Opinion ID: 72530
Heading Depth: 3
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: The Existence of Probable Cause

Text: The Rankins assert that the trial court erred in granting a JNOV in favor of defendants because a reasonable jury could have concluded that the arresting officer, Deputy Evans, did not have probable cause to arrest or detain Doug Rankin. Defendants contend that the trial court was correct in ruling that Evans had probable cause to arrest Rankin as a matter of law. We conclude that probable cause to arrest Rankin existed as a matter of law, and, accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s grant of a JNOV in favor of defendants. position that “[s]ubjective intent alone . . . does not make otherwise lawful conduct illegal or unconstitutional”); United States v. Robinson, 94 S. Ct. 467 (1973) (characterized by Scott, 98 S. Ct. at 1723, as holding that “the fact that the officer does not have the state of mind which is hypothecated by the reasons which provide the legal justification for the officer’s action does not invalidate the action taken as long as the circumstances, viewed objectively, justify that action”). 13 Plaintiffs also cite Tillman v. Coley, 886 F.2d 317, 321 (11th Cir. 1989), as providing support for the existence of a subjective element to the probable cause analysis. In that case we concluded that a reasonable officer would investigate serious doubts regarding the identity of a suspect prior to arrest, and held that no “reasonable law enforcement officer may conclude that . . . an arrest [may be] made for the sole purpose of identifying a suspect.” Id. Plaintiffs’ use of this limited holding in support of a subjective belief requirement is unpersuasive in light of Eleventh Circuit and Supreme Court precedent. 19 In determining whether a JNOV was properly granted, we apply the same standard as the district court. Carter v. City of Miami, 870 F.2d 578, 581 (11th Cir. 1989). Resolving all the factual disputes and drawing all logical inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, we determine whether these facts and inferences so strongly favor one party “that reasonable people, in the exercise of impartial judgment, could not arrive at a contrary verdict.” Bailey v. Board of County Comm’rs of Alachua County, 956 F.2d 1112, 1119 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 113 S. Ct. 98 (1992). If so, the motion was properly granted. We must also keep in mind, however, that a “mere scintilla of evidence does not create a jury question; there must be a substantial conflict in evidence to create a jury question.” Id. As noted, the trial court granted a JNOV in favor of defendants on the ground that the arresting officer had probable cause to arrest Rankin as a matter of law. Since probable cause constitutes an absolute bar to both state and § 1983 claims alleging false arrest, the remaining question for us to address is whether the trial court correctly concluded that probable cause did exist as a matter of law. Ortega v. Christian, 85 F.3d 1521, 1525 (11th Cir. 1996) (probable cause constitutes an absolute bar to a § 1983 claim alleging false arrest); Bolanos v. Metropolitan Dade County, 677 So. 2d 1005, 1005 (Fla. 3d DCA 1996) (“[P]robable cause is a complete bar to an action for false arrest and false imprisonment.”) (per curiam). Accordingly, “we . . . must evaluate [the] facts and inferences according to the 20 legal standard for probable cause.” Bailey, 956 F.2d. at 1119. As has been discussed, the standard for determining whether probable cause exists is the same under Florida and federal law. McDonald, 606 F.2d at 553 n.1. In order for probable cause to exist, “an arrest [must] be objectively reasonable under the totality of the circumstances.” Bailey, 956 F.2d at 1119; see also State v. Scott, 641 So. 2d 517, 519 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994). This standard is met when “the facts and circumstances within the officer’s knowledge, of which he or she has reasonably trustworthy information, would cause a prudent person to believe, under the circumstances shown, that the suspect has committed, is committing, or is about to commit an offense.” Williamson v. Mills, 65 F.3d 155, 158 (11th Cir. 1995); see also Elliott v. State, 597 So. 2d 916, 918 (Fla. 4th DCA 1992). “Probable cause requires more than mere suspicion, but does not require convincing