Opinion ID: 2071344
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 4

Heading: The Continuing Course of Conduct Offense

Text: The first issue is whether the rule has been violated at all. Has the State charged more than one offense in any of the four counts? Simplistically, the State contends, through its amended particulars, that it has not done sothat it has charged one offense, which comprises up to fifteen [or between 75 and 100] incidents. That, of course, merely begs the question. We are not dealing here with the averment of but one criminal act, the uncertainty being when it was committed ( see State v. Mulkey, supra, 316 Md. 475, 560 A.2d 24, Com. v. King, 387 Mass. 464, 441 N.E.2d 248 (1982)), but, at least in Counts 1 and 2, with the allegation of many criminal acts occurring over an extended period of time. The question of whether, and under what circumstances, such separate criminal acts may combine to create one separately punishable offensea kind of e pluribus unum approachhas arisen in at least four different contexts, some of which often overlap: (1) when the acts are committed as part of a single incident or transaction; (2) when they are simply descriptive of a single offense; (3) when they are committed at different times but in a continuing course of conduct with a single objective; and (4) when a single offense may be committed in two or more different ways. We have dealt with all four contexts. In State v. Warren, supra, 77 Md. 121, 26 A. 500, we applied the single transaction theory in holding that a count that charged the defendant with stealing, at the same time, several articles of property belonging to several different owners charged but one offensenot as many offenses as there were owners of the stolen propertyand, accordingly, was not duplicitous. The gist of the offense, we declared, was the taking of the property, and the quality of that act was not affected by the fact that the property taken belonged to several persons rather than just one. In conformance with that view, we also concluded in Warren that the value of all of the property taken in the single transaction could be aggregated to determine whether the offense was grand or petty larceny. In Jackson v. State, supra, 176 Md. 399, 5 A.2d 282, we examined the second context. The count charged the defendant with the common law offense of keeping a disorderly house. It alleged, among other things, that he maintained a house for the sale of alcoholic beverages, that he kept such beverages without a license, that he allowed idle and ill-disposed persons to assemble there, and that he procured persons for the purpose of unlawfully selling them alcoholic beverages. Notwithstanding that the keeping of alcoholic beverages without a license constituted a separate offense that could have been separately charged, we found no duplicity in the count. The charge in the count was keeping a disorderly house, and the challenged averments were merely explanatory of the elements of the disorder. Id. at 402, 5 A.2d at 283. An indictment may properly aver any of the acts which the State might establish in order to show the character of the house. Id. In Mohler v. State, 120 Md. 325, 87 A. 671 (1913), we addressed the continuing course of conduct circumstance. In a one-count indictment, the defendant, a constable, was charged with malfeasance in office. The charge was based on allegations that he had unlawfully and corruptly accused one Spampinato of selling goods without a license, by virtue of his office corruptly obtained a warrant from a justice of the peace, arrested Spampinato pursuant to the warrant, brought him before the justice of the peace for trial but corruptly coerced him to pay $15 to the justice of the peace without a trial, and then received part of the $15 from the justice of the peace. Mohler moved to dismiss the indictment, claiming that each of those acts was a separate crime and that their combination in one count made the indictment duplicitous. The trial court denied the motion and we affirmed. Although we confirmed, as a fundamental principle of pleading, that more than one distinct offense may not be charged in a single count, we also recognized that a count is not double because it charges several related acts, all of which enter into and constitute one offense, although such acts may in themselves constitute distinct offenses. Id. at 327, 87 A. at 671-72. We explained: If the acts alleged are of the same nature and so connected that they form one criminal transaction, they may be joined in one count, although separately considered they are distinct offenses. If they can be construed as stages in one transaction and are not inherently repugnant, the count will not be bad for duplicity. Id. at 328, 87 A. at 672 (emphasis added). The misconduct charged to Mohler, we concluded, was that he corruptly obtained money under cover of his office. The other averments, although