Opinion ID: 587012
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 3

Heading: analysis

Text: 11 42 U.S.C. § 1988 states, in relevant part: In any action or proceeding to enforce a provision of sections 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, and 1986 of this title, title IX of Public Law 92-318, or title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a reasonable attorney's fee as part of the costs. Thus, the question in this case is whether Ruffin was a prevailing party under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. 12 The parties agree that the Supreme Court's decision in Texas State Teacher's Ass'n v. Garland Independent School District, 489 U.S. 782, 109 S.Ct. 1486, 103 L.Ed.2d 866 (1989), is controlling on the prevailing party issue. In Garland, the Court resolved a conflict between the circuits as to the proper standard for determining whether a civil rights plaintiff was a prevailing party, rejecting the Fifth and Eleventh Circuits' central issue test in favor of a more lenient standard. 1 The Garland Court held that [i]f a civil rights plaintiff has succeeded on 'any significant issue in litigation which achieve[d] some of the benefit the parties sought in bringing suit,' the plaintiff has crossed the threshold to a fee award of some kind. Garland, 489 U.S. at 791-92, 109 S.Ct. at 1493 (quoting Nadeau v. Helgemoe, 581 F.2d 275, 278-79 (1st Cir.1978)). The Court further held: 13 [w]here the plaintiff's success on a legal claim can be characterized as purely technical or de minimis, a district court would be justified in concluding that even the generous formulation we adopt today has not been satisfied. [Citations omitted]. The touchstone of the prevailing party inquiry must be the material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties in a manner which Congress sought to promote in the fee statute. Where such a change has occurred, the degree of the plaintiff's overall success goes to the reasonableness of the award under Hensley [v. Eckerhart, supra], not to the availability of a fee award vel non. 14 Id. at 792-93, 109 S.Ct. at 1493. 15 Appellant claims that because the district court's injunction materially altered the legal relationship between himself and Great Dane, he has satisfied the Garland test and has prevailed on a significant issue in the litigation that achieved some of the benefits he sought in bringing suit. 2 Appellee contends, conversely, that Ruffin did not satisfy the Garland standard for several reasons: first, appellee notes that Ruffin received none of the financial benefits he sought from bringing his lawsuit, such as a promotion or back pay; second, appellee argues that the court did not order Great Dane to initiate any further action with respect to the specific incidents of racial harassment out of which Ruffin's lawsuit arose; third, Great Dane contends that, given the district court's finding that Great Dane had taken some steps to eliminate the offensive racial atmosphere in its Birmingham shop, the court's injunction merely directed the appellee to do more of what the evidence established [it] had already done in the past. Ultimately, argues Great Dane, Ruffin achieved no more than a technical victory in district court, and lost on every significant claim presented to the court. 16 We disagree with the appellee, and hold that the district court abused its discretion in determining that Ruffin was not a prevailing party under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 and Garland, supra.
17 The district court's findings/conclusions make clear that the defendant violated the plaintiff's civil rights by not providing a sufficiently racially neutral work environment for Ruffin and other blacks at Great Dane, and by failing to take some affirmative and effective corrective action in light of the racially offensive environment at the Great Dane shop. Although it is true that a mere determination that a civil rights plaintiff's rights have been violated does not per se make the plaintiff a prevailing party for purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1988, see Rhodes v. Stewart, 488 U.S. 1, 4, 109 S.Ct. 202, 203, 102 L.Ed.2d 1 (1988); Hewitt v. Helms, 482 U.S. 755, 762, 107 S.Ct. 2672, 2676, 96 L.Ed.2d 654 (1987); Walker v. Anderson Electrical Connectors, 944 F.2d 841, 846-47 (11th Cir.1991), pet. for cert. filed, 60 U.S.L.W. 3862 (May 8, 1992), the district court's ruling in this case provided Ruffin with more than a bare declaration that his rights had been violated.
18 In an attempt to preclude future violations of Ruffin's rights, the court in this case fashioned affirmative injunctive relief, mandating that Great Dane take affirmative steps to improve its response to worksite racism. The court's decision to issue the injunction arose out of its recognition that although Great Dane had since 1987 taken some corrective action to redress the racism suffered by Ruffin, the action management has taken from time to time in terms of correcting individuals who might be involved in using racial slurs or names or jokes has not totally stopped that kind of activity from going on within the workplaces among co-workers. Thus, because of what it perceived to be a less-than-full commitment on the part of Great Dane to eradicate the racial taunts and comments that permeated the appellee's shop, the court saw fit to use its injunctive powers to require Great Dane to be more aggressive in providing black workers with a racially neutral work environment. Ruffin clearly sought such injunctive relief in his complaint. 19 The district court's judgment undoubtedly affected the behavior of Great Dane toward the defendant, and altered the legal relationship between Ruffin and his employer. By virtue of the court's grant of injunctive relief, Great Dane is now under a legal obligation to correct the racist behavior at its jobsite. Accordingly, Ruffin may now protect his rights through a civil contempt proceeding in the event that Great Dane's compliance with the court's injunction is not forthcoming. See Mercer v. Mitchell, 908 F.2d 763, 768 (11th Cir.1990). Given the alteration of Ruffin's legal rights and Great Dane's legal obligations that resulted from the court's grant of injunctive relief, there is no question that Ruffin prevailed on this issue before the district court, or that, consequently, he satisfied the Garland standard and is entitled to an award of attorney's fees.
