Opinion ID: 772729
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 5

Heading: toyota camry search

Text: 45 Reinholz and Chevalier argue that the evidence seized from the search of his Toyota Camry should be suppressed because Reinholz's consent was tainted by his illegal arrest. The Government argues that the evidence seized from Reinholz's Toyota Camry should not be suppressed because his consent to the search was voluntary. The district court granted Reinholz's and Chevalier's motions to suppress because it determined that Reinholz's consent to search his Toyota Camry was tainted by his illegal arrest. 46 To claim Fourth Amendment protection, a defendant must show a reasonable and sufficient expectation of privacy in the place to be searched. Minnesota v. Carter, 525 U.S. at 87 (rejecting standing doctrine rubric in Fourth Amendment context). As a general rule, however, an appellate court may review only the issues specifically raised and argued in an appellant's brief. United States v. Simmons, 964 F.2d 763, 777 (8th Cir.) (citation omitted), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1011 (1992); see also Borough v. Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Ry. Co., 762 F.2d 66, 68 (8th Cir. 1985) (determining that issue not raised on appeal is abandoned). 47 The Government does not argue that Chevalier cannot claim Fourth Amendment protection for Reinholz's Toyota Camry because she lacks a sufficient and reasonable expectation of privacy in his Toyota Camry. The Government has waived that claim because it failed to raise the issue on appeal. Therefore, we will consider both Reinholz's and Chevalier's motions to suppress the evidence gathered from Reinholz's Toyota Camry. 48 The police may conduct a search without a warrant and without probable cause if the suspect voluntarily consents to the search. United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 171 (1974); see also Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 222 (1973). The burden is on the Government to show by a preponderance of the evidence that, under the totality of the circumstances, the defendant voluntarily consented. Id.; see also United States v. Severe, 29 F.3d 444, 446 (8th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1096 (1995). We consider the following characteristics of the individual to determine whether their consent was truly voluntary: age, intelligence, intoxication, advice of Miranda rights, and previous arrests. United States v. Chaidez, 906 F.2d 377, 381 (8th Cir. 1990) (listing factors). We also consider the following characteristics of the environment in which the individual's consent was given to determine whether their consent was truly voluntary: length of detention, threats and misrepresentations by police, whether the individual is in custody or under arrest, whether it is a public or private place, and the suspect's contemporaneous objections and representations. Id. We review the district court's determination that Reinholz's consent was not sufficiently an act of free will to purge the taint of his illegal arrest for clear error. United States v. Hathcock, 103 F.3d 715, 720 (8th Cir.) (reviewing for clear error), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1127 (1997); see also Chaidez, 906 F.2d at 380-81. 49 We believe that the district court did not clearly err when it determined that Reinholz's consent to search his Toyota Camry was not voluntary. Reinholz's consent to search his Toyota Camry was not voluntary because it followed from his illegal arrest and no intervening events purged the taint of his illegal arrest. The district court found that Reinholz was illegally arrested in his employer's parking lot, he stood spread eagle, patted down, handcuffed, and placed in an unmarked police car. Police officers drove him twenty-five minutes through rush-hour traffic to a junior high school parking lot two blocks from his residence. Reinholz was upset, he questioned the purpose of his detainment, he expressed concern for his partner, Margaret Chevalier, and he made several statements. The officers were not forthcoming and they did not advise Reinholz of his Miranda rights until after they reached the junior high school parking lot. Reinholz had no previous arrests. When the officers initially asked Reinholz if they could search his Toyota Camry, he orally consented. Reinholz refused to sign a consent form, however, that explained his right to deny permission to search the car. We have examined the totality of the circumstances surrounding Reinholz's consent and we believe that the district court did not clearly err when it determined that Reinholz's consent followed from his illegal arrest and that it should be excluded because no intervening event purged the taint of the illegal arrest. Therefore, we hold that the district court did not err when it granted Reinholz's and Chevalier's motions to suppress evidence seized from the search of his Toyota Camry.