Opinion ID: 2623891
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Sufficiency of Evidence and the Parental Justification Defense

Text: Mother does not dispute that she used physical force upon Daughter. However, Mother contends that the evidence proffered by the prosecution was legally insufficient to disprove her defense of parental discipline. As such, Mother believes that her conviction for abuse of family or household members was not supported by sufficient evidence. We agree with Mother. Preliminarily, we recognize that an appellate court will not overturn a conviction by a jury if `viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the [prosecution], there is substantial evidence to support the conclusion of the trier of fact.' State v. Moniz, 92 Hawai`i 472, 992 P.2d 741 (App.1999), cert. denied, 92 Hawai`i 472, 992 P.2d 741 (1999) (quoting State v. Matias, 74 Haw. 197, 207, 840 P.2d 374, 379 (1992)). However, this court has, on numerous occasions, reversed a defendant's conviction because the jury's verdict was not supported by legally sufficient evidence as a matter of law. See, e.g., State v. Balanza, 93 Hawai`i 279, 288, 1 P.3d 281, 290 (2000); State v. Bautista, 86 Hawai`i 207, 214, 948 P.2d 1048, 1055 (1997); State v. Malufau, 80 Hawai`i 126, 133, 906 P.2d 612, 619, vacated in part on other grounds, 80 Hawai`i 126, 906 P.2d 612 (1995); State v. Lucks, 56 Haw. 129, 132, 531 P.2d 855, 858 (1975). State v. Jones, 96 Hawai`i 161, 180, 29 P.3d 351, 370 (2001) (emphasis added). We begin our analysis with the well-established principle that parental rights are of constitutional dimension. In re Doe, 99 Hawai`i 522, 532, 57 P.3d 447, 457 (2002). A parent's right to direct his or her child's upbringing has found protection in both the federal and Hawaii constitutions. See id. at 532-33, 57 P.3d at 457-58; Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205, 213-15, 92 S.Ct. 1526, 32 L.Ed.2d 15 (1972); Pierce v. Soc'y of the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary, 268 U.S. 510, 534-35, 45 S.Ct. 571, 69 L.Ed. 1070 (1925); but see Sweaney v. Ada County, Idaho, 119 F.3d 1385, 1391 (9th Cir. 1997) (although a parent has a privilege to use reasonable or moderate physical force to control behavior, there is no absolute constitutional right to strike a child). The state, however, in the interest of protecting the child's welfare, has a right to limit parental freedom in raising their children. Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158, 165-67, 64 S.Ct. 438, 88 L.Ed. 645 (1944). To this end, our legislature has carved out a law, i.e., HRS § 703-309(1), recognizing a parent's privilege to exercise physical control over a child so long as it does not result in harm to the child. As originally enacted, HRS § 703-309(1) (1985) provided that: The use of force upon or toward the person of another is justifiable under the following circumstances: (1) The actor is the parent or guardian or other person similarly responsible for the general care and supervision of a minor, or a person acting at the request of such parent, guardian, or other responsible person, and: (a) The force is used for the purpose of safeguarding or promoting the welfare of the minor, including the prevention or punishment of his misconduct; and (b) The force used is not designed to cause or known to create a substantial risk of causing death, serious bodily injury, disfigurement, extreme pain or mental distress, or gross degradation. (Emphases added.) The commentary to HRS § 703-309(1) indicated that the statute sets a fairly simple and unexceptionable standard; the right of parents to use force to discipline their children is recognized, subject to clear requirements not to cause permanent injury.  (Emphasis added.) Moreover, HRS § 703-309(1) (1985) is derived from and is identical to section § 3.08(1) of the Model Penal Code. Compare HRS § 703-309(1) with Model Penal Code § 3.08(1) (1985); see generally Conf. Comm. Rep. No. 1, in 1972 House Journal, at 1035, and in 1972 Senate Journal, at 734. Specifically, the drafters of the Model Penal Code set forth the following comments regarding section 3.08(1): The formulation is in some respects less stringent than that in Section 147 of the Restatement of Torts, which speaks of such reasonable force and such reasonable confinement as the parent reasonably believes to be necessary for the proper control, training, or education of the child. [8] To require belief in necessity to avoid criminal conviction was thought to be too extreme. Parents may defensibly use force less on the basis of a judgment of necessity than simply with the belief that it is an appropriate preventive or corrective measure. Hence, so long as the person exercising parental authority acts for the purpose of safeguarding or promoting the child's welfare (including the specific purpose of preventing or punishing misconduct), he is privileged under the Model Code unless he culpably creates substantial risk of the excessive injuries specified in Subsection (1)(b). The formulation also differs from the Restatement in not explicitly demanding that the force be reasonable. It was believed that so long as a parent uses moderate force for permissible purposes, the criminal law should not provide