Patent Application: US-35017703-A

Abstract:
a self organizing learning petri net modeling a system using a large number of training samples performs consecutive trainings using the training samples with a pre - known output value with respect to an input , and when following training samples are applied to a first system parameter created by pre - tested training samples , begins to create the system according to a method of creating a distinct system parameter when an error between an output value of the system and a pre - known output value of the following training samples is larger than a critical value , and adding the new system parameter to a pre - organized first system parameter . a final system parameter is determined by consecutively learning the large number of the training samples in an organized system again . through this self organizing process , system modeling can be performed more accurately , and a learning process much faster than a back - propagation learning process using a unified cpn and lpn in a general neural network can be achieved .

Description:
reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to the like elements throughout . the embodiments are described in order to explain the present invention by referring to the figures . in describing the present invention , cited reference papers are listed at the end of the “ description of the preferred embodiment ” with numbers . each number is marked in round brackets , ( ), and , hereinbelow , descriptions of some technologies will be replaced by providing the number of the relevant reference paper . [ 0028 ] fig2 is a diagram of a 2 - input self organizing learning petri net ( solpn ) structure according to an embodiment of the present invention . the solpn has an input layer , a fuzzy rules matching layer , and an output layer . the fuzzy rules matching layer may have a number of transitions and a number of places . in the fuzzy rules matching layer , signals propagate based on the following equation 2 . h  ( t j , t ) = exp ( - ∑ i = 1 n 1  ( h  ( p i , j , t ) - h ij ) 2 σ j 2 ) equation   2 where h ij is a firing weight on an arc between a place p ij and a transition t j , i is an index of a place connected to an input side of the transition t j , and h ( p ij , t ) is a value of a firing signal of the place at time t defined by a sum of values of the firing signal transferred by tokens in the place . when the place is empty , h ( p ij , t ) is given a value of zero . σ is a first system parameter . exp ( ) is an exponential function . in practical application , h ( t j , t ) can be any kind of suitable nonlinear functions , and it is not limited just to exponential function . the output layer has a single transition and a single place to obtain a single output . in the output layer , signals propagate based on the following equation 3 . h  ( t j , t ) = ∑ i = 1 n 1  h  ( p i , j , t ) · h ij ∑ i = 1 n 1  h  ( p i , j , t ) equation   3 [ 0033 ] fig3 is a flowchart describing a self organizing process of the solpn shown in fig2 . in order to establish a system , first of all , a first training sample of a sample set of which an input value and an output value are already known is consecutively trained in operation s 310 . that is , after establishing a first system parameter through the first training sample in operation s 320 , a second training sample of the sample set is trained in the system established by the first system parameter in operation s 330 . and then an error between an output value of the system according to the second training sample and the already - known output value of the second training sample is produced and compared with a critical value . if the error is smaller than the critical value , a third training sample of the sample set is consecutively trained in the system . on the other hand , if the error is bigger than the critical value , a second system parameter is produced according to the second training sample in operation s 350 . for the following training samples consecutively input to the system , a new system parameter is produced according to the error between the output value of the system according to the second training sample or the following training samples and the already - known output value of the second training sample or the following training samples which are continuously trained in the predetermined system parameter . finally , after detecting a training completion status of a last sample in operation s 360 , the self organizing process is completed by repeating the consecutive training of the training samples a predetermined number of times in operation s 370 . the following training samples are applied to the new system parameter created by a combination of a pre - system parameter established by a pre - tested training sample , a following system parameter , and a previous system parameter . [ 0035 ] fig4 is a flowchart describing a learning process ( i . e . an optimization phase ) of the system self organized through the above process . first of all , the first sample in the system self organized through the self organizing process shown in fig3 is trained in operation s 410 . the error between the output value of the system as a training result and the output value of the already - known training sample is obtained and compared to the critical value in operation s 420 . if the error is smaller than the critical value , the second sample is trained . on the other hand , if the error is bigger than the critical value , the system is amended through back propagation learning in operation s 430 . the following samples are trained in the amended system in operation s 440 . through the above described processes , completion of a last sample training is detected in operation s 440 , and training of the sample sets is consecutively repeated until the system is stabilized in operation s 450 . when the system is stabilized by the training samples , the learning by the training samples is ended in operation s 460 . hereinafter , the above self organizing and learning processes are re - described referring to the cited papers . the present invention utilizes a self - organizing counter propagation network ( socpn ) equation shown in reference paper ( 15 ) in order to establish a system . in a simple case , an improved unsupervised socpn ( iusocpn ) employing a flexible fuzzy division is used for sampling information from training data shown in reference papers ( 4 ), ( 15 ). the iusocpn