Opinion ID: 491574
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 4

Heading: The Enmund v. Florida claim

Text: 47 Elledge maintains that his death sentence violated his eighth amendment rights as articulated in Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782, 102 S.Ct. 3368, 73 L.Ed.2d 1140 (1982). The key to his argument is an attempt to distinguish causation from culpability. 48 Active participation in the murder vitiates the Enmund concerns. Hitchcock v. Wainwright, 745 F.2d 1332, 1340 (11th Cir.1984), aff'd, 770 F.2d 1514 (11th Cir.1985) (en banc), rev'd on other grounds sub. nom., --- U.S. ----, 107 S.Ct. 1821, 95 L.Ed.2d 347 (1987); Drake v. Francis, 727 F.2d 990, 997 (11th Cir.1984), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, remanded in part (all on other grounds) sub nom. Drake v. Kemp, 762 F.2d 1449 (11th Cir.1985) (en banc). There was no Enmund-type violation in this case. 21 49