for review of the reasonableness of the parent's judgment. Of course, even if a statute includes language about necessity or reasonableness or both, it would be extraordinary for a parent using moderate force for a permissible purpose to be prosecuted because of misjudgment. Thus[,] the less stringent language of the Model Code is unlikely to make a great practical difference, but it does more accurately reflect the latitude that is actually given to judgments of parents in disciplining their children. State v. Kaimimoku, 9 Haw.App. 345, 351-52, 841 P.2d 1076, 1079-80 (1992) (quoting Model Penal Code § 3.08, Comment (1979)) (format altered) (some emphases added) (some emphases omitted). In other words, the original HRS § 703-309(1) granted to parents considerable autonomy to discipline their children, and[,] as long as parents use moderate force for permissible purposes in disciplining their children and do not create a substantial risk of the excessive injuries specified in subsection (1)(b), they will not be criminally liable. Id. at 352, 841 P.2d at 1080. In Kaimimoku, the trial court found the defendant-father's use of force against his seventeen-year-old daughter unjustified under HRS § 703-309(1) (1985) and convicted the father of abuse of a family or household member. 9 Haw.App. at 348, 841 P.2d at 1078. In that case, the father slapped his daughter on the face and punched her shoulder, leaving a scratch and a bruise, and causing some pain of unknown duration. Id. at 347-48, 841 P.2d at 1077. The father testified that he used force on his daughter to punish her for yelling profanities at him, disobeying him, and being disrespectful. Id. at 352, 841 P.2d at 1080. The daughter admitted that she yelled profanities at her father and did not obey him when he told her not to do so. Id. In reversing the father's conviction, the ICA determined that the elements of the parental justification defense contained in HRS § 703-309(1) (1985) had been met, to wit: (1) the father was undisputedly the parent of the daughter; (2) [t]here [was] no evidence on the record that [the f]ather struck [his d]aughter for any purpose other than for punishment; and (3) the force used was not designed to cause or known to create a substantial risk of causing death, serious bodily injury, disfigurement, extreme pain or mental distress, or gross degradation. Id. at 352, 841 P.2d at 1080 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In reaching its conclusion that the force used was within the bounds afforded to the father as a parent, the ICA relied upon State v. Deleon, 72 Haw. 241, 813 P.2d 1382 (1991). In Deleon, the defendant-father was convicted of abuse of family or household members upon the trial court's finding that he was guilty of causing extreme pain, a prohibited result under HRS § 703-309(1)(b) (1985), when he struck his fourteen-year-old daughter with a folded belt. Id. at 242, 813 P.2d at 1383. The undisputed facts revealed that: The daughter testified that her father told her every day not to have her friends to the house. Even so, [the daughter's] friends were usually there when [the father] came home from work. [The father] had told [the daughter] that if she violated the house rules, he would spank her with a belt. Nevertheless, according to her testimony, she deliberately brought her friends home every day. On the day in question, [the father] heard [the daughter] and her friends in the house and a girl was crying. Three friends were with [the daughter] in her room. [The father] called [the daughter] out of her room and asked what happened to [her friend who was crying]. He got no satisfactory answer. He told [the daughter's] friends to go home but they refused. At this point, [the father] hit [the daughter] from six to ten times, with a crisscross motion, on her stretch pants, above the knees, with a 36-inch long belt, folded in two. The belt was one and one-half inches wide. [The daughter] testified that she felt a little pain, that the spanking stung her, and that the pain lasted an hour and a half. She had bruises for about a week. She cried for half an hour . . . . . . . . The police officer testified that[,] at 6:00 p.m., he checked [the daughter's] legs and parts of her body for injuries. He found some reddish, welt-type, raised skin above [the daughter's] knee joints. The raised skin area was about three to three and a half inches wide and about four and a half to five inches long. . . . The injuries at the time of the inspection were turning from red to darker grey or blue. Id. at 242-43, 813 P.2d at 1383 (emphases added). We reversed the father's conviction, concluding that the pain inflicted upon the daughter by her father did not come, in degree, anywhere near death, serious bodily injury, disfigurement, extreme mental distress or gross degradation. Id. at 244, 813 P.2d at 1384. In so concluding, we employed the ancient canon of construction, noscitur a sociis, i.e., that the meaning of words or phrases in a statute may be determined by reference to the meaning of words or phrases associated with it, State v. Crouser, 81 Hawai`i 5, 13 n. 6, 911 P.2d 725, 733 n. 6 (1996), to interpret the phrase extreme pain by examining the other statutorily prohibited results under HRS § 703-309(1)(b). In 1992, the legislature, in considering an amendment to HRS § 703-309(1) (1985), expressly recognized  through the adoption of a standing committee report by the Senate Judiciary Committee  that the line between physical abuse and appropriate parental discipline is a very subjective one. What one parent considers discipline may seem abusive to another. Your Committee had to consider how best to draw the line in the context of the legal defense provided for parents [and] guardians . . . when determining guilt in a criminal trial. Your Committee believes that the gray areas must be resolved by not criminalizing such parental discipline, even if a majority of the community would find the extent of the punishment inappropriate. Sen. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 2493, in 1992 Senate Journal, at 1121 (emphases added). In its attempt to best draw the line, the legislature amended HRS § 703-309(1) (1985) to include the following underscored new language in subsections (1)(a) and (1)(b) and to remove the terms death and gross degradation from subsection (1)(b): The use of force upon or toward the person of another is justifiable under the following circumstances: (1) The actor is the parent or guardian or other person similarly responsible for the general care and supervision of a minor, or a person acting at the request of the parent, guardian, or other responsible person, and: (a) The force is employed with due regard for the age and size of the minor and is reasonably related to the purpose of safeguarding or promoting the welfare of the minor, including the prevention or punishment of the minor's misconduct; and (b) The force used is not designed to cause or known to create a risk of causing substantial bodily injury, disfigurement, extreme pain or mental distress, or neurological damage. (Emphases added.) See 1992 Haw. Sess. L. Act 210, § 1 at 554. The legislature indicated that the purpose of the aforementioned amendments was to limit the amount of force that parents and guardians can legally use in disciplining their children to that which is reasonable or moderate. Sen. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 2208, in 1992 Senate Journal, at 1022 (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphases added); Conf. Comm. Rep. No. 103, in 1992 House Journal, at 843. The amendments also brought the subject statute much closer to the formulation found in the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 147[, see supra note 8,] and that used by a substantial majority of other jurisdictions. State v. Crouser, 81 Hawai`i 5, 12, 911 P.2d 725, 732 (1996) (citation omitted). As the conference committee report regarding the amendments makes clear, the amendment to subparagraph (a) of subsection (1) was intended to further clarify the level of force one may use upon minors[.] In determining whether or not the level of force is permitted under law, a court must consider the age and size of the recipient and whether a reasonable relationship exists between the force used and a legitimate purpose as specified in the statute. Conf. Comm. Rep. No. 103, in 1992 Senate Journal, at 783 (emphases added). Also, according to the Senate Judiciary Committee, the amendment to subparagraph (b) of subsection (1) was intended to lower the standard of harm by lowering the level of risk, and reducing the permissible level of injury to that which is less than substantial as defined in section 707-700 of the Hawai`i Penal Code. [9] While the permissible level of injury may still appear high, it is clearly a lower and more appropriate threshold. By using terms in the Hawai`i Penal Code, your Committee believes that the standard is clearer for both the police and the public to understand and follow. Sen. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 2208, in 1992 Senate Journal, at 1022-23 (emphases added). The legislature, nevertheless, opined that the terms retained from the prior law . . . must be reinterpreted by the courts, since the changes affect the application of the rule of construction applied in [ Deleon ]. Sen. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 2493, in 1992 Senate Journal, at 1121. However, the legislature expressly indicated that the changes [were] not intended to create a standard under which the result in Deleon would have been different. The force used by the father in Deleon, as described in the decision, did not exceed the permissible force under the new language.  Id. (emphases added). [10] In 1996, this court, in Crouser, was called upon to apply the amended statute for the first time. In affirming the defendant's conviction, we concluded, inter alia, that the force used exceeded the permissible level of discipline under the statute. Crouser, 81 Hawai`i at 12-13, 911 P.2d at 732-33. The undisputed facts revealed that the fourteen-year-old complainant, who was a special education student, lived with her mother and her mother's boyfriend (the defendant). Id. at 8, 911 P.2d at 728. The complainant was required by her mother and the defendant to bring home a daily progress report signed by her teachers. Id. However, on the day of the incident, the complainant forgot to pick up the report from her counselor for her teachers to sign. Id. She apparently