Opinion ID: 706029
Heading Depth: 3
Heading Rank: 5

Heading: Contextual exceptions

Text: 53 In addition to the major doctrinal exceptions mentioned, the Court also prohibited the exclusionary rule from various settings. In United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 94 S.Ct. 613, 38 L.Ed.2d 561, the Court held the rule was inapplicable in grand jury proceedings because grand jury questions based on illegally obtained evidence work no new Fourth Amendment wrong. Id. at 354, 94 S.Ct. at 623. In addition, the Court held the rule could not be used in federal civil cases, United States v. Janis, 428 U.S. 433, 96 S.Ct. 3021, 49 L.Ed.2d 1046 (1976), or deportation proceedings. Immigration and Naturalization Services v. Lopez-Mendoza, 468 U.S. 1032, 104 S.Ct. 3479, 82 L.Ed.2d 778 (1982). The Court also proscribed federal review of state court exclusionary rule determinations by refusing to grant federal habeas corpus relief where the state was found to have provided a full and fair opportunity to litigate the constitutionally based objection. Stone, 428 U.S. at 494, 96 S.Ct. at 3052. Finally, the exigency exception allows police to search private residences without a warrant during emergencies. Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 14-15, 68 S.Ct. 367, 369-70, 92 L.Ed. 436 (1948). 54 Attenuation, while not specifically connected to the Fourth Amendment, is a related exclusionary principle involving sanctions for violations of constitutional protections. The doctrine concerns direct or derivative evidence obtained from an earlier constitutional violation. This secondary evidence is often referred to as the fruit of the poisonous tree. Thus, where police illegally conduct a search without a warrant, the evidence obtained is tainted. The tainted evidence may provide probable cause warranting a second search, but any evidence found from the second search is excludable because it is considered the fruit of the poisonous tree. Nardone v. United States, 308 U.S. 338, 341, 60 S.Ct. 266, 268, 84 L.Ed. 307 (1939). 55 Again, the Court quickly developed exceptions to the compass of exclusion under the poisonous tree doctrine so as to remove the original taint and thus make the consequent evidence admissible at trial. A court may admit evidence that would not have been discovered but for official misconduct if the causal connection between the illegal conduct and the acquisition of the evidence is so attenuated that the evidence is 'purge[d of] the primary taint.'  6