Opinion ID: 1427690
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 9

Heading: iv(b d-pass files and juvenile court records

Text: It is not true to say as stated in majority opinion that all pre-1984 D-PASS files had been furnished to Dr. Gale. Only certain documents had been furnished. Clearly, for the period after 1984, record information which would have been informative in trial preparation was denied and complete file material is not present here. It is also clear the files themselves show sanitation so that involvement and decisions of agencies other than D-PASS could be concealed. Generally, this category of information relates to non-activity from the first incest report of 1979 until action was finally undertaken in 1986 and then terminated in order to pursue Dr. Gale. [10] The real issue in school, D-PASS and juvenile proceeding records is how much was the prosecution and the trial court going to protect the Rounsaville family from prosecution for perjury in trial proceedings. Directly presented are both the Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 107 S.Ct. 989, 94 L.Ed.2d 40 (1987) due process and the Brady, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194 confirmation issues by denial of production of these kinds of records. That justification as encompassing the privacy interests of the minor victims has no weight here since what information was available had already established the general outline of the criminal misconduct of Gene Rounsaville against his children. Availability of all documentation would not invade privacy, it could only serve to advance the search for truth in a pending criminal complaint. Pitchess v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County, 11 Cal.3d 531, 113 Cal. Rptr. 897, 522 P.2d 305 (1974); People v. Crawford, 114 Ill. App.2d 230, 252 N.E.2d 483 (1969). Herein emerges the real problem about the in camera inspection. There has to be a limit to judicial discretion justifying ignored responsibilities to fairness and due process for the litigant. Even with the discount for the smaller base of information available to the trial judge from what is now available to this writer, there was no reasonable basis for denial of availability of these records to counsel for Dr. Gale except either knee-jerk determination to deny all discovery or, alternatively, to countenance the county officials' conduct which covered up the incestuous offenses of a father upon his young daughters. To be hidden by the conviction of Dr. Gale was the seven year course of offenses by Gene Rounsaville against those same children. There are two attitudes about exercise of discretion for trial court in camera review. One adaptation leaves the judge to be the critical analyst in advocacy aptitude and consequently tends the decision to a denial of access to the litigant unless clear and significant justification is discerned by the judge. This philosophy is to be observed in plurality writing in Ritchie, 107 S.Ct. 989. The second, and more clearly attenuated to fairness in full fact finding and adjudicatory process, is to leave critical analysis to counsel for inspection or review unless special harm or privacy invasion without balancing benefit is evident. Denial of discovery about post-defense victim counseling where the defendant was the perpetrator is an example of such properly proscribed discovery. [11] In either event, in camera inspection should be a rational, realistic and fair-minded examination and analysis. Here, I would find a clear abuse of discretion lacking any persuasive reason for denial except use for trial preparation and subsequent cross-examination and with clear justification for availability in improved fact finding. Since neither defending trial counsel nor appellate counsel, if different, have ever seen the material, in camera rejection in this fashion puts a due process and fairness review totally on the appellate opinion writers. To require the litigant to write an appellate brief where part of the record is undisclosed creates a mockery or facade of the justice delivery system. For example, I have difficulty in believing that investigating officers in Campbell County failed to investigate where D-17 and Gene Rounsaville were on the morning of August 30. If this was not done, why not? Finally, I am lost in the majority's discussion of this issue. Perjury was committed at trial by the Rounsaville family. Records were available to prosecution to permit defense to explore whether perjury was committed for information of the jury. Access was denied. Perjury at trial does not seem to bother the majority  it does me in moral, ethical and constitutional terms. I do not read Ritchie in majority disposition of its issues to promote trial conduct to the contrary or to seek countenance of perjury and particularly so when directly involved in a constitutional test of a man's reputation, career and liberty interest when infected by a sexual offense criminal conviction. Hutton, Confrontation, Cross-Examination and Discovery: A Bright Line Appears After Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 33 S.D.L.Rev. 437 (1988). There is significant authority for D-PASS record disclosure which is compatible with the confidentiality provisions of W.S. 14-3-214 and its access exception in subsection (b)(vi) providing for the in camera inspection before disclosure and use. [12] The status of public assistance records in summary of reported decisions is analyzed in Reynolds, Emerging Trends in Civil Practice: Confidentiality of Public Assistance Records, 23 Clearinghouse Review 540 (1989): Briefly stated, they establish that where public assistance recipients themselves seek disclosure of their files, where the records sought are pertinent to the subject of a judicial inquiry related to the administration of the public assistance program in question, where the production request is limited and manageable in its scope, and where no compelling, countervailing interest has been demonstrated by the agency, the balance of interests mandates disclosure. Perhaps the strongest reason for availability was stated in an early New York case which would otherwise permit the recipient to testify and at the same time seal the lips of those who may successfully contradict them. People v. Feuerstein, 161 Misc. 426, 293 N.Y.S. 239, 241 (1936). See also the careful and exacting pursuit of informational release in People