used an old report and changed some of the grades and her attendance record. Id. Upon learning of the complainant's action, the defendant went to the complainant's bedroom and called her a liar and hit her across both sides of her face, knocking her to the floor. As she was trying to get up, [the defendant] grabbed her and threw her face down on the bed. According to the [complainant's] testimony, [the defendant] put his knee on [the complainant's] back, pulled her pants and underwear down to her knees, and started whacking her bare buttocks. When [the defendant] left the room, [the complainant] pulled up her underwear and pants, but [the defendant] returned with a plastic bat and closed the door. He again pulled down [her] pants and underwear and struck her with the bat on the buttocks, arm, thighs, and torso until the bat broke. [The complainant] could not remember the number of times that she had been struck, but testified that the incident lasted approximately thirty minutes. Id. The complainant testified that she had a hard time sitting and felt dizzy for an hour or so, and her bottom hurt for a couple of weeks after the incident. Id. She further stated that she could not sit on a hard student chair at school and stood in some of her classes. Id. The school counselor and the health aide both testified that the complainant's buttocks were bruised and colored a deep reddish-purple. Id. at 8, 911 P.2d at 729. We initially declared that, to invoke the parental justification defense under the amended HRS § 703-309(1), the defendant was required to make a showing that the record contained evidence supporting the following elements: (1) he [or she] was a parent, guardian, or other person as described in HRS § 703-309(1); (2) he [or she] used force against a minor for whose care and supervision he [or she] was responsible; (3) his [or her] use of force was with due regard to the age and size of the recipient and reasonably related to the purpose of safeguarding or promoting the welfare of the minor, including the prevention or punishment of misconduct; and (4) the force used was not designed to cause, or known to create a risk of causing, substantial bodily injury, disfigurement, extreme pain or mental distress, or neurological damage. Id. at 10-11, 911 P.2d at 730-31 (citations and footnote omitted). We also stated that: Although we have found no other statute employing the identical language [contained in the current version of HRS § 703-309(1)(a)], it seems clear that to be reasonably related to the purpose of punishing misconduct, use of force must be both reasonably proportional to the misconduct being punished and reasonably believed necessary to protect the welfare of the recipient. Subsection (b) of HRS § 703-309(1) defines the maximum degree of force that is justifiable under the statute. Subsection (a), as amended, makes clear that physical discipline may be so excessive that it is no longer reasonably related to safeguarding the welfare of the minor, even if it does not exceed the bounds set in subsection (b). Id. at 12, 911 P.2d at 732 (emphasis added). Upon considering, inter alia, (1) the age and size of the complainant, (2) testimony that the force was excessive and caused the complainant to be unable to sit in her classes, and (3) the nature of the injuries, we held that the force used by the defendant was not reasonably related to protecting the complainant's welfare. Id. at 12, 911 P.2d at 732. We further held that the force inflicted upon the complainant exceeded the permissible level of discipline. Id. at 12-13, 911 P.2d at 732-33. As we explained, [i]nterpreting extreme pain noscitur a sociis with substantial bodily injury, [as defined in HRS § 707-700, see supra note 9,] we believe[d the complainant's] pain was comparable in degree to the other statutorily forbidden results, such as a laceration of the skin or a burn of second degree severity. . . . [T]he testimony in this case was that [the complainant] was in extreme pain for days and unable to sit without pain for weeks. Id. at 13, 911 P.2d at 733 (emphasis added). Moreover, we rejected the defendant's assertion that HRS § 703-309(1) is void for vagueness because the subject statute describes, with sufficient clarity, the level of force that may justifiably be used in the discipline of a minor, stating that: Society recognizes the primary role of parents in preparing children to assume the obligations and responsibilities of adulthood, and it is well-established that parents have a privilege to subject children to reasonable corporal punishment. On the other hand, child abuse is a serious and widespread problem, and the state has a powerful interest in preventing and deterring the battering of children. Section 703-309(1) represents the balance struck by the legislature between these competing interests. Id. at 14, 911 P.2d at 734 (citation omitted). In State v. Stocker, 90 Hawai`i 85, 976 P.2d 399 (1999), we revisited the Crouser court's interpretation of the phrase reasonably related and declined to overrule Crouser. Id. at 94, 976 P.2d at 408. In Stocker, the defendant-father was convicted of harassment for slapping his eleven-year-old son across the face when the son refused to obey the father's repeated instruction to come to