Opinion ID: 2831116
Heading Depth: 4
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: for murder, by death or life imprisonment,

Text: or a fine under this title, or both. - 27 - Pequeque's murder. And that is sufficient for a murder conviction under Puerto Rico law. See Puerto Rico Penal Code Articles 105 and 106 (respectively, P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 33, §§ 4733, 4734 (2004).16 As to the second VICAR element, the Defendants have provided no developed reasoning as to why the trial evidence would not suffice to show at least part of their motive for the murder was to advance or maintain their position within La ONU. See United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 17 (1st Cir. 1990) (noting that undeveloped arguments are waived).17 We need not tarry on this point. The VICAR conviction stands. 16 Article 105 defines murder as kill[ing] another human being with intent. P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 33, § 4733. First-degree murder, Article 106, is (in relevant part) [a]ny murder committed . . . with premeditation. P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 33, § 4734. Any other intentional killing of a human being constitutes second degree murder. Id. Liable as a principal under Puerto Rico law is anyone who participates directly in the commission of a crime, forces, provokes, abets or induces another person to commit a crime, or cooperates before, simultaneously or after the commission of a crime, and without whose participation the crime could not have been perpetrated. P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 33, §§ 4671(a), (b), (d). 17 Perhaps this omission was intentional, as it would be meritless on this record. See United States v. Tse, 135 F.3d 200, 206 (1st Cir. 1998) (holding that the government need not prove that advancement in the enterprise was a defendant's sole motive for committing the VICAR crime and that the government need only show that defendant committed the acts because he knew it was expected of him by reason of his membership or that he committed the acts in furtherance of that membership (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted)). - 28 -