Opinion ID: 451941
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: The Test For Substantial Similarity.

Text: 11 We have broken the test for substantial similarity into two parts. The first part, the extrinsic test, is used to determine whether two works are substantially similar in their general ideas. The extrinsic test is objective; it 12 depends not on the responses of the trier of fact, but on specific criteria which can be listed and analyzed. Such criteria include the type of artwork involved, the materials used, the subject matter, and the setting for the subject. Since it is an extrinsic test, analytic dissection and expert testimony are appropriate. 13 Krofft, 562 F.2d at 1164. The extrinsic test compares the individual features of the works; it looks to find specific, articulable similarities between the plot, themes, dialogue, mood, setting, pace, characters, and sequence of events. Litchfield v. Spielberg, 736 F.2d 1352, 1356-57 (9th Cir.1984). 14 The second part of the substantial similarity inquiry, the intrinsic test, is used to determine whether two works are substantially similar in their forms of expression. The intrinsic test is subjective; it depends solely on the response of the ordinary reasonable person. Krofft, 562 F.2d at 1164. To that extent, expert testimony or the comparison of individual features of the works is inappropriate in applying the intrinsic test. Rather, the trier of fact ordinarily decides whether the total concept and feel of the two works is substantially similar. In comparing two films, for example, or a film with a written work, the proper question in applying the intrinsic test is whether the ordinary, reasonable audience would recognize the defendant's work as a dramatization or picturization of the plaintiff's work. Litchfield, 736 F.2d at 1357. 15 To prevail on a copyright claim, a plaintiff must show substantial similarity of both ideas and expression. Id. at 1356. In this case, the district court found as a matter of law that Coma and Reincarnation were substantially dissimilar, both in idea and in expression. We agree. 16