Opinion ID: 658872
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: The Armed Career Criminal Act Enhancement

Text: 10 The government's cross-appeal alleges that the district court erred in allowing Medlock's collateral challenge to the validity of previous state court convictions and erred in striking the sentence enhancement under the ACCA on a finding that the predicate convictions violated Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 23 L.Ed.2d 274 (1969). According to the government, the case should be remanded for resentencing with enhancement under the ACCA. The question presented for our review is whether a defendant may challenge in federal sentencing proceedings the constitutional validity of prior convictions when such convictions are offered by the government for sentence enhancement under the Armed Career Criminal Act. 3 Our decision is controlled by United States v. Roman, 989 F.2d 1117 (11th Cir.1993) (en banc), petition for cert. filed, (U.S. July 29, 1993) (No. 93-5464). 11 Roman involved a defendant's challenge at sentencing to the constitutional validity of an earlier state court conviction forming the basis for sentence enhancement under U.S.S.G. Secs. 4A1.1 and 4A1.2. 4 According to Roman, the plea was not knowing and intelligent because he did not speak English and the record failed to affirmatively show the presence of an interpreter at the state plea hearing. We held: 12 [W]hen a defendant, facing sentencing, sufficiently asserts facts that show that an earlier conviction is presumptively void, the Constitution requires the sentencing court to review this earlier conviction before taking it into account. 13 Id. at 1120. We affirmed the defendant's sentence because defense counsel did not present enough evidence to lay a factual foundation for collateral review by the sentencing court. 5 Id. Without grounds to review defendant's allegation, we did not have to decide if the absence of an interpreter resulted in a presumptively invalid plea. We noted, however, that the kinds of cases that can be included in the 'presumptively void' category are small in number and are perhaps limited to uncounseled convictions. Id. 14 We must now decide if Medlock presented a factual foundation for the alleged Boykin violation sufficient to justify collateral review on the grounds that the state convictions were presumptively void. 15 The Fourth Circuit answered a similar question in United States v. Custis, 988 F.2d 1355 (4th Cir.1993). Custis claimed that two convictions used as predicate offenses for sentence enhancement under the ACCA were obtained in violation of Boykin. The court approved Custis's sentence enhancement, reasoning: 16 While prejudice to the defendant can be presumed on direct appeal when the record does not affirmatively demonstrate that the defendant's plea of guilty was knowing, this presumption does not carry over when a defendant attacks the intelligence of his plea collaterally.... When a defendant is represented by counsel when making his guilty plea, that plea is presumed valid when later attacked in a habeas corpus proceeding. In order to rebut that strong presumption of validity, the defendant must make a factual showing that his plea of guilt was not voluntary and intelligent. The appropriate forum for such a fact-intensive inquiry will typically be a state collateral proceeding or federal habeas corpus, not a sentencing hearing for a separate offense far removed from the original conviction. 17 We conclude, therefore, that the district court did not err in declining to entertain Custis's constitutional challenge ... to the validity of his guilty pleas. Those alleged violations did not carry with them the same presumption of prejudice that uncounseled pleas and convictions do. The multiple violations alleged by Custis could only have been established after fact-intensive investigations into state proceedings that are best undertaken in a different setting. 18 Id. at 1362-63 (citations omitted). 19 The court relied in part on the Supreme Court's analysis in Parke v. Raley, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 517, 121 L.Ed.2d 391 (1992). Raley filed a habeas petition challenging the constitutionality of a Kentucky sentencing enhancement statute that placed the burden of proving the prior convictions' invalidity on the defendant. Raley, like Medlock and Custis, grounded his claim in an alleged Boykin violation. The court upheld Kentucky's burden-shifting statute, declaring that it easily passes constitutional muster. Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 522. In so doing, Justice O'Connor reasoned: 20 Boykin involved direct review of a conviction allegedly based upon an uninformed guilty plea. Respondent, however, never appealed his earlier convictions. They became final years ago, and he now seeks to revisit the question of their validity in a separate recidivism proceeding. To import Boykin's presumption of invalidity into this very different context would, in our view, improperly ignore another presumption deeply rooted in our jurisprudence: the presumption of regularity that attaches to final judgments, even when the question is waiver of constitutional rights. Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 468, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1022, 1024, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938). 21 Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 523. The Court added that the presumption of regularity, most commonly applied in the context of habeas actions, is equally applied to other forms of collateral attack. Id. 22 Were Medlock's challenge brought in the context of a habeas proceeding, he would have to overcome the presumption of regularity by making a factual showing that the pleas were not voluntary and intelligent. Here, he was before the district court for sentencing on a separate offense. In accord with the Supreme Court's pronouncement in Raley, we believe the presumption of regularity as to the earlier state court convictions attaches with at least equal force when a challenge to prior convictions arises in federal sentencing proceedings. 23 Our system of federalism does not envision federal sentencing courts sitting as open-door review boards at the beck and call of defendants who have failed to avail themselves of well-established procedures for direct appeal or habeas scrutiny. Those vital mechanisms of review are specifically structured to compensate for the difficulties inherent in such an undertaking. See Custis, 988 F.2d at 1361. In contrast, a fact-intensive, geographically and temporally specific review of state convictions during federal sentencing plunges a narrowly focused final hearing into a potentially murky and far-ranging inquiry. Such an intrusion not only violates a basic principle that [f]ederal courts are not forums in which to relitigate state trials, Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 887, 103 S.Ct. 3383, 3391, 77 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1983), but poses a risk of unduly delaying and protracting the entire sentencing process. Custis, 988 F.2d at 1361. 24 Returning to the standard we announced in Roman, 6 we decide if Medlock presented a factual foundation sufficient to overcome the presumption of regularity and policy considerations discussed, on a showing that the earlier convictions were presumptively void. The record convinces us that Medlock failed; it raises more questions than it answers about the state court convictions. For example, we cannot tell from the transcript of the state court proceedings if a plea was even entered at the hearing for which a transcript was provided. Nor do we know if there was a signed plea agreement, or what such a document's presence or absence implies in the state's procedural scheme. Additionally, the district court heard Medlock's state court attorney's testimony about his habit and custom in counseling defendants who accept plea agreements. Nonetheless, the district court did not rule on the lawyer's credibility. Instead, the court reached its decision before hearing that testimony, which it allowed solely for purposes of establishing an appellate record. We do not know what, if any, weight that testimony had on the court's decision not to enhance Medlock's sentence. 25 Medlock's proffer does not demonstrate that the state court convictions were presumptively void. Accordingly, the district court erred by refusing to enhance his sentence pursuant to the Armed Career Criminal Act. We emphasize that Medlock has other avenues of relief. As noted in Custis,if [a defendant] is successful in making a state or federal collateral attack upon the state sentence during a habeas petition, for example, he may seek to revise any federal sentence in which the state conviction was a factor. 26 Custis, 988 F.2d at 1363. 27 For all of the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM in part, and REMAND for sentencing pursuant to the Armed Career Criminal Act enhancement.