Opinion ID: 1734552
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Heading: The Inference of Intent.

Text: Intentional-act exclusions have been considered in several of our cases. In McAndrews v. Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Co., 349 N.W.2d 117 (Iowa 1984), the insured, who was sued for assault and battery, sought coverage under a policy that excluded coverage for bodily injury or property damage which is either expected or intended from the standpoint of the insured. The insured conceded that he intentionally struck the victim but claimed that it was in self-defense. He argued that the intentional-act exclusion of the policy would not apply because the act was done in self-defense, and the insurance company was obligated to defend. We concluded that the insured's striking of the victim was an act excluded from coverage because it was intentional, even if done in self-defense. Id. at 120. In Altena v. United Fire and Casualty Co., 422 N.W.2d 485 (Iowa 1988), the insured sexually abused a woman who sought a declaration that the insured's liability policy covered the incident. The insurance company relied on its exclusion for any bodily injury which is expected or intended by the insured and denied coverage. Id. at 486. The victim claimed on appeal that sexual abuse could not be a basis for inferring an intent to injure because sexual abuse could conceivably be established without proof of an intent to injure. She argued that it was not enough that the insured had intended to do the acts; the insurance company must also establish that the insured had an actual or subjective intent to injure her. The insured testified that he had no such intent. Id. at 487. We held in Altena that an intent to cause injury may be inferred by the nature of the act and the accompanying reasonable foreseeability of harm. Once intent to cause injury is established, it is immaterial that the actual injury caused is of a different character or magnitude than that intended. We held that coverage was excluded by the policy. Id. at 488. In AMCO Insurance Co. v. Haht, 490 N.W.2d 843 (Iowa 1992), we reached a different result. We concluded that, despite an exclusion for bodily injury ... intended by the insured, there was coverage for an eleven-year-old child who deliberately struck another child with a baseball after becoming irritated in a neighborhood baseball game. We did so, distinguishing Altena, on the ground that the nature of the acts and the policy language were different. In American Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. Wubbena, 496 N.W.2d 783 (Iowa App. 1992), three boys aged twelve to fifteen were playing with BB guns. One of the boys became angry and said I'm going to get you. He took a BB gun from another of the youths and shot twice at the victim who was hiding behind a tree. On the second shot, he struck the victim in the eye. In the Wubbena case, the court of appeals discussed both AMCO and Altena. It concluded that the expected or intended by any insured language was applicable and would preclude recovery: Here, we have a fifteen-year-old boy with a [BB] gun in hand who shot twice at the victim. There can be little, if any, question that he intended to do the act which he committed. We must next determine whether he intended to cause some kind of bodily injury. Again applying the principles of Altena, we believe that it can be inferred as a matter of law that when a person shoots a [BB] gun at another, there is the intent to cause bodily injury. Some harm is inherent in and inevitably results from such an act. The character of the act of pointing a [BB] gun at another is such that physical harm can be foreseen as accompanying it. Wubbena, 496 N.W.2d at 785. Understandably, the claimants in the present case rely heavily on the AMCO case. However, we made it clear in AMCO that that case was distinguishable from Altena. We said that: We in no way retreat from our holding in Altena; we merely hold it does not apply on this policy in these special circumstances. To apply Altena here would grossly overemphasize the vague, uncertain meanderings in the mind of an eleven-year-old child involved in a playground spat. The exclusion does not apply and the district court was correct in so holding. AMCO, 490 N.W.2d at 846. We believe the present case aligns more closely with Altena, McAndrews, and Wubbena than it does with AMCO. In AMCO, the act consisted of a single throw of a baseball, while in the present case the acts consisted of three separate blows of the child's head against the floor. Expert testimony at the trial established the force to be in excess of that which would have been received in a forty-five-foot fall. As we noted in Altena, the repetitious nature of the acts supports an inference of an intent to injure. Altena, 422 N.W.2d at 490. Under the facts of the present case, we believe the inference of intent to cause injury is stronger than that in AMCO and mandates an inference of intent to injure.