Opinion ID: 798505
Heading Depth: 3
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Qualified Immunity on a Prior-Restraint Claim

Text: Government officials are immune from civil liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 when performing discretionary duties, provided their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). We apply a two-pronged test to determine whether qualified immunity shields a government official from a § 1983 claim: (1) we inquire whether the facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, show[] the officer's conduct violated a constitutional right; and (2) if so, then we determine whether the constitutional right was clearly established by asking whether a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201-02, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001), abrogated in part by Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236, 129 S.Ct. 808, 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009). In applying the first prong of the Saucier test, we first must identify the specific constitutional right allegedly infringed and determine whether a violation occurred. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 394, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989). As Whitney raised a First Amendment prior-restraint claim, we apply the two-part Pickering analysis to determine whether Crider's order was an unconstitutional prior restraint of a public employee's speech. Pickering v. Bd. of Educ., 391 U.S. 563, 568, 88 S.Ct. 1731, 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968); Farhat v. Jopke, 370 F.3d 580, 598 (6th Cir.2004). First, we determine whether the affected speech involved a public employee's comments as a private citizen on a matter of public concern. See Farhat, 370 F.3d at 588, 598. Second, if the speech involves a matter of public concern, then we must balance the interests of the public employee, as a citizen, in commenting upon matters of public concern and the interest of the State, as an employer, in promoting the efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees. Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 140, 103 S.Ct. 1684, 75 L.Ed.2d 708 (1983) (quoting Pickering, 391 U.S. at 568, 88 S.Ct. 1731). The district court, to simplify its Pickering and Saucier analysis, divided the prior restraint into three categories of speech and separately analyzed each category. The court considered Crider's order to consist of three restraints: (1) barring Whitney's personal communication with Williams, (2) proscribing Whitney from promoting any allegations Williams may raise against the City, and (3) prohibiting Whitney's participation in Williams's lawsuit against the City. We find no meaningful difference between the second and third categories. Crider's order prohibiting Whitney from promoting allegations of gender discrimination and public corruption and his order prohibiting participation in a lawsuit raising these claims are one and the same. To participate in a lawsuit exposing workplace discrimination and local government corruption is one of the many means by which Whitney could promote Williams's allegations against the City. Accordingly, Crider's orders against promoting Williams's allegations and participating in Williams's lawsuit are part and parcel of the same restriction. The first Pickering prong requires us to determine whether Crider's order prevented Whitney from speaking as a private citizen on a matter of public concern. To be deemed a matter of public concern, the speech must relat[e] to any matter of political, social, or other concern to the community.... Id. at 146, 103 S.Ct. 1684. As the district court correctly noted, to the extent Crider's order interfered with Whitney's personal communications with Williams, that speech is not a matter of public concern. Thus, Crider's order restricting such speech does not amount to a First Amendment violation under Pickering. Therefore, with respect to restricting personal communications, the district court was correct to grant qualified immunity because Whitney was unable to establish a violation of her constitutional rights and, therefore, unable to carry her burden to demonstrate that [Crider was] not entitled to qualified immunity. Silberstein v. City of Dayton, 440 F.3d 306, 311 (6th Cir.2006). Crider's order did, however, restrict private-citizen speech on a matter of public concern when he prohibited Whitney from promoting Williams's allegations, including barring her participation and assistance in a lawsuit exposing those claims. Speech touches upon a matter of public concern when it involves issues about which information is needed or appropriate to enable the members of society to make informed decisions about the operation of their government. Brandenburg v. Hous. Auth. of Irvine, 253 F.3d 891, 898 (6th Cir.2001) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). [S]peech falling into this category includes informing the public that a governmental entity failed to `discharg[e] its governmental responsibilities' or `bring[ing] to light actual or potential wrongdoing or breach of public trust [on the part of a governmental entity or any officials therein].' Rodgers v. Banks, 344 F.3d 587, 596 (6th Cir.2003) (quoting Connick, 461 U.S. at 148, 103 S.Ct. 1684) (first alteration added). Allegations of public