him. Id. at 88, 976 P.2d at 402. In reviewing the evidence in Stocker, namely, the son's testimony that (1) his father slapped him as a result of his failure to come to him after several commands and (2) the fact that the slap was (a) with an open hand, (b) didn't hurt . . . only hurt a little bit, and (c) left no mark or bruise, this court concluded that a single, mild slap to the face was reasonably proportional to the son's misconduct. Id. at 96, 976 P.2d at 410 (ellipsis in original) (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). We, thus, reversed the father's conviction, concluding that the prosecution failed, as a matter of law, to negate the father's parental justification defense. Id. at 95-96, 976 P.2d at 409-10. We further indicated that, although  the legislature's 1992 amendments to HRS § 703-309(1) accorded the courts greater leeway to determine the parameters of permissible parental discipline, they did not eradicate a parent's prerogative to apply mild force to punish a child's minor misconduct.  Id. at 96, 976 P.2d at 410 (emphases added). In contrast, the ICA in State v. Tanielu, 82 Hawai`i 373, 922 P.2d 986 (App.1996), agreed with the trial court that the viciousness of the attack [the] defendant was involved in severed any relationship between the use of force and the welfare of [the d]aughter which might be considered `reasonable.' Id. at 381, 922 P.2d at 994 (some internal quotation marks omitted). In that case, the defendant kicked his fourteen-year-old daughter in the shin, slapped her six to seven times, punched her in the face five to ten times, stomped on her face, and pulled her ears after discovering that she, inter alia, violated his orders not to see her verbally and physically abusive eighteen-year-old boyfriend. Id. at 376-77, 922 P.2d at 989-90. The ICA held that, based on the number and nature of the slaps, punches, and kicks inflicted upon the daughter and the police officer's observation of the daughter's lacerations and contusions, the family court did not err in rejecting the parental justification defense. Id.; see also State v. Miller, 105 Hawai`i 394, 98 P.3d 265 (App.2004) (holding that the punching in the face and the multiple kicking in the ribs of an eleven-year-old complainant, as well as evidence of bleeding on the head and scratches to the facial area and ears, were clearly not reasonably related to the purpose of safeguarding or promoting the welfare of the complainant). [11] In the present case, the critical inquiry is whether the prosecution presented sufficient evidence to negate Mother's defense of parental discipline. We believe the prosecution has not done so. When a question of parental discipline is raised, the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the parent's  here, Mother's  conduct did not come within the scope of parental discipline as prescribed in HRS § 703-309(1). See Crouser, 81 Hawai`i at 11, 911 P.2d at 731 (the prosecution had the burden of disproving beyond a reasonable doubt the justification evidence that was adduced, or proving beyond a reasonable doubt facts negativing the justification defense) (citation omitted). As previously discussed, the legislature, in creating the parental justification defense law, recognized the right of parents to discipline their children; that right, however, is not absolute. In other words, parents may be justified in physically disciplining their children, but such discipline must be with due regard as to the amount of force utilized and must be directed to promote the welfare of the child. The force used must (1) reasonably be proportional to the misconduct being punished and (2) reasonably be believed necessary to protect the welfare of the recipient. See id. at 10-12, 911 P.2d at 730-32. The means used to effect the discipline must also be reasonable. In determining whether force is reasonable, the fact finder must consider the child's age, the child's stature, and the nature of the injuries inflicted, i.e., whether the force used was designed to cause or known to create a risk of causing substantial bodily injury, disfigurement, extreme pain or mental distress, or neurological damage given the child's age and size. These required factors are obviously general in nature and, by their very terms, place a large amount of discretion with the courts to determine whether the actions of a parent fall within the parameters of parental discipline, as set forth in HRS § 703-309(1). Clearly, there is no bright line that dictates what, under all circumstances, is unreasonable or excessive corporal punishment. Rather, the permissible degree of force will vary according to the child's physique and age, the misconduct of the child, the nature of the discipline, and all the surrounding circumstances. It necessarily follows that the question of reasonableness or excessiveness of physical punishment given a child by a parent is determined on a case-by-case basis and is dependent upon the particular circumstances of the case. Here, the uncontroverted evidence demonstrates that Daughter had been lying to Mother for about two and a half months, telling Mother she was attending her tutoring classes when, in fact, she was hanging out at the mall with her friends without supervision. Daughter lied to