Patent Application: US-201213528314-A

Abstract:
the present invention discloses diblock copolymer systems that self - assemble to produce very small structures . these co - polymers consist of one block that contains silicon and another block comprised of an oligosaccharide that are coupled by azide - alkyne cycloaddition .

Description:
due to the need for nanofeatures that can be etched , silicon - containing monomers were pursued . it is not intended that the present invention be limited by the nature of the silicon - containing monomer or that the present invention be limited to specific block polymers . however , to illustrate the invention , examples of various silicon - containing monomers and copolymers are provided . as a result of its mild conditions and high efficiency , the copper - catalyzed reaction of azide - alkyne cycloaddition ( cuaac ) has become the most widely used click reaction in many areas of science [ 16 - 18 ]. of all the reactions that could be qualified as click reactions , the cuaac reaction is undoubtedly the premier example . conducting a cuaac reaction requires no protecting groups , no purification is generally required , and almost complete conversion and selectivity for the 1 , 4 - disubstituted 1 , 2 , 3 - triazole is achieved , unlike the mixture of products from the thermally induced cycloaddition reactions ( fig2 ) [ 19 ]. reagents . all reagents were purchased from sigma - aldrich chemical co . and used without further purification unless otherwise stated . ap410 and ap310 were purchased from az clariant . thf was purchased from jt baker . chloroprene 50 wt % in xylenes was purchased from pfaltz & amp ; bauer . cyclohexane was purified with a pure solv md - 2 solvent purification system . purifications . all purifications and polymerizations were performed under an ar atmosphere using standard schlenk techniques . [ 20 ] tmsi was vacuum distilled twice from n - butyllithium . cyclohexane was purified with a pure solv md - 2 solvent purification system . the cyclohexane was run through a - 2 alumina to remove trace amounts of water followed by a supported q - 5 copper redox catalyst to remove oxygen [ 21 ]. instrumentation . all 1 h and 13 c nmr spectra were recorded on a varian unity plus 400 mhz instrument . all chemical shifts are reported in ppm downfield from tms using the residual protonated solvent as an internal standard ( cdcl 3 , 1 h 7 . 26 ppm and 13 c 77 . 0 ppm ). molecular weight and polydispersity data were measured using an agilent 1100 series isopump and autosampler and a viscotek model 302 tetra detector platform with 3 iseries mixed bed high mw columns against polystyrene standards . hrms ( ci ) was obtained on a vg analytical zab2 - e instrument . ir data were recorded on a nicolet avatar 360 ft - ir and all peaks are reported in cm − 1 . glass transition temperatures ( t g ) were recorded on a ta q100 differential scanning calorimeter ( dsc ). trimethylsilyl styrene ( tmsis ) was synthesized following a previously reported procedure [ 11 ] and was polymerized by activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization ( arget atrp ). the general procedure is as follows : tmsis ( 23 . 05 g , 130 . 7 mmol ), ethylbromoisobutyrate ( 2 -( bromomethyl )- 2 - methylbutanoic acid ) ( 554 mg , 2 . 8 mmol ), copper bromide ( 6 . 3 mg , 0 . 028 mmol ), me 6 tren ( 65 mg , 0 . 284 mmol ), and toluene ( 27 . 5 ml ) were added to a round bottom flask . the solution was degassed with argon for 10 min and then tin ( ii ) ethylhexanoate ( 115 mg , 0 . 