Opinion ID: 751641
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 4

Heading: Variance Between the Indictment and Proof at Trial

Text: 63 Adrian contends that the indictment alleged one conspiracy lasting from March to November 1995, but that the evidence presented at trial indicates there were multiple conspiracies, only one of which involved him. Since this issue has been raised for the first time on appeal, we review it for plain error. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993). 64 In order to determine whether multiple conspiracies existed, we consider three factors: (1) a common goal, (2) the nature of the scheme, (3) overlapping of participants in the various transactions. See United States v. Jensen, 41 F.3d 946, 956 (5th Cir.1994). Based on these factors, we hold that the evidence supports the existence of a single conspiracy in which the co-conspirators, including Adrian, shared the common goal of importing large quantities of marihuana from Mexico for distribution in the United States. The scheme involved several escort vehicles accompanying single drug-laden vehicles from Mexico to Midland. While some of the participants in the individual trips varied, the evidence supports the inference that the Britos were materially involved throughout the existence of the conspiracy. We hold that the evidence at trial proved the existence of a single conspiracy in accordance with the indictment. 65 As a corollary to his argument that there were multiple conspiracies, Adrian argues that he was only involved in the November 19, 1995, transaction. Although the clearest evidence against Adrian was related to the November 19, 1995, transaction, there was evidence supporting Adrian's involvement prior to that date. 66 We hold that there was adequate evidence of a single conspiracy and of Adrian's involvement as a co-conspirator well before November 19.