Mother about forgetting her report card at school when, in fact, she purposely left her report card at school because of her low grades. Daughter repeatedly refused to answer Mother's questions concerning her report card, the reasons for the grades not improving, and whether she was attending her tutoring classes. Given these circumstances, it would not be unreasonable for a parent in Mother's position to conclude that Daughter needed disciplining for lying to, misleading, and disrespecting her mother. Indeed, as Mother testified, she was frustrated and felt deceived by Daughter's dishonesty and believed she had to teach [her] daughter a lesson, to get back on the right track. With regard to the child's age and size, the evidence reveals that, at the time of the incident, on April 15, 2005 (a Friday), Daughter was fourteen years old; her height and weight were unknown. At the time of trial, which commenced on August 2, 2005  less than four months later, Daughter was 5'4 or 5'5 and weighed approximately 150 or 154 pounds. Daughter testified at trial that Mother was taller, heavier, and stronger than she. With regard to the type and amount of force used by Mother and the nature of Daughter's injury, the record reveals that: (1) Mother used a plastic backpack to hit Daughter because Daughter refused to answer Mother's questions concerning Daughter's report card; (2) Mother tried to hit Daughter on the thigh with a plastic hanger, but instead hit Daughter's left arm about five times, when Daughter refused to answer Mother's questions as to her whereabouts during the time she was supposedly at her tutoring classes; and, (3) upon learning of Daughter's activities, Mother hit Daughter once in the hand with the flat side of a small car brush and once in the knuckles with the plastic handle of a tool. According to Daughter, Mother was not hitting her hard, testifying that, on a scale of one to ten with ten being very painful, being hit by (1) the backpack was a two or three, (2) the plastic hanger was a four or five, (3) the flat side of the car brush did not hurt, and (4) the plastic handle of the tool also did not really hurt. Consequently, Daughter's left arm was red and . . . had . . . a few markings from the hanger[,] which markings were just lines  small . . . like the size of a pencil [line] with tiny spots of purplish-greenish. Officer Lee observed [t]he bruise on her . . . left shoulder area[,] but did not notice any abrasions, welts, or scratches on Daughter. [12] Daughter herself testified that the two photographs of her left arm (State's Exhibits 1 and 2) showed only small bruises, and that, on the date of the incident, her injuries were exactly as shown in the photographs, except with a little color, but you could barely see it. Considering the totality of the facts and circumstances, we believe that the force employed by Mother was reasonably proportionate to the Daughter's defiant behavior towards her mother and was reasonably believed to be necessary to discipline Daughter and that the force used was not designed to cause or known to create substantial bodily injury, disfigurement, extreme pain or mental distress, or neurological damage. HRS § 703-309(1)(b). As stated above, Daughter testified that, although she experienced some pain at the time of the incident, Mother was not hitting her hard. In fact, Daughter indicated that, out of the four implements used by Mother, two of them (the flat side of the car brush and the plastic handle of the tool) did not hurt or did not really hurt and the other two (the backpack and the plastic hanger) only hurt between levels two to five (on a scale of one to ten with ten being very painful). In addition, unlike Crouser, in which the minor was unable to sit at school for days as a result of a severe beating to the buttocks area, or Tanielu, in which the minor received numerous punches, kicks, and slaps to the face and shin area, resulting in lacerations, or Miller, in which the minor received multiples kicks and punches to the face and ribs, resulting in scratches and bleeding, Daughter's injuries in this case consisted of a few small bruises that were visible for about a week. No evidence was adduced that the bruises required medical attention. In fact, Officer Lee offered to get Daughter medical attention, but Daughter refused medical help. Likewise, there is no evidence to indicate any detriment to Daughter's overall well-being or physical, emotional or psychological state. See HRS § 703-309(1)(b). The evidence indicated that Daughter was able to tend to her normal household chores on the night of the incident, as well as attend a family lu`au on Saturday (the day after the incident) and a family gathering/dinner on Sunday. As other courts have recently expressed and we agree, an isolated instance of moderate or reasonable physical force . . . that results in nothing more than transient pain or temporary marks or bruises is protected under the parental discipline privilege. This protection for parents should exist even if the parent acts out of frustration or short temper. Parents do not always act with calmness of mind or considered judgment when upset with, or concerned about, their children's behavior. Nor do parents always act pursuant to a clearly defined