Opinion ID: 388835
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: defense or perfection of title

Text: 10 It is axiomatic in tax law that expenses incurred in the defense or perfection of title to property cannot be deducted from ordinary income as current expenses, but can be recovered only as capital costs. Kasey v. Commissioner, 457 F.2d 369, 370 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 869, 93 S.Ct. 197, 34 L.Ed.2d 120 (1972); Spangler v. Commissioner, 323 F.2d 913 (9th Cir. 1963); Boagni v. Commissioner, 59 T.C. 708 (1973); Treas. Reg. § 1.263(a)-2 (1958). Those expenses are normally added to the property's basis and are recovered, if ever, either by depreciation deductions or, in the case of non-depreciable property, by a corresponding reduction in realized gain on sale or disposition of the property. I.R.C. §§ 167, 1001, 1011, 1012, 1016. 11 The Commissioner asks us, as he did the Tax Court, to apply this rule to the taxpayer's expenditures to obtain the return of the loaned securities. Despite some contrary intimations by the Commissioner, there is no real argument in this case that title to the subordinated securities was actually at issue in the return transaction. The Commissioner urges, however, that the various provisions of the subordination agreement so impaired taxpayer's rights in the securities as to be treated as clouds on title. When the securities were returned to taxpayer they were no longer encumbered by the clouds. Expenses to obtain their return thus served to remove the clouds and, following the same reasoning that requires capitalization of the expenses of perfecting title, ought to be capitalized. 12 The relevant features of the 1964 and 1969 subordination agreements are as follows. The agreement provided that Command could use the securities in its business and hypothecate them to secure loans from banks or other lenders. Command was empowered to use the borrowed securities or the proceeds of any sale or pledge thereof as part of its capital, subject to the risks of the business. Taxpayer could withdraw any of the securities upon substituting cash or other securities of comparable quality and value. Upon termination of the loan, any cash or securities belonging to taxpayer would be returned to her, and if the exact securities were not available Command agreed to deliver to taxpayer securities which were acceptable to her and of comparable quality and value. The agreement further provided that the right to demand or receive payment or return of the borrowed securities, whether in the form of securities or cash, was expressly subordinated to the claims of all present and future general creditors of Command. The agreement did not provide for any interest payment in consideration for the use of the securities by Command; however, all dividends from the borrowed securities were transferred to taxpayer by Command. In addition, taxpayer apparently retained the right to vote the shares of stock that were loaned to Command. 13 The Commissioner argues that under this agreement, taxpayer virtually ceded all her title and interest in the securities to Command. Pointing to the various provisions, the Commissioner asserts that there is absolutely no room to dispute that Command and Command's creditors had claims to title that, at the very least, 'clouded' taxpayer's ownership interests.... As long as those shares remained in Command's possession, taxpayer had merely an income and remainder interest in them and both those interests were subject to so many conditions as to render them almost expectancies until they vested in possession.... Not until she regained possession and then only if the (return of securities) satisfied all conditions set forth in the subordinated loan agreements could taxpayer begin to assert that the securities were really 'hers.'  Reasoning, therefore, that the legal expenses in this case arose from the taxpayer's attempt to remove the substantial cloud the subordinated loan agreements she executed left hanging over unfettered title to the investment properties, the Commissioner urges that they be treated as capital expenses to clear title. 14 The Tax Court, viewing the same subordination agreements (but without benefit of the Commissioner's cloud-on-title argument), found contrary to the Commissioner: 15 (T)he facts in the instant case demonstrate that the legal expenses paid by petitioners in no manner related to the title of the securities lent to Command. To the contrary, the subordinated loan agreement provided that Command had only the right to the beneficial enjoyment of the lent securities to pledge them as collateral. Title to these securities remained at all pertinent times with petitioners. Command was obligated to return the securities to petitioners upon termination of the loan agreement. In the event Command was unable to return the exact securities, it was obligated to deliver to petitioners securities which were acceptable to them in terms of comparable quality and equivalent market value. Likewise, petitioners retained the right to withdraw the lent securities upon substituting cash or securities of a comparable quality or value. 16 70 T.C. at 201. 17 A number of considerations persuade us to affirm the Tax Court on this point. 