Opinion ID: 164228
Heading Depth: 3
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Encroachment of federal power

Text: 174 As an alternative ground, the [ Graham ] Court also declared the law invalid as an encroachment on federal power. Toll, 458 U.S. at 30, 102 S.Ct. 2977 (O'Connor, J., concurring). The plaintiffs do not challenge that the federal preemption holding of Part III of the Graham opinion is not at issue here. Colorado is not imposing auxiliary burdens upon the entrance or residence of aliens, because it is acting pursuant to federal authorization in 8 U.S.C. § 1612(b). Graham, 403 U.S. at 379, 91 S.Ct. 1848; accord DeCanas v. Bica, 424 U.S. 351, 358 n. 6, 96 S.Ct. 933, 47 L.Ed.2d 43 (1976) (discussing preemption and noting that state regulation not congressionally sanctioned that discriminates against aliens lawfully admitted to the country is impermissible if it imposes additional burdens not contemplated by Congress). As such, we should focus on the strict scrutiny holding in Part II of Graham.