Opinion ID: 4579137
Heading Depth: 5
Heading Rank: 3

Heading: The actor is a resource family parent,

Text: a guardian, or stands in loco parentis within the household; 10 accordingly decide whether these alternatively listed items are “elements” of the offense or “means” to commit it. Mathis v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243, 2256 (2016). Our review of the statute reveals that each subsection requires proof of a fact not required by another subsection. As a result, each subsection contains a separate element that must be proven to secure a conviction. New Jersey’s model jury instructions confirm this conclusion. The instructions list the four subsections in Grijalva Martinez’s statute of conviction in the alternative, thus reflecting that each is an element. NJ J.I. CRIM 2C:14-3b. Furthermore, jurors must be unanimous as to whether the government has proven each element of the offense. NJ J.I. CRIM Non 2C Charges. The need for jury unanimity also shows that the subsections embody elements of, not a means to commit, the offense. See Hillocks v. Att’y Gen., 934 F.3d 332, 339 (3d Cir. 2019) (concluding that elements are those “that