Opinion ID: 2419618
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Inconsistent verdict forms

Text: Jones also claims that he is entitled to a new sentencing trial due to the jury's inconsistent findings regarding certain mitigating circumstances. The jury in his case unanimously found, on Form One, that the following five aggravating circumstances existed: (1) Jones had previously committed another felony involving the use or threat of violence; (2) in the commission of capital murder, he knowingly created a great risk of death to a person other than the victim; (3) the capital murder was committed for the purpose of avoiding or preventing an arrest; (4) the capital murder was committed for pecuniary gain; and (5) the capital murder was committed in an especially cruel or depraved manner. On subsection (a) of Form Two, the jury unanimously found that the following three mitigating circumstances probably existed: (1) Jones cooperated with the police by voluntarily accompanying them to the police department; (2) he cooperated with the police by giving them a full confession and accepting full responsibility for these offenses; and (3) he had a turbulent and troubled childhood. On Form ThreeConclusions, the jury found that one or more aggravating circumstances did exist beyond a reasonable doubt at the time of the murder; that the aggravating circumstances outweighed beyond a reasonable doubt any mitigating circumstances found by any juror to exist; and that the aggravating circumstances justified beyond a reasonable doubt a sentence of death. Upon Jones's request, the trial court modified Form Three to read that, if the jury made these three findings, it may sentence Jones to death. On Form Four, the verdict form, the jury indicated that, after careful deliberation, it was sentencing Jones to death. The signature of each juror appears on this form. Jones does not take issue with the jury's findings on Form One, subsection (a) of Form Two, Form Three, or Form Four. What Jones does challenge is the confusing manner in which the jury completed subsections (b) and (c) of Form Two. In subsection (b), the jury indicated that one or more of the jurors believed that the following mitigating circumstances probably existed, but that they did not unanimously agree that such mitigating circumstances probably existed: (1) Jones suffered from the mental disease or defect of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; (2) despite his efforts, Jones was repeatedly misdiagnosed and treated with inappropriate medications; (3) Jones's parents were often inconsistent in disciplining their children; (4) Chris Jones loves and is dependent on his father, Jack Jones; and (5) Chris Jones would be harmed psychologically if his father were sentenced to death. Subsection (c) of Form Two instructed the jury to check the applicable factors where they believed that there was some evidence presented to support the mitigating circumstances offered, but where they unanimously agreed, after considering the evidence, that it was insufficient to establish that the mitigating circumstances probably existed. Despite the fact that subsection (c) instructed the jury not to check any factors in this section that it had checked in any other section, the jury checked the following factors that it had also checked in subsection (b): (1) Jones suffered from the mental disease or defect of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; (2) despite his efforts, Jones was repeatedly misdiagnosed and treated with inappropriate medications; (3) Jones's parents were often inconsistent in disciplining their children. In support of his argument that the jury's inconsistent findings require reversal, Jones relies on our decisions in Camargo v. State, supra ; and Willett v. State, 322 Ark. 613, 911 S.W.2d 937 (1995). We think that the facts in those cases are distinguishable from those presently before us. In Camargo , Form Three on Conclusions was the form in dispute: (a) ( ) One or more aggravating circumstances did exist beyond a reasonable doubt, at the time of the commission of the capital murder. (b) (X) The aggravating circumstances outweigh beyond a reasonable doubt any mitigating circumstances found by the jury to exist. (c) ( ) The aggravating circumstances justify beyond a reasonable doubt a sentence of death. The Camargo jury only marked (b) on Form Three. On appeal, we concluded that, because the jury failed to mark (a) and (c), a reversal of the death sentence was mandated due to a failure to comply with Ark.Code Ann. § 5-4-603(a)(b) and (c) (Repl.1993), which requires that the jury unanimously return these three written findings in order for a death sentence to be imposed. Id. at 645, 940 S.W.2d 464. Unlike the Camargo jury, Jones's jury made these three necessary statutory findings on Form Three. In Willett , the jury completed subsections (a) and (c) of Form Two in a conflicting manner. In subsection (a), the jurors unanimously found that the following mitigating circumstances probably existed at the time of the murder: (1) that Willett had no prior history of criminal conduct, (2) that he had been a model prisoner, and (3) that he had cooperated with police by voluntarily giving a statement about the crimes at issue. However, in subsection (c), the jurors found that there was evidence of the same three circumstances, but unanimously agreed that they were not mitigating circumstances. In reversing Willett's death sentence, we held that, On this record, it is impossible to discern whether the jury found any mitigating circumstances. Therefore, we reverse the judgments of sentence to death and remand for resentencing. Id. at 628, 911 S.W.2d 937. Conversely, in this case, it is not impossible to determine whether the jury found any mitigating circumstances. They clearly found three: (1) Jones cooperated with the police by voluntarily accompanying them to the police department; (2) Jones cooperated with the police by giving them a full confession and accepting full responsibility for these offenses; and (3) Jones had a turbulent and troubled childhood. In deciding this issue, the State asks us to clarify our previous interpretations of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Skipper v. South Carolina, 476 U.S. 1, 106 S.Ct. 1669, 90 L.Ed.2d 1 (1986). We agree that we must do so. In Willett and Camargo , we interpreted Skipper too broadly to mandate reversal in all cases involving errors relating to mitigating circumstances. Willett, 