Opinion ID: 770211
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Bancorp I

Text: 14 A district court's grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Murphy v. Shaw, 195 F.3d 1121, 1124 (9th Cir. 1999). We also review a district court's interpretation of a statute de novo. Battista v. Federal Deposit Ins. Corp., 195 F.3d 1113, 1115 (9th Cir. 1999). 15 The statute in question here is 12 U.S.C. S 1821(d) and is a part of the statutory scheme governing the FDIC. The FDIC was originally created as part of the Federal Reserve Act in 1933. In 1950, the section of the Federal Reserve Act relating to the FDIC was withdrawn and incorporated in a separate Act known as the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (the Act). The Act has been amended several times since its original adoption. The specific language in S 1821(d)(15)(B) was inserted as part of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA). 16 Generally, the Act vests the FDIC, in its capacity as receiver, with a broad range of powers and duties designed to ensure maintenance of the going concern value of failed banks and to avoid significant disruption in banking services. See Jones v. FDIC, 748 F.2d 1400, 1402 (10th Cir. 1984). For example, the FDIC has the power to make rules governing the conduct of conservatorships or receiverships, to take title to the assets and assume the rights of the shareholders, depositors, officers, and directors of the institution, to operate the institution in receivership, to liquidate the institution, to organize a new one, to effect mergers, and to determine claims. See 12 U.S.C. S 1821(d)(1), (2)(A), (B), (E), (G), and (3). The FDIC also has the duty, in its capacity as receiver, to pay all valid claims made against the bank in accordance with the prescriptions and limitations of this Act. Id. S 1821(d)(2)(H). 17 Measured against these broad powers are certain accounting and reporting requirements that strike a balance between power and duty. For example, the priority for payment of claims against the institution is set forth at S 1821(d)(11)(A). In connection with that prioritization, subsection (d)(11)(C) requires that the report described in subsection (d)(15)(B) accompany distributions to shareholders or members of the bank. Independently of any payment of claims, S 1821(d)(15) imposes accounting and recordkeeping requirements as follows: 18 (A) In general. 19 The Corporation as conservator or receiver shall, consistent with the accounting and reporting practices and procedures established by the Corporation, maintain a full accounting of each conservatorship and receivership or other disposition of institutions in default. 20 (B) Annual accounting or report. 21 With respect to each conservatorship or receivership to which the Corporation was appointed, the Corporation shall make an annual accounting or report, as appropriate, available to the Secretary of the Treasury, the Comptroller General of the United States, and the authority which appointed the Corporation as conservator or receiver. 22 (C) Availability of reports. 23 Any report prepared pursuant to subparagraph (B) shall be made available by the Corporation upon request to any shareholder of the depository institution for which the Corporation was appointed conservator or receiver or any other member of the public. 24 (D) Recordkeeping requirements. 25 After the end of the 6-year period beginning on the date the Corporation is appointed as receiver of an insured depository institution, the Corporation may destroy any records of such institution which the Corporation, in the Corporation's discretion, determines to be unnecessary unless directed not to do so by a court of competent jurisdiction or governmental agency, or prohibited by law. 26 12 U.S.C. S 1821(d)(15) (emphasis added). 27 Shareholders of an institution in receivership, therefore, have a right to receive the reports prepared in accordance with subparagraph (15)(B) both under subparagraph (15)(C) and under subparagraph (11)(C), along with any payment of claims. 28 In this case, Plaintiffs complain that the FDIC did not compile reports on the statutorily required annual basis and did not comply with its own accounting and reporting requirements. None of the entities named in subsection (d)(15)(B) has attempted to compel the FDIC to prepare and file conforming reports. This lack of oversight raises a perplexing problem for Plaintiffs and others similarly situated. They are entitled to receive annual reports that conform to the FDIC's own accounting and reporting requirements, yet they have no means to compel the FDIC to produce or provide the reports. The question, then, is whether Congress intended to give shareholders a private right of action to compel the FDIC to produce the annual reports required by subsection (d)(15)(B), pursuant to their statutory right to receive such reports under subsections (d)(11)(C) and (d)(15)(C). 