Patent Application: US-201013388917-A

Abstract:
high performance thin - film , transistors are entirely processed at temperatures not exceeding 150 ° c ., using amorphous multi component dielectrics based on the mixture of high band gap and high dielectric constant materials . the sputtered or ink jet printed mixed dielectric materials such as ta 2 o 5 with sio 2 or al 2 o 3 or hfo 2 with sio 2 or al 2 o 3 are used . these multicomponent dielectrics allow producing amorphous dielectrics to be introduced in high stable electronic devices with low leakage currents , while preserving a high dielectric constant . this results in producing thin film transistors with remarkable electrical properties , such as the ones produced based on ga — in — zn oxide as channel layers and where the dielectric was the combination of the mixture ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 , exhibiting field - effect mobility exceeding 35 cm 2 v − 1 s − 1 , close to 0 v turn - on voltage , on / off ratio higher than 10 6 and subthreshold slope below 0 . 24 v dec − 1 .

Description:
fig1 a and 1 b show the structural and compositional data obtained for the produced dielectrics . note that the presented data refers to films intentionally annealed at a higher temperature ( 300 ° c .) than the one used on the tfts ( 150 ° c . ), in order to investigate the stability of their properties , namely of their structure , when subjected to higher temperatures . concerning structural properties ( fig1 a ), the sio 2 and al 2 o 3 films present an amorphous structure , as expected for these large bandgap materials 29 . for the ta 2 o 5 based compositions a broad diffraction peak appears close to 2θ = 30 °, suggesting that some short - range order exists in the thin - films , but crystallization ( i . e ., long - range ordering ) is not achieved . xps and spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis suggest that this short - range order can be affected by composition , namely by the amount of ta present in the films . according to the xps data ( fig1 b ), ta content is decreased from 30 . 4 % in pure ta 2 o 5 to 16 . 3 % in ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 3 s . t . ( s . t . denotes films produced from a single target ), while the other multicomponent dielectrics exhibit intermediate percentages . in addition , spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis reveals that the broadening parameter is higher for the multicomponent oxides ( 1 . 86 - 1 . 96 ) than for the ta 2 o 5 ( 1 . 73 ) films , suggesting higher degree of short - range ordering for ta 2 o 5 than for multicomponent thin films 37 . this supports the hypothesis that ta 2 o 5 is the responsible element for the enhancement of such short - range ordering and that its mixture with lower - κ materials is effective to increase the disorder and so inhibit crystallization . furthermore , note that these structures , even when considering only the pure ta 2 o 5 films , show a considerably lower tendency to crystallize than other high - x materials , such as hfo 2 or y 2 o 3 , which can bring benefits in terms of electrical performance , reliability and integration 36 . concerning the compositional analysis of the thin - films , the results also show that good correlation between nominal ( i . e ., target composition ) and experimental values is found for the different binary compositions . the largest discrepancy is obtained for the pure ta 2 o 5 films , with 28 . 6 % ta / 71 . 4 % 0 and 30 . 4 % ta / 69 . 6 % o , for the nominal and experimental values , respectively . the spectroscopic ellipsometry data are presented in fig2 a - d and provide good support to the structural and compositional data discussed above . starting by the refractive index ( n ) evolution of ta 2 o 5 and sio 2 related dielectrics ( fig2 a ), it is evident that sio 2 is incorporated in the co - sputtered ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 film , since its n plot is located between those of pure ta 2 o 5 and sio 2 films . in addition , the co - sputtered film &# 39 ; s n plot is closer to the ta 2 o 5 one , both in absolute values and shape , suggesting a higher concentration of ta than si , in agreement with the xps data depicted in fig1 b . valuable information concerning the absorption rise at the onset of conduction band is given by the extinction coefficient ( k ) plot ( fig2 b ). an increase on the optical bandgap ( e opt ) from 4 . 08 to 4 . 27 ev is achieved when comparing pure ta 2 o 5 and co - sputtered ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 films , suggesting sio 2 incorporation in the latter . note that the e opt values presented herein are lower than the ones usually reported in the literature for ta 2 o 5 ( around 4 . 5 ev ), even if the analyzed films are close to the ideal stoichiometry , according to xps data . this is attributed to two factors : first , the simulation model used here takes into account the absorption due to tail - states ( located inside the bandgap , close to the bands ) to calculate e opt ; second , the sputtering process may induce some damage to the structure , reflected in the broadening of the band - tails . for the ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 3 system similar conclusions can be drawn : both ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 5 films ( co - sputtered and s . t .) present n plots located between the ta 2 o 5 and al 2 o 3 ones ( fig2 c ). once again , in agreement to xps data , the s . t . film n plot suggests higher al 2 o 3 incorporation , since its n plot is closer to the al 2 o 3 reference and the onset of absorption starts for higher energy than the co - sputtered film ( fig2 d ). the e opt determined for the ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 3 films were 4 . 