322 Ark. at 628, 911 S.W.2d 937; Camargo, 327 Ark. at 645, 940 S.W.2d 464. In Skipper , the Supreme Court held that it was error to prohibit Skipper from introducing the testimony of two jailers and a visitor who would have testified that he had made a good adjustment in jail between his arrest and his trial. The Court held that the exclusion of this evidence denied Skipper his right to place before his sentencer all relevant evidence in mitigation of punishment, and that the exclusion of relevant mitigating evidence at Skipper's trial impeded the sentencing jury's ability to carry out its task of considering all relevant facts of the character and record of the individual offender. Id. at 8, 106 S.Ct. at 1673. In Willett , our parenthetical explanation of Skipper went beyond the actual holding of the case. While we agree that the rule in Skipper provides that the exclusion of relevant mitigating evidence from the jury's consideration can never be harmless, we do not read Skipper to preclude the application of a harmless-error analysis to errors relating to the jury's consideration of that evidence. In the present case, Jones does not complain that he was unable to present relevant mitigating evidence to the jury. In fact, the record reflects that Jones presented his mitigating evidence through the testimony of nine witnesses who testified on his behalf during the penalty phase of his trial. We must also clarify our previous interpretations of Ark.Code Ann. § 5-4-603(d)(Repl.1993), which reads as follows: (d) On appellate review of a death sentence, if the Arkansas Supreme Court finds that the jury erred in finding the existence of any aggravating circumstance or circumstances for any reason and if the jury found no mitigating circumstances, the Arkansas Supreme Court shall conduct a harmless error review of the defendant's death sentence. The Arkansas Supreme Court shall conduct this harmless error review by: (1) Determining that the remaining aggravating circumstance or circumstances exist beyond a reasonable doubt; and (2) Determining that the remaining aggravating circumstance or circumstances justify a sentence of death beyond a reasonable doubt. (e) If the Arkansas Supreme Court concludes that the erroneous finding of any aggravating circumstances by the jury would not have changed the jury's decision to impose the death penalty on the defendant, then a simple majority of the court may vote to affirm the defendant's death sentence. (Emphasis added.) We have previously interpreted this provision to allow us to conduct a harmless-error analysis only if the jury found no mitigating circumstances. Greene v. State, 317 Ark. 350, 878 S.W.2d 384 (1994); Kemp v. State, supra . However, a plain reading of this provision reveals that it applies when the jury makes an error in finding that an aggravating circumstance exists. There was no such error in this case. The statute simply prescribes a set of parameters where this court must engage in a harmless-error analysis. It does not preclude us from conducting harmless-error analysis in other situations. We agree with the State that this issue is controlled by our decision in Wainwright v. State, 302 Ark. 371, 790 S.W.2d 420 (1990), cert. denied 499 U.S. 913, 111 S.Ct. 1123, 113 L.Ed.2d 231 (1991). In that case, Wainwright asserted that the trial court erred in denying his motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, which was based on his argument that the jury made inconsistent findings regarding a mitigating circumstance. On one form, the jury unanimously found that Wainwright did not resist when arrested; on another form it found this same mitigating factor did not exist. We recognized that, although the jury may have been inconsistent on this factor, it was clear in unanimously finding that three aggravating circumstances existed at the time appellant committed the murder. We affirmed the trial court's ruling that the error was harmless since the jury had specifically found that the aggravating circumstances outweighed beyond a reasonable doubt all mitigating circumstances, and that each juror, when individually polled, stated that he or she had voted for the death penalty. Id. at 387, 790 S.W.2d 420. The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals held that the jury's inconsistent findings did not rise to an Eighth or Fourteenth Amendment violation where the jury specifically found that three aggravators outweighed beyond a reasonable doubt all mitigating circumstances. Wainwright v. Lockhart, 80 F.3d 1226 (8th Cir.1996), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S.Ct. 395, 136 L.Ed.2d 310 (1996). In this case, the jury made inconsistent findings with regard to the following factors: (1) Jones suffered from the mental disease or defect of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; (2) despite his efforts, Jones was repeatedly misdiagnosed and treated with inappropriate medications; and (3) Jones's parents were often inconsistent in disciplining their children. It is unclear whether some or none of the jurors determined that these factors constituted mitigating circumstances. However, even if we were to resolve the confusion in Jones's favor and assume that some of the jurors did conclude that these factors constituted mitigating circumstances, it is clear that the jury unanimously concluded that five aggravating circumstances existed, and that these aggravators outweighed beyond a reasonable doubt any mitigating circumstances found by any juror to exist. To be sure, nothing in the forms indicated to the jury that a mitigating circumstance must have been found unanimously before it could be considered in the weighing process. Pickens v. State, 301 Ark. 244, 783 S.W.2d 341, cert. denied 497 U.S. 1011, 110 S.Ct. 3257, 111 L.Ed.2d 766 (1990). The jury further found that the aggravating circumstances justified beyond a reasonable doubt a sentence of death. Moreover, the jury was instructed that, if it made these three statutory findings, it may sentence Jones to death. Each juror signed a verdict form sentencing Jones to death, and each juror indicated orally that he or she had voted for the death penalty. Because the jury specifically found that five aggravators outweighed beyond a reasonable doubt any mitigating circumstances found by any juror to exist, we conclude that any inconsistencies by the jury in the completing of subsections (b) and (c) of Form Two were harmless error. See Wainwright v. State, supra .