29 A violation of a federal statute which results in harm to an individual does not automatically give rise to a private cause of action in favor of that person. Cannon v. University of Chicago, 441 U.S. 677, 688 (1979). To determine whether a given statute creates a private right of action, the Supreme Court prescribed a four-factor test in Cort v. Ash, 422 U.S. 66 (1975). Cort directs us to consider these questions: 30 First, is the plaintiff one of the class for whose especial benefit the statute was enacted that is, does the statute create a federal right in favor of the plaintiff? Second, is there any indication of legislative intent, explicit or implicit, either to create such a remedy or to deny one? Third, is it consistent with the underlying purposes of the legislative scheme to imply such a remedy for the plaintiff? And finally, is the cause of action one traditionally relegated to state law, in an area basically the concern of the States, so that it would be inappropriate to infer a cause of action based solely on federal law? 31 Cort, 422 U.S. at 78 (internal citations and quotations omitted). 32 Though the Supreme Court never indicated that the four Cort factors carried different weight, subsequent decisions have emphasized that the key inquiry is whether Congress intended to provide the plaintiff with a private right of action. See California v. Sierra Club, 451 U.S. 287, 293 (1981); see also Burgert v. Lokelani Bernice Pauahi Bishop Trust , 200 F.3d 661, 664 (9th Cir. 2000). Indeed, there has even been some suggestion that Cort has been overruled. Compare Touche Ross & Co. v. Redington, 442 U.S. 560, 575-76 (1979) (stating that Cort's first three factors the language and focus of the statute, its legislative history, and its purpose are traditional considerations in determining congressional intent), with Thompson v. Thompson, 484 U.S. 174, 189 (1988) (Scalia, J., concurring) (suggesting that Touche Ross focuses attention on the second Cort factor, denominated legislative intent, and subsumes the others). Nevertheless, we still find the four-factor test helpful in determining whether a statute provides a private right of action. 33 The district court applied the four-part Cort test to S 1821(d)(15) and concluded that there is no private right of action implied by the statute in favor of the Plaintiffs. We believe this construction of the statute is erroneous. 34 A. Is Bancorp a member of the class for whose especial benefit the statute was enacted? 35 The district court held that, under the first factor, Plaintiffs are not part of the class sought to be protected by the statute. The district court found that the statute was enacted to benefit depositors, the insurance fund, and the public at large, but not the shareholders of the failed institution. 36 In this instance, the district court painted with too broad a brush. While the overarching goal of the Act is to protect faith and confidence in the banking system and to ensure adequate protection of depositors through the insurance fund, shareholders are the specifically named beneficiaries in the subsection at issue here. Section 1821(d)(15)(B) requires the FDIC to provide an annual accounting or report,as appropriate, to certain governmental authorities. Pursuant to subparagraph (C), that same report must be made available on request to any shareholder of the depository institution for which [the FDIC] was appointed . . . receiver. Thus, this subsection places the shareholders on the same footing with the governmental authorities and with the general public named in subparagraph (15)(B). The distinction is that the FDIC has a burden of production under subparagraph (15)(B) and the shareholder or citizen has a burden of request under subparagraph (15)(C). Furthermore, S 1821(d)(11)(C) requires the same report to accompany distributions to shareholders made pursuant to S 1821(d)(11)(A)(v). We conclude that the Plaintiffs are members of the class for whose benefit the statute was enacted. 37 The Supreme Court's decisions in this area support this view. In its analysis of the first Cort factor in Cannon, the Supreme Court pointed out that [t]he language in these statutes [the Voting Rights Act and Title IX] -which expressly identified the class Congress intended to benefit -contrasts sharply with statutory language customarily found in criminal statutes, such as that construed in Cort . .. and other laws enacted for the protection of the general public.  441 U.S. at 690; see also id. at 690 nn. 10-12 (citing language in the Voting Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. S 1973c, and in 27 Stat. 532, 531 (1893), as interpreted in Texas & Pac. Ry. Co. v. Rigsby, 241 U.S. 33, 40 (1916)). Cannon went on to say: 38 There would be far less reason to infer a private remedy in favor of individual persons if Congress, instead of drafting Title IX with an unmistakable focus on the benefitted class, had written it simply as a ban on discriminatory conduct by recipients of federal funds or as a prohibition against the disbursement of public funds to educational institutions engaged in discriminatory practices. 