Opinion ID: 1239200
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 25

Heading: Establishing the Districts

Text: In order to arrive at precise boundary definitions and to make maximum use of the Census data, the redistricting was done on the basis of the 1970 Census divisions, areas and enumeration districts as listed on the published MED lists and Census tract maps. These units are well defined in the official documents; are broken down into small enough units to permit a satisfactory degree of flexibility in adjusting the larger units to approximate the population-representation ideals; are based upon sound socio-economic factors arrived at by long study and joint work of the staff of the United States Bureau of the Census and an advisory committee of Alaskans appointed by the Governor; and are an evolutionary outgrowth of similar divisions of Alaska into manageable local units extending back to the first official Census of Alaska in 1880. In short, these units reflect virtually all the forces which have produced contemporary Alaska. House District 1. Ketchikan: This is a two-member district formed by a combination of the Ketchikan Census Division and the Outer Ketchikan Census Division. This includes the Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Annette Island (Coast Guard Station, Airfield and the Tsimshian town of Metlakatla) and surrounding areas. The economy is based upon fish processing, wood pulp manufacture, lumbering, transportation and communications. The area of the district is compact and strongly integrated. The 1970 population, however, falls short of the population norm set for representation by a variation of -22.5%. This could be made up by attaching other areas, but the result would be merely to shift this over-representation elsewhere within the southeast region. It is not feasible to reach beyond the southeast region because of the clear separation of the region from the balance of Alaska (the air miles from the northwestern-most population in the region at Yakutat to the nearest population in southcentral region, Cordova, is 225 miles). This is a growing area. [13] An immediate increase in population will follow completion of the Ketchikan airport. Moreover there are prospects of copper mining and the revival of the town of Hyder as a gateway into northern British Columbia. Senate District A. Ketchikan: This is the same as House District 1. House District 2. Prince of Wales-Petersburg-Wrangell-Angoon: This is a one-member district formed by the Prince of Wales Census Division, the Petersburg-Wrangell Census Division and the Angoon Census Division. The total population of this combination is only -0.5% below the population norm for representation. Together these divisions cover the principal fishing and forest harvesting areas of the southern half of the southeast region. The principal communities are the fishing-fish processing city of Petersburg and the fishing-fish processing and lumbering city of Wrangell. Other important places are the Tlingit villages of Kake, Klawock and Angoon and the primarily Haida villages of Craig and Hydaburg. Other settlements are engaged in logging or fishing and fish processing. The district is tied together by air transportation and water transportation. House District 3. Sitka: This is a one-member district formed by the Sitka Census Division (which is also the Greater Sitka Borough) and the Yakutat area of the Skagway-Yakutat Census Division. The 1970 population is only one person short of the ideal population of 7,559. The splitting of the Skagway-Yakutat Census Division is a natural separation of two centers that are already geographically and economically separated from one another by the Haines Census Division, a portion of northern British Columbia and 155 miles of some of the highest and most rugged mountain country on the continent. The most remote inhabited place in the Southeastern area is the Tlingit village of Yakutat which is supported by fishing extending southward to Icy Straits, logging for both the Sitka pulp mill and for export, and big game hunting. Hoonah is a major Tlingit community and, with the mixed racial communities of Elfin Cove and Pelican, its inhabitants engage in fishing in Icy Straits and elsewhere. Gustavus, a former transportation center and homesteading area, is now a gateway to Glacier Bay National Monument. Sitka provides the major population hub of the district with an economy based upon health, education and social services for the Native people at Mt. Edgecumbe, the second pulp mill in Alaska, fishing and fish processing, the first Pioneers' Home, transportation and communications. Senate District B. Alexander Archipelago: This is composed of House Districts 2 and 3 and its variation from the population norm is -0.3%. This district includes virtually all of the islands of the Alexander Archipelago which are tied together naturally by the protected waters of the Inside Passage and other channels. It also includes all the aboriginal tribal areas of the Tlingit people except those located at Ketchikan, Juneau-Douglas, Haines and Klukwan. Sitka is the administrative and service center for programs operated by the federal government for these people. House District 4. Juneau: This is a two-member district composed of the Juneau Census Division (which is also the City and Borough of Juneau), the Haines Census Division and the Skagway area of the Skagway-Yakutat Census Division. The population is +4.3% above the norm. It is not possible to devise a logical and natural means to reduce the population as the main concentration is in the central part of the borough and the