Opinion ID: 1187574
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 4

Heading: The Firearms Charge

Text: Lee contends that because he offered to stipulate to the prior felony conviction of aggravated battery, it was error for the district court to admit evidence of the conviction. Lee also asserts that Judge Pilshaw sustained his motion in limine and that the motion was reconsidered and later denied by Judge Ballinger. While there is a minute sheet indicating that Judge Pilshaw sustained Lee's motion in limine, there is no journal entry. Defense counsel agreed with Judge Ballinger that Judge Pilshaw had not ruled on the motion. There is no merit to this assertion by Lee. Our standard of review on admissibility of evidence is abuse of discretion. State v. Wagner, 248 Kan. 240, 243, 807 P.2d 139 (1991). K.S.A. 21-4204(a)(4), under which Lee was charged, provides in part, (a) Criminal possession of a firearm is: .... (4) possession of any firearm by a person who, within the preceding 10 years, has been convicted of: (A) A felony under K.S.A. 21-3401, 21-3402, 21-3403, 21-3404, 21-3410, 21-3411, 21-3414, 21-3415, 21-3419, 21-3420, 21-3421, 21-3427, 21-3502, 21-3506, 21-3518, 21-3716, 65-4127a or 65-4127b or K.S.A. 1995 Supp. 65-4160 through 65-4164, and amendments thereto.... The State presented evidence that Lee had a prior conviction for aggravated battery (K.S.A. 21-3414). Aggravated battery is one of the specific crimes listed in K.S.A. 21-4204(a)(4). We turn now to our case law addressing the firearm possession issue. In State v. Farris, 218 Kan. 136, 542 P.2d 725 (1975), Farris was charged with two counts of unlawful possession of a firearm, under an earlier version of K.S.A. 21-4204. The State introduced an entire court file which showed that Farris had been convicted of a variety of crimes and had his probation revoked. The file was introduced to prove an element of the two current firearms charges. Farris objected to the file's admission, arguing that his character and credibility had been drawn into question through this evidence. We disapproved the admission, saying: The admission of the entire file in this case was not a proper practice for the file contained much extraneous and irrelevant material which could be confusing to the jury. We cannot condone such a practice. An authenticated copy of the journal entry of conviction should have been edited to remove reference to felony charges which were not established and upon which the state was not relying to prove the necessary element of prior conviction of crime. The practice of introducing an entire court file in such cases should be discontinued. 218 Kan. at 139. However, based on the particular facts of the case, Farris' conviction was affirmed. 218 Kan. at 140. Earlier, in State v. Johnson, 216 Kan. 445, 532 P.2d 1325 (1975), we reviewed facts similar to the facts here. Johnson was charged with aggravated robbery and unlawful possession of a firearm, again, based on an earlier version of K.S.A. 21-4204. Immediately before trial, Johnson offered a signed admission to the court, acknowledging that he had been convicted of a felony within 5 years of the current offenses. Johnson filed a motion in limine, requesting that the State not be allowed to introduce evidence at trial of his prior convictions for rape and second-degree kidnapping. The district court denied Johnson's motion. 216 Kan. at 446. Johnson contended that the district court erred in allowing the State to introduce the nature of his prior felony convictions in light of his admission of those prior convictions. We rejected his contention. Citing State v. Wilson, 215 Kan. 28, 523 P.2d 337 (1974), we endorsed the established rule that a defendant's admission does not prevent the State from presenting separate and independent proof of the fact admitted. 216 Kan. at 448. We note that the Wilson court relied on the Florida Supreme Court's opinion Arrington v. State, 233 So.2d 634 (Fla. 1970). 215 Kan. at 32. Arrington was overruled by Brown v. State, 719 So.2d 882, 886, 889 (Fla. 1998). Brown, which we discuss later in this opinion, supplies the rationale we adopt in resolving the firearms charge issue. The district court here, following Farris and Johnson, admitted the journal entry proving Lee's prior conviction. A witness was permitted to testify concerning the nature of the conviction. Lee suggests that Kansas law should be changed to conform to Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 136 L. Ed.2d 574, 117 S. Ct. 644 (1997). Old Chief was convicted of assault with a dangerous weapon, use of a firearm, and possession of a firearm by anyone with a prior felony conviction. Before trial, he moved for an order requiring the government to limit its evidence to a statement that Old Chief had been convicted of a felony. He offered to stipulate that he had been convicted of a prior felony. The government refused to join in the stipulation, insisting on its right to prove the case its own way. The district court agreed with the government. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed in a May 31, 1995, unpublished opinion. See 519 U.S. at 177. The Supreme Court reversed. Old Chief stands as a narrow exception to the accepted rule that the prosecution is entitled to prove its case free from any defendant's option to stipulate the evidence away. 519 U.S. at 189. Justice Souter, authoring the majority opinion for a divided court, framed the principal issue as one concerning the scope of a trial judge's discretion under Rule 403, which authorizes exclusion of relevant evidence when its `probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.' Fed. Rule Evid. 403. 519 U.S. at 180. Although the Old Chief Court believed that the risk of unfair prejudice would vary from case to case, the majority reasoned that such risk will be substantial whenever the official record offered by the Government would be arresting enough to lure a juror into a sequence of bad character reasoning. Where a prior conviction was for a gun crime or one similar to other charges in a pending case the risk of unfair prejudice would be especially obvious.... 