Opinion ID: 1795900
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 5

Heading: analysis

Text: Before reaching the legal issues presented for review, it is the duty of an appellate court to determine whether it has jurisdiction over the matter before it. [2] The procedural posture of this case presents an issue under § 25-1315(1). Section 25-1315(1) provides that [w]hen more than one claim for relief is presented in an action, whether as a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, or when multiple parties are involved, the court may direct the entry of a final judgment as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties only upon an express determination that there is no just reason for delay and upon an express direction for the entry of judgment. In the absence of such determination and direction, any order or other form of decision, however designated, which adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties shall not terminate the action as to any of the claims or parties, and the order or other form of decision is subject to revision at any time before the entry of judgment adjudicating all the claims and the rights and liabilities of all the parties. Section 25-1315(1), therefore, is limited to circumstances [w]hen more than one claim for relief is presented and the court's order finally adjudicates one or more but fewer than all of the claims. Before § 25-1315 was enacted, the dismissal of one of multiple causes of action was a final, appealable order, but an order dismissing one of multiple theories of recovery, all of which arose from the same set of operative facts, was not a final order for appellate purposes. [3] Section 25-1315 was an attempt by the Legislature to clarify questions regarding final orders where there were multiple claims, but it permits a judgment to become final only under the limited circumstances set forth in the statute. [4] It does not provide magic words, the invocation of which transforms any order into a final judgment for purposes of appeal. [5] A claim for relief within the meaning of § 25-1315(1) is equivalent to a separate cause of action, as opposed to a separate theory of recovery. [6] And a final judgment is the functional equivalent of a final order within the meaning of Neb.Rev. Stat. § 25-1902 (Reissue 1995). [7] Thus, for an order appealed from to be certifiable as a final judgment under § 25-1315(1), (1) the case must involve multiple causes of action, as opposed to theories of recovery, and (2) the order must completely dispose of at least one of those causes of action. A cause of action consists of the fact or facts which give one a right to judicial relief against another; a theory of recovery is not itself a cause of action. [8] Thus, two or more claims in a complaint arising out of the same operative facts and involving the same parties constitute separate legal theories, of either liability or damages, and not separate causes of action. [9] Whether more than one cause of action is stated depends mainly upon (1) whether more than one primary right or subject of controversy is presented, (2) whether recovery on one ground would bar recovery on the other, (3) whether the same evidence would support the different counts, and (4) whether separate causes of action could be maintained for separate relief. [10] Poppert's operative complaint in this case purports to allege 10 discrete causes of action. Further review of the complaint, however, suggests that there are at most only three causes of action. Poppert's causes of action Nos. 1 through 3, which were dismissed by the order from which Poppert now appeals, are instead part of the same cause of action, as the allegations supporting each are effectively identical and more appropriately labeled theories of recovery. With respect to these theories of recovery, Poppert alleges that Dicke breached the fiduciary duties of loyalty, care, and good faith and fair dealing by paying himself and others an excessive salary, failing to distribute earnings, selling CCS' assets piecemeal to himself rather than preserving its goodwill by selling as an ongoing business, and operating a competing business at the same time as he was a CCS member. Causes of action Nos. 8 and 9, directed at defendants Schaller and McDermott & Miller, are also just different theories of recovery for the same single cause of action and therefore compose Poppert's second cause of action. Poppert alleges in these theories of recovery that Schaller and McDermott & Miller engaged in professional malpractice and negligent misrepresentation when each defendant allegedly overrepresented the value of CCS at formation. And arguably, causes of action Nos. 5 and 6, while directed at Dicke, are coextensive with causes of action Nos. 8 and 9, as all four allege that Poppert was deceived about the capitalization and value of CCS. But most importantly, causes of action Nos. 1 through 3 are coextensive with causes of action Nos. 4, 7, and 10. The same operative facts support all six of these theories of recovery: Dicke allegedly paid excessive salaries, did not pay Poppert cash distributions, and sold the business to himself piecemeal so as to acquire its goodwill and trade secrets without paying fair market value. Causes of action Nos. 1 through 4, 7, and 10 are, in fact, all theories of recovery for the same underlying cause of action. And the district court's order dismisses some of those theories of recovery, i.e., causes of action Nos. 1 through 3, but does not dismiss all of them. In short, the district court's order was not a `final order' ... as to one or more but fewer than all of the causes of action. [11] To be appealable, an order must satisfy the final order requirements of §§ 25-1902 and 25-1315( l ). [12] `[S]ince the judgment does not dispose of the entirety of any one claim [for relief], it cannot be made an appealable judgment by recourse' to § 25-1315(1). [13] And without a final order, this court lacks jurisdiction and must dismiss the appeal. [14] We conclude this court lacks jurisdiction over this appeal, and it must be dismissed.