Opinion ID: 2995597
Heading Depth: 3
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Reasonable certainty of a border

Text: crossing. First, we ask whether there is a reasonable certainty that a border has been crossed. Reasonable certainty is a standard which requires more than probable cause, but less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt. See Cardenas, 9 F.3d at 1148 (citing United States v. Delgado, 810 F.2d 480, 484 (5th Cir. 1987)). Teng was seen passing through customs by customs officials and his bags were x-rayed as part of an agricultural check. The same customs officer who identified him in customs also spotted him in the American Airlines terminal less than an hour later. In this case neither party disputes this factor and there is not even a question that Teng crossed the border.