Opinion ID: 453424
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: standard of review

Text: 6 The district court failed to specify whether it was granting defendants' motions to dismiss or their motions for summary judgment. If matters outside the pleading are presented to and not excluded by the court, a motion of this type shall be treated as one for summary judgment. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b); see Fed.R.Civ.P. 56. The Union submitted the Affidavit of Edward O. Reed in Support of Union's Motion for Dismissal And/Or Summary Judgment, and it does not appear to have been excluded by the court. Thus, the district court's action is most accurately described as a grant of a motion for summary judgment. The standard of review for both decisions, however, is de novo. North Star International v. Arizona Corporation Commission, 720 F.2d 578, 580 (9th Cir.1983) (de novo review of motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted); Lojek v. Thomas, 716 F.2d 675, 677 (9th Cir.1983) (de novo review of grant of summary judgment).