Opinion ID: 6572
Heading Depth: 4
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Sun's Act or Omission

Text: The district court also found that Sun's failure to load the cargo at temperatures which reached at least twenty to thirty degrees above the pour point caused the loss of the fuel. We agree. Witnesses for both Sun and the Carriers testified that the industry standard required high-temperature fuel oil to be loaded twenty to thirty degrees above the pour point.11 These witnesses explained that the industry requires such oil to be loaded at high temperatures because transportation in oft-times cooler waters will 11 In Tenneco Resins, Inc., we recognized that industry standards are appropriate guides in COGSA cases. See Tenneco Resins, Inc., 881 F.2d at 213-14. 11 cause a decrease in the temperature of at least some of the oil. In the case sub judice, Sun failed to meet this industry standard. There is no dispute that the average temperature of the cargo in this case, when loaded, was below the pour point. Sun had the duty to ensure that fuel oil was pumped on board at a sufficient temperature.12 Its failure to perform this obligation, without doubt, caused the ROB. The exception set forth in section 1304(2)(i) therefore applies in this case.