proof.” Bailey, 956 F.2d at 1120; see also Scott, 641 So. 2d at 519 (“[T]he facts necessary to establish probable cause need not reach the standard of conclusiveness and probability as the facts necessary to support a conviction.”). In determining whether probable cause exists, “‘we deal with probabilities . . . [which] are the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act.’” Revels, 666 So. 2d at 215 (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 103 S. Ct. 2317, 2328 (1983)). An arresting officer is required to conduct a reasonable investigation to establish probable cause. See Tillman, 886 F.2d 21 at 321; see also Harris v. Lewis State Bank, 482 So. 2d 1378, 1382 (Fla. 1st DCA 1986) (“Where it would appear to a ‘cautious man’ that further investigation is justified before instituting a proceeding, liability may attach for failure to do so, especially where the information is readily obtainable, or where the accused points out the sources of the information.”). An officer, however, need not take “every conceivable step . . . at whatever cost, to eliminate the possibility of convicting an innocent person.” Tillman, 886 F.2d at 321; see also State v. Riehl, 504 So. 2d 798, 800 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987) (“In order to establish the probable cause necessary to make a valid arrest, . . . it is not necessary to eliminate all possible defenses.”). Furthermore, once an officer makes an arrest based upon probable cause, he “need not ‘investigate independently every claim of innocence.’” Tillman, 886 F.2d at 321 (internal citation omitted). Probable cause is “judged not with clinical detachment but with a common sense view to the realities of normal life.” Marx v. Gumbinner, 905 F.2d 1503, 1506 (11th Cir. 1990) (internal citation omitted); see also Revels, 666 So. 2d at 215. The only difference in the probable cause analysis applicable to the state and federal claims at issue here is which party carried the burden of proving whether probable cause existed. The existence of probable cause constitutes an affirmative defense to the claims of false arrest and imprisonment under Florida law. See Bolanos, 677 So. 2d at 1005 (probable cause bars a state claim for false arrest or false 22 imprisonment); DeMarie v. Jefferson Stores, Inc., 442 So. 2d 1014, 1016 n.1 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983) (“[T]he existence of probable cause is a part of the defense to a false arrest action which must be shown by the defendant.”). Accordingly, defendants had the burden of demonstrating the existence of probable cause as a defense to the state claim. However, plaintiffs had the burden of demonstrating the absence of probable cause in order to succeed in their § 1983 claim. Evans v. Hightower, 117 F.3d 1318, 1320 (11th Cir. 1997) (“In order to establish a Fourth Amendment violation, [plaintiff] must demonstrate that a seizure occurred and that it was unreasonable.”); see also Rivas v. Freeman, 940 F.2d 1491, 1496 (11th Cir. 1991) (“To successfully litigate a lawsuit for deprivation of constitutional rights under 42 U.S.C. section 1983, a plaintiff must show violation of a constitutionally protected liberty or property interest and deliberate indifference to constitutional rights.”). We conclude that probable cause existed as a matter of law and that the existence of such probable cause defeats both the federal and state claims. The Rankins first assert that the evidence on which Deputy Evans relied in making the arrest either exonerated Doug Rankin or was not sufficiently trustworthy or reliable to support a finding of probable cause. They assert that the medical evidence of which Evans was aware compelled the conclusion that Rankin was not Amber’s abuser because it suggested that the charged conduct had occurred prior to Rankin’s first contact with the child. 