Opinion ID: 167423
Heading Depth: 3
Heading Rank: 4

Heading: Probable cause to detain and arrest

Text: 134 Finally, the officers maintain they had probable cause to detain and arrest the plaintiffs, relying on Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318, 354, 121 S.Ct. 1536, 149 L.Ed.2d 549 (2001) (stating that [i]f an officer has probable cause to believe that an individual has committed even a very minor criminal offense in his presence, he may, without violating the Fourth Amendment, arrest the offender). To the extent the officers' brief raise arguments not raised in the trial court, we do not consider them. See Young v. United States, 394 F.3d 858, 861 n. 2 (10th Cir. 2005) ([The] general rule [is] that a federal appellate court does not consider an issue not passed upon below.) (quotation marks omitted). This argument was not raised before or ruled upon by the trial court, and we decline to address it here. We do note however, that, similar to the restrictions placed upon the officers' plain view argument when that view is within a person's home, such admonitions have equal force when the seizure of a person is involved. Payton, 445 U.S. at 587, 100 S.Ct. 1371. A greater burden is placed... on officials who enter a home or dwelling without consent. Freedom from intrusion into the home or dwelling is the archetype of the privacy protection secured by the Fourth Amendment. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).