Opinion ID: 2523316
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 3

Heading: isadore, habeas, and prison discipline

Text: ¶ 6 We granted review primarily to resolve the apparent dispute as to whether the Lord standard applies to personal restraint petitions where there has been no previous opportunity for judicial review. Personal restraint petitions have evolved from writs of habeas corpus. In order to determine the appropriate threshold prima facie burden to apply, we find it useful to examine the development of personal restraint petitions within that historical context. In re Pers. Restraint of Hagler, 97 Wash.2d 818, 823-24, 650 P.2d 1103 (1982) (describing the history of the personal restraint petition). The United States Supreme Court once said that historically, habeas was limited to determining if the court restraining a person had the jurisdiction to do so. As Justice Marshall put it, [a]n imprisonment under a judgment cannot be unlawful, unless that judgment be an absolute nullity; and it is not a nullity, if the court has general jurisdiction of the subject, although it should be erroneous. Ex parte Watkins, 28 U.S. (3 Pet.) 193, 203, 7 L.Ed. 650 (1830). Scholars have cast significant doubt on that limitation on the scope of habeas. See, e.g., BADSHAH K. MIAN, AMERICAN HABEAS CORPUS: LAW, HISTORY, AND POLITICS 190-91 (1984). [2] More than a century later, the Supreme Court rejected Watkins, noting that at common law restraints contrary to fundamental law, by whatever authority imposed, could be redressed by writ of habeas corpus. Fay v. Noia, 372 U.S. 391, 408, 83 S.Ct. 822, 9 L.Ed.2d 837 (1963), overruled in part on other grounds by Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977). However, the Watkins dictum does emerge from time to time as the basis for limiting the writ. While taking a more expansive view, Justice William Brennan echoed Blackstone's description of habeas as `the most celebrated writ in the English law.' Fay, 372 U.S. at 400, 83 S.Ct. 822 (quoting 3 WILLIAM BLACKSTONE COMMENTARIES 129). Borrowing from English authorities, he described it as: a writ antecedent to statute, and throwing its root deep into the genius of our common law. . . . It is perhaps the most important writ known to the constitutional law of England, affording as it does a swift and imperative remedy in all cases of illegal restraint or confinement. It is of immemorial antiquity, an instance of its use occurring in the thirty-third year of Edward I.[ [3] ] Id. at 400, 83 S.Ct. 822 (quoting Secretary of State for Home Affairs v. O'Brien, (1923) A.C. 603, 609 (H.L.)). Simply put, habeas has played a critical role in the development of equal justice under law. Justice Brennan said that in the history of habeas: may be discerned the unceasing contest between personal liberty and government oppression. It is no accident that habeas has time and again played a central role in national crises, wherein the claims of order and of liberty clash most acutely, not only in England in the seventeenth century, but also in America from our very beginnings, and today. Id. at 400-01, 83 S.Ct. 822 (footnote omitted) (citing 1 WILLIAM SEARLE HOLDSWORTH, A HISTORY OF ENGLISH LAW 227-28 (1927); Zechariah Chafee, The Most Important Human Right in the Constitution, 32 B.U. L.Rev. 143, 146-59 (1952); WILLIAM S. CHURCH, A TREATISE OF THE WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS § 40 (1884)). ¶ 7 Habeas is so fundamental to our history and legal traditions that American colonial courts in the 17th century asserted the power of habeas without any relevant authorizing legislation and arguably in violation of English law. A.H. Carpenter, Habeas Corpus in the Colonies, 8 AM. HIST. REV. 18, 20-21 (1902) available at http://www.jstor. org/stable/1832572. Like habeas, the personal restraint petition can be a great guardian of liberty. Like habeas, it is not a substitute for an appeal. Hagler, 97 Wash.2d at 824, 650 P.2d 1103 (citing In re Myers, 91 Wash.2d 120, 121 n. 1, 587 P.2d 532 (1978)). To prevent it from becoming a substitute for an appeal, and to protect the finality of judgments, this court has imposed significant threshold, prima facie burdens on the petitioner before the merits of the substantive claim will be considered. However, not all decisions that impose restraints that can be examined in a habeas or personal restraint petition are also appealable. See generally RAP 16.4(c)(6) (personal restraint petition available to challenge conditions or manner of the restraint of petitioner [that] are in violation of the Constitution of the United