circumstance of discipline or control. A reaction often occurs from behavior a parent deems inappropriate that irritates or angers the parent, causing a reactive, demonstrative act. Heat of the moment must not result in immoderate physical force and must be managed; however, an angry moment driving moderate or reasonable discipline is often part and parcel of the real world of parenting with which prosecutors and courts should not interfere. What parent among us can say he or she has not been angered to some degree from a child's defiant, impudent, or insolent conduct, sufficient to call for spontaneous, stern, and meaningful discipline? State v. Lefevre, 138 N.M. 174, 117 P.3d 980, 984-85 (App.2005) (emphases added) (holding that the father's demonstrative act, even if an angry touching, result[ing] in only a temporary, dime-sized bruise on [the d]aughter's hand and transient pain fell within the parental privilege). Courts have also recognized that, although corporal discipline may be considered excessive when it results in significant bruises or welts, bruises are not necessarily indicative of excessive corporal discipline. T.G. v. Dep't of Children & Families, 927 So.2d 104, 106 (Fla.Dist.Ct. App.2006) (holding that a bruise, without any evidence that such bruise required medical attention, was not sufficient to constitute abuse); see also S.L. v. Dep't of Children & Families, 787 So.2d 973, 974 (Fla.Dist.Ct. App.2001) (Most corporal punishment, even that which is not excessive, produces temporary marks of some kind.). Moreover, as observed by another court, [if] the mere application of a parent's hand to a child's backside that results in even minimal bruising would, as a matter of law, require a finding of physical abuse[, it] would preclude an explanation or consideration of the reasonableness of the act that caused the injury. Even more alarming is that this interpretation requires a finding of physical abuse when a parent attempts to save a child from harm but, in doing so, bruises or injures the child. Lovan C. v. Dep't of Children & Families, 86 Conn.App. 290, 860 A.2d 1283, 1289 (2004) (emphasis added). [13] Indeed, this court and the ICA have reversed convictions in cases where the parental force employed was more severe than in this case, holding that the discipline used was within the protection afforded by HRS § 703-309(1). See Deleon, 72 Haw. at 242-44, 813 P.2d at 1383-84 (involving fourteen-year-old complainant who was hit with a folded belt six to ten times); Kaimimoku, 9 Haw.App. at 353, 841 P.2d at 1080 (involving seventeen-year-old complainant who was slapped in the face and punched in the shoulder). Nevertheless, the dissent takes issue with our holding, contending that the record, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, contains substantial evidence to support the jury verdict. Dissenting Op. at ___, 166 P.3d at 345. In advancing its position, the dissent explains that: Throughout the conversation Mother grew increasing incensed over Daughter's poor performance and deception, and (1) struck Daughter with a plastic backpack approximately sixteen inches by twelve inches in size, (2) struck Daughter approximately five times on her left forearm with a plastic hanger, (3) struck Daughter on the top of her left hand with the hard, flat side of a[car] brush, and (4) struck Daughter on the knuckles with the plastic handle of a rusted, metal tool. Daughter testified that Mother was taller, heavier, and stronger. Mother admitted that she lost control, and that she was forcefully swinging the various implements. Viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the record establishes that Mother, a parent of superior size and strength, lost control and forcefully struck Daughter, among other things, with the blunt handle of a rusted metal tool. Such a blow carried with it an attendant risk of causing substantial bodily injury[.] (Citation and footnote omitted.) (Emphases added.) Dissenting Op. at ___ _ ___, 166 P.3d at 351 (citations to the record omitted). The dissent fails to account for the circumstances that gave rise to the disciplining and the resulting bruises on Daughter's left forearm. The dissent attempts to portray Mother as an out-of-control parent who repeatedly used various implements to discipline Daughter for her poor performance in school. See Dissenting Op. at ___ _ ___, 166 P.3d at 351. However, as discussed above, the evidence reveals that Mother disciplined Daughter for her continuously defiant behavior in refusing to answer Mother's questions and in lying to her. Specifically, Mother hit Daughter with a plastic backpack because Daughter refused to respond to Mother's questions regarding Daughter's report card. Mother hit Daughter with a plastic hanger because Daughter again refused to answer Mother questions  this time  regarding her whereabouts during the time she was supposed to be attending her tutoring classes. And, only upon learning of Daughter's activities, i.e., skipping tutoring classes and hanging out with her friends at the mall, did Mother hit Daughter once with the flat side of a small car brush and once with a plastic handle of a tool, both of which Daughter testified did not hurt. Although we recognize Mother's admission that she lost a little control is a factor to be considered, such admission alone is not indicative of child abuse. As discussed above, the parental justification defense statute requires this court to take into consideration numerous factors in determining whether abuse has occurred. Of great significance is the degree of force employed, which the dissent appears to disregard. Rather, the dissent places strong emphasis upon the fact that this case involved the use of multiple implements. For instance, the dissent admits that, although the the case at bar bears some factual resemblance to Deleon to the extent that the minors in both cases suffered bruises lasting approximately one week[,] but states that [t]he distinction, however, lies in the modus operandi.  