Opinion ID: 3029917
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 3

Heading: Indemnification for intentional acts

Text: ASTM next argues that inasmuch as Armor Shield sued 17 We note that ASTM additionally has advanced the “public policy” argument that if we allow the district court’s decision to stand, our decision will have a “chilling” effect insofar as it fails to show “any deference to board decision-making unless arduous procedures are followed.” Appellant’s br. at 32. The contention is without merit. The district court’s decision merely requires that an “adequate investigation” be conducted as that term has been interpreted in the case law – nothing more. 18 We point out that it appears that if ASTM had wanted to do so it could have vested its officers or directors with power to exercise the type of discretion that the business judgment rule is intended to protect. In this regard, we observe that 15 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5741 is not mandatory. Thus, rather than requiring a nonprofit corporation to indemnify the protected persons, it merely gives the corporation the “power” to do so, but limits the power to corporations not “otherwise restricted in [their] bylaws.” Thus, ASTM did not have an obligation to adopt Bylaw No. 10.1 or its equivalent. Accordingly, it follows that ASTM could have adopted a bylaw reserving discretion in itself to determine whether in a particular case it would indemnify a person seeking indemnification. But it eschewed that approach and instead used the mandatory words that a person protected “shall be indemnified” in the circumstances the bylaw sets forth. We can understand why ASTM took that approach as it encourages persons to participate in its activities. Moreover, ASTM had a particular reason to take the mandatory obligation approach as its members serve in standard-setting activities without pay or other compensation and might be unwilling to do so without protection against liability for their activities. Nevertheless, in view of the fact that ASTM adopted the mandatory right to indemnification approach, it is difficult to understand how it can abandon that approach retroactively by reliance on the business judgment rule when a protected person seeks to be indemnified. 28 Baach and Rogers for alleged violations of Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act and analogous state antitrust statutes, violations of the Lanham Act, and unfair competition, the district court’s holding violates the “fundamental public policy of Pennsylvania” that parties may not contract away liability resulting from their intentional acts. In sum, ASTM essentially contends that it “lacked the power” to indemnify defendants “even if [it] wanted to.” Appellant’s br. at 35. Defendants respond that there is no evidence that either Rogers or Baach engaged in any intentional wrongdoing and thus ASTM’s argument is without merit. Defendants are correct. Preliminarily, however, before reaching the substance of the intentional acts issue, we address defendants’ contention that ASTM waived this argument by failing to assert it in the district court. See Ark-Tenn Distrib. Corp. v. Breidt, 209 F.2d 359, 36061 (3d Cir. 1954) (noting when an issue is “raised by the pleadings, but not pressed at trial, in the absence of unusual circumstances, the ends of justice requiring it, [it] will not serve as a basis for the appellate tribunal to reverse the trial court”). On this procedural point, defendants are mistaken. Specifically, in its proposed Post-Trial Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law filed in the district court, ASTM pressed the very same argument it asserts here regarding indemnification for intentional acts. Accordingly, ASTM did not waive its intentional acts argument. Turning to the merits, we reject ASTM’s position. According to ASTM, “[t]here are numerous cases in Pennsylvania and federal courts sitting in Pennsylvania holding that public policy precludes indemnification clauses from covering intentional or wrongful conduct of the indemnitee.” Appellant’s br. at 34 (quoting Mahon v. City of Bethlehem, 898 F. Supp. 310, 314 (E.D. Pa. 1995)). But the majority of the cases ASTM cites discuss indemnification in the context of insurance law, as distinguished from the law relating to nonprofit corporations. See, e.g., Brown v. Creative Collections, Inc., No. Civ. A. 01-2809, 2002 WL 32345937 (E.D. Pa. June 10, 2002); State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Dalrymple, 153 F. Supp. 2d 624 (E.D. Pa. 2001); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Fischer, No. 97-4806, 1998 WL 205693 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 28, 1998). In this sense, they are all 29 arguably inapposite.19 Further, even assuming these cases are on point, the policy consideration driving their respective holdings – namely, that individuals not receive indemnification “against