Patent Application: US-30791907-A

Abstract:
the invention provides compounds of formula , wherein y , r , n and x are as defined in the description , a process for their preparation and pharmaceutical compositions containing them . the compounds of formula inhibit the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 , which plays a pivotal role in the development of post - inflammatory analgesia , therefore they can be used as analgesic and anti - inflammatory drugs .

Description:
r ′ is selected from hydrogen , halogen , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , ( c 2 - c 6 ) alkenyl , ( c 3 - c 6 ) alkynyl , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkylamino , phenyl , naphthyl , phenoxy , naphthoxy , or phenylamino whose aromatic ring is optionally substituted with one or more halogen , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkyl , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkoxy and trifluoromethyl groups ; r is methyl or hydrogen ; n is 0 or 1 ; x is selected from phenyl , pyridinyl , naphthyl , quinolinyl and isoquinolinyl , optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from halogen , hydroxy , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkyl , ( c 1 - c 4 ) alkoxy and trifluoromethyl ; according to a first preferred embodiment , the invention relates to compounds of formula ( i ) wherein n is 0 and x is 5 - isoquinolinyl . among them , particularly preferred are the compounds wherein r is hydrogen and y is a group of formula : wherein r ′ is as defined above , more preferably hydrogen , methoxy or phenoxy optionally substituted as indicated above . ( 2e )- n -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 3 -( 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohex - 1 - enyl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- n -( 4 - chlorobenzyl )- 3 -( 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohex - 1 - enyl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- n -( isoquinolin - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohex - 1 - enyl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- n -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 3 -( 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohex - 2 - enyl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- 3 -( 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohex - 1 - enyl )- n -( naphthalen - 1 - yl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- n -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 3 -( 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethyl - 3 - phenoxycyclohex - 1 - enyl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- n -( 3 - methoxyphenyl )- 3 -( 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohex - 1 - enyl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- n -( 5 - chloropyridin - 2 - yl )- 3 -( 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohex - 1 - enyl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- n -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 3 -( 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohexa - 1 , 3 - dienyl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- n -( 4 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohex - 1 - enyl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- 3 -( 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohex - 1 - enyl )- n -( quinolin - 3 - yl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- 3 -( 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohex - 1 - enyl )- a -( quinolin - 5 - yl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- n -( isoquinolin - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 3 - methoxy - 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohex - 1 - enyl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- n -( isoquinolin - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethyl - 3 - phenoxycyclohex - 1 - enyl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- a -( isoquinolin - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 3 -( 3 - methoxyphenyl )- 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohex - 1 - enyl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- 3 -( 3 -( 4 - chlorophenoxy )- 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohex - 1 - enyl )- n -( isoquinolin - 5 - yl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- 3 -( 3 -( 4 - fluorophenoxy )- 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohex - 1 - enyl )- n -( isoquinolin - 5 - yl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- 3 -( 3 -( 3 - fluorophenoxy )- 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohex - 1 - enyl )- n -( isoquinolin - 5 - yl ) acrylamide ; ( 2e )- 3 -( 3 -( 3 , 4 - difluorophenoxy )- 2 , 6 , 6 - trimethylcyclohex - 1 - enyl )- n -( isoquinolin - 5 - yl ) acrylamide . the compounds of formula ( i ) can be prepared by means of conventional methods , such as the reaction of a compound of formula ( ii ) wherein y and r are as defined above and the carboxy group is suitably activated to the amidation reaction the invention will be now illustrated by means of the following examples and schemes . all commercially available compounds were purchased from aldrich and were used without further purification . reaction courses were monitored by thin - layer chromatography on silica gel ( precoated f 254 merck plates ), the spots were examined with uv light and visualized with aqueous kmno 4 . flash chromatography was performed using merck silica gel ( 230 - 240 mesh ). 1 h - nmr spectra were recorded on varian 400 mhz spectrometer using tms as internal standard . mass spectra were obtained with a waters - micromass zmd spectrometer . melting points were determined on a buchi - tottoli apparatus and are uncorrected . the acid 1 was prepared from the commercially available β - ionone by haloformic reaction as described in the literature . 2 1 . 0 mmol ( 194 mg ) of acid 1 was dissolved in 8 ml of anhydrous dmf . edci ( 1 . 2 equiv ., 1 . 2 mmol , 230 mg ), hobt ( 1 . 2 equiv ., 1 . 2 mmol , 162 mg ) and 5 - aminoisoquinoline ( 1 . 2 equiv ., 1 . 2 mmol , 173 mg ) were added sequentially at 0 ° c . the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h . the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in 50 ml of ethyl acetate . the organic phase was washed with water ( 2 × 20 ml ), saturated sodium chloride solution ( 1 × 10 ml ), dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated under vacuum . the crude residue was purified by column chromatography ( silica gel , 3 / 7 ethyl acetate / hexane followed by ethyl acetate ) and finally recrystallized from diethyl ether to give 150 mg of a beige solid . yield = 47 %. mp : ( diethyl ether ) 131 - 133 ° c . 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 400 mhz ) δ 1 . 10 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 49 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 62 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 81 ( 3h , s ), 2 . 05 ( 2h , m ), 6 . 18 ( 1h , d ), 7 . 62 ( 2h , m ), 7 . 70 ( 2h , m ), 7 . 81 ( 1h , d ), 8 . 38 ( 1h , bs ), 8 . 53 ( 1h , d , j = 5 . 6 hz ), 9 . 25 ( 1h , s ); [ m + 1 ] 321 . 7 ( c 21 h 24 n 2 o requires 320 . 43 ). a suspension of ester 2 ( 8 mmol , 1 . 66 g ) and n - bromosuccinimide ( 1 . 1 equiv ., 8 . 8 mmol , 1 . 56 g ) in ccl 4 ( 30 ml ) was refluxed for 1 h . after filtration through celite , the solvent was evaporated . the residue was dissolved in meoh ( 20 ml ) and the reaction was refluxed overnight . the solvent was evaporated and the crude was dissolved in diethyl ether ( 30 ml ) and washed with water ( 1 × 20 ml ). the organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum . the purification of the crude residue by chromatographic column using 1 / 9 ethyl acetate / petroleum ether as eluant gave 715 mg of a colourless oil . yield = 37 . 5 % ( two steps ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 400 mhz ) δ 1 . 02 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 04 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 38 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 62 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 79 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 37 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 51 ( 1h , m ), 3 . 75 ( 3h , s ), 5 . 84 ( 1h , d , j = 16 hz ), 7 . 33 ( 1h , d , j = 16 hz ); [ m + 1 ] 239 . 1 ( c 14 h 22 o 3 requires 238 . 