Patent Application: US-21935105-A

Abstract:
ampholytic buffers having a high buffering capacity and a high conductivity in the isoelectric state were synthesized by creating molecules in which four or more bonds separate the charge - carrying or chargeable atoms of the pi - determining weak electrolyte functional groups and , simultaneously , the charge - carrying or chargeable atom of the weak or strong electrolyte charge - balancing functional group .

Description:
while the making and using of various embodiments of the present invention are discussed in detail below , it should be appreciated that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts . the specific embodiments discussed herein are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention and do not delimit the scope of the invention . to facilitate the understanding of this invention , a number of terms are defined below . terms defined herein have meanings as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the areas relevant to the present invention . terms such as “ a ”, “ an ” and “ the ” are not intended to refer to only a singular entity , but include the general class of which a specific example may be used for illustration . the terminology herein is used to describe specific embodiments of the invention , but their usage does not delimit the invention , except as outlined in the claims . fig1 shows the generic structure of the ampholytic isoelectric buffers that contain two carboxylic acid groups and an n - oxidation - resistant quaternary ammonium group according to the first aspect of the present invention . a family of carboxylic acid - based ampholytic isoelectric buffers can be synthesized according to the synthesis scheme shown as an example in fig2 . first , 2 equivalents of a secondary amine are reacted with 1 equivalent of an alkylbromoalkanoate . as 1 equivalent of the secondary amine attaches to the alkylalkanoate chain forming a protonated , tertiary ammonium intermediate , the second equivalent of the secondary amine deprotonates the tertiary ammonium intermediate ( pk a of the conjugate acid of the secondary amine is slightly higher than the pk a of the conjugate acid of the tertiary amine intermediate ). as a result , the bromide salt of the protonated secondary amine precipitates out from the reaction mixture and can be separated from the tertiary amine intermediate by , e . g ., filtration . next , 1 equivalent of the tertiary amine intermediate is reacted with 1 equivalent of an alkyl bromoalkanoate ( either the same as the first one or a different one ) to form the bromide salt of the quaternary ammonium intermediate . finally , the ester functionalities are hydrolyzed ( with either an aqueous strong acid or strong base ) to form the free carboxylic acids . the product can then be obtained in isoelectric form by crystallization from a concentrated aqueous solution titrated to the ph equal to the pi of the ampholytic buffer or by desalting the concentrated aqueous solution in an iet system . since a large variety of secondary amines and halocarboxylic acids are available , this synthesis scheme has great flexibility in terms of the derivatives that can be synthesized and their pi values . fig3 shows a generic structure for some of the amine - based isoelectric buffers according to the second and third aspects of the present invention ( containing two amine groups and one sulfate group ). fig4 and 5 illustrate schemes for the synthesis of some of the amine - based isoelectric buffers according to the second aspect of the present invention . according to fig4 , 1 equivalent of a secondary amine is reacted with 1 equivalent of an epihalohydrin , such as epichlorohydrin , in tetrahydrofuran as solvent forming an amino alcohol intermediate . next , 1 equivalent of the amino alcohol intermediate is reacted with 1 equivalent of a secondary amine ( either the same as the first one or a different one ) forming a diamino alcohol intermediate , while another 1 equivalent of the secondary amine deprotonates the diaminoalcohol intermediate ( pk a of the conjugate acid form of the secondary amine is slightly higher than the pk a of the conjugate acid form of the diamino alcohol intermediate ). the halide salt ( e . g ., the chloride salt ) of the protonated secondary amine precipitates out from the reaction mixture and can be separated from the diamino alcohol intermediate by , e . g ., filtration . finally , the diamino alcohol intermediate can be sulfated with so 3 xpyr to form the ampholytic buffer in the salt form . the product can then be obtained in isoelectric form by crystallization from a concentrated aqueous solution titrated to the ph equal to the pi of the isoelectric buffer , or by isoelectric trapping in an iet apparatus . synthesis of n , n - bis ( carboxypropyl ) diethyl ammonium hydroxide , inner salt ( bcpdeah ): bcpdeah was synthesized as follows . first , 10 . 37 g ( 0 . 142 mol ) diethylamine ( dea ) was mixed with 13 . 5 g ( 0 . 069 mol ) ethyl 4 - bromobutyrate ( ebb ) in a 250 ml round bottom flask fitted with an ice - water cooled condenser . the flask was warmed in a heating mantle with the rheostat set at 45 %. heavy solid formation was observed within the first 30 minutes of heating . after 3 hours of heating , the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature . 500 ml of acetone was added and the mixture was stirred into a slurry that was filtered and the solids ( diethylammonium bromide ) were washed with 25 ml of acetone , three times . acetone and unreacted dea were removed from the mixture under reduced pressure . upon cooling the mixture , additional white solids ( diethylammonium bromide ) were formed which were also filtered - off . the structure of the tertiary amine intermediate was confirmed by 1 h - and 13 c - nmr spectroscopy . the whole batch of the tertiary amine intermediate from the previous step was mixed with 13 . 5 g ( 0 . 069 mol ) ebb in a 250 ml round bottom flask fitted with an ice - water cooled condenser . the flask was warmed in a heating mantle with the rheostat set at 45 %. after 10 . 5 hours , the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature . 200 ml of deionized water were added and the mixture was stirred into a homogenous solution , which was extracted by tert - butyl methyl ether to selectively remove the contaminants from the aqueous phase . then , 11 . 2 g ( 0 . 28 mol ) naoh were dissolved in 100 ml deionized water and mixed into the processed aqueous solution of the quaternary ammonium intermediate . the reaction mixture was left stirring at room temperature . complete hydrolysis was seen after 14 hours . ethanol formed from the hydrolysis was removed under reduced pressure . the aqueous solution was desalted and the ampholytic buffer brought to isoelectric state in an iet apparatus . the ph of the concentrated aqueous solution of isoelectric bcpdeah was 3 . 8 , equal to its pi value . after liophylization , the solid product was characterized by 1 h - and 13 c - nmr . fig6 shows the 1 h - and the 13 c - nmr spectra , fig7 and 8 show the results of the 1 h - 1 h cosy and 1 h - 13 c hetcor nmr experiments . the identity and purity of the final product were further confirmed by high resolution esi - ms . the esi - ms spectra in positive and negative ion modes are shown in fig9 . only signals corresponding to bcpdeah and its fragment ions are seen . synthesis of 1 , 3 - bis ( n , n - dimethylamino )- 2 - o - sulfo - propane ( bdasp ): bdasp was synthesized via sulfation of the alcohol group of 1 , 3 - bis ( n , n - dimethylamino )- 2 - propanol ( bdap ) using sulfur trioxide pyridine complex ( so 3 xpyr ). fit a clean , 250 ml , three - neck round bottom flask with an ice - water cooled condenser . add 40 ml dmf to the flask , set the flask in an oil bath . add 30 . 0 g ( 0 . 205 mol ) bdap into the flask and heat it to 65 ° c . while stirring the solution with a half - inch football - shaped magnetic stir bar on a stir plate . to the warm , stirring solution add 35 . 93 g ( 0 . 227 mol ) so 3 xpyr and continuously heat and stir the mixture at 65 ° c . for 4 hours . take the flask off of the oil bath and set it to cool on a cork o - ring with paper towels underneath ( to absorb the oil ). to the cooled reaction mixture , add 250 ml dmf and with the aid of a spatula , manually dislodge the solids and remove the chunks from the round bottom flask into a 500 ml beaker . add 450 ml dmf into the beaker and make a slurry of the solids . filter the slurry using a buchner funnel and a suction flask . remove the solid cake and filter paper from the funnel , and in another 500 ml beaker make a slurry with 450 ml acetone . filter the slurry , make another slurry of the solids in 450 ml ethanol , and filter again . let the solids dry inside the fume hood . dissolve the solids in minimum volume ( around 200 ml ) of deionized water . measure the ph of the solution and titrate it to ph = 8 . 0 using a 5m lioh solution ( if the solution ph is below 8 . 0 ) or 2m sulfuric acid ( h 2 so 4 ) ( if the solution ph is above 8 . 0 ). remove about 100 ml of water using a rotovap with the water bath set at 65 ° c . let the solution cool in the fume hood with continuous stirring for 24 hours . filter the slurry , wash the solid cake with cold ethanol three times and let the cake dry in the fume hood . analyze both the crystallization mother liquor and the solids by ce and repeat crystallization from deionized water if necessary . the pi of bdasp was determined by indirect uv detection ce . using a 26 : m i . d . bare fused silica capillary , l t = 26 . 1 cm , l d = 19 . 7 cm at 15 kv in positive to negative polarity , t = 25 ec , uv detector set at 214 nm , conventional ce was carried out in 20 mm tris ( hydroxymethyl ) aminomethane ( tris ) and 20 mm benzylamine bges titrated with ptsa . the approximate pi of bdasp was determined to be 8 . 0 . indirect uv detection ce using a 20 mm acetic acid bge titrated with imidazole to ph = 4 . 56 , run on a 26 : m i . d . bare fused silica capillary , l t = 26 . 5 cm , l d = 19 . 7 cm at 25 kv , positive to negative polarity , t = 25 ec , uv detector set at 214 nm , and a 20 mm tris , 0 . 1 mm hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium hydroxide ( ctaoh ) bge , titrated with benzenetricarboxylic acid ( btc ) to ph = 8 . 54 , run on a 50 : m i . d . bare fused silica capillary , l t = 25 . 7 cm , l d = 19 . 3 cm at 25 kv , negative to positive polarity , t = 25 ec , uv detector set at 214 nm indicated that the residual lithium and sulfate ion concentrations were lower than the detection limits . the final solid product was characterized by 1 h - and 13 c - nmr , 1 h - 1 h cosy and 1 h - 13 c hetcor nmr spectroscopy ( fig1 - 12 ). the identity and purity of the final product were further confirmed by high resolution esi - ms . the esi - ms spectrum in the positive ion mode is shown in fig1 . only signals corresponding to bdasp and its na + adduct are seen . single crystals of the product were grown by slow and undisturbed cooling of a concentrated aqueous solution of bdasp and its x - ray crystal structure was determined . an image of the x - ray crystal structure of bdasp is shown in fig1 . synthesis of 1 , 3 - dimorpholino - 2 - o - sulfo - propane ( dmsp ): fit a clean , 3 l , three - neck round bottom flask with an ice - water cooled condenser . add 750 g ( 8 . 61 mol ) morpholine ( mor ) to the flask , set the flask in an oil bath . mix together 265 . 5 g ( 2 . 87 mol ) epichlorohydrin ( eh ) and 500 ml tetrahydrofuran ( thf ). slowly add the eh solution into the flask and heat to 65 ° c ., while stirring the solution with a mechanical stirrer . take samples periodically and monitor the increase in the amount of 1 , 3 - dimorpholino - 2 - propanol ( dmp ) and the corresponding decrease in the amount of the amino alcohol intermediate by nmr . depending on whether more mor or more eh is needed , add the corresponding amount into the reaction flask . stirring continuously , heat the reaction mixture for 22 hours . at the end of the reaction , take the flask off of the oil bath and set it to cool on a cork o - ring with paper towels underneath ( to absorb the oil ). into the cool reaction mixture , add enough acetone to form a dilute slurry . filter the slurry using a buchner funnel and a suction flask . remove acetone and thf under reduced pressure . fit a clean , 5 l , three - neck round bottom flask with an ice - water cooled condenser . add 500 ml dmf to the flask , set the flask in an oil bath . add the processed dmp from step 1 into the flask and heat it to 65 ° c . while stirring the solution with a mechanical stirrer . to the warm , stirring solution add 466 . 1 g ( 2 . 87 mol ) so 3 xpyr and continuously heat and stir the mixture at 65 ° c . for 4 hours . take the flask off of the oil bath and set it to cool on a cork o - ring with paper towels underneath ( to absorb the oil ). to the cooled reaction mixture , add 700 ml dmf and with the aid of a mechanical stirring rod and a spatula , manually dislodge the solids and remove the chunks from the round bottom flask into a 5 l beaker . add 1 l dmf into the beaker and make a slurry of the solids . filter the slurry using a buchner funnel and a suction flask . remove the solid cake and filter paper from the funnel and add them into another 5 l beaker and make a slurry with another 1 l dmf . repeat the process until the dmf filtrate comes out pale yellow . then , remove the solid cake and filter paper from the funnel and add them into another 5 l beaker and make a slurry with 1 l of acetone . filter the slurry , and make another slurry of the solids in 1 l of ethanol , and filter again . let the solids dry inside the fume hood . split the solids into two batches and dissolve each batch in a minimum volume ( around 2 l ) of deionized water . measure the ph of the solution and titrate it to ph = 5 . 8 using a 10 % lioh solution ( if the solution ph is below 5 . 8 ) or 2m h 2 so 4 ( if the solution ph is above 5 . 8 ). remove about half of the water using a rotovap with the water bath set at 65 ° c . let the solution cool in the fume hood with continuous stirring for 24 hours . filter the slurry , wash the solid cake with cold ethanol three times and let the cake dry in the fume hood . analyze both the crystallization mother liquor and the solids by ce and repeat crystallization from deionized water if necessary . combine the two crystallized batches and recrystallize the combined solids from deionized water . filter off the first crop of crystals , wash the cake with cold ethanol three times , let the solids dry and analyze them by ce . remove more water from the crystallization mother liquor to get a second crop of crystals . analyze each crop of crystals , and combine the similar ones . repeat the concentration followed by crystallization steps until co - crystallization of dmsp and any of the salt contaminants is observed . the pi of dmsp was determined by indirect uv detection ce . using a 26 : m i . d . bare fused silica capillary , l t = 26 . 1 cm , l d = 19 . 7 cm at 15 kv in positive to negative polarity , t = 25 ec , and the uv detector set at 214 nm , conventional ce was carried out in 20 mm acetic acid bges titrated with imidazole and 20 mm pyridine bges titrated with ptsa . the pi of dmsp was determined to be 5 . 8 . conventional indirect uv - detection ce using a 20 mm acetic acid bge titrated with imidazole to ph = 4 . 5 , run on a 26 : m i . d . bare fused silica capillary , l t = 26 . 5 cm , l d = 19 . 7 cm at 25 kv , positive to negative polarity , t = 25 ec , uv detector set at 214 nm , and a 20 mm tris , 0 . 1 mm ctaoh bge titrated to ph = 8 . 5 with btc , run on a 50 : m i . d . bare fused silica capillary , l t = 25 . 7 cm , l d = 19 . 3 cm at 10 kv , negative to positive polarity , t = 25 ec , uv detector set at 214 nm indicated that the residual lithium and sulfate ion concentrations were below the detection limits . fig1 , 16 and 17 show the final product as characterized by 1 h - and 13 c - nmr , 1 h - 1 h cosy and 1 h - 13 c hetcor nmr spectroscopy , respectively . the identity and purity of the final product were further confirmed by high resolution esi - ms . fig1 shows the esi - ms spectra in the positive and negative ion modes . only signals corresponding to dmsp ( and the corresponding adducts and fragment ions ) are seen . single crystals of dmsp were grown by slow and undisturbed cooling of a concentrated aqueous solution of dmsp and its x - ray crystal structure was determined . a ball - and - stick image of the x - ray crystal structure is shown in fig1 . synthesis of 1 , 3 - bis ( dipropylamino )- 2 - o - sulfo - propane ( bdpsp ): 7 . 5 g ( 0 . 074 mol ) dipropylamine ( dpa ) was added into a 50 ml round bottom flask fitted with an ice - water cooled condenser . 2 . 3 g ( 0 . 025 mol ) eh was mixed with 5 ml thf and the solution was added into the flask with dpa . the flask was warmed in an oil bath set at 65 ° c . heavy solid formation was observed within 1 hour of heating . after 22 hours of heating , the reaction mixture was cooled . acetone was added to the 1 , 3 - bis ( dipropylamino )- 2 - propanol ( bdpp ) reaction mixture and the slurry was filtered . acetone was removed from the filtrate under reduced pressure to yield a yellow , viscous liquid . a clean , 50 ml , three - neck round bottom flask was fitted with an ice - water cooled condenser . 10 ml dmf was added to the flask . 5 g ( 0 . 022 mol ) bdpp was added and the flask was warmed in an oil bath to 65 ° c . 3 . 9 g ( 0 . 025 mol ) so 3 xpyr was added to the warm solution and the mixture was stirred and heated continuously at 650 ° c . for 4 hours . heavy solid formation was observed after 1 hour of heating . after 4 hours of heating , the mixture was allowed to cool . 5 ml dmf was added to the solids to make a slurry . the slurry was filtered and the solids were suspended in 50 ml acetone , and the acetone slurry was filtered . the solids were then dispersed in 50 ml ethyl alcohol followed by filtration of the slurry to obtain an off - white colored cake . the pi of bdpsp was determined by indirect uv detection ce using a 26 : m i . d . bare fused silica capillary , l t = 26 . 1 cm , l d = 19 . 7 cm at 15 kv in positive to negative polarity , t = 25 ec , uv detector set at 214 nm , 20 mm tris and 20 mm benzylamine bges titrated with ptsa . the pi of bdpsp was determined to be 8 . 7 . conventional indirect uv - detection ce using a 20 mm acetic acid bge titrated with imidazole to ph = 4 . 5 , run on a 26 : m i . d . bare fused silica capillary , l t = 26 . 5 cm , l d = 19 . 7 cm at 25 kv , positive to negative polarity , t = 25 ec , uv detector set at 214 nm , and a 20 mm tris , 0 . 1 mm ctaoh bge titrated with btc to ph = 8 . 5 bge , run on a 50 : m i . d . bare fused silica capillary , l t = 25 . 7 cm , l d = 19 . 3 cm at 10 kv , negative to positive polarity , t = 25 ec , uv detector set at 214 nm indicated that residual lithium and sulfate ion concentrations were below the detection limits . the final product was characterized by 1 h - and 13 c - nmr , 1 h - 1 h cosy and 1 h - 13 c hetcor nmr spectroscopy ( fig2 - 22 ). the identity and purity of the final product were further confirmed by high resolution esi - ms . the esi - ms spectra in the positive and negative ion modes are shown in fig2 . only signals corresponding to bdpsp ( and the corresponding fragment ions ) are seen . single crystals of bdpsp were grown by slow and undisturbed cooling of a concentrated aqueous solution of bdpsp and its x - ray crystal structure was determined . a ball - and - stick image of the x - ray crystal structure is shown in fig2 . synthesis of 1 , 3 - dipiperidino - 2 - o - sulfo - propane ( dpsp ): fit a clean , 1 l , three - neck round bottom flask with an ice - water cooled condenser . add 90 g ( 1 . 06 mol ) piperidine ( pip ) to the flask , set the flask in an oil bath over a magnetic stirrer . mix together 32 . 6 g ( 0 . 352 mol ) eh and 100 ml thf . slowly , add the eh solution into the flask and heat to 65 ° c . while stirring the solution with a one - inch football - shaped magnetic stir bar . take samples periodically and monitor the increase in the amount of dpp ( and the corresponding decrease in the amount of the amino alcohol intermediate ). depending on whether more pip or more eh is needed , add the corresponding amount into the reaction flask . stirring continuously , heat the reaction mixture for 22 hours . at the end of the reaction , take the flask off of the oil bath and set it to cool on a cork o - ring with paper towels underneath ( to absorb the oil ). into the cool reaction mixture , add enough acetone to form a dilute slurry . filter the slurry using a buchner funnel and a suction flask . remove acetone and thf under reduced pressure . fit a clean , 1 l , three - neck round bottom flask with an ice - water cooled condenser . add 200 ml dmf to the flask , set the flask in an oil bath . add dpp into the flask and heat to 65 ° c . while stirring the solution with a mechanical stirrer . to the warm , stirring solution add 61 . 6 g ( 0 . 387 mol ) so 3 xpyr and continuously heat and stir the mixture at 65 ° c . for 4 hours . take the flask off of the oil bath and set it to cool on a cork o - ring with paper towels underneath ( to absorb the oil ). to the cooled reaction mixture , add 200 ml dmf and with the aid of a spatula , manually dislodge the solids and remove the chunks from the round bottom flask into a 2 l beaker . add 300 ml dmf into the beaker and make a slurry of the solids . filter the slurry using a buchner funnel and a suction flask . remove the solid cake and filter paper from the funnel and add them into another 2 l beaker and make a slurry with another 200 ml dmf . repeat the steps until the dmf filtrate becomes pale yellow . then , remove the solid cake and filter paper from the funnel and add them into another 2 l beaker and make a slurry with 300 ml of acetone . filter the slurry , and make another slurry of the solids in 200 ml of ethanol , and filter again . let the solids dry inside the fume hood . dissolve the solids in a minimum volume ( around 250 ml ) of deionized water . measure the ph of the solution and titrate it to ph = 8 . 9 using a 10 % lioh solution ( if the solution ph is below 8 . 9 ) or 2m h 2 so 4 ( if the solution ph is above 8 . 9 ). remove about half of the water using a rotovap with the water bath set at 65 ° c . let the solution cool in the fume hood with continuous stirring for 24 hours . filter the slurry , wash the solid cake with ice - cold ethanol three times and let the cake dry in the fume hood . analyze both the crystallization mother liquor and the solids by ce and repeat the crystallization from deionized water if necessary . remove more water from the crystallization mother liquor to get a second crop of crystals . analyze each crop of crystals , and combine the similar ones . repeat the concentration followed by crystallization steps until co - crystallization of dpsp and any of the salt contaminants is observed . the pi of dpsp was determined by indirect uv detection ce using a 26 : m i . d . bare fused silica capillary , l t = 26 . 1 cm , l d = 19 . 7 cm at 15 kv in positive to negative polarity , t = 25 ec , uv detector set at 214 nm , 20 mm tris and 20 mm benzylamine bges titrated with ptsa . the pi of dpsp was determined to be 8 . 9 . conventional indirect uv detection ce with a 20 mm acetic acid bge titrated with imidazole to ph = 4 . 5 , run on a 26 : m i . d . bare fused silica capillary , l t = 26 . 5 cm , l d = 19 . 7 cm at 25 kv , positive to negative polarity , t = 25 ec , uv detector set at 214 nm , and a 20 mm tris , 0 . 1 mm ctaoh bge titrated to ph = 8 . 5 with btc , run on a 50 : m i . d . bare fused silica capillary , l t = 25 . 7 cm , l d = 19 . 3 cm at 10 kv , negative to positive polarity , t = 25 ec , uv detector set at 214 nm indicated that the residual lithium and sulfate ion concentrations were below the detection levels . the final product was characterized by 1 h - and 13 c - nmr , 1 h - 1 h cosy and 1 h - 13 c hetcor nmr spectroscopy ( fig2 - 27 ). the identity and purity of the final product were further confirmed by high resolution esi - ms . the esi - ms spectra in the positive and negative ion modes are shown in fig2 . only signals corresponding to dpsp and its fragment ions are seen . the conductivities , ph values and buffering capacities of 50 mm solutions of some of the ampholytic buffers of the present invention are listed in table 1 . for comparison purposes , values for histidine ( his ), a widely used low conductivity ampholytic buffer are also included . in the claims , all transitional phrases such as “ comprising ,” “ including ,” “ carrying ,” “ having ,” “ containing ,” “ involving ,” and the like are to be understood to be open - ended , i . e ., to mean including but not limited to . only the transitional phrases “ consisting of ” and “ consisting essentially of ,” respectively , shall be closed or semi - closed transitional phrases . it will be understood that particular embodiments described herein are shown by way of illustration and not as limitations of the invention . the principal features of this invention can be employed in various embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention . those skilled in the art will recognize , or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation , numerous equivalents to the specific procedures described herein . such equivalents are considered to be within the scope of this invention and are covered by the claims . all publications and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains . all publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference . all of the compositions and / or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure . while the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments , it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and / or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept , spirit and scope of the invention . more specifically , it will be apparent that certain agents which are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved . all such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit , scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims . simpson , r . j ., proteins and proteomics : a laboratory manual , cold spring harbor laboratory press , cold spring harbor , n . y ., 2003 . vesterberg , o ., svensson , h ., acta . chem . scand . 1966 , 20 , 820 - 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