Opinion ID: 2598
Heading Depth: 3
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Globe Newspaper and Press-Enterprise

Text: Globe Newspaper and Press-Enterprise employed First Amendment balancing to create an embryonic version of the courtroom closure test that eventually reached its full expression in Waller. Indeed, Waller expressly incorporates these First Amendment standards into its rule. See 467 U.S. at 47, 104 S.Ct. 2210 ([W]e hold that under the Sixth Amendment any closure of a suppression hearing over the objections of the accused must meet the tests set out in Press-Enterprise and its predecessors.). In Globe Newspaper, the Court held that to justify the exclusion of the press from criminal trials, the state must: (1) show a compelling government interest; and (2) narrowly tailor the courtroom closure to serve that interest. 457 U.S. at 606-07, 102 S.Ct. 2613. In Press-Enterprise, the Court added that there was a presumption of openness in criminal trials that could only be rebutted by findings specific enough that a reviewing court can determine whether the closure order was properly entered. 464 U.S. at 510, 104 S.Ct. 819. To the extent that the general approach of Globe Newspaper or Press-Enterprise might aid Rodriguez, Waller has incorporated it and now stands as the new touchstone of case law on public trials. Rodriguez clearly does not fall within the narrow holdings of these freedom of the press cases. Neither Globe Newspaper nor Press-Enterprise held that the exclusion of the family and friends of the defendant should be subject to a heightened level of scrutiny. At best, Globe Newspaper simply repeated Oliver 's dicta. See Globe Newspaper Co., 457 U.S. at 605, 102 S.Ct. 2613. Thus, the two cases are irrelevant to Rodriguez for AEDPA purposes.