32 ). lioh ( 5 equiv ., 630 mg ) was added at 0 ° c . to a solution of ester 3 ( 3 mmol , 715 mg ) in 3 : 1 : 1 thf / meoh / water ( 15 ml ) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight . the solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was diluted with water ( 20 ml ). the acid was precipitated by addition of 10 % hcl and then extracted with acoet ( 3 × 15 ml ). the combined organic layers were dried over na 2 so 4 and evaporated under vacuum to furnish 600 mg of an oily product . yield = 89 %. 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 400 mhz ) δ 1 . 03 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 05 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 39 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 62 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 80 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 38 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 52 ( 1h , m ), 5 . 86 ( 1h , d , j = 16 hz ), 7 . 45 ( 1h , d , j = 16 hz ); [ m + 1 ] 225 . 5 ( c 13 h 20 o 3 requires 224 . 3 ). 1 . 0 mmol ( 224 mg ) of acid 4 was dissolved in 10 ml of anhydrous dmf . edci ( 1 . 2 equiv ., 1 . 2 mmol , 230 mg ), hobt ( 1 . 2 equiv ., 1 . 2 mmol , 162 mg ) and 5 - aminoisoquinoline ( 1 . 2 equiv ., 1 . 2 mmol , 173 mg ) were added sequentially at 0 ° c . the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h . the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in 50 ml of ethyl acetate . the organic phase was washed with water ( 3 × 20 ml ), and with saturated sodium chloride solution ( 1 × 10 ml ), dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated under vacuum . the crude residue was purified by column chromatography ( silica gel , ethyl acetate ) and finally recrystallized from diethyl ether to give 160 mg of a yellow amorphous solid . yield = 45 %. 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 400 mhz ) δ 1 . 07 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 42 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 66 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 86 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 40 ( 3h , s ) 3 . 48 ( 1h , m ), 6 . 18 ( 1h , d ), 7 . 51 ( 1h , m ), 7 . 65 ( 3h , m ), 7 . 84 ( 1h , d ), 8 . 38 ( 1h , bs ), 8 . 55 ( 1h , d , j = 6 hz ), 9 . 26 ( 1h , s ); [ m + 1 ] 351 . 2 ( c 22 h 26 n 2 o 2 requires 350 . 45 ). a suspension of ester 2 ( 3 . 12 mmol , 650 mg ) and n - bromosuccinimide ( 1 . 1 equiv ., 3 . 43 mmol , 611 mg ) in ccl 4 ( 15 ml ) was refluxed for 1 h . after filtration through celite , the solvent was evaporated . the residue was dissolved in meoh ( 5 ml ) and added dropwise to a solution of sodium phenoxide ( 6 . 24 mmol ) in methanol ( 10 ml ). the resulting mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature . the reaction was poured into a cold 5 % aqueous sodium hydroxide solution ( 15 ml ) and the product was extracted with ether ( 2 × 20 ml ). the organic layer was washed with water ( 1 × 10 ml ), brine ( 1 × 5 ml ), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum . the purification of the crude by chromatographic column using 1 / 9 ethyl acetate / petroleum ether as eluant gave 350 mg of a colourless oil . yield = 37 . 5 % ( two steps ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 400 mhz ) δ 1 . 07 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 12 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 42 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 78 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 86 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 78 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 57 ( 1h , m ), 5 . 92 ( 1h , d , j = 16 . 4 hz ), 6 . 95 ( 3h , m ), 7 . 29 ( 2h , m ), 7 . 44 ( 1h , d , j = 16 . 4 hz ); [ m + 1 ] 301 . 2 ( c 19 h 24 o 3 requires 300 . 39 ). lioh ( 5 equiv ., 243 mg ) was added at 0 ° c . to a solution of ester 5 ( 1 . 16 mmol , 350 mg ) in 3 : 1 : 1 thf / meoh / water ( 12 . 5 ml ) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight . the solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was diluted with water ( 20 ml ). the acid was precipitated by addition of 10 % hcl and then extracted with acoet ( 3 × 15 ml ). the combined organic layers were dried over na 2 so 4 and evaporated under vacuum to furnish 300 mg of a white solid . yield = 90 %. 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 400 mhz ) δ 1 . 