Opinion ID: 2621232
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 7

Heading: Control group test

Text: The final test that interprets the former comment to the rule is the control group test. This test encompasses only those top management level employees who have responsibility for making final decisions, and those employees whose advisory roles to top management indicate that a decision would not normally be made without those employees' advice or opinion. [44] This test serves the policies of preserving the availability of witnesses, reducing discovery costs by permitting informal interviews of a broad range of employees, and affording the best opportunity for pre-litigation fact investigation. [45] The test has become disfavored following the Upjohn decision, because the control group test is narrower than the attorney-client privilege rule approved in that case. [46] Also, it lacks predictability because it is not always clear which employees fall within the control group. [47]