284 mmol ) was added via syringe . the solution was submerged in an oil bath at 90 ° c . and allowed to polymerize for three hours and twenty minutes at which point it reached approximately 40 % conversion . the polymer was precipitated in methanol and dried in vacuo . the synthesis scheme for this reaction is summarized in fig1 . molecular weight was analyzed by gel permeation chromatography ( fig2 ). the poly ( trimethylsilyl styrnene ) ptmsis was then end - functionalized with azide . the synthesis scheme is shown in fig3 . ptmsis ( 6000 mg , 1 . 7 mmol ), sodium azide ( 325 mg , 5 . 0 mmol ), and 80 ml dmf were added to a round bottom flask . the reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature . the polymer was precipitated in methanol , dried , and reprecipitated three times to remove excess sodium azide salt . presence of the azide end group was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy ( fig4 ), where it is apparent that an azide peak appears at 2100 cm − 1 after azide addition . nmr end group analysis also confirms close to 100 % end functionalization , as it is apparent that the terminal hydrogen completely shifts on the nmr spectrum after azide functionalization ( fig5 ). a suspension of maltoheptaose ( 10 . 0 g , 8 . 67 mmol ) in neat propargylamine ( 11 . 9 ml , 174 mmol ) was stirred vigorously at room temperature until complete conversion of the starting material ( 72 h ), checked by tlc ( eluent : buoh / etoh / h 2 o = 1 / 3 / 1 ). after complete disappearance of the starting material , the reacting mixture was dissolved in methanol ( 100 ml ), and then precipitated in ch 2 cl 2 ( 300 ml ). the solid was filtrated and washed with a mixture of meoh and ch 2 cl 2 ( meoh : ch 2 cl 2 = 1 : 3 , v / v , 300 ml ). a solution of acetic anhydride in meoh ( acetic anhydride : meoh = 1 : 20 , v / v , 1 l ) was added to the solid , and stirred overnight at room temperature . after complete disappearance of the starting material checked by tlc ( eluent : ch 3 cn / h 2 o = 13 / 7 ), the solvent of the mixture was evaporated , and the traces of acetic anhydride were removed by co - evaporation with a mixture of toluene and methanol ( 1 : 1 , v / v ). the resulting solid was dissolved in water and lyophilized to afford 1 as a white solid ( 8 . 75 g , 78 %). r f = 0 . 34 ( 13 : 7 , ch 3 cn — h 2 o ). 1 h nmr ( d 2 o ): δ 5 . 46 and 5 . 00 ( 2 × d , 1h , rotamers , j 1 - 2 = 9 . 20 hz and j 1 - 2 = 8 . 87 hz , h - 1 glci ), 5 . 36 - 5 . 31 ( m , 6h , h - 1 glcii - glcvii ) , 4 . 24 - 3 . 30 ( m , 44h , h - 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6a , 6b glci - glcvii , and nch 2 ), 2 . 66 and 2 . 50 ( 2 × s , 1h , rotamers , c ≡ ch ), 2 . 24 and 2 . 16 ( 2 × s , 3h , rotamers , ncoch 3 ). 13 c nmr ( d 2 o ): δ 176 . 22 , 175 . 04 , 100 . 09 - 99 . 76 , 86 . 80 , 82 . 03 , 80 . 26 , 79 . 64 , 77 . 47 , 77 . 20 - 76 . 85 , 76 . 38 , 76 . 23 , 73 . 68 , 73 . 23 , 73 . 08 , 72 . 10 , 72 . 06 , 71 . 90 , 71 . 85 , 71 . 54 , 70 . 58 , 70 . 08 , 69 . 69 , 60 . 84 , 60 . 78 , 33 . 19 , 30 . 44 , 21 . 98 , 21 . 51 . hrms esi - tof ( m / z ) a suspension of xyloglucooligosaccharide ( xgos : made up of a mixture of hepta -, octa -, and nona - saccharides in the ratio 0 . 15 : 0 . 35 : 0 . 50 , respectively .) ( 20 g , 12 . 1 mmol ) in propargylamine ( 20 ml , 240 . 