Haines and Skagway centers are tucked up in the northwest corner of the region remote from other population districts. The development of the Juneau area has been northward to Berners Bay (site of a planned pulp and lumber center) and southward to Snettisham (site of a hydro-electric project which will serve the area). A road is being pushed southward from Haines to connect with the Juneau area by a short ferry run to Berners Bay. At present these areas are linked by air and ferry. Skagway is primarily a railroad terminus for Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories in Canada. Haines and Port Chilkoot are a highway terminus for the same Canadian areas and provides access to the Alaska Highway and interior Alaska. This is also a logging and lumber center with some fishing and an active tourist industry. Juneau is the state capitol and government is the primary business. There has been some lumbering in the past and presently there is the prospect of a revived and expanded forest products industry. Fishing, fish processing and tourism round out its economy. The total district was one of the principal gold producing areas in Alaska and is heavily mineralized. The most promising short-range prospects are iron ore mining and processing at Klukwan at the northern end of the district and similar mineral developments at Snettisham at the southern end. Near Skagway there is the prospect of the development of the Taiya-Yukon hydro-electric power complex. The whole district is quite distinctive from the rest of the southeast region because of its present and potential development and the fact that it is almost entirely composed of portions of the mainland. Senate District C. Juneau: This is the same as House District 4. House District 5. Prince William Sound: This is a one-member district composed of the Cordova-McCarthy, Valdez-Chitina-Whittier, and Seward Census Divisions and the Portage, Girdwood and Bird enumeration districts. The variation from the population norm is -1.6%. Together these units embrace the total drainage into the Prince William Sound and constitute one natural physical unit. The district also demonstrates a high degree of economic homogenity. Cordova was established as a rail terminus for the Copper River copper developments and will soon resume its role as a gateway community with completion of the Copper River Highway and the prospects of an important tourism and minerals development in the area being tapped. Valdez, Whittier and Seward are all gateway transportation communities linked to the inland areas of the district via the interconnected railway and highway systems of which they form the port terminals. Cordova has a well established fishing and fish processing economy and Seward is developing a similar diversification of its present economic base. House District 6. Matanuska-Susitna: This is a one-member district composed of Area II of the Matanuska-Susitna Census Division and Eklutna, Birchwood and Fire Lake Census enumeration districts from the Anchorage Census Division. Its variation from the population norm is +1.5%. This district includes most of the drainage of the Susitna and the Matanuska River systems, Alaska's most important agricultural areas, and the Glenn Highway connecting the Anchorage district to the Richardson Highway and the Alaska Highway. The prospects for the future development of the district include further urban and recreational development related to the Anchorage district, forest products and minerals. Senate District D. Prince William Sound-Matanuska-Susitna: This is composed of House Districts 5 and 6 and has a variation from the population norm of -2.0%. The two House districts are linked by the common inter-connected highway system. House Districts 7-10. Anchorage: The Anchorage District is composed of the Anchorage Census Division less the Census enumeration districts included with House Districts 5 and 6. The multi-member district has a combined variation from the population norm of +2.6%. The Anchorage District is the largest population concentration in the state but has a high degree of compactness despite its size. However, it is not advisable to constitute it as one district because of the large number of representatives and the unwieldy ballot which would result. Close scrutiny of population characteristics in Anchorage do not reveal clearly delineated ethnic ghettoes. (See, Greater Anchorage Borough Planning Office, People in Anchorage, 1972). While some relatively low income and high income areas can be identified, they are not so compact or contiguous as to permit drawing apportionment lines along such a divide. Nonetheless an attempt has been made to make the Anchorage subdivisions coincide with rough communities of interest which the Greater Anchorage Area Planning Office has defined as planning districts. These districts in turn are derived from census tracts and enumerator districts. Initial attempts to form districts of uniform numbers of representatives and senators was frustrated by the inability to break out exact numerical populations without resorting to an arbitrary block-by-block count. The Masters decided to form districts of varying numbers of representatives in order to both accomplish the numerical precision and preserve boundaries of communities which can be identified. The result was the proposed plan for a Northwest district of 5 representatives with a population variance of +2.7%; a Spenard district with three representatives and a population variance of +1.9%; a Northeast district with 5 representatives and a population variance of +2.1%; and, a South district with 3 representatives