they could have been charged as separate offenses, were only recitals of the means taken by him to accomplish the end and [c]onsidered as a whole, they constitute but one transaction. Id. Compare Kirsner v. State, supra, 183 Md. 1, 36 A.2d 538, where we held that (1) a count alleging the violation of several sections of the Baltimore City Building Code that proscribed different conduct was fatally duplicitous, and (2) when a statute makes each day's violation a separate offense, not more than one day's violation may be charged in a single count. We applied the same kind of continuing transaction approach in Horsey v. State, 225 Md. 80, 169 A.2d 457 (1961), which presented a type of converse situation to that in Warren. In Horsey, the issue was not whether an indictment was duplicitous but whether the value of goods taken by the defendant from his employer at different times could be aggregated to establish one felony, rather than separate misdemeanors. We held that, when a person steals articles from the same owner at different times, a trial court may properly find that the separate takings were pursuant to a common scheme or intent and that, if they were, the fact that the takings occur on different occasions does not establish that they are separate crimes. Id. at 83, 169 A.2d at 459. See also Delcher v. State, 161 Md. 475, 158 A. 37 (1932) (count charging false pretense at specific time not duplicitous because of allegation that defendant received money pursuant to the scheme on several different occasions). We first dealt with the fourth context in Stearns v. State, 81 Md. 341, 32 A. 282 (1895), a gambling case. The defendant was charged, in one count, with keeping a house for the purpose of making or selling books or pools based on racing results or betting therein. The statute proscribed a number of different gambling activities in the disjunctive, including making books or betting. We concluded that an indictment based on such a statute may allege in a single count that the defendant did as many of the forbidden things as the pleader chooses, employing the conjunction `and' where the statute has `or' and it will not be double, and it will be established at the trial by proof of any one of them. Id. at 345, 32 A. at 283. By using the conjunctive, only one offense would be stated. Pleading those acts in the disjunctive, however, made the count duplicitous, for it then charged more than one offense. That view, too, has been confirmed in subsequent cases. See Jones v. State, 303 Md. 323, 341, 493 A.2d 1062, 1071 (1985) and cases cited there. We have never considered the issue now before us, of whether a series of sexual offenses committed at different times over an extended period on the same victim, either directly or through a charge of sexual child abuse based on those same underlying offenses, may be joined in a single count. The closest we came was in State v. Boozer, 304 Md. 98, 497 A.2d 1129 (1985), where the defendant was charged, in a District Court Statement of Charges, with a fourth degree sexual offense. Article 27, § 464C makes it a fourth degree sexual offense for a person to engage in any of three activities: sexual contact with another person against the will and without the consent of that person; a sexual act with another person 14 or 15 years of age if the person performing the sexual act is four or more years older than the victim; or vaginal intercourse with another person who is 14 or 15 years old if the person performing the act is four or more years older. Boozer was alleged to have committed a sexual act with the victim. Id. at 100, 497 A.2d 1129. After the case was transferred to the Circuit Court for jury trial and the jury was sworn (jeopardy thus attaching), the prosecutor realized that his evidence would be that Boozer inserted his fingers into the victim's vagina, which constituted sexual contact but not a sexual act, as those terms were defined for purposes of the sexual offense laws. He therefore sought to amend the charging document to allege sexual contact, and when, on Boozer's objection, that was not allowed, he entered a nol pros without Boozer's consent. The State then filed a new charging document alleging a fourth degree sexual offense by means of attempting to have vaginal intercourse with the 14-year old victim. That case, too, was transferred to the Circuit Court where, on Boozer's motion, the charging document was dismissed on double jeopardy grounds. The trial court's rationale was that both acts constituted the same offense. We disagreed with that conclusion. We noted that, prior to the enactment of § 464C, the conduct grouped together in that section had been separately punishable, even if committed in close temporal proximity. A person who engaged in consensual vaginal intercourse with a 15-year old girl and then engaged in anal intercourse with her, and then forced an object into her vagina or rectum without