Opinion ID: 853071
Heading Depth: 3
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Allen County's System of Pool Selection

Text: The computerized system used to select the jury pool for Azania's 1996 sentencing recommendation hearing was designed in 1980. The successive post-conviction court found that the system had four flaws, the net effect of which was exclusion of a number of jury pool members who resided in Wayne Township from the possibility of being called to serve. Specifically, in 1996, when Azania's penalty phase was retried, these problems excluded 4364 of 5013, or 87%, of Wayne Township voters from jury service. In that year, the countywide jury pool was 14,364.
The problem in Allen County's jury selection procedures may be readily stated in broad overview. The number of jurors needed for 1996 was first identified as 14,000. The program then selected 14,364 registered voters to be assigned a random number. Only persons assigned a number could be drawn for a panel. The assignment stopped after 10,000 voters had received numbers. Because the program worked through the voter list by township in alphabetical order, all of the excluded 4364 registered voters were Wayne Township residents. As a result, 87% of Wayne Township was excluded. This had a materially disproportionate effect on African-Americans because African-Americans comprised 8.5% of the total population of Allen County, and three fourths of that 8.5% resided in Wayne Township. The remainder of this Part I:B explains the details of how this occurred. Its legal implications are addressed in Part C.
The first problem resulted from a truncation feature embedded in the program since 1980. The program would first read the registered voter list and determine the total number of registered voters in the county and in each township. The program would then determine the percentage of all Allen County registered voters who resided in each township. Before each calendar year, the court administrator determined the desired number of jurors required for all Allen County courts for the entire year. Based upon the requested size of this master pool, the program then determined the number of jurors it needed to select from each township to ensure proportional representation of that township in the master pool. The total voter list for the township was then to be divided into that number of selection groups by dividing the total number of registered voters in the township by the number of jurors needed from the township. One juror was then to be chosen from each group. This division rarely produced an integer (e.g., 21). In almost all cases, it produced a real number (e.g., 21.2439). The program then truncated this real number by eliminating everything after the decimal point and converting the real number (21.2439) into an integer (21). The program then used the integer, rather than the real number, to select groups, identifying the first 21 as group 1, then 22 through 42 as group 2, etc. By using the truncated integer, which was a fraction smaller than the real number, rather than rounding to the nearest integer, the program produced roughly 5% more groups than the requested size of the master pool. A random number was then used to select one juror from each group, producing a response in the range of 10,500 names to a request for 10,000 jurors. Thus, from the outset of the program in 1980, this truncation caused more voters than were requested to be chosen for assignment of a random number. [2]
Regardless of how many names were included on the master jury pool list, from the outset the program assigned random numbersnecessary for actual selection to serveto only 10,000 voters. When the list exceeded 10,000 names, the effect of this was to cut the list off at 10,000. From 1980 to 1994, the court administrator requested annual master jury pools of 10,000 people. During that period, the approximately 500 excess jurors produced by the truncation feature were excluded from service, but only those 500 jurors were affected. In 1995, however, the requested number grew to 12,000 jurors, and the truncation feature added another 693, so 12,693 voters were selected. As a result of assigning a random number to only 10,000 jurors, 2693 of those jurors could not be called to serve. In 1996, the year of Azania's resentencing, the requested jury pool was 14,000, and the truncation feature added 364 names. As a result of the limitation to 10,000, 4364 of those did not receive random numbers and could not serve.
Finally, and importantly, the computer organized the county jury pool by townships in alphabetical order. This placed all Wayne Township jurors at the end of the list of 14,364. Thus, in each year since 1980 all of the excluded jury pool members were Wayne Township residents. The effect of these problems was not unfocused or randomly distributed over the county or over population groups. According to the 1990 census, African-Americans comprised 18,552 or 8.5% of the total age 18 and over Allen County population of 217,332. In addition, 13,937 (75.1%) of these 18,552 African-Americans resided in Wayne Township. Accordingly, the program excluded 87% of the jury pool members from the township in which 75.1% of Allen County's age 18 and over African-Americans resided. Azania argues that the result of these problems was that in the quarterly draw from which his jury pool was taken, African-Americanswho in a truly representative system would have comprised 8.5% of the poolin fact comprised only 4.4% of the pool. The post-conviction court rejected Azania's calculation as unreliable. The court ruled that using 1990 census data as a proxy for the racial composition of the 1996 voter registration listas well as using a mathematical formula to estimate the number of African-Americans in the quarterly draw from which Azania's jury was comprisedwas akin to asking the court to make an inference from an inference, something the court is not allowed to do. The post-conviction court may be correct that African-American citizens do not necessarily register to vote in proportion to their population, but Allen County did not maintain racial information about the voter list and we have nothing to go by except the census. Both the United States Supreme Court and the lower federal courts have repeatedly upheld the use of census figures in constitutional assaults on jury selection procedures. See Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357, 365, 99 S.Ct. 664, 58 L.Ed.2d 579 (1979) (upholding the use of six-year-old census data in fair cross-section challenge); Alexander v. Louisiana, 405 U.S. 625, 627, 92 S.Ct. 1221, 31 L.Ed.2d 536 (1972) (upholding the use of six-year-old census data in equal protection challenge); Davis v. Warden, 867 F.2d 1003, 1014 (7th Cir.1989); United States v. Osorio, 801 F.Supp. 966, 977-78 (D.Conn.1992). We agree with the courts that have concluded that under these circumstances a defendant should not be expected to carry a prohibitive burden in proving underrepresentation. Davis, 867 F.2d at 1014. Similarly, because no statistical data was available regarding the number of African-Americans in the quarterly draw from which Azania's jury was comprised, it was appropriate for Azania's expert witness to use a mathematical formula derived directly from the operation of Allen County's computerized system to estimate that number.