39 441 U.S. at 690-91. 40 In contrast, a generic imperative was not found to benefit any particular class in Touche Ross & Co. v. Redington, 442 U.S. 560 (1979). There, the statute in question required that: 41 [e]very national securities exchange, every member thereof, . . . and every broker or dealer registered pursuant to . . . this title, shall make, keep and preserve for such periods, such accounts, correspondence, . . . and other records, and make such reports, as the [Securities Exchange] Commission by its rules and regulations may prescribe as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors. 42 15 U.S.C. S 78q(a) (1970), quoted in Touche Ross, 442 U.S. at 568-69. While 15 U.S.C. S 78q(a) imposes a requirement on brokers and dealers, there is no named beneficiary of the requirement. Thus, when the trustee of a securities brokerage firm in liquidation attempted to sue an accounting firm for inaccurate reports under this statute, the Supreme Court barred the action, because the statute did not create a private right of action in favor of brokerage firms injured by inaccurate accounting. Id. 43 Similarly, in California v. Sierra Club, the Court found the language of Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Appropriation Act to be the kind of general ban which carries with it no implication of an intent to confer rights on a particular class of persons. 451 U.S. 287, 294 (1981) (construing 33 U.S.C. S 403). Accordingly, the Court did not find an implied private right of action. 44 In our own cases, we have determined that the first factor of the Cort test is satisfied when there is an explicit reference to the individuals for whose benefit the statute was enacted. See, e.g., Oliver v. Sealaska Corp., 192 F.3d 1220, 1224 (9th Cir. 1999). In Oliver, the Court applied the Cort test to determine if the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act provided a private right of action in favor of the shareholders of the corporations created by that act. Because the statute explicitly required distribution of certain revenues to the shareholders, the shareholders were deemed to be individuals for whose benefit the statute was enacted. 45 Likewise, in Crow Tribe of Indians v. Campbell Farming Corp., 31 F.3d 768, 770 (9th Cir. 1994), we found that a statute referring to any Crow Indian, but not to the Tribe as a whole, indicated that the statute was enacted for the benefit of individual Crow Indians. The Tribe, therefore, could not maintain a private right of action. In another recent case, Burgert v. Lokelani Bernice Pauahi Bishop Trust, we found that explicit reference to Native Hawaiians in the Native Hawaiian Education Act and the Native Hawaiian Health Care Act indicated that Congress clearly intend[ed] to confer benefits on Native Hawaiians. 200 F.3d 661, 664 (9th Cir. 2000). 46 In this case, 12 U.S.C. S 1821(d)(15) does more than simply provide a generic imperative mandating that the FDIC prepare certain reports. Instead, shareholders of the depository institution for which the Corporation was appointed . . . receiver are specifically named as persons for whose benefit the FDIC must prepare annual accountings and reports. The annual reports statutorily required to be prepared by the FDIC shall be made available to the shareholders. Because shareholders of the institution in receivership are given, as a special class, a statutory right of access to the required information, we conclude that the customary legal incidents,  see Transamerica Mortgage Advisors, Inc. v. Lewis, 444 U.S. 11, 19 (1979), of a specific class's right to a report would follow. We believe the first factor of the Cort test is met. 47 We note that the district court, agreeing with the FDIC, reasoned that subsection (15)(C) places the shareholders on the same footing as the public in general. According to the district court, this eliminates the possibility that the statute was enacted for the benefit of the shareholders. This view is not correct. Both shareholders and the general public are given a right of access to the information that the FDIC is required to compile. 48 B. Is there any indication of Congressional intent to create or deny a remedy? 49 The district court found no evidence that Congress intended to create a private cause of action under this statute, and consequently found the second Cort factor was not met. We disagree with that finding. While we have not located any explicit statement of Congress's intent to create a remedy in the event the FDIC fails to comply with its statutorily mandated accounting and reporting practices and procedures, neither have we located any statement that Congress intended to deny such a remedy. 