the consequences of [their] willful, criminal [i.e., intentional]” acts, see Esmond v. Liscio, 224 A.2d 793, 798 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1966) – is captured fully by that section of Pennsylvania’s nonprofit corporations law (as echoed by ASTM Bylaw No. 10) prohibiting indemnification unless a claimant “acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the corporation.” See 15 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5741; see also appellant’s br. at 35 (noting that Pennsylvania’s Nonprofit Corporations Law and ASTM Bylaw No. 10.1 are consistent with “Pennsylvania’s strong policy prohibiting indemnification for intentional acts,” and section 5741 “prohibits payment of indemnification benefits to individuals who did not act in ‘good faith’”). In this case, by contrast, the settlement agreement reached in the Armor Shield litigation expressly provides it “does not constitute an admission of liability or responsibility . . . or an admission of the truth or validity of any allegations or claims made by any party in the Lawsuit, it being agreed that the aforesaid specifically deny the truth and validity of all allegations or claims made against them.”20 J.A. at 1460-61; see 19 In making this point, we fully are aware of ASTM’s contention that, in determining a claimant’s contractual right to indemnity, some district courts have found it appropriate to analogize that claim to those in cases dealing with an insured’s right to insurance coverage. See Mahon v. City of Bethlehem, 902 F. Supp. 76, 78 (E.D. Pa. 1995). 20 This case differs from St. Paul Ins. Cos. v. Talladega Nursing Home, Inc., 606 F.2d 631 (5th Cir. 1979), which ASTM cites in support of the proposition that mere allegations of anticompetitive acts against the defendants, regardless of their actual intent, provide sufficient grounds upon which to deny defendants’ request for indemnification given Pennsylvania’s policy prohibiting individuals from contracting away liability resulting from their own intentional torts. In Pennsylvania, as elsewhere, an insurer’s duty to defend is measured by a claimant’s pleadings. Pac. Indem. Co. v. Linn, 766 F.3d 754, 760 (3d Cir. 1985). Accordingly, if there is no possibility that the facts alleged, if true, could fall under the policy’s scope of coverage, as is the usual 30 also 15 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5741 (stating “[t]he termination of any action or proceeding by . . . settlement . . . shall not of itself create a presumption that the person did not act in good faith and in a manner that he reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the corporation . . . .”). Further, the district court expressly found that: While it is true that the Armor Shield complaint also accused the defendants of willful misconduct, there is simply no evidence that those accusations were true or that the defendants acted in any manner other than in good faith and in a manner which they reasonably believed to be in the best interests of the Society. ASTM, through its Committee on Standards and its Committee on Technical Committee Operations, essentially made just such a finding when it heard and subsequently case when an intentional tort is at issue, the insurer has no duty to defend the insured. Id. (citing Terra Nova Ins. Co. v. 900 Bar, Inc., 887 F.2d 1213, 1216 (3d Cir. 1989)). So it was in St. Paul Insurance Cos., where the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court’s decision that plaintiff insurers had no duty to defend, in part because the allegations of the underlying complaint constituted intentional wrongs. 606 F.3d at 633-34 (applying Alabama law). This case, however, is plainly in a different procedural posture inasmuch as the underlying action (i.e., the Armor Shield litigation) was settled prior to defendants’ final demands for indemnification. As such, what instead appears to be required is a determination of whether defendants acted in “good faith.” Here, the district court made an affirmative determination on that issue. ASTM attempts to refute this conclusion by relying on Allstate Insurance Co., 1998 WL 205693, for the proposition that “where the underlying litigation either has settled or has not yet gone to judgment, the court need only look to the facts alleged in the underlying complaint . . . to determine whether indemnification is appropriate.” Appellant’s br. at 39. In Allstate Insurance Co., however, an arbitrator expressly ruled against the insured; it was on that basis that plaintiff insurer filed its declaratory judgment action seeking an order that it had no duty to defend. 1998 WL 205693, at . Thus, inasmuch as neither Baach nor Rogers ever has admitted liability in this or in the underlying litigation, Allstate Insurance Co. is factually distinguishable. 