20 That Ruffin only partially prevailed in his suit against Great Dane in no way precludes him from receiving attorney's fees in this case. Indeed, the very import of Garland is that a plaintiff need only prevail on one significant issue to qualify as a prevailing party under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. Garland, 489 U.S. at 789, 109 S.Ct. at 1492. A plaintiff may be said to have prevailed if the relief granted altered his or her legal relationship with the defendant. Our discussion in Section II.C, supra, reveals that the relief afforded Ruffin materially altered his relationship with Great Dane. Thus, the fact that Ruffin obtained relief on no other issue is irrelevant. 3
21 Appellee further argues that because the court did not order Great Dane to initiate any further action with respect to the specific incidents of racial harassment out of which Ruffin's lawsuit arose, such as the 1987 noose incident, the plaintiff was not the prevailing party for purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1988. This argument implies that the prospective nature of the relief obtained by the plaintiff makes such relief an inadequate predicate for the award of attorney's fees, and, in essence, suggests that as a general matter injunctive relief, which is by its very nature prospective, could not provide an adequate basis for an attorney's fees award under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. 22 Appellee's contention, of course, is patently wrong. In Crowder v. Housing Authority of the City of Atlanta, 908 F.2d 843 (11th Cir.1990), for example, this court approved an award of attorney's fees to a group of senior citizens who had successfully sought an injunction that would allow them to hold Bible study meetings and to post notices of such meetings in their public housing complex. The court issued the requested injunction, which put into place specific detailed procedures that guaranteed the plaintiffs access to meeting space and bulletin board access. Crowder, 908 F.2d at 849. 23 Although the relief in this case does not reach the level of specificity reached by the injunction issued in Crowder, in both cases the court used its injunctive powers to address situations which had previously resulted in violations of the plaintiffs' rights, and to mandate the implementation of procedures that would ensure against the recurrence of such violations. The fact that, as in Crowder, specific instances of misconduct by the defendants were not addressed by the court's injunction is of no moment. 4 Where, as here, injunctive relief is requested by a plaintiff and granted by the district court, the accompanying failure of the court to provide retrospective relief in the form of compensatory damages does not negate the court's use of its authority to mandate Great Dane's increased attention and improved responses to jobsite racism, and to provide Ruffin with a remedy in the event increased vigilance is not forthcoming. See also Sanchez v. City of Miami Beach, 720 F.Supp. 974 (S.D.Fla.1989) (Title VII plaintiff entitled to attorney's fees after having been granted injunctive relief on her claims of sexual harassment).
24 Finally, appellee suggests that because the district court found that Great Dane had taken some corrective action to improve the racial situation at Ruffin's jobsite, the court's injunction does not materially alter the existing legal relations between Ruffin and Great Dane, and therefore cannot serve as the basis for an award of attorney's fees. This argument is also without merit. 25 An injunction is inappropriate if the possibility of future harm to the plaintiff arising out of the behavior plaintiff seeks to enjoin is purely speculative. Lopez v. Garriga, 917 F.2d 63, 67 (1st Cir.1990). The district court saw fit to issue an injunction against Great Dane because Great Dane had failed to correct adequately the situation which led to violations of Ruffin's rights. The court's decision to issue its injunction reflected its belief that the possibility of future violations of plaintiff's rights--and the rights of other blacks employed by Great Dane--existed, and served to ensure the lack of recurring violations. 26 Appellee does not challenge the award of injunctive relief, nor does it suggest that the court's finding that Great Dane has failed to address adequately the problem of jobsite racism is clearly erroneous. Given the district court's unchallenged findings, we cannot hold that the court's injunction did not materially alter the relationship between Ruffin and Great Dane because Great Dane had already acted to effectuate this changing relationship. To do so would strip the district court's action of any meaning whatsoever, and would negate the court's determination that Great Dane had not adequately corrected the situation that resulted in a violation of Ruffin's rights.