Opinion ID: 810008
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: The District Court’s Summary Judgment Ruling

Text: This court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo, construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See, e.g., United Fire & Cas. Co. v. Hixson Bros., 453 F.3d 283, 284-85 (5th Cir. 2006). “Unsubstantiated assertions, improbable inferences, and unsupported speculation,” however, “are not sufficient to defeat a motion for summary judgment.” Brown v. City of Houston, 337 F.3d 539, 541 (5th Cir. 2003). Summary judgment is appropriate if the moving party can show that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). We have jurisdiction over the Heck and qualified-immunity issues related to Cormier’s § 1983 claims against Stelly and Martin individually. See Mitchell 4 The Appellants contend that Cormier waived his state-law claims by failing to list them in an “Outline of Claims” as ordered by the district court. The district court rejected this argument in two footnotes in its summary judgment orders. District courts have wide discretion in controlling their dockets, including narrowing issues for trial. See, e.g., G. Heileman Brewing Co. v. Joseph Oat Corp., 871 F.2d 648, 650-51 (7th Cir. 1989). We find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s actions. 5 Case: 11-31125 Document: 00512018275 Page: 6 Date Filed: 10/12/2012 No. 11-31125 v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511 (1985) (denials of absolute or qualified immunity are appealable as of right). With respect to the state-law claims against Stelly and Martin and against Lafayette in its capacity as Haynes’s employer, we have jurisdiction over the interlocutory appeal. Precedent makes clear that we have jurisdiction over “threshold” legal questions related to Cormier’s state-law claims because the district court considered them in the order certified and accepted for interlocutory review. See Castellanos-Contreras v. Decatur Hotels, LLC, 622 F.3d 393, 398-400 (5th Cir. 2010) (en banc). Our jurisdiction extends to “‘all issues material to the [certified] order,’” not just the “‘controlling question.’” Id. at 399 (emphasis added) (citation omitted). Here, the district court certified for interlocutory appeal an order that denied Stelly, Martin, and Lafayette’s motions for summary judgment as to the state-law claims. Of course, the exercise of jurisdiction over such claims remains discretionary. Id. at 399-400. We opt to do so here because resolving Stelly and Martin’s appeal necessarily results in our deciding an issue dispositive of Cormier’s state-law claims. As discussed below, the fact of Cormier’s conviction establishes probable cause in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, and probable cause negates state-law claims for false arrest, malicious prosecution, and defamation. Moreover, a motions panel has already determined that the Appellants may proceed with this appeal, and the parties have fully briefed the issues related to Cormier’s state-law claims. Accordingly, we perceive no benefit to piecemeal appeals on these points, and we will decide them here. See id. A. Heck Bars § 1983 Claims Against Stelly and Martin Individually Cormier asserts three causes of action against Stelly and Martin individually under the guise of § 1983: for malicious-prosecution, defamation, and “false-imprisonment,” which he also characterizes as “false-arrest.” The principles announced in Heck preclude these claims. There, the Supreme Court considered whether a plaintiff could challenge via § 1983 his criminal conviction 6 Case: 11-31125 Document: 00512018275 Page: 7 Date Filed: 10/12/2012 No. 11-31125 and sentence, including “other harm[s] caused by actions whose unlawfulness would render a conviction or sentence invalid.” 