her consent could have been convicted and punished separately for all three offenses. The courts had little difficulty, we said, in concluding that separate acts resulting in separate insults to the person of the victim may be separately charged and punished even though they occur in very close proximity to each other and even though they are part of a single criminal episode or transaction. Boozer, supra, at 105, 497 A.2d at 1132. We noted the concern expressed in State v. Frazier, 185 Conn. 211, 440 A.2d 916, 925 (1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1112, 102 S.Ct. 3496, 73 L.Ed.2d 1375 (1982) that a different view would allow a person who has committed one sexual assault upon a victim to commit with impunity many other such acts during the same encounter. After examining the language, structure, and legislative history of the sexual offense law, of which § 464C was a part, we found no evidence of an intent by the Legislature to depart from the well established law of this and other states with respect to a defendant's liability for multiple acts committed against a victim during a single criminal transaction.  Boozer, 304 Md. at 109, 497 A.2d at 1134 (emphasis added). All of this discussion focused on Boozer's double jeopardy claim. The issue of duplicity arose from Boozer's argument that use of the abbreviated charging document authorized by § 461C, which permits the State to allege little more than that the defendant committed a sexual offense on the named victim in violation of § 464C (or §§ 464, 464A, or 464B), was inconsistent with the concept of separate offenses because such an indictment would necessarily charge every conceivable offense within the section and would therefore be duplicitous. Because the State had not, in fact, used the abbreviated charging document in the Boozer case, that issue was not really before us; as noted, the two charging documents that formed the basis of Boozer's double jeopardy argument alleged specific conduct, which we held to constitute separate offenses. We nonetheless addressed the issue and concluded that use of the abbreviated charging document would not make it duplicitous. Although we cited a Wisconsin case, State v. Lomagro, supra, 113 Wis.2d 582, 335 N.W.2d 583 (1983), which had adopted a one continuing offense theory to sustain a count alleging several sexual offenses committed by the defendant against an adult victim in the course of one evening, the actual basis for our conclusion seemed to be more a combination of that approach and the one adopted in Stearns, supra . We held that the effect of the use of the short form is to conjunctively charge every crime embraced by the specified section, thereby allowing but one conviction, which could be based on any of the conduct included under the statute. State v. Boozer, supra, 304 Md. 98, 112, 497 A.2d 1129, 1136-37. We noted: In a case involving two or more criminal acts that have been classified within the same degree of sexual offense ( e.g. sequential acts of nonconsensual cunnilingus, fellatio, anal intercourse, and penetration of the vagina by an object, all occurring during the same criminal episode ) the State must elect whether to charge each offense separately and specifically, or whether to use the short form. If separate charges are brought there may be separate convictions and punishment, but if the short form is used and a particular offense is not specified there may be but one conviction and punishment for those offenses. Id. at 112-13, 497 A.2d at 1136-37 (emphasis added). None of the approaches we have hitherto taken support Counts 1 and 2 of the indictment against petitioner. As noted, those counts attempt to charge petitioner with a singular act of sexual offense based on separate incidents of criminal conduct committed on as many as 15 separate occasions extending over a one-year period. They do not, as in Warren, allege a single transaction involving multiple victims; the acts charged are not merely descriptive of a singular offense, as was the case in Jackson; they were not alleged to be part of one ongoing criminal episode, as in Mohler, or part of a common scheme, as in Horsey, and they do not simply represent different ways of committing the same offense, as in Jones and Boozer. The only theory upon which any of the four counts can be held not to constitute duplicitous pleading is an expansive view of the continuing offense approachto allow the State to congregate separate criminal acts, committed not as part of a single ongoing incident but over an extended period of time, to form a singular continuing crime. We believe that the State may do that with respect to the child abuse charge under § 35C, but not with respect to the sexual offenses charged under § 464A or § 464B. Several States have dealt, in one context or another, with whether, and under what circumstances, separate single-act sexual offenses committed over an