08 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 13 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 44 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 78 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 87 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 58 ( 1h , m ), 5 . 94 ( 1h , d , j = 16 . 4 hz ), 6 . 96 ( 3h , m ), 7 . 29 ( 2h , m ), 7 . 52 ( 1h , d , j = 16 . 4 hz ); [ m + 1 ] 287 . 5 ( c 18 h 22 o 3 requires 286 . 37 ). 0 . 5 mmol ( 143 mg ) of acid 6c were dissolved in 5 ml of anhydrous dmf . edci ( 1 . 2 equiv ., 0 . 6 mmol , 115 . 2 mg ), hobt ( 1 . 2 equiv ., 0 . 6 mmol , 81 mg ) and 5 - aminoisoquinoline ( 1 . 2 equiv ., 0 . 6 mmol , 86 . 51 mg ) were added sequentially at 0 ° c . the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h . the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in 30 ml of ethyl acetate . the organic phase was washed with water ( 2 × 10 ml ) and with a saturated sodium chloride solution ( 1 × 10 ml ), dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated under vacuum . the crude solid was purified by column chromatography ( silica gel , ethyl acetate / petroleum ether 8 : 2 ) and finally recrystallized from diethyl ether to give 100 mg of a white solid . yield = 48 . 5 %. mp : ( diethyl ether ) 141 - 143 ° c . 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 400 mhz ) δ 1 . 14 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 17 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 47 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 78 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 95 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 60 ( 1h , m ), 6 . 41 ( 1h , d ), 6 . 97 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 2 hz ), 7 . 26 ( 4h , m ), 7 . 59 ( 1h , d , j = 16 hz ), 7 . 80 ( 1h , t , j = 8 hz ), 7 . 92 ( 1h , d , j = 8 hz ), 8 . 17 ( 1h , m ), 8 . 37 ( 1h , m ), 8 . 52 ( 1h , bs ), 9 . 26 ( 1h , s ); [ m + 1 ] 413 . 6 ( c 27 h 28 n 2 o 2 requires 412 . 52 ) according to preparation 2 starting from 0 . 5 mmol of acid 6d 150 mg of compound id was obtained as white solid . yield = 67 %. mp : ( diethyl ether ) 168 ° c . 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 400 mhz ) δ 1 . 11 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 14 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 45 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 66 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 86 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 76 ( 1h , m ), 6 . 61 ( 1h , d ), 7 . 06 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 7 . 31 ( 2h , m ), 7 . 34 ( 2h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 7 . 69 ( 1h , t , j = 8 hz ), 7 . 95 ( 1h , d , j = 8 hz ), 8 . 04 ( 1h , m ), 8 . 27 ( 1h , bs ), 8 . 58 ( 1h , d , j = 6 hz ), 9 . 33 ( 1h , s ); [ m + 1 ] 448 . 4 ( c 27 h 27 cln 2 o 2 requires 446 . 97 ). according to preparation 2 starting from 0 . 5 mmol of acid 6e 100 mg of compound ie was obtained as white solid . yield = 46 %. mp : ( diethyl ether ) 135 - 137 ° c . 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 400 mhz ) δ 1 . 11 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 15 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 44 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 71 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 92 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 50 ( 1h , m ), 6 . 21 ( 1h , d ), 6 . 91 ( 2h , m ), 6 . 98 ( 2h , m ), 7 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 15 . 6 hz ), 7 . 72 ( 3h , m ), 7 . 87 ( 1h , d ), 8 . 41 ( 1h , bs ), 8 . 55 ( 1h , d , j = 6 . 4 hz ), 9 . 28 ( 1h , s ); [ m + 1 ] 431 . 6 ( c 27 h 27 fn 2 o 2 requires 430 . 51 ). according to preparation 2 starting from 0 . 5 mmol of acid 6f 90 mg of compound if was obtained as white solid . yield = 42 %. mp : ( diethyl ether ) 147 ° c . 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 200 mhz ) δ 1 . 11 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 14 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 57 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 71 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 88 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 56 ( 1h , m ), 6 . 20 ( 1h , d ), 6 . 70 ( 4h , m ), 7 . 58 ( 1h , d , j = 15 . 6 hz ), 7 . 65 ( 3h , m ), 7 . 