Opinion ID: 2997465
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: facts

Text: In September of 1984, two Indiana men failed to return home at the end of the day. Neither the men nor their bodies were ever found, and the two men were eventually declared legally dead. On August 2, 2000, brothers Herbert “Duke” Board (“Duke”) and Jerome Board (“Jerry”), residents of nearby Paris, Illinois, were arrested and charged with the murders of the two men. While awaiting trial, Duke and Jerry were held at the Edgar County Illinois Jail (“Jail”) for 126 days. On December 6, 2000, they were released from custody following their acquittal on the murder charges. During the brothers’ detention at the Jail, defendant Karl Farnham, Jr. was the Sheriff of Edgar County and defendants Allen Verchota and Kent Rhoades were jailers. At maximum capacity, the two-story Jail could house up to 28 inmates and was staffed by one jailer per shift, per floor. Both men claim that the alleged inhumane and inadequate conditions which existed at the Jail during their confinement infringed upon their constitutional rights.
When the Boards were admitted to the Edgar County Jail, it was the Jail’s policy to provide inmates, upon induction, with basic toiletry items—such as soap, toothpaste, and shampoo—free of charge. In addition, inmates also had the option of purchasing brand-name items from the Jail commissary. In the event that the inmate’s supply of a No. 03-2628 3 given toiletry item ran low, inmates could either request additional items, free of charge, from the Jail’s staff or purchase the brand-name items from the commissary. However, inmates in custody were not allowed to receive such items from outside sources (e.g., friends, family and other visitors) for security reasons. Pursuant to the Jail’s policy, Duke and Jerry each received a Jail-issued toothbrush and a supply of toothpaste, deodorant, one blanket, and an orange jumpsuit when they were booked into the Jail on August 2, 2000. In spite of this, however, Jerry claims he did not have toothpaste for 90% of the time during his stay in Jail. Similarly, Duke claims he went without toothpaste for three-and-a-half weeks, although he requested that Farnham supply him with additional toothpaste on approximately 15 different occasions during that time. Duke claims that this deprivation caused him to suffer tooth decay resulting in the removal of several of his teeth while he was confined in the Jail.
While incarcerated, Duke and Jerry also suffered frequent nosebleeds which they attributed to the Jail’s poor ventilation system. Duke and Jerry claim the Jail’s heating and air flow system issued a “constant flow of black fiberglass dust into the cells which caused Jerry, Duke and other inmates to have countless nosebleeds.” Appellee’s Br. at 20. Indeed, Duke testified that he suffered from nosebleeds “[e]very day” he was confined in the Jail, starting about two weeks after his confinement began. Duke Board Dep. at 130. News of this prompted the Boards’ father, Herbert Board, to contact Jacob Payne, an Edgar County Board member, to discuss the Jail’s ventilation system. As a result of this conversation Farnham hired a heating contractor, Richard Walker (“Walker”), to investigate the concerns and address any issues that may exist. Farnham allegedly told him that 4 No. 03-2628 “some inmates were sick and the ducts were suspected [as the cause].” Walker Aff. ¶ 4. According to Farnham, Walker’s investigation found nothing wrong with the ventilation system. Nonetheless, Farnham instructed a maintenance crew to clean the vent covers, and suggested that the Jail administrators change the air filters every thirty days. Walker testified via sworn affidavit that he observed the following upon inspection of the duct work: (a) “a thick layer of dust and dirt inside the duct work”; (b) “the ducts were lined with an approximate [sic] one inch thick black fiberglass duct liner; this old-fashioned duct liner does not have the protective coating that newer duct liner has [sic], to prevent the fiberglass particles from entering the air flow”; (c) “the liner did not look deteriorated[,] but when I touched it, a large cloud of black dust rolled off the liner; and (d) “I saw actual particles of fiberglass throughout the black dust.” Walker Aff. ¶ 6. In response to these observations Walker stated that he told Farnham that the Jail may be suffering from “sick building syndrome,” as a result of the fiberglass and bacteria present in the ventilation system. Walker Aff. ¶ 9. In addition, Walker claims he told Farnham that if people were becoming ill, the duct work system should be replaced because, among other things, “[a]ny airborne bacteria or diseases [could] be communicated through the common ductwork to other parts of the building.” Id. Farnham allegedly told Walker that he wanted a “quick solution,” however, Walker told Farnham that, at the very least, the Jail would have to “clean the entire ductwork system, not simply where the air comes out.” Id. Also, Walker gave Farnham an estimate for the installation of a superior filter and black-light system to kill bacteria in the ducts, but never heard back from Farnham. Id. at ¶ 11. Walker went on to state that, in his experience, fiberglass particles in the air circulation system can cause nosebleeds and respiratory problems, including those described by Duke and Jerry. No. 03-2628 5 Apparently Farnham chose not to take Walker’s recommendation seriously. Duke Board testified that he was unaware that any inspection had taken place. Duke Dep. at 133. In addition, Duke stated that Farnham told him that the maintenance crew at the Jail would vacuum the vent covers and registers, but that the ducts (the source of the black fiberglass particles) could not be cleaned without tearing apart the ceilings. Id. at 132. A fellow inmate at the Jail stated in his affidavit that, during the time period when the Boards were being held at the Jail, the Jail’s staff only attempted to vacuum the vents one time. See Weiland Aff. ¶ 4. Wieland also stated that “the jail was dusty and dirty all the time [and] even when we swept [the black fiberglass residue] up it was dirty just hours later with black dust all over.” Id. at ¶ 5.
