Opinion ID: 1799945
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 5

Heading: Disposition of Case at Hand

Text: The order of the trial court is affirmed in light of the principles set out in paragraphs I to IV of this opinion for the following reasons: (1) The conviction of the defendant in this case was final before the decision in Escobedo v. State of Illinois, 378 U.S. 478, 84 S.Ct. 1758, 12 L.Ed.2d 977. (2) The record in this case fails to show any affirmative action on the part of the law enforcement authorities whereby defendant was denied the services of retained counsel. (3) The conviction in this case was final before the pronouncement of the United States Supreme Court in Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368, 84 S.Ct. 1774, 12 L.Ed.2d 908. If there was no separate determination of voluntariness here (and on this point the record is not wholly clear), Jackson v. Denno, supra, applied prospectively only cannot be a basis for reversal of the conviction. (4) There was in this case no adequate objection at the time of trial based upon the Federal constitutional grounds now asserted either to the receipt of the confession or to the procedure by which voluntariness was determined. We do not exercise our discretion to waive the requirement of timely trial objection because the record considered as a whole supports the conviction for the reasons outlined in our prior decision. State v. Rasmussen, 268 Minn. 42, 128 N.W. 2d 289.