85 ( 1h , d ), 8 . 38 ( 1h , bs ), 8 . 59 ( 1h , d , j = 5 . 8 hz ), 9 . 29 ( 1h , s ); [ m + 1 ] 431 . 5 ( c 27 h 27 fn 2 o 2 requires 430 . 51 ). according to preparation 2 starting from 0 . 5 mmol of acid 6g 90 mg of compound ig was obtained as white solid . yield = 40 %. mp : ( diethyl ether ) 155 ° c . 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 200 mhz ) δ 1 . 11 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 14 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 53 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 75 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 89 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 55 ( 1h , m ), 6 . 20 ( 1h , d ), 6 . 68 ( 3h , m ), 7 . 50 ( 1h , d , j = 15 . 6 hz ), 7 . 65 ( 3h , m ), 7 . 85 ( 1h , d ), 8 . 40 ( 1h , bs ), 8 . 60 ( 1h , d , j = 5 . 8 hz ), 9 . 29 ( 1h , s ); [ m + 1 ] 449 . 7 ( c 27 h 26 f 2 n 2 o 2 requires 448 . 51 ). newborn and adult sprague - dawley rats (˜ 250 g ) were used ( harlam , italy ). all experiments complied with the national guidelines and were approved by the regional ethics committee . male sprague - dawley rats with body weight between 250 and 350 g at the time for testing were used . for binding assays rats were sacrificed by decapitation under anesthesia and the spinal cord was removed and disrupted using a polytron tissue homogenizer in ice cold buffer containing 5 mm kcl , 5 . 8 mm nacl , 0 . 75 mm cacl 2 , 2 mm mgcl 2 , 320 mm sucrose , 10 mm hepes , ph 8 . 6 . 5 the homogenized tissue was centrifuged at 1000 × g for 10 min at 4 ° c . and the supernatant was centrifuged again at 35000 × g for 30 min at 4 ° c . ( beckman avanti j25 ). the pellet was resuspended in the same buffer described above and used in binding experiments . in saturation experiments , 150 μg protein / sample from membrane suspensions were incubated with [ 3 h ]- resiniferatoxin ([ 3 h ]- rtx ) ( 0 . 003 - 3 nm ) in the assay buffer containing 0 . 25 mg / ml fatty acid - free bovine serum albumin at 37 ° c . for 60 min . in competition experiments , the membranes were incubated at 37 ° c . for 60 min with [ 3 h ] rtx ( 0 . 4 nm ) and increasing concentrations of the examined compounds in the range from 0 . 1 nm to 3 μm . non - specific binding was defined in the presence of 1 μm rtx . after incubation , the reaction mixture was cooled at 0 ° c . and incubated with bovine α1 - acid glycoprotein ( 200 μg per tube ) for 15 min to reduce non - specific rtx binding . membrane - bound rtx was separated from free rtx through centrifugation of the samples at 18500 × g for 15 min . the tip of the microcentrifuge tube containing the pellet was cut off and radioactivity was determined by scintillation counting ( packard 2500 tr ). protein concentration was determined according to a bio - rad method with bovine serum albumin as reference standard ( bradford , 1976 ). saturation and competition studies were analysed with the program ligand . 6 two - days old newborn rats were terminally anaesthetized and decapitated . trigeminal ganglia were removed and rapidly placed in a cold phosphate buffered solution ( pbs ) before being transferred to collagenase / dispase ( 1 mg / ml dissolved in ca 2 + - mg 2 + - free pbs ) for 35 min at 37 ° c . 7 after the enzymatic treatment the ganglia were rinsed three times with ca 2 + - mg 2 + - free pbs and then placed in 2 ml of cold dmem supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum ( fbs , heat inactivated ), 2 mm l - glutamine , 100 μ / ml penicillin and 100 μg / ml streptomycin . the ganglia were dissociated into single cells by several passages through a series of syringe needles ( 23g down to 25g ). finally , the medium and the ganglia cells were sieved through a 40 μm filter to remove debris and topped up with 8 ml of dmem medium and centrifuged ( 200 × g for 5 min ). the final cell pellet was re - suspended in dmem medium [ supplemented with 100 ng / ml mouse nerve growth factor ( mouse - ngf - 7s ) and cytosine - β - d - arabinofuranoside free base ( ara - c ) 2 . 5 μm ]. cells were plated on poly - l - lysine -( 8 . 3 μm ) and laminin -( 5 μm ) coated 25 mm glass cover slips and kept for 5 to 8 days at 37 ° c . in a humidified incubator gassed with 5 % co 2 and air . plated neurons were loaded with fura - 2 - am - ester ( 3 μm ) in ca 2 + buffer solution of the following composition ( mm ): cacl 2 1 . 