6 The subordination agreements at issue here are the creature of the peculiar requirements of the brokerage industry. Their many terms, addressed as they are to contingencies that will not necessarily occur, respond to considerations which may have little or no applicability in other contexts. Thus, as Judge Sneed pointed out in a comparable setting, (t)his case presents precisely the type of issues with respect to which we should accord substantial deference to the Tax Court. The resolution of such technical issues affecting a single industry is a task for which the Tax Court is well suited. Allstate Savings & Loan Association v. Commissioner, 600 F.2d 760, 762 (9th Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 445 U.S. 962, 100 S.Ct. 1649, 64 L.Ed.2d 237 (1980). This court has frequently recognized its obligation to accord respect to the views of the Tax Court. Opinions of the Tax Court reflect 'that degree of special expertise which Congress has intended to provide in that tribunal.' Sibla v. Commissioner, 611 F.2d 1260, 1262 (9th Cir. 1980). Therefore we 'should not overrule that body unless some unmistakable question of law mandates such a decision.' Id. Max Sobel Wholesale Liquors v. Commissioner, 630 F.2d 670, 674 (9th Cir. 1980). These considerations apply with at least as much force where the taxpayer has prevailed below as where the Commissioner has. For these reasons alone, therefore, we would hesitate to reverse the Tax Court's decision on this issue. 18 Beyond considerations of deference, however, we find ourselves somewhat uncomfortable with the principle urged by the Commissioner in this case. Many restrictions incident to agreements entered into in the course of managing income-producing property could be analogized to clouds on title, and it would not require an expansive application of this principle to swallow up numerous deductions heretofore legitimate under section 212(2). We are not prepared to take the step asked by the Commissioner in extending the rule concerning defense or perfection of title where issues of validity of title or possible competing claims are as attenuated as they are here. 7 19 When the subordination agreements are viewed in their entirety, the Commissioner's argument loses force. The securities remained in the lender's name at all times. Command's basic obligation was to return the same securities that taxpayer had lent. Taxpayer also had the option to regain possession of the loaned securities upon substituting cash or securities of comparable quality and value. Taxpayer received all dividends and retained the power to vote the securities. The risk of decreased value or the benefit of increased value of the securities remained with taxpayer at all times. In our view, the Tax Court correctly reasoned that the agreements did not impair title in light of all the circumstances. 20 It is true that in the event Command could not return the exact securities lent, it could fulfill the agreement by supplying other securities acceptable to taxpayer and of a comparable quality and market value. It is also true that the last agreement signed by taxpayer, in connection with the 1971 extension of the return date, stated that (t)he Lender does not reserve or retain any property rights in the Securities loaned as aforesaid but the Lender's rights hereunder shall consist solely of the contractual right against the Firm for the repayment of said loan in the manner herein specified. These clauses did not exist in vacuo, however. In the context of the overall nature of the undertaking that these agreements represent, it is clear that these terms neither granted Command a general power to sell nor worked a divestiture of taxpayer's rights in the securities. As the court in Stahl v. United States, 441 F.2d 999, 1002 (D.C. Cir. 1970) pointed out in examining a similar subordination agreement: 21 What is more fairly intended to be conveyed was the power to sell upon the appearance of the need and occasion contemplated by the agreement, the unfulfilled demands of the firm's creditors. The power to sell, by fair implication, is a power conveyed for response to a contingency. 22 We think the instant agreements have the same character, and thus that in the absence of a contingency, the taxpayer retained the significant rights of ownership vis-a-vis Command. 23 Similarly, we do not attach to the property rights clause the significance that the Commissioner does. Despite the apparent meaning of that clause taken out of context, it remains true that Command's basic obligation under the agreement was to return the same securities that were loaned to it. Taxpayer's relinquishing of property rights in the securities could have significance only where an equitable claim on her part might defeat the interest of a third party buyer of the securities in the event of Command's insolvency. The clause, in other words, removes an impairment to the value creditors could receive in a liquidation of Command's assets. See Miami National Bank v. Commissioner, 67 T.C. 793, 802-03 (1977). It furthers the purpose of the subordination agreement in providing security for those with whom Command conducted business. In the absence of a financial contingency, however and in view of the eventual return of the securities, it is apparent that taxpayer did not, merely by signing this agreement, relinquish ownership of the securities. It follows that terminating the agreement did not enhance petitioner's ownership in the securities nor create any new rights of title. 