Patent Application: US-923902-A

Abstract:
a method and apparatus for compressing computed tomography raw image data includes taking image data with a ct scan , stripping away any proprietary frame or reference data , compressing the data using a compression software such as jpeg - ls , and then storing or transmitting the data over a network or the like to another computer or storage / display device . the compression software may be conveniently stored in a computer and ready for processing of the raw ct scan data . the compressed raw ct scan data may then be used to reconstruct images , as desired , at a later date . by compressing the raw data , it is possible to later reconstruct additional or different views than those taken or used at the time of original diagnosis as may be useful for diagnosis of other medical conditions later discovered or to verify a diagnosis previously taken with the exact same data used by the medical professional during the original diagnosis . the original identifying data may also be stored and / or transmitted to allow accurate reconstruction of the original views .

Description:
this invention involves an improved method to reduce the amount of digital data required for creating ct images for diagnostic purposes . the inventors have discovered that by compressing the raw digital projection data , its size can be efficiently reduced while preserving useful diagnostic information sufficient to reconstruct not only the original images but also new views captured within the projection data . having the original projection data available provides the additional benefit of allowing additional viewing and processing at a later date such as might be beneficial for legal purposes , or even to provide for second opinions or for other diagnostic purposes . the raw projection data is sometimes termed a “ sinogram ” in the industry , because the data appears as a set of sinusoidal paths during the scan . this is caused by the superposition of objects in the transmitted x - ray beams and results in a sinogram “ image ” with a highly correlated structure . this correlation of the projection data allows certain compression schemes to efficiently reduce the amount of stored data . the sinogram can correspond to a stationary scan of a single plane ( leading to a “ step and repeat ” acquisition process for the full volume ) or the continuous movement of the object during the scan (“ helical ” or “ spiral ” ct ). to generate high quality images , many samples of the projection beam are required : there are typically 1000 detectors that may each take 1000 measurements per complete revolution of the x - ray source . to cover the desired volume , there may be 10 - 40 revolutions required , resulting in hundreds of megabytes of projection data per patient scan . reconstruction processes , such as filtered back projection or simultaneous algebraic reconstruction , produce planar image slices from the sinogram data . while the sinogram contains information about all objects in its field of view ( fov , on the order of 50 cm ), typically only a small area is of interest , so after a preview a subset region of interest is reconstructed and ultimately saved . thus , schemes that compress images may have the advantage that smaller , more correlated data sets are addressed — but at the expense of loss of information about the whole view of the patient and alternative views of the area of interest . as an example of the present inventive technique , ct data sets were acquired from a siemens somatom plus 4 scanner . sinograms consist of either 768 or 1536 detectors with 1252 samples per gantry revolution . it should be noted , although well known to those in the art , that each ct manufacturer provides its sinograms written in a proprietary format , so some limited amount of decoding is required to arrive at the true projection data . for instance , the data file usually has a header section , wherein text or binary information is stored that records the patient name , time of scan , hospital location , etc . this information must be preserved without loss , so it is handled separately . ( usually it is small in size , such as 4096 or 8192 bytes in length .) also , there may be digital information mixed in with the scan signal measurements , such as data recording the table position , gantry angle position , amplifier gain factor , etc ., of each measurement line . again , the size of this information is small ( tens of bytes per gantry position ) and must be preserved without loss , so it is separated and saved without compression . the sample data was extracted and processed into units representing the logarithm of the ratio of the unattenuated x - ray beam to the transmitted x - ray beam . however , other data representations may be used as is convenient to the particular ct scanner data set output . this data set was then compressed using the jpeg - ls software [ weinberger , iso / iec 14995 ], which uses a low complexity pattern generation and run - length encoding scheme to represent information . the amount of compression is controlled by specifying the maximum allowable error between an original pixel value and the reconstructed one , e . g ., error = 2 means that all pixels in the final image will be within 2 counts of their original value . by specifying an error of 0 , the compression will be lossless . by specifying the allowable error to be some multiple of the intrinsic noise in the ct acquisition process , the error introduced will be on the order of the underlying physical noise and therefore be minimally objectionable [ young , et al .]