Opinion ID: 2231692
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 5

Heading: sixth amendment's jury trial requirement

Text: Both the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and article I, §§ 6 and 11, of the Nebraska Constitution guarantee a criminal defendant the right to trial by an impartial jury for serious offenses. [12] The 6th Amendment's jury trial guarantee is made applicable to the states by the 14th Amendment. [13] And the U.S. Supreme Court established the contours of the Sixth Amendment's guarantee in three recent cases. In Apprendi v. New Jersey , [14] the U.S. Supreme Court first held that a sentence violates a defendant's constitutional rights if the sentencing court has imposed a greater sentence than the maximum it could have imposed without the challenged finding. The defendant pled guilty to the possession of a firearm for an unlawful purpose. The sentencing court then found by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant's actions warranted an enhanced sentence under the state's hate crime statute. The defendant had not admitted that his actions were racially motivated. The Court determined that the enhanced sentence violated the Sixth Amendment's jury trial guarantee. It held that [o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt. [15] Four years later, in Blakely, [16] the U.S. Supreme Court decided whether a defendant is entitled to have a jury determine the aggravating factors. The facts admitted in the defendant's guilty plea authorized the court to sentence him to a standard sentencing range. The sentencing court, however, increased the maximum standard sentence by more than 3 years. It found that the defendant had acted with deliberate cruelty, an aggravating factor for an exceptional sentence under the sentencing statutes. The Court held that this enhanced sentence also violated the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. It clarified that the statutory maximum for Apprendi purposes is the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant. . . . In other words, the relevant statutory maximum is not the maximum sentence a judge may impose after finding additional facts, but the maximum he may impose without any additional findings. When a judge inflicts punishment that the jury's verdict alone does not allow, the jury has not found all the facts which the law makes essential to the punishment . . . and the judge exceeds his proper authority. [17] Finally, in United States v. Booker , [18] the Court applied its holding in Blakely to the federal sentencing guidelines. The Court stated: Any fact (other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. [19] The sentencing court found the defendant possessed a larger quantity of drugs than the quantity presented to the jury. The larger quantity was a fact that enhanced his sentence under the guidelines. In a separate, remedial opinion, a majority of the Court in Booker concluded it could preserve the federal sentencing guidelines by severing and deleting the statutory provision that made the guidelines mandatory. [20] It reasoned that engrafting its constitutional jury trial requirements onto sentencing statutes would prevent a sentencing court from relying on any information that a prosecutor had not alleged and proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. The Court noted that the prohibition could extend even to information in a presentence report. This result would undermine the purpose of the guidelines, which was to ensure similar sentences for those who have committed similar crimes in similar ways. [21] But, in Cunningham v. California, [22] the Court recently reiterated that broad discretion to decide what facts may support an enhanced sentence, or to determine whether an enhanced sentence is warranted . . . does not shield a sentencing system from the force of our decisions. If the jury's verdict alone does not authorize the sentence, if, instead, the judge must find an additional fact to impose the longer term, the Sixth Amendment requirement is not satisfied. In Cunningham, the Court concluded that the defendant's sentence violated the Sixth Amendment. The state court had sentenced him to the upper term of a three-tiered sentencing statute after it found the existence of aggravating circumstances. Apprendi and Blakely did not involve restitution, and all federal courts of appeals have held that they do not apply to restitution orders. [23] Although we reject the rationale that Blakely has no application because restitution is a civil remedy, [24] we agree that the U.S. Supreme Court did not intend to extend the Sixth Amendment's jury trial guarantee to restitution hearings. We reach this conclusion because we agree that a judge's fact-finding for restitution does not result in a sentence that exceeds a statutory maximum. The hate crime statute in Apprendi authorized an additional punishment if the sentencing court found there was racial animus, just as Nebraska's restitution statute authorizes additional punishment if the sentencing court concludes that that sentence is proper. [25] And, as noted, under Nebraska's restitution statutes, a court may engage in factfinding to determine restitution. [26] But the critical distinction is that for restitution, the sentencing court is not required to make any additional finding of fact regarding the defendant's conduct or offense. The U.S. Supreme Court's holdings in Apprendi, Blakely, and Booker focused on a defendant's conduct or motivations, or other facts related to the crime, such as a victim's vulnerability. The Court's Sixth Amendment decisions responded to an increased emphasis on sentencing factors by legislatures. This has meant that for sentencing, the jury's role in finding guilt is diminished. [27] As the enhancements became greater, the jury's finding of the underlying crime became less significant. And the enhancements became very serious indeed. [28] Thus, all the facts found by trial judges that rendered the sentences unconstitutional were facts that made the defendant's offense more serious or culpable and hence exposed the defendant to a greater sentencing range. In contrast, a court's factfinding regarding restitution is limited to determining the victim's actual damages and the defendant's ability to pay. When a sentencing court concludes the punishment warrants restitution, it does so based only on the fact of conviction. As federal courts have noted, it is the conviction that authorizes restitution. [29] Section 29-2280 authorizes a court to order restitution for actual . . . loss sustained by the victim as a direct result of the offense for which the defendant has been convicted.  (emphasis supplied.) Therefore, the district court could properly order restitution because Clapper admitted that he had recklessly caused bodily injury to the victim. Further, a sentencing court's factfinding in determining restitution does not expose the defendant to any greater punishment than § 29-2280 authorizes, which is for the full amount of the victim's actual damages. [30] [W]hen the court determines the amount of loss, it is merely giving definite shape to the restitution penalty born out of the conviction. [31] Thus, a restitution order for the amount of loss cannot be said to `exceed the statutory maximum' provided under the penalty statutes. [32] We determine that because a defendant's conviction authorizes restitution for the full amount of the victim's losses, a judge's fact-finding to determine restitution does not result in punishment that exceeds any statutory maximum imposed on the defendant's punishment. Thus, the U.S. Supreme Court's holding in Blakely v. Washington does not apply.