24 In holding as we do, however, we must stress the absence of factors that might well change the picture completely. In particular, we note that no creditors had asserted any claims against Command that might jeopardize taxpayer's interest in the securities. The firm was not insolvent, Stahl v. United States, supra, nor even in severe financial difficulty, Lorch v. Commissioner, 605 F.2d 657 (2d Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1076, 100 S.Ct. 1024, 62 L.Ed.2d 759 (1980). It had not sold or converted the securities, and the record discloses no threat that such action was imminent. Thus, although the risk existed that insolvency might force Command to sell taxpayer's shares to satisfy creditors, the mere risk of such action did not put taxpayer's title in issue nor constitute a cloud on title. 25 It was not error, therefore, for the Tax Court to rule that the disputed expenses did not fall within the rule regarding defense or perfection of title.II. EFFECT OF TREASURY REGULATION S 1.212-1(K) 26 The Commissioner also argues that the deduction sought by taxpayer is barred by the terms of Treasury Regulation § 1.212-1(k). Part of that regulation, the full text of which is set forth in the margin, 8 restates the rule we have discussed above regarding expenses to defend or protect title to property. Another portion of the regulation, however, presents a different question. That portion states, in pertinent part: 27 Expenses paid or incurred ... in recovering property (other than investment property and amounts of income which, if and when recovered, must be included in gross income) ... constitute a part of the cost of the property and are not deductible expenses. 28 Treas. Reg. § 1.212-1(k) (1957). 29 The Commissioner states that taxpayer's legal fees were devoted to the recovery of property and that the expenses are therefore not deductible. The taxpayer responds that the parenthetical exception to the regulation exempts expenses for the recovery of investment property from the general rule of the regulation, and thus that the regulation does not affect taxpayer's expenses. The Commissioner replies that the parenthetical exception for investment property applies only in cases where that property, if and when recovered, must be included in gross income, and that taxpayer's property does not qualify. 30 The interpretation of this portion of the regulation seems to have been an issue of first impression for the Tax Court, and it certainly is so for us. Apart from the Tax Court's own opinion in this case, we have found no reported decision applying or construing the term recovering property, nor attempting to resolve the ambiguities in the regulation. We can appreciate the Tax Court's struggle in endeavoring to do so. As will be seen below, we feel the Tax Court's analysis of the regulation did not go quite far enough. It appears, however, that the Tax Court nonetheless reached the correct result in this case. 31 The term recovering is nowhere defined in the regulations, but the context makes clear what sorts of transactions the drafters must have had in mind. Putting aside for a moment the much-mooted parenthetical exception, the regulation states that (e)xpenses paid or incurred ... in recovering property ... constitute a part of the cost of the property and are not deductible. The regulation thus denotes the reason costs of recovery are nondeductible: they are capital in nature. It does not address nondeductibility in situations where an expense does not qualify as ordinary and necessary, or where it is not devoted to management, conservation, or maintenance of property, nor where the expense is personal rather than related to property held for the production of income. The regulation looks only to the question of whether an expenditure is capital. It follows, therefore, that recovering property, to be classified as capital, must possess attributes of the same sort that cause the costs of improvements to property, of defense or perfection of title to property, or of acquisition or disposition of property, to be classified as capital. 32 At the same time, it becomes clear that the only function the parenthetical exception can serve, consistent with the remaining language of the regulation, is that of identifying situations where an expenditure is not capital. With this principle in mind, we should be able to attempt a reading that comports with the statutory framework under which the regulation was issued. 33 The need for an exception relating to amounts of income which, if and when recovered, must be included in gross income, is plain enough. Without such an exception, the regulation would contradict section 212(1) of the statute itself which allows a deduction for the costs of collection of income. 34 Far more troublesome, however, is the exception for investment property. As the issues have been framed in this appeal, it seems we must determine not only what the term means, but whether the ambiguous phrasing of the exception subjects investment property to the further requirement that it, like recovered income, must be includible in gross income on recovery to satisfy the exception. 