. for sinogram data , the prime noise source is the quantum statistics of the x - ray photons . the signal - to - noise ratio increases as the square root of the number of photons detected . since the signals are encoded in attenuation ( logarithmic ) space , the noise associated at any level will be a constant times one - half the attenuation number . thus , the preferred embodiment is to transform the stored attenuation code value by quantizing it in steps proportional to some linear fraction of its value . the proportionality constant is determined by measuring the standard deviation of the signal level at some particular set of the scanner parameters of collimation , rotation time and tube current . the product of these three determine the x - ray flux that is sensed by the detector . therefore from a measurement of the standard deviation of the signal at single scanner combination , one scales the quantization step by the ratio of the product of the three parameters . for example , if the standard deviation in a uniform region of the sinogram signal ( at value 10000 code values ) is 10 code values for scanner parameters of 3 mm collimation , 150 ma tube current and gantry rotation time 750 ms , the quantization step at signal level 5000 would be 5 code values . if another scan was made on the same scanner with 300 ma , the quantization step for code value 10000 would be reduced to 5 code values . encoding with this quantization scheme gives the minimum entropy for the code values , which are then compressed as above . when the compressed data is needed for image reconstruction , e . g ., after retrieval from a storage device or transmission across a network , the compressed signal data is reconstituted by an inverse mapping of the compressor ( and quantizer if necessary ), the digital data ( header and information words ) are added in their original location , and the data file is ready for computation . the sample sinograms were compressed by varying amounts and then returned to the ct console for reconstruction . also , images reconstructed from the original sinogram were compressed by varying amounts and decompressed for comparison . it was found that the compression ratio for a given specified error depended greatly on the scene being compressed , so the program was varied to achieve comparable compression ratios for image comparison . observation of the images determined that compression ratios of less than 15 : 1 , and preferably between 7 : 1 and 10 : 1 , gave clinically useful images , while higher compression ratios compromised diagnostic utility . at comparable compression ratios , images from the compressed sinograms were similar in quality to images that had been directly compressed , even though the compressed images covered only ½ to ¼ of the total area of the sinogram . artifacts introduced by compressing sinograms tended to be of lower spatial frequency , and therefore degraded high contrast regions less . these images and related difference images and other data are shown in fig1 to 9 appended hereto . still another set of examples are reported as follows . clinical diagnostic images of chest , abdomen , and head were collected along with their corresponding raw projection data ( sinograms ) from a somatom plus - 4 scanner ( siemens medical systems , iselin , n . j .). the chest projection scan was obtained from a patient with a spiculated lung nodule using a high - resolution spiral ct technique ( collimation 2 mm and pitch 1 ). the abdomen scan was acquired using a standard non - spiral technique with 8 mm collimation to evaluate for a questionable liver mass , while the head scan was acquired using the same non - spiral technique to evaluate for a severe headache . these scans were diagnosed normal . it was our intention to test the compression technique in both spiral and non - spiral scans . in our data set , the choice of spiral or non - spiral ct scans for a body part was arbitrary and based on the availability of scans at the time of data collection . the collected ct images and their sinograms were electronically transferred to a workstation . sinograms consisted of either 768 or 1536 detectors with 1252 samples per gantry revolution . the data were extracted and processed into units representing the logarithm of the ratio of the unattenuated x - ray beam to the transmitted x - ray beam . data compression was performed using the jpeg - ls implementation ( loco , hewlett - packard , palo alto calif . ), which uses a low complexity pattern generation and run - length encoding scheme for data representation . the program executed rapidly , encoding or decoding at a speed of approximately 1 megabytes / sec . sinograms were compressed and decompressed , and then transferred back to the ct scanner console for image reconstruction . also , images reconstructed from the original sinogram were compressed by compression ratios comparable to the sinogram compression and decompressed . it was found that the compression ratio for a given specified error depended on the details of the scanned object being compressed , therefore , program parameters were varied to achieve comparable compression ratios for image comparison . images from compressed sinograms were compared with those from direct image compression . for each of the three body types , image sets ( consisting of an original , images compressed at three levels , and images reconstructed with three levels of compression ) were viewed on the scanner console workstation . the quality of these images was directly compared using a side - by - side display . no systematic or blinded analysis to grade the image quality was attempted . qualitative properties examined included low level contrast in homogeneous portions of image , edge distortion , and artifact visibility . in addition , a difference image between the original and compressed images was generated for each image data and studied for correlated structure or artifacts . the root mean square error ( rmse ) of the difference , which is a commonly used engineering metric for image degradation , was computed for a quantitative measure . a non - spiral abdominal ct image , its original and 12 : 1 compressed sinograms , and the difference of these sinograms are shown in fig1 and 2 . the x - coordinate of the sinogram represents the loci of the x - ray tube , while the y - coordinate represents the loci of the detectors . each horizontal line of the sinogram represents transmitted x - ray beam signals recorded at each detector during one revolution of the ct gantry . the bright , white - cloud area of the sinogram corresponds to the abdomen cross - section , while the peripheral dark area corresponds the surrounding air . although it is difficult to distinguish the compressed from the original sinograms by visual inspection , the difference is the most prominent at the boundaries of the abdomen , the ct table , and air because of the homogeneous texture of unattenuated x - rays in air . an image reconstructed from the 12 : 1 compressed sinogram in fig1 and 2 and an image with 12 : 1 direct compression are shown in fig3 a and 3b , respectively . difference images were generated between the original and the sinogram - compression images and between the original and the direct - compression images , shown in fig4 a and 4b , respectively . these compressed abdominal images were not easily discernible from the original image in fig1 a . compared to the sinogram - compression image , however , the direct - compression image demonstrated a slight increase in low - level white noise , particularly in homogenous areas of the subcutaneous fat and the liver . this increase in low - level noise is clearly demonstrated qualitatively in the difference images and quantitatively from the computation of the root mean square errors ( rmse ) of the difference images . the rmse that quantifies the magnitude of noise was 10 . 