v. Reidout, 140 Misc.2d 632, 530 N.Y.S.2d 938 (1988) and People v. Prim, 47 A.D.2d 409, 366 N.Y.S.2d 726 (1975). Certainly, no absolute privilege is presented. Stivahtis v. Juras, 13 Or. App. 519, 511 P.2d 421 (1973). The rule and the policy adopted by this court in Price ex rel. Laramie County Dept. of Public Welfare v. Pearson, 447 P.2d 501 (Wyo. 1968) is consistent with the same policy and process and has not been destroyed by statute or denied by court decision where this court specifically recognized the disclosure process and in camera responsibility of the trial court. The majority also seems to say that if a defendant challenges the adequacy of the Brady compliance, it becomes inappropriate to strengthen the challenge by access to other documents for a demonstration of non-compliance. The majority says: Gale cites no authority supporting his criticism of the constitutional materiality standard as being devised to be used only in hindsight. Cf. Bagley, 473 U.S. at 683, 105 S.Ct. at 3384, 87 L.Ed.2d at 494-95. Rather, like the standard applied to the prosecution in Brady, it appears to have been intended to focus the trial court's attention on an in camera search for privileged information that could change the outcome of a defendant's trial. Gale seems eager to apply this type of standard to the prosecution once he assumes they have not met their obligations under Brady, but he does not want the trial court to apply it to him when it reviews privileged information he speculates might be pivotal in his defense. He cannot have it both ways. It is my persuasion that rather than an attempt of the defendant to have it both ways, this was an effort to have access to the truth some way. My recitation of authority in criminal prosecution need go no further than the clear text of both the United States Constitution and the Wyoming Constitution and clear principle uninterruptedly announced that conviction by perjury is unacceptable. Napue v. People of the State of Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 79 S.Ct. 1173, 3 L.Ed.2d 1217 (1959); Mooney v. Holohan, 294 U.S. 103, 55 S.Ct. 340, 79 L.Ed. 791, reh'g denied 294 U.S. 732, 55 S.Ct. 511, 79 L.Ed. 1261 (1935); Crawford, 252 N.E.2d 483. Discovery and production of the entire juvenile proceeding records addresses an even broader inquiry. I am again confused with the majority's reasoning. The basis of the requirement was to prepare to demonstrate perjury. The fact that some perjury did occur is, within this record, undeniable. The juvenile proceedings for the children and the criminal preliminary hearing proceeding for Gene Rounsaville would have provided information directly comparable to the trial testimony of those witnesses. Within the constitutional context of Davis, 415 U.S. 308, 94 S.Ct. 1105, no reason for denial is reflected except an adamant rejection of discovery to assist Dr. Gale's trial preparation with a consequent and perhaps unintended insulation of perjury from responsibility. [13] Once we have properly confined the issues for review to prosecutorial obligation to identify and consequent in camera inspection by the trial court, it would seem that Ritchie, 107 S.Ct. 989 is dispositive and this court need go no further into the subject. Clearly, Ritchie abjures categorical motion denial without determination of what, if any, records exist and if reasonable necessity is shown, then subsequent submission to the trial court for in camera review. We find that Ritchie's interest (as well as that of the Commonwealth) in ensuring a fair trial can be protected fully by requiring that the CYS [Children and Youth Services] files be submitted only to the trial court for in camera review. Although this rule denies Ritchie the benefits of an advocate's eye, we note that the trial court's discretion is not unbounded. If a defendant is aware of specific information contained in the file ( e.g., the medical report), he is free to request it directly from the court, and argue in favor of its materiality. Moreover, the duty to disclose is ongoing; information that may be deemed immaterial upon original examination may become important as the proceedings progress, and the court would be obligated to release information material to the fairness of the trial. Ritchie, 107 S.Ct. at 1003. I perceive that this court clearly disregards the Sixth Amendment, constitutional confrontation, and the Fourteenth Amendment, due process requirement, related in Ritchie, 107 S.Ct. 989 and earlier addressed in Davis, 415 U.S. 308, 94 S.Ct. 1105. See also Napue, 360 U.S. 264, 79 S.Ct. 1173. The compulsory process clause compliance in criminal prosecution would also at least reach to the same juncture. Ritchie, 107 S.Ct. at 1001; Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 105 S.Ct. 3375; Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 96 S.Ct. 2392; Brady, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194. [14]
This pervasive problem of expert witnesses in criminal litigation is summarized after an extended analysis in Myers, Bays, Becker, Berliner, Corwin, & Saywitz, Expert Testimony in Child Sexual Abuse Litigation, 68 Neb.L.Rev. 1, 145 (1989): Expert testimony plays an important role in child sexual abuse litigation. Such testimony can assist the jury in many ways. Yet, the issues raised by expert testimony are exceedingly complex, and clinical and scientific understanding of child sexual abuse is still developing. Courts should proceed cautiously when considering the admissibility of expert testimony on child sexual abuse. It is vitally important that professionals offering such testimony be highly qualified. Courts should insist on a thorough showing of expertise before permitting individuals to testify as experts. Furthermore, courts should require the proponent of expert testimony to lay a complete foundation so that the court understands precisely how the evidence is relevant. When appropriate caution is exercised, qualified experts can assist in attaining justice. I do not accept the attitude that what should be is however yet untimely to be in procedural equivalency as a search for justice. The issue of this case is not whether Dr. Gale received a fair trial. No average unbiased examiner, whether learned in the law or not, would likely examine the record and find a fair result presented. The issue is whether an unconstitutionally unfair relationship for defense was created by the trial court's uniform