Opinion ID: 2777576
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Application of Estrella to This Case

Text: 2 Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 125 S. Ct. 1254 (2005). 7 Case: 14-10230 Date Filed: 02/06/2015 Page: 8 of 12 Summarizing, Estrella held that a conviction under Florida Statute § 790.19 is not categorically a crime of violence for purposes of application of the 16-level crime-of-violence enhancement under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii). But that is not the end of the analysis because Estrella also concluded that § 790.19 is a divisible statute and hence use of the modified categorical test is appropriate. To apply that test here, we must next examine any Shepard-approved documents to see whether those documents identify the particular mens rea element upon which the prior conviction of the defendant in this case rested. But the government has conceded that the only Shepard-approved document here is the information charging Defendant with § 790.19, which information charges that Defendant “wantonly or maliciously” threw a deadly missile at an occupied vehicle. As Defendant’s nolo contendere plea was to an information charging him in the disjunctive with wantonly or maliciously committing a particular act in violation of § 790.19 (not with “wantonly and maliciously” doing so), we are likewise unable to determine on which mens rea element Defendant’s conviction was based. For that reason, we concur with Defendant’s argument and accept the government’s concession that the district court erred in concluding that this prior conviction was for a crime-ofviolence offense.