3 mmol ) and 30 ml of methanol was stirred vigorously at room temperature for 3 days . upon complete conversion of the starting material , checked by t . l . c ., excess propargylamine was removed under reduced pressure , at a temperature below 40 ° c . and then co - evaporated using a mixture of toluene and methanol ( 9 : 1 , v / v ). the residual yellow solid was dissolved in methanol and then precipitated with dichloromethane . the solid was filtered and washed with a mixture of methanol and dichloromethane ( 1 : 4 , v / v ). the solid was selectively n - acetylated by adding a solution of acetic anhydride in methanol ( 1 : 20 , v / v ). the reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h at room temperature , then the solvent was removed by evaporation , and co - evaporation with a mixture of toluene and methanol ( 1 : 1 , v / v ) to remove traces of acetic anhydride . the residue was dissolved in water and lyophilized to afford 4 as a pure white solid ( 20 g , 94 %). rf = 0 . 27 ( nona -), 0 . 34 ( octa -), 0 . 4 ( hepta - saccharides ) ( 7 : 3 ch3cn — h2o ). 1h nmr ( 400 mhz , d 2 o ): dppm 5 . 44 ( d , j1 - 2 = 8 . 61 hz , h - 1glci ), 5 . 18 , 5 . 02 ( d , h - 1xyl ), 4 . 90 - 4 . 60 ( m , h - 1glc and gal ), 4 . 50 - 3 . 20 ( m , h - 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6glc , gal and xyl and nch2 ), 2 . 68 and 2 . 51 ( 2 × s , rotamers , c_ch ), 2 . 22 and 2 . 15 ( 2 × s , rotamers , ch3 ( ac .)). ms maldi - tof : m / z [ m + na ]+ 1163 . 87 ( hepta -), [ m + na ]+ 1325 . 87 ( octa -), [ m + na ]+ 1487 . 84 ( nona - saccharides ). ir ( kbr ): n 3600 - 3100 ( o — h , sugars and c — h , alkyne ), 3100 - 2700 ( c — h , sugars ), 1645 cm − 1 ( c ═ o , amide ). ( i ) mono - 6 a -( p - tolylsulfonyl )- β - cyclodextrin : to a naoh solution ( 20 . 0 g of naoh in water 800 ml ) was added 13 - cd ( 40 . 0 g ) at 0 - 5 ° c . p - tolylsulfonyl chloride ( tscl , 16 . 0 g ) was added into the solution with vigorous stirring at 0 - 5 ° c . after 2 h another portion of tscl ( 24 . 0 g ) was added and the mixture was stirred for 3 more hours . the unreacted tscl was then filtered out . the filtrate was cooled to 0 ° c . and 240 ml of 10 % hcl was added . the mixture was kept in the refrigerator overnight to afford a white solid product . the white solid was recrystallized in water to afford 11 . 8 g of product ( yield 26 %). 13 c nmr ( 100 mhz , [ 2 h 6 ] dimethyl sulfoxide ( dmso - d 6 )) δ : 21 . 6 , 59 . 5 , 59 . 8 , 60 . 1 , 69 . 3 , 70 . 0 , 72 . 0 , 72 . 3 , 72 . 5 , 72 . 6 , 72 . 9 , 73 . 3 , 80 . 9 , 81 . 4 , 81 . 7 , 81 . 8 , 101 . 5 , 102 . 2 , 102 . 5 , 127 . 9 , 130 . 3 , 132 . 9 , 145 . 3 . positive ion ultra - performance liquid chromatography ( uplc )- quadrupole / time of flight ( q / tof )- ms m / z 1289 . 3824 for [ m + h ]+, calcd ( c 49 h 77 o 37 s ) 1289 . 3864 . ( ii ) mono - 6a - n - propargylamino - 6a - deoxy - β - cyclodextrin : 10 . 0 g of mono - 6a -( p - tolylsulfonyl )- β - cyclodextrin was added into 20 ml of propargylamine ( 10 . 0 g ). the mixture was stirring at 65 ° c . for 24 h under the n 2 atmosphere . then , the mixture was poured into 100 ml of acetonitrile ( acn ) to obtain a solid product . the solid was recrystallized in methanol to afford 7 . 7 g product ( yield 85 %). 13 c nmr ( 100 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ : 37 . 8 , 48 . 3 , 60 . 1 , 70 . 9 , 72 . 4 , 72 . 5 , 73 . 2 , 73 . 9 , 81 . 7 , 83 . 4 , 102 . 0 , 102 . 2 , 102 . 5 . positive ion uplc - q / tof - ms m / z 1172 . 4102 for [ m + h ]+, calcd ( c 45 h74o 34 n ) 1172 . 4092 . a typical method of “ click ” reaction is as follows ( method a ): p ( tmsis )— n 3 ( 674 mg , 1 . 87 × 10 − 4 mol , 1 eq .) was weighed in a flask and dissolved in dmf ( 15 g ). propargyl - mal 7 ( 300 mg , 2 . 43 × 10 − 4 mol , 1 . 3 eq .) and pmdeta ( 48 . 6 mg , 2 . 80 × 10 − 4 mol , 1 . 5 eq .) were weighed in another flask and dissolved in dmf in ( 15 g ). both solutions were degassed by bubbling of ar for 15 min . cubr ( 40 . 3 mg , 2 . 80 × 10 − 4 mol , 1 . 