23 They also contend that the physical evidence exonerated Rankin because he could not physically have committed the acts of which he was accused in the location identified by the victim. Additionally, the Rankins contend that Rankin’s lack of access to Amber defeated probable cause for his arrest, especially in light of the fact that Evans knew that another male, one of Dr. Brake’s coworkers, had had access to Amber during a time frame consistent with the medical evidence suggesting penetration. The Rankins also contend that Evans should not have relied on Amber’s or Dr. Brake’s statements about possible abuse when determining probable cause. They claim that Amber’s statements regarding abuse were unreliable because of: (1) her age; (2) inconsistencies regarding the identity of the abuser, the number of times the abuse occurred, and the location and timing of the abuse; (3) the possibility that Dr. Brake, a child psychologist, concocted the story that Amber spontaneously told her about the abuse and that Dr. Brake’s coaching resulted in Amber’s subsequent statements; and (4) the possibility that the police officers’ questions during their interview with Amber led her into making statements that she would not otherwise have made. They further contend that Evans should have viewed Dr. Brake’s statements with considerable skepticism because he should have known that Dr. Brake was biased against Rankin due to their argument regarding the school’s supervision of the children under its care. They also seem to suggest that Evans should have considered the possibility that either Dr. Brake or somebody she 24 was protecting committed the abuse. Accordingly, they conclude that Evans should have placed little weight on Dr. Brake’s comments regarding Amber’s behavior and statements. Finally, the Rankins argue that, at the very least, the information available to Evans at the time of the arrest should have created doubts as to the existence of probable cause and should have prompted further investigation. The Rankins claim that Evans should have examined the playground equipment to determine whether Rankin could have abused Amber on the steps of that equipment as her statements indicated. They also argue that Evans should have interviewed the teachers regarding Amber’s behavior at school and Rankin’s degree of access to Amber. Although the Rankins contend that this investigation should have been done prior to arresting Rankin, they further assert that it certainly should have been done after Rankin raised concerns regarding these issues during his interview with the police. Plaintiffs contend that such additional investigation was especially important here because time was not of the essence in making an arrest since the school was going to be closed over the Thanksgiving holidays, limiting Rankin’s access to the children. Defendants counter that Evans’s conclusion that probable cause existed to arrest Rankin was well-supported by the evidence available to him at the time of Rankin’s arrest and detention. Defendants note that Evans interviewed Amber, Dr. Brake, and Dr. Drummond, all of whom provided information supporting the conclusion that Rankin had abused Amber. 25 Defendants also contend that Evans’s interviews with Amber and her mother, his conversation with Dr. Drummond, and his interrogation of Rankin in which Rankin made several damaging statements constituted a reasonable investigation and provided trustworthy and reliable information from which he could conclude that probable cause existed both at the time of arrest and during Rankin’s subsequent detention. They further contest plaintiffs’ assertion that time was not of the essence in making the arrest. They note that had Rankin not been arrested on the morning of November 23, he would have had access to the children at the school for the entire day. We conclude that the investigation conducted by Evans was reasonable and that the evidence on which he based his decision to arrest Rankin was sufficient to create probable cause as a matter of law. We also conclude that the statements made by Rankin after his arrest did not defeat the existence of probable cause or necessitate immediate further investigation.
We now address plaintiffs’ assertion that the medical evidence available to Evans precluded the existence of probable cause to arrest Rankin for the crime with which he was charged. The Rankins note that penetration is an element of the crime of sexual abuse of a child under twelve. See § 794.011 Fla. Stat. (1987). Resolving all factual disputes in favor of the plaintiffs, we must conclude that Evans knew that the injury suggesting such penetration had been incurred at least two weeks 26 before the date of Dr. Drummond’s examination and that Evans knew that Amber had attended Sugar Plum for just two weeks. We also must conclude that Dr. Brake told Evans that Amber had told her that abusive behavior had occurred on November 