and a variance of +2.8%. Senate Districts E. Anchorage: These are formed from the House Districts. House District 11. Cook Inlet: This is a two-member district composed of the Kenai-Cook Inlet Census Division and the Lake Illiamna and Lake Clark Census enumeration districts from the Bristol Bay Census Division. The variation from the population norm is -2.3%. This district includes all but the northern-most portions of the Cook Inlet drainage and most of the area defined by the boundaries of the Cook Inlet Region Native Association. The current petroleum producing fields of Alaska are all located within the district. It is also an important fishing area with a growing and diversified crab and other shell fish fisheries at the lower end of the Inlet. The district is served by air, highways and ferry systems. Tourism, outdoor recreation and agriculture add further to its basic economy. Senate District F. Cook Inlet: This is the same as the House District. House District 12. Kodiak-Central: This is a one-member district composed of the City of Kodiak, the U.S. Navy Station, other portions of the main Island draining into the Gulf of Alaska, and Afognak Island. The variation from the population norms is +0.1%. It contains major Navy and Coast Guard installations and is the center for important fishing and fish processing activities, primarily king and other varieties of crab. Some forest products harvesting is developing and there are prospects for further expansion. The district is tied to the mainland by scheduled air traffic and the ferry system. House District 13. Aleutian Islands-Western Gulf of Alaska: This is a one-member district composed of the balance of the Kodiak Census Division and that portion of the Aleutian Islands Census Division to the west of Atka Island. The variation from the population norm is -2.7%. The principal population centers of this district are the Naval stations at Adak and Shemya. The portions of the Aleutian Census Division transferred to Bristol Bay (District 14) are oriented to fishing on both sides of the Alaska Peninsula and their people migrate into the Bay in search of salmon. Despite their separation, the remainder of the two Census divisions have a common orientation to Naval and Coast Guard operations because the islands form a natural barrier across the Bering Sea and the western end of the Gulf of Alaska. This district is unavoidably farflung because of the chain-like nature of these islands, the sparseness of population and the isolation of the principal population centers. Senate District G. Kodiak-Aleutian: This district is composed of House districts 12 and 13. The variation from the population norm is -1.3%. Together they combine the Naval installations in Alaska and many of the Coast Guard posts. They share a common frontier, insular region. House District 14. Bristol Bay: This is a one-member district composed of the Bristol Bay Census Division (less the Illiamna and Lake Clark districts transferred to the Cook Inlet district), plus the Pribilof Islands, the Alaska Peninsula, portions of the Aleutian Islands from the Aleutian Census Division, and the lower Kuskokwim Bay area from the Bethel Census Division. The variation from the norm is -2.6%. As defined here, the district naturally and logically combines areas and people who have a common orientation to marine pursuits and to the major fisheries of the Bristol Bay. The population is dominantly a mixture of Eskimo and Aleut with a few military personnel and non-Native persons engaged in fishing, trade, mining and transportation activities. House District 15. Bethel: This is a one-member district composed of the Bethel Census Division (less the Kuskokwim Bay area) plus the Bering Sea drainage area south of the Yukon Delta from the Wade-Hampton Census Division. The variation from the population norm is +1.5%. The town of Bethel is the highest population concentration in the District and the many other places being scattered, small (ranging from 30-250) and isolated communities. There are the beginnings of commercial fishing and processing in the district and some possible minor mineral developments, but on the whole the local economy is a marginal one. The population is dominantly Eskimo. Senate District H. Bristol Bay-Bethel: This is composed of House districts 14 and 15. The variation from the population norm is -0.6%. House District 16. Yukon-Koyukuk-Kuskokwim: This is a one-member district composed of the up-stream portion of the Wade-Hampton Census Division above Mountain Village, the Kuskokwim Census Division, the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Division less that area served by the interconnected highway system and the Alaska Railroad, and the midsection of the Upper Yukon Census Division including the Yukon River and the Porcupine River drainage. The variation from the population norm is +1.0%. This district combines the main river communities of Alaska and, as in the case of the Aleutian Islands, they are strung along lines over vast distances. It is necessary to include this huge territory in order to achieve sufficient population to comprise the base for a single-member district. All of the communities share common characteristics and interests, however, despite the distances involved. These are combination fishing, hunting, subsistence economies with an interspersing of military and trading outposts. The forms of transport and communication are river travel and air. House District 18. Nenana-Mt. McKinley: This is a one-member district composed of the Southeast Fairbanks Census District, and remainders of the Upper Yukon and