5 eq .) was weighed in the other flask under ar atmosphere and sealed with a rubber septum . to the flask of cubr were added the solutions of p ( tmsis )— n 3 and propargyl - mal 7 using stainless cannula under ar atmosphere and stirred at 40 ° c . for 72 h . the reaction mixture was passed through an alumina column to remove the copper complex . the eluent was concentrated and precipitated in meoh to afford mal 7 - b - p ( tmsis ) as a white solid ( 375 mg , 42 %). the reaction scheme is summarized in fig6 . the completeness of the reaction was confirmed by ir and gpc . as shown in fig7 , the ir trace after the reaction shows a complete disappearance of the azide peak ( all azide end functionality on the ptmsis - n 3 disappears when it couples to the maltoheptoase ) and a broad peak appears around 3400 cm − 1 , indicating the presence of oh groups in the maltoheptaose . since maltoheptaose is soluble in methanol , there should be no free maltoheptaose left in the polymer . the success of the reaction was also confirmed by a peak shift to a higher molecular weight as seen in the gpc ( fig8 ). method a was applied to p ( tmsis )— n 3 ( 611 mg , 1 . 70 × 10 − 4 mol , 1 eq . ), propargyl - xgo ( 300 mg , 2 . 21 × 10 − 4 mol , 1 . 3 eq . ), pmdeta ( 44 . 1 mg , 2 . 55 × 10 − 4 mol , 1 . 5 eq . ), and cubr ( 36 . 5 mg , 2 . 55 × 10 − 4 mol , 1 . 5 eq .) in dmf ( 30 g ). the reaction scheme is summarized in fig9 . the polymer was characterized by ir and gpc with similar results as what was shown in fig7 and fig8 . method a was applied to p ( tmsis )— n 3 ( 473 mg , 1 . 31 × 10 − 4 mol , 1 eq . ), propargyl - βcyd ( 200 mg , 1 . 71 × 10 − 4 mol , 1 . 3 eq . ), pmdeta ( 34 . 1 mg , 1 . 97 × 10 − 4 mol , 1 . 5 eq . ), and cubr ( 28 . 2 mg , 1 . 97 × 10 − 4 mol , 1 . 5 eq .) in dmf ( 30 g ). the reaction scheme is summarized in fig1 . the polymer was characterized by ir and gpc with similar results as what was shown in fig7 and fig8 . pmtmsma was synthesized exactly as ptmsis , except at a reaction temperature of 70 ° c . and for only 6 hours to complete conversion . azide addition was performed as with ptmsis and with similar characterization results as shown in fig2 , fig3 , fig4 , and fig5 . the reaction scheme is summarized in fig1 . method a was applied to p ( mtmsma )- n 3 ( 200 mg , 6 . 24 × 10 − 5 mol , 1 eq . ), propargyl - mal 7 ( 100 mg , 8 . 12 × 10 − 5 mol , 1 . 3 eq . ), pmdeta ( 16 . 2 mg , 9 . 36 × 10 − 5 mol , 1 . 5 eq . ), and cubr ( 13 . 4 mg , 9 . 36 × 10 − 5 mol , 1 . 5 eq .) in dmf ( 10 g ). the product was purified by a precipitation in meoh / h 2 o ( 1 : 1 = v / v ) instead of meoh . the reaction scheme is summarized in fig1 . the polymer was characterized by ir and gpc with similar results as what was shown in fig7 and fig8 , however it appears that complete reaction conversion was not achieved . fig1 indicates a peak shift in the gpc trace , indicating that a higher molecular weight polymer was formed . however , fig1 still shows a noticeable azide peak in the ir spectra , although it is reduced from the mtmsmaaz trace . the coupled polymer could be separated from the free polymer by fractional precipitation or column chromatography . the success of the reactions shown in fig6 , fig9 , fig1 , and fig1 were also confirmed by small angle x - ray scattering . the block copolymer saxs profiles are shown in fig1 . the presence of scattering maxima indicate the presence of a self - assembled block copolymer in all three ptmsis - b - oligosaccharide bulk systems . we also confirm the presence of patternable nanostructures by atomic force microscopy . fig1 shows nanoscale features present on the surface of the film for a variety of film thicknesses . 1 . ross , c . a . 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