Opinion ID: 4523206
Heading Depth: 4
Heading Rank: 3

Heading: A man plans a robbery, buys the

Text: necessary gear, and drives toward the target, but returns home after seeing police in the vicinity. Each scenario describes an attempted Hobbs Act robbery. In (1), the man uses physical force. In (2), the man attempts to use physical force. In (3), the man does not use, attempt to use, or threaten to use physical force, even though he intended to commit a robbery and took a substantial step 559 U.S. 133, 140 (2010)). “Physical” force is “[f]orce consisting in a physical act”—as distinguished from “intellectual force or emotional force.” Johnson, 559 U.S. at 138–39. UNITED STATES V. DOMINGUEZ 25 toward committing it. 2 This last scenario—a possible “least serious form” of attempted Hobbs Act robbery—shows that an attempted Hobbs Act robbery does not qualify as a crime of violence under the elements clause.