21, 1988, a date which seemingly conflicts with the medical evidence that penetration (if only partial) had occurred at least two weeks prior to that date.14 Accordingly, the question to be answered is whether a prudent person faced with such information could reasonably have believed that Rankin committed the offense. In addition to that information, however, Deputy Evans also knew that Amber had sustained a fresh abrasion within 24 hours of the November 21, 1988, medical examination which could have been caused by a fingering of the genital area. During her videotaped interview, Amber indicated that abusive incidents occurred on more than one occasion. Thus, Amber’s statements and the medical evidence both suggested that more than one instance of abuse occurred, and a prudent officer reasonably could have concluded that a single individual, rather than two separate individuals, was responsible for the alleged abuse. Furthermore, an officer reasonably could have concluded that Rankin was that individual. 14 The parties disputed this at trial. Evans testified that Dr. Brake told him that the date on which Amber told her about the incident with Ba Ba Blue was November 21, but that Dr. Brake gave him a time frame of November 7 to November 21 during which the actual incident or incidents of abuse could have occurred. Plaintiffs confronted Evans at trial with his arguably conflicting deposition testimony in which he indicated that Dr. Brake told him that Amber said that the abuse occurred on November 21, 1988. In light of this conflicting evidence, we must accept plaintiffs’ assertion as true. 27 Evans knew that Amber consistently had called her alleged abuser Ba Ba Blue and repeatedly linked the alleged abuse to the school. He knew that Rankin was the only person whom Amber called by that name. Amber repeatedly referred to her abuser as a “he,” and Dr. Brake told Evans that Rankin was the only male who had access to Amber during the approximately two-week period which was consistent with all of the medical evidence.15 Dr. Brake also informed Deputy Evans that, after Amber started school at Sugar Plum, her behavior and language had changed in ways which Evans knew to be consistent with sexual abuse. Plaintiffs assert that even if the abuse could have occurred on the first day on which Amber attended Sugar Plum, which would have placed the incident involving penetration within a time frame consistent with Rankin’s guilt, Evans knew that Amber had stated that abuse had occurred on November 21, 1988, which was clearly inconsistent with the medical time frame for the act of penetration. However, the relevant question is whether a prudent officer reasonably could have believed that Rankin committed the offense in light of the medical evidence suggesting that any penetration had to have happened significantly before November 15 Amber attended Sugar Plum for two weeks, and Dr. Drummond indicated that the injury suggesting penetration was at least two weeks old. Thus, accepting as true that Evans knew of Dr. Drummond’s time line, an overlap of approximately a day existed during which a cautious officer reasonably could have concluded that Rankin could have committed the charged offense. We further note that an officer reasonably could have concluded that the time frame given by the doctor was an estimate and not necessarily a strict cut-off point, thus possibly expanding the window of opportunity by a reasonable period of time. 28 21, 1988, and Dr. Brake’s statement that Amber indicated that the abuse occurred on November 21, 1988. In light of the evidence suggesting multiple incidents of abuse, a prudent officer reasonably could have believed that, in recounting her story to her mother, Amber might not have distinguished between penetration and simple fingering or rubbing. Thus, in recounting the abuse she could have conflated the incidents or confused the dates, or, in talking to her mother, she could have been referring to the conduct which may have resulted in the abrasion. A cautious officer, therefore, reasonably could have believed that multiple incidents of abuse occurred and that the abuse with which Rankin was charged occurred within the first few days of school -- which was within the medically permissible time frame. Accordingly, a reasonable jury could not have concluded that the medical evidence defeated probable cause to arrest Rankin.