14 ev ( co - sputtered ) and 4 . 35 ev ( s . t .). when comparing the co - sputtered ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 and ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 3 e opt values , note that the higher value of the former can be a consequence of two factors : its slightly smaller amount of ta 2 o 5 and the higher bandgap of sio 2 when compared with al 2 o 3 ; the higher damage induced during the co - sputtering process when using al 2 o 3 , since a higher p rf was needed for this material to attain reasonable incorporation rates ( see “ experimental details ” section ). a damaged structure and poor compactness might be reasons for the poor device performance obtained with al 2 o 3 and co - sputtered ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 3 , as will be shown later . the κ values of the dielectric films were determined from mis capacitors and are presented in table 1 . the obtained values are in agreement with the xps data , showing a trend to increase with the ta 2 o 5 content in the thin - films . the binary films , specially the ta 2 o 5 ones , present κ values close to the ones expected for the nominal compositions 29 , meaning that their composition should be close to the theoretical stoichiometry . for the sio 2 and al 2 o 3 films higher variations of κ from the nominal values were found , which might be explained by the above mentioned structural damage occurred during sputtering with higher p . as expected , the multicomponent dielectrics present κ values between those of their constituent binary oxides . transfer characteristics for gizo tfts fabricated using the dielectric systems based on ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 and ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 3 are presented in fig3 a and 3 d , respectively , being the extracted electrical parameters presented in table 1 . for all the dielectrics , noticeable field - effect modulation is obtained , with on / off ratio always exceeding 10 4 , proving that gizo is a viable solution for a low - temperature transistor &# 39 ; s semiconductor , even when processed with alternative dielectrics . for devices with sputtered sio 2 , although the requisites of low off - current and close to 0 v turn - on voltage ( v on ) are fulfilled , their s is very high and the maximum source - drain current ( t d ) is around two orders of magnitude lower than that of tfts fabricated with ta 2 o 5 based dielectrics . this results in devices with the lowest field - effect mobility ( μ fe , extracted by the transconductance with v d = 1 v ), around 1 cm 2 v − 1 s − 1 . note that sputtered sio 2 should allow for better performing gizo tfts , namely in terms of s and μ fe , as was already demonstrated by ofuji et al . 5 the poor characteristics reported herein should be attributed to a non - optimized sio 2 processing , which results in a degradation of film &# 39 ; s compactness and large semiconductor / dielectric interface trap density . these factors , together with the low κ of sio 2 , significantly affect the number of charges that can be induced and , from these , the ones that can actually act as free carriers to modulate the tft channel conductivity . a completely different electrical behavior is verified when ta 2 o 5 is used as the dielectric layer , with devices exhibiting large μ fe ( 36 . 1 cm 2 v − 1 s − 1 ) and low s ( 0 . 31 v dec − 1 ), in parallel with close to 0 v v on . this clearly shows the advantage of using high - κ dielectrics for low temperature tfts : even if it can be expected that the interface quality of low temperature ta 2 o 5 / gizo is far from the one of high temperature thermal or pecvd sio 2 / gizo , the extra capacitance provided by the high - x dielectric allows for easier interface trap filling due to the higher number of induced charges 38 . nevertheless , although the on / off ratio is one order of magnitude higher than that of sputtered sio 2 tfts , its value is limited by the high - off current (≈ 0 . 5 na ), which arises as a consequence of the low bandgap of ta 2 o 5 and of its poor band offset in relation to gizo . a remarkable improvement is achieved when co - sputtered ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 is used instead of ta 2 o 5 . while maintaining a high μ fe , almost equal to the one of tfts with ta 2 o 5 dielectric , the off - current is decreased by more than one order of magnitude , being comparable to the one obtained for sputtered sio 2 and concomitant with the decrease verified for the gate leakage current ( i g ). i g - v g , plots for ta 2 o 5 and ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 are presented in fig3 a to elucidate this result . this allows for an on / off ratio increase of the same order of magnitude , exceeding 3 × 10 6 . furthermore , since essentially depends on gizo &# 39 ; s bulk and interface trap densities , 12 and given that all the devices were produced with the same gizo process , s variations among different dielectrics can provide a valid indicator about the quality of these dielectrics and their interfaces with gizo . in the case of ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 , s is improved over ta 2 o 5 , suggesting better dielectric and / or interface properties . however , note that the s improvement may also be a consequence of the lower off - current , which permits a more notorious channel conductivity modulation as the first free charges are induced close to the interface , leading to a more abrupt increase of i d in the subthreshold region . nevertheless , the fact that the v on obtained for this multicomponent dielectric is 0 v ( i . e ., the tft doesn &# 39 ; t require the application of a v g to compensate charges or traps prior to the formation of the channel layer ) may also reinforce the hypothesis of better interface and / or bulk properties of ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 when compared with single ta 2 o 5 and sio 2 dielectrics . for comparison , the transfer characteristic of a gizo device produced on a si / pecvd sio 2 substrate ( dielectric process at 400 ° c .) is shown in fig3 a and the extracted electrical parameters are presented in table 1 . even if the tfts employing ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 had a maximum processing temperature of 150 ° c ., against 400 ° c . of the pecvd sio 2 ones , their electrical performance is comparable . nevertheless , in spite of having similar s and v on values , pecvd sio 2 devices still exhibit lower off - current ( due to lower i g ) and higher on / off ratio , exceeding 10 7 . additionally , pecvd sio 2 transistors present higher μ fe , despite the higher - κ of ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 and its good interface properties with gizo , as demonstrated above . the reason for the higher μ fe of pecvd sio 2 tfts should be related with the fact that the peak values of μ fe presented in table 1 are obtained for high v g , when the conductive channel is located closer to the semiconductor / dielectric interface . under this situation , the improved interface provided by the pecvd sio 2 is expected to play an important role : in brief , the extra capacitance of ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 helps the devices to present an abrupt increase of i d in the subthreshold region ( hence low s ), even if higher density of traps exists for this dielectric . but when the transistor is operated at higher gate bias the interface quality starts to play a more important role , since the free carriers move closer to it . this phenomenon is illustrated in fig3 b , where the evolution of μ fe with v g is presented for devices with ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 and pecvd sio 2 dielectrics . fig3 c shows an example of typical output characteristics obtained for tfts with ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 dielectric . no evidence of current crowding appears for low v d , indicating that the izo source - drain electrodes have low electrical resistivity , create good ohmic contacts with gizo and that contact resistance is not significantly limiting device performance 39 , 40 . furthermore , hard saturation is achieved for large v d , meaning that full pinch - off is attained , i . e ., the entire thickness of gizo can be depleted of free carriers close to the drain electrode 41 . transfer characteristics for tfts based on ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 3 dielectrics are shown in fig3 d . as mentioned before , high p rf was required to deposit al 2 o 3 films with reasonable growth rates , but this processing condition may result in films with poor compactness and high density of pinholes , that may deteriorate the insulating properties of the thin - films . these assumptions are confirmed by the electrical properties of tfts with al 2 o 3 as the dielectric layer , which exhibit very high i g and off - current , as well as a large v on . these values are the highest among all the dielectrics analyzed in this work . nevertheless , note that even if the s and μ fe values are worse than the ones obtained with the best performing dielectrics , they are better than the ones achieved with sputtered sio 2 , due to the higher κ of al 2 o 3 . when ta 2 o 5 and al 2 o 3 are co - sputtered , the device properties start to approach those of tfts with ta 2 o 5 , namely in terms of v on and μ fe . however , the high off - current obtained for al 2 o 3 devices is still verified , due to the above mentioned degradation effects caused by al 2 o 3 processing . note also that interface properties of co - sputtered ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 3 are expected to be worse than those of ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 , since that even with the extra capacitance of the former ( due to its higher content of ta and substitution of sio 2 by al 2 o 3 ), the devices present lower μ fe . a significant difference in tft characteristics is obtained when ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 3 is processed from a single target . in this case , the film grows at a reasonably fast rate ( around 3 nm min − 1 ) even using considerably lower than for al 2 o , diminishing film &# 39 ; s bombardment . the advantages of these transistors are obvious : first , the i g and off - current are comparable to the ones typically obtained with high temperature sio 2 ( see table 1 ). this represents a decrease on these parameters of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude over ta 2 o 5 based devices . due to the low off - current and improved interface properties with gizo , the transistors present high on / off ratio , exceeding 10 7 , low s , approaching 0 . 