Opinion ID: 2977642
Heading Depth: 3
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Rashid

Text: At one point during the trial, the government attempted to show that certain unsigned tax documents had been prepared by defendants by reference to a “digital fingerprint” which indicated that the documents had been prepared with software in use at the firm. Rashid challenges this practice and cites various cases on reasonable doubt. His precise argument is difficult to follow, but it seems to suggest that this evidence was insufficient to prove guilt and/or that it was improperly admitted. Standing alone, this evidence would be insufficient to convict Rashid. For reasons already stated, however, the evidence presented at trial, taken as a whole, was sufficient to convict him. Claims about relevance are similarly unavailing. Evidence about the presence of a mark on these documents indicating that they had been prepared using software in the possession of defendants is 29 certainly relevant and admissible under the rules of evidence. See Fed. R. Evid. 401, 403.