States or the Constitution or laws of the State of Washington). ¶ 8 Courts are reluctant to shut the courthouse doors to potentially meritorious challenges to convictions and reluctant to revisit settled judgments. The process of harmonizing the tension between these principles is, of course, ongoing. Justice Pearson noted that an attempt to establish a consistent standard had to be abandoned because it proved to be too blunt an instrument for the delicate operation of determining claims which should be given collateral review. We have not been able to apply it consistently. Hagler, 97 Wash.2d at 826, 650 P.2d 1103. In our seminal case, Cook, Justice Brachtenbach closely examined our existing inconsistent personal restraint petition jurisprudence and distilled a common law threshold standard that petitioners had to meet. [I]n the context of constitutional error, a petitioner must satisfy his threshold burden of demonstrating actual and substantial prejudice or his petition would be dismissed. In re Pers. Restraint of Cook, 114 Wash.2d 802, 810, 792 P.2d 506 (1990) (citing In re Pers. Restraint of Haverty, 101 Wash.2d 498, 504, 681 P.2d 835 (1984)). In the context of nonconstitutional error, a petitioner must establish that the claimed error constitutes a fundamental defect which inherently results in a complete miscarriage of justice. Id. at 812, 792 P.2d 506. The State contends that this standard survives Isadore in challenges to prison discipline. ¶ 9 But in Cook, the petitioner was challenging a conviction on the grounds of statutory double jeopardy. Id. at 804, 792 P.2d 506. A major limitation on granting relief was our respect for the finality of judgment after litigation and full opportunity for judicial review. Id. at 809, 792 P.2d 506 (citing In re Pers. Restraint of Hews, 99 Wash.2d 80, 86, 660 P.2d 263 (1983)). We had no occasion to consider a claim like the one before us today, where there is no final judgment of a court, simply a decision of an executive officer brought by a petitioner who has no other meaningful mechanism for judicial review. ¶ 10 Generally, but not uniformly, courts in Washington have not imposed the Cook prima facie burden when there has been no other opportunity for review of the decision. Originally, this was done in a piecemeal fashion. See In re Pers. Restraint of Garcia, 106 Wash.App. 625, 629, 24 P.3d 1091, 33 P.3d 750 (2001) (challenges to prison discipline need not make prima facie showing of actual and substantial prejudice or complete miscarriage of justice); In re Pers. Restraint of Cashaw, 123 Wash.2d 138, 148-49, 866 P.2d 8 (1994) (same for Indeterminate Sentencing Review Board (ISRB) decisions); In re Pers. Restraint of Shepard, 127 Wash.2d 185, 191, 898 P.2d 828 (1995) (same for ISRB parolability decision); but see In re Pers. Restraint of Burton, 80 Wash.App. 573, 581, 910 P.2d 1295 (1996) (requiring challenges to prison discipline to make prima facie showing). These cases culminated in Isadore, where we ruled: In order to prevail on a collateral attack by way of personal restraint petition the petitioner must first establish that a constitutional error has resulted in actual and substantial prejudice, or that a nonconstitutional error has resulted in a fundamental defect which inherently results in a complete miscarriage of justice. These threshold requirements are justified by the court's interest in finality, economy, and integrity of the trial process and by the fact that the petitioner has already had an opportunity for judicial review. Where the petitioner has not had a prior opportunity for judicial review, we do not apply the heightened threshold requirements applicable to personal restraint petitions. Instead, the petitioner need show only that he is restrained under RAP 16.4(b) and that the restraint is unlawful under RAP 16.4(c). Isadore, 151 Wash.2d at 298-99, 88 P.3d 390 (citations omitted) (citing Cook, 114 Wash.2d at 810, 812, 792 P.2d 506; Cashaw, 123 Wash.2d at 148-49, 866 P.2d 8; Garcia, 106 Wash.App. at 628, 24 P.3d 1091, 33 P.3d 750); accord In re Pers. Restraint of Dalluge, 162 Wash.2d 814, 817, 177 P.3d 675 (2008) (But when, as here, direct review is not available, we apply a more lenient standard. Dalluge can prevail if he can show he is under `unlawful' (as meant by RAP 16.4(c)) `restraint' (as meant in RAP 16.4(b)).). Grantham contends that Isadore establishes the standard to be applied here. ¶ 11 The State disagrees, relying on Burton. Burton was decided by the Court of Appeals eight years before Isadore was announced. There, the Court of Appeals specifically rejected the claim that