4 , kcl 5 . 4 , mgso 4 0 . 4 , nacl 135 , d - glucose 5 , hepes 10 with bsa ( 0 . 1 %), at ph 7 . 4 , for 40 min at 37 ° c . the plated neurons were then washed twice with the ca 2 + buffer solution and transferred to a chamber on the stage of nikon eclipse te300 microscope . fura - 2 - am - ester was excited at 340 nm and 380 nm to indicate relative [ ca 2 + ] i changes by the f 340 / f 380 ratio recorded with a dynamic image analysis system ( laboratory automation 2 . 0 , rcs , florence , italy ). after transferring the plated neurons to the chamber , they were allowed ( at least 10 min ) to attain a stable fluorescence before beginning the experiment . a calibration curve was performed using buffer containing fura - 2 - am - ester and determinant concentrations of free ca 2 + . this curve was then used to convert the data obtained from f 340 / f 380 ratio to [ ca 2 + ] i ( nm ). 8 the effects of pretreatments with capsazepine ( cpz ), sb366791 and compounds of formula ( i ) on the increase in [ ca 2 + ] i produced by 0 . 1 μm capsaicin were studied . capsaicin ( 20 nmols / 50 μl / paw ) was injected in the plantar surface of the glabrous skin of the right paw of rats anesthetized with diethyl ether ( chaplan et al ., 1994 ). compound id was orally administered ( 10 mg / kg ) 2 hours prior to capsaicin injection . tactile allodynia was evaluated 90 min after capsaicin challenge . drugs and reagents were obtained from the indicated companies : [ 3 h ]- resiniferatoxin ( perkin elmer , boston , mass . ), sb - 366791 ( tocris , uk ), capsaicin , capsazepine , ionomycin , laminin , poly - l - lysine , substance p ( sigma , italy ); mouse ngf - 7s and collagenase / dispase ( roche diagnostics , italy ); dulbecco &# 39 ; s modified eagle &# 39 ; s medium ( dmem ), fetal bovine serum ( fbs ) heat inactivated , l - glutamine ( 200 mm ), penicillin / streptomycin ( 10 , 000 iu / ml ± 10 , 000 ug / ml ), ( gibco , italy ); fura - 2 - am - ester ( societa italiana chimici , italy ). stock concentrations of capsaicin ( 10 mm ), capsazepine ( 10 mm ), sb - 366791 ( 1 mm ) and compounds of formula ( i ) were prepared in 50 % dmso and 50 % tween 80 . fura - 2 - am - ester and ionomycin were dissolved in 100 % dmso . all the other drugs were dissolved in distilled water . appropriate dilutions were then made in krebs buffer solution . the saturation curve of [ 3 h ]- rtx to trpv1 expressed in rat spinal cord showed a k d value of 0 . 21 ( 0 . 16 - 0 . 27 ) and b max value of 57 ( 53 - 62 ) fmol / mg protein . the scatchard plot was essentially linear and computer analysis of the data indicated that only one class of high affinity binding sites was present . competition binding experiments of [ 3 h ]- rtx revealed that compounds ia , ib , ic , id , ie , if , ig and reference compound ( e )- 3 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- n - 3 - methoxyphenyl ) acrylamide ( sb - 366791 ) had a k i value of 66 ( 56 - 78 ) nm , 26 . 2 ( 21 . 1 - 32 . 6 ) nm , 4 . 93 ( 3 . 40 - 7 . 16 ) nm , 27 ( 23 - 32 ) nm , 14 . 8 ( 10 . 2 - 21 . 5 ) nm , 8 . 14 ( 6 . 87 - 9 . 65 ) nm , 10 . 3 ( 7 . 9 - 13 . 4 ) nm and 36 ( 30 - 43 ) nm respectively . capasaicin ( 0 . 1 μm ) caused an increase in [ ca 2 + ] in the majority ( 95 %) of rat trigeminal neurons cells , which were therefore identified as trpv1 expressing neurons . ic 50 values of ia , ib , ic , id , ie , if and ig inhibiting capsaicin - evoked [ ca 2 + ] i mobilization were 44 ( 11 - 184 ) nm , 28 . 4 ( 25 . 2 - 31 . 9 ) nm , 2 . 12 ( 1 . 44 - 2 . 82 ) nm , 18 . 2 ( 4 - 98 ) nm , 5 . 25 ( 4 . 11 - 6 . 70 ) nm , 0 . 38 ( 0 . 36 - 0 . 40 ) and 0 . 65 ( 0 . 62 - 0 . 68 ) nm respectively . the reference trpv1 antagonists , capsazepine , and sb - 366791 , inhibited the capsaicin response with an ic 50 of 948 ( 676 - 1330 ) nm and 8 . 7 ( 3 . 4 - 17 . 3 ) nm , respectively . the results are expressed as mean and 95 % fiducial limits . 90 min after the capsaicin challenge , compound id showed a significant preventive effect ( 54 %) against the pro - allodinic effect of capsaicin . 1 . appendino , g . and szallasi a . progress in medicinal chemistry 2006 , 44 , 145 - 180 . 2 . shimasaki , h . ; 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