extended period can combine to support a single conviction, under a continuing course of conduct or continuing offense theory. Many of those cases did not involve the specific issue raised here, of whether a count attempting to charge one offense consisting of disparate offenses committed over a significant period of time is dismissible for duplicity. Some, like our decision in State v. Mulkey, supra, 316 Md. 475, 560 A.2d 24 (1989), concerned the specificity of the indictmentthe lack of specific datesrather than whether a count was duplicitous. See, for example, State v. Little, 260 Mont. 460, 861 P.2d 154 (1993); State v. Hoban, 738 S.W.2d 536 (Mo.App.1987). Others, reaching the appellate court after trial and conviction, dealt not so much with the validity of the indictment as with whether, when the State alleges a single offense committed during a particular time period but offers evidence of multiple incidents occurring during that period, any of which might suffice to establish the offense, it must elect, either at the beginning or at the end of the case, which incident it intends to proceed upon and the court must then instruct that the verdict must be unanimous as to that incident. See State v. Petrich, 101 Wash.2d 566, 683 P.2d 173 (1984); State v. Covington, 711 P.2d 1183 (Alaska Ct.App.1985); State v. Bell, 112 Ohio App.3d 473, 679 N.E.2d 44 (1996); Soper v. State, 731 P.2d 587 (Alaska Ct.App.1987); People v. Reynolds, 294 Ill.App.3d 58, 228 Ill.Dec. 463, 689 N.E.2d 335 (1997); People v. Castro, 133 Cal. 11, 65 P. 13 (1901); People v. Williams, 133 Cal. 165, 65 P. 323 (1901). In Baine v. State, 604 So.2d 258 (Miss.1992), the defendant was initially charged with child molestation occurring over a period of time that began outside the period of limitations but continued well within it. When the defendant moved to dismiss on the theory that the crime was complete when the first act occurred and that prosecution was therefore barred by limitations, the court allowed the State to amend by deleting the period occurring outside the limitations period. The issue before the appellate court was merely whether the trial court erred in allowing the amendment. There have been cases raising the issue presented here, and there is some split of authority. All of the courts are sympathetic to the plight of both the young victims, often unable to state except in the most general terms when the acts were committed, and of prosecutors, either hampered by the lack of specific information or, when it is reported that the conduct occurred dozens or hundreds of times over a significant period, faced with the practical problem of how to deal with such a multitude of offenses. The courts are all also properly concerned with the rights of defendants, who go to trial with a presumption of innocence, and with the ramifications to them of duplicitous pleading. Some have struck the balance in favor of easier prosecution by allowing some bundling of offenses, especially if committed within a reasonably brief period. See, for example, State v. Altgilbers, 109 N.M. 453, 786 P.2d 680 (1989) (allowing individual counts to include like offenses committed with a two or three month period); State v. Generazio, 691 So.2d 609 (Fla.App. 1997); State v. Dell'Orfano, 651 So.2d 1213 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1995). Others, discerning better ways to deal with those problems, have struck the balance in favor of preserving the rule against duplicitous pleading and have rejected a continuing offense theory when faced with the bundling of single-act sexual offenses in the same count. In State v. Saluter, 715 A.2d 1250 (R.I. 1998), the defendant was charged, in a single count, with committing multiple acts of cunnilingus against the young daughter of his girlfriend on a weekly basis over an extended period of time. Holding that count, and others in the indictment like it, to be fatally duplicitous, the Rhode Island Supreme Court reversed the convictions entered on those counts. The court acknowledged the State's suggestion that reconceptualization of child sexual assault as a continuing course of conduct crime would eliminate duplicity problems in charging these offenses and recognized that some States had done that, but it concluded that the creation of such a crime was for the legislature, not the court. Id. at 1255. New Hampshire and New York have taken the same approach. In State v. Patch, 135 N.H. 127, 599 A.2d 1243 (1991), the State charged the defendant with unlawfully having sexual contact with a minor by engag[ing] in a course of conduct involving several incidents of intentionally touching and fondling [the victim's penis] over a six-month period. Id. at 1243. Holding the count to be fatally duplicitous, the New Hampshire Supreme Court declared that, [b]y alleging a `course of conduct involving several incidents of intentionally touching,' the indictment at issue