35 The Tax Court, analogizing recovery of property to conservation of property, took the position that investment property need not be includible in gross income on recovery to qualify for deduction: 36 Section 212(1) and (2) of the Code must be read together when interpreting the parenthetical portion of section 1.212-1(k), Income Tax Regs. The recovery of amounts of income refers to section 212(1) which provides for the deduction of expenses paid or incurred for the production or collection of income. In this regard the recovery of income must be included in gross income before the deduction is allowable. See sec. 1.212-1(e), Income Tax Regs., and sec. 265. Expenses for the recovery of property come under the provisions of section 212(2) and the deduction is allowable only if the property is held for the production of income. 37 70 T.C. at 202-03. The Tax Court used this reasoning to explain its holding that a deduction was available to the taxpayer in this case: 38 An expense paid or incurred for acquisition of property is not deductible and must be added to the cost of the property recovered in the event the property is not held for the production of income. By contrast, the parenthetical portion of section 1.212-1(k), Income Tax Regs., as we interpret it, allows a deduction for expenses paid or incurred for the recovery of investment property which by its very nature is held for the production of income. 39 70 T.C. at 202. 40 While this approach has a certain logic so far as it goes, our earlier discussion makes clear that it does not go far enough. The critical inquiry in interpreting this regulation is for distinctions between capital and non-capital transactions. The Tax Court's interpretation is unsatisfactory because no such distinction, turning solely on whether property was held for the production of income, transforms a capital expenditure into an ordinary and necessary expense. To the contrary, an expenditure classified as capital in relation to property not held for the production of income would retain that capital character in relation to property held for the production of income. 41 Thus if recovery generates capital expenses, in the same way that, for instance, defense or perfection of title does, then it would not matter whether or not the recovered property was held for the production of income. If the term investment property means the same thing as property held for the production of income, as the Tax Court found, it would make no sense to except investment property from the denial of deductibility for a capital expense. Indeed, such an exception would be contrary to the dictates of section 263 of the Internal Revenue Code. 42 For similar reasons, however, we cannot accept the Commissioner's position that the problems in interpreting the regulation can be solved by requiring the value of investment property to be includible in gross income on recovery in order to escape the regulation's bar to deductibility. Again, the crucial inquiry is for distinctions between capital and ordinary expenditures. We can see no reason why the parenthetical exception should be so worded as to allow the deduction only where the property that must be included in gross income on recovery is investment property. Recovery of any sort of property wherein the value of the recovered property must be included in gross income seemingly ought to qualify. At the same time, we are troubled by the possibility that this reading of the regulation might serve to extend deductibility to recovery costs associated with the sale or disposition of capital assets where, under the principle of Woodward v. Commissioner, 397 U.S. 572, 90 S.Ct. 1302, 25 L.Ed.2d 577 (1970), such costs should be offset against the gain realized rather than deducted from ordinary income. 43 It should be clear at this point that the proper focus of inquiry must be the term recovering itself, rather than the ambiguous parenthetical exception. The transactions contemplated by this term must possess attributes that would cause us to classify associated expenditures as capital. Transactions not possessing those attributes, though perhaps falling within the everyday meaning of recovery, could not fall within the meaning of the term as used in this regulation. 44 We cannot and should not, within the confines of the case before us, attempt an authoritative definition of recovering property under the regulation. We can say only that the term must refer to instances where ownership, having been lost or relinquished, has been restored. An expense in recovering property would thus constitute an expense to secure the right to future income (including appreciation in value) from the property, comparable to an expense of defense or perfection of title, rather than simply an expense to manage or conserve the property in the manner made deductible under section 212(2). 45 For essentially the same reasons stated earlier with respect to the defense or perfection of title issue, we feel that taxpayer's expenses do not rise to the level of recovery expenses under the regulation. Because we hold that the taxpayer's transaction was not a recovery, we have no occasion to determine the precise meaning of the regulation's parenthetical exception for investment property. Resolution of that puzzle must await another case.