31 denied Derek Sharp’s appeal of the standard in September, 1998. ASTM, 2005 WL 1941653, at . Given the above, we cannot say the district court’s holding violates Pennsylvania’s policy that parties not be allowed to contract away liability resulting from their intentional acts. We also point out that if we accepted ASTM’s argument, we would establish an unfortunate precedent discouraging, rather than encouraging the settlement of litigation. It is, of course, fundamental that courts should encourage parties to litigation to settle their cases. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Bolger, 2 F.3d 1304, 1314 n.16 (3d Cir. 1993); Walton v. Avco Corp., 610 A.2d 454, 461 (Pa. 1992). But the practical consequence of ASTM’s argument, if accepted, would be to make a defendant with an indemnification claim reluctant to settle a case against him if the complaint in that case alleged that he had engaged in intentional wrongful conduct because, by doing so, he would be waiving his indemnification rights. While we do not suggest that a defendant necessarily may ensure that he will have an enforceable indemnification claim by settling an action against him charging him with intentional misconduct, inasmuch as the Armor Shield litigation did not establish that defendants engaged in such misconduct, if ASTM wanted to defeat their claim for indemnification, it should have presented evidence that they had done so. Yet it never did. On this point, we reiterate that ASTM Bylaw No. 10.1 provides that the scope of ASTM’s obligation for indemnification includes “amounts paid in settlement,” and we add that it does so without any exclusion for settlement of claims asserting that the indemnitees intentionally acted in a wrongful way. Moreover, in authorizing a nonprofit corporation to indemnify certain persons for their expenses, 15 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5741 includes “amounts paid in settlement,” without exclusion of payment for expenses in litigation charging the indemnitee with intentional wrongful acts. Thus, ASTM surely is wrong when it claims that Pennsylvania law precludes it from indemnifying the defendants for their costs and expenses in the Armor Shield litigation. 32 D. Whether defendants were sued “by reason of” their service on ASTM committees In addition to its business judgment and intentional acts arguments, ASTM contends that inasmuch as indemnification is available only to those persons who were or are parties to any threatened, pending, or completed litigation by reason of their service on an ASTM committee, the district court erred in summarily determining the “by reason of” condition in Bylaw No. 10.1 was satisfied. We reject this contention as we, like the district court, find that the evidence establishes that the “by reason of” condition was satisfied. In support of its argument, ASTM asserts that under either a proximate or “but for” causation standard, the district court “was required to conclude that but for the participation of Rogers and Baach on ASTM committees, Armor Shield and its co-plaintiffs lacked viable grounds for a lawsuit against Rogers and Baach.” Appellant’s br. at 43. We believe that ASTM overstates defendants’ burden here. Rather, we are satisfied that the “by reason of” language on which ASTM relies requires nothing more than there be a showing of a nexus between an indemnitee’s activity and the matter for which indemnification is being sought. See Witco Corp. v. Beekhuis, 38 F.3d 682, 69293 (3d Cir. 1994) (applying Delaware law); In re Miller, 290 F.3d 263, 267 (5th Cir. 2002) (same). But even if we accepted ASTM’s formulation of the law regarding the nexus required, the district court made the finding that ASTM says is required. Specifically, the court concluded: Dr. Rogers and Mr. Baach were clearly sued by Armor Shield and its co-plaintiffs solely because of their involvement in the ASTM standard setting process and their service on the E-50 and G-01 Committees. To be sure, the gravamen of Armor Shield’s complaint is that by their service on the ASTM committees, the defendants manipulated the development and promulgation of the ES-40 and G-158 standards to violate Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act, Section 43 of the Lanham Act and various other provisions of Ohio state law. 33 ASTM, 2005 WL 1941653, at . We recognize that, as ASTM contends, some of the allegations in the Armor Shield complaint “describe conduct that simply has nothing to do with ASTM’s standard-setting process.” Appellant’s br. at 43. But a plain reading of the factual allegations contained in the complaint evidences that Armor Shield predicated most of its claims on the promulgation of the ES-40 and G-158 standards in the absence of which Armor Shield would not have initiated its litigation. In this regard, it bears noting that Armor Shield did not initiate its litigation until after ASTM adopted the ES-40 and G-158 standards and denied Sharp’s appeals attempting to preclude their adoption and publication. This order of