Opinion ID: 1599573
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: law i. excluding testimony of child witness

Text: Our case law as to child witnesses of tender years has generally held that it was discretionary with the trial judge. Wilson v. State, 221 So.2d 100, 102 (Miss. 1969); and before allowing such testimony the trial judge should satisfy himself that the child has the ability to perceive and remember events, to understand and answer questions intelligently, and to comprehend and accept the importance of truthfulness. House v. State, 445 So.2d 815, 127 (Miss. 1984). In Ivy v. State, 522 So.2d 740 (Miss. 1988), a criminal assault case in which we affirmed the circuit court allowing a five-year-old child to testify, we held: Mississippi Rules of Evidence 601 provides that [e]very person is competent to be a witness except as restricted by Mississippi Code Sections 13-1-5 (competency of spouses) and 13-1-11 (persons convicted of perjury or subornation of perjury), or by these rules. Mississippi Rule of Evidence 601, like Federal Rule of Evidence 601, abolishes all grounds for disqualifying a witness, except for those listed in the Mississippi Rule. This is not to say that a trial judge may not still have power to keep a witness from testifying. The trial judge simply must shift his attention from the proposed witness to the proffered testimony and from competency to relevancy, looking to Mississippi Rules of Evidence 401 and 403. See 3 Weinstein's Evidence para. 601(04) (1987). Note too that Jennifer testified to personal knowledge and declared by oath that she would testify truthfully, and thus both Rule 602 and Rule 603 have been met, as well as our pre-rule standards. (Brackets original; emphasis added) [1] Id. at 742. Ivy, supra, should not be construed as holding that Rule 601 abolishes the precautions required in House, supra, before a trial judge permits a child of tender years to testify. The chancellor in this case made no inquiry as to whether this child would be competent under Rule 601 or House, relying instead upon a well-known rule of many chancellors in this State against permitting children of the parties in divorce proceedings testifying. The rule is so well grounded in wisdom and common sense that it has never been challenged in this Court except in one case. In Powell v. Powell, 198 Miss. 301, 22 So.2d 160 (1945), this Court reversed because the chancellor would not permit a fifteen-and-one-half-year-old son of the parties to testify on behalf of the father in support of his charge of adultery. ... It is sufficient to say that the rule against permitting children of tender years to testify in a divorce proceeding between their parents has no application to a child as far advanced in years as the witness here involved ... 198 Miss. at 303, 22 So.2d at 160. Neither the opinion in Powell nor the briefs of counsel therein cited any decision by this Court announcing any rule against permitting children of tender years to testify in a divorce proceeding between their parents. We can only surmise that in Powell this Court simply recognized a well known chancery court rule and custom in divorce cases, and found it had no application in the facts of that case. We conclude that there can be no per se prohibition against a child witness testifying in a divorce case between his parents. The right of every litigant to compulsory process for witnesses and have them testify under oath in court is so well grounded that any per se exclusion simply because he or she is a child of the divorcing parents risks offending the due process provisions of Amendments V and XIV of the U.S. Constitution, and Art. 3, Sec. 14 of the Mississippi Constitution. Courts from other jurisdictions have struggled with this question. In Buck v. Buck, 320 Mich. 624, 31 N.W.2d 829 (1948), the Michigan Supreme Court observed: ... The practice of calling children of the parties as witnesses in a divorce action has been repeatedly disapproved by this Court. Counsel, if possible, should refrain from doing so. It is bad from a social viewpoint though not legally forbidden. 320 Mich. at 628, 31 N.W.2d at 831. Also, Glimcher v. Glimcher, 29 Ohio App.2d 55, 278 N.E.2d 37 (1971). While disapproving the practice and suggesting to trial counsel and trial courts to attempt to avoid doing so, Courts generally have held that a parent in a divorce proceeding has a right to call children of the marriage as witnesses. Children of parties. In an action for divorce, the children of the parties are not necessarily excluded as witnesses. However, their evidence should be carefully considered and be supported by corroborating circumstances, especially as to fact witnesses by them at an age when they were probably unable to understand the significance of such facts, as, for instance the adulterous conduct of a parent. 27A C.J.S. Divorce, § 182, p. 357. Also, Beran v. Beran, 234 Neb. 296, 298, 450 N.W.2d 688, 691 (1990); M---- v. G----, 301 S.W.2d 865, 869 (Mo. App. 1957); Hepler v. Hepler, 195 Va. 611, 619, 79 S.E.2d 652, 657 (1954); Harris v. Harris, 461 So.2d 1332, 1334 (Ala. 1984); Schafer v. Schafer, 243 Or. 242, 243, 412 P.2d 793, 794 (1966); Kreutzer v. Kreutzer, 226 Or. 158, 161, 359 P.2d 536, 537 (1961); Nichols and Fleischman, 67 Or. App. 256, 259, 677 P.2d 731, 732 (1984); Harrison v. Harrison, 23 Utah 2d 294, 295-296, 462 P.2d 170, 171 (1969). We find that before excluding the testimony of a child witness of tender years in a divorce proceeding, the chancellor at a minimum should follow the procedure required by Crownover v. Crownover, 33 Ill. App.3rd 327, 337 N.E.2d 56 (1975): The first hurdle in determining whether a child should testify is to determine whether the child as an 11-year-old witness was competent to testify. This inquiry must necessarily be made by the court under the guidelines of People v. Sims (1st Dist., 1969), 113 Ill. App.2d 58, 61, 251 N.E.2d 795 and People v. Ballinger (1967), 36 Ill.2d 620, 621-622, 225 N.E.2d 10. No effort was made by the court to confer in camera with Pam and determine whether or not the child's testimony should be heard in any event. We agree that there is a certain amount of discretion vested in the trial court, in conducting proceedings of this type. The court should not, however, reject outright proposed testimony of a child in custody proceedings, where the omission of such crucial testimony might be harmful to the child's best interests. The trial court should take great pains under such conditions at least to conduct an in camera conference with the child to determine the competency of the child, as well as the competency of any evidence which the child might present. The court should also then determine whether the best interests of the child would be served by permitting her to testify or be sheltered from testifying and being subjected to a vigorous cross-examination. A report of the essential material matters developed at the in camera conference should be made of record by the trial court and the court should state the reasons for allowing or disallowing the testimony of the child, and also note the factual information which the court developed from the conference with the child which would be considered by the court in its ultimate determinations in the case. (citations omitted) Generally, the testimony of a child called as a witness in a divorce case should not be excluded for reasons other than competency or evidentiary defects or for the protection of the child. (24 Am.Jur.2d, Divorce and Separation, A 415). There should not be a summary refusal to inquire as to the competency of the 11-year-old child to testify and also of the competency of the proposed testimony of such child in a change of custody proceeding. (citations omitted) 33 Ill. App.3rd at 330, 337 N.E.2d at 59. We reiterate that parents in a divorce proceeding should if at all possible refrain from calling any of the children of their marriage, of tender years at least, as witnesses, and counsel should advise their clients against doing so except in the most exigent cases. The reason and wisdom behind this precaution need no amplification. We also hold, however, as we must that no parent can be precluded from having a child of the marriage in a divorce proceeding testify simply because of that fact. We recognize that inherent in a decision such as this there is the danger of removing the brakes altogether from children testifying in divorce proceedings between their parents. Chancellors pressed for time cannot avoid the temptation to simply let every proposed child witness testify. It takes time and effort to stop the proceedings, listen to counsel, and then counsel with the child in chambers. We trust the chancellors of our State, however, that in dealing with the divorce cases which come through their courts they will continue to look after that child's own best interest before permitting him to get on the witness stand.