Opinion ID: 2653357
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: admission of gower's prior sex offenses

Text: a. The Presumption That Judges in Bench Trials Do Not Consider Inadmissible Evidence Does Not Apply to Evidence That Is Actually Admissible and Admitted under the Law at the Time of Trial -4- State v. Gower (David J), No. 88207-0 The Court of Appeals acknowledged that the trial court erred by admitting evidence under RCW 10.58.090 that was inadmissible under ER 404(b ). 3 It nevertheless held that the error was harmless based on State v. Read, 14 7 Wn.2d 238, 53 P.3d 26 (2002). In Read, we held that in the absence of evidence to the contrary, we presume the judge in a bench trial does not consider inadmissible evidence in rendering a verdict. Id. at 242. The Court of Appeals relied on this Read presumption to uphold Gower's conviction. The Read presumption arises because of the unique demands bench trials place on judges, requiring them to sit as both arbiters of law and as finders of fact. Id. at 245. But the presumption is only that-an assumption that appellate courts begin with, but do not necessarily end with, depending on the case. The presumption is based on the notion that the trial judge knows and applies the law, even if he or she did not recite the particular legal rule at the time; it is a presumption on appeal that the trial judge, knowing the applicable rules of evidence, will not consider matters which are inadmissible when making his [or her] findings. State v. Miles, 77 Wn.2d 593, 601, 464 P.2d 723 (1970) (citing State v. Bell, 59 Wn2d 338, 352, 368 P.2d 177 (1962)). 3 The State did not argue before the Court of Appeals that the prior sex offense evidence was admissible under ER 404(b ), and neither the State nor Gower has briefed the issue to this court. -5- State v. Gower (David J), No. 88207-0 The Read presumption is, therefore, inapplicable when the judge actually consider[ ed] matters which are inadmissible when making his [or her] findings. Jd. Thus, [a] defendant can rebut the presumption by showing the verdict is not supported by sufficient admissible evidence, or the trial court relied on the inadmissible evidence to make essential findings that it otherwise would not have made. Read, 147 Wn.2d at 245-46 (citing Greater Kan. City Laborers Pension Fundv. Superior Gen. Contractors, Inc., 104 F.3d 1050, 1057 (8th Cir. 1997)). The Court of Appeals below upheld Gower's conviction because Gower failed to rebut the Read presumption. Gower, 172 Wn. App. at 40. We disagree with that result. The Read presumption, as our case law makes clear, depends entirely on our recognition that the trial judge lmows the rules of evidence and will therefore discount truly inadmissible evidence when making a decision in a bench trial. Read, 147 Wn.2d at 245; Miles, 77 Wn.2d at 601. That presumption is inapplicable where the evidence was actually admissible under the law in place at the time, and the judge affirmatively recognized its legal admissibility when admitting the evidence. That is what happened here-the trial court affirmatively recognized the legal admissibility of the evidence in question. It explicitly ruled that evidence of the defendant's prior sexual misconduct with C.M. is admissible in the present case -6- State v. Gower (David J.), No. 88207-0 under RCW 10.58.090. CP at 30. It also expressly found that the State could rely on the evidence to present its case: The court does not find that the evidence is admissible under ER 404(b), but since it is admissible under [RCW] 10.58.090, the State may utilize the evidence in its case in chief. CP at 31. Under these circumstances, we cannot presume that the trial court did not .consider the inadmissible evidence. b. Admission of Gower's Prior Sex Offenses Was Not Harmless Without the Read presumption, we cannot say the error in this case was harmless. As we pointed out in Gresham, the potential for prejudice from admitting prior acts is 'at its highest' in sex offense cases. Gresham, 173 Wn.2d at 433 (quoting State v. Saltarelli, 98 Wn.2d 358, 363, 655 P.2d 697 (1982)). Moreover, the analysis does not tum on whether there is sufficient evidence to convict without the inadmissible evidence. Id. Rather, the question is whether there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different without the inadmissible evidence. Id. at 433-34. We are satisfied that such a reasonable probability exists in this case for the following reasons. First, during the pretrial evidentiary hearing, the judge ruled as a matter of law that evidence of the defendant's prior sexual misconduct with C.M. is necessary to the State's case at trial in the present case. CP at 30. Indeed, the evidence might -7- State v. Gower (David J), No. 88207-0 have been inadmissible had the judge ruled otherwise. See former RCW 10.5 8. 090( 6)( e) (requiring the judge to consider, among other things, the necessity of the evidence). The trial court's ruling that the evidence regarding C.M. was necessary to the .State's case as a matter of law strongly suggests that exclusion of that evidence would have affected the verdict. Second, the State itself argued at the pretrial hearing that this is necessary evidence as this is essentially one person's version of events versus. another. 2 Verbatim Report of Proceedings (July 13, 2009) at 124-25. At the very least, this undermines the State's current, and contrary, assertion that the prior sex offense evidence was unnecessary. Cf State v. Roberts, 142 Wn.2d 471, 498, 14 P.3d 713 (2000) (characterizing as [r]emarkabl[e] the State's decision to take opposite position[s] on one factual matter in two separate but related appeals). Third, as the State conceded in its argument to the trial court, this was a credibility case; the only corroborating evidence was a witness who corroborated details of the aftermath of one incident rather than the incident itself. Just as in Gresham, [t]here were no eyewitnesses to the alleged incidents of molestation. Gresham, 173 Wn.2d at 433. And, as the Gresham court implie~, the highly prejudicial evidence of prior sex offenses thus impermissibly bolstered the alleged victim's credibility. Because credibility was the main issue in this case, just as it -8- State v. Gower (David J), No. 88207-0 was the main issue in Gresham, we cannot say admission of that evidence was harmless. We also note that the judge's findings of fact following the bench trial devote a full page to the testimony of the prior crime victim, C.M., and two pages to the testimony of the alleged victim in this case, S.E.H. Out of a total transcript length of about 600 pages, C.M. gave 35 pages of testimony at the pretrial hearing, and S.E.H. testified for 85 pages at trial. As the posttrial findings of fact make clear, the trial judge gave significant weight and consideration to C.M.'s testimony. Although the judge did not mention C.M. in his posttrial conclusions oflaw regarding Gower's guilt, that does not alter our conclusion that it is reasonably probable the outcome would have been different without the evidence of prior sex crimes. See id. (finding improper admission of evidence not harmless in part because a large portion of the testimony at trial was predicated on the fact of Gresham's prior conviction).