petitioners challenging prison discipline decisions do not need to make the common law prima facie showing. Burton, 80 Wash.App. at 581, 910 P.2d 1295. Burton, like Isadore, relied heavily on Cashaw, where we said: The policies behind the threshold requirements are that `collateral relief undermines the principles of finality of litigation, degrades the prominence of the trial, and sometimes costs society the right to punish admitted offenders.' Cook, 114 Wash.2d at 809, 792 P.2d 506 (quoting Hews, 99 Wash.2d at 86, 660 P.2d 263). Of greatest significance is the policy in granting finality to decisions that the inmate had a previous opportunity to challenge. None of these policies justify imposition of the threshold requirements when the challenge is to a decision, such as the setting of minimum terms, from which the inmate generally has had no previous or alternative avenue for obtaining state judicial review. Cashaw, 123 Wash.2d at 148-49, 866 P.2d 8 (citation omitted). While the Garcia court found that dispositive against imposing the Cook threshold burdens in challenges to prison discipline, Garcia, 106 Wash.App. at 629 & n. 5, 24 P.3d 1091, the Burton court did not, Burton, 80 Wash.App. at 585, 910 P.2d 1295. Instead, the Burton court found the Cashaw factors favored imposing the prima facie threshold showing on challenges to prison discipline, on the ground that prison officials needed to be able to impose discipline swiftly and finally to maintain order, that prison discipline hearings were incredibly numerous, and that there was a right to appeal to the prison superintendent. Burton, 80 Wash.App. at 584, 910 P.2d 1295. Additionally, the Burton court believed that the heightened threshold showing was more consistent with the prisoner's unchallenged substantive burden. Id. at 582-83, 910 P.2d 1295. Under that substantive standard, review of prison disciplinary proceedings is properly limited to a determination of whether the action taken was so arbitrary and capricious as to deny the petitioner a fundamentally fair proceeding. In re Pers. Restraint of Reismiller, 101 Wash.2d 291, 294, 678 P.2d 323 (1984). ¶ 12 Again, ultimately, the purpose of judicial review of restraint, be it by writs of habeas corpus or by personal restraint petitions, is to protect against governmental oppression and power exercised without law. Fay, 372 U.S. at 400-01, 408, 83 S.Ct. 822. The judiciary pauses, however, to disturb a settled judicial decision where the petitioner has already had an opportunity to appeal to a disinterested judge. Cook, 114 Wash.2d at 809, 792 P.2d 506. That limiting principle does not apply to decisions made by executive officers and agents, even if other executive officers and agents stand ready to review them. Isadore, 151 Wash.2d at 299, 88 P.3d 390. Because we apply the common law prima facie standard to protect the finality of appealable judicial decisions, not executive ones, we explicitly overrule Burton, and hold that a petitioner seeking relief via a personal restraint petition from prison discipline where no prior judicial review has been afforded is not required to make a prima facie case of constitutional error and actual and substantial prejudice, or nonconstitutional error and total miscarriage of justice, as a precondition to relief. Isadore controls. ¶ 13 However, that does not end our inquiry. Prisoners facing discipline are not entitled to the full panoply of constitutional protections afforded defendants facing criminal charges. [4] Arment v. Henry, 98 Wash.2d 775, 778, 658 P.2d 663 (1983). We will reverse a prison discipline decision only upon a showing that it was so arbitrary and capricious as to deny the petitioner a fundamentally fair proceeding so as to work to the offender's prejudice. Reismiller, 101 Wash.2d at 294, 678 P.2d 323; see also In re Pers. Restraint of Gronquist, 138 Wash.2d 388, 396, 978 P.2d 1083 (1999). This is a heightened standard based on the particular type of executive action we are asked to review. Prison discipline cases are significantly different from other administrative proceedings that can result in the loss of liberty. A prison is `a tightly controlled environment populated by persons who have chosen to violate the criminal law, many of whom have employed violence to achieve their ends.' Reismiller, 101 Wash.2d at 294, 678 P.2d 323 (quoting Dawson v. Hearing Comm., 92 Wash.2d 391, 396, 597 P.2d 1353 (1979)). Offenders facing discipline are not entitled to the full panoply of constitutional procedures given criminal defendants at trial. Id. at 294-95, 678 P.2d 323. Prison discipline is an essential