2 v dec − 1 and high μ fe , similar to the one presented by the co - sputtered ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 3 ( and even ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 ) devices , even if its κ is significantly reduced from 21 . 7 to 14 . 2 , essentially due to the lower amount of ta 2 o 5 ( see fig1 b ). given this lower ( higher ) amount of ta 2 o 5 ( al 2 o 3 ), v on is shifted toward the al 2 o 3 tft plot , but it still presents a low value of 1 v . although not mentioned in the above analysis , electrical measurements were also performed in double sweep mode , to access the hysteresis magnitude obtained with the different dielectrics . the verified hysteresis is always clockwise , consistent with trap filling by accumulated electrons at ( or close ) the semiconductor / dielectric interface 36 . concerning hysteresis &# 39 ; s magnitude , it is in most of the cases smaller than 0 . 5 v , with ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 exhibiting the smaller value , around 0 . 1 v . the larger values are registered for dielectrics containing al 2 o 3 , being the magnitude higher as its content increased : 0 . 4 v for ta 2 o 3 : al 2 o 3 , 0 . 5 v for ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 3 s . t . and around 2 . 5 v for pure al 2 o 3 . besides the already mentioned damage induced during al 2 o 3 film &# 39 ; s growth , it is expected that dielectrics containing this binary compound should intrinsically present some defect states at or close to their surface , which might induce phenomena of charge trapping and instability 42 . consecutive measurements of transfer characteristics were performed to evaluate early - stage aging of devices 3 . during these measurements all the properties remain unchanged , except v on that shifts toward more positive values , in agreement with electron trapping at ( or close ) the semiconductor / dielectric interface . after three consecutive measurements v on starts stabilizing , being its variation from the first to the third measurements similar to the hysteresis values reported above , since charge trapping should be the dominant mechanism inducing the variations in both measurement processes . besides this early - stage stability evaluation , more demanding stress tests were performed on selected devices , in order to evaluate how they would perform when integrated in electronic circuits . constant current stress measurements were chosen for this purpose since they can accurately simulate the severe stress conditions that a tft may be subjected when integrated in an analog circuit environment 43 . these tests were carried out during 24 h , at room temperature , keeping the drain and gate terminals shorted in a diode - connected configuration , with the source electrode grounded 44 . this configuration permits automatic v g adjustment ( thus , v on ) to maintain the constant i d . during this period the measurements were shortly interrupted several times to access the device &# 39 ; s transfer characteristics at different stress times . note that a constant i d = 10 μa was used , which can be considered a severe test condition given that only 1 μa is required to display full range of white - gray - color in an active matrix organic light - emitting diode ( amoled ) display 45 . additionally , note that the timescale of these measurements is significantly larger than the one usually found on literature for bias or current stress in gizo tfts 6 , 45 - 50 . fig4 a - d present transfer characteristics obtained during i d stress and recovery , for tfts employing ta 2 o 5 , ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 , ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 3 s . t . and pecvd sio 2 dielectrics . variations of v g measured at i d = 1 na ( δv g @ 1 na ) and s ( δs ) for the devices depicted in fig4 are given in fig5 a - d . v g at 1 na is presented rather than v on or threshold voltage ( v t ), since the determination of these last parameters can be inaccurate for devices presenting non - abrupt rises of i d or other non - idealities ( such as kinks ), which can appear during stress tests . this procedure to estimate “ threshold voltage ” was already performed previously by different authors 51 , 52 . starting by tfts with ta 2 o 5 , the evolution of their properties follows the expected trend when charge trapping at the dielectric or at its interface with gizo is the dominant instability mechanism 50 . in fact , the transfer curves shift in a parallel way , hence without appreciable change of μ fe or s ( fig4 a and 5 a ). only v g @ 1 na shifts significantly during stress , about 5 v , but the initial properties are almost recovered 4 - 5 h after the stress test . after 1 week , the initial device properties are fully recovered . this is consistent with predominant electron trapping rather than ionic drift , since for the latter additional energy would need to be supplied to the devices ( for instance , by a subsequent annealing treatment ) for ions to diffuse back to their original locations 38 . still , even after 1 week recovery time , i g was more than two orders of magnitude higher than in the initial state ( see table 1 ), suggesting irreversible creation of defects on ta 2 o 5 , which is facilitated by the low band offset of this material with gizo . the transistors with ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 show considerably improved stress resistance over ta 2 o 5 ones , also without any appreciable changes on μ fe . now δv g @ 1 na reaches a maximum of − 1 . 