may be used as an example of a system self organizing phase of the system . a system self organizing process based on the above iusocpn is as the following : at first , as a first operation , a winner unit , j , having a minimum distance d between the space and the transition in the fuzzy rules matching layer in relation to a current input , { overscore ( x )}, is determined by equation 4 . d  ( h _ j  ( t ) , x _ ) = min j = 1 , …  , m   d j  ( h _  ( t ) , x _ ) equation   4 where { overscore ( h )} j ( t )=( h 1j ( t ), . . . , h qj ( t )), q is a dimension of the current input { overscore ( x )}, and d (•,•) is a metric distance . in equation 4 , d (•,•) can be defined as [ the ] a euclidean distance as in equation 5 below : d euc j  ( x _ , h _ j ) = [ ∑ i = 1 q  ( h ij - x i ) 2 ] 1 / 2 equation   5 in a second phase , a winner is determined using the following rules : if d ({ overscore ( h )} j ( t ),{ overscore ( x )})≦ δ , then the unit j is the winner . if d ({ overscore ( h )} j ( t ),{ overscore ( x )})& gt ; δ , then create a new unit . δ is a predefined system parameter . in a third phase , if j is the winner according to the above rules , a parameter equal to equation 6 is maintained . {  n j  ( t ) = n j  ( t - 1 ) + 1   α j  ( t ) = 1 n j  ( t )  δ j = δ j + η  h _ j  ( t ) = h _ j  ( t - 1 ) + α j  ( t )  [ x _ - h _ j  ( t - 1 ) ]  p  ( t ) = p  ( t - 1 )  z j = 1 equation   6 if the new unit is created , the parameter is amended as equation 7 below : {  p  ( t ) = p  ( t - 1 )  h _ p  ( t ) = x _  δ p = δ  n p  ( t ) = 1  z p = 1 equation   7 0 & lt ; a j ( t )& lt ; 1 is a gain sequence decreasing together with time , and η is a constant expansion rate . in a fourth phase , once the fuzzy rules matching layer is stabilized through the processes above , { overscore ( m )} j becomes fixed , and an output layer starts to learn a desired output y s for each fixed weight vector by adjusting a connection weight h j from a j th fuzzy rule unit to an output unit . an update formula at the output layer is as equation 8 below : h j ( t )= h j ( t − 1 )+ β [ y − h j ( t − 1 )] z j equation 8 an update rate β is a constant within a range between 0 and 1 , and y is a corresponding pre - known output . one thing to note is that all k ( k & gt ; 1 ) number of transitions will be fired at [ the ] a normal performance phase or the optimization phase of the solpn , whereas only one transition is fired in the self organizing process . it means that the number of firing transitions is limited to one in the self organizing phase and the k number of the transitions will be fired in the normal learning performance or the optimization phase . in other words , the number of the firing transitions is different in each phase . in addition , fixing the number of the firing transitions as one makes a calculation in the self organizing phase ( process ) convenient . a general structure of a fuzzy system given by a determination of the number of rules gains an initial parameter of the system through the above described self organizing process . however , the system can be regarded as a rather rough model and is not sufficient to be an accurate modeling . therefore , in the present invention , a unified learning algorithm for a weighted radial basis function ( wrbf ) network based on a gradient descendent method is used . a normal supervised gradient descendent method for the wrbf network is shown in reference paper ( 17 ). e  ( x _ ; c _ , w _ , θ _ ) = 1 2  ∑ j  ( y j - t j ) 2 equation   9 where y j and t j are a response of a j th neuron to the input { overscore ( x )} and a corresponding target value taken from the training sample set , respectively . generalized learning rules for a wrbf neuron are as the below equations 10 through 14 : δ j = ∂ e ∂ y i = ( y j - t j ) equation   10 δ   w ji = - η w · δ j · ∂ e ∂ w ji = - η w · δ j · f ′  ( z j ) · [ z j n  ( z j ) n ] equation   11 δθ j = - η θ · δ j · f ′  ( z j ) · [ z j n  ( z j ) n ] equation   12 δ   c ji = ( η c · δ j · f  ( z j ) · [ z j n  ( z j ) n ] · w ji · [ n · d n - 1  ( x i - c ji ) · sgn  ( x i - c ji ) · x i - c ji ) ] equation   13 δ   x i = ∑ j  δ j · f ′  ( z j ) · [ z j n  ( z j ) n ] · w ji · [ n · d n - 1  ( x i - c ji ) · sgn  ( x i - c ji ) equation   14 where η w , η c , and η θ are the three learning coefficients and z j is an argument of an active function , f (•). δ j is a back - propagated learning error at an input normalization layer . in the above system optimization phases , the present invention has two differences from the wrbf learning algorithm . a first difference is that not all parameters are optimized in the whole network . this is because only the k number of the transitions is fired according to lpn firing rules . the first difference enables a process time in the learning phase to be reduced . a second difference is that the gradient descendent method is basically slow . however , the parameters have been “ intelligently ” initialized in the self organizing process having “ intelligence .” in order to further optimize a result of the system , another method described in reference paper ( 12 ) is used . the method described in the reference paper ( 12 ) utilizes a concept of decreasing errors and equation 15 . where d m is a partial derivative of an error in relation to a weight at an epoch m , and θ is a learning constant . a learning rate for the weight , an equation governing [ the ] a changing value e may be written as below : e m = { e m - 1 + k d m  f m & gt ; 0 e m - 1 ×   d m  f m ≤ 0 equation   16 when e is determined , an actual weight change c m is amended as following equation 17 : ( 1 ) j . e . box , g . m . jenkins , time series analysis : forecasting and control , holden day press , san francisco , 1970 . 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( 26 ) r . david and h . alla , “ petri nets for modeling of dynamic systems - a survey ,” automatica , vol . 30 , no . 2 , pp . 175 - 202 , 1994 . the solpn according to the present invention can model a system more accurately and perform learning much faster than the back - propagation learning using a unified cpn and lpn in a general neural network by enabling a system to be self organized through training data . although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention should not be limited to the described preferred embodiments . various changes and modifications can be made within the sprit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents .