Patent Application: US-201113304630-A

Abstract:
a method for treating cancer is described using combination therapies comprising the use of hyperbaric oxygen with histone deacetylase inhibitors , with and without glycolytic therapies . the patient is subjected to a hyperbaric environment of substantially pure oxygen . a predetermined dose of one or more hdaci substances is administered to the patient . in addition , glycolitic inhibitors may also be administered . dosages , pressures , and durations are selected as described herein to have a therapeutic effect on the patient .

Description:
sodium phenylbutyrate ( spb ) is classified by the fda as an orphan drug for the treatment of urea cycle disorders . phenylbutyrate ( pb ) is a prodrug . in the human body , it is metabolized by beta - oxidation to phenylacetate . phenylacetate conjugates with glutamine to phenylacetylglutamine , that is eliminated with the urine . phenylbutyric acid ( pba ) has growth inhibitory and differentiation - inducing activity in vitro and in vivo in model systems . it stops the cell cycle in its g1 - g0 phase . pb is an efficient hdaci and induces apoptosis — probably via c - jun n - terminal kinase ( jnk ). in lung carcinoma cells , 56 p21 waf1 - mediated growth arrest in mcf - 7 cells , tumor necrosis factor ( tnf )- α58 or peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor ( ppar ) λ - mediated cell differentiation , and is more potent than phenylacetate in prostate cancer cells , while increasing mhc class i expression ( 4 ), ( 5 ), ( 6 ), ( 7 ), ( 8 ). pb is converted in vivo into the active metabolite phenylacetate ( pa ) by β - oxidation in the liver and kidney mitochondria . most dose - limiting toxicities ( dlts ) are fatigue , nausea , and somnolence . preliminary studies have been conducted in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiform ( gbm ) ( 9 ). phase i studies have been conducted in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancers , refractory solid tumor malignancies like colon carcinoma , non - small cell lung cancer ( nsclc ), anaplastic astrocytoma , gbm , bladder carcinoma , sarcoma , ovarian carcinoma , rectal hemangiopericytoma , and pancreatic carcinoma , mainly as intravenous infusions but also in aml and myelodysplastic syndrome ( mds )( 10 ). it works by affecting the nf kappa - b pathway and lowering the inflammatory response and down regulating more than a hundred genes . the optimal dose and place in therapy is yet to be defined , but oral doses up to 36 grams per day have been used with minimal toxicity . in one study ( 11 ), 25 percent of patients had stable disease for more than 6 months while on the drug . spb in oral form is well tolerated and achieves the concentration in vivo that has been shown to have biological activity in vitro . it has been suggested that spb has a role as a cytostatic agent and should be additionally explored in combination with cytotoxics and other novel drugs . spb intravenously has been used in advanced solid tumors with a good safety profile ( 12 ), ( 13 ). however in most studies spb has been used orally and not intravenously , and certainly has not been combined with other therapies described here including hyperbaric oxygen . quercetin is a polyphenyl extracted from apples . although there is still uncertainty about quercetin &# 39 ; s effects against cancer , several mechanisms have been suggested . it has been suggested that quercetin may interact with a variety of cellular receptors , although little evidence is currently available . mechanisms of cancer treatment suggested by lamson et al . include inhibition of cellular growth phase at g1 and g2 , inhibition of tyrosine kinase to prevent uncontrolled proliferation , influencing estrogen receptors , and interacting with heat shock proteins to prevent proliferation . regarding cancer prevention , li et al . have shown that quercetin may interact with receptors like raf and mek that are involved in tumor proliferation . interactions with other receptors are also suspected , mainly affecting expression of surface receptors and growth of cancerous cells . a second theoretical mechanism of cancer prevention is modification of signal transduction . quercetin is reported to affect cell cycle regulation , cell death , inflammatory reactions and derivation of new blood supply . there is limited in vivo research demonstrating quercetin &# 39 ; s ability to treat cancer . one phase 1 clinical trial discussed below has used quercetin to treat a range of advanced cancers in humans . this trial determined an effective dosage for a phase 2 trial , but did not focus on cancer outcome or survival time . ferry et al . conducted an open label , uncontrolled dose - finding clinical trial of quercetin as a cancer treatment in 1996 . the purpose of this phase 1 trial was to establish a safe dosage for further studies , and thus it was not designed to track cancer progression . in this trial , increasing values of up to 1700 mg / m2 intravenous quercetin were administered for 3 weeks to 50 patients who had cancer deemed no longer treatable by conventional methods . patients with a variety of cancers were treated including large bowel , stomach , pancreas , ovarian and melanoma . none of the patients achieved suppression as defined by the radiological criteria of who , but two showed sustained decreases in unique cancer markers following quercetin therapy ( one with metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma , and the other with stage 4 metastatic ovarian cancer that had been previously unresponsive to chemotherapy ). in addition , tyrosine kinase levels were measured in 11 subjects , and a decrease in 9 was reported . ( tyrosine kinase may lead to the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer by overriding signals that control cell growth ). the authors concluded that this study provides preliminary evidence suggesting quercetin &# 39 ; s ability to inhibit tyrosine kinase , and phase 2 studies should be undertaken at doses no higher than 1400 mg / m2 ( 14 ). the results of this study have been supported by several in vitro trials in which quercetin caused suppression of tyrosine kinase expression in malignant and non - malignant cells ( 15 ). two animal studies have been conducted to assess quercetin &# 39 ; s ability to treat cancer . one study reported a 20 % increase in lifespan after quercetin was injected peritoneally in mice inoculated with acites tumor cells ( 16 ). another study involving mice inoculated with a human squamous cell carcinoma line showed selective inhibition of cancer growth when quercetin was injected interperitoneally , with minimal effects on surrounding normal cells ( 17 ). additional clinical studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine if they are applicable to humans . it is hypothesized that quercitin can show promising results in treating almost every cancer cell due to its genetic regulatory effects ( lowering ras and bc1 - 2 ) and epigenetic effect along with chemo sensitizing effects and estrogen receptor modulation in hormonal dependent tumors . it is also suggested that it has a preventive role in cancer incidence . in one study by nothlings , u ., murphy , s . p ., wilkens , l . r ., henderson , b . e ., kolonel , l . n . published at american journal of epidemiology . 2007 ; 166 ( 8 ): 924 - 31 , a total of 529 cases of exocrine pancreatic cancer that arose during the previous 8 years , was tracked through state cancer registries . quercetin intake was negatively correlated with pancreatic cancer among current smokers , showing a significantly decreased ( 0 . 55 ) relative risk between the highest and lowest quintiles of intake . there do not , however , appear to be human studies that have looked at quercetin &# 39 ; s effects when used intravenously in conjunction with other epigenetic therapies ( such as sodium phenyl butyrate ). lipoic acid ( la ) is a cofactor of pyrovate dehydrogenase in mitochondria . it is not synthesized in human being and is not available in enough quantities in diet or food . naturally occurring lipoic acid is always covalently bound and not immediately available from dietary sources . low levels of lipoic acid have been correlated to a variety of disease states ( 18 ), ( 19 ), ( 20 ), ( 21 ). a study of la demonstrated the maximum concentration in plasma and bioavailability are significantly greater than the free acid form , and rivals plasma levels achieved by intravenous administration of the free acid form . lipoic acid is today considered to be a “ conditionally essential nutrient ”. la is generally considered safe and non - toxic . rla is being used in a federally funded clinical trial for multiple sclerosis at oregon health and science university . r - lipoic acid ( rla ) is currently being used in two federally funded clinical trials at oregon state university to test its effects in preventing heart disease and atherosclerosis . alpha - lipoic acid is approved in germany as a drug for the treatment of polyneuropathies , such as diabetic and alcoholic polyneuropathies , and liver disease . more recently the primary effect of lipoic acid is revealed to be not as an in vivo free radical scavenger , but rather an inducer of the oxidative stress response as described below used with hyperbaric oxygen potentiating the oxidation in combination therapy against cancer . it has been shown that alpha - lipoic acid induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells by increasing mitochondrial respiration with a concomitant free oxygen radical generation . several studies provide evidence that alpha lipoic acid can effectively induce apoptosis in human colon cancer cells by a prooxidant mechanism that is initiated by an increased uptake of oxidizable substrates into mitochondria ( 22 ). in 2010 , studies have shown great promise in using lipoic acid to treat a variety of cancer cells in mouse syngenic cancer models : mbt - 2 bladder transitional cell carcinoma , b16 - f10 melanoma and ll / 2 lewis lung carcinoma . lipoic acid reduced the cell number by 10 - 50 % depending on concentrations . the efficacy of a combination treatment mainly using lipoic acid appeared similar to conventional chemotherapy ( cisplatin or 5 - fluorouracil ) as it resulted in significant tumor growth retardation and enhanced survival . such preliminary studies suggest a clinical trial is warranted ( 23 ). lipoic acid decreases cancer cell viability and increases dna fragmentation of the cells . in general , lipoic acid &# 39 ; s anticancer effect is mediated by inducing apoptosis through caspase - independent and caspase - dependent pathways , which is mediated by intracellular ca ( 2 +) ( 24 ). recently there has been a great effort by the pharmaceutical industry to manufacture expensive drugs that have histone deacetylase inhibitory effect . new chemotherapy agents , hydroxamic derivatives such as lbh 589 , and vorinostat have been suggested to be effective against variety of cancers . it is shown that histone deacetylase inhibitors ( hdaci ), also inhibit angiogenesis ( 25 ). using lipoic acid and butyrate in combination can enhance such effect which , independent from their anti apoptotic effect , is considered a new cutting edge method to inhibit metastasis of cancer . free radicals and hypoxia can increase the damage to mitochondrial dna and produce undesirable changes in epigenetics related to risk of cancer growth and metastasis through hypoxia induced factor one and vegf . hypoxia is a common characteristic of locally advanced solid tumors that has been associated with diminished therapeutic response and , more recently , with malignant progression , that is , an increasing probability of recurrence , locoregional spread , and distant metastasis . emerging evidence indicates that the effect of hypoxia on malignant progression is mediated by a series of hypoxia - induced proteomic and genomic changes activating angiogenesis , anaerobic metabolism , and other processes that enable tumor cells to survive or escape their oxygen deficient environment . the transcription factor hypoxia - inducible factor 1 ( hif - 1 ) is a major regulator of tumor cell adaptation to hypoxic stress . tumor cells with proteomic and genomic changes favoring survival under hypoxic conditions will proliferate , thereby further aggravating the hypoxia . the selection and expansion of new ( and more aggressive ) clones , which eventually become the dominant tumor cell type , lead to the establishment of a vicious circle of hypoxia and malignant progression ( 26 ). hypoxia increases tissue factor expression by malignant cells which enhances tumor cell - platelet binding and hematogenous metastasis ( 27 ). hypoxia , whatever its duration , rapidly increases the nuclear content of hif - 1 as well as the mrna levels of erythropoietin and vegf . the transcriptional factor hypoxia - inducible factor - 1 ( hif - 1 ) plays an important role in solid tumor cell growth and survival . overexpression of hif - 1 alpha has been demonstrated in many human tumors and predicts a poor response to chemoradiotherapy ( 28 ). there are studies that suggest that hyperbaric oxygen therapy ( hbot ) can play a positive role in certain malignancies and significantly increase quality of life in patient when used along with chemotherapy ( 29 ), inhibit the certain cancer genes and tumor growth in vitro ( 30 ), ( 31 ), and reduce the tumor burden and restrict the growth of large tumor cell colonies ( 32 ). it is possible that this effect is through lowering the hypoxia induced factor one which can change the expression in the vegf gene subsequently involved in tumor metastasis . vegf is a major initiator of tumor angiogenesis ( 33 ), ( 34 ). furthermore , it is found that vegf expression is potentiated by hypoxia and that the potentiation of vegf production in hypoxic areas of solid tumors contributes significantly to vegf - driven tumor angiogenesis ( 35 ), ( 36 ). however hyperoxia as a result of hyperbaric oxygen also produces reactive oxygen species which can damage tumors by inducing excessive oxidative stress ( 37 ). on the other hand , free radical related lesions that do not cause cell death can stimulate the development of cancer and can promote cancer growth and metastasis ( 38 ) and vegf exocytosis requires free radicals formation ( 39 ). reactive oxygen species generate mitochondrial dna mutation and up regulate hypoxia inducible factor - 1 alpha gene transcription ( 40 ). therefore reducing oxidative damage is beneficial . there are available treatments that effectively reduce free radical production and cellular damage . these treatments can potentially modify the epigenetics and increase the effectiveness of other treatments such as dca and 3 bp . as a result combining hbot with such modality would offer an advantage to each modality . in accordance with the invention , the use of hdaci &# 39 ; s , administered either orally or intravenously , in combination with hbot and , optionally , in combination with other modalities described herein , has achieved surprising results in treating various forms of cancer . the results are particularly surprising in connection with advanced cancers as evidenced by the cases described below . because each patient is different , the specific patient protocol is adjusted to achieve optimal results . however , common to all protocols is the underlying method of the invention as claimed herein . one strategy to destroy or prevent cancers is by targeting their cellular energy production factories . all nucleated animal / human cells have two types of energy production units , i . e ., systems that make the “ high energy ” compound atp from adp and p ( i ). one type is “ glycolysis ,” the other the “ mitochondria .” in contrast to most normal cells where the mitochondria are the major atp producers (& gt ; 90 %) in fueling growth , human cancers detected via positron emission tomography ( pet ) rely on both types of power plants . in such cancers , glycolysis may contribute nearly half the atp even in the presence of oxygen (“ warburg effect ”). based solely on cell energetics , this presents a challenge to identify curative agents that destroy only cancer cells , as they must destroy both of their power plants causing “ necrotic cell death ” and leave normal cells alone ( 41 ). dca is a byproduct of chlorinization of water . by stimulating the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase , dca facilitates oxidation of lactate and decreases morbidity in acquired and congenital forms of lactic acidosis . the dichloroacetate ion stimulates the activity of the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase by inhibiting the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase thus , it decreases lactate production by shifting the metabolism of pyruvate from glycolysis towards oxidation in the mitochondria . cancer cells change the way they metabolize oxygen in a way that promotes their survival . solid tumors , including the aggressive primary brain cancer glioblastomamultiforme , develop resistance to cell death , in part as a result of a switch from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to cytoplasmic glycolysis . dca depolarizes mitochondria , increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species , and induces apoptosis in glycolytic cancer cells , both in vitro and in vivo . dca therapy also inhibits the hypoxia - inducible factor - 1 alpha , promoted p53 activation , and suppressed angiogenesis both in vivo and in vitro ( 42 ). there is substantial evidence in preclinical in vitro and in vivo models that dca might be beneficial in human cancer ( 43 ), ( 44 ), ( 45 ). furthermore , as predicted , activating mitochondria by dca increases oxygen consumption in the tumor and dramatically enhances the effectiveness of hypoxia - specific chemotherapies in animal models ( 46 ). in laboratory studies of isolated cancer cells grown in tissue culture , dca restores the original metabolism , and promotes their self - destruction . this has led to the use of dca for treating cancer , by individuals experimenting with it themselves , by doctors administering it to patients , by scientists testing it in cancer tissue cultures in cell culture and in mice , and in human phase ii studies . a phase one study published in january 2007 by researchers at the university of alberta , who had tested dca on cancer cells grown in mice , found that dca restored mitochondrial function , thus restoring apoptosis , allowing cancer cells to self - destruct and shrink the tumor . akbar and humaira khan have , since 2007 , treated cancer patients using dca off - label at their private clinic , medicor cancer centres , in toronto . they have treated several types of cancer and revealed that some patients “ are showing varied positive responses to dca including tumor shrinkage , reduction in tumor markers , symptom control , and improvement in lab tests .” dca has improved certain biochemical parameters , but it has not demonstrated improved survival . the mitochondria - nfat - kv axis and pdk are important therapeutic targets in cancer ; the orally available dca is a promising selective anticancer agent ( 47 ). however there are no studies in literature in regards to using dca intravenously to maximize its effect when combined with other treatments such as 3 bp or spb intravenously . 3 - bromopyruvate ( 3bp ), a hexokinase inhibitor , lowers the atp production in cancer cell and has shown great promise in animal studies either used as intra arterial or intratumoral injection . 3 - bromopyruvate ( 3 - brpa ), a lactic acid analog , has been shown to inhibit both glycolytic and mitochondrial atp production in rapidly growing cancers ( 48 ), leave normal cells alone , and eradicate advanced cancers ( 19 of 19 ) in a rodent model ( 49 ). recent research in tumor metabolism has uncovered cancer - cell - specific pathways that cancer cells depend on for energy production . 3 - bromopyruvate ( 3 - brpa ), a specific alkylating agent and potent atp inhibitor , has been shown both in vitro and in vivo to disrupt some of these cancer - specific metabolic pathways , thereby leading to the demise of the cancer cells through apoptosis . as an alkylating agent and a potent inhibitor of glycolysis , it has recently been exploited to target cancer cells , as most tumors depend on glycolysis for their energy requirements . the anticancer effect of 3 - bromopyruvate is achieved by depleting intracellular energy ( atp ) resulting in tumor cell death . the principal mechanism of action and primary targets of 3 - bromopyruvate , and the impressive antitumor effects of 3 - bromopyruvate in multiple animal tumor models , have been discussed recently . the primary mechanism of 3 - bromopyruvate is via preferential alkylation of gapdh . 3 - bromopyruvate mediates cell death linked to generation of free radicals . research also has revealed that 3 - bromopyruvate induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibits global protein synthesis , further contributing to cancer cell death . therefore , studies reveal the tremendous potential of 3 - bromopyruvate as an anticancer agent ( 50 ). also there is interest in researching transport atpase that has seen tremendous progress . these atpases driven in reverse by a proton gradient have the capacity to interconvert electrochemical energy into mechanical energy and finally into chemical energy conserved in the terminal bond of atp ( 51 ). it is suggested that 3bp inactivates h +- vacuolar atpase , the enzyme that makes certain compartments in the cell acidic . inactivation probably involves alkylation of the enzyme on a thiol group , essential for h +- atpase activity for dithiothreitol secured complete protection from 3 - br pa inactivation . the findings are discussed with regards to a possible involvement of lysosome destabilization in 3 - br pa induced cell death ( 52 ). studies at johns hopkins university ( 53 ) and ( 54 ) recently have shown efficacy and dose related response when 3 bp is used as even a single therapy , when used intraarterially . however , its role in more aggressive cancers as a solo treatment is not supported . also its intravenous application has not caused tumor regression due to lower concentration at the target site . however , if used intravenously , combined with other therapies described here , a different scenario results . this may theoretically be due to an additive or synergistic effect on mitochondria . octreotide ( brand name sandostatin ,) is an octapeptide that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically , though it is a more potent inhibitor of growth hormone , glucagon , and insulin than the natural hormone . octreotide is absorbed quickly and completely after subcutaneous application . maximal plasma concentration is reached after 30 minutes . oncogenes express proteins of “ tyrosine kinase receptor pathways ”, a receptor family including insulin or igf - growth hormone receptors . other oncogenes alter the pp2a phosphatase brake over these kinases . octreotide has been used in variety of medical conditions since 1979 . since it inhibits secretion of insulin and also acts as a suppressing agent for insulin growth factor one ( igf1 ), its use has been suggested in a variety of glycolytic cancers . octreotide is found to have therapeutic application beneficial to patients as shown by experiments on animals ( 55 ). gh hormone induces in the liver , the synthesis and release of insulin like growth factor ( igf ). the latter activates , like insulin , the igf - tyrosine kinase receptors ( igfr ), triggering the map kinase - erk mitogenic signal . in normal physiology gh stimulates a triglyceride lipase in adipocytes , increasing the release of fatty acids and their β oxidation . in parallel , gh would close the glycolytic source of acetyl coa , perhaps inhibiting the hexokinase interaction with the mitochondria . this effect , which renders apoptosis possible , does not occur in tumor cells . gh mobilizes the fatty acid source of acetyl coa from adipocytes , which should help the formation of ketone bodies . but since citrate synthase activity is elevated in tumors , ketone bodies do not form . hence , butyrate cannot inhibit histone deacetylase ( hdac ), the enzyme cuts acetylated histone tails , this will silence several genes like peten , p53 , or methylase inhibitory genes . therefore combining the histone deacetylase inhibitors with octreotide can have a significant additive effect on glycolytic tumors . there appears to be a correlation between igf1 receptors and the behavior of the cancer cell . the surface distribution of igf - igfr may determine if a cell is sterile or endowed with a mitotic potential ( 55 ). therefore , using octreotide along with other combination therapies can potentially change the cancer cellular motivation to differentiate finally , the recent discovery of a population of dwarfs with no gh receptors , which does not develop cancers , illustrates the gh / igf prediction , establishing a link between ancient and recent biochemical observations on tumors ( 56 ). finally there are studies that have suggested a correlation between both the cancer risk as well as the cancer prognosis with the serum igf - 1 level in human ( 57 ). for example observations implicate igf - i as an important factor during the initiation and progression of primary prostate cancer and provide evidence that there is a strong selection against expression of igf1r and igf2r in metastatic and androgen - independent disease ( 58 ), ( 59 ). growing links between insulin and the etiology as well as prognosis in colon , prostate , pancreatic , and , particularly , breast cancer are reviewed . of particular concern is the evidence that elevated igf - 1 may interfere with cancer therapy , adversely affecting prognosis ( 60 ). octreotide used in protocols described below demonstrates the effectiveness of such treatment in lowering the igf - 1 significantly . based on above facts , such substances have been employed using intravenous and oral targeted therapies to reduce anabolic glycolysis in patients with cancer along with epigenetic treatments with hdaci and hyperbaric oxygen . these treatments can increase quality of life and can improve the patient survival . more particularly , an integrative cancer care / approach was undertaken to treat patients who referred for such intervention voluntarily . as of october 2011 , 40 patient charts were selected randomly and reviewed . the inclusion criteria were diagnosis of cancer . no patients were excluded . patients were aged 27 to 83 years . all were diagnosed by their oncologist / physician and were offered standard conventional treatment of surgery , traditional chemotherapy or radiation . out of 40 patients 20 of them refused standard care or there was no conventional option available for them due to severity of the disease . out of 40 patients , 23 of them had advanced stage disease with micro or macro multiple metastasis at the time of referral , before starting the treatment . 19 of these patients ( 47 percent ) had already been treated with multiple chemotherapy agents unsuccessfully and had progression or recurrence of disease manifested by their tumor markers or scans . the patients were managed based on unique developed protocols that were designed in correlation with available research studies and clinical trials that implicate using specific natural and synthetic iv therapies . iv therapies are targeted at epigenetic level and consist of antioxidants , quercetin , dca , sodium phenyl butyrate , and lipoic acid separately or in combination . all patients received one or more of such treatments . the most effective synergistic combination was found to be intravenous sodium phenyl butyrate and quercetin . doses of each treatment remained the same or close on each treatment , quercetin was given intravenously at the dose 0 . 5 to 1 . 0 gram ( 50 mg / ml ). when administered , spb was dosed at 5 to 10 gram ( 25 to 50 ml of 200 mg / ml , when administered , dca was dosed at 500 mg to 6 gram ( maximum 100 / kg ) when administered , lipoic acid was given at 600 - 1000 mg . hyperbaric oxygen treatment was applied , with standard 1 . 5 to 2 . 0 atmosphere pressure for 45 - 90 minutes ( average 60 minutes ) on each session . when administered octreotide was given subcutaneously at 50 - 400 mcgs . all patients started the program after educating them about their possible options of conventional and non conventional treatments and consents obtained . the progression of disease was measures during the course of treatment through tumor markers , imaging studies and markers for cancer growth , necrosis , ldh , and inflammation , crp , as well as the natural killer cell activity or lymphocyte count and circulatory tumor cells . the following results were obtained during or after completing the course of therapy : 1 ) subjective increase in qol ( increase energy level , less pain scores and elevation in mood : 100 percent 2 ) immunological response : increase in natural killer cell activity or wbc count : 35 % of patients had initial low nk / wbc , all these patients have increased nk activity after therapy 3 ) potential decrease in tumor activity by measuring ldh : 40 percent of patients had high ldh , all these patients have shown decreased ldh after the therapy 4 ) response in tumor markers , enough to qualify for clinical response : 50 percent 7 ) decrease in igf - 1 : 12 percent of these patients had increased igf - 1 , suggested to correlate with prognosis in literature . all these patients had improved igf - 1 after the treatment since patients with cancer may have significant stratifying confounders in selecting their control group , we used each patient &# 39 ; s pre interventional status as the control arm . patients other stratifying confounders did not change during the study . 1 ) these data reveals superior response in the group of patients compared to the controls . in 47 percent of patients treated there was no conventional option available at the time of referral . in this group results are far better compared to conventional modalities of treatment . ( no treatment option available ) 2 ) patients who received both hbot and iv therapies did better as far as their imaging , their quality of life and tumor shrinkage as well as controlling their tumor markers than the ones who did the iv therapies only . 3 ) patients with stage four terminal disease receiving the above program , exceeded response beyond the standard of care expectations , and the patients who did receive chemotherapy concurrently with above targeted therapies had significant improvement in quality of life and chemotherapy response . in an integrative cancer care program that combines hyperbaric oxygen therapy with specific intravenous antioxidants and epigenetic modifications , along with intravenous and / or oral dca and 3bp , patient survival as well as quality of life improved significantly . the above described modality of care was found to be superior to conventional standards of care . the exact reasons for this are still uncertain , but could possibly be due to the conjunctive effect on the cancer cell mitochondria . 1 ) role of bax in quercetin - induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells . source : department of surgery and pharmacology , school of medicine , university of pittsburgh , pittsburgh , pa . 15213 , usa . 2 ) restorative effect of quercetin on subcellular distribution of daunorubicin in multidrug resistant leukemia cell lines k562 / adm and hl - 60 / adm . cai x , chen f y , han j y , gu c h , thong h , ouyang r r . source : department of oncology , shanghai no . 6 people &# 39 ; s hospital , shanghai jiaotong university , shanghai 200233 , p . r . china . caixuncn @ yahoo . com . cn 3 ) molecular pathways in the chemosensitization of cisplatin by quercetin in human head and neck 4 ) sodium 4 - phenylbutyrate induces apoptosis of human lung carcinoma cells through activating jnk pathway . source : pulmonary center , department of medicine , boston university medical center , boston , mass . 02118 , usa . 5 ) up - regulation and functional role of p21 waf1 / cip1 during growth arrest of human breast carcinoma mcf - 7 cells by phenylacetate . gorospe m , shack s , guyton k z , samid d , holbrook n j . source : laboratory of cellular and molecular biology , gerontology research center , national institute on aging , nih , baltimore , md . 21224 , usa . 6 ) transcriptional upregulation of tgf - alpha by phenylacetate and phenylbutyrate is associated with differentiation of human melanoma cells . liu l , hudgins w r , miller a c , chen l c , samid d . source : clinical pharmacology branch , national cancer institute , bethesda , md . 20892 , usa . 7 ) differentiation of human neuroblastoma by phenylacetate is mediated by peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor gamma . source : department of gynecology and obstetrics , emory university school of medicine , 1639 pierce drive , atlanta , ga . 30322 , usa . 8 ) phenylbutyrate induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer and is more potent than phenylacetate . carducci m a , nelson j b , chan - tack k m , ayyagari s r , sweatt w h , campbell p a , nelson w g , simons j w . source : the johns hopkins oncology center and the brady urological institute , baltimore , md . 21205 , usa 9 ) oral sodium phenylbutyrate in patients with recurrent malignant gliomas : a dose escalation and pharmacologic study . phuphanich s , baker s d , grossman s a , carson k a , gilbert m r , fisher j d , carducci m a . source : the new approaches to brain tumor therapy cns consortium , winship cancer institute , emory university , atlanta , ga . 30322 , usa . s_phuphanich @ emoryhealthcare . org source : laboratory of bioactive molecules , institute of chemistry , university of nice — sophia antipolis , parc valrose , nice , france ; 11 ) a phase i dose escalation and bioavailability study of oral sodium phenylbutyrate in patients with refractory solid tumor malignancies . gilbert j , baker s d , bowling m k , grochow l , figg w d , zabelina y , donehower r c , carducci m a . source : division of medical oncology , department of oncology , the johns hopkins university school of medicine , 1 m88 bunting - blaustein cancer research building , 2650 orleans street , baltimore , md . 21231 - 1000 , usa . 12 ) phase i dose escalation clinical trial of phenylbutyrate sodium administered twice daily to patients with advanced solid tumors . camacho l h , olson j , tong w p , young c w , spriggs d r , malkin m g . source : department of medicine , memorial sloan - kettering cancer center , joan and sanford i . weill medical college of cornell medical center , new york , n . y ., usa . 13 ) combination of cytotoxic - differentiation therapy with 5 - fluorouracil and phenylbutyrate in patients with advanced colorectal cancer . quercetin source : division of hematology - oncology , department of medicine , box 1129 mount sinai school of medicine , one gustave l . levy place , new york , n . y . 10029 , usa . max . sung @ mssm . edu 14 ) phase 1 clinical trial of the flavonoid : pharmacokinetics and evidence for in vivo tyrosine kinase inhibition . clinical cancer research . 1996 ; 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