512 U.S. at 478, 483, 486. The Court answered in the affirmative, but held that such claims are “cognizable” only if the plaintiff “prove[s] that the conviction or sentence has been reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, declared invalid by a state tribunal authorized to make such determination, or called into question by a federal court’s issuance of a writ of habeas corpus.” Id. at 486-87. Without that threshold showing, the Court went so far as to “deny the existence of a cause of action,” id. at 489, even for claims that would indirectly, but “necessarily[,] imply the invalidity of [a plaintiff’s] conviction or sentence.” Id. at 487. In reaching that conclusion, the Court looked to tort law, specifically that related to malicious prosecution. Id. at 483-84. We have applied Heck to bar claims for excessive force, false arrest, malicious prosecution, and other claims of unlawful seizure. See Connors v. Graves, 538 F.3d 373, 377-78 (5th Cir. 2008) (excessive force and unlawful seizure); Wells v. Bonner, 45 F.3d 90, 94-96 (5th Cir. 1995) (malicious prosecution and false arrest). We have specifically noted that false-arrest and malicious-prosecution claims challenge the existence of probable cause and, thus, by their essence are collateral attacks on a criminal judgment’s validity. See Wells, 45 F.3d at 95. Such attacks run afoul of Heck’s “‘policy of finality.’” Connors, 538 F.3d at 378 (citation omitted).5 The specific crimes charged are irrelevant if the § 1983 claims would cause a civil judgment in the plaintiff’s favor to “collide” with the criminal judgment. Wells, 45 F.3d at 95. It also is immaterial that the plaintiff was not convicted on every count charged. Id. False-arrest and malicious-prosecution claims—as 5 To the extent Cormier brings conspiracy claims, the discussion that follows disposes of them. See Connors, 538 F.3d at 378 (noting that a “conspiracy claim is not actionable absent an actual violation of section 1983” (citing Hale v. Townley, 45 F.3d 914, 920 (5th Cir. 1995))). 7 Case: 11-31125 Document: 00512018275 Page: 8 Date Filed: 10/12/2012 No. 11-31125 attacks on probable cause—“focus on the validity of the arrest.” Id. Thus, “[i]f there was probable cause for any of the charges made . . . then the arrest was supported by probable cause,” and Heck applies. Id.; cf. Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146, 153 (2004) (“find[ing] no basis in precedent or reason” for concluding “that the probable-cause inquiry is further confined to the known facts bearing upon the offense actually invoked at the time of arrest, and that (in addition) the offense supported by these known facts must be ‘closely related’ to the offense that the officer invoked” (citation omitted)). Cormier has introduced no evidence showing that his disturbing-the-peace conviction has been reversed or otherwise called into question. Allowing Cormier to proceed with his false-arrest and malicious-prosecution claims against the officers under § 1983, then, risks “undermining the validity of his criminal conviction[]” because the same underlying events triggered those charges. Connors, 538 F.3d at 377. Heck thus bars those claims. Because Heck applies, Cormier’s defamation claims brought under § 1983 must also fail. “[D]amage to an individual’s reputation as a result of defamatory statements made by a state actor, accompanied by an infringement of some other interest, is actionable under § 1983.” Texas v. Thompson, 70 F.3d 390, 392 (5th Cir. 1995) (citing Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 710-12 (1976)). Cormier cannot satisfy this “stigma-plus-infringement” requirement, however, because applying Heck precludes using false arrest and malicious prosecution as predicate infringement claims. Accordingly, we conclude that Stelly and Martin should have been granted summary judgment on Cormier’s § 1983 claims, and we need not address whether they are entitled to qualified immunity. See Connors, 538 F.3d at 378 (opting against further consideration of the defendants’ qualifiedimmunity arguments in light of Heck’s application).6 6 The district court hypothesized that the Louisiana Constitution’s right-to-privacy provision could supply the predicate infringed interest. See La. Const. art. 1, § 5. Section 8 Case: 11-31125 Document: 00512018275 Page: 9 Date Filed: 10/12/2012 No. 11-31125 B. Cormier’s State-Law Claims Necessarily Fail Having addressed Cormier’s federal claims, we turn to his state-law claims for false arrest, malicious prosecution, and defamation.7 Under Louisiana law, “[a] claim for false arrest requires the following elements: (1) detention of the person; and (2) the unlawfulness of the detention.” Richard v. Richard, 74 So. 3d 1156, 1159 (La. 2011). A claim for malicious prosecution requires: “(1) the commencement or continuance of an original criminal or civil judicial proceeding; (2) its legal causation by the present defendant in the original proceeding; (3) its bona fide termination in favor of the present