In addition to causing nosebleeds, Duke Board claims the poor ventilation system exacerbated his pre-existing asthma; a condition which he had previously been able to control with prescription asthma medication. While incarcerated, Duke was granted access to his inhaler, as well as nebulizer treatments to aid his troubled breathing. However, on at least two occasions, when Duke’s asthma did not respond to such treatments, Jail personnel took him to the emergency room of a nearby hospital for additional treatment. Duke also claims that jailers Verchota and Rhoades denied his requests for his inhaler on several occasions, thus contributing to and exacerbating his asthmatic problems. According to his mother, before being jailed Duke had his asthma condition under control and “was not using much medication or having asthma attacks.” Young Aff. ¶ 7. However, while in Jail, Duke’s condition took a turn for the worse (a circumstance which he blames, at least in part, on the poor ventilation system at the Jail). While incarcerated, 6 No. 03-2628 Duke was provided with an “albuterol” inhaler,1 which he states was prescribed to prevent the obstruction of his airway associated with asthmatic complications. See Duke Dep. at 163-65. Duke testified that he was allowed to keep his inhaler in his cell for approximately five to ten days, but thereafter he was required to request the device from jailors. Id. at 164-65. However, Duke claims Verchota and Rhoades did not always comply with his requests. Duke stated that there were times when Verchota and Rhoades would “not give [him] medication when [he] asked for it,” despite his pounding and kicking the walls to alert the guards that he was having an attack. Id. at 166. Duke claimed he would go all night without his medication and in the morning would “be almost frickin’ de[a]d.” Id.
After their acquittal and subsequent release from Jail in December of 2000, Duke and Jerry returned to Paris, Illinois. Subsequently, a group of five plaintiffs filed suit in response to the circumstances surrounding Duke and Jerry’s arrest, criminal investigation, and incarceration. Their lengthy complaint, filed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, included 208 paragraphs, eighteen individual counts, and fourteen named defendants. As a result of voluntary dismissal and the district court’s unchallenged grant of the defendants’ motion for summary judgment on a number of 1 Albuterol is the scientific name for the drug used in a number of brand-name asthma inhalers such as Ventolin HFA. See Dunplay, et al. Physician’s Desk Reference 1665-67 (58th ed. 2004). Albuterol is a beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator, which means it “relaxes the smooth muscles of all airways, from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles.” Id. at 1666. Inhalers containing albuterol are used to control the symptoms brought on by a asthma attacks. See id. No. 03-2628 7 the claims, only Duke and Jerry remain as plaintiffs and only three of their constitutional claims survive. The denial of summary judgment concerning these three claims form the basis for this interlocutory appeal. The following constitutional claims remain: whether (1) Farnham infringed on the Boards’ constitutional rights by failing to provide them with toothpaste; (2) Farnham failed to provide humane conditions of confinement for Duke and Jerry by failing to remedy the Jail’s ventilation system which caused serious medical problems in the form of nosebleeds, respiratory distress and asthma attacks; and (3) Verchota and Rhoades were deliberately indifferent to a serious medical condition when, on a number of occasions, they failed to provide Duke with his inhaler upon his request. Each of these claims alleges a violation of the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment as applied to pre-trial detainees by way of Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In the district court’s 40-page Order, Judge Michael P. McCuskey, presiding, held that these claims should survive summary judgment because they presented a genuine issue for trial, notwithstanding the defendants-appellant’s qualified immunity defense. On June 16, 2003, Farnham, Verchota, and Rhoades filed a timely notice of interlocutory appeal. As in the district court, the defendants-appellants claimed that, because they are government employees, and because the specific constitutional rights asserted by the Boards’ were not clearly established during the time of their incarceration, they are entitled to qualified immunity, and as such, summary judgment should have been granted. We Affirm.