events hardly is immaterial. ASTM asserts as well that the district court “committed a second legal error by presuming . . . that Rogers and Baach satisfied the ‘by reason of’ requirement where the purpose of their unlawful actions, as alleged in the Armor Shield Complaint, was not to benefit the indemnitor, ASTM, but rather to advance the goals of their private employers at ASTM’s expense.”21 Appellant’s br. at 45. Defendants respond that the contention is devoid of evidentiary support. Again, we hold defendants are correct. Initially, as discussed supra, there is no per se impropriety in an ASTM member having a financial interest in the standard-setting activities he is engaged in on behalf of ASTM. Moreover, any concerns ASTM might have 21 In support of its argument, ASTM cites In re Miller, 290 F.3d 263 (5th Cir. 2002). In In re Miller, the trustee of the estate of William Miller sought “indemnification of legal expenses and a litigation judgment entered against Miller and in favor of his former employer, Abrams, Inc.” Appellant’s br. at 45; see also In re Miller, 290 F.3d at 265-66. By contrast, however, judgment was not (and can never be) entered against Baach and Rogers in the Armor Shield litigation. Moreover, the district court expressly found “there is no evidence that Defendants were acting in bad faith or in a manner which they reasonably believed to be in opposition to the best interests of the Society.” ASTM, 2005 WL 1941653, at . Accordingly, In re Miller is factually inapposite. 34 had along the lines it asserts on this point were no doubt addressed by the COS’s finding that the G-01 committee did not violate ASTM’s condition of balance and had followed ASTM’s procedural requirements as well as its criteria for due process– a decision the Board subsequently affirmed. Finally, and most notably, there is simply no evidence that Baach’s or Rogers’ conduct was detrimental to ASTM. Indeed, so far as we are aware, the permanent standard approved in ASTM’s layered process remains in effect today. Certainly, at least, ASTM does not claim that it rescinded the standard by reason of the allegations in the Armor Shield litigation. For the foregoing reasons, we reject ASTM’s request that we reverse the district court’s judgment on the basis that the “by reason of” clause precluded indemnification here. E. Reasonableness of Armor Shield litigation settlement ASTM argues next that “[b]ecause the underlying Armor Shield litigation was settled, Rogers and Baach had to show that the settlement was reasonable in order to be entitled to indemnification.” Appellant’s br. at 47; see also ASTM, 2005 WL 1941653, at  (noting indemnification limited to “‘expenses (including attorney’s fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by [claimant]’”) (quoting ASTM Bylaw No. 10.1). ASTM contends that because the district court did not make such a finding, we should reverse its order granting the indemnification award. ASTM is mistaken. It is true that in Pennsylvania, “[w]here a claim against an indemnitee has been settled, the burden falls on the indemnitee to prove that the settlement was reasonable.” County of Delaware v. J.P. Mascaro & Sons, Inc., 830 A.2d 587, 593 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2003). Here, Baach and Rogers submitted expert testimony on the reasonableness of the attorney’s fees incurred as well as on the settlement amount. On the other hand, ASTM does not appear to have submitted any expert testimony – and indeed, cites to none in the three pages devoted to its reasonableness argument in its briefs before this court – 35 regarding the unreasonableness of the settlement amount. Therefore it is not surprising that in its order granting defendants a declaratory judgment in their favor, the district court made the following finding of fact: The hourly rates charged by the defendants’ attorneys and other costs which the defendants incurred in defending and settling the Armor Shield litigation were fair and reasonable, particularly in light of the complexity of the case, the amount sought in the plaintiff’s complaint, the inherent risks and overall unpredictability of litigation, and the Cleveland, Ohio marketplace. ASTM, 2005 WL 1941653, at . Even though the district court did not state expressly that the settlement itself was reasonable, given its ruling in defendants’ favor, it appears implicitly to have reached just such a conclusion based on the evidence before it.22 22 ASTM takes the position that unless the district court expressly states that the settlement was reasonable, its judgment cannot be upheld. That position might be true in a case involving conflicting evidence on a reasonableness issue, but this case does not fall within that category. Thus, we see no reason for protracting this litigation by remanding this case to the district court to make an express finding on the reasonableness of the settlement. We, however, do