Opinion ID: 6349511
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Gallery Behavior

Text: We generally review claims of constitutional error de novo, but where the defendant failed to object at trial, we review for plain error. United States v. Pirani, 406 F.3d 543, 549 (8th Cir. 2005) (en banc). “In reviewing for plain error, we have the discretion to reverse the district court if the defendant shows (1) an error, (2) that was plain, (3) affects substantial rights, and (4) the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Fast Horse, 747 F.3d 1040, 1042 (8th Cir. 2014) (cleaned up). During cross-examination of Dowty, a member of the gallery caught the district court’s attention. The district court addressed the behavior swiftly and succinctly. Defense counsel raised no questions or objections during trial and Dowty’s testimony continued without incident. The weight of the evidence was overwhelming, and there is no indication that any further problems or concerns occurred. No jurors complained or had questions about the incident. Without some indication that Dowty’s substantial rights were affected, or the jury was influenced by the behavior, Dowty has failed to show plain error.