Opinion ID: 795436
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: standard of review

Text: 18 Generally, the denial of a permanent injunction is reviewed for abuse of discretion. North Alamo Water Supply Corp. v. City of San Juan, Tex., 90 F.3d 910, 916 (5th Cir.1996); Thomas v. Texas Dept. of Criminal Justice, 220 F.3d 389, 396 (5th Cir.2000). In an express preemption case, however, the court reviews a district court's preemption determinations de novo. White Buffalo Ventures, LLC v. Univ. of Texas at Austin, 420 F.3d 366, 370 (5th Cir.2005); Baker v. Farmers Elec. Coop., Inc., 34 F.3d 274, 278 (5th Cir.1994) (Preemption is a question of law reviewed de novo. ). Therefore, the ultimate issue in this case is reviewed de novo.