Opinion ID: 780836
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Presumption of Collateral Consequences

Text: 13 The Supreme Court has held that the presumption of collateral consequences does not apply to the revocation of parole. Spencer, 523 U.S. at 12-14, 118 S.Ct. 978. Wilson argues that the presumption of collateral consequences should, however, apply to prison disciplinary proceedings because institutional consequences of the rules violation charge (a 115 3 ) are not only possible, but inevitable. He asserts that the 115 will affect classification, institutional and housing assignments, and privileges, and that a serious rules violation may result in a delay or denial of parole. The consequences cited by Wilson are not sufficient to justify applying the presumption to disciplinary proceedings. 14 The Supreme Court has distinguished between substantial civil penalties that result from a criminal conviction, such as the inability to engage in certain businesses, to serve as an official of a labor union, to vote in state elections, and to serve as a juror, and non-statutory consequences that result from a finding that an individual has violated parole, such as the effect on employment prospects or the sentence imposed in future criminal proceedings. Lane v. Williams, 455 U.S. 624, 632, 102 S.Ct. 1322, 71 L.Ed.2d 508 (1982); see also Spencer, 523 U.S. at 12-13, 118 S.Ct. 978 (quoting Lane ). The latter consequences are discretionary decisions that are not governed by the mere presence or absence of a recorded violation, but are more directly influenced by[] the underlying conduct that formed the basis for the parole violation. Lane, 455 U.S. at 632-33, 102 S.Ct. 1322. 15 Similarly here, the consequences placed on Wilson are discretionary decisions that are more likely to be influenced by the underlying conduct of his escape, which he does not deny, rather than by the disciplinary proceeding for the escape. That is, Wilson would be considered a security threat because he has previously escaped, not merely because the escape was recorded on a 115. 16 Wilson argues that the likelihood of delayed or denied parole is analogous to the possibility of a future enhanced sentence, citing Chacon, or the possibility of deportation, citing Park, and is therefore sufficient to prevent mootness. The possibility of a future enhanced sentence, however, has been rejected by the Supreme Court as a basis on which to prevent mootness. Spencer, 523 U.S. at 13, 15, 118 S.Ct. 978. Furthermore, in Park, there was more than a possibility of deportation; the petitioner had already been ordered deported on the basis of his conviction. See Park, 202 F.3d at 1148. The petitioner therefore suffered an actual consequence from his conviction. Id.; cf. Zegarra-Gomez v. INS, 314 F.3d 1124, 1125-27 (9th Cir.2003) (holding that the petitioner's deportation did not render his habeas petition moot because he faced the actual collateral consequence of being ineligible to return to the United States for 20 years). Because the decision whether to grant parole is left to the judgment of the Board of Prison Terms, Cal.Code Regs. tit. 15, § 2402, the likelihood of delayed or denied parole is a type of nonstatutory consequence dependent on discretionary decisions that is insufficient to apply the presumption of collateral consequences. See Spencer, 523 U.S. at 13, 118 S.Ct. 978 (rejecting the notion that the possibility of an enhanced future sentence constitutes a collateral consequence). 17 We therefore decline to apply the presumption of collateral consequences to prison disciplinary proceedings. Cf. Diaz v. Duckworth, 143 F.3d 345, 346 (7th Cir.1998) (reasoning that Spencer had confined the presumption to convictions and so the court's extension of the presumption to prison disciplinary proceedings was no longer good law). The next question is whether Wilson has alleged consequences sufficient to meet the case-or-controversy requirement. 18