rejection of Dr. Gale's discovery motions. Differing from the majority, I would extend the obvious unfairness to reach a degree of prohibited unconstitutional unfairness. Denial of a summary of expected state expert witness testimony was one of the significant steps toward unfairness in contradistinction to even-handed justice. [15] First I reject the subsurface premise that justice and procedural fairness should only be available to civil litigation and the prosecutor in criminal cases. See Comment, supra, 66 Den. U.L.Rev. 123. The entire thesis of the federal rules and modernized procedures which include motion practice, pretrial and discovery was to provide equal opportunity for equivalency in knowledge before trial and a consequent rational presentation of the facts at trial. Trial by ambush and accident was to be eliminated. Reference to W.R.C.P. 1 may be urgently required. W.R.C.P. 1 states: These rules govern procedure in all courts of record in the State of Wyoming, in all actions, suits or proceedings of a civil nature, in all special statutory proceedings except as provided in Rule 81, and in all appeals in criminal cases. In all cases in which statutes of civil procedure are made applicable by statute to the trial of criminal cases and are not superseded by the Wyoming Rules of Criminal Procedure, these rules shall govern insofar as they supersede or are in conflict with such statutes. They shall be construed to secure the just, speedy and inexpensive determination of every action. (Emphasis added.) (Originally adopted by the Wyoming Supreme Court effective December 1, 1957 or thirty-two years ago.) Despite that noble purpose, or perhaps for criminal trials only to be a platitude, I find it terribly obnoxious that three decades and millions of nationally adjudicated cases later, we argue about what is obviously fair in exchange for summary of expected expert witness testimony. It was out of a quest for fairness to the prosecution that the alibi rules, W.R.Cr.P. 16.1 and 16.2, and reciprocal discovery provisions, W.R.Cr.P. 18(d), were created. The decision made here cannot be defined in justification of exercised discretion unless it is said that criminal defendants should be denied rights guaranteed to civil litigants. Smith v. Ford Motor Co., 626 F.2d 784 (10th Cir.1980), cert. denied 450 U.S. 918, 101 S.Ct. 1363, 67 L.Ed.2d 344 (1981). Uniform Rules for the District Courts 601, pretrial practice, in part provides: (a) In all cases in which a pretrial conference is ordered reasonable notice of the time and place shall be given.       (c) Before pretrial counsel shall:       (4) Furnish opposing counsel names and addresses of witnesses with a summary of their expected testimony[.] In recognizing the right to have access to the names of witnesses, this court, in Jackson v. State, 522 P.2d 1286, 1289 (Wyo. 1974), said: Counsel is not required to develop a defense for the first time upon trial, and any attorney who attempted to do so at that late stage would justifiably have his competency questioned and be open to criticism at the least. The interviewing of prospective witnesses, or any party who may have some knowledge of the subject event, is such a basic procedure in the proper preparation of either a civil or criminal case that it is axiomatic. Discretion properly exercised involves choice within arguably appropriate alternatives. In exercise, it is not an opportunity to deny fundamental equivalency and fairness for each litigant. Martin, 720 P.2d 894. There could be reasons for discretional denial of expected expert witness testimony summaries in criminal cases which should be no less nor no more than civil cases and not just because it is a criminal case. Neither litigant nor present majority cites authority or provides cogent reasoning why, as an attitude on adaptation of what is required for justice in civil litigation, it need not be provided  as a matter of course  in criminal cases. Casual readers of state appellate court reports cannot have any perspective to the degree that experts have invaded criminal prosecutions and particularly so, like this case, where sexual offenses are charged. [16] To address the subject forcibly then within the rights granted by the 1957 rules of civil procedure, were rights to expert witness summary extricated or extinguished by the 1968 rules of criminal procedure? We have W.R.Cr.P. 18, [17] conjecturally W.R. Cr.P. 19 [18] and empirically W.R.Cr.P. 16.1 [19] and 16.2 [20] which are specific prosecutorial discovery rules as well as W.R.Cr.P. 17 [21] which appears even-handedly to apply. Unfortunately in grandiose characterization in past opinions, it is said that no general constitutional right to discovery is guaranteed. But this court has never related W.R.C.P. 1 to the criminal rules to analyze due process, equal protection and proper discretion denial of rights to the criminal defendant that effectively or casually are available to the prosecutor and civil litigant. Due process cannot be properly shunted aside by ignoring the modern thesis of fact finding in modernized processes. Brennan, supra, 1963 Wash. U.L.Q. 279. It is surely justified to argue in both rule requirement application and constitutional explication that the criminal defendant should have rights equal to the prosecutor and all rights of the civil litigant unless that equivalency is expressly denied by rule or statute and even then with questionable constitutional validity. How then does W.R.Cr.P. 18 deny, if it does, the right to expert witness summary which is assured by our civil rules? We are not informed by discussion in the briefs nor by citation in the majority. We are, however, directed to the proviso of subsection (b) which becomes (c) as the Jencks Act proviso. 