with dry acetonitrile , followed by the addition of neat btms ( 0 . 5 ml , ˜ 10 eq .) and allowed to stir magnetically for 12 hours . work up was similar to the procedure followed for 3b . 6a was purified by hplc using a 1 % to 10 % acetonitrile linear gradient ( t r = 19 . 3 min ), providing a light yellow foam ( 0 . 116 g , 43 % yield overall ). δ h 7 . 5 ( broad m , 1h ), 7 . 6 ( broad s , 1h ), 8 . 0 ( d , 3 j hh = 6 , 1h ) hr - ms ( fab − ; [ m 2 − + h + ] − ): calcd . for 301 . 9383 , found 301 . 9384 prepared as for 6a ( 7a in the reaction mixture was 58 % by 31 p nmr ). 8a was purified by hplc using a 1 % to 20 % acetonitrile linear gradient ( t r = 18 . 5 min ), providing a light yellow foam ( 0 . 058 g , 22 % yield overall as a mono - salt ). δ h 4 . 1 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 6 ( broad m , 1h ), 7 . 7 ( broad s , 1h ), 8 . 1 ( broad d , 3 j hh = 5 hz , 1h ) hr - ms ( fab − ; [ m 2 − + h + ] − ): calcd . for 293 . 9937 , found 293 . 9941 preparation of unsaturated 1 - hydroxymethylene - 1 - phosphonic acids , alkyl ester derivatives via allyl inbr 2 reagents indium ( s ) ( 0 . 075 g , 0 . 65 mmol ) and 5 ml thf were added to a 25 ml pear - shape flask . the flask was placed in an ultrasonicator ( bransonic 2510 ; 40 khz ) for 60 min at 30 ° c . allyl bromide ( 0 . 055 ml , 0 . 65 mmol ) was injected via a glass micro - syringe , and the flask was returned to the sonicator for an additional 60 , min at 30 - 40 ° c . ipr 4 cobp ( 0 . 200 g , 0 . 54 mmol ) was generated in situ , co - evaporated from ethyl acetate with 3 ml of toluene and injected via a glass syringe into the indium reagent at 5 ° c . under n 2 ( g ). immediately following the addition of ketone , 0 . 08 ml ctms ( 0 . 634 mmol ) was injected via a micro - glass syringe to the reaction mixture and further sonicated at 30 - 40 ° c . for 60 - 90 min or until the yellow color of the ketone was no longer observed . the reaction mixture was worked up by adding 5 ml of 10 % acetic acid at 5 ° c . stirring magnetically for 5 min . the aqueous phase was extracted twice with 5 ml portions of et 2 o . the organic layer and et 2 o extracts were combined and dried over na 2 so 4 , filtered and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure at 50 ° c . a small amount ( 0 . 020 g ) of the crude product was purified by thin layer chromatography ( using an iodine chamber to follow product movement ) using a 1 : 1 acetone : toluene mobile phase . some product decomposed on silica , decreasing the overall yield . solvent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure (˜ 1 mm hg ) at room temperature to constant weight providing a colorless oil ( 90 % yield by 31 p nmr ). δ h 1 . 4 - 1 . 5 ( m , 24h ), 2 . 7 ( dt , 3 j hh = 4 , 3 j ph = 15 , 2h ), 4 . 7 ( m , 4h ), 5 . 0 - 5 . 1 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 1 ( m , 1h ) prepared as for 9a . the product was not purified by chromatography ( 63 % yield by 31 p nmr ), but was dried under reduced pressure (˜ 1 mm hg ) at room temperature to constant weight for direct dealkylation . prepared as for 9a . the product was not purified by chromatography ( 67 % yield by 31 p nmr ), but was dried under reduced pressure (˜ 1 mm hg ) at room temperature to constant weight for direct dealkylation . prepared as for 9a . the product was not purified by chromatography ( 67 % yield by 31 p nmr ), but was dried under reduced pressure (˜ 1 mm hg ) at room temperature to constant weight for direct dealkylation . prepared as for 9a . the product was not purified by chromatography ( 67 % yield by 31 p nmr ), but was dried under reduced pressure (˜ 1 mm hg ) at room temperature to constant weight for direct dealkylation . prepared as for 9a . the product was not purified by chromatography ( 55 % yield by 31 p nmr ). prepared as for 9a using 0 . 162 g of cotepa generated in situ and co - evaporated from ethyl acetate using 1 . 