encompassed more than one offense. Id. at 1244. Each act of sexual contact, it held, constituted a separate felonious sexual assault, and the State could have brought several indictments, each alleging a specific incident, and consolidated them for trial. See also State v. Paulsen, 143 N.H. 447, 726 A.2d 902 (1999), confirming that view. In People v. Keindl, 68 N.Y.2d 410, 509 N.Y.S.2d 790, 502 N.E.2d 577 (1986), the New York Court of Appeals drew a distinction between the joining of several separate single-act crimes committed over a period of time and the charging of a single crime that may consist of multiple acts committed over a period of time. The defendant was charged with a variety of sexual offenses committed against each of his three stepdaughters over periods ranging from 10 to 16 months. In one count, he was charged with the first degree sodomy of his 11-year old stepdaughter. Particulars furnished by the State alleged that he committed those acts twice or more a week for about a year. Other counts were similarly structured. He was also charged with three counts of endangering the welfare of a child, each count relating to a separate victim. That offense, in relevant part, consisted of knowingly acting in a manner likely to be injurious to the physical, mental, or moral welfare of a child under a certain age. The court began with the proposition that where a crime is made out by the commission of one act, that act must be the only offense alleged in the count or [p]ut differently, acts which separately and individually make out distinct crimes must be charged in separate and distinct counts. Id. 509 N.Y.S.2d 790, 502 N.E.2d at 580. Although recognizing that the continuous crime theory might be appropriately applied in some cases, the court concluded that it had no applicability to the crimes of sodomy and sexual abuse, which punish the performance of a single act. Id. 509 N.Y.S.2d 790, 502 N.E.2d at 582. In the case before it, the court concluded, there was such a multiplicity of acts encompassed in single counts as to make it virtually impossible to determine the particular act of sodomy or sexual abuse as to which the jury reached a unanimous verdict. Id. Nor, the court held, was there any need for the profusion of duplicitous counts in this indictment. Id. That approach with respect to the bundling of single-act crimes was confirmed in People v. Beauchamp, 74 N.Y.2d 639, 541 N.Y.S.2d 977, 539 N.E.2d 1105 (1989). See also People v. Algarin, 166 A.D.2d 287, 560 N.Y.S.2d 771 (1990). The Keindl court reached a different conclusion with respect to the counts charging child welfare endangerment, noting that that offense, unlike sodomy and sexual abuse, is a crime that by its nature may be committed either by one act or by multiple acts and readily permits characterization as a continuing offense over a period of time. Id. 509 N.Y.S.2d 790, 502 N.E.2d at 582. Accordingly, it concluded that the counts charging that crime based upon a pattern of sexual behavior toward the children over an approximate two-year period, were proper and do not require dismissal. Id. Following the Keindl and Beauchamp decisions, the New York Legislature enacted a continuing offense crime to deal with the problem. Section 130.75 of the New York Penal Law makes a person guilty of a course of sexual conduct against a child if over a period of time not less than three months in duration, he or she engages in two or more acts of sexual conduct, which includes at least one act of sexual intercourse, deviate sexual intercourse or aggravated sexual contact, with a child less than eleven years old. The statute further provides that a person may not be subsequently prosecuted for any other sexual offense involving the same victim unless the other charged offense occurred outside the time period charged under the statute. California also responded to the problem with a statute. In People v. Van Hoek, 200 Cal.App.3d 811, 246 Cal.Rptr. 352 (1988), the defendant was charged with seven counts of lewd and lascivious conduct and one act of sexual intercourse committed against his daughter. The molestation began when the child was three and progressed to the point of five or six incidents of sexual intercourse. The issue before the appellate court was not duplicity in the indictment but rather the victim's failure to specify in her testimony any specific incidenta failure of proof. Following an older line of California cases, People v. Castro, supra, 133 Cal. 11, 65 P. 13, and People v. Williams, supra, 133 Cal. 165, 65 P. 323, the court regarded each act as a separate offense and held that testimony that consisted of a blur of acts, nonspecific as to a particular occasion could not suffice to sustain a conviction. Id. at 817, 246 Cal.Rptr. 352. Almost immediately upon the filing of Van Hoek, the California legislature enacted a continuing sexual abuse statute, making it a separate crime for a person who