Opinion ID: 2679614
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 3

Heading: Commerce Clause and Ex Post Facto Clause

Text: Finally, Richardson argues that SORNA’s registration requirements violate the Commerce Clause and Ex Post Facto Clause. These challenges are foreclosed in this circuit. See United States v. Cabrera-Gutierrez, No. 12-30233, 2014 WL 998173, at  (9th Cir. Mar. 17, 2014) (Commerce Clause); United States v. Shoulder, 738 F.3d 948, 954 (9th Cir. 2013) (Ex Post Facto Clause challenge to the SORNA registration requirements); United States v. Elkins, 683 F.3d 1039, 1045 (9th Cir. 2012) (same). We therefore reject them. 10 UNITED STATES V. RICHARDSON