The Rankins next assert that, even if the medical evidence does not conclusively defeat probable cause, Rankin’s lack of access to Amber while she was at school does. They contend that, had Evans interviewed any of the teachers before arresting Rankin, he would have realized that Rankin was never alone with Amber and, thus, could not have abused her. Plaintiffs further note that it is uncontested that Rankin informed Evans of his lack of access to Amber during questioning after he was arrested. They thus contend that Evans knew or should have known that 29 Rankin was never alone with Amber and that he therefore lacked the opportunity to have committed the crime charged. Defendants counter that Deputy Evans knew that Rankin was present at the school during the relevant time frame and that he moved freely throughout the school. Evans also knew that Dr. Brake had observed what she perceived to be a lack of adequate supervision of the children. Finally, defendants contend that a reasonable officer could have concluded that the abuse -- partial penetration by a finger and rubbing of Amber’s genitalia -- could have occurred with others in the room if the abuser had his body between any other adult and the child and he simply slipped his hand down the front of Amber’s pants or skirt.16 Additionally, the teachers whom Rankin argues that Evans should have interviewed were employed by Rankin and thus would 16 The Rankins note that, in Amber’s videotaped interview, she indicated that Ba Ba Blue touched her with both a finger and a plastic spoon. The Rankins assert that a reasonable officer could not possibly believe that Rankin could penetrate Amber with a spoon with other adults in the same room, since such an action undoubtedly would have been painful and caused Amber to make some sort of outcry. However, a cautious officer could have reasonably concluded that the facts available to him at the point of arrest supported at least Amber’s contention that Rankin digitally penetrated her. Although further investigation may have been required in order to determine whether the spoon incident could be verified, a reasonable officer could conclude that he had sufficient evidence to proceed on the digital penetration allegation and that time was of the essence considering Rankin’s position as the owner of a day care center. Furthermore, a prudent officer could reasonably conclude that Amber’s statements regarding digital penetration -- which she made on several separate occasions and stated in her own words -- were more reliable than her single reference to possible penetration by a spoon -- which she referred to only in response to a question by Evans. 30 have been of questionable credibility.17 A cautious officer certainly could have reasonably concluded that, even if the teachers were to have stated that Rankin had no access to Amber, such testimony would be so undercut by the witnesses’ bias in favor of their employer and their own self-interest in asserting that they were always aware of Amber’s movements -- such supervision being one of their job responsibilities -- that it would not defeat the existence of probable cause in light of the other evidence suggesting Rankin’s guilt. Finally, interviewing those witnesses prior to picking up Rankin might have alerted him to his possible arrest and, conceivably, precipitated his flight. In light of all of these considerations, a reasonable jury could not have concluded that a prudent officer could not have reasonably believed that Rankin had sufficient access to Amber to have committed the crime charged. The Rankins further assert that the physical evidence contradicted Amber’s account of events and that those contradictions defeated probable cause. The Rankins argue that Amber’s contention that she was abused by Ba Ba Blue on the steps of playground equipment at the school simply could not have been true because Rankin physically could not have performed the actions she described at that location. They contend that a 17 Rankin also asserts that one of the teachers would have told Evans that she saw Amber rubbing her vagina on November 21. However, we note that a prudent officer who had such information reasonably could have believed that a child would not have rubbed herself so hard as to cause an abrasion. Thus, such information, even had it been credible and had Evans known it, would not have defeated the existence of probable cause. 31 reasonable jury could have concluded that the playground equipment steps were too small for a man of Rankin’s size to enter and that the slats on the sides of the equipment were too narrow to permit him to reach into the equipment from the outside. The Rankins also assert that a reasonable jury could have determined that Evans did not examine the playground equipment to determine whether Amber’s account of the abuse was consistent with the physical evidence. Assuming this have been true, the question is whether a prudent officer reasonably could have believed, in light of all the evidence known to him, that Rankin was guilty of sexually abusing Amber. We conclude that a cautious officer reasonably could have believed that, even if Amber’s story was inaccurate as to the precise location of the abuse, the core of her story regarding the abuse and the identity of the abuser was trustworthy and reliable, especially in light of the medical and other evidence corroborating her story. See Easton v. City of Boulder, 776 F.2d 1441, 1449-50 (10th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 107 S. Ct. 71 (1986). Furthermore, a prudent person reasonably could have believed that the abuse happened in the approximate area of the playground equipment, if not actually on it. Amber stated on the audiotape that, after Ba Ba Blue made “a hole in [her] bottom,” he put her “back on the playground.” In the videotaped interview, she said that the abuse took place outside the school. In response to a question from Evans asking whether it was on the playground, she 32 said “yeah.” In response to the question of whether it was on a piece of a toy, she said “no.” She said that the incident took place on the steps. Interpreting the physical evidence in light of the statements by the victim, it would not be unreasonable for a prudent person to conclude that a three-and-a-half-year-old might either unclearly articulate the location of the abuse or conflate the idea of being put back on the playground after being abused with the idea of where the abuse actually occurred. Additionally, since Amber did not actually state that the abuse occurred on the steps of the playground equipment, there is no reason why a reasonable officer would have to have concluded that Rankin’s inability to commit the alleged act on the playground equipment obviated probable cause. Finally, we note that Amber stated that the abuse occurred both inside and outside the schoolhouse, so the fact that Rankin apparently could not have abused Amber on the playground equipment does not affect the possibility that he abused her in the schoolhouse. In light of all of the evidence, we conclude that a reasonable jury could not have concluded that Rankin’s alleged lack of access to Amber defeated probable cause.