519 U.S. at 185. Old Chief concluded: Given these peculiarities of the element of felony-convict status and of admissions and the like when used to prove it, there is no cognizable difference between the evidentiary significance of an admission and of the legitimately probative component of the official record the prosecution would prefer to place in evidence. For purposes of the Rule 403 weighing of the probative against the prejudicial, the functions of the competing evidence are distinguishable only by the risk inherent in the one and wholly absent from the other. In this case, as in any other in which the prior conviction is for an offense likely to support conviction on some improper ground, the only reasonable conclusion was that the risk of unfair prejudice did substantially outweigh the discounted probative value of the record of conviction, and it was an abuse of discretion to admit the record when an admission was available. 519 U.S. at 191. The facts in Old Chief are similar to the facts here. The element the prosecution was required to prove in both cases was the status of the defendant. Old Chief was construing a federal statute and federal rules of evidence. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (1994); Fed. R. Evid. 403. We are construing our own rules of evidence. Old Chiefs construction is not binding here. See Atteberry v. Ritchie, 243 Kan. 277, 284, 756 P.2d 424 (1988) (state courts are not bound to follow a decision of a federal court, including the United States Supreme Court dealing with state law). However, the rationale of Old Chief is persuasive. K.S.A. 60-445 is the evidentiary rule most similar to Fed. R. Evid. 403. K.S.A. 60-445 provides: Except as in this article otherwise provided, the judge may in his or her discretion exclude evidence if he or she finds that its probative value is substantially outweighed by the risk that its admission will unfairly and harmfully surprise a party who had not had reasonable opportunity to anticipate that such evidence would be offered. In State v. Higgenbotham, 264 Kan. 593, 957 P.2d 416 (1998), we distinguished Old Chief on its facts. Higgenbotham offered to stipulate to his true identity for the State's admitting into evidence a fraudulent Arizona driver's license issued in the name of an alias. This case is distinguishable from Old Chief in that Higgenbotham's legal status at the time of the crime was not an issue. His obtaining the fraudulent Arizona driver's license was relevant to both the identity issue and his behavior during the criminal investigation. The general rule that a party need not be required to accept a stipulation is applicable. 264 Kan. at 604. Higgenbotham was not a status case. The impact of Old Chief on a state conviction has been considered by two other state Supreme Courts. In Brown v. State, 719 So.2d 882, Brown was convicted of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Certified copies of prior convictions were admitted into evidence despite Brown's offer to stipulate to his convicted felon status. The Florida Appeals Court approved the admission of the evidence in question, relying on an earlier Florida case. 700 So.2d at 448. The Florida Supreme Court reversed, adopting the rationale of Old Chief. The new Florida rule is: [W]hen a criminal defendant offers to stipulate to the convicted felon element of the felon-in-possession of a firearm charge, the Court must accept that stipulation, conditioned by an on-the-record colloquy with the defendant acknowledging the underlying prior felony conviction(s) and acceding to the stipulation. The State should also be allowed to place into evidence, for record purposes only, the actual judgment(s) and sentence(s) of the previous conviction(s) used to substantiate the prior convicted felon element of the charge. 719 So.2d at 884. The Brown court was reviewing the Florida Evidence Code, which is in essence a restatement of the Federal Rule 403. 719 So.2d at 887. Brown relied on State v. Alexander, 214 Wis.2d 628, 571 N.W. 2d 662 (1997). The Wisconsin statute construed in Alexander also parallels Federal Rule 403. Alexander was convicted of operating a motor vehicle while having a prohibited alcohol concentration of.08 or more. One of the elements of this offense is that the defendant must have two or more prior convictions, suspensions, or revocations. The Alexander court posed the issue as whether the circuit court erroneously exercised its discretion when it allowed the introduction of evidence of two or more prior convictions, suspensions or revocations as counted under Wis. Stat. § 343.307(1), and further submitted that element to the jury when the defendant fully admitted to the element and the purpose of the evidence was solely to prove that element. 214 Wis.2d at 634. The Alexander court concluded: Because ... the purpose of the evidence was solely to prove the element of two or more prior convictions, suspensions or revocations, its probative value was far outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice to the defendant. We conclude that admitting any evidence of the element of prior convictions, suspensions or revocations and submitting the element to the jury in this case was an erroneous exercise of discretion. 214 Wis.2d at 634. Because the evidence of guilt was overwhelming, Alexander reasoned the error was harmless and affirmed. Old Chief was remanded to the Ninth Circuit with the observation that we imply no opinion on the possibility of harmless error, an issue not passed upon below. 519 U.S. at 192, n.11. In U.S. v. Harris, 137 F.3d 1058 (8th Cir. 1998), a divided panel held that to warrant relief under Old Chief, the asserted error must not be harmless. [Citations omitted.] When evidence of a defendant's guilt is overwhelming, the Old Chief violation is harmless. 