Opinion ID: 8164944
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 3

Heading: Statutes employing the term “possessions,”

Text: (a) in the phrase “States, Territories, and Possessions” or the like: 43 Stat. 1070, as amended, 2 U. S. C. § 241 (i); 42 Stat. 998, 7 U. S. C. § 3; 42 Stat. 159, 7 U. S. C. § 182 (6); 49 Stat. 731, 7 U S. C. § 511 (i); 30 Stat. 544, as amended, 11 U. S. C. § 1 (10); 48 Stat. 2, 12 U. S. C. § 202; 39 Stat. 601, as amended, 61 Stat. 786, 14 U. S. C. Supp. I, §29; 55 Stat. 11, 12, as amended, 14 U. S. C. Supp. I,  §§302, 307; 48 Stat. 882, as amended, 15 U. S. C. §78 (c) (16); 54 Stat. 790, 15 U. S. C. § 80a-2 (37); 44 Stat. 1406, 15 U. S. C. § 402 (c); 44 Stat. 1423, 15 U. S. C. § 431; 47 Stat. 8, as amended, 61 Stat. 202, 15 U. S. C. Supp. I, § 607; 61 Stat. 515, 15 U. S. C. Supp. I, §619; 52 Stat. 1250, as amended, 15 U. S. C. §901 (2) ; 56 Stat. 1087, 18 U. S. C. § 420g (2); 42 Stat. 1486, 21 U. S. C. § 61 (b); 52 Stat. 1041, 21 U. S. C. § 321 (b); Int. Rev. Code §§22 (b) (4), 251, 252, 1621 (a) (8) (B), 813 (b); 49 Stat. 1928, 27 U. S. C. § 222 (a); 28 U. S. C. § 411 (a); 61 Stat. 150, 29 U. S. C. Supp. I, § 161 (2); 61 Stat. 86, 90, 29 U. S. C. Supp. I, §§ 252 (d), 262 (e); 29 U. S. C. App. Supp. I, § 203.7; 55 Stat. 179, 30 U. S. C. § 4o; 54 Stat. 1086, 31 U. S. C. § 123; Rev. Stat. § 3646, as amended, 31 U. S. C. § 528 (c); 61 Stat. 787, 33 U. S. C. Supp. I, §§ 883a, 883b; 44 Stat. 900, as amended, 39 U. S. C. § 654 (c); 49 Stat. 2038, 41 U. S. C. § 39; 58 Stat. 682, as amended, 42 U. S. C. § 201 (g); 49 Stat. 624, as amended, 42 U. S. C. § 405 (d); 50 Stat. 888, 42 U. S. C. § 1402 (12); 60 Stat. 774, 42 U. S. C. § 1818; 35 Stat. 65, 45 U. S. C. § 52; 52 Stat. 1107, as amended, 45 U. S. C. § 362; 45 Stat. 1492, as amended, 46 U. S. C. § 85; 49 Stat. 888,46 U. S. C. § 88; Rev. Stat. §4472, as amended, 46 U. S. C. § 170; Rev. Stat. §4370, 46 U. S. C. § 316 (a); 41 Stat. 996, as amended, 46 U. S. C. § 813; 39 Stat. 735, 46 U. S. C. §§ 819, 823, 826, 829; 40 Stat. 901, as amended, 46 U. S. C. § 835 (a), (d); 41 Stat. 998, 46 U. S. C. §§ 880, 882, 883; 41 Stat. 1003, 46 U. S. C. § 951; 49 Stat. 2016, 46 U. S. C. § 1244 (a), (b); 49 Stat. 1212, 46 U. S. C. § 1312; 48 Stat. 1065, as amended, 47 U. S. C. § 153 (e), (g); 48 Stat. 1084, 47 U. S. C. § 308 (c); 48 Stat. 1087, 47 U. S. C. §314; 44 Stat. 568, 572, 573, 49 U. S. C. §§ 171, 176 (e), 179; 52 Stat. 977, 979, 980, 984, 998, 49 U. S. C. §§401 (3), (21) (b), (29), (30), 425, 486; 40 Stat. 415, as amended, 50 U. S. C. App. § 5; 60 Stat. 50, as amended, 50 U. S. C. App. § 32 (a) (2) (B); 54 Stat. 890, as amended, 50 U. S. C. App. § 308; 61 Stat. 31, 32, 50 U. S. C. App. Supp. I, §§324, 326 (a) (2), (3); 54 Stat. 859, as amended, 50 U. S. C. Supp. I, § 403 (b) (A); 56 Stat. 777, 50 U. S. C. App. § 574; 59 Stat. 542, 50 U. S. C. App. § 639a; 56 Stat. 182, as amended, 50 U. S. C. App § 640; 55 Stat. 206, 50 U. S. C. App. § 702;  56 Stat. 461-62, 50 U. S. C. App. §§791, 792, 793, 801; 56 Stat. 1041, 50 U. S. C. App. § 846; 56 Stat. 23, as amended, 50 U. S. C. App. § 901; 56 Stat. 245, as amended, 50 U. S. C. App. § 1191 (i); 57 Stat. 162, as amended, 50 U. S. C. App. § 1472 (a) (A); (b) qualified, usually in a similar phrase, by the word “island” or “insular”: 54 Stat. 1137, 1139, 8 U. S. C. §§501 (e), 604; 59 Stat. 526, as amended, 12 U. S. C. Supp. I, § 635; 38 Stat. 730, 15 U. S. C. § 12; 48 Stat. 74, as amended, 15 U. S. C. § 77b (6); 61 Stat. 726, 16 U. S. C. Supp. I, § 758a; 56 Stat. 1046, 21 U. S. C. § 188d; 56 Stat. 1063, 22 U. S. C. § 672 (b); Int. Rev. Code §§ 2563, 2602, 2733 (g); 49 Stat. 2011, as amended, 46 U. S. C. § 1204; 40 Stat. 388, 50 U. S. C. § 137; 53 Stat. 812, 50 U. S. C. § 98f. II. Statutes listed under heading I above, the application of which to the leased bases might cause conflict with Bermudian law: 42 Stat. 998, as amended, 7 U. S. C. § 3 (Commodity Exchange Act); 42 Stat. 159, 7 U. S. C. § 182 (6) (Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921); 