Next, we address the Rankins’ contentions that the only information available to Deputy Evans suggesting that Rankin was the perpetrator of any abuse ultimately was based upon statements made by Amber, and that those statements were not sufficiently reliable and trustworthy to support the existence of probable 33 cause. Defendants contend not only that Amber’s statements were sufficiently reliable and trustworthy to support probable cause, but also that Evans was prohibited from simply disregarding such statements based upon the age of the victim. We conclude that evidence other than Amber’s statements supported the conclusion that Rankin likely was the perpetrator of the charged conduct. We also conclude that Evans was entitled to rely to a meaningful degree on Amber’s statements in determining the existence of probable cause, and that those statements supported probable cause. As noted, Amber’s statements did not constitute the only evidence suggesting that Rankin was the person who had abused her. The medical evidence was consistent with two separate episodes of abuse -- partial penetration which dated back at least two weeks prior to November 21, and either rubbing or fingering of the genitalia which occurred within 24 hours of Dr. Drummond’s examination of Amber. Dr. Brake indicated to Evans that she and the school staff were the only people with access to Amber during the two-week period covering both potential incidents of abuse. Furthermore, a cautious person reasonably could have believed that Dr. Brake was unlikely either to have been the abuser or to have been protecting someone else whom she knew to be the abuser since she -- at a point at which no one else knew that any abuse might have occurred -- told a friend that she thought that Amber had been abused, took her to a pediatrician to 34 have her examined for abuse, and promptly informed the police of the suspected abuse. A prudent person reasonably could have concluded that one who was guilty of, or complicit in, abusive conduct would not spontaneously decide aggressively to volunteer information to people in a position to take prosecutorial action regarding potential abuse and insist that such action be taken. Thus, having concluded that Dr. Brake was unlikely to have been responsible for the alleged abusive incidents, a cautious person reasonably could have believed that the perpetrator was someone at the school.18 This conclusion was further supported by Dr. Brake’s statement that Amber started exhibiting behavioral changes within a week of beginning her attendance at Sugar Plum. These behavioral changes included unusual clinginess, an abnormal aversion to attending school, and atypical shyness. A seasoned officer reasonably could have concluded that these behavioral changes were consistent with sexual abuse and linked that abuse to the school.19 18 Although Evans knew that a male coworker of Dr. Brake’s had had access to Amber approximately three weeks prior to the medical examination, that person had not had access to her during the two-week period potentially covering the occurrences resulting in both the damage to the hymen and the fresh abrasion. 19 The Rankins contend that if Evans had interviewed the teachers, they would have told him that Amber exhibited no behavioral changes, appeared to be happy at school, and even started to misbehave at the end of the day when she had to leave school. However, a cautious officer reasonably could have concluded that any potential statements by the teachers regarding Amber’s behavior would not have been particularly probative considering their limited experience with Amber, particularly in light of the fact that her mother, who clearly knew her very well, indicated that such changes had occurred. 35 Having narrowed the class of likely suspects to the school house, information provided by Dr. Brake suggested that Rankin was the guilty party. Dr. Brake told Evans that, on the day Amber informed her of the abuse, she saw Rankin pick up Amber and that Amber hit him. A prudent officer reasonably could have found this information to be relevant to the probable cause determination in two ways: (1) as Evans testified, an abuser often shows a special interest in a child whom he is abusing, and Rankin’s particular attention to Amber in a class of a class of approximately 120 might indicate such a special interest; and (2) the hostility Amber demonstrated towards Rankin by striking him was not typical of her behavior towards adults, as indicated by her mother, suggesting that Rankin had done something to prompt