make the following observation regarding the reasonableness of the settlement, taking our computations from the district court opinion and our study of the record. See ASTM, 2005 WL 1941653, at . It appears that Rogers’ and WRA’s attorney’s fees in the Armor Shield litigation were $338,083.85. Moreover, Rogers testified that “we could anticipate defense costs roughly equal to what we already expended in order to go to trial on this matter.” J.A. at 443. Thus, regardless of what the outcome at trial would have been if the parties had not settled the Armor Shield litigation, by paying $50,000 in settlement of Armor Shield’s claim, Rogers and WRA certainly saved money. Corrpro had over $300,000 in unreimbursed legal fees, costs, and expenses in the Armor Shield litigation that it incurred on behalf of itself and Baach. It settled the case for $1.225 million but National Union 36 We thus decline ASTM’s request to reverse the district court’s judgment on these grounds as well. F. Attribution of settlement amount ASTM contends that the district court “erred when it calculated the amount of the settlement for which ASTM was required to indemnify Rogers and Baach” insofar as it “treated the entire amount of the settlement and attorneys’ fees as if it were attributable to Rogers’ and Baach’s service on ASTM committees.” Appellant’s br. at 48. Specifically, ASTM says that, “the Armor Shield Complaint contains numerous allegations relating to conduct by individuals and corporations named as defendants, other than ASTM, conduct that is completely unrelated to Rogers’ and Baach’s service on ASTM committees” and “Corrpro’s Director’s and Officer’s liability insurer also concluded that the thrust of the Armor Shield Complaint was ‘necessarily asserted principally against Corrpro.’” Id. (quoting J.A. at 858). Again, ASTM is mistaken. Analogizing this case to those in an insurance context, ASTM claims, appellant’s br. at 49 (quoting Lang Tendons, Inc. paid $700,000 of that amount so that the net cost of the settlement to Corrpro was $525,000. While we cannot say that it was less expensive for Corrpro and Baach to settle the Armor Shield litigation than it would have been to win after a trial, because their expenses were ongoing it similarly made good sense for them to settle. Aside from the expense factor the defendants faced the risk of losing in the Armor Shield litigation and suffering damages judgments that might have ruined them. Thus, Rogers testified that Armor Shield was demanding “something like $90 million,” id., so that considering his choices the settlement was reasonable. Baach also testified that the settlement was reasonable because Armor Shield was requesting $30 million and that he “understood because of the nature of the allegation [that request] could be multiplied time three to $90 million.” Id. at 89. Moreover Baach believed, correctly as it turned out, that National Union would pay a little better than half of the settlement costs. Overall, considering Roger’s and Baach’s cases either separately or together their settlement was reasonable. The fact is that they were engaged in “bet the company” litigation and it was in their interest that they end it. 37 v. N. Ins. Co. of N.Y., No. Civ. A. 00-2030, 2001 WL 228920, at  (E.D. Pa. Mar. 7, 2001)), “where there has been no adjudication of liability because the insured has settled the claims against it, and no apportionment of the settlement amount among the different counts of the underlying complaint, the court must determine whether an equitable apportionment between covered and uncovered claims must be made.” Here, for reasons we set forth above, the district court found that ASTM Bylaw No. 10.1 covered all the claims asserted in the Armor Shield complaint. In doing so the district court indicated that, “[a]lthough WRA and Corrpro paid the entirety of these amounts on behalf of both themselves and Baach and Rogers individually, the settlement agreement did not distinguish what portion(s) of the settlement were attributable to the actions of the individual defendants and which were attributable to the actions of the corporations.” ASTM, 2005 WL 1941653, at . The district court went on to state, however, that “nothing through [its] scrutiny of the Armor Shield pleadings . . . suggests that the corporate entities were sued because of the activities of any individuals other than Baach or Rogers.” Id.; see also appellees’ br. at 50 (asserting the “undisputed testimony at the trial” was that Baach’s defense costs were inseparable from those of Corrpro while Rogers’ defense costs were inseparable from those of WRA and Baach and Rogers were the only alleged wrongdoers identified in the Armor Shield complaint acting on behalf of Corrpro and WRA respectively). Additionally, it again bears noting that the promulgation of the ES-40 and G-158 standards was the trigger for the Armor Shield litigation. Thus, because the district