49 Stat. 731, 7 U. S. C. § 511 (i) (Tobacco Inspection Act); 54 Stat. 1139, 8 U. S. C. § 604 (Nationality Act of 1940); 59 Stat. 526, as amended, 12 U. S. C. Supp. I, § 635 (Export-Import Bank Act of 1945); 55 Stat. 11, 12, as amended, 14 U. S. C. Supp. I, §§ 302, 307 (Coast Guard Reserve Act); 38 Stat. 730, 15 U. S. C. §12 (Clayton Act); 42 Stat. 1486, 21 U. S. C. §61 (b) (Filled Milk Act); 56 Stat. 1063, 22 U. S. C. § 672 (b) (Settlement of Mexican Claims Act); Int. Rev. Code §§ 22 (b) (4), 813(b); 29 U. S. C. App. Supp. I, § 203.7 (Rules and Regulations implementing the National Labor Relations Act as amended by the Labor Management Relations Act); 49 Stat. 624, as amended, 42 U. S. C. § 405 (d) (Subpoena provision of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Benefits Act); 50 Stat. 888, 42 U. S. C. § 1402 (Low Rent Housing Act); 60 Stat. 774, 42 U. S. C. § 1818 (Atomic Energy Act); 35 Stat. 65, 45 U. S. C. § 52 (Federal Employers’ Liability Act); 52 Stat. 1107, as amended, 45 U. S. C. § 362 (Railroad Unemp. Ins. Act) ; Rev. Stat. § 4370, as amended, 46 U. S. C. § 316 (a) (Act for the  Regulation of Vessels in Domestic Commerce); 41 Stat. 999, 46 U. S. C. § 883 (Merchant Marine Act, 1920); 49 Stat. 2017, 46 U. S. C. § 1244 (a) (Merchant Marine Act, 1936); 49 Stat. 1212, 46 U. S. C. § 1312 (Carriage of Goods by Sea Act); 48 Stat. 1065, 1084, 1087, as amended, 47 U. S. C. §§ 153 (e), (g), 308 (c), 314 (Communications Act of 1934); 44 Stat. 568, 572, 573, as amended, 49 U. S. C. §§ 171, 176 (c), 179 (b) (Air Commerce Act of 1926); 52 Stat. 977, 49- U. S. C. § 401 (3), (21) (b), (29), (30) (Civil Aeronautics Act); 52 Stat. 998, 49 U. S. C. § 486 (same); 56 Stat. 182, 50 U. S. C. App. § 640 (Amendment of Nationality Act of 1940); 55 Stat. 206, 50 U. S. C. App. § 702 (Exportation Restriction Act) ; 56 Stat. 23, as amended, 50 U. S. C. App. § 901 (Emergency Price Control Act of 1942). The State Department’s Legal Adviser, in a letter to the Attorney General dated January 30, 1948, wrote, in part, as follows: “The Department regards as unfortunate the conclusion of the Court [of Appeals] that the U. S. exercises as complete control in the leased areas as in other areas long known as ‘possessions’ of the U. S., and its specific reference in this connection to the Philip-  pme Islands, Swains Island, Samoa, Guam and the guano islands over all of which the U. S. exercises sovereignty, except the Philippines over which sovereignty was exercised until they were given their independence on July 4, 1946, and except the guano islands, over which, in general, the U. S. exercises exclusive jurisdiction and no other nation claims sovereignty. Any holding that the bases obtained from the Government of Great Britain on 99 year leases are ‘possessions’ of the United States in a political sense would not in the Department’s view be calculated to improve our relations with that Government. Moreover, such a holding might very well be detrimental to our relations with other foreign countries in which military bases are now held or in which they might in the future be sought. . . .” 33 Stat. 2234, 2235. Secretary Hughes to the Panamanian Minister, Oct. 15, 1923, 2 Hackworth, Digest of International Law, pp. 801-805. Joint Statement of President Roosevelt and President Arias, Oct. 17, 1933, id,., 806 et seq.; General Treaty and Supplementary Conventions of March 2, 1936, ratified July 26, 1939, 53 Stat. 1807. The other subparagraphs provide that the United States must conform to the local system of lights and other navigation aids, and report in advance to local authorities any such devices established or changed; that the United States is exempt from local pilotage laws; that .British commercial vessels may use the leased areas on the same basis as American commercial vessels; and that commercial United States aircraft cannot operate from the bases for other than military purposes except by agreement with the United Kingdom.