Opinion ID: 2112113
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 3

Heading: whether the trial court erroneously instructed the jury.

Text: Gerlachs contend the trial court erred in instructing the jury on assumption of the risk and contributory negligence, asserting these instructions were not supported by the evidence. The jury was given the following three pattern jury instructions: Instruction No. 29 It is the law that a person cannot be heard to complain of a dangerous condition, situation or conduct when such person with knowledge thereof voluntarily places himself or herself in a position or voluntarily continues in a position wherein he or she knows of hazard of injury or damage to himself or herself from such dangerous condition, situation or conduct. To support an assumption of the risk defense, the defendant must show that the plaintiffs not only had knowledge of the existence of the specific risk involved and appreciation of its character, but also that they voluntarily accepted this risk. This requires the defendant to show that the plaintiffs had a sufficient amount of time, knowledge and experience to make an intelligent choice. If this is shown, the plaintiffs are deemed to have assumed the risk of injury or damage and is [sic] not entitled to any recovery. S.D. Pattern Jury Instruction 13-01. Instruction No. 26 In such actions as this, and except as otherwise elsewhere stated in these instructions, a claimant for damages cannot recover if he was himself contributorily negligent. Such contributory negligence exists when such claimant was himself negligent as negligence has been defined in another instruction, and when such negligence of the claimant, combined with the negligence of another or others, causes the accident. Therefore, and if the jury should find such claimant himself negligent, it would not be contributory negligence unless the jury should also find that if it had not been for such claimant's negligence the accident would not have happened. S.D. Pattern Jury Instruction 11-01. Instruction No. 28 While the same conduct on the part of the plaintiff may amount to both assumption of risk and contributory negligence, there is a distinction between the two defenses. An essential factor in contributory negligence is that it contributes as a proximate cause of the injury. Assumption of risk, however, if it meets the requirements stated to you, will bar recovery of damage although it plays no part in causing the accident except merely to expose the person to danger. S.D. Pattern Jury Instruction 13-02. Ordinarily, questions of negligence, contributory negligence and assumption of the risk will be for the jury to decide, so long as there is evidence to support them. Ballard v. Happy Jack's Supper Club, 425 N.W.2d 385, 389 (S.D.1988); Stenholtz v. Modica, 264 N.W.2d 514, 517 (S.D.1978). A trial court is to present only those instructions which are supported by competent evidence in the record. Schelske v. South Dakota Poultry Co-op, 465 N.W.2d 187, 190 (S.D.1991); Hills of Rest Memorial Park v. Witte, 427 N.W.2d 848 (S.D. 1988); Kallis v. Beers, 375 N.W.2d 642 (S.D.1985); Frazier v. Norton, 334 N.W.2d 865 (S.D.1983); Atyeo v. Paulsen, 319 N.W.2d 164 (S.D.1982); Van Zee v. Sioux Valley Hospital, 315 N.W.2d 489 (S.D. 1982); Olesen v. Snyder, 277 N.W.2d 729 (S.D.1979). In considering whether there is evidentiary support for an instruction, a reviewing court must give the evidence the most favorable construction it will reasonably bear. If there is some evidence bearing on the issue, a reviewing court will not disturb the trial court's giving of an instruction. Zee v. Assam, 336 N.W.2d 162, 164 (S.D. 1983). In order to support an assumption of the risk defense, a defendant must show: (1) plaintiff had actual or constructive knowledge of the risk; (2) an appreciation of its character; and (3) voluntary acceptance of the risk, having had the time, knowledge, and experience to make an intelligent choice. Ballard, 425 N.W.2d at 389; Underberg v. Cain, 348 N.W.2d 145 (S.D.1984). It is important to note that this building was designed with an open vent at the peak which ran the length of the building. This vent allowed the airflow to come in from the south and exit through the roof, thereby taking out the steam and moisture. The heat from the hogs, combined with the sun, caused any snow accumulation to melt within ten to twelve hours. Gerlachs used this building for hogs until June of 1987, when they decided to get out of the hog business. The building remained empty and Gerlachs performed no maintenance thereon. Importantly, they did not remove any snow from the roof during the six-month period prior to the roof's collapse, even after a recent 28-inch snowfall. The risk assumed in this case was the risk that the roof of the hog confinement building would collapse under the weight of a heavy snowfall. Given these circumstances, we believe there is ample evidence to support the instruction on assumption of the risk. The evidence in this case also supports the instruction on contributory negligence. Contributory negligence is conduct for which plaintiff is responsible, amounting to a breach of duty which the law imposes upon persons to protect themselves from injury, and which, concurring and cooperating with actionable negligence for which defendant is responsible, contributed to the injury complained of as a proximate cause. Starnes v. Stofferahn, 83 S.D. 424, 432, 160 N.W.2d 421, 425 (1968). The facts noted above concerning the assumption of risk instruction equally justify the giving of a contributory negligence instruction. Once the hogs were removed from the building, Gerlachs had a duty to clear snow off the roof to relieve it from the burden such excess weight would add to the structure. Because there is adequate evidence, we will not disturb the trial court's decision to instruct the jury on the issue of contributory negligence. Affirmed.