Opinion ID: 2994082
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: The majority fails to make clear whether it

Text: objects to Rowinski in toto, including the disparate treatment concept, or if it, like myself, criticizes that case for simply being too limited in scope. /8 It is well settled law that departures from established practices may evince discriminatory intent. Nabozny v. Podlesny, 92 F.3d 446, 455 (7th Cir. 1996) (citing Village of Arlington Heights v. Metro. Hous. Dev. Corp., 429 U.S. 252, 267, 97 S. Ct. 555, 564-65 (1977)). And Title IX regulations presently require schools to adopt and publish grievance procedures for prompt and equitable resolution of sexual discrimination and/or harassment complaints, and to disseminate policies prohibiting such conduct. See 34 C.F.R. sec. 106.8. Thus, it in all probability would not be difficult for a trier of fact to determine whether school officials had departed from established practices, and, resultingly, intentionally discriminated against a particular plaintiff, in violation of Title IX. /9 Whereas a Title IX claim can only be brought against a grant recipient and not an individual, Smith, 128 F.3d at 1018-19, an action brought pursuant to sec. 1983 may lie against individuals. /10 Of course, this Circuit now recognizes that a plaintiff may not claim that an instance of intentional discrimination simultaneously creates causes of action under Title IX and under sec. 1983 and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; the availability of a Title IX claim precludes the pursuit of a sec. 1983 claim. Merrill Area Pub. Sch., 91 F.3d at 862 (citing Williams v. Sch. Dist. of Bethlehem, Pa., 998 F.2d 168 (3rd Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1043, 114 S. Ct. 689 (1994)). /11 This example further assumes, of course, that school officials possessed actual knowledge that the harasser had previously engaged in harassing conduct. /12 Because courts typically refer to individuals below the age of eighteen as minors, see, e.g., Behnke v. Behnke, 103 Wis. 2d 449, 309 N.W.2d 21 (Ct. App. 1981), whereas developmental psychologists sometimes allude to them under the label, adolescents, I shall use the two terms interchangeably when referring to children under eighteen years of age. /13 A minor may, of course, enter into a contract with another, but it is settled law . . . that a contract of a minor for items which are not necessaries is void or voidable at the minor’s option. Halbman v. Lemke, 99 Wis. 2d 241, 245, 298 N.W.2d 562, 564 (1980) (citations omitted). /14 The report card also issued the following overall state grades for the three respective categories: Standards and Assessments--(B); Quality of Teaching--(C); School Climate--(C-).