75 v after 24 h ( only − 0 . 3 v after 10 h ), being recovered after 3 - 4 h . in addition , only a small and recoverable increase of is verified after 24 h stress . however , the ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 devices exhibit some increase of the off - current with stress time , affecting the subthreshold region , thus the s value , which increases around 0 . 55 v . the reason behind this phenomenon is still under study , but should be related with non - idealities also found on output characteristics measured with very small v g , where an abrupt increase of i d happens for high v d , when the device should supposedly be in the saturation regime . as a positive remark , note that the devices can sustain repeated stress / recovery cycles similar to the ones presented herein without permanent degradation of their electrical properties . the most unstable properties are verified for the tfts based on ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 3 dielectric ( fig4 c and 5 c ), in accordance to the higher hysteresis of this dielectric system mentioned before . in spite of no appreciable or permanent degradation is verified for i g and off - current , the curves shift significantly toward positive v g ( δv g @ 1 na ≈ 12 v ), which is accompanied by the appearance of noticeable kinks after the 24 h stress . given this , it seems that two concurrent factors are playing an important role on the instability of ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o ; devices : charge trapping at or close the semiconductor / dielectric interface and possible creation of new defect states or ion migration on the al 2 o 3 based dielectric after some stress time , which can only be removed by a subsequent annealing treatment . this is in fact reinforced by the recover dynamics of these devices , where it can be seen that the initial v g @ 1 na is almost fully recovered after 1 week ( v on is actually fully recovered ), but the kink still persists . after the annealing treatment the initial properties are reestablished . note that defect creation on oxides is known for a long time 53 and for instance , in the particular case of al 2 o 3 , is believed to be responsible not only for instability 42 but also for interesting effects such as resistive switching in memories , 54 but the exact dynamics of all these defect creation processes are not clear to date . as a reference device , a transistor based on pecvd sio 2 dielectric was also subjected to constant i d stress . as expected , due to its high temperature and well established dielectric process fabrication , the variation of the overall electrical parameters is the lowest among all the tested insulators ( fig4 d and 5 d ). however , some variations were probable to appear , since it is known that electrical stressing can have several effects on cvd deposited sio 2 , such as the release of contaminants ( hydrogen , for example ) or breaking of weak bonds . 55 , 56 in fact , like with ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 3 , it is verified that a kink appears after 24 h stress , suggesting some sort of defect creation on sio 2 , although to a much lower extent than for ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 3 . this also happens simultaneously with charge trapping at the semiconductor / dielectric interface , but in a less pronounced way than for ta 2 o 5 : al 2 o 3 ( lower δv g @ 1 na ), which is expectable given the improved interface properties of pecvd sio 2 . again , a defect creation mechanism in the dielectric is plausible for this case , since the initial properties are only recovered after annealing . fig6 a shows a photograph of a 2 . 5 × 2 . 5 cm glass substrate with several tfts produced with a ta 2 o 5 : sio 2 dielectric layer , being notorious the transparency of the devices . to prove that these low temperature devices can indeed be used in electronic circuits , tfts based on this dielectric were used to fabricate an active matrix backplane to control a 128 × 128 pixels lcd display . the simple pixel architecture , based on a single tft per pixel ( pixel area 350 × 350 μm 2 ), is shown in an optical microscope image ( fig6 b ). an area of the final lcd display is presented in fig6 c , showing that the tfts based on low temperature dielectrics , even at this early stage , can already be used for real world applications . 1 . r . l . hoffman , b . j . norris and j . f . wager , appl . phys . lett ., 82 , 733 ( 2003 ). 2 . e . m . c . fortunato , p . m . c . barquinha , a . pimentel , a . m . f . goncalves , a . j . s . marques , l . m . n . pereira and r . f . p . martins , advanced materials , 17 , 590 ( 2005 ). 3 . p . barquinha , l . pereira , g . goncalves , r . martins and e . fortunato , j . electrochem . soc ., 156 , h161 ( 2009 ). 4 . j . park , s . kim , c . kim , s . kim , 1 . song , h . yin , k . k . kim , s . lee , k . hong , j . lee , j . jung , e . lee , k . w . kwon and y . park , appl . phys . lett ., 93 , 3 ( 2008 ). 5 . m . ofuji , k . abe , h . shimizu , n . kaji , r . hayashi , h . sano , h . kumomi , k . nomura , t . kamiya and h . hosono , ieee electron device lett ., 28 , 273 ( 2007 ). 6 . h . q . chiang , 3 . r . mcfarlane , d . hong , r . e . presley and j . f . wager , j . non - 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