Opinion ID: 340444
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: THE EEOC's STATUTORY AUTHORITY

Text: 12 In granting summary judgment the district court held: 13 (I)t appears to the Court that consistent with the legislative intent of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act, once a right-to-sue letter issues, and a private party institutes an action on its own behalf, the only recourse left to the EEOC is to intervene in the case if it is one of general public importance. 14 The validity of that holding must be measured against the EEOC's statutory authority to sue, found in § 706(f)(1) of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(1). In pertinent part, it reads as follows: 15 If within thirty days after a charge is filed with the Commission or within thirty days after expiration of any period of reference under subsection (c) or (d) of this section, the Commission has been unable to secure from the respondent a conciliation agreement acceptable to the Commission, the Commission may bring a civil action against any respondent not a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision named in the charge. . . . The person or persons aggrieved shall have the right to intervene in a civil action brought by the Commission . . . . If a charge filed with the Commission pursuant to subsection (b) of this section is dismissed by the Commission, or if within one hundred and eighty days from the filing of such charge or the expiration of any period of reference under subsection (c) or (d) of this section, whichever is later, the Commission has not filed a civil action under this section . . . or the Commission has not entered into a conciliation agreement to which the person aggrieved is a party, the Commission . . . shall so notify the person aggrieved and within ninety days after the giving of such notice a civil action may be brought against the respondent named in the charge (A) by the person claiming to be aggrieved or (B) if such charge was filed by a member of the Commission, by any person whom the charge alleges was aggrieved by the alleged unlawful employment practice. . . . Upon timely application, the court may, in its discretion, permit the Commission . . . to intervene in such civil action upon certification that the case is of general public importance. 16 Section 706(f)(1) permits the EEOC to sue a non-governmental defendant and authorizes aggrieved private parties to intervene as of right in an EEOC suit. It also permits aggrieved private parties to bring independent civil actions after the receipt of a notice of failure of conciliation, and provides that the court may, in its discretion, permit the EEOC to intervene in such private actions. Nowhere in § 706(f)(1) is there any explicit qualification of the EEOC's general authority to sue as granted in the first sentence of the section. If there is such a qualification it must be implied from the limited right of permissive intervention afforded to the EEOC with respect to private suits. A contrary interpretation, however, may be implied by interpreting the district court's discretion to reject intervention by the EEOC as evidencing a Congressional viewpoint that no harm could come from a negative exercise of such discretion because the EEOC could always initiate its own suit. A reasonable interpretation of the plain language is that the EEOC can choose not to sue, can initiate its own suit, or can seek to intervene in a private suit. There is no language on the face of this section which dictates that any of these options are to be foreclosed by the institution of a private suit. 17 In a series of cases, the leading case being Judge Pointer's decision in EEOC v. Union Oil Co. of California, 369 F.Supp. 579 (N.D.Ala.1974), courts have stated in both holdings and dicta that § 706(f)(1) prohibits the EEOC from filing an independent civil action on behalf of the public interest once a private suit involving the same charge has been filed. 8 These cases have assumed that once a private action is filed the EEOC is limited to an application for permissive intervention. Finding no express support for this assumption on the face of § 706(f)(1), the courts which have voiced it have resorted to legislative history. All of the courts which have gone behind the plain language of § 706(f)(1) have relied on the same legislative sources. These are a House Report on H.R. 1746, 9 issued on June 2, 1971, by the House Committee on Education and Labor; a Senate Report on S. 2515, 10 issued on October 28, 1971, by the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare; and remarks on the floor of the Senate by Senator Williams, 11 the Senate floor manager of what became Pub.L. No. 92-261, the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972. That reliance is misplaced, for the references are not to bills containing the present language of § 706(f)(1), but to bills in a quite different form which were not enacted into law. 18 The first quotation commonly relied on is from the House Report: 19 The committee was concerned about the interrelationship between the newly created cease and desist enforcement powers of the Commission and the existing right of private action. It concluded that duplication of proceedings should be avoided. The bill, therefore, contains a provision for termination of Commission jurisdiction once a private action has been filed (except for the power of the Commission to intervene in the private actions). It contains as well a provision for termination of the right of private action once the Commission issues a complaint or enters into a conciliation or settlement agreement which is satisfactory to the Commission and to the person aggrieved. If such an agreement is not acceptable to the aggrieved party, his private right of action is preserved. 