corruption and discrimination are, therefore, inherently of public concern. See See v. City of Elyria, 502 F.3d 484, 493 (6th Cir.2007) (The matters [the plaintiff] spoke about ... were matters of public concern as they involved alleged corruption in [a governmental] department....); Jackson v. City of Columbus, 194 F.3d 737, 747 (6th Cir.1999) ([T]he [speech] involved allegations of corruption and abuse of power .... [and] such social and political issues are generally matters of public concern.), abrogated on other grounds by Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 122 S.Ct. 992, 152 L.Ed.2d 1 (2002); see also Kindle v. City of Jeffersontown, 374 Fed.Appx. 562, 568 (6th Cir.2010) (This court has consistently held that speech on ... the efficacy and operations of public agencies and allegations of misconduct by public officials ... addresses a matter of public concern.); Miller v. City of Canton, 319 Fed.Appx. 411, 416 (6th Cir.2009) (Allegations of racial discrimination by a public entity `inherently' involve a matter of public concern.). Because the affected speech involved a matter of public concern, Pickering next requires us to balance Whitney's interests, as a citizen, in commenting upon matters of public concern and [Crider's interests], as an employer, in promoting the efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees. Connick, 461 U.S. at 140, 103 S.Ct. 1684 (quoting Pickering, 391 U.S. at 568, 88 S.Ct. 1731) (internal quotation marks omitted). Crider contends that restricting Whitney's speech was an appropriate means of preventing the workplace disruption that occurs when a current employee fraternizes with a former, disgruntled employee. Although a government employer may take steps to ensure workplace harmony and need not allow events to unfold to the extent that the disruption of the office and the destruction of working relationships is manifest before taking action[,].... a stronger showing [from the employer] may be necessary if the employee's speech ... substantially involved matters of public concern. Id. at 152, 103 S.Ct. 1684; see also Leary v. Daeschner, 228 F.3d 729, 737-38 (6th Cir.2000) ([I]f an employee's speech substantially involved matters of public concern, an employer may be required to make a particularly strong showing that the employee's speech interfered with workplace functioning before taking action.) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Crider's interest in restricting Whitney's speech on matters of public concern does not rise to this elevated standard, as he subjected her to an indefinite gag order without any showing that Whitney had previously caused disruptions in the workplace. To justify suppression of free speech there must be reasonable ground to fear that serious evil will result if free speech is practiced. United States v. Nat'l Treasury Emps. Union, 513 U.S. 454, 475, 115 S.Ct. 1003, 130 L.Ed.2d 964 (1995) (quoting Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357, 376, 47 S.Ct. 641, 71 L.Ed. 1095 (1927) (Brandeis, J., concurring)). Crider's speculative concerns of workplace disharmony are insufficient to overcome Whitney's interest in speaking as a private citizen on a matter of public concern. As Whitney's interest in speaking on a matter of public concern outweighs Crider's opposing interest, she has satisfied both prongs of the Pickering test. Because Crider violated Whitney's constitutional right, he is entitled to qualified immunity only if the right was not clearly established such that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates the First Amendment. Saucier, 533 U.S. at 202, 121 S.Ct. 2151. Therefore, we must determine whether it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation that he confronted. Solomon v. Auburn Hills Police Dep't, 389 F.3d 167, 172 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Saucier, 533 U.S. at 202, 121 S.Ct. 2151). The speech Crider prevented was of significant interest to the public and we have consistently protected a public employee's right to discuss issues of public corruption and workplace discrimination. Our precedent is clear that speech regarding these issues implicates matters of public concern. See Kindle, 374 Fed.Appx. at 567-68 (finding speech regarding misuse of taxpayer money involved a matter of public concern); City of Elyria, 502 F.3d at 493 (finding speech involving uncovering public corruption to address matters of public concern); see also Miller, 319 Fed.Appx. at 416 (finding that speech exposing public corruption and racial discrimination involved a matter of public concern); Jackson, 194 F.3d at 747 (finding gag order preventing an employee from speaking about alleged racial discrimination within the police department constituted a matter of public concern). [T]he greater the speech's relationship to a matter of public concern and the more minimal the effect on office efficiency[,] the more likely a reasonable person would be to understand that the employer's actions violated the Constitution. Scarbrough v. Morgan Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 470 F.3d 250, 263 (6th Cir.2006). Here, Whitney's right to speak publicly and participate in a lawsuit addressing workplace discrimination and public corruption in the City's government was clearly established. Therefore, Crider is not entitled to qualified immunity.