18 U.S.C. § 3500; Jones v. State, 568 P.2d 837 (Wyo. 1977); Deluna v. State, 501 P.2d 1021 (Wyo. 1972). Specifically, counsel for the State does not argue and the majority does not conclude that W.R.Cr.P. 18(c) excludes, or the exclusion of W.R.Cr.P. 18(b) includes, summaries of expert witnesses within W.R.C.P. 26(b)(1) requirements. It is here that II ABA Standards for Criminal Justice § 11-2.1 (2d ed. 1982) follows our legal heritage found in modern rules of procedure: (a) Upon the request of the defense, the prosecuting attorney shall disclose to defense counsel all of the material and information within the prosecutor's possession or control including but not limited to: (i) the names and addresses of witnesses, together with their relevant written or recorded statements; (ii) any written or recorded statements and the substance of any oral statements made by the accused or made by a codefendant; (iii) those portions of grand jury minutes containing testimony of the accused and relevant testimony of witnesses; (iv) any reports or statements made by experts in connection with the particular case, including results of physical or mental examinations and of scientific tests, experiments, or comparisons; (v) any books, papers, documents, photographs, tangible objects, buildings, or places which the prosecuting attorney intends to use in the hearing or trial or which were obtained from or belong to the accused; and (vi) any record of prior criminal convictions of the defendant or of any codefendant. (b) When the information is within the prosecutor's possession or control, the prosecuting attorney shall inform defense counsel: (i) if relevant recorded grand jury testimony has not been transcribed; (ii) if the defendant's conversations or premises have been subjected to electronic surveillance (including wiretapping); (iii) if the prosecutor intends to conduct scientific tests, experiments, or comparisons which may consume or destroy the subject of the test, or intends to dispose of relevant physical objects; and (iv) if the prosecutor intends to offer (as part of the proof that the defendant committed the offense charged) evidence of other offenses. (c) The prosecuting attorney shall disclose to defense counsel any material or information within the prosecutor's possession or control which tends to negate the guilt of the accused as to the offense charged or which would tend to reduce the punishment of the accused. (d) The prosecuting attorney's obligations under this standard extend to material and information in the possession or control of members of the prosecutor's staff and of any others who have participated in the investigation or evaluation of the case and who either regularly report or, with reference to the particular case, have reported to the prosecutor's office. We need not consider the fearsome calamities of witness intimidation and contamination considered in congressional action addressing mandatory general witness listing. But see 18 U.S.C. § 3432 (1976), which provides for mandatory disclosure of the prosecution witness list in capital cases at least three entire days before trial. The Supreme Court proposal to amend the federal rule to include disclosure of the names and addresses of witnesses was not adopted, apparently because Congress feared witness intimidation and contamination. Conference Committee, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Act of 1975, H.R.Rep. No. 94-414, 94th Cong., 1st Sess. 11-12 (1975). Compare House Committee on the Judiciary, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Amendments Act, H.R.Rep. No. 94-247, 94th Cong., 1st Sess. 12, 14 (1975), reprinted in [1975] U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. News 674, 686. II ABA Standards for Criminal Justice, supra, § 11-2.1 at 11.19 n. 17. We are only concerned in this analysis with expert witnesses and summaries of their anticipated forensic contribution to deliver justice to be no less fair in request by defendant as well as prosecution. Although release of witness statements may be denied until after testimony, W.R. Cr.P. 18(c), Jencks Act  18 U.S.C. § 3500  summaries of expected expert witness testimony should be available pretrial by application of present Wyoming rules and by recognition of the validity of the ABA standards unless extraordinary cause for denial in behalf of either prosecution or defense is provided in resistance to the disclosure motion. [22]
None of the discovery and disclosure cases, Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 105 S.Ct. 3375; Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 96 S.Ct. 2392; or Brady, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, can be applied to justify the preliminary denials presented on this medical record issue. Defendant's counsel can only find out what exists by asking, which was done in Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 105 S.Ct. 3375. [23] Since we are left to conjecture when the initial issue of disclosure of existence is not considered, for relevancy we are lead by stage skipping to in camera inspection examination by litigant request and finally trial evidence utilization which are the subjects addressed in briefing and majority opinion. The disclosure requirements of Ritchie, 107 S.Ct. 989; Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 105 S.Ct. 3375; and Brady, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194 as well as equal protection due process requirements of Wyo. Const. art. 1, § 6; art. 1, § 10; and art. 1, § 34 should serve to resolve constitutional denial from the criminally charged defendant of exculpatory file information, including existence of medical reports. A broad collection of cases has been cited about constitutional rights to discovery, privilege, relevance and materiality, but none address the question faced here. That question is whether the prosecution should be required to reveal if any medical reports exist and what they are so that usage can be considered by defendant in order to request in camera inspection by the trial court. Cf. State v. Trammell, 231 Neb. 137, 435 N.W.2d 197 (1989). Confrontation under the Sixth Amendment cannot come into analysis until it is first established whether there is anything to be considered. See Ritchie, 107 S.Ct. at 1002, which said: Ritchie is entitled to have the CYS [Children and Youth Services] file reviewed by the trial court to determine whether it contains information that probably would have changed the outcome of his trial. If it does, he must be given a new trial. If the records maintained by CYS contain no such information, or if the nondisclosure was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, the lower court will be free to reinstate the prior conviction. In the context of that case, I find a due process issue and wonder repeatedly whether due process in Wyoming is empirically confined to practice in civil litigation only. Bond v. District Court In and For Denver County, 682 P.2d 33 (Colo. 1984). Discussion of this travesty in adjudicatory due process at times approaches the achievement of swatting