62 and 13 . 47 in the difference images from the sinogram - compression and the direct - compression , respectively . no high - level structural noise or artifacts were introduced from the compression . a non - spiral head ct image , its original and 12 : 1 compressed sinograms , and the difference between these sinograms are shown in fig1 . the cross - sectional area of the head is smaller than that of the abdomen , resulting in a larger area of air space in surrounding the head in the ct scan . this large air space is clearly delineated in the sinograms . an image reconstructed from the compressed sinogram in fig1 and an image with 12 : 1 direct compression are shown in fig5 b and 5c , respectively . although these images were difficult to discern from the original , the direct - compression image showed more increase in low - level white noise than the sinogram - compression image . this increase in noise was confirmed in the difference images , as shown in fig6 a and 6b , and was quantified in the rmse measurements : 2 . 35 in the direct - compression image difference and 1 . 46 in the sinogram - compression image difference . the head image reconstructed from a 23 : 1 sinogram compression is shown in fig7 . for comparison , a direct - compression image was generated from the original image with 20 : 1 compression ratio ( fig7 ). both images were profoundly degraded from the original image . marked increase in low - level noise was observed in the sinogram - compression image , resulting in a substantial loss of the gray and white matter differentiation . on the other hand , the direct - compression head image showed more severe image degradation and the presence of high - level structural noise and streaky artifacts . an image from a spiral lung ct scan is shown with its spiral sinogram in fig8 . at the same slice level , an image was reconstructed from 12 : 1 sinogram compression in a lung window ( fig1 a ) and a soft - tissue window setting ( fig1 c ). for comparison , a 12 : 1 direct - compression image was generated in a lung window ( fig1 b ) and a soft - tissue window setting ( fig1 d ). the images displayed in the soft - tissue window setting show slightly more increase in low - level noise in the direct - compression than the sinogram - compression images , particularly in the heart and subcutaneous fat regions . in summary , the method of the present invention comprises taking the raw projection digital data from a ct scanner , stripping it out of the proprietary format typically provided by the ct scanner manufacturer if required and as desired for optimum results , and then compressing it including specifying a maximum allowable error of preferably about 8 , and preferably at an amount that will achieve a compression of no greater than about 15 : 1 , although the error could be different depending on the particular projection data . the compressed data may then be stored for archival purposes , along with an identifying index representing the particular views constructed and used by a medical professional in performing a diagnosis . thus , the present method is effective not only to save the raw data , but also to save the necessary information required to reconstruct the particular images known to be accessed by a medical professional in making a diagnosis . different compression schemes will have varying suitability for compressing sinogram data . approaches based on wavelet decomposition are expected to be very effective for representing sinograms . schemes that are based on recognized standards or are of low computational complexity are also desirable . the compression routine used is preferably that provided by jpeg - ls software , although other compression routines could be used so long as they are suited to reliably and effectively compress the data arrays typically found in ct scans , for maximum benefit . generally , a compression routine is desirable should it be able to significantly reduce the size of the data set given the type of data patterns found in projection data ( as known in the art ), allow for specifying sufficient information to archive those views considered during a diagnosis , and allow for reliable reconstruction of images from data restored from a compressed data set . these compression routines are preferably preformed on a computer , and even more preferably on the computer typically included as part of a ct scanner , as shown in fig1 with the data flows as shown in fig1 . the inventive method also includes reconstructing the projection data from its compressed form , and reconstructing images not only as previously specified by a medical professional but preferably also as might be later used or specified by a different or even the same medical professional . the compressed data set may be stored in any suitable storage medium as known in the art including magnetic or optical disk , tape , etc . various changes and modifications to the invention may be made as known to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention . the foregoing description of the preferred embodiment should be viewed as illustrative and not exhaustive . the invention should be considered as being limited solely by the claims appended hereto and their legal equivalents . the following references are provided as part of this patent application , the entirety of which are incorporated by reference herein . “ jpeg 2000 compression of medical imagery ”, david h . foos , edward muka , richard m . slone , bradley j . erickson , michael j . flynn , david a . clunie , lloyd hildebrand , kevin kohm , susan young iso / iec 14995 - 1 fdis ( final draft international standard ), “ information technology — lossless and near - lossless coding of continuous - tone still images : baseline ”, jpeg - ls standard , part 1 ( march 1999 ). m . rabbani and p . w . jones , digital image compression techniques , vol . tt7 , spie press , bellingham , wash . 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