the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Districts, Area I from the Matanuska-Susitna Census District, and the Murphy Dome enumeration district from the Fairbanks Division. The variation from the population norm is -1.9%. This district combines all of the interior of Alaska interconnected by highway and rail transportation outside the urban-military center of Fairbanks. It contains two centers of population, one the transportation, trade, coal mining and power generating area from Nenana to Suntrana, and the other military and transportation center between Fort Greely and Tok. It also includes the Mt. McKinley National Park and the Denali Highway linking the mid-Railbelt area to the Richardson Highway and the Alaska Highway. Developments and settlements in the district are tied together by road and rail as well as air. Senate District I. Interior Alaska: This is a combination of House Districts 16 and 18 and its variation from the population norm is -0.4%. House District 17. Fairbanks: This is a six-member district composed of the Fairbanks Census Division less the Murphy Dome enumeration district which was extracted primarily to achieve the constitutionally required mathematical precision. It has a variation from the population norm of +0.7%. The area includes all of the Fairbanks North Star Borough except Murphy Dome and is the transportation, communications and trade center for Interior Alaska and most of the north. It also is the site of the University of Alaska, its related research facilities, and the major military bases for Northern Alaska (Fort Wainwright, Eielson Air Force Base). No attempt has been made to divide this into smaller member districts because the location of the two military reservations and the compactness of the urban center do not permit any logical or natural divisions or combinations. Senate District J. Fairbanks: Same as House District 17. House District 19. North Slope: This is a one-member district composed of the Barrow Census Division, Area I of the Upper Yukon Census Division, the Kobuk Census Division and the tip of Seward Peninsula northward from Shishmaref Inlet. It combines two natural geographic provinces and approximates the boundaries of the proposed North Slope Borough. The variation from the population norm is +2.7%. The people of the North Slope are dominantly Eskimos with the greatest population concentration at Barrow and the remainder in other smaller settlements. The Prudhoe Bay-Deadhorse area is the location of the current petroleum activity which will eventually spread across the total district. The Kobuk River-Kotzebue Sound drainage is the second natural geographic province included in the district. Kotzebue has the greatest population and is the trade and service center for the region. Its population is also dominantly Eskimo, many still leading subsistence ways of life based upon the hunting of marine mammals, fishing and hunting up-river. This region contains promising copper potentials and other mineral prospects. House District 20. Bering Strait-Norton Sound: This is a one-member district composed of the Nome Census Division less a small portion of Seward Peninsula transferred to District 19, and the Norton Sound Portions of the Yukon Delta from the Wade-Hampton Census Division. The variation for the population norm is +1.3%. It is a natural region composed of the drainages into the Bering Strait and Norton Sound. It also includes St. Lawrence Island, King Island and Little Diomede Island. The City of Nome is the population center and serves as a trade and transportation center for the district and as a backup supply center for the more northern districts. The population is dominantly Eskimo living a subsistence way of life. This region was once one of the major gold producing regions in Alaska and is still highly mineralized. There are immediate prospects of tin development and longer range prospects for other minerals including petroleum. Senate District K. North Slope-Bering Strait: This is composed of House Districts 19 and 20 and has a variation from the ideal population of +2.0%. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY (Keyed to topics: (E) Economics (G) Geography (D) Demography (H) History (AN) Alaska Natives) (G), (E), (D) Alaska Department of Labor, Alaska, Geographic Presentation of 1970 Census Population Counts, Juneau Alaska, 1971. (E) Alaska Department of Labor, Alaska Workforce Estimates, by Industry and Area, published annually and available from 1961 to date. (G), (E), (D) Alaska Department of Labor, Alaska's Manpower Outlook, 1970's, Data Base and Projections, Publication No. 4 (undated). (D) Alaska Department of Labor, Current Population Estimates by Election District, Alaska, published annually and available from 1960 to date. (D), (E) Alaska Department of Labor, 1970 Alaska Population and Workforce Estimates by Race (undated). (D) Babb, James D., Age and Sex Characteristics of Alaska's Population, Alaska Review of Business and Economic Conditions, Institute of Social, Economic and Government Research, March 1972, Vol. IX, No. 1. (H) Bancroft, Hubert H., History of Alaska, 1730-1885 (The History Co., San Francisco, 1886). (G), (D) Cooley, R.A., Alaska: A Challenge in Conservation (University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1962). (AN) Covarrubias, Miguel, The Eagle, the Jaguar, and the Serpent (Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1954). (AN) Drucker, Philip, Cultures of the North Pacific Coast (Chandler Publishing Co., San Francisco, 1965). (AN) The Federal Field Committee for Development Planning in Alaska, Alaska Natives and the Land (USGPO, Washington, 