flies with a piece of wet tissue paper. The goal of review escapes significant consideration by perambulating nonsense. Cf. State v. Bruno, 197 Conn. 326, 497 A.2d 758 (1985), cert. denied 475 U.S. 1119, 106 S.Ct. 1635, 90 L.Ed.2d 181 (1986). Pages of discussion appear in the State's brief and references in the majority directed to the question of Dr. Gale's proof that the psychiatric records for the Rounsaville children may not exist or are not demonstrated to exist. Having been denied access to the information required to determine what records exist, the controversy is then answered that no rights exist because proof of the existence of the records has not been provided by the party to whom disclosure has not been made. This is adjudicatory nonsense and sheer lunacy along with wasted time. If the records do not exist or were unknown to prosecution, why should we waste taxpayer's resources determining the hypothetical question about what we might do if there is something with which we might have available to do it. In context at this stage and particularly since none of the in camera records or tendered documentation establishes anything about what may exist as psychiatric or psychological records which were developed before or after the 1986 event, we reach not much further in conjecture than re-examining the ancient history inquiry of how many angels can dance on the head of a pin. There is nothing in all of this to reasonably demonstrate beyond whatever test of inquiry whether certain other records may exist to determine if they do exist and, if so, where. Dr. Gale concluded in his brief: In summary, this court should find that under certain circumstances the confidentiality that attaches to psychiatric records must yield to a criminal defendant's rights to due process, confrontation, and compulsory process    to both the United States and Wyoming constitutions. Furthermore, under the circumstances of this case good cause had been shown to justify a disclosure of the requested records. Hence, the trial court erred in not ordering the records to be produced and disclosing them to the defense or at least reviewing them in camera. The State responded: If Appellant believed that the existence of such records had been established, he certainly had the opportunity to so inform the court. Before trial began, defense counsel made specific inquiries regarding some of the court's rulings or apparent lack of rulings, yet took no exception to the black and white statement of the court that no psychiatric records had been shown to exist. Counsel did not avail himself of the court's willingness to conduct an in camera review of such material.          When the balancing test of Davis and Ritchie is applied, the victims' significant privacy interest in psychiatric records, and the State's compelling interest in maintaining confidentiality, outweighed Appellant's interest in this setting. Even if Appellant had shown to the trial court that psychiatric records existed, there should have been no in camera review. (Emphasis in original.) This court confuses: At the motions hearing, the trial court addressed the subpoena duces tecum issued to Dr. Heinecke and concluded that because any examinations or treatment Dr. Heinecke might have conducted with the R children were pursuant to the earlier juvenile court proceedings, their availability to the defense would be decided under Gale's motion for release of the juvenile court records.          Gale has never put forth any additional evidence showing that such records exist, let alone establish some basis for a claim that such records might contain information constitutionally material to his defense.    The district court did all that it could do. It gave Gale an open invitation to present evidence establishing the existence of psychological records not a part of the juvenile court file and information within such records that might be constitutionally material to his defense. Gale never took advantage of the district court's offer; consequently, he has not fulfilled his burden to present this court with a record that would afford him appellate review on this issue. It is intrinsic to this discussion that no challenge is made to in camera inspection. Not only to be applied to medical resources, but this Ritchie, 107 S.Ct. 989 adaptation is surely appropriate for other private documentation consideration. Hutton, supra, 33 S.D.L. Rev. 437. Proper in camera examination first enjoins a competitive unequivalency against the flexible and energized defense attorney and secondly reserves confidential information from the semi-public scrutiny of litigant counsel where no merit or relevancy to the issues at hand are demonstrable. At the same time, the proper in camera examination requires study by the trial court of a character to be expected from the energized and imaginative trial counsel. Detective work examination in trial preparation is the hallmark of the superior litigator and the obligation and opportunity of trial court in in camera examination is to recognize leads and not always admissible evidence as a high challenge in trial preparation. It is to be recognized as a responsibility of in camera examination that the trial court cannot see the moon if the examiner is only looking for the sun. Likewise, what is significant to portray and develop veracity and validity is a complex of interrelated stimuli developed by the rational application of reasoning and review. Consequently, in camera examination appropriately approached should not make the trial judge a soothsayer or adjunct to either or both trial counsel. In camera is only directed to exclude from review and evaluation by counsel what is unnecessarily harmful to the subject of the records. Otherwise, the thoughtful scrutiny should be done by counsel and not anticipated by exercised responsibility of the trial court. There is nothing in this record, provided by the State or the State's witnesses, which establishes that there are no psychological or psychiatric records. The involvement of Dr. Heineke, referenced in the majority opinion, and modest knowledge of responsibility of professional health care personnel for maintenance, preparation and preservation of defined records suggests a probability. The trial court could and should have required the prosecution to state what, if any, records were known to exist, of where, whom and what and then pursued argument whether