Opinion ID: 721464
Heading Depth: 4
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Constitutionality of 100 to 1 ratio for crack cocaine

Text: 80 First, Brown challenges the constitutionality of the 100 to 1 conversion ratio between powder cocaine and crack cocaine in the United States Sentencing Guidelines. We have addressed this issue before and have repeatedly affirmed the constitutionality of the sentencing ratio for powder cocaine and crack cocaine against equal protection and due process challenges. United States v. Fisher, 58 F.3d 96, 99-100 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 116 S.Ct. 329, 133 L.Ed.2d 229 (1995); United States v. Jones, 18 F.3d 1145, 1151 (4th Cir.1994); United States v. D'Anjou, 16 F.3d 604, 612 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 114 S.Ct. 2754, 129 L.Ed.2d 871 (1994); United States v. Bynum, 3 F.3d 769, 774 (4th Cir.1993), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 114 S.Ct. 1105, 127 L.Ed.2d 416 (1994). We see no need to repeat this discussion here.