Opinion ID: 4174111
Heading Depth: 3
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Title VII and Title IX

Text: Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers from discriminating against an individual “because of such individual’s . . . sex.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). Title VII also prohibits employers from retaliating against employees who have opposed an unlawful employment practice such as sex discrimination. Id. § 2000e-3(a). Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 provides similar protections. It prohibits discrimination “on the basis of sex” in educational programs or activities receiving federal funding. 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a). This includes a prohibition on employment discrimination in federally funded educational programs. N. Haven Bd. of Educ. v. Bell, 456 U.S. 512, 535-36 (1982). Title IX also prohibits retaliation against individuals because they have complained of sex discrimination. Jackson v. Birmingham Bd. of Educ., 544 U.S. 167, 183 (2005) (interpreting Title IX as creating a private right of action for such a claim).