contents would be reviewed in camera and, if not, at least consideration and text would be available for review in this record. Consequently, in assuming something existed that prosecutor, public institutions and, in result, even the trial court desired to immunize from review involving either the offenses committed against the Rounsaville children or the doubt of guilt of Dr. Gale for his charged offense, I will not pursue this subject generally except to demonstrate that existence and identification should have been required. Thereafter, in camera examination should have been pursued by a realistic trial court review. [24] I can only properly examine the authorities to review precedent as to whether the availability of records should have been identified to permit the course of requested discovery to the stage at least of in camera examination by the trial court. Anything less makes the entire review meaningless. Anything more renders discussion ephemeral and also hypothetical. Cited case authority does not demonstrate a logical and persuasive basis for affirming what the majority does here. State v. Esposito, 192 Conn. 166, 471 A.2d 949 (1984) recognized the constitutional confrontation interest and consequent effectuation where appropriate by striking the testimony of the witness if the privilege was not waived. The case was decided on the failure of proof for defendant to demonstrate any mental problem of the witness which affected her testimonial capacity as a threshold relevancy requirement by stating that [w]e are not inclined to conjure up a picture of mental abnormality out of nothing more substantial than the defendant's gossamer illusions. Id., 471 A.2d at 957. Com. v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484, 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied 518 Pa. 617, 541 A.2d 744 (1988) was both factually and substantively different as involving post-offense treatment. Similarly, see People v. District Court In and For City and County of Denver, 719 P.2d 722 (Colo. 1986) and People v. Foggy, 121 Ill.2d 337, 118 Ill.Dec. 18, 521 N.E.2d 86, cert. denied 486 U.S. 1047, 108 S.Ct. 2044, 100 L.Ed.2d 628 (1988). State v. Cusick, 219 N.J. Super. 452, 530 A.2d 806 (1987) provides little converse authority, if any, since the trial court did make an in camera inspection and a specific finding that there was no necessity to disclose since almost all of the information that is in those reports is obtainable and can be obtainable from other sources. Id. at 809. Cusick is to be compared with People v. Reber, 177 Cal. App.3d 523, 223 Cal. Rptr. 139, 146 (1986) for failure to make a proper in camera inspection and was found to constitute error where, as stated by the frequently cited decision, it was stated: Accordingly, the trial court erred to the extent it failed to (1) obtain and examine in camera all the materials under subpoena, (2) weigh defendants' constitutionally based claim of need against the statutory privilege invoked by the People, (3) determine which privileged matters, if any, were essential to the vindication of defendants' rights of confrontation and (4) create a record adequate to review its ruling. See also People v. Pack, 194 Cal. App.3d 1512, 240 Cal. Rptr. 367 (1987). Bobo v. State, 256 Ga. 357, 349 S.E.2d 690 (1986) also affords no support on the issue presented since the subject of the proposed testimony was made available and an inadequate showing of necessity for the trial testimony denied its use for witness impeachment. It is apparent the courts have been particularly protective of post-event victim counseling assistance in this regard. District Court In and For City and County of Denver, 719 P.2d 722; Esposito, 471 A.2d 949; and Foggy, 521 N.E.2d 86 are identical and distinguishable. [25] If it is to be considered that the United States Constitution in the most recent due process inspection on the subject in Ritchie, 107 S.Ct. 989 is not decisive, the foundational case in philosophy is In re Zuniga, 714 F.2d 632 (6th Cir.), cert. denied 464 U.S. 983, 104 S.Ct. 426, 78 L.Ed.2d 361 (1983), which addressed identification and dates of treatment. The court recognized: Clearly then, the Court has the authority to recognize a psychiatrist-patient privilege. This authority must be exercised with caution. As the Supreme Court has noted [e]videntiary privileges in litigation are not favored. Herbert v. Lando, 441 U.S. 153, 176, 99 S.Ct. 1635, 1648, 60 L.Ed.2d 115 (1979), and [w]hatever their origins, these exceptions to the demand for every man's evidence are not lightly created nor expansively construed for they are in derogation of the search for the truth. United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 711, 94 S.Ct. 3090, 3109, 41 L.Ed.2d 1039 (1974).       Having recognized the compelling necessity for the privilege, it remains for the Court to determine its applicability to the instant action. It should be emphasized in this regard that no attempt is made here to define the appropriate perimeters of the privilege. Just as the recognition of privileges must be undertaken on a case-by-case basis, so too must the scope of the privilege be considered. See, Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 396-97, 101 S.Ct. 677, 686, 66 L.Ed.2d 584 (1981). This is necessarily so because the appropriate scope of a privilege, like the propriety of the privilege itself, is determined by balancing the interests protected by shielding the evidence sought with those advanced by disclosure. Id. at 637-40. Clearly in constitutional context, the denial of evidence availability by privilege is not absolute. In United States v. Lindstrom, 698 F.2d 1154, 1166 (11th Cir.1983), the court said [w]hen balanced against the great probative weight of the psychiatric records for the issues in this case, the district court's justifications of cumulativeness and remoteness are insubstantial. See also United States v. Society of Independent Gasoline Marketers of America, 624 F.2d 461 (4th Cir.1979), cert. denied sub nom. Kayo Oil Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 1078, 101 S.Ct. 859, 66 L.Ed.2d 801 (1981). In analysis, we properly consider McCormick on Evidence § 105 at 259 (3d ed. 1984) (footnote omitted) as the sweeping curtain of privilege accomplishing the complete failure to consider the other side of the shield, namely, the loss which comes from depriving the courts of any reliable source of facts necessary for the right decision of cases.       