12 20 That Report refers to a proposed bill which would have given the EEOC not a right to institute suits in federal trial court, but rather administrative cease and desist authority. 13 The above reference to duplication of proceedings refers to duplication between an administrative cease and desist proceeding and a private lawsuit. 14 The Committee version of H.R. 1746 would have granted cease and desist authority, but would also have protected employers from the problems which might ensue from being a respondent in duplicative judicial and administrative proceedings, by terminating the EEOC's cease and desist authority once a private suit was filed. 15 The question whether the EEOC was to be given either administrative cease and desist authority or the authority to institute suits in federal trial court was a matter of serious debate in both houses. 16 The grant of cease and desist authority contained in the Committee version of H.R. 1746 was amended, 17 subsequent to the issuance of the House Report, by the so-called Erlenborn substitute. 18 The Erlenborn substitute replaced H.R. 1746's grant of cease and desist authority with the authority to institute suits in federal trial court. 19 The enforcement provisions of the bill which was ultimately enacted into law 20 were modeled after the Erlenborn substitute, and contained no grant of cease and desist authority. 21 Thus the quoted reference in the House Report regarding the preclusion of duplicative administrative and judicial proceedings is entirely meaningless as an illumination of § 706(f)(1). 21 The second quotation commonly relied on is from the Senate Report: 22 The Committee is concerned, however, about the interplay between the newly created enforcement powers of the Commission and the existing right of private action. It concluded that duplication of proceedings should be avoided. The bill therefore contains a provision for cutoff of the Commission's jurisdiction once the private action has been filed except for the power to intervene as well as a cutoff of the right of private action once the Commission issues a complaint. . . .  22 23 This reference is to the Committee version of Senate bill S. 2515 which would have granted the EEOC cease and desist authority. 23 This quotation sheds no more light on the language of § 706(f)(1) than the language quoted from the House Report, 24 for subsequent to the issuance of the Senate Report, S. 2515 was amended, by the so-called Dominick amendment, which substituted the EEOC's grant of cease and desist authority with the authority to institute suits in federal trial court. 25 24 The problems which may arise from duplicative administrative and judicial proceedings are entirely different from those which may be created by the duplication of separate law suits. Rule 42(a), Fed.R.Civ.P., provides an adequate procedure for dealing with the problems associated with duplicative lawsuits. 26 There is, however, no provision for the consolidation of an administrative proceeding with a law suit. Congress, we assume, was well aware of this distinction in 1971 when the House and Senate Reports explicitly prohibited duplicative administrative and judicial proceedings which might arise as a result of granting the EEOC cease and desist authority. The above quoted language from these Reports is, however, of little relevance in interpreting the limits upon the EEOC's power to institute suits in federal trial court pursuant to § 706(f)(1). 25 The third quotation commonly relied on is a statement by Senator Williams on the floor of the Senate: 26 In any event duplication of proceedings is avoided by termination of one at the commencement of the other. For example, if an individual should perfect and exercise his title VII right of court action, the Commission would thenceforth be divested of jurisdiction over the matter. Likewise, if the Commission issued a complaint and proceeded with reasonable speed, jurisdiction would remain exclusive prior to the institution of enforcement or review proceedings in the court of appeals. The committee concluded that this scheme would protect aggrieved persons from undue delay, as well as prevent respondents from being subject to dual proceedings. 27 27 Senator Williams was the co-sponsor and Senate floor manager of S. 2515 and made this statement on January 19, 1972, at the time he introduced the Senate Committee's version of S. 2515. 