Patent Application: US-201615143383-A

Abstract:
a method and electron linac system for production of radioisotopes is provided . the electron linac is an energy recovery linac with an electron beam transmitted through a thin bremsstrahlung radiator . isotopes are produced through bremsstrahlung photon interactions in an isotope production target that is spatially separated from the bremsstrahlung radiator . the electron beam does not pass through the isotope production target . the electron beam energy is recollected and reinjected into the linac accelerating structure . the reduction of material in the beam by removing the isotope production target and making the radiator thin is the essential aspect of the invention because large spreads in energy and transverse scattering angles caused by material in the beam preclude efficient energy recovery . the method described here can reduce the cost of energy to produce a quantity of radioisotope by more than a factor of 3 compared to a non - erl bremsstrahlung method .

Description:
the present invention provides a method and electron linac system for production of radioisotopes . the electron linac is an energy recovery linac ( erl ) with an electron beam transmitted through a bremsstrahlung photon radiator material . the electron beam does not pass through the isotope production target . the electron beam energy is extracted and recovered by the rf accelerating structure . the present invention uses erl technology to reduce the effective input power required of the isotope production system . in accordance with features of the invention , the preferred embodiment includes an electron gun , an rf accelerating structure , a thin bremsstrahlung photon radiator , an isotope production target , and a beam lattice that recirculates the electron beam back to the entrance of the rf accelerating cavities to extract the electron beam power . the preferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in fig1 . the erl system 100 generally includes an electron gun 102 that generates electrons for injection into the erl system via injection lattice 103 . electron gun 102 may generate electrons through emission processes including but not limited to photoemission , thermionic emission , or field emission from an appropriate cathode . merger optics system 104 transports electrons to accelerating structure 105 . accelerating structure 105 is preferably a superconducting rf system capable of accelerating electron currents of ˜ 10 ma to beam energy of ˜ 100 mev . accelerated electrons exit the accelerating structure 105 through exit optics system 106 and enter recirculating beam lattice 110 that is generally defined by a plurality of focusing elements 112 , 113 , and 115 . recirculating beam lattice 110 controls and transports the electron beam from the accelerating structure 105 using the plurality of focusing elements 112 . recirculating beam lattice 110 then transports the electron beam through bremsstrahlung photon radiator 114 . the electron beam is thereafter referred to as the spent electron beam . the spent electron beam quality is degraded by the interaction with bremsstrahlung photon radiator 114 and is restored by focusing element 115 . focusing element 115 transports the spent electron beam through a plurality of focusing elements 113 to merger optics system 104 at the entrance of accelerating structure 105 . merger optics system 104 merges the spent electron beam into the entrance of accelerating structure 105 . the proper configuration of recirculating beam lattice 110 imparts an rf phase delay to the spent electron beam with respect to the operating phase of the accelerating structure 105 . the phase delay is chosen such that the injected electron beam is accelerated and the spent electron beam is decelerated upon traversing the accelerating structure 105 . deceleration of the spent electron beam returns a large fraction of the beam energy to accelerating structure 105 . the spent electron beam exits accelerating structure 105 to exit optics system 106 . exit optics system 106 directs the spent electron beam along the direction designated by the reference character 132 . the remaining spent beam energy is deposited in beam dump 134 . bremsstrahlung photons generated by the electron beam interaction with bremsstrahlung photon radiator 114 are generally emitted in the forward direction as designated by the reference character 120 . the bremsstrahlung photons impinge upon the isotope production target 122 and produce radioisotopes through photonuclear or photofission processes . isotope production target 122 can easily be removed and replaced without disrupting operation of the recirculating beam lattice 110 . an electron passing through a material can be deflected by an atomic nucleus within the material . this deflection decelerates the electron , and the lost kinetic energy of the electron is converted into a photon . this photon radiation is referred to as bremsstrahlung radiation , and the process itself is referred to as bremsstrahlung . applications making use of bremsstrahlung radiation often refer to the material used to generate the bremsstrahlung radiation as a bremsstrahlung photon radiator or converter . the photon spectrum resulting from the bremsstrahlung process is continuous up to the incident electron energy . an evaluation of the proposed approach for feasibility and efficiency of the isotope production process begins with the bremsstrahlung photon yield for a given bremsstrahlung photon radiator and incident electron energy . the photon yield per incident electron as a function of bremsstrahlung radiator thickness is plotted in fig2 for an electron beam of energy 100 mev incident on a lead - bismuth eutectic ( lbe ) bremsstrahlung radiator . each curve represents the photon yield for a denoted range of resultant photon energies . each curve has a maximum value corresponding to an optimum radiator thickness beyond which the photon yield decreases . this is due to the bremsstrahlung radiation being absorbed within the radiator material . a conventional electron linac for radioisotope production utilizes radiator thicknesses near the optimum thickness for a desired range of photon energies . the optimum thickness results in the maximum photon yield per incident electron , but also results in a large energy spread and large transverse angular spread in the spent