Some of the analytical weaknesses of the utilitarian rationale of the privilege, except in the psychotherapeutic context, have been noted earlier. To these must be added the perplexities and confusions arising from judicial and legislative attempts to render tolerable a rule which essentially runs against the grain of justice, truth, and fair dealing. The uncertainties of application of a privilege so extensively and variously qualified and restricted should suffice conclusively to rebut any continuing effort to justify it on utilitarian grounds, for no one familiar with the vagaries of its operation will be disposed to repose confidence in its protection. Those not so knowledgeable will often find it a snare and a delusion.[ [26] ] Additional authority for error in denied identification of the existence of the medical records and in camera inspection by the trial court as relevant to this factual relationship is included in the discussion of the Georgia court in Bobo, 349 S.E.2d 690. The function of trial preparation and presentation is uniquely different here than is illustrated by that opinion in order to justify the veil of the non-removal privilege. In the broad due process context, we are faced with pretrial events which undercut the right of cross-examination and are then the essence of confrontation. Ritchie, 107 S.Ct. at 1008, Brennan, J., dissenting. We cannot know here whether the medical record file contains information that may have changed the outcome of [the] trial had it been disclosed, Id. at 1004, and even to meet the Blackmun special concurrence test: In my view, there might well be a confrontation violation if, as here, a defendant is denied pretrial access to information that would make possible effective cross-examination of a crucial prosecution witness. Id. at 1004. [27] The difference in advantage to the prosecution for the opportunity to convict and fairness to each contestant to advance fact finding for justice should not be ignored. See II ABA Standards for Criminal Justice, supra, §§ 11-1.1, 11-2.1, 11-2.2, 11-2.3 and 11-2.4 as well as the countervailing disclosure to prosecution. At issue is the fundamental fairness that must be the touchstone of all judicial inquiry. See State v. McBride, 213 N.J. Super. 255, 517 A.2d 152 (1986), where at least an in camera review should have been made to determine whether the report or any part thereof was discoverable. See also Greene v. Wainwright, 634 F.2d 272 (5th Cir.1981) and United States v. Partin, 493 F.2d 750 (5th Cir.1974). In even more recent review, the subject of use and availability of medical records is comprehensively addressed in Com. v. Lloyd, 567 A.2d 1357 (Pa. 1989). In criminal analysis, in following both Ritchie, 107 S.Ct. 989 and Reber, 223 Cal. Rptr. 139, the case of People v. Caplan, 193 Cal. App.3d 543, 238 Cal. Rptr. 478, 486-87 (1987) is both adaptive and persuasive, where the court enunciated that constitutional due process, and not the right to confrontation, compels the People to turn over evidence in its possession pretrial that is both favorable to the accused and material to guilt or punishment. Both cases set out procedures for the trial court to follow for in camera review of the sought-after material. The trial court here did not review the records, notes or files of Dr. Brennan subpoenaed by Caplan and argued by Caplan to be necessary for the preparation and presentation of his defense. The court merely upheld Cindy's privilege not to allow any disclosures. Therefore, the court again erred. Preclusive authority which would even require a different result for confrontation and due process rights under the Wyoming constitution which would be less protective than the United States Constitution is not authenticated by briefing or statement of cases in the majority opinion. Additionally, the Wyoming Constitution need not be limited in its protective right for Wyoming citizens by national concepts of a different court derived from a different document. Jones, 568 P.2d 837 did not provide a definable answer since their lists of witnesses were provided by each side and that production was not an issue as the Jencks Act statement review W.R.Cr.P. 18(c)(1) and (3) was not adapted since never reached. Consideration of materiality is intrinsic to the lack of identification from which any conclusion could be drafted. The manufactured evidence issue of Wilde v. State, 706 P.2d 251 (Wyo. 1985) is likewise absent since the records and documentation would generally be within the custody of other agencies and instrumentalities as a product of juvenile court proceedings. The broad conception that the trial court has discretion in determining the requirements of adherence to pretrial and discovery orders in civil cases lacks application here where, in a civil case in Wyoming, an enforceable right to lists of expected witnesses is mandated by rules and general practice. See State v. Dieringer, 708 P.2d 1 (Wyo. 1985). Aguilar v. State, 764 P.2d 684 (Wyo. 1988) provides no additional weight in consideration of the confused record and trial facts that the document was available for cross-examination and only admissibility as an exhibit was an issue. The document had been furnished and its use for impeachment is not deterred. Privilege is no more appropriate when used to insulate the complainant from questions of perjured testimony than is the case for the civil litigation plaintiff where waiver is implied. The same balance should be applied. Bond, 682 P.2d 33. The dicta of the non-discovery Wyoming cases is outdated and contrary to both modern precepts of due process and our present rules of procedure. I find no basis in those cases to countenance perjury or deny adequate trial preparation. Fitzgerald v. State, 601 P.2d 1015 (Wyo. 1979); Dodge v. State, 562 P.2d 303 (Wyo. 1977); Coca v. State, 423 P.2d 382 (Wyo. 1967). Compare the hypnosis cases and duty to reveal in Gee v. State, 662 P.2d 103 (Wyo. 1983) and Chapman v. State, 638 P.2d 1280 (Wyo. 1982). In sum, neither the Constitution of the United States, the Constitution of the State of Wyoming nor the precedential case law serves to justify the due process denial of documentary identification and consequent in camera inspection for prejudice, materiality and factual content relatable to accusatory witnesses for their defense of their father and substantive prosecution of the bystander.