resides in the same home with a minor child or who has recurring access to the child to engage, over a period not less than three months in duration, in any of three or more specific kinds of sexual acts proscribed by other sections of the Code. See CAL.PENAL CODE § 288.5 (West 2000). The statute provides that, to convict, the jury need unanimously agree only that the requisite number of acts occurred, not on which acts constitute the requisite number. The statute further provides that (1) no other felony sex offense involving the same victim may be charged in a prosecution under the statute unless the offense occurred outside the period charged under the statute or is charged in the alternative, and (2) a defendant may be charged with only one count under the statute unless another charge involves another victim. That statute has apparently solved the problem in California. See People v. Higgins, 9 Cal.App.4th 294, 11 Cal.Rptr.2d 694 (1992). We, too, are sensitive to the problems faced by prosecutors in these cases. See State v. Mulkey, supra, 316 Md. 475, 560 A.2d 24. But forcing a square peg into a round hole is not the answer. There is no rational way to treat a second degree sexual offense, as defined in § 464A, or a third degree sexual offense, as defined in § 464B, as a continuing offense. Section 464A defines a second degree sexual offense as engaging in a sexual act with another person under any of the three circumstances stated in the section. Section 464B defines a third degree sexual offense as engaging either in sexual contact under the circumstances stated in the section or a sexual act or vaginal intercourse with a person 14 or 15 if the perpetrator is at least 21. Sexual contact is defined in § 461(f) as the intentional touching of the victim's anal or genital areas or other intimate parts for certain purposes. Those offenses are committed when the proscribed act occurs. If they are committed on more than one occasion, other than as part of an ongoing single incident, they cannot be regarded as having been committed but once. We thus aline ourselves with the Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and New York courts and hold that a single count that charges multiple incidents of those offenses, committed other than in the course of a single criminal episode of relatively brief temporal duration, cannot be sustained as non-duplicitous on the theory of a continuing offense. Counts 1 and 2 of the indictment were duplicitous. Child abuse, as proscribed by § 35C, admits of some greater flexibility. Section 35C(b) provides that a parent, other person who has care, custody, or responsibility for the supervision of a child, or household member who causes abuse to the child is guilty of a felony. Section 35C(a)(2) defines abuse to mean either (1) the sustaining of physical injury by a child as a result of cruel or inhumane treatment or as a result of a malicious act under circumstances that indicate that the child's health or welfare is harmed or threatened, or (2) sexual abuse, whether or not physical injuries are sustained. Sexual abuse, in turn, is defined to mean any act that involves sexual molestation or exploitation of a child, including incest, rape, sexual offense, sodomy, and unnatural sexual practice. Petitioner urges that, as so defined, sexual child abuse also is a single-act crime and thus cannot be charged as a continuing offense. We quite agree with petitioner that a single act, of a type included within the definition of sexual abuse, may be separately prosecuted and will support a conviction for that offense. The point overlooked by petitioner, however, is that the gravamen of the offense is not the sexual act itself, which is punishable in its own right under other statutes, but rather the abuse of the child. That abuse can as easily arise from several qualifying acts as from one. As we pointed out in Nightingale v. State, supra, 312 Md. at 708, 542 A.2d at 377, a charge of sexual child abuse may be sustained on evidence that would not support a conviction under the sexual offense, rape, sodomy, or perverted practice laws. In the particulars supplied with respect to Count 3, the State alleged a wide range of conduct, from cunnilingus, to digital insertion and attempted penile penetration of the vagina, to touching the victim's buttocks and genitals. With respect to Count 4, the State alleged conduct ranging from the fondling of the victim's breasts to simply rubbing against her. A jury could certainly find a single incident of some of that conduct to constitute abuse under § 35C, but it might well require more than one incident of other conduct in order to find the requisite sexual molestation or exploitation. [1] Abuse, as defined in § 35C is thus a crime that can be committed both by a single act and through a continuing course of conduct consisting of multiple acts. As supplemented here, Counts 3 and 4 are not duplicitous.