electron beam . the radiator thickness utilized in an erl - based isotope production system must be less than this optimum thickness to limit the energy and transverse angular spreads in the spent electron beam . an electron passing through the bremsstrahlung radiator material is deflected many times from its initial trajectory . these multiple scattering events result in increased transverse angular spread in the spent electron beam . the rms transverse angular spread induced in the spent electron beam is given by where e is the incident electron beam energy in mev ; w is the material thickness ; and x0 is the material radiation length . the radiation length x0 is material specific and tends to increase with increased atomic number z , with typical values for the radiation length of appropriate radiator materials on the order of a few millimeters . referring to fig2 , the optimum radiator thickness for maximum photon yield ranges from ˜ 5 - 10 mm for a 100 mev electron beam incident on an lbe bremsstrahlung radiator . the radiation length of lbe at 1700 k is 7 mm . these parameters give rms transverse angular spreads of 110 - 170 mrad , which is very challenging for robust erl operation . the bremsstrahlung radiator thickness must be reduced to adjust the transverse angular spread to values that are more compatible with erl operation , at the expense of the photon yield . the allowable transverse angular spread of the spent electron beam is generally limited by the ability of the post - radiator focusing elements to control and transport the spent electron beam through the recirculation lattice . practical limits on the transverse angular spread depend on the allowable beam size in the post - radiator focusing elements , and thus are affected by the initial beam size , beam energy , and bremsstrahlung radiator thickness . from the equation for the rms transverse angular spread , it is easily seen that higher beam energies and thinner radiators are favorable for minimizing the angular spread . a possible implementation of the proposed invention accelerates electrons up to 100 mev through a bremsstrahlung radiator of thickness w that is a few ( 3 - 4 ) percent of the material radiation length . this gives an rms transverse angular spread of 20 mrad , which is more easily controlled in the recirculation lattice . the multiple scattering of electrons in the bremsstrahlung radiator material also imparts an energy spread to the spent electron beam . the induced energy spread in the spent electron beam also depends on radiator thickness . electrons passing through a bremsstrahlung radiator of thickness w survive with an average energy e given by where e0 is the incident electron energy , and w and x0 are as defined earlier . for radiator thicknesses of a few percent of the radiation length ( to maintain small transverse angular spread ), the average energy loss of the spent electron beam is commensurate with the radiator thickness — a radiator with thickness of 3 % of the material radiation length results in 3 % total average beam energy loss . the total average energy loss is integrated over the entire electron energy distribution . the peak of the distribution is skewed towards the incident beam energy , and the full - width at half maximum ( fwhm ) of the peak is a fraction of a percent . these characteristics of the electron energy distribution for electrons passing through a bremsstrahlung radiator with thickness of a few percent of the radiation length can be seen in fig3 and fig4 . fig3 and fig4 are obtained using a well - known physics code . fig3 shows the simulated momentum distribution for 100 mev / c electrons passing through a 0 . 25 mm ( 3 . 5 %) lbe radiator . the distribution peaks at 99 . 5 mev / c , with an average value of 96 . 5 mev / c , agreeing with the analytical estimate for the average energy loss . fig4 shows a truncated plot of the same distribution as in fig3 . the truncated distribution clearly demonstrates the high energy and narrow width of the peak of the distribution . over 90 % of the spent electron beam falls within the energy spread range of recent operational erl machines and is considered to be energy recoverable . the resultant spent electron beam is compatible with state - of - the - craft erl operation with proper design of the recirculation lattice . the photon yields obtainable from the proposed invention are plotted in fig2 and confirmed through simulation using a well - known physics code . higher energy incident electron beams improve the photon flux at the isotope production target through increased photon yields and narrower photon beams . for incident electron energy of 100 mev , the bremsstrahlung photon angular distribution is forward - directed , with an rms transverse angular spread generally commensurate with that of the spent electron beam . fig5 shows the polar angle distribution for bremsstrahlung photons generated using 100 mev electrons passing through a 3 . 5 % lbe radiator . the peak value of the distribution at ˜ 10 mrad indicates that the bremsstrahlung photons are strongly forward - directed , with an rms transverse angular spread less than that of the spent electron beam . the isotope production target material can be optimized for a radioisotope of interest . the large range of bremsstrahlung photon energies available for irradiation of the isotope production target results in flexibility in selecting radioisotopes that are most efficiently produced through photonuclear or photofission processes . the separation of the bremsstrahlung radiator from the isotope production target in the proposed invention has several advantages over previous inventions . the bremsstrahlung radiator thickness can be maximized for photon yield , up to the limit imposed by operational considerations for the erl . no considerations need to be made regarding the additional transverse angular and energy spread that is induced in the spent electron beam by passage through an isotope production target . furthermore , an isolated isotope production target allows flexibility in the target design . the isotope production target will not be constrained by operational considerations for the erl , and will not require active cooling to handle the heat load from the spent electron beam . l . merminga , d . r . douglas , and g . a . krafft , “ high - 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