plaintiff; (4) the absence of probable cause for such proceeding; (5) the presence of malice therein; and (6) damage conforming to legal standards resulting to plaintiff.” Jones v. Soileau, 448 So. 2d 1268, 1271 (La. 1984). Because Cormier’s conviction stands, the lawfulness of his detention is presumed. See Howell v. Tanner, 650 F.2d 610, 615 (5th Cir. Unit B 1981). This presumption holds less force under Louisiana law, see Jones, 448 So. 2d at 1272 & n.5, but the record is devoid of any evidence that Stelly and Martin lacked an “honest and reasonable belief in the [defendant’s] guilt” at the time charges were filed. Id. at 1272 (citing Sandoz v. Veazie, 30 So. 767 (La. 1901)). This negates 1983, however, protects only against the deprivation “‘of rights secured by the Constitution or by federal law.’” Mead v. Independence Ass’n, 684 F.3d 226, 231 (1st Cir. 2012) (emphasis added) (citation omitted); see also Martes v. Chief Exec. Officer of S. Broward Hosp. Dist., 683 F.3d 1323, 1325-26 (11th Cir. 2012) (collecting cases). In any case, Cormier does not clearly state a right-to-privacy claim, and it is doubtful that the alleged defamatory acts support the infringement of Cormier’s federally-protected privacy interests. See Paul, 424 U.S. at 713 (rejecting argument that plaintiff’s privacy interests were infringed by public dissemination of his arrest on a shoplifting charge); Trade Waste Mgmt. Ass’n v. Hughey, 780 F.2d 221, 234 (3d Cir. 1985) (observing that “records of criminal conviction and pending criminal charges” are “matters [that] are by definition public”). 7 Cormier also brought an intentional-infliction-of-emotional-distress claim, but he made no argument in furtherance of it either below or on appeal. To the extent he maintains such a claim, the failure of his other state-law claims forecloses finding that the Appellants intentionally engaged in “extreme and outrageous” or “atrocious” conduct “utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” White v. Monsanto Co., 585 So. 2d 1205, 1209 (La. 1991). 9 Case: 11-31125 Document: 00512018275 Page: 10 Date Filed: 10/12/2012 No. 11-31125 the second element of false arrest and the fourth element of malicious prosecution, and Stelly and Martin need only establish a lack of evidence as to one element to prevail on summary judgment. See Brungardt v. Summitt, 7 So. 3d 879, 887 (La. Ct. App. 4th Cir. 2009). Cormier’s malicious-prosecution claim also fails because the underlying criminal case did not end in his favor. Thus, he cannot show that Stelly and Martin effectuated a false arrest or contributed to his alleged malicious prosecution. Cormier’s defamation claims against Stelly and Martin fare no better. Louisiana law precludes “coupl[ing]” defamation and malicious-prosecution or false-arrest claims when the underlying arrest and prosecution are not themselves “actionable.” Roche v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 303 So. 2d 888, 890 (La. Ct. App. 1st Cir. 1974) (“‘The defamation of character alleged consists in merely making public statements that plaintiff was guilty of the crime for which he was arrested and prosecuted upon the affidavit of defendant. Manifestly the slander is merged in the prosecution, and, if the prosecution is not actionable, neither is the slander.’” (quoting Dearmond v. St. Amant, 4 So. 72, 72 (La. 1888))). Because Cormier’s conviction and the presence of probable cause defeat his false-arrest and malicious-prosecution claims, his state-law defamation claim also must fail. Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s denial of summary judgment on Cormier’s state-law claims against Stelly and Martin. Because Cormier asserts the same claims against Lafayette as Haynes’s employer as he does against Stelly and Martin, the above analysis precludes his state-law claims against Lafayette. These claims also fail because the district court determined—and we agree—that Cormier introduced no evidence that Haynes brought false charges against Cormier or “had any role in the arrest or alleged defamation.” In the absence of potentially tortious conduct by Haynes for which Lafayette could answer under respondeat superior, Cormier cannot 10 Case: 11-31125 Document: 00512018275 Page: 11 Date Filed: 10/12/2012 No. 11-31125 maintain his state-law claims against Lafayette. We therefore reverse the district court’s denial of Lafayette’s motion for summary judgment.