Opinion ID: 469424
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Order denying request of counsel under section 1915(d)

Text: 6 First, we address the question of whether an order denying request of counsel in section 1983 actions is an immediately appealable final order. If it is not, the district court properly retained jurisdiction to issue a summary judgment. Wilborn filed three motions for request of counsel under section 1915(d). All three motions were denied, with the last two being construed as motions for reconsideration of the initial denial. The district court found that designation of counsel was not warranted because the exceptional circumstances required in this circuit for designating counsel under section 1915(d) were not present. Wilborn responded that he was unable to pursue discovery and to prepare motions in opposition to those of the defendants. He then filed a timely motion of appeal from the last order denying request of counsel. Wilborn filed no further notice of appeal. After summary judgment was ordered, however, he filed with this court a motion to proceed in forma pauperis. We construe his motion to proceed in forma pauperis as a notice of appeal, for it satisfies the three conditions which permit such a construction: (1) it demonstrates his intent to appeal; (2) it was served upon defendants; and (3) it was timely filed. See Rabin v. Cohen, 570 F.2d 864, 866 (9th Cir.1978). The timeliness requirement is satisfied because we treat the prematurely filed notice of appeal as final after judgment is entered. See Fed.R.App.P. 4(a)(2); Song Jook Suh v. Rosenberg, 437 F.2d 1098, 1101 (9th Cir.1971). 7 To be immediately appealable, an interlocutory order denying counsel to a section 1983 plaintiff under section 1915(d) must fit within the collateral order exception to the final judgment rule of 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1291. See Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 546, 69 S.Ct. 1221, 1225, 93 L.Ed. 1528 (1949). As reiterated by the Supreme Court, the Cohen exception has three conditions: the order must conclusively determine the disputed question, resolve an important issue completely separate from the merits of the action, and be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment. Richardson-Merrell, Inc. v. Koller, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 2757, 2758, 86 L.Ed.2d 340 (1985) (quoting Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 468, 98 S.Ct. 2454, 57 L.Ed.2d 351 (1978). 8 Because the denial of counsel in a civil rights action brought under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 does not resolve an important issue completely separate from the merits, Kuster v. Block, 773 F.2d 1048 (9th Cir.1985), the order fails the second Cohen condition. Accordingly, it is not immediately appealable. 2 Kuster, 773 F.2d at 1049. 9 However, incident to our review of the district court's summary judgment in this case, we review that court's decision to deny Wilborn's motion for request of counsel. 10 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1915(d) confers on a district court the discretion to designate counsel to represent an indigent civil litigant. Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1236 (9th Cir.1984). Thus, we review for an abuse of discretion the district court's denial of Wilborn's motion for request of counsel. 11 The rule that counsel may be designated under section 1915(d) only in exceptional circumstances derives from Weller v. Dickson, 314 F.2d 598, 600 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 375 U.S. 845, 84 S.Ct. 97, 11 L.Ed.2d 72 (1963), which held that the privilege of pleading in forma pauperis ... in civil actions for damages should be allowed only in exceptional circumstances. Weller was extended, without comment, to appointment of counsel in United States v. Madden, 352 F.2d 792, 794 (9th Cir.1965). Madden was then cited for the rule in Alexander v. Ramsey, 539 F.2d 25, 26 (9th Cir.1976); United States v. McQuade, 579 F.2d 1180, 1181 (9th Cir.1978), on appeal after remand, 647 F.2d 938, 940 (9th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 958, 102 S.Ct. 1470, 71 L.Ed.2d 677 (1983); Aldabe v Aldabe, 616 F.2d 1089, 1093 (9th Cir.1980); and Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1236 (9th Cir.1984). A finding of exceptional circumstances requires an evaluation of both the likelihood of success on the merits [and] the ability of the petitioner to articulate his claims pro se in light of the complexity of the legal issues involved. Weygandt v. Look, 718 F.2d 952, 954 (9th Cir.1983), quoted in Kuster, 773 F.2d at 1049. Neither of these factors is dispositive and both must be viewed together before reaching a decision on request of counsel under section 1915(d). 3 12 Here, Wilborn has not demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits. In addition, we do not find that any difficulty Wilborn experienced in attempting to litigate his case derived from the complexity of the issues involved. Although discovery was essential in order for Wilborn to learn who had impounded his vehicle and why, particularly since Cook allegedly misinformed him, the need for such discovery does not necessarily qualify the issues involved as complex. 4 Most actions require development of further facts during litigation and a pro se litigant will seldom be in a position to investigate easily the facts necessary to support the case. 5 If all that was required to establish successfully the complexity of the relevant issues was a demonstration of the need for development of further facts, practically all cases would involve complex legal issues. Thus, although Wilborn may have found it difficult to articulate his claims pro se, he has neither demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits nor shown that the complexity of the issues involved was sufficient to require designation of counsel. Thus, we affirm the district court's denial of Wilborn's motion for request of counsel under section 1915(d).II. The district court should have permitted Wilborn leave to amend his complaint 13 Next, we turn to Wilborn's failure to include Cook as a defendant. We hold that the district court should have permitted the plaintiff leave to amend his complaint. Directly on point is Gordon v. Leeke, 574 F.2d 1147, 1152-53 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 970, 99 S.Ct. 464, 58 L.Ed.2d 431 (1978), in which the court held that the district judge was obligated to tell the pro se plaintiff that he had omitted an obvious defendant, and to allow leave to join that individual to the suit. Id. Under the lenient treatment due a pro se litigant, we find that Wilborn should have been granted leave to join Cook, particularly after Cook's affidavit was filed. See Bennett v. Campbell, 564 F.2d 329, 332 (9th Cir.1977) (ordering leave to join four recently identified defendants). We recognize, of course, that a trial court should not have to act as an advocate for a litigant. However, when a pro se litigant alleges a cause of action which omits an obvious defendant, the district court should direct or advise amendment of the pleadings to bring that defendant before the court. Here, the utility of a remand to permit such an amendment is not in question. Wilborn's prospective claim against Cook may have merit. The San Diego Sheriff's Office held the impounded car for five months, refused to release it to appellant's daughter, and finally released the car to Wilborn's family missing the items Wilborn had been seeking for so long. Even if the state held the car because a third party asserted ownership based on Wilborn's delay in making car payments, a due process claim may be made out when, without notice or a hearing, the state effectuates repossession over the debtor's objections. See Harris v. City of Roseburg, 664 F.2d 1121, 1127 (9th Cir.1981). This rule has been applied to property impounded by the police from a suspected criminal. See, e.g., Coleman v. Turpen, 697 F.2d 1341, 1343-45 (10th Cir.1982); Reimer v. Short, 578 F.2d 621, 629 (5th Cir.1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 947, 99 S.Ct. 1425, 59 L.Ed.2d 635 (1979). 14 Because the district court did not grant Wilborn leave to amend his complaint, we reverse the summary judgment below and now direct the lower court to permit Wilborn leave to make his amendment. In addition, we hold that Wilborn should be permitted to conduct such discovery as he deems appropriate to support his amended complaint.