function of the day to day management of a safe and secure correctional institution. In 1997 alone, the Department of Corrections reported 31,629 general infraction and 22,143 serious infractions in its correctional facilities. Gronquist, 138 Wash.2d at 398 n. 8, 978 P.2d 1083. A prisoner is only entitled to minimum due process protections, which include notice, an opportunity to provide evidence and call witnesses when not unduly hazardous to institutional safety and correctional goals, and to receive a written statement of the evidence relied upon and the reasons for the discipline. Id. at 396-97, 978 P.2d 1083 (citing Dawson, 92 Wash.2d at 397, 597 P.2d 1353). There has to be at least some evidence to affirm the discipline. Reismiller, 101 Wash.2d at 295, 678 P.2d 323 (citing Pierce v. Soc. & Health Servs., 97 Wash.2d 552, 557, 646 P.2d 1382 (1982)); see also Gronquist, 138 Wash.2d at 397 n. 7, 978 P.2d 1083 (quoting Superintendent, Mass. Corr. Inst. v. Hill, 472 U.S. 445, 455-56, 105 S.Ct. 2768, 86 L.Ed.2d 356 (1985) (Factual determinations of prison officials must stand if there is `some evidence' in the record to support the prison disciplinary decision.). ¶ 14 Grantham argues that the infraction report did not comply with certain prison regulations and therefore he was denied due process. Under the rules: (1) In the event of a serious infraction, the staff member who discovers such violation shall prepare and submit an infraction report. . . . The infraction report must include: . . . . (c) The time and place of the incident; (d) The names of witnesses, victims, and other persons involved; . . . . (h) Copies of any relevant documentation or supplemental reports. Confidential information and the identities of confidential informants shall not be included WAC 137-28-270. Grantham contends that the investigating officer's report (quoted verbatim above) did not comply with the rule because it did not list the time and place of the incident, beyond Tacoma, and did not state the time and date of the phone call that the officer listened to and believed contained coded references to drugs. Grantham also argues that the lack of specificity is a violation of the WACs and is the moral equivalent of violation of ISRB regulations, and thus, he is entitled to relief under Cashaw, 123 Wash.2d at 140, 866 P.2d 8, where we found that a petitioner was entitled to relief because the ISRB had failed to follow its own regulations. ¶ 15 We disagree. Under the facts of this case, the report complied with the requirements of WAC 137-28-270. Given that the hand-off of the drugs and tobacco never happened, it is not unreasonable that the time, place, and date was vague. Further, the infraction report did not prevent Grantham from mounting a defense. Grantham was informed of the charges against him, the factual basis for those charges, and given an opportunity to defend himself. ¶ 16 The one piece of evidence that most closely tied Grantham to the contraband was the recorded conversation between him and his brother. We are inclined to agree that Grantham should have been allowed to listen to the recording of the incriminating phone conversation. However, he was not denied a fundamentally fair proceeding. The contents of the conversation were described and Grantham had an opportunity to make his point to the hearing examiner that the investigating officer did not hear him actually use the word tobacco or marijuana. [5] The critical evidence was the fact that Grantham asked his brother to buy coffee and make sure he had it ready for Sunday, and that his brother gave contraband concealed in a coffee can to a corrections officer who agreed to bring it into the prison. The phone conversation was not the incident Grantham was disciplined for; he was disciplined for attempting to introduce drugs and tobacco into the prison. There is sufficient evidence connecting Grantham to those offenses. [6] ¶ 17 While we agree with Grantham that prisoners challenging prison discipline need not make a prima facie case of constitutional error and actual and substantial prejudice or nonconstitutional error and total miscarriage of justice, that simply means that we more easily reach the substantive question. However, when applying the well established substantive law, the prison's disciplinary decision was not so arbitrary and capricious as to deny a fundamentally fair proceeding. Grantham was informed of the charges against him and given an opportunity to defend himself. He has not shown that he was denied a fundamentally fair proceeding or that he was prejudiced by the process he received.