3 The absence of a statement of intent to create a remedy does not necessarily mean that no remedy is available. Indeed, if that were the case, the Supreme Court would not have developed a test for an implied private right of action. 50 The controlling Supreme Court decisions in this area support finding a limited private right of action under 12 U.S.C. S 1821(d)(15). In the last of five Cort -related cases decided in the 1978 Term, the Court held that equitable remedies of rescission, injunction, or restitution are available under S 215 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (codified at 15 U.S.C. S 80b-15). 4 See Transamerica Mortgage, 444 U.S. at 19. However, money damages are not available under S 206 of that Act (codified at 15 U.S.C. S 80b-6). 5 The Court reasoned that S 215 declared certain contracts void and that the customary legal incidents of voidness would follow, including the availability of a suit for rescission or for an injunction against continued operation of the contract, and for restitution. Transamerica Mortgage, 444 U.S. at 19. Section 206, by contrast, simply proscribes certain conduct,  in essence providing a generic imperative as described above. Id. Moreover, [i]n view of . . . express provisions for enforcing the duties imposed by S 206, it is highly improbable that `Congress absentmindedly forgot to mention an intended private action.'  Id. at 20 (quoting Cannon, 441 U.S. at 742 (Powell, J., dissenting)). 51 This distinction is illustrated in the Oliver case. In Oliver, the statute in question did not meet the second factor of the Cort test because the underlying policy statement of the act in question emphasized Congress' intent to settle claims without litigation. Oliver, 192 F.3d at 1224 (citing 43 U.S.C. S 1601(b)). Thus, when enacting the statute in Oliver, Congress contemplated litigation, but did not allow for private rights of action to enforce the provisions. Id. Similarly, we did not allow Native Hawaiian plaintiffs to pursue a private right of action where the legislative history indicated that only the United States could enforce the provisions of the trust created by the statute. See Burgert, 200 F.3d at 664-65. 52 Within the Act at issue here, there is no explicit indication that Congress intended either to permit or to bar an individual shareholder from enforcing the statutory requirement for an accounting. The legislative history on this point reveals nothing. See, e.g., 1 Gregory Pulles, Robert Whitlock, & James Hogg, FIRREA: A Legislative History and Section-bySection Analysis 200.66-.67 (1998). Congress' silence does not, however, answer the question, because we have found in the statutory language concerning shareholders' entitlement to reports evidence in favor of a private remedy. See Section I.A,. Compare Texas Indus., Inc. v. Radcliff Materials, Inc., 451 U.S. 639, 639 (1981) (where statutory language does not indicate private remedy is available, silent legislative history precludes further inquiry). 53 Moreover, because the remedy at hand is an equitable one, we are more inclined to perceive in Congress' silence a presumption that an individual may pursue a claim. In fact, the Supreme Court has observed: 54 [u]nless a statute in so many words, or by a necessary and inescapable inference, restricts the court's jurisdiction in equity, the full scope of that jurisdiction is to be recognized and applied. The great principles of equity, securing complete justice, should not be yielded to light inferences, or doubtful construction. 55 Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 313 (1981) (internal citations and quotations omitted). The remedy sought here is an equitable one, an accounting. We will not assume that Congress intended to strip away our power to do equity in the absence of either specific statutory language or a necessary and inescapable inference from the language of the statute. Such a limit is not present in the language of the statute or in the legislative history in this case. 56 Applying the logic of Transamerica Mortgage, we can say that Congress would not create a right in the shareholders to access the financial reports without a concomitant expectation that the information itself would be available to examine. To enforce the duties imposed by the statute, there must be an intended private right of action available to the shareholders. Consequently, under the facts presented here, the second Cort factor is met. 57 C. Is a private right of action consistent with the purposes of the Act? 58 The third inquiry is whether implying the equitable remedy of an accounting is consistent with the underlying purposes of the legislative scheme. The FDIC argues that the purpose of the Act is to enhance its power to preserve the solvency of its insurance fund. To that end, the Act requires every institution insured by the FDIC to submit an audited annual report to the FDIC. See 12 U.S.C. S 1831m. Thus, before the Bank went into receivership in 1990, it was required to submit annual reports, audited by independent public accountants, to the FDIC. This requirement advances the purpose of preserving solvency of the insurance fund by allowing for early detection of institutions in financial trouble. 