Opinion ID: 2637577
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 4

Heading: analysis

Text: At trial, Votava requested that the trial court instruct the jury regarding the defense under RCW 46.61.504(2), which states: No person may be convicted [of actual physical control of a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor] under this section if, prior to being pursued by a law enforcement officer, the person has moved the vehicle safely off the roadway. RCW 46.61.504(2) (emphasis added). The trial court ruled against the defense instruction based on McGuire v. City of Seattle, 31 Wash.App. 438, 642 P.2d 765 (1982). In McGuire, the issue was whether actual physical control while under the influence is a lesser included offense of DUI. 31 Wash.App. at 441, 642 P.2d 765. The McGuire court concluded that it is, and that moving the vehicle safely off the roadway is an affirmative defense to actual physical control. Id. at 443-44, 642 P.2d 765. It went on to state, in what the parties agree is dicta, This affirmative defense is not available in the case of the intoxicated person who assumes physical control without moving a vehicle. Id. at 444, 642 P.2d 765. The trial judge quoted this language, explaining his refusal to give Votava's requested instruction: [T]he line of this affirmative defense is not available in the case of the intoxicated person assumes [sic] physical control without moving the vehicle, to me it takes that defense out of the case.... I have not included [the defense instruction] based on McGuire, I don't think affirmative defense applies in this case.... I am not going to permit that defense to be raised on the McGuire case because I don't think it is appropriate given that language. Initially I thought it was something that could go to the jury, but after reading that, I don't believe it is appropriate. Clerk's Papers (CP) at 170-71. On appeal, the superior court held that the defense was not precluded by the fact that the defendant did not drive the car because the defense doesn't say `and the defendant drove the motor vehicle off the roadway.' It says, `The vehicle was moved off the roadway.'  CP at 227. The Court of Appeals reversed, holding that RCW 46.61.504(2) requires the person asserting the defense to be the person who drove the vehicle. Because Votava did not drive, the Court of Appeals held that he could not assert the defense. State v. Votava, 109 Wash.App. 529, 534-35, 37 P.3d 296 (2001). At the heart of this case is the meaning of the language in RCW 46.61.504(2), the person has moved the vehicle. We review a question of statutory construction de novo. City of Pasco v. Pub. Employment Relations Comm'n, 119 Wash.2d 504, 507, 833 P.2d 381 (1992). We have the ultimate authority to determine a statute's meaning. State v. Elgin, 118 Wash.2d 551, 555, 825 P.2d 314 (1992). Unless a statute is ambiguous, we must derive its meaning from the actual statutory language, and language not defined in the statute is given its ordinary meaning. State v. Smith, 117 Wash.2d 263, 270-71, 814 P.2d 652 (1991). The language the person has moved the vehicle is clear and not defined by statute. Therefore, we consider its ordinary meaning, which we conclude can encompass methods other than driving. Therefore, we reject the State's argument that the statutory language requires that the defendant drive the car in order to assert the defense. Such a construction would require us to change the language from has moved to has driven. Has moved in RCW 46.61.504(2) means something different from has driven, and a person may move a vehicle without driving it. See Votava, 109 Wash.App. at 537, 37 P.3d 296 (Schultheis, J., dissenting). Votava moved the vehicle off the roadway when he directed his friend to drive into the parking lot. Such a construction is consistent with the courts' understanding of the offense. An officer may charge actual physical control of a vehicle when a person is in the position to control the movement or lack of movement of the vehicle. See State v. Beck, 42 Wash.App. 12, 15, 707 P.2d 1380 (1985). When the evidence gives rise to a reasonable inference that the vehicle was where it was by a person's choice, that person is in actual physical control of the vehicle. State v. Smelter, 36 Wash.App. 439, 445, 674 P.2d 690 (1984). A person may be in actual physical control even if someone else is driving. See, e.g., In re Arambul, 37 Wash.App. 805, 808, 683 P.2d 1123 (1984) (affirming negligent homicide conviction of passenger who was in actual physical control when she grabbed the steering wheel). Driving is not an element of the offense, nor should it be required for the defense. Allowing a defendant who did not drive to present the defense better advances the purposes of the statute. The language of a statute should be construed to carry out, rather than defeat, the statute's purpose. See Miller v. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co., 81 Wash.2d 302, 310, 501 P.2d 1063 (1972). The actual physical control statute was enacted to protect the public by (1) deterring anyone who is intoxicated from getting into a car except as a passenger, and (2) enabling law enforcement to arrest an intoxicated person before that person strikes. Smelter, 36 Wash.App. at 444, 674 P.2d 690. If a person is required by law to drive while intoxicated before invoking the defense, as the Court of Appeals held and the State argues, the purposes of the statute are defeated. First, someone who personally drives off the road has done precisely what the statute seeks to prevent by getting into the vehicle as a driver, rather than as a passenger. Second, that person has not been arrested before he or she could strike. However, if the defense is available to a person who directs another to drive the vehicle off the roadway, the statutory purposes are advanced. Votava had only been a passenger before his car was moved into the parking lot. Moreover, the state trooper was able to arrest him before he drove. [1] The State cites an out-of-jurisdiction case in support of its argument that a person must personally drive the vehicle safely off the roadway. The Supreme