such a reaction. In addition to this independent evidence linking Rankin to the abuse, Evans relied on Amber’s statements to both her mother and the police in determining that probable cause existed to The Rankins also contend that Evans knew that Amber and her family had just moved, that she had been repeatedly moved to new preschools, and that her mother had been paying a lot of attention to Amber’s younger brother because of his severe illness. They argue that -- knowing about those family circumstances -- a cautious officer would not have given significant weight to any behavioral changes. However, we conclude that a cautious officer reasonably could have believed, in light of the knowledge that Amber had frequently moved to new preschools and that her brother’s health problems were apparently chronic, that Amber had faced such strains before and that her mother was presumably aware of her child’s typical reactions to such ongoing problems. Dr. Brake, however, had nonetheless concluded that Amber’s behavior was unusual and reported that conclusion to Evans. A reasonable officer acting cautiously could have given significant weight to her evaluation of her child’s behavior. 36 arrest Rankin. As noted above, the essential question regarding Amber’s statements is whether they were sufficiently reliable and trustworthy to support a determination of probable cause. We conclude as a matter of law that a prudent person reasonably could have believed that the fundamental information provided by Amber’s statements was sufficiently reliable and trustworthy to consider in determining the existence of probable cause. Generally, an officer is entitled to rely on a victim’s criminal complaint as support for probable cause. See Singer v. Fulton County Sheriff, 63 F.3d 110, 119 (2d Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 1676 (1996). The Rankins assert that Evans was not entitled to so rely here because the victim’s age and inconsistencies rendered her statements unreliable. We conclude that, although a child victim’s statements must be evaluated in light of her age, Amber’s statements -- considered along with the other supporting evidence -- were sufficiently reliable and trustworthy at their core to form the basis for probable cause to arrest Rankin. See Marx, 905 F.2d at 1506 (indicating that, although a four-year-old’s age affected the weight due her statements, the arresting officer could not simply disregard her statements in determining whether probable cause existed); Myers v. Morris, 810 F.2d 1437, 1456-57 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 108 S. Ct. 97 (1987); Easton, 776 F.2d at 1450-51. Next, we address the Rankins’ contention that Amber never explicitly stated that Rankin or Mr. Doug abused her. Instead, they note that she merely referred to her abuser as Ba Ba Blue. 37 However, they do not dispute that Evans knew at the time of Rankin’s arrest that Rankin was referred to by the children as Baba Loo. They also do not contest that Amber in particular called Rankin Ba Ba Blue, which was her pronunciation of Baba Loo. Amber identified Ba Ba Blue as the culprit in both her first statement regarding the abuse made to her mother and the subsequent audiotaped statement. Dr. Brake told Evans that Amber also had identified her alleged abuser as Ba Ba Blue to Dr. Drummond. Furthermore, in the videotaped interview of Amber, she ultimately responded “Ba Ba Blue” to questions regarding the identity of her abuser.20 In addition, Amber consistently referred to her abuser as “he,” indicating that the offending individual was a male. As noted above, the only people beside 20 The Rankins assert that the videotaped statement in which Amber identified “Ba Ba Blue” as her abuser demonstrates the unreliability of her statements because she initially answered “Donald Duck” and “Pluto” in response to the question of who did the things to her which she described. The Rankins assert that her identification of two cartoon characters as the abusers, followed immediately by her identification of Ba Ba Blue as her abuser, precluded Evans from relying on her statements for probable cause to arrest Rankin. However, a prudent officer reasonably could conclude that Amber was merely playing when she answered “Donald Duck” and “Pluto,” but was being serious when she ultimately responded Ba Ba Blue because: (1) she had repeatedly identified Ba Ba Blue as the abuser in past statements and had never before mentioned the first two characters; (2) she actually knew someone who was referred to as Ba Ba Blue, unlike