59 A somewhat different purpose is advanced by requiring the FDIC to continue the annual reporting of the financial activities of a failed institution for which it has been appointed receiver. Not only is the FDIC required to maintain a full accounting of each receivership, it is also required to make an annual accounting or report of those matters to three specified entities, id. S 1821(d)(15)(A), (B), and to make that accounting or report available on request, id. S 1821(d)(15)(C). This requirement is consistent with at least one of the stated purposes of FIRREA, viz.,to improve the supervision of savings associations by strengthening capital, accounting, and other supervisory standards. H. R. Conf. Rep. No. 101-222, at 393 (1989), reprinted in 1989 U.S.C.C.A.N. 432, 432. Strengthened accounting standards elevate sunlight over secrecy. 60 While the Supreme Court has found that implying a private right of action in a statute that is part of an elaborate administrative scheme can undercut legislative goals, see, e.g., Universities Research Ass'n, Inc. v. Coutu, 450 U.S. 754, 783 (1981) (holding that a private right of action under the Davis-Bacon Act would disrupt the balance between the interests of contractors and the interests of their employees), the lack of any enforcement mechanism can also undercut legislative goals. Courts properly defer to remedies put in place by Congress or by administrative agencies. See, e.g., Massachusetts Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Russell, 473 U.S. 134, 146 (1985) (the presence of six statutory enforcement provisions provided evidence that Congress did not intend any other means of enforcement). However, where no enforcement mechanism is explicitly provided by Congress or an administrative agency, it is appropriate to infer that Congress did not intend to enact unenforceable requirements. Thus, it is fair to imply a private right of action from the statute at issue. 61 In this case, there is no alternative remedy or means to enforce S 1821(d)(15) apart from an implied right of action. There is no separate enforcement provision within the statutory scheme, nor is there any indication of what entities might compel an accounting. Although the FDIC must submit annual reports to the Secretary of the Treasury, the Comptroller General of the United States, and the appointing authority, the language of the statute gives none of these entities any greater right to compel production of the reports than we recognize today as implied in the shareholders. 62 In this respect, too, this case is distinguishable from Burgert. There, the legislative history suggested that the United States is the only party with specific standing to sue in federal courts to enforce the provisions of the trust. See Burgert, 200 F.3d at 665 (quoting S. Rep. No. 100-850, reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3864, 3900). Here, by contrast, the legislative history does not suggest that any of the entities named in S 1821(d)(15) have standing to enforce its requirements. Yet the requirement is there, and specific entities, including the shareholders, are expected to benefit from it. We conclude that allowing the shareholders a private right of action is consistent with the goals of the Act. The third Cort factor is satisfied. 63 In analyzing this factor, the district court voiced its concern over the number of demands that might be made on the FDIC to provide the annual accounting. The FDIC is already required to prepare an annual accounting that conforms to the requirements it imposes on its member banks and to submit that accounting or report to the entities named in the statute. Upon the request of any shareholder or any member of the public the FDIC need only provide a copy of the report that it is already obliged to prepare. Enforcing this statute does not impose an additional duty on the FDIC, but rather ensures that the FDIC fulfills the obligations already imposed by Congress. Our holding therefore imposes no additional burden on the FDIC. 64 D. Is this cause of action traditionally relegated to state law? 65 While the utility of the fourth Cort factor is in doubt, we note that the claim here is not traditionally relegated to state law. By contrast, in Oliver, the plaintiff was a shareholder with the opportunity to bring a derivative suit on behalf of the corporation, a cause of action traditionally relegated to state law. However, in the instant case, the FDIC's duty to make an accounting arises under federal law. Thus, the fourth and final factor of the Cort test, whatever its weight, must be answered in favor of the Plaintiffs. 66