1968). (G), (E) The Federal Field Committee for Development Planning in Alaska, Economic Outlook for Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska, 1971. (E) The Federal Field Committee for Development Planning in Alaska, A Subregional Economic Analysis of Alaska, August 1968. (D), (AN) Greater Anchorage Area Borough Planning Department, People In Anchorage (January 1972). (H) Gruening, Ernest, The State of Alaska: A Definitive History of America's Northernmost Frontier (Random House, New York, 1968). (AN) Lantis, Margaret, ed., Ethnohistory in Southwestern Alaska and the Southern Yukon (The University of Kentucky Press, 1970). (E), (E) Lin, Peter C., Alaska's Population and School Enrollments, Alaska Review of Business and Economic Conditions, Institute of Social, Economic and Government Research, March 1972, Vol. IX, No. 1. (G), (E), (D) National Resources Committee, Regional Planning, Part VII  Alaska  Its Resources and Development (USGPO, Washington, 1938). (AN) Oswalt, Wendell H., Alaskan Eskimos (Chandler Publishing Co., San Francisco, 1965). (G), (D) Rogers, George W., Alaska Regional Population and Employment, SEG Report No. 15, December 1967, Institutes of Social, Economic and Government Research, College, Alaska. (H), (G), (E) Rogers, George, Alaska in Transition, The Southeast Region (The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1960, 1967). (E) Rogers, George W., Alaska's Economy in the 1960's, Alaska Review of Business and Economic Conditions, Institute of Social, Economic and Government Research, December 1970, Vol. VII, No. 6. (G), (D), (E) Rogers, George W. with Cooley, R.A., Alaska's Population and Economy, 1950-1980, Regional Growth, Development and Future Outlook, Vol. I  Analysis, Vol. II  Statistical Handbook, Economic Series: Publication No. 1, 1963, University of Alaska, College, Alaska. (H), (G), (E) Rogers, George W., The Future of Alaska: The Economic Consequences of Statehood (The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1962, 1969). (D), (E), (AN) Rogers, George W., Alaska Native Population, Trends and Vital Statistics, 1950-1985, Research Notes, Institute of Social, Economic and Government Research, 1971. (G), (E), (D) Snodgrass, John R., Alaska Statistical Review, 1970, Department of Economic Development, December 1970. (D) U.S. Bureau of the Census, all publications on Alaska from 1880 to 1970. (G) Williams, Howel, ed., Landscapes of Alaska, Their Geologic Evolution (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1958). TABLE 1 COMPARISON OF 1970 CIVILIAN POPULATION CALCULATION BUREAU OF THE CENSUS AND GOVERNOR'S ADVISORY BOARD United States Governor's Bureau of Advisory the Census Board Total 1970 Alaska Population 302,361 302,361 Less: Members of Armed Forces 32,113 31,523 _______ _______ Total 1970 Alaska Civilian Population 270,248 270,838 _______ _______ SOURCE: United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Report PC(1)-C3, Alaska, Table 53 and official correction announcements, Report of the Governor's Advisory Board, Nov. 2, 1971 and tabulation of Military Personnel  4/1/70 submitted by Board. TABLE 2 MEMBERS OF ARMED FORCES, CENSUS COUNT AND GOVERNOR'S ADVISORY BOARD FIGURES, BY AREA AND PLACE 1970 Governor's Advisory 1970 Census Reapport. Board Census Census Division Division Place Total Place Total TOTAL STATE 32,113 [] 31,523 Prince of Wales - - - ) Ketchikan ) -City of 80 - ) -Remainder 117 197 - ) 5 Outer Ketchikan ) -Annette Is. C.G. 137 - ) -Remainder - 137 - ) Wrangell-Petersburg 51 - - Sitka -City of 26 -Remainder 111 137 - - Angoon - - - - Juneau -City of 126 ) -Remainder 79 205 ) 135 Haines 9 - - Skagway-Yakutat 21 - - ______ _____ TOTAL SOUTHEAST 757 140 ______ _____ Cordova-McCarthy 38 2 (Less Area I) Valdez-Chitna-Whittier - - (Less Area I) Seward 91 - Anchorage -Elmendorf 2,431 7,965 -Ft. Richardson 4,132 [] 6,390 -Anchorage (City) 4,747 219 -Spenard 378 - -Sand Lake 19 - -Campbell Point) 1,865 ( 200 -Remainder ) ( 13,572 14,774 Matanuska-Susitna 6 - Kenai-Cook Inlet -Wildwood AFS 417 380 -Kenai (City of) 67 - -Remainder - 484 - 380 Kodiak Island -Naval Station 1,269 ) -Kodiak (City of) 182 ) -Remainder 40 1,491 ) 1,145 Aleutian Island -Adak Station 1,133 2,350 -Shemya Station 1,131 980 -Clam Lagoon NC Sta. 646 - -Mt. Moffett-NRS Sta. 327 - -Attu ) ( 7 -Cold Bay ) 452 ( 90 -Remainder ) ( 3,689 - 3,427 Bristol Bay -King Salmon AFB 403 460 -Remainder 36 439 - 460 Bethel -Pt. Newenham AFS 88 90 -Remainder 7 95 - 90 Wade Hampton -Cape Romanzorf AFS 96 95 -Remainder 73 169 - 95 ______ ______ TOTAL  SOUTHCENTRAL  SOUTHWEST 20,074 20,373 ______ ______ Barrow -Barrow 25 - -Cape Lisburne AFS 83 90 -Remainder - 108 - 90 Kobuk -Kotzebue 95 100 -Remainder 10 105 - 100 Nome -Tin City ) 100 -Remainder ) 151 10 110 ___ ___ TOTAL NORTHWEST 364 300 --- --- Fairbanks -Eielson 2,320 3,035 -Ft. Wainwright 5,019 5,570 -Fairbanks (City of) 699 10 -College 42 - -Murphy Dome AFS 200 150 -Remainder 509 8,789 - 8,765 Upper Yukon -Ft. Yukon AFS 85 100 -Remainder 18 103 - 100 Southeast Fairbanks -Ft. Greely 1,042 1,042 935 935 Yukon-Koyukuk -Campton AFB 143 130 -Galena AFB 279 225 -Clear ) 130 -Bettles ) 5 -Indian Mt. ) 307 150 -Remainder ) 729 - 640 Kuskokwim -Takotna (Tatalina) AFB 153 130 -Sparrevahn ) 102 140 -Remainder ) 255 - 270 ______ ______ TOTAL INTERIOR 10,918 10,710 ------ ------ TABLE 3 TOTAL AND CIVILIAN POPULATION BY CENSUS DIVISION  1970 Armed Census Division Total Forces Civilian ALASKA TOTAL 302,361 32,113 270,248 Prince of Wales 2,106 - 2,106 Ketchikan 10,041 197 9,844 Outer Ketchikan 1,676 137 1,539 Wrangell-Petersburg 4,913 51 4,862 Sitka 6,109 137 5,972 Angoon 503 - 503 Juneau 