Opinion ID: 781994
Heading Depth: 5
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Alternative Avenues Test

Text: 66 A second approach is the alternative avenues test. This is the test urged upon us by Parks, and endorsed by a panel of the Eighth Circuit. Under the alternative avenues test, a title of an expressive work will not be protected from a false advertising claim if there are sufficient alternative means for an artist to convey his or her idea. See Mutual of Omaha Ins. Co. v. Novak, 836 F.2d 397, 402 (8th Cir.1987) (creator of parody tee-shirts not protected by First Amendment because he could still produce parody editorials in books, magazines, or film); Am. Dairy Queen Corp. v. New Line Prods., Inc., 35 F.Supp.2d 727, 734 (D.Minn.1998) (no First Amendment protection for an infringing movie title because there were other titles the producers could use); cf. Anheuser-Busch, Inc. v. Balducci Publ'ns, 28 F.3d 769, 776 (8th Cir.1994) (First Amendment protection not available to parodist because the confusing trademark use was wholly unnecessary to the parodist's stated purpose). 67