Differing from the majority, my conscience is shocked by this saga of family incest and the public official's failure to effectively act to protect the children from their father except by an immunity agreement for the father and mother. This is perjury, bought and paid for. This case, within an augmented record which is disclosed in in camera documents and much more that is not disclosed and consequently unknown except to prosecution and the perpetrators, swims with both incestuous sexual abuse and trial time perjury. This is not a bald assertion from which real inference cannot be drawn. It commences in 1979 by entry in D-PASS records form SS-219 dated July 23, 1979 under the caption of D-17, a fourth grader, involving child protection with the statement made, complaint lodged by school nurse on last day of school. Since I was out of town and didn't have enough info. to follow up on the complaint, I've tabled it until Sept. School will check on it for us then. This should be logged as an I & R for future reference. This was then followed by a June 4, 1980, D-PASS form SS-219, captioned Gene Rounsaville, with comments: S.O. [school office] reported alleged sexual molestation by Gene of [D-17] and two of her friends at a slumber party. S.O. attempted to investigate, but initial efforts failed to turn anything more up. It is turned back to us for investigation. A conference was held involving Gene Rounsaville, Linda Rounsaville and D-PASS personnel to be followed by reports in late 1980, 1981, and other documentation which reveals that the evil continued uncorrected as to D-17 and the other children until the first real investigative action in 1984 when legal action was then reviewed but not instituted until two years later. One does not need to be totally informed in methodology of record preparation by D-PASS offices to discern quickly that the in camera file has been sanitized by someone or only partly collected. It would appear that party interview records and reports are generally not included. What did occur was that D-PASS forms were extracted and other detail and documentation material were only partially made available even to the trial court. This status of questionably incomplete records provides little confidence in the delivery of the justice system in its operation regarding the Rounsaville family. Everyone involved, including specifically the trial court, knew from examination of this record that preliminary hearings and juvenile court proceedings had occurred and records existed. Besides actual knowledge, judicial notice is not unknown in Campbell County. Obviously, either the documents were not examined in camera or this record is incomplete because complete files are not included. To make clear what samples are available to authenticate evidence of the proceedings, the record reveals: Criminal Complaints dated March 17, 1986, 86-CR-88-13 and 86-7128 against Gene Rounsaville by deputy sheriff, Monty Trenary, sexual assault on D-7. Two juvenile court admission agreements, In the Interest of: Rounsaville Children, Juvenile Nos. 1029, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, filed January 16, 1987, signed by Linda Rounsaville with the second being signed by Gene Rounsaville. Juvenile petition entitled In the Interest of D-17, S-11, D-10, D-7, D1-3, and D2-3 dated November 18, 1986. Transcript of the examination of the assistant prosecuting attorney taken April 24, 1987, discussing both juvenile proceedings and criminal proceedings against Gene Rounsaville. Dr. Gale's exhibit list indicates: All preliminary hearing exhibits in the matter of State v. Gale and State v. Elmer Jean Rounsaville (these documents were never made available by prosecution for trial introduction by Dr. Gale). In camera documents. In the Interest of D-17, S-11, D-10, D-7, D1-3 and D2-3, order for shelter care filed December 1, 1986. Notice of setting entitled In the Interest of [the Rounsaville Children], hearing scheduled April 22, 1987 (dispositional hearing). In the Interest of D-17, S-11, D-10, D-7, D1-3 and D2-3, order to appear filed November 18, 1986.
Analysis of this issue requires framing the denial of discovery for review within a landscape clearly established by trial testimony of unrequited perjury by most, if not all, of the Rounsaville family. It may be arguable when the prosecution first knew about the full scope of discrepancies until during trial when it became obvious that one critical facet could not have happened  the morning after conference, which was intrinsic to the testimony of all of the witnesses. The prosecution, from even the minimal records available, many of which were not available for defense, knew or should have known that both Gene and Linda Rounsaville never testified truthfully about the seven year scope of incest occurrences. It is curious that office correspondence to D-PASS about non-prosecution cannot be found. Intrinsic to the status of anticipated perjurious testimony at trial was the non-prosecution agreements which were executed. I do not write about bald assertion. Examination reveals minimized record production and examination reveals events and circumstances authenticated from the records which were only made available for in camera inspection and never given to counsel. This does not meet a due process test. Louisell, Criminal Discovery: Dilemma Real or Apparent?, 49 Calif.L.Rev. 56 (1961); Louisell, The Theory of Criminal Discovery and the Practice of Criminal Law, 14 Vand.L. Rev. 921 (1961).
As almost a post-script, we are faced with an argument about non-use by investigators, police and D-PASS of recordings for interviews with members of the Rounsaville family or, for that matter, other knowledgeable witnesses which could have included the classmate guests who were also members of the 1980 sexual offense by Gene Rounsaville at the slumber party. Obviously, if nothing was recorded, nothing can be produced. I reject implicitly and explicitly the broad absolution of this majority that investigating officers do not, at least under the Wyoming Constitution, have a participative responsibility to provide due process in the investigation of a person to be charged with a crime. People v. Pope, 724 P.2d 1323 (Colo. 1986). I do not excuse apparent negligence to necessarily deny violation of the defendant's right to due process of law. State v. Leslie, 147 Ariz. 38, 708 P.2d 719 (1985). This court serves to assure due process and justice and not just to explain how a questionable conviction can be justified by excuses for affirmation. Neither Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 109 S.Ct. 333, 102 L.Ed.2d 281 (1988), reh'g denied ___ U.S. ___, 109 S.Ct. 885, 102 L.Ed.2d 1007 (1989) nor other recent United States Supreme Court decisions serve to repeal the Wyoming Constitution or to justify the decision presented here. [28] Although different as relating to interrogation of a suspect instead of the complainants, I would follow the due process ideal of Stephan v. State, 711 P.2d 1156 (Alaska 1985) and not the legislature's approval of People v. Everette, 187 Ill. App.3d 1063, 135 Ill.Dec. 472, 543 N.E.2d 1040 (1989) and State v. Gorton, 149 Vt. 602, 548 A.2d 419 (1988). To record is to preserve for future certainty. Stephan, 711 P.2d 1156. The problem in this case was magnified since not only was documentary evidence not available to the defense, but the record reflects an active program in school and D-PASS to assure non-availability of witnesses for interviews by representatives of Dr. Gale for his trial preparation. The State should not have denied access to witnesses. Sosebee v. State, 190 Ga. App. 746, 380 S.E.2d 464, cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 110 S.Ct. 323, 107 L.Ed.2d 313 (1989).
Due process, equal protection and fairness have not been served in this proceeding which ended with conviction. Consequently, I dissent.