13,556 205 13,351 Haines 1,504 9 1,495 Skagway-Yakutat 2,157 21 2,136 Cordova-McCarthy 1,857 38 1,819 Valdez-Chitina-Whittier 3,098 - 3,098 Seward 2,336 91 2,245 Matanuska-Susitna 6,509 6 6,503 Anchorage 126,333 13,572 112,761 Kenai-Cook Inlet 14,250 484 13,766 Kodiak 9,409 1,491 7,918 Aleutian Island 8,057 3,689 4,368 Bristol Bay Borough 1,147 5 1,142 Bristol Bay 3,485 434 3,051 Kuskokwim 2,306 255 2,051 Yukon-Koyukuk 4,752 729 4,023 Upper Yukon 1,684 103 1,581 Southeast Fairbanks 4,179 1,042 3,137 Fairbanks 45,864 8,789 37,075 Barrow 2,663 108 2,555 Kobuk 4,434 105 4,329 Nome 5,749 151 5,598 Wade-Hampton 3,917 169 5,598 Bethel 7,579 95 7,484 TABLE 4 MEMBERS OF ARMED FORCES IN ALASKA (AS OF JULY 1) 1950 26,000 1960 33,000 1951 38,000 1961 33,000 1952 50,000 1962 33,000 1953 50,000 1963 34,000 1954 49,000 1964 35,000 1955 50,000 1965 33,000 1956 45,000 1966 32,000 1957 48,000 1967 33,000 1958 35,000 1968 33,000 1959 34,000 1969 32,000 1970 32,000 SOURCE: United States Bureau of the Census, Current Population Estimate, Series P-25 (Published data rounded to nearest thousand). TABLE 5 CENSUS ENUMERATIONS OF MEMBERS OF ARMED FORCES (AS OF APRIL 1 OR CENSUS REFERENCE WEEK) 1960 Census Districts 1950 1960 1970 Alaska Total 20,407 32,692 32,113 Prince of Wales - 5 - Ketchikan 370 300 334 Wrangell-Petersburg 6 - 51 Sitka 52 85 137 Juneau 220 200 205 Lynn Canal-Icy Straits 12 19 30 Cordova-McCarthy 8 202 38 Valdez-Chitina-Whittier 487 465 - Palmer-Wasilla-Talkeetna 10 26 6 Anchorage 8,467 14,278 13,572 Seward 16 - 91 Kenai-Cook Inlet 3 407 484 Kodiak 1,889 1,807 1,491 Aleutian Islands 2,894 2,417 3,689 Bristol Bay 97 539 439 Bethel 4 125 95 Kuskokwim 1 152 255 Yukon-Koyukuk 6 773 729 Fairbanks 5,352 9,950 9,831 Upper Yukon 61 123 103 Barrow - 154 108 Kobuk 37 90 105 Nome 410 504 151 Wade-Hampton 5 71 169 SOURCE: United States Bureau of the Census. TABLE 6 MEMBERS OF ARMED FORCES IN ALASKA BY 1960 CENSUS DISTRICTS  1960-1970 (AS OF JULY 1, ANNUALLY) Area Code 1960 Census District 1960 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 01 Prince of Wales 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 Ketchikan 300 300 340 340 347 341 327 420 03 Wrangell-Petersburg 0 5 13 13 23 19 23 23 04 Sitka 85 85 66 66 66 66 66 66 05 Juneau 199 229 226 221 242 214 232 232 06 Lynn Canal-Icy Straits 19 35 21 21 22 13 21 21 07 Cordova-McCarthy 202 198 66 66 66 62 66 63 08 Valdez-Chitina-Whittier 450 32 20 20 15 0 0 0 09 Palmer-Wasilla-Talkeetna 26 27 73 150 0 0 0 0 10 Anchorage 14,183 14,908 15,150 15,159 15,009 15,209 14,459 13,910 11 Seward 0 0 51 51 52 53 53 53 12 Kenai-Cook Inlet 403 300 154 200 250 300 453 53 13 Kodiak 1,807 2,157 2,287 1,512 1,826 1,521 1,674 1,467 14 Aleutian Islands 2,412 2,000 2,545 3,158 3,758 3,599 3,657 3,507 15 Bristol Bay 536 540 410 430 530 480 470 400 16 Bethel 125 132 85 100 100 100 100 90 17 Kuskokwim 152 152 150 270 275 270 270 250 18 Yukon-Koyukuk 769 792 860 925 750 750 730 630 19 Fairbanks 9,880 9,520 9,740 9,610 9,420 8,920 8,922 9,170 20 Upper Yukon 123 125 90 100 250 250 250 220 21 Barrow 148 165 70 100 100 100 100 80 22 Kobuk 90 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 23 Nome 504 528 405 488 378 338 288 129 24 Wade-Hampton 71 66 95 100 100 100 100 100 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ TOTAL 32,489 32,404 33,017 33,200 33,679 32,808 32,359 30,984 ====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ====== SOURCE: Alaska Department of Labor, Research and Analysis Worksheets, based upon Alaskan Command and United States Coast Guard data on numbers and location of uniformed personnel stationed in Alaska as of July 1 each year. TABLE 7 MEMBERS OF ARMED FORCES BY TYPE OF LIVING QUARTERS In Military Census Barracks, On In Households Total Division & Place Ships, Etc. On-Base Off-Base All Places Alaska Total 16,659 7,337 8,117 32,113 Ketchikan 197 197 Outer Ketchikan 137 137 Wrangell-Petersburg 51 51 Sitka 111 26 137 Juneau 205 205 Haines 9 9 Skagway-Yakutat 21 21 Cordova-McCarthy - - 38 38 Seward 91 91 Matanuska-Susitna - - 6 6 Anchorage -Elmendorf 1,585 846 - 2,431 -Ft. Richardson 1,725 2,407 - 4,132 -Remainder 582 - 6,427 7,009 Kenai-Cook Inlet -Wildwood Station 142 275 - 417 -Kenai - - 67 67 Kodiak -U.S.N. Station 776 493 - 1,269 -Kodiak - - 182 182 -Remainder 40 - - 40 Aleutian Islands 3,339 350 - 3,689 Bristol Bay Borough - - 5 5 Bristol Bay 411 - 23 434 Kuskokwim 255 255 Yukon-Koyukuk 599 130 - 729 Upper Yukon 103 - - 103 Southeast Fairbanks -Ft. Greeley 621 421 - 1,042 -Remainder - - - - Fairbanks -Ft. Wainwright 3,778 1,241 - 5,019 -Eielson 1,283 1,037 - 2,320 -Remainder 509 - 941 1,450 Barrow 108 108 Kobuk 105 - - 105 Nome 151 - - 151 Wade-Hampton 169 - - 169 Bethel 95 - - 95 SOURCE: United States Bureau of the Census, PC(1)-B3, Alaska Tables 31, 32, 33 and Table 2, this report. TABLE 8 COMPARATIVE MIGRANT STATUS OF RESIDENTS OF MAJOR MILITARY BASES  1970 Total Pop. Out of State Migrants [1] Census Division, 5 Years Percent Persons Military Base and Over Number 5 Yrs. & Over Anchorage Division -Elmendorf 5,405 4,306 79.7 -Ft. Richardson 7,673 5,488 71.5 -Remainder 98,200 9,794 36.0 Fairbanks Division -Eielson 5,488 3,927 71.6 -Ft. Wainwright 8,121 5,592 68.9 -Remainder 27,543 8,877 32.2 Kodiak Island Division -U.S. Navy Station 2,676 1,986 74.2 -Remainder 5,664 1,463 25.8 SOURCE: United States Bureau of the Census, Report PC(1)-C3, Alaska - Tables 117, 119. TABLE 9 COMPARISON OF RELATIVE ELECTION PARTICIPATION OF POPULATION OF VOTING AGE (1) (2) (3) (3) ÷ (2) Number of April 1, 1970 July 1, 1970 Voters, Gen. Population Population Election, Percent 18 Yrs. & Over Estimates [1] Nov. 3, 1970 Voting 1. Military