Opinion ID: 786867
Heading Depth: 4
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Application of the Calder Test

Text: 40 With these cases in mind, we apply the Calder effects test to the present dispute. The three-part test requires that the defendant have (1) committed an intentional act, (2) expressly aimed at the forum state, (3) causing harm that the defendant knows is likely to be suffered in the forum state. Dole Food, 303 F.3d at 1111. All three parts of the test must be satisfied.
41 Schwarzenegger must first demonstrate that Fred Martin committed an intentional act. Intentional act has a specialized meaning in the context of the Calder effects test. We have generally applied the intentional act test to actions sounding in tort. See Dole Food, 303 F.3d at 1111 (Under our precedents, the purposeful direction or availment requirement for specific jurisdiction is analyzed in intentional tort cases under the `effects' test derived from Calder [].); Panavision, 141 F.3d at 1321 (noting that the Calder test applies [i]n tort cases). The Restatement (Second) of Torts defines act as follows: 42 The word act is used throughout the Restatement [] to denote an external manifestation of the actor's will and does not include any of its results, even the most direct, immediate, and intended. 43 Id. § 2 (1964). Thus, if the actor, having pointed a pistol at another, pulls the trigger, the act is the pulling of the trigger and not the impingement of the bullet upon the other's person. Id. § 2 cmt. c. We construe intent in the context of the intentional act test as referring to an intent to perform an actual, physical act in the real world, rather than an intent to accomplish a result or consequence of that act. (The result or consequence of the act is relevant, but with respect to the third part of the Calder test — harm suffered in the forum.) 44 In Calder, the intentional acts committed by the reporter and editor were the researching, writing, editing, and publishing of an allegedly libelous tabloid news article, all of which occurred in Florida. See 465 U.S. at 789, 104 S.Ct. 1482 (Jurisdiction over petitioners is [] proper in California based on the `effects' of their Florida conduct in California.); see also id. at 786 n. 4, 104 S.Ct. 1482; id. at 787 n. 6, 104 S.Ct. 1482. In Sinatra, the clinic's intentional acts were the uttering of false statements, in Switzerland, about Frank Sinatra's fictitious visits to the clinic. In Bancroft & Masters, Augusta National's intentional act was the sending of its complaint letter from Georgia to Virginia. Finally, in Panavision, defendant's intentional acts were the various acts in furtherance of his scheme to obtain money from Panavision, including registering the domain name www.panavision.com and mailing a demand letter to California. Under the Restatement and our case law, Fred Martin committed an intentional act when it placed the Advertisement in the Akron Beacon Journal. 45
46 Schwarzenegger must also show that Fred Martin expressly aimed its intentional act — the placement of the Advertisement — at California. In Calder, the Supreme Court found that the intentional acts of the reporter and editor, though taking place in Florida, were expressly aimed at California: 47 The allegedly libelous story concerned the California activities of a California resident. It impugned the professionalism of an entertainer whose television career was centered in California. The article was drawn from California sources.... California is the focal point [] of the story.... 48