137 F.3d at 1060. Federal Rule 403 authorizes the exclusion of relevant evidence where its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. Old Chief relied on the danger of unfair prejudice. K.S.A. 60-445 does not have the unfair prejudice language. K.S.A. 60-445 refers to the exercise of discretion by the trial court when the evidence relates only to surprise. We have endorsed a trial court's inherent power, a rule of necessity, to exclude any evidence which may unfairly prejudice a jury. State v. Davis, 213 Kan. 54, 57, 515 P.2d 802 (1973). We placed unfair prejudice in K.S.A. 60-445 when we held: Evidence which is more prejudicial than probative is inadmissible pursuant to K.S.A. 60-445. Ratterree v. Bartlett, 238 Kan. 11, Syl. ¶ 3, 707 P.2d 1063 (1985). Thus, K.S.A. 60-445, Federal Rule 403, and the Florida and Wisconsin statutes at issue in Brown and Alexander are similar. We are involved here with balancing the legitimate interests of Lee and of the State at trial. In a firearm criminal possession case, what fact does the State seek to establish by offering into evidence a defendant's prior record through a journal entry? The answer is the defendant's status as a prior convicted felon. Lee agreed to stipulate to prior convicted felon status. We see no need to admit into evidence a journal entry reflecting the type and nature of a prior conviction in order to prove that Lee was a convicted felon. Our holding today is consistent with U.S. v. Wacker, 72 F.3d 1453 (10th Cir. 1995) (decided before Old Chief). Wacker reviewed the exact question now before us. Lipp, one of the defendants, objected to the admission of journal entries detailing his prior felony convictions. The federal district court for Kansas overruled the objection. Wacker reversed, finding: (1) the admission was an abuse of discretion but (2) it was harmless error. 72 F.3d at 1474. Wacker reasoned: Whereas the fact of a defendant's prior felony conviction is material to a felon in possession charge, the nature and underlying circumstances of a defendant's conviction are not. [Citations omitted.] The details of the defendant's prior crime do not make it `more probable or less probable' that the defendant is a convicted felon. See Fed. R. Evid. 401. Rather, this information tends only to color the jury's perception of the defendant's character, thereby causing unnecessary prejudice to the defendant.... ... Today we hold that where a defendant offers to stipulate as to the existence of a prior felony conviction, the trial judge should permit that stipulation to go to the jury as proof of the status element [that the defendant is a convicted felon of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (1994)], or provide an alternate procedure whereby the jury is advised of the fact of the former felony, but not its nature or substance. [Citation omitted.] Correspondingly, in those situations where the defendant is willing to concede the existence of the prior felony conviction, the trial judge should ordinarily preclude the government from introducing any evidence as to the nature or substance of the conviction, as the probative value of this additional information generally will be overshadowed by its prejudicial effect under Federal Rule of Evidence 403. 72 F.3d at 1472-73. We adopt a limited rule for application in a status case. We hold: (1) The district court abused its discretion when it rejected Lee's offer to stipulate to the fact of a prior conviction; (2) Brown's evidentiary requirements are adopted for proof of convicted felon status in K.S.A. 21-4204(a)(4) firearm possession violation cases; and (3) any error in admitting the journal entry of Lee's prior conviction was harmless. The result would not have been different if the prior conviction had come in by stipulation. We are persuaded that the reasoning of Old Chief, Brown, Alexander, and Wacker should be adopted. The issue here and the new rule we apply in resolving the issue carry an extremely narrow focus. We are reviewing only the status element in a charged crime. We find no distinction between Federal Rule 403 and K.S.A. 60-445 based on the absence from 60-445 of the phrase unfair prejudice. Exclusion of evidence on the basis of undue prejudice has always been a prerogative of a common-law trial judge. Trial judges in this state have authority to exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Under K.S.A. 60-445 much is left to implication, but despite the deficiencies in language the rule operates in Kansas in conventional manner. 1 Gard's Kansas C. Civ. Proc.3d Annot. § 60-445 (1997). Any doubt on this question is settled by Davis and Ratterree. Unless there is a dispute over the status of the prior conviction (for example, was it or was it not a felony), the admission of the type and nature of the prior crime can only prejudice the jury. See Brown, 719 So.2d at 886. Under the limited focus here, what countervailing interests support admission of the type and nature of the felony? There are none in a status case. If Lee's previous conviction had been for any one of the more than 40 felonies not listed in K.S.A. 21-4204(a)(4), he would not be facing the criminal possession charge. We acknowledge that the State has the right and, in fact the duty, to establish the elements of the crime charged. The State also has an interest in presenting its case in its own way by telling the story as the State wishes. But, Lee should be judged only on the crimes charged and, as Brown observed, not being convicted on an improper ground due to the admission of evidence that carries unfairly prejudicial baggage. 719 So.2d at 887. As Old Chief reasoned: This recognition that the prosecution with its burden of persuasion needs evidentiary depth to tell a continuous story has, however, virtually no application when the point at issue is a defendant's legal status, dependent on some judgment rendered wholly independently of the concrete events of later criminal behavior charged against him. 519 U.S. at 190. The element in dispute is whether Lee possessed the firearm on the date charged.