Patent Application: US-27867907-A

Abstract:
a method of multiple access communication in a centralized network is based on an ultra wideband impulse physical layer allowing code - based multiple access . each user is associated with a code , and the transmission is performed in an asynchronous manner in a propagation medium with multiple paths . it is characterized in that a criterion is established so as to find the codes of the various users making it possible to minimize the variance of the multi - user interference at the output of a linear receiver .

Description:
the ppm or pulse position modulated uwb - ir signal transmitted by user n may be written in a conventional manner : s n ⁡ ( t ) = p n ⁢ t f ⁢ ∑ k ⁢ w ⁡ ( t - kt f - c ~ n ⁡ ( k ) ⁢ t c - δ ⁢ ⁢ d n ⁡ ( ⌊ k / n f ⌋ ) - θ n ) ( 1 ) where {{ tilde over ( c )} n ( k ), k = 0 , . . . , n f − 1 } is the time - hopping code of user n with values in [ 0 , . . . , n c − 1 ], w ( t ) is the unit energy impulse , p n is the mean transmission power , n f is the number of frames per symbol , t f is the width of the frame , t c is the width of a code element better known by the term “ chip ”, δ is the modulation index of the ppm , d n ( k ) is the series of symbols with values in { 0 , 1 }, θ n is a random variable equidistributed over [ 0 , n f t f [ representing the asynchronism between the users , and └ x ┘ denotes the integer part of x . the argument of the codes { tilde over ( c )} n ( k ) in ( 1 ) has to be taken modulo n f . it is assumed that n u users numbered from 1 to n u transmit at the same time in a multipath propagation medium . from the standpoint of a receiver ( different from the n u active transmitters ), the expression for the signal received is then given by r ⁡ ( t ) = ∑ n = 1 n u ⁢ r n ⁡ ( t ) + n ⁡ ( t ) ( 2 ) where n ( t ) is the noise at the receiver that is assumed to be white and gaussian and r n ( t ) is the signal received originating from user n and the expression for which is : r n ⁡ ( t ) = ∑ k = 1 n p ⁢ a n k ⁢ s n ⁡ ( t - τ n k ) ( 3 ) where a n k and τ n k are respectively the amplitude and the delay of the kth path of the transmission channel between user n and the receiver . a very general transmission channel model is assumed for which the amplitudes have zero mean ( i . e . e a [ a n k ]= 0 ) and are independent ( i . e . e a [ a n j a n k ]= 0 when j ≠ k ). it is assumed moreover that the various random parameters of the model are independent . let us assume now that one seeks to demodulate a particular user ( user 1 will be chosen subsequently ). the term of interest r 1 ( t ) is then identified in the signal received ( 2 ): j 1 = ∑ n = 2 n u ⁢ r n ⁡ ( t ) the object of the invention consists notably in establishing a criterion which makes it possible to find the codes of the various users making it possible to minimize the variance of this interference so as to guarantee the best performance . it therefore involves calculating the variance of j 1 with respect to the random parameters of the model ( amplitudes , delays , asynchronism ), assuming the codes are deterministic . in order to facilitate the calculation , ( 1 ) for example is represented in an equivalent form , which enables the contribution of the codes to be extracted from inside the argument of w ( t ). the new representation may be written : s n ⁡ ( t ) = p n ⁢ t f ⁢ ∑ k ⁢ ∑ j = 0 n c ⁢ n f - 1 ⁢ c n ⁡ ( j ) ⁢ w ⁡ ( t - kn f ⁢ t f - jt c - δ ⁢ ⁢ d n ⁡ ( k ) - θ n ) where { c n ( j ), j = 0 , . . . n c n f − 1 } with values in { 0 , 1 } are the “ developed ” codes deduced from {{ tilde over ( c )} n ( j ), j = 0 , . . . n f − 1 }, by the relation : fig3 illustrates the positioning of the impulses corresponding to a symbol in a frame . the time interval corresponding to a symbol is divided into n f frames , each containing an impulse . the duration of a frame is divided into n c “ chips ”, the number of the “ chip ” in which the impulse is positioned being given by the value of the code { tilde over ( c )}( k ). fig3 shows the position of the impulse