Opinion ID: 203588
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 3

Heading: analysis

Text: The petitioner's brief is not a model of clarity. As best we can tell, he appears to be making three basic claims of error. We address these claims sequentially.
The petitioner's most loudly bruited claim is that his mental impairment was so obvious throughout the course of the proceedings that the IJ, acting sua sponte, should have initiated a competency evaluation. In the petitioner's view, this failure transgressed the Due Process Clause. We do not agree. As a matter of background, it is important to recognize that not every trial error sinks to the level of a due process violation. This principle has special relevance in asylum proceedings, in which the relief sought comprises a discretionary grant by the Attorney General. See Laurent, 359 F.3d at 61-62; see also 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). Aliens seeking asylum are entitled to basic procedural protections and to a fair hearing  but not to a letter-perfect one. See Pulisir v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 302, 311 (1st Cir.2008); Brue v. Gonzales, 464 F.3d 1227, 1233 (10th Cir.2006). In this context, fundamental fairness means in general terms that the alien must have a meaningful opportunity to present evidence and be heard by an impartial judge. See, e.g., Sok v. Mukasey, 541 F.3d 43, 47-48 (1st Cir.2008); Aguilar-Solis, 168 F.3d at 568-69. In managing an asylum hearing, however, an IJ may work within wide margins without offend[ing] the principle of fundamental fairness. Laurent, 359 F.3d at 62. An incompetent alien is entitled to additional procedural safeguards to help ensure the realization of his due process right to a fundamentally fair hearing. As authorized by statute, 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(3), the Attorney General has promulgated regulations that spell out the additional rights of aliens who are handicapped by mental incompetency. See 8 C.F.R. §§ 1240.4, 1240.10(c). As we shall explain, this case does not require us to probe those regulations. [2] Whether an alien is competent is a different question. The petitioner here was represented by counsel  and in the first instance, it is the advocate's role, not the IJ's, to broach the issue of mental competence. See Brue, 464 F.3d at 1233; see also Sok, 541 F.3d at 47-48. In this instance, the petitioner's counsel failed to raise the issue of competency in the immigration court, nor did he request that an evaluation of the petitioner's competency be undertaken. The failure to raise a competency issue in a timely manner renders an ensuing claim of error particularly weak. See Sok, 541 F.3d at 47-48. Put another way, where as here a petitioner fails to bring the possibility of incompetence to the attention of the immigration court, an IJ is not normally expected to initiate evaluative proceedings sua sponte. See id. Of course, exceptional circumstances may require extraordinary measures. Here, however, the circumstances are not exceptional. The record contains no significantly probative evidence of any lack of competency on the petitioner's part. Certainly, the petitioner submitted none. His plea for relief is further undercut because he did not ask the BIA to allow him to reopen to present new evidence of incompetency, nor did he make a proffer of what the new evidence might have shown. Finally, he continues to refrain from offering any such enlightenment in this venue. When all is said and done, the petitioner's claim seems to rest entirely on the premise that his incompetence is evident from the record of the hearing. We have scoured the record and find that it belies the petitioner's premise. Reading the hearing transcript, the most that we could expect the IJ to have seen is that, on a few isolated occasions, the petitioner stumbled over his answers and that his statements, overall, were inconsistent with those given during prior interviews. In our view, these glitches are more consistent with a prevaricating petitioner than with a mentally incompetent one. [3] This leaves the bare assertions of the petitioner's counsel. Those assertions simply cannot carry the weight of a due process claim. An attorney's conclusory statements regarding his client's mental incompetence, proffered for the first time in an appellate brief, are not a substitute for proof. [4] If more were needed  and we doubt that it is  succeeding on a due process claim would require a showing of prejudice; that is, a showing that the faulty practice prejudiced the conduct of the hearing in some material way, such that it affected the outcome. See Pulisir, 524 F.3d at 311. A petitioner can carry his burden only by a specific showing that the challenged practice likely affected the result of the hearing. See id.; see also Teng v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 12, 17-18 (1st Cir. 2008). In this case, it is unclear how the lack of a competency evaluation could have prejudiced the petitioner's substantial rights. For one thing, there is nothing to indicate that the petitioner either is or would have been found to be incompetent. For another thing, incompetency is not a basis for a grant of asylum, [5] see Nee Hao Wong v. INS, 550 F.2d 521, 523 (9th Cir. 1977), and there has been no showing that a guardian would have been able to offer proof that would have established the petitioner's case. That ends this aspect of the matter. For aught that appears, the petitioner had the hearing that due process required. He was represented by counsel, presented testimony and evidence, plainly understood the questions posed to him, and seems to have appreciated the consequences attendant to the hearing. As a matter of procedural due process, no more was exigible. See id.; Aguilar-Solis, 168 F.3d at 568-69.