court has made the determination ASTM says is necessary, we reject ASTM’s request that we reverse the district court’s order on attribution grounds. G. Award of attorney’s fees in present litigation ASTM argues finally that the district court erred in holding Baach and Rogers were entitled “to recoup the legal fees that they incurred in defending this declaratory judgment action regarding their right to indemnification.” Appellant’s br. at 57. Specifically, ASTM says that the district court’s holding 38 “confuses an indemnitee’s ability to recover fees associated with an underlying liability litigation with its ability to recover fees associated with indemnification litigation.” Id. Defendants respond that both ASTM Bylaw No. 10.1 and general principles of equity demand that Baach and Rogers be allowed to “recoup” legal fees incurred in defending this declaratory judgment action regarding their right to indemnification. The merits of the parties’ respective arguments aside, we do not have jurisdiction to resolve the issue at this time and thus will dismiss the appeal to the extent it challenges the award of attorney’s fees in this case. As discussed above, our jurisdiction over ASTM’s appeal relating to defendants’ right to indemnification for their costs and expenses in the Armor Shield litigation is unaffected by the district court’s failure to quantify its award of attorney’s fees in this action, given the Supreme Court’s holding that “an unresolved issue of attorney’s fees for the litigation at hand” does not prevent judgment on the merits from being final. Budinich, 486 U.S. at 202, 108 S.Ct. at 1721. Implicit in this finding, however, is the necessary corollary that we do not have jurisdiction to determine those issues pertaining to the “unresolved issue of attorney’s fees” itself. See Frangos, 860 F.2d at 72 (dismissing that portion of the appeal dealing with attorney’s fees attributable to the case where such fees had not yet been quantified). ASTM attempts an end-run around this seemingly inescapable point by citing to the doctrine of pendent appellate jurisdiction. Although admitting “[t]he relatively sparse case law . . . suggests the history of pendent appellate jurisdiction is more murky than [clear],” ASTM nonetheless urges that “[w]hatever the limits of pendent appellate jurisdiction may be, ASTM believes the Court would have the power to vacate the district court’s ruling that Appellees are entitled to undetermined fees in this case, if it separately reaches a decision that may undermine that ruling, i.e., if it concludes Appellees were not entitled to indemnification for the Armor Shield litigation.” Appellant’s letter br. at 7. We disagree. To start with, of course, we are not making the 39 determination ASTM asserts that would empower us to vacate the attorney’s fees ruling with respect to this case. In any event, even setting that point aside, in its “broadest formulation,” the doctrine of pendent appellate jurisdiction merely “allows an appellate court in its discretion to exercise jurisdiction over issues that are not independently appealable but that are intertwined with issues over which the appellate court properly and independently exercises its jurisdiction.” In re Tutu Wells Contamination Litig., 120 F.3d 368, 382 (3d Cir. 1987), overruled on other grounds by Comuso v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 267 F.3d 331, 338-39 (3d Cir. 2001). To this end, we have held “that the discretionary exercise of pendent appellate jurisdiction is appropriate when the issue over which we have jurisdiction cannot be resolved without reference to the otherwise nonappealable issue.” Id. (citing Kershner v. Mazurkiewicz, 670 F.2d 440, 449 (3d Cir. 1982)); see also Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. City Sav., F.S.B., 28 F.3d 376, 382 (3d Cir. 1994) (“We have stated that pendent appellate jurisdiction over an otherwise unappealable order is available only to the extent necessary to ensure meaningful review of an appealable order.”) (internal quotations and citation omitted). We are satisfied that the rigorous standard for invoking pendent appellate jurisdiction has not been met here. As the above discussion illustrates, ASTM’s appeal regarding defendants’ indemnification requests (i.e., “the issue over which we have jurisdiction”) plainly can be resolved without reference to whether defendants are entitled to attorney’s fees in this litigation (i.e., the “otherwise unappealable order”). Indeed, that is exactly what we have done. Moreover, it is difficult to see why, if we exercised pendent jurisdiction here, such jurisdiction would not always be available in standard two-part litigation such as that involving a third-party claim against an insured followed by the insured’s claim against his disclaiming insurance carrier. Overall, we think that it is quite clear that we do not have pendent appellate jurisdiction in this case.