Opinion ID: 3031883
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: standard of review

Text: We review de novo a dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Madison v. Graham, 4 Blue Shield contests Cleghorn’s interpretation of section 1371.4(c), but our disposition of the preemption issue makes it unnecessary for us to resolve that dispute. CLEGHORN v. BLUE SHIELD OF CALIFORNIA 5609 316 F.3d 867, 869 (9th Cir. 2002). We also determine de novo whether ERISA preempts state law causes of action. Winterrowd v. Am. Gen. Annuity Ins. Co., 321 F.3d 933, 937 (9th Cir. 2003).