5 ml toluene . product was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography using a 2 : 3 acetone : hexane mobile phase providing a light yellow oil ( 0 . 096 g , 42 % yield overall ). δ h 1 . 1 ( broad m , 6h ), 1 . 4 ( broad t , 3 j hh = 7 , 3h ), 3 . 5 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 8 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 9 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 1 ( d , 3 j ph = 10 , 1h ), 4 . 3 ( m , 2h ), 5 . 1 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 1 ( dt , 3 j hh = 18 , 3 j ph = 10 , 1h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 5 ( m , 5h ) prepared as for 9a using 0 . 21 g of cotepa generated in situ and co - evaporated from ethyl acetate using 1 . 5 ml toluene . the product was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography using a 2 : 3 acetone : hexane mobile phase providing a light yellow oil ( 0 . 089 g , 30 % yield overall ). δ h 1 . 3 ( m , 12h ), 3 . 0 ( dd , 2 j hh = 14 , 3 j ph = 6 , 1h ), 3 . 2 ( dd , 2 j hh = 14 , 3 j ph = 9 , 1h ), 3 . 9 ( d , 3 j ph = 7 , 1h ), 4 . 2 ( m , 6h ), 4 . 3 ( d , 3 j ph = 7 , 1h ), 5 . 7 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 2 ( s , 1h ) prepared as for 6a . 10a was purified by hplc using a 1 % to 10 % acetonitrile linear gradient ( t r = 26 . 3 min ), providing a colorless oil ( 0 . 088 g , 32 % yield overall ). δ h 3 . 8 ( broad s , 1h ), 4 . 7 - 4 . 9 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 3 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 0 ( t , 3j hh = 7 , 1h ), 7 . 1 ( t , 3 j hh = 7 , 2h ), 7 . 2 ( d , 3 j hh = 7 , 2h ) δ c 52 . 2 ( s ), 114 . 8 ( s ), 125 . 5 ( s ), 127 . 0 ( s ), 128 . 8 ( s ), 137 . 8 ( s ), 140 . 5 ( s ) hr - ms ( fab − ; m − ): calcd . for 307 . 0136 , found 307 . 0139 prepared as for 6a . 10b was purified by hplc using a 1 % to 10 % acetonitrile linear gradient ( t r = 24 . 8 min ), providing a white foam ( 0 . 093 g , 34 % yield overall ). hr - ms ( fab − ; [ m 2 − + h + ] − ): calcd . for 308 . 8928 , found 308 . 8932 prepared according to the procedure for 6a . 10c was purified by hplc using a 1 % to 10 % acetonitrile linear gradient ( t r = 18 . 2 min ), providing a colorless oil ( 0 . 091 g , 37 % yield overall ). δ h 3 . 2 ( t , 3 j ph = 15 , 2h ), 5 . 7 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 0 ( s , 1h ) δ c 22 . 3 ( s ), 80 . 1 ( t , 1 j pc = 108 hz ), 123 . 1 ( s ), 133 . 4 ( s ), 173 . 0 ( s ) hr - ms ( fab − ; m − ): calcd . for 256 . 9616 , found 256 . 9619 prepared as for 6a . 12a was purified by hplc using a 1 % to 20 % acetonitrile linear gradient ( t r = 18 . 4 min ), providing a white foam ( 0 . 09 g , 34 % yield overall ). δ h 1 . 2 ( t , 3 j hh = 6 , 3h ), 4 . 0 ( d , 3 j ph = 9 , 1h ), 4 . 1 ( m , 2h ), 5 . 1 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 1 ( dt , 3 j hh = 18 , 3 j ph = 9 , 1h ), 7 . 1 ( t , 3 j hh = 7 , 1h ), 7 . 2 ( t , 3 j hh = 7 , 2h ), 7 . 3 ( d , 3 j hh = 7 , 2h ) δ c 14 . 1 ( s ), 55 . 6 ( s ), 62 . 3 ( s ), 80 . 9 ( d , 1 j pc = 120 hz ), 117 . 5 ( s ), 126 . 5 ( s ), 127 . 2 ( s ), 128 . 4 ( s ), 136 . 1 ( s ), 138 . 9 ( s ), 174 . 3 ( s ) prepared as for 6a . 12b was purified by hplc using a 1 % to 20 % acetonitrile linear gradient ( t r = 25 . 8 min ), providing a colorless oil ( 0 . 130 g , 39 % yield overall ). δ h 2 . 8 ( dd , 3 j ph = 10 , 1h ), 4 . 0 ( m , 4h ), 5 . 6 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 0 ( s , 1h ) prepared as for 6a . 12c was purified by hplc using a 1 % to 20 % acetonitrile linear gradient ( t r = 18 . 5 min ), providing a colorless oil . δ h 3 . 3 ( t , 3 j ph = 14 , 2h ), 4 . 2 ( m , 2h ), 5 . 8 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 1 ( s , 1h ) δ c 13 . 0 ( s ), 34 . 6 ( s ), 63 . 2 ( s ), 124 . 3 ( s ), 133 . 8 ( s ), 171 . 3 ( d ), 173 . 2 ( s ) 1 . fleisch , h . bisphosphonates in bone disease : from the laboratory to the patient , fourth edition . academic press , st . louis , 2000 ; 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