the other characters; (3) she repeatedly referred to the person who abused her as “he” and the person referred to as Ba Ba Blue was a male; and (4) other corroborating evidence was consistent with abuse by the individual identified as Ba Ba Blue. Thus, a cautious officer reasonably could have concluded that Amber, when referring to Ba Ba Blue, was referring to a real person as opposed to a cartoon character. In light of the other evidence, such an officer also reasonably could have concluded that Rankin was Ba Ba Blue. 38 Amber’s mother who appeared to have access to her were the staff at Sugar Plum. In addition, Amber indicated that all of her teachers were female, suggesting that Rankin was the only male at Sugar Plum (a fact which Rankin subsequently conceded during questioning). Accordingly, we conclude that Amber’s statements provided sufficient information for a cautious person reasonably to believe that Amber was abused by someone called Ba Ba Blue, and that other evidence indicated that Ba Ba Blue was Rankin. The Rankins also assert that inconsistencies in Amber’s videotaped statement indicated that her statements as a whole were unreliable. For instance, they note that when Amber was questioned regarding the timing of any abusive incidents, she stated that she had been abused “today” -- the date of the interview -- but not on the day before, the date on which she reported the incidents to her mother and on which Dr. Brake told Evans that Amber had indicated the abuse had occurred.21 However, an officer as seasoned in the field of child abuse as Deputy Evans reasonably could have discounted Amber’s statements regarding the timing of the abuse because of the fact that young children do not have a particularly strong grasp of the concept of time, although they are able to articulate more concrete concepts such as events that have occurred or things that have 21 The Rankins also note the varying times which Amber gave Dr. Drummond for the dates of the abuse as evidence that Evans should not have relied on Amber’s statements. The Rankins, however, have pointed to no evidence indicating that Dr. Drummond relayed that information to Evans. 39 happened to them.22 The Rankins also point to several other comments by Amber which they assert fatally undermine the reliability of her statements.23 Although we acknowledge that a stronger statement by the victim would be preferable prior to arrest, we cannot conclude that a prudent officer could not have reasonably relied on the fundamental allegation consistently made by Amber: that a male named Ba Ba Blue made a hole in her bottom at school.24 She made statements to this effect on at least four separate occasions of which Evans was aware: to her mother, to Dr. Drummond, on audiotape, and to him during the videotaped 22 For example, Dr. Drummond testified that, in his experience, children who were unable to fully grasp temporal concepts were able accurately to describe more concrete events such as physical pain. A police officer such as Evans, with formal training and extensive practical experience in child abuse cases, would be aware of children’s difficulties with time, and reasonably could have discounted those inconsistencies. 23 For instance, they note that Amber stated in the videotaped interview that Dr. Drummond stuck a thermometer in her bottom and that the testimony at trial showed that he did not do so. However, the Rankins point to no evidence indicating that Evans knew or should have known of this inconsistency at the time of the arrest. 24 The Rankins assert that Amber’s assertion that the abuser had stuck a finger in her bottom undercut the reliability of her statement regarding the abuse because it was inconsistent with the medical evidence which showed vaginal penetration, but no anal contact. However, we note that, in the videotaped interview, Amber referred to her genitals as her bottom. We also note that it is not surprising that a three-year old would not have separate words for her vagina and bottom. Accordingly, a reasonable officer could conclude that Amber intended to refer to her vagina. 40 interview.25 In light of the medical evidence supporting the conclusion that abuse had occurred, Dr. Brake’s observations regarding Amber’s behavioral changes, and her statements regarding the limited number of people who had access to Amber during the relevant time period, we conclude that Evans properly relied on Amber’s statements in establishing the existence of probable cause to arrest Rankin.26 See Marx, 905 F.2d at 1506; Myers, 810 F.2d at 1456-57.