Reservations Elmendorf 3,434 N.A. N.A. Ft. Richardson 6,284 N.A. N.A. ________ ________ ________ ______ Sub-total 9,818 9,445 102 1.1 ________ ________ ________ ______ Eielson 3,535 N.A. 123 Ft. Wainwright 6,462 N.A. 49 ________ ________ ________ ______ Sub-total 9,997 10,276 172 1.7 ________ ________ ________ ______ Ft. Greeley (1,271) [2] N.A. N.A. N.A. Shemya Station 1,131 1085 - - Adak Station 1,228 1,178 108 9.2 Kodiak Station 1,790 1,717 78 4.5 2. Remainder of State 151,571 [2] 157,571 81,945 52.0 ________ ________ ________ ______ TOTAL STATE 181,680 181,272 82,405 45.5 =========== ======== ======== ======== ====== N.A. = Not Available. SOURCE: Population data from United States Bureau of the Census, Report PC(1)-B3, Alaska, Tables 19, 31 and 32, State of Alaska, Official Returns by Election Precinct, General Election, November 3, 1970. Armed Forces, July 1, 1970, from Table 6. TABLE 10 1971 REAPPORTIONMENT DISTRICTS  EQUAL HOUSE REPRESENTATION WITH THREE DIFFERENT POPULATION BASES 2. Total Population Less 1. Total Population Military in Group Quarters 3. Civilian Population Less: Est. 1971 Reapportionment Total Divided Rounded Nonresident Divided Rounded Civilian Divided Rounded House Election Population by to Members by to Population by to Districts 7,559 Whole Nos. Armed Forces [1] 7,148 Whole Nos. 6,756 Whole Nos. 1. Ketchikan-Prince of Wales 13,832 1.829 2 13,823 1.935 2 13,489 1.997 2 2. Petersburg-Wrangell 4,913 0.650 1 4,862 0.681 1 4,862 0.720 1 3. Sitka 6,612 0.875 1 6,501 0.910 1 6,475 0.958 1 4. Juneau 13,556 1.793 2 13,556 1.898 2 13,351 1.976 2 5. Lynn Canal-Icy Straits 3,661 0.484 0 3,631 0.508 1 3,631 0.537 1 6. Cordova-Valdez-Seward 6,655 0.880 1 6,655 0.932 1 6,526 0.966 1 7. Palmer 6,509 0.861 1 6,418 0.899 1 6,503 0.963 1 8-11. Anchorage 126,333 16,713 17 122,441 17.142 17 112,761 16.690 17 12. Kenai-Cook Inlet 14,250 1.885 2 14,108 1.975 2 13,766 2.038 2 13. Kodiak 9,409 1.245 1 8,593 1.203 1 7,918 1.172 1 14. Aleutian-Bristol Bay 12,239 1.619 2 8,489 1.188 1 8,111 1.201 1 15. Yukon-Kuskokwim 7,058 0.934 1 6,204 0.869 1 6,074 0.899 1 16. Rural Fairbanks 6,097 0.807 1 5,373 0.752 1 4,952 0.733 1 17. Fairbanks-North Star 45,864 6.067 6 40,294 5.642 6 37,075 5.488 5 18. Barrow-Kobuk 7,499 0.992 1 7,286 1.020 1 7,286 1.078 1 19. Nome 5,749 0.761 1 5,598 0.784 1 5,598 0.829 1 20. Wade-Hampton 4,938 0.653 1 4,769 0.668 1 4,769 0.706 1 21. Bethel 7,196 0.952 1 7,101 0.994 1 7,101 1.051 1 _______ ______ __ _______ ______ __ _______ ______ __ TOTAL ALASKA 302,361 40.000 42 [2] 285,702 40,000 42 [2] 270,248 40,002 42 [2] ============ ======= ====== == ======= ====== == ======= ====== == TABLE 11 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 1971 REAPPORTIONMENT PLAN  HOUSE DISTRICTS 302,361 ------- = 7,559 POPULATION NORM PER REPRESENTATIVE 40 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Population Deviation and Change to Give Percent Over Equal Representation and Under Population House House No. of Shortage Excess Per Dist. No. Dist. Name Population Seats Pop./Rep. (Add) (Deduct) Representative 1 Ketchikan-Prince of Wales 13,823 2 6,912 647 - 8.56 2 Petersburg-Wrangell 4,913 1 4,913 2,646 - 35.00 3 Sitka 6,612 1 6,612 947 - 12.53 4 Juneau 13,556 2 6,778 781 - 10.33 5 Lynn Canal-Icy Straits 3,661 1 3,661 3,898 - 51.57 6 Cordova-Valdez-Seward 6,655 1 6,655 904 - 11.96 7 Palmer 6,509 1 6,509 1,050 - 13.89 8 Anchorage Northeast ) ) ) ) ) 9 Anchorage Northwest ) ) ) ) 10 Anchorage Southeast 126,333) 16) 7,896) 337) + 4.46) 11 Anchorage Southwest ) ) ) ) ) 12 Kenai-Cook Inlet 14,250 2 7,125 434 - 5.74 13 Kodiak 9,409 1 9,409 1,850 + 24.47 14 Aleutian-Bristol Bay 12,239 1 12,239 4,680 + 61.92 15 Yukon-Kuskokwim 7,058 1 7,058 501 - 6.63 16 Rural Fairbanks 6,097 1 6,097 1,492 - 19.34 17 Fairbanks-North Star 45,864 5 9,173 1,614 + 21.35 18 Barrow-Kobuk 7,499 1 7,499 60 - 0.79 19 Nome 5,749 1 5,749 1,810 - 23.94 20 Wade-Hampton 4,938 1 4,938 2,621 - 34.67 21 Bethel 7,196 1 7,196 363 335 - 4.80 TABLE 12 ALASKA'S NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE POPULATION, BY REGION 1740-1970 Southeast Southcentral Southwest Interior Northwest Year or Date Native Non-Native Native Non-Native Native Non-Native Native Non-Native Native Non-Nati Circa 1740-80 11,800 - 3,700 - 26,000 - 5,200 - 10,500 - 1839 8,860 400 3,907 250 11,249 50 4,000 - 12,003 - 1880 7,455 293 4,318 34 13,826 88 2,560 8 4,837 7 1890 5,967 2,071 3,566 2,546 10,660 1,411 2,188 145 2,973 [1] 525 June 1, 1900 5,800 8,550 4,000 6,000 9,600 3,400 3,000 2,600 7,142 13,500 Dec. 31, 1909 5,866 9,350 3,205 9,695 7,326 4,723 2,403 10,661 6,531 4,596 Jan. 1, 1920 5,357 12,045 3,000 8,173 10,151 1,390 2,500 5,464 5,550 1,406 Oct. 1, 1929 5,990 13,314 3,559 8,321 10,735 1,383 3,329 4,917 6,370 1,360 Oct. 1, 1939 6,502 18,739 3,974 10,907 10,858 1,988 3,462 6,883 7,662 1,549 April 1, 1950 7,929 20,274 3,788 46,305 10,838 6,877 3,666 19,342 7,663 1,961 April 1, 1960 9,242 26,161 5,514 103,337 14,314 6,687 4,638 44,490 9,373 2,411 April 1, 1970 8,162 34,403 9,379 154,379 17,115 9,564 5,578 51,221 10,656 2,190 SOURCES: 1740 based upon estimates by Mooney (1928) published in J.W. Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, Bulletin 145, Washington Bureau of American Ethnology (1952). Northwest estimate reduced in accordance with more recent studies. Estimates for 1839 based upon reports by Venianlnow (1835) and others in Resources of Alaska, 10th Census of the United States, 1880, Vol. VIII, Washington, D.C., 1884, pp. 36-38. Other data from regular U.S. Bureau of the Census Reports for 1880 through 1970. Native data for 1970 partly estimated. ORDER ESTABLISHING AN INTERIM REAPPORTIONMENT PLAN FOR 1972 LEGISLATIVE ELECTIONS This Court declared the Reapportionment and Redistricting Proclamation dated December 30, 1971, unconstitutional by its Decision and Order entered May 26, 1972. Pursuant to that Decision and Order, the Court appointed Dr. George W. Rogers and William H. Scott Masters to assist it in fashioning an interim reapportionment plan for the 1972 Alaska Legislative Elections. [1] The Court, on May 26, 1972 gave the Masters the following written instructions: 1. By use of the official census of 1970, you should establish a population base for the State of Alaska. This population base should include military personnel who were enumerated in the 1970 Census. 2. You should make an inquiry to determine whether or not the number of nonresident military personnel included in the 1970 Census can be determined. If a determination can be made, then you should subtract the number from the total which you have arrived at in paragraph 1 above. You should also state the methods in detail by which you arrived at this determination. 3. Once you have determined the population base, you should divide the same by 40. This will give you the ideal number of persons to be included in a single member House district. You should then divide the population base by 20 which will represent the ideal population for a single member Senate district. 4. You should then establish House and Senate election districts containing a number of persons as close to the formula as feasible. 5. In establishing House and Senate districts, an effort should be made to make the districts correspond, where feasible, with the approximate boundaries set out in the 1971 reapportionment plan. No designated seats will be established within a multi-member district if multi-member districts are established. In establishing House and Senate districts you should, wherever feasible, create a district of contiguous and compact territory containing as nearly as practicable a relatively integrated socio-economic area. 6. If there are any substantial deviations from the population norms, express, specific reasons should be set forth. The Masters submitted a report on June 12, 1972. Thereafter, the Masters met with the Court on June 13, 1972, at which time the report was amended to reflect determinations made by the Court concerning the reapportionment plan. The Court, now being fully advised in the premises, hereby makes and orders the following interim reapportionment plan for the 1972 legislative elections: (1) By use of the Official Census of 1970, the Court determines that the total population base for the State of Alaska shall be 302,361. This figure includes the military population residing in the State of Alaska at the time of the Official Census of April, 1970. In the time available to the Court for the preparation of the interim plan, the Court could find no feasible method of excluding some or all of the military personnel from the total population base. Moreover, computations revealed that changes in representation under the interim plan due to the inclusion of military personnel were minimal. (2) The Court determines that the ideal population norm for each member of the State House of Representatives should be 7,559, and that the ideal population norm for each member of the State Senate should be 15,118. (3) House and Senate election districts with their boundaries indicated are depicted on the maps, Appendix 2, and are described geographically in Appendix 3. The population of each district, the number of seats, and the percentages of variations from the norms are set forth in Tables A and B of the Master's Report (pages 880 and 881, supra). (4) The Court establishes twenty House Election Districts as follows: [2] House Number District House District Name of Seats 1. Ketchikan 2 2. Prince of Wales-Petersburg-Wrangell 1 3. Sitka 1 4. Juneau-Lynn Canal 2 5. Prince William Sound 1 6. Matanuska-Susitna 1 7-10. Anchorage 16 11. Cook Inlet 2 12. Kodiak (Urban) 1 13. Western Gulf of Alaska-Aleutian Islands 1 14. Bristol Bay 1 15. Bethel 1 16. Yukon-Koyukuk-Kuskokwim 1 17. Fairbanks 6 18. Nenana-McKinley 1 19. North Slope 1 20. Bering Straits 1 __ Total 40 (5) The Court establishes eleven Senate election districts as follows: Senate Number District Senate District Name of Seats A. Ketchikan 1 B. Alexander Archipelago-East Gult of Alaska 1 C. Juneau-Lynn Canal 1 D. Prince William Sound-Matanuska-Susitna 1 E. Anchorage 8 F. Cook Inlet 1 G. Kodiak-Aleutians 1 H. Bristol Bay-Bethel 1 I. Interior Alaska 1 J. Fairbanks 3 K. North Slope-Bering Strait 1 __ Total 20 (6) Senators elected in 1970 shall continue in office until the end of their terms and shall represent the following districts: [3] Senate District A Robert H. Ziegler, Sr. Senate District C Bill Ray Senate District E Chancy Croft, Ron L. Rettig, Lowell Thomas, Jr., Clifford J. Groh Senate District G Kathryn Poland Senate District J John Butrovich, Donald E. Young Senate District K Willie Hensley (7) For the purposes of the 1972 legislative elections, there shall be no designated seats within a multi-member House or Senate district. (8) The time for completion of registration lists, designation of precincts and distribution of material as set forth in AS 15.07.140 and AS 15.10.080 is extended from forty (40) days prior to the primary election to twenty (20) days prior to said election. (9) The parties shall have until noon, June 17, 1972 to file objections to this Order, in the Office of the Clerk of the Supreme Court at Juneau, Alaska. (10) Jurisdiction is retained, and an opinion will be filed in due course. DATED: June 14, 1972 at Anchorage, Alaska.