Opinion ID: 3015794
Heading Depth: 3
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: 2d 378, 384-85 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1992).

Text: Stated otherwise, if a product is not defective at the time of its sale, N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:58C-3, pertaining to design defects, does not require the manufacturer “to upgrade [an old model] to incorporate [a] safer . . . design adopted [later].” Dixon, 637 A.2d at 922. In contrast, under N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:58C-4, pertaining to the duty to warn, “a manufacturer enjoys no such immunity, and has a continuing duty to warn of dangers discovered even after a product leaves its control.” Id.; see also Seeley, 606 A.2d at 384. As noted by a federal court applying New Jersey law: “The crucial distinction between the two [design defect and failure to warn] is that a manufacturer has no duty to correct a physical design that was considered state of the art at the time of its manufacture, whereas it does have a duty to warn of dangers in its product exposed by advances in the state of N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:58C-4 (emphasis added). 6 the art.” Straley v. United States, 887 F. Supp. 728, 748 (D. N.J. 1995). In rejecting Mandile’s design defect claim, the jury found that Clark had not put a defective tow tractor into the stream of commerce. 7 Nonetheless, in ruling in Mandile’s favor on his failure to warn claim, the jury found that the same tow tractor, ten years after its sale, was known to be dangerous in a way it had not been ten years earlier and that Clark consequently had a duty to warn consumers. The District Court, however, in granting Clark’s motion for JMOL, found that Mandile had not presented any evidence showing that Clark had discovered or reasonably should have discovered a danger subsequent to the 1986 sale. The Court further stated that it was not aware “of any New Jersey law that, absent a newly discovered danger, imposes on a manufacturer the duty to warn or advise end users of updates or post-sale advances in technology regarding a physical design that the jury found had no design defect.” App. at 28. On appeal, Mandile argues that he did in fact present evidence of “newlydiscovered dangers,” Feldman, 479 A.2d at 389, sufficient to support the jury’s finding of a post-sale duty to warn. Indeed, he argues that he did so in three ways. Mandile asserts that: (1) the post-sale duty was triggered by post-1986 feasibility of alarm standardization; (2) the post-sale duty was triggered by Clark’s failure to inform First Aviation of subsequently developed, optional alarm systems; and (3) the post-sale duty was triggered by advances in alarm technology. Upon our de novo review, we find that 7 Mandile has not appealed or cross-appealed this determination. 7 none of these proposed bases is sufficient to support the jury’s verdict. Mandile first argues that subsequent to 1986 it became feasible to standardize alarms and that Clark’s failure to warn consumers of this development violated its duty under New Jersey law. Mandile points to various PATF documents and memoranda in an effort to show that the group determined, post-1986, that alarm standardization was feasible. As noted by the District Court, however, such documents simply do not support a finding that PATF concluded after 1986 that alarm standardization was feasible for Clark. Mandile also relies on testimony regarding the Nissan Motor Company’s post1986 use of standardized alarms on fork lifts and United Airlines’ use of standardized back-up alarms on powered industrial trucks to show that standardized alarms are feasible. However, Mandile presented no evidence to show how these other manufacturers’ standardization of alarms on different products used in different environments demonstrates, or even suggests, that a standardized alarm system became feasible after 1986 for the type of tow tractor that injured Mandile. Finally, it is undisputed that Clark--in conformance with OSHA and ANSI standards--never standardized alarm systems or offered such alarms as standard (as opposed to optional) equipment either before or after 1986. We thus agree with the District Court’s decision that the purported developments regarding alarm standardization did not constitute a newly-discovered danger sufficient to trigger in Clark a post-sale duty to warn. 8 Second, Mandile argues that Clark had a post-sale duty to inform its end users of the availability of subsequently developed optional alarm systems. Mandile asserts that Clark issued various brochures and guides after 1986 apprising customers of these newly developed alarms; he contends, however, that Clark failed to provide such documents to First Aviation and thereby breached its duty to warn. However, Clark’s failure to advise First Aviation about this optional equipment did not violate the post-sale duty to warn. Rather, the very fact that such equipment was optional means that Clark’s purported failure to issue a post-sale warning to First Aviation regarding such equipment cannot run afoul of its duty to warn.8 The duty to warn is based on the premise that a product is defective absent an adequate warning. Dixon, 637 A.2d at 922. Therefore, if the tow tractor was unsafe absent such “optional” equipment, the equipment would be required, not optional. In this case, however, in ruling in Clark’s favor on the design defect claim, the jury rejected Mandile’s contention that Clark’s failure to include such alarms on the tow tractor rendered it defective. Therefore, because the tow tractor was not defective absent the optional equipment, the District Court was correct in concluding that Clark had no duty to warn customers about the optional availability of such equipment. 8 Furthermore, as noted by the District Court, the record is unclear as to whether Clark actually failed to inform First Aviation about the optional safety equipment. 9 Finally, Mandile argues that Clark had a duty to warn First Aviation of advances in alarm technology. Specifically, Mandile points to developments in so-called “smart alarms” and “discriminating alarms” that he avers occurred after 1986 and claims that Clark’s failure to warn First Aviation about these developments breached its duty to warn. Appellant’s Br. at 22-23. New Jersey law, however, does not require manufacturers to inform customers about every post-sale development concerning a product. Rather, the law requires manufacturers to inform customers about “newly-discovered dangers.” Feldman, 479 A.2d at 389. A duty to warn may arise when advances in the state-of-theart have solved or tempered the risk presented by a long-known danger. See, e.g., Dixon, 637 A.2d at 922-23 (finding that manufacturer of snowthrower had duty to warn consumer of advances in “deadman switch” safety control); Seeley, 606 A.2d at 386 (suggesting that advances in safety technology with regard to brake press imposed duty to warn on manufacturer). Here, however, Mandile did not show that the tow tractor was defective absent the smart or discriminating alarms. Under New Jersey law, “[a] duty to warn arises . . .because without adequate warnings, a product is deemed defective.” Straley, 887 F. Supp. at 748 (citing, inter alia, Michalko v. Cooke Color & Chem. Corp., 451 A.2d 179 (N.J. 1982)). Considering that there is no evidence that the tow tractor is defective absent the purportedly new alarms, Clark’s failure to warn First Aviation regarding those alarms cannot support a finding of liability. In sum, Mandile failed to offer any evidence from which a reasonable jury could 10 have found that Clark discovered or reasonably should have discovered a danger regarding the tow tractor after selling it to First Aviation in 1986. Therefore, the jury’s finding that Clark breached its post-sale duty to warn cannot stand and the District Court correctly granted Clark’s motion for JMOL.