Dissenting Op. at ___, 166 P.3d at 350. According to the dissent, there is a considerable difference between striking a child with a belt[, as in Deleon, ] and striking a child with various hard, blunt implement s [inasmuch as] the latter method presents a greater potential for substantial bodily injury  i.e., major avulsions, lacerations, penetrations of the skin, and bone fractures. Id. at ___, 166 P.3d at 350 (emphases added). We, however, perceive some major flaws in the dissent's interpretation. First, the dissent predicates the offense of child abuse exclusively upon the use of multiple implements (as opposed to a single implement, e.g., a belt). Second, the dissent effectively alters the standard set by the legislature and contravenes the purpose of the statute in recognizing a parent's right to use force to discipline their children . . ., subject to clear requirements not to cause permanent injury. HRS § 703-309(1) cmt. (emphasis added). We can see no support from the letter and spirit of the subject statute to render a parent's use of multiple implements upon a minor as child abuse per se. As one court stated, the use of an object . . . should not blind a court to the many other factors which should and must be considered when weighing the evidence to determine the reasonableness of the discipline. We must take care not to create a legal standard from our personal notions of how best to discipline a child. In re J.P., 294 Ill.App.3d 991, 229 Ill.Dec. 565, 692 N.E.2d 338, 346 (1998). The basic conception of the parental justification defense is to allow a person responsible for a child's welfare to use reasonable force to discipline that child. To determine whether the force falls within the limitation of parental discipline, the factors set forth in HRS § 703-309(1) must be considered. Thus, the implements, if and when used in disciplining a child, do not automatically render the parental justification defense inapplicable; rather, the applicability of the defense essentially depends upon the manner in which the implements were used, i.e., the degree of force exerted. The use of physical force exceeds acceptable norms when such force has the potential to cause or known to create risk of causing substantial bodily injury . . . [, or] extreme pain[.] HRS § 703-309(1)(b). Contrary to the dissent's contention, we cannot perceive how the force employed by Mother, which, according to Daughter, was not hard and only caused her temporary pain, could somehow have the potential of creating substantial bodily injury, such as, major avulsions, lacerations, penetrations of the skin, bone fracture, and serious concussion. HRS § 707-700. Were that the case, even the use of mild force, which this court held as permissible under HRS § 703-309(1), see Stocker, 90 Hawai`i at 96, 976 P.2d at 410, would now be considered as capable of causing substantial bodily injury and necessarily constitute child abuse. Based on the foregoing, we hold that Mother's conduct fell within the parameters of the justified parental discipline statute and that, as a matter of law, the evidence in this case was insufficient to support a determination of guilt on the charge of abuse of a family or household member beyond a reasonable doubt. [14] However, this court has previously stated  and we believe it is worthy of reiteration at this point  that our opinion today should not in any way be construed as an expression of approval of the parental conduct that precipitated the prosecution of the matter before us. Neither should our opinion be viewed as an endorsement, of any kind, of the use by parents of corporal punishment of their children. It is common knowledge that the utility  not to mention the simple humanity  of corporal punishment as a parental tool is the subject of considerable controversy within American society. Nevertheless, it is equally obvious that the permissibility of corporal punishment reflects a societal judgment that falls well within the parameters of legitimate and constitutional legislative policy-making. In this regard, the legislature has expressed its judgment, for better or worse, through the parental discipline defense, as enacted in HRS § 703-309(1). What, in its wisdom, the legislature has codified, it is free to amend or repeal. But as long as HRS § 703-309(1) remains the law of this state, we are bound to construe and enforce it. Stocker, 90 Hawaii at 96, 976 P.2d at 410. We, therefore, hold that the ICA gravely erred in affirming Mother's conviction and sentence.