Opinion ID: 106850
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 3

Heading: After 1868.

Text: The years following 1868, far from indicating a developing awareness of the applicability of the Fourteenth Amendment to problems of apportionment, demonstrate precisely the reverse: that the States retained and exercised the power independently to apportion their legislatures. In its Constitutions of 1875 and 1901, Alabama carried forward earlier provisions guaranteeing each county at least one representative and fixing an upper limit to the number of seats in the House. [52] Florida's Constitution of 1885 continued the guarantee of one representative for each county and reduced the maximum number of representatives per county from four to three. [53] Georgia, in 1877, continued to favor the smaller counties. [54] Louisiana, in 1879, guaranteed each parish at least one representative in the House. [55] In 1890, Mississippi guaranteed each county one representative, established a maximum number of representatives, and provided that specified groups of counties should each have approximately one-third of the seats in the House, whatever the spread of population. [56] Missouri's Constitution of 1875 gave each county one representative and otherwise favored less populous areas. [57] Montana's original Constitution of 1889 apportioned the State Senate by counties. [58] In 1877, New Hampshire amended its Constitution's provisions for apportionment, but continued to favor sparsely settled areas in the House and to apportion seats in the Senate according to direct taxes paid; [59] the same was true of New Hampshire's Constitution of 1902. [60] In 1894, New York adopted a Constitution the peculiar apportionment provisions of which were obviously intended to prevent representation according to population: no county was allowed to have more than one-third of all the Senators, no two counties which were adjoining or separated only by public waters could have more than one-half of all the Senators, and whenever any county became entitled to more than three Senators, the total number of Senators was increased, thus preserving to the small counties their original number of seats. [61] In addition, each county except Hamilton was guaranteed a seat in the Assembly. [62] The North Carolina Constitution of 1876 gave each county at least one representative and fixed a maximum number of representatives for the whole House. [63] Oklahoma's Constitution at the time of its admission to the Union (1907) favored small counties by the use of partial ratios and a maximum number of seats in the House; in addition, no county was permitted to take part in the election of more than seven representatives. [64] Pennsylvania, in 1873, continued to guarantee each county one representative in the House. [65] The same was true of South Carolina's Constitution of 1895, which provided also that each county should elect one and only one Senator. [66] Utah's original Constitution of 1895 assured each county of one representative in the House. [67] Wyoming, when it entered the Union in 1889, guaranteed each county at least one Senator and one representative. [68]