28 In Sperling v. United States, 515 F.2d 465, 479-81 (3d Cir. 1975), we pointed out in another context the unreliability of selected references to the Senate floor debates on S. 2515. 29 The same difficulties apply here. It must be noted that although the House-passed version of H.R. 1746 was amended by the Erlenborn substitute on September 16, 1971, 30 on January 19, 1972, S. 2515 still contained the provisions granting the EEOC cease and desist authority. 31 Senate Bill S. 2515 remained in this form until the adoption of the Dominick amendment, 32 on February 15, 1972, 33 which substituted the grant of cease and desist authority with court enforcement authority. Senate Bill S. 2515, as amended by the Dominick amendment, was passed by the Senate on February 22, 1972. 34 Anything that was said with respect to S. 2515 on the subject of duplicative proceedings prior to the adoption of the Dominick amendment suffers the same infirmity as an illumination of § 706(f)(1) as do the quotations from the House and Senate Reports set out above. Thus any reliance on Senator Williams' January 19, 1972 remarks on the Senate floor is misplaced, since these remarks clearly refer to the proposed but later abandoned version of S. 2515 which granted cease and desist authority. 35 28 One piece of Senate legislative history exists in the period following the adoption of the Dominick amendment which might tend to support the view that a Congressional concern to preclude duplicative public and private enforcement proceedings survived the elimination of the EEOC's grant of cease and desist authority. That evidence is a section-by-section analysis of S. 2515, as amended by the Dominick amendment, which Senator Williams had printed in the Congressional Record on February 22, 1972. 36 In EEOC v. Union Oil of California, supra, 369 F.Supp. 579, Judge Pointer quotes from a part of that analysis referring to § 706(f)(1) of S. 2515 as amended: 29 In providing for the individual right to sue in the event that action by the Commission is unsatisfactory or unresponsive, it is not intended that duplication of proceedings should be allowed. 37 30 He omits, however, the next sentence, which reads: 31 Therefore, in any proceeding where the General Counsel or the Attorney General, as the case may be, is proceeding with due diligence within the time limits specified in this subsection, the person aggrieved would be precluded from instituting an individual action until such time as one of the specific conditions of this subsection are not met. 38 32 The entire quoted paragraph is unclear. Judge Pointer reads it as referring to a prohibition against simultaneous private and EEOC lawsuits. But it is at least as likely that Senator Williams was referring to the fact that the EEOC, or the Attorney General if the employer is a governmental agency, has 180 days in which to attempt conciliation, and that the private litigant cannot sue while conciliation efforts are taking place during that period. 39 But whatever Senator Williams may have had in mind in his February 22, 1972 section-by-section analysis, the more authoritative section-by-section analysis is that submitted by Senator Williams on March 6, 1972, as an explanation of the Joint Conference Committee version of the bill which was eventually enacted into law. The House-passed version of H.R. 1746, and the Senate-passed version of S. 2515, were sent to a joint conference committee to resolve the differences between the two bills. After amendments, the Conference-passed version of the bill was reported out to both houses for final passage. 40 Senator Williams as Chairman of the Senate Conferees, and Congressman Perkins as Chairman of the House Conferees, submitted identical section-by-section explanations of the Conference-passed version of the bill. That analysis is printed in the Congressional Record, Senate, for March 6, 1972. 41 The explanation of § 706(f)(1) in Senator Williams' and Congressman Perkins' March 6, 1972 analysis is substantially identical to Senator Williams' February 22, 1972, analysis, except that the paragraph containing the sentence on which Judge Pointer relies is entirely omitted. There is absolutely no mention in the March 6, 1972 section-by-section analysis of any concern about duplicative lawsuits. 42 As it was the Conference-passed version of the bill which was enacted into law, the March 6, 1972 analysis is far more authoritative than Senator Williams' February 22, 1972 analysis of the Senate-passed version of S. 2515. 43 33 Our analysis of the legislative history leads us to the conclusion that there is no legislative history which can be relied upon to give the language of § 706(f)(1) any meaning other than that conveyed by the plain words. The plain words say that the EEOC may bring a civil action against a non-governmental respondent. They do not say that the EEOC loses that power when a private party brings a suit based on the same facts or charges. The EEOC had the statutory authority to bring the lawsuit in the instant case. Any burden arising from the fact that Pope's lawsuit is also pending against the same defendant can be resolved in proceedings under Fed.R.Civ.P. 42(a). 44