Opinion ID: 1239501
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Evidence of force.

Text: The defendant was charged and convicted of robbery, contrary to sec. 943.32 (1) (a), Stats. Sec. 943.32 provides, in part, as follows: 943.32 Robbery. (1) Whoever, with intent to steal, takes property from the person or presence of the owner by either of the following means may be imprisoned not more than 10 years: (a) By using force against the person of the owner with intent thereby to overcome his physical resistance or physical power of resistance to the taking or carrying away of the property; or (b) By threatening the imminent use of force against the person of the owner or of another who is present with intent thereby to compel the owner to acquiesce in the taking or carrying away of the property. . . . (3) In this section `owner' means a person in possession of property whether his possession is lawful or unlawful. Defendant argues that . . . there was no evidence that force against the body of the victim or the threat thereof was the factor that enabled the defendant to take her property. The victim testified at trial that she was fearful and apprehensive when she noticed the defendant was following her. She looked back three or four times and the defendant kept getting closer. She stopped and stood in front of a restaurant, in plain view of two men who were eating therein, hoping that she would be safe there until the defendant passed. She testified at trial, It happened in a split second. All I could see was the face. When the defendant snatched the bank pouch from her arm she said . . . [h]e pulled it out. On cross-examination, defense counsel inquired whether the pouch had been grabbed with one or two hands and the victim explained, I tell you, I was so scared and so petrified I don't know what happened, just that someone was towering over me and I just was scared. In State v. Lewis (1902), 113 Wis. 391, 89 N. W. 143, this court considered whether larceny from the person was included under sec. 4385, Stats. 1898, which then provided as follows: `Any person who shall assault another with intent to commit any burglary, robbery, rape or mayhem, or who shall advise or attempt to commit any arson or any other felony that shall fail in being committed, . . . shall be punished by imprisonment,' etc. State v. Lewis, supra, page 392. The court explained that it had held in a previous opinion . . . that the provisions of the act were not intended to include any attempt to commit felonies other than those which are `necessarily committed by force.' . . . State v. Lewis, supra, page 392. The defendant had been charged with an attempt to commit larceny from the person but was discharged by the lower court upon the ground that there was no such crime under the Wisconsin statutes at the time. The trial court's reasoning was that larceny from person was not necessarily committed by force but, in fact, usually accomplished by stealth. Thus, larceny from the person was found not to fall within the ambit of sec. 4385, Stats. 1898. The supreme court reversed and explained: The trial court seems to have confounded force with violence. Force, in legal contemplation, does not always mean physical violence. Thus, in prosecutions for assault and battery, any touching of the person or clothing of another in anger, or even spitting upon another, constitutes a battery. In legal contemplation such touching for a hostile or wrongful purpose is the application of force. 1 Wharton, Cr. Law (10th ed.), § 617. The law can draw no line between the different degrees of force. 2 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (2d ed.), 959. So, in burglary, an entry into the building, obtained by fraud, is deemed a forcible breaking, though accompanied by no actual force or violence. Nicholls v. State, 68 Wis. 416. Larceny from the person can only be accomplished by the use of some degree of force within the definition of force above given. There may be no actual violence; certainly none is generally intended. But there will necessarily be some slight touching of the clothing, person, or belongings attached to the person of another, which, though intended to be so slight that it will be unnoticed, is nevertheless a hostile and wrongful touch, and amounts to legal force. State v. Lewis, supra, page 393. Since State v. Lewis, supra , the legislature has created sec. 943.20, Stats., which provides, in part, as follows: 943.20 Theft. (1) ACTS. Whoever does any of the following may be penalized as provided in sub. (3): (a) Intentionally takes and carries away, uses, transfers, conceals, or retains possession of movable property of another without his consent and with intent to deprive the owner permanently of possession of such property. . . . (3) PENALTIES. Penalties for violation of this section shall be as follows: . . . (d) If the value of the property is less than $2,500 and any of the following circumstances exist, a fine of not more than $5,000 or imprisonment for not more than 5 years or both: . . . 2. The property is taken from the person of another or from a corpse; . . . The defendant argues that the defendant is guilty of theft from a person under sec. 943.20 (1) (a) and (3) (d) 2, Stats., rather than robbery under sec. 943.32. We are not persuaded by this argument. The victim was clutching the pouch between her arms and her stomach. It is undisputed that it was taken from her by force and in such a manner as to overcome any physical resistance or power of resistance by the victim. These facts do not constitute a theft from a person or corpse within the contemplation of sec. 943.20.