Opinion ID: 375962
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 7

Heading: instruction on lesser included offense

Text: 36 Rosales-Lopez requested, but did not receive, an instruction on the lesser-included offense of aiding and abetting the illegal entry of an alien under 8 U.S.C. Sec. 1325 and 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2. He argues that 8 U.S.C. Sec. 1324(a)(1) contains an element of knowledge that the alien entered the United States within the past three years, which is in addition to the elements of aiding and abetting entry under Sec. 1325. 37 We cannot agree that Sec. 1325 is properly chargeable as a lesser included offense. An element of the charge of aiding and abetting any offense under 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2 is guilty knowledge. In this regard, we cannot find that Sec. 1324 imposes an additional element in the government's burden of proof. Cf. United States v. Wishart, 582 F.2d 236 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 987, 99 S.Ct. 582, 58 L.Ed.2d 660 (1978); United States v. Madden, 525 F.2d 972 (5th Cir. 1976).