Opinion ID: 1177801
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Admission of Blood Sample Evidence.

Text: Appellant contends that NRS 484.383, Nevada's implied consent law, requires an arrest of the suspect before a blood sample can be lawfully taken. He also argues that the Fourth Amendment prohibits taking a blood sample unless incident to lawful arrest or with the suspect's consent. NRS 484.383 [1] reads in part: 1. Except as provided in subsections 4 and 5, any person who drives a vehicle upon a highway in this state shall be deemed to have given his consent to a chemical test of his blood, urine, breath or other bodily substance for the purpose of determining the alcoholic content of his blood or the presence of a controlled substance when such a test is administered at the direction of a police officer having reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be tested was driving a vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or a controlled substance and after he was arrested for any offense allegedly committed while he was driving a vehicle under the influence of intoxicating liquor or a controlled substance. ..... 3. Any person who is dead, unconscious, or otherwise in a condition rendering him incapable of refusal shall be deemed not to have withdrawn his consent, and any such test may be administered whether or not the person is informed that his failure to submit to the test will result in the suspension of his privilege to drive a vehicle for a period of 6 months. There can be no question that subsection (1) becomes operative only upon an arrest of a driver capable of refusing consent. However, subsection (3) contains no similar requirement for persons incapable of refusing consent. We will not imply such a requirement. See State v. Campbell, 615 P.2d 190 (Mont. 1980); State v. Mangels, 166 Mont. 190, 531 P.2d 1313 (1975) (construing similar implied consent statute). Even if we were to assume that subsection (3) was ambiguous, any doubt as to the legislature's intent in enacting this provision was resolved by the 1981 amendment to NRS 484.383, which unequivocally permits performance of alcohol tests on those incapable of being arrested if there is probable cause for an arrest under the statute. We have held that when the legislature resolves ambiguity or doubtful interpretation in a statute by amendment, that amendment is evidence of the legislature's intent in the original statute. See Woofter v. O'Donnell, 91 Nev. 756, 542 P.2d 1396 (1975). We are also inclined to construe our implied consent statute liberally in order to promote the legislative policy of removing intoxicated drivers from our state's highways. See Morrow v. State, 303 A.2d 633 (Del.Sup. 1973). In addition, we reject appellant's argument that the Fourth Amendment requires an arrest prior to a blood alcohol test. We recognize that this question has resulted in a split in authority among those courts which have examined the constitutional requirement for an arrest. See 2 La Fave, Search and Seizure, § 5.4(b) (1978). Many of those courts which have subscribed to a Fourth Amendment arrest requirement, despite a defendant's unconscious condition, have relied on Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 86 S.Ct. 1826, 16 L.Ed.2d 908 (1966). See, e.g., Shores v. State, 233 So.2d 434 (Fla.App. 1970); State v. Davis, 108 N.H. 45, 226 A.2d 873 (1967). In Schmerber, the Supreme Court upheld the admissibility of a blood test taken on a conscious defendant who had expressly refused consent. The Court determined that although blood extraction was clearly within the scope of Fourth Amendment protection, the minimal intrusion entailed by a properly performed test was justified by the circumstances. The court noted that the test was performed subsequent to a lawful arrest and that the arresting officer could have reasonably believed that delay in testing the alcoholic content of the defendant's blood, which rapidly diminishes in time, threatened destruction of the evidence and excused the failure to obtain a warrant. Id. at 770-771, 86 S.Ct. at 1835. We do not believe, however, that the Schmerber decision holds that arrest is an absolute prerequisite to a blood test for alcohol. We decline to impose such an absolute requirement. The fruits of searches performed without a warrant, a prior arrest or consent should only rarely be admitted into evidence if a defendant's Fourth Amendment protections are to be respected. However, there may exist exigent circumstances which validate a limited search such as the test performed on Galvan. See Cupp v. Murphy, 412 U.S. 291, 93 S.Ct. 2000, 36 L.Ed.2d 900 (1973); State v. Campbell, supra . We find, in the instant case, that Galvan's unconscious condition rendered formal arrest meaningless and unnecessary. See State v. Campbell, supra ; La Fave, supra. See also, Cupp v. Murphy, supra . There appears to be no dispute that probable cause existed to arrest Galvan for driving while under the influence of alcohol prior to the test. The officer, faced with the inevitable and rapid destruction of the evidence and Galvan's unconsciousness, could reasonably have believed that he was confronted with an emergency, so that he could not delay by obtaining a warrant or waiting until Galvan regained consciousness. Thus, we determine that there was neither a violation of NRS 484.383 nor constitutional infirmity in admitting the blood sample evidence at trial.