Opinion ID: 4546108
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Necessity of Standing for Members

Text: When an organization sues on behalf of its members, the organization must show that “its members would otherwise have standing to sue in their own right.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs., Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 181 (2000). An organization’s members enjoy standing if (1) [they have] suffered an “injury in fact” that is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; (2) the injury is fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant; and (3) it is likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision. Id. at 180–81.