Court of Nevada, in a footnote, purports to announce the purpose of the defense in RCW 46.61.504(2). Isom v. Nevada, 105 Nev. 391, 776 P.2d 543, 545 n. 2 (1989). According to the Isom court, the defense addresses the problem of the drinker who, while operating a vehicle, realizes that his driving ability is impaired and provides incentive for intoxicated motorists to pull safely off the highway without fear of being arrested. Id. (emphasis added). We are not bound by the Nevada court's interpretation of Washington statutes. This court's only statement regarding the purposes for the defense contains no driving requirement: Once the person [in actual physical control of a vehicle] is safely off the roadway he is no longer posing a threat to the public.... State v. Day, 96 Wash.2d 646, 649 n. 4, 638 P.2d 546 (1981). [2] Moreover, the Nevada court analyzed the defense this way because it mistakenly believed that RCW 46.61.504(2) is a defense to driving while under the influence. Isom, 776 P.2d at 545 n. 2. No such defense exists. See RCW 46.61.502. Under the Court of Appeals' reading, the defendant who did not personally drive the vehicle off the road has no recourse to the defense. However, the actual physical control defendant who admits to driving the vehicle off the road might be charged with DUI under RCW 46.61.502 and, if so charged, would have no recourse to the defense. The defense would not be available to the defendant in either case. We decline to adopt a reading that renders the defense superfluous. See Cox v. Helenius, 103 Wash.2d 383, 387-88, 693 P.2d 683 (1985). Recently, the Court of Appeals, Division Two reviewed this defense. City of Tacoma v. Belasco, 114 Wash.App. 211, 56 P.3d 618 (2002). In Belasco, the defendant determined that he was too drunk to drive when he exited a bar. He decided not to leave the bar's parking lot. A city police officer found him there, asleep in his car, and charged him under RCW 46.61.504. The trial court judge, relying on McGuire, would not give the defense instruction because Belasco did not drive the car into the parking lot after he was intoxicated. On appeal, Division Two rejected the same argument advanced by the State here: Under the City's theory, to be eligible to assert the affirmative defenses, a defendant would have to prove that he first drove while intoxicated, a greater crime than that with which he is charged, and then prove that he moved the car safely off the roadway.... Belasco, 114 Wash.App. at 215-16, 56 P.3d 618. It held that the defendant could use the defense although he had not driven while intoxicated. Id. at 215, 56 P.3d 618. [3] The same reasoning applies here. The State did not have evidence that Votava drove, which is why it amended the charge to the lesser offense. Under Division Three's reading in this case, Votava would be forced to prove that he had driven the car, the very evidence the State could not produce. A defendant who must prove the more serious crime of driving while under the influence runs the risk of taking the case out of the actual physical control statute where the defense exists and being charged with DUI for which the defense is not available. Making the defense available only to the defendant who personally drove the vehicle off the roadway creates an incentive for intoxicated persons to drive. A statute must not be construed in such a way as to render unlikely, absurd, or strained results. Elgin, 118 Wash.2d at 555, 825 P.2d 314. Requiring that a person endanger the public by committing a more serious crime before being allowed to argue that he or she moved the vehicle safely off the roadway is just such a result. In Votava's case, he would have had to drive out of the parking lot, travel on the public road, and then pull safely off the roadway. Finally, we reject the argument that because Votava took control after the car was off the roadway, the defense is not available to him. The Court of Appeals stated that a person who directs another person to move a vehicle off the roadway, but who then regains actual physical control of the vehicle, remains a threat to the public because the act of regaining control suggests an intent to move the vehicle back onto the roadway. Votava, 109 Wash.App. at 536, 37 P.3d 296. [4] This argument fails to dispose of the issue. It goes to the elements of the charge, rather than the defense. The very nature of this affirmative defense is that, although the State can prove every element of the actual physical control charge, acquittal is appropriate if the defendant can show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the defendant moved the vehicle safely off the roadway. See State v. Riker, 123 Wash.2d 351, 367-68, 869 P.2d 43 (1994) (affirmative defense admits defendant committed criminal act but pleads an excuse). In addition, timing is not material to the defense inquiry, except to the extent that the person moved the vehicle prior to being pursued by a law enforcement officer. RCW 46.61.504(2). Probable cause to arrest a person under RCW 46.61.504 may exist after that person moved the vehicle off the roadway in many cases. For instance, if a driver pulls off the roadway upon realizing that her driving ability is impaired and stays behind the wheel, she is in actual physical control after moving the vehicle. If a person gets into the driver's seat of his parked vehicle and decides not to drive, he is in actual physical control after moving the vehicle. See Belasco, 114 Wash.App. 211, 56 P.3d 618. The timing alone does not preclude their use of the defense. Moreover, it is illogical to draw a distinction between the person who remains in control after personally driving off the roadway as opposed to the person who regains control after the car has been moved off the road at his direction. There is no meaningful difference between the danger posed by the persons in these two situations. Both persons arguably demonstrate an intention to return to the roadway. Both arguably may be charged with actual physical control. Both may present the defense to the jury, whose province it is to determine whether the facts and circumstances exculpate the defendant.