Opinion ID: 1168179
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 4

Heading: ii(c

Text: [2] The second part of the Vladovic test requires that offenses be the same in law in order to constitute the same offense for purposes of double jeopardy. If each offense, as charged, includes elements not included in the other, the offenses are different, and multiple punishments can be imposed. Vladovic, at 423. In Vladovic, the defendant was convicted of attempted first degree robbery, first degree robbery, and four counts of first degree kidnapping. We held that double jeopardy did not prohibit his conviction on both the robbery and kidnapping charges. In Vladovic, the elements of robbery, as charged include (1) a taking of personal property (2) from the person or in one's presence (3) by the use or threatened use of force, or violence, or fear of injury, (4) such force or fear being used to obtain or retain possession of the property, and (5) displaying what appears to be a deadly weapon. The elements of kidnapping include (1) intentionally abducting the victim (2) to facilitate the commission of a crime. Abduct means to restrain the victim's movements without his consent by use or threatened use of deadly force. RCW 9A.40.010(2)(b). Thus, in order to prove robbery, the State was required to prove a taking of personal property, which is not an element of kidnapping. Conversely, in order to prove kidnapping, the State was required to prove the use or threatened use of deadly force, which is not an element of robbery. Since each offense included an element not included in the other, double jeopardy did not prevent Vladovic's conviction on both charges. Vladovic, at 423-24. In this case, Fletcher has also been charged with first degree kidnapping and first degree robbery. The indictment charged Fletcher with kidnapping by (1) intentionally abducting the victim (2) with intent to facilitate the commission of a felony of robbery and flight thereafter, or (3) with intent to inflict bodily injury on the victim, or (4) with intent to inflict extreme emotional distress on the victim. Fletcher was charged with robbery by (1) unlawfully taking personal property (2) from the person and in the presence of the victim (3) against her will (4) by use or threatened use of immediate force, violence, or fear of injury (5) while armed with a deadly weapon. As was the case in Vladovic, the kidnapping charge required proof of use or threatened use of deadly force, which is not an element of robbery, while the robbery charge required proof of taking of personal property, which is not an element of kidnapping. Thus, the kidnapping and robbery charges are not the same offense. Fletcher can be punished for both crimes without violating double jeopardy principles.