corresponding to the symbol d n ( 2 ) and frame n ° 3 which is situated at “ chip ” n ° 2 , corresponding to the code value c n ( 2 * n c n f + 3 * n c + 2 )= 1 . the calculation of the variance of the multi - user interference is known to the person skilled in the art and will not be detailed . it follows for example the approach indicated in [ 5 ], namely , the successive calculation of the expectation according to the variables : amplitudes , symbols and asynchronism . v mui ppm = e a , d , θ ⁡ [ j 1 2 ] = ψ 1 · ∑ n = 2 n u ⁢ p n · ϕ n · [ κ 1 , n + γ _ · ξ 1 , n ] ( 5 ) where ψ 1 is a constant dependent on the parameters of the propagation channel and the form of the impulse , φ n is a constant dependent on the parameters of the channel and γ is a positive constant dependent on the impulse , with : κ m , n = ∑ q = 0 n c ⁢ n f - 1 ⁢ c m , n + 2 ⁡ ( q ) + c m , n - 2 ⁡ ( q ) ( 6 ) ξ m , n = ∑ q = 0 n c ⁢ n f - 1 ⁢ c m , n + ⁡ ( q ) ⁢ c m , n - ⁡ ( q ) , ( 7 ) where c + m , n ( q ) and c − m , n ( q ) are the cyclic partial correlations between the developed codes of users m and n , defined by : the partial correlations being positive or zero , the quantities κ m , n and ξ m , n are also positive . having regard to the positivity of the variables p n , φ n and γ , the minimization of ( 5 ) according to the codes amounts to minimizing each of the values of the set { κ 1 , n + γ · ξ 1 , n } n = 2 n u . it can be proven that the minimum values of ξ 1 , n and κ 1 , n are respectively 0 and n f 2 and that they can attain these minimum values simultaneously . in this case , the value κ 1 , n + γ · ξ 1 , n has then been minimized independently of the value γ . consequently , the codes minimizing the variance of the multi - user interference ( 5 ), are those which satisfy : ξ 1 , n = 0 and κ 1 , n = n f 2 , n = 2 , . . . , n u ( 10 ) it is possible to characterize these codes in a simpler manner , through the following lemma ( not proven here ): ξ 1 , n ⁢ minimum ⁢ ⁢ ( ξ 1 , n = 0 ) ⁢ ⁢ and ⁢ ⁢ κ 1 , n ⁢ minimum ⁢ ⁢ ( κ 1 , n = n f 2 ) ⇔ ∑ q = 0 n c ⁢ n f - 1 ⁢ c 1 , n 2 ⁡ ( q ) = n f 2 where c m , n ( q )= c m , n + ( q )+ c m , n − ( q ) is the cyclic intercorrelation between the developed code of user m and the code of user n . thus a criterion equivalent to ( 10 ) for describing the set of codes which minimizes the variance of the multi - user interference is : ∑ q = 0 n c ⁢ n f - 1 ⁢ c 1 , n 2 ⁡ ( q ) = n f 2 n = 2 , … ⁢ , n u . ( 11 ) it is possible also to establish a third equivalent characterization of the optimality of the codes : ⁢ ∑ k = 0 n c ⁢ n f - 1 ⁢ c 1 ⁡ ( k ) ⁢ c n ⁡ ( k - q ) ≤ 1 , q = 0 , … ⁢ ⁢ n c ⁢ n f - 1 , n = 2 , … ⁢ , n u ( 12 ) the criteria ( 10 ), ( 11 ) and ( 12 ) are equivalent and make it possible to verify whether a code is “ optimal ” in relation to user 1 . it will be readily seen by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention fulfils all of the objects set forth above . after reading the foregoing specification , one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to affect various changes , substitutions of equivalents and various aspects of the invention as broadly disclosed herein . it is therefore intended that the protection granted hereon be limited only by definition contained in the appended claims and equivalents thereof . m . z . win and r . a . scholtz , “ impulse radio : how it works ”, ieee com . letters , vol . 2 , no . 2 , feb . 1998 , pp . 36 - 38 . m . z . win , x . qiu , r . a . scholtz , and v . o . k . li , “ atm - based th - ssma network for multimedia pcs ”, ieee jsac , vol . 17 , no 5 , may 1999 , pp . 824 - 836 . s . s . kolenchery , j . k . townsend , and j . a . freebersyser , “ a novel impulse radio network for tactical military wireless communications ”, ieee milcom conf ., bedford , mass ., usa , oct . 1998 , pp . 59 - 65 . ismail güvenç and hüseyin arslan , “ design and performance analysis of th sequences for uwb - ir systems ”, in proc . ieee wireless commun . networking conf . 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