An applicant for asylum has the burden of proving that he is a refugee because of either past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of a statutorily protected ground such as race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A); 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(2). Although an applicant's credible testimony may be sufficient to carry his burden of proof, an IJ is entitled to evaluate the asylum-seeker's credibility and to require corroboration of self-serving testimony when such corroboration appears to be readily obtainable. See Chhay, 540 F.3d at 6. Material inconsistencies between an early immigration interview and later testimony may form the basis for an adverse credibility determination. See, e.g., Bebri, 545 F.3d at 48; Pan, 489 F.3d at 86. To a large extent, determining credibility is a matter of sound judgment and common sense. Thus, when an alien's earlier statements omit any mention of a particularly significant event or datum, an IJ is justified  at least in the absence of a compelling explanation  in doubting the petitioner's veracity. See, e.g., Segran, 511 F.3d at 7. After all, an alien's testimony need not be taken at face value. Bebri, 545 F.3d at 49 n. 2. We add, moreover, that an IJ is entitled to consider the context and the totality of the circumstances in evaluating credibility. See id. So too the IJ is warranted in weighing in the balance the existence and availability of corroborating evidence, and the effect of its non-production. See Chhay, 540 F.3d at 6; Kho v. Keisler, 505 F.3d 50, 57 (1st Cir.2007). Finally, a credibility determination is not necessarily an all-or-nothing proposition; an IJ may choose to believe one part of an alien's testimony, disbelieve other parts, and accord different weight to different pieces of testimony. See Chhay, 540 F.3d at 8. Here, the petitioner tries to cloak this claim of error in the raiment of due process. This masquerade does not alter the standard of review. Although the petitioner uses the vocabulary of due process, his attack, stripped to its bare essence, is on the IJ's factfinding. As such, the substantial evidence standard governs. See Pan, 489 F.3d at 84. So viewed, the petitioner's claim fails. Merely weighing the evidence in a way that is unfavorable to the petitioner's interests is neither a violation of due process nor a badge of error. Chhay, 540 F.3d at 8. Simply put, this is a case in which the petitioner has told different tales at different times. In that circumstance, a judge is entitled to sharply discount the testimony. Pan, 489 F.3d at 86; see Nikijuluw v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 115, 121 (1st Cir.2005). And the utter lack of corroboration, easily obtainable were the petitioner's tale true, [6] supports the adverse credibility determination. To cinch matters, the IJ explained his reasoning persuasively and in great detail. That explanation focused on the petitioner's failure to mention any of his supposedly extensive political activities in either of his original immigration interviews. The IJ noted as well that the petitioner did not see fit to refer to the two murders of family members until the hearing. The IJ was understandably skeptical that the petitioner's failure to report these important events earlier indicated recent fabrication. See Segran, 511 F.3d at 7. Finally, the IJ pointed to the petitioner's prior statement that he came to the United States seeking work. That was flatly inconsistent with his later claim that he was fleeing persecution. In sum, we find no reason to disturb the IJ's adverse credibility determination. [7] The record, fairly read, does not compel a finding that the petitioner testified truthfully. It follows inexorably that the adverse credibility determination is bulwarked by substantial evidence. See Aguilar-Solis, 168 F.3d at 571.
The petitioner's last claim of error relates to the missing transcript of the master calendar conference. This claim is jejune. To comply with the demands of due process, hearing transcripts need only be reasonably complete and accurate. See Kheireddine v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 80, 84-85 (1st Cir.2005). To make out a due process violation based on gaps in the record, then, a petitioner must show at a bare minimum that the gaps relate to matters material to his case and that the absence of missing transcripts is prejudicial. See id. Simply showing an imperfection in the record is not enough; the complaining party must show specific prejudice materially affecting his ability to obtain meaningful review. Teng, 516 F.3d at 17. Here, the record of the immigration proceeding is substantially complete. Indeed, the record of the hearing itself is complete in every particular. The petitioner's remonstrance relates only to the missing transcript of a brief calendar conference, at which no evidence was taken. The petitioner has provided a barebones outline of this objection: his counsel makes a conclusory statement that the emergency room notes would have had a bearing on the issue of competence. But he fails plausibly to explain how or why that is so. In any event, the law is pellucid that if a missing transcript reasonably could be recreated by the complaining party, its absence is not prejudicial. See Kheireddine, 427 F.3d at 86. This is such a case. The original emergency room record presumably still exists, yet the petitioner made no effort before the BIA (or before us, for that matter) either to produce that record or to explain why it is not available. Because it would have been child's play simply to resubmit these notes, this claim of error founders.