Opinion ID: 411938
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 3

Heading: standing to challenge advertising provision

Text: 41 The district court found that M.C.A. Sec. 45-10-106, the Act's advertising prohibition, is an unconstitutional infringement on appellant's First Amendment rights. We find that the appellant had no standing to challenge this advertising prohibition and thus vacate that portion of the district court's decision. Appellant admitted, in his brief and at oral argument, that he has no plans to advertise and that he does not fear prosecution under this portion of the statute. This admission negates appellant's claim that advertising is part and parcel of all retail business activity. 42 Standing of parties to bring their claims is a threshold question a court must face before reaching the substantive issues of a case. Traditionally, courts require that a plaintiff have a personal stake in the outcome of a case, to assure that concrete adverseness which sharpens the presentation of issues upon which the court so largely depends for illumination of difficult constitutional questions. Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 204, 82 S.Ct. 691, 703, 7 L.Ed.2d 663 (1962). 43 Standing issues are complicated, however, in the pre-enforcement facial challenge or declaratory judgment context; when a plaintiff has alleged an intention to engage in a course of conduct arguably affected with a constitutional interest, but proscribed by a statute, and there exists a credible threat of prosecution thereunder, he 'should not be required to await and undergo a criminal prosecution as the sole means of seeking relief.'  Babbit v. United Farm Workers National Union, 442 U.S. 289, 298, 99 S.Ct. 2301, 2308, 60 L.Ed.2d 895 (1979), quoting Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179, 188, 93 S.Ct. 739, 745, 35 L.Ed.2d 201 (1973). In such an instance, a plaintiff must demonstrate a genuine threat that the allegedly unconstitutional law is about to be enforced against him. Steffel v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 452, 458-59, 94 S.Ct. 1209, 1215, 39 L.Ed.2d 505 (1974); O'Shea v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 488, 493-99, 94 S.Ct. 669, 674-77, 38 L.Ed.2d 674 (1974); Brache v. County of Westchester, 658 F.2d 47 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied 455 U.S. 1005, 102 S.Ct. 1643, 71 L.Ed.2d 874 (1982). The mere existence of a statute, which may or may not ever be applied to plaintiffs, is not sufficient to create a case or controversy within the meaning of Article III. Jensen v. National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA), 512 F.2d 1189, 1191 (9th Cir.1975). 44 The Supreme Court has carved an exception out of the rigorous standing requirements where First Amendment speech rights are implicated. In such cases, a plaintiff may assert the constitutional rights of others under the relaxed standards for overbreadth facial challenges involving protected speech. Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601, 611-12, 93 S.Ct. 2908, 2915, 37 L.Ed.2d 830 (1973). In Flipside, however, the Supreme Court resolved the question of the applicability of this standing exception to advertising prohibitions such as the one in the instant action. The Court ruled that standing for those not directly injured in First Amendment overbreadth cases does not extend to commercial speech, so that Flipside was not allowed to assert the constitutional speech rights of other parties. Flipside, 102 S.Ct. at 1192. 45 Since the appellant does not fall within the standing exception created by Broadrick and since clarified by Flipside, we must deny him standing to make a facial challenge to a statute claimed to be unconstitutional as applied to the conduct of others. H.L. v. Matheson, 450 U.S. 398, 405-06, 101 S.Ct. 1164, 1169, 67 L.Ed.2d 388 (1981). Thus, we are left to consider, ... whether the facts alleged, under all the circumstances, show that there is substantial controversy, between parties having adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment. Maryland Casualty Co. v. Pacific Coal & Oil Co., 312 U.S. 270, 273, 61 S.Ct. 510, 512, 85 L.Ed. 826 (1941). Also see Western Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 624 (9th Cir.1981), cert. denied 454 U.S. 1031, 102 S.Ct. 567, 70 L.Ed.2d 474 (1982); Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297, 320, 100 S.Ct. 2671, 2689, 65 L.Ed.2d 784 (1980). 46 Since we find that the appellant failed to show, any real or threatened injury at the hands of persons acting under the authority granted by the statute, Western Mining Council, 643 F.2d at 624, we hold that appellant did not plead sufficient facts for the district court to have a conferred standing upon him. We therefore vacate this portion of the district court's decision. We do not reach the issue of whether the Act violates the protections for commercial speech set forth in Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Comm'n of New York, 447 U.S. 557, 100 S.Ct. 2343, 65 L.Ed.2d 341 (1980). We affirm the remainder of the district court's decision. 47 ADDENDUM A CHAPTER 10 MODEL DRUG PARAPHERNALIA ACT Part 1--General Provisions Section 48 45-10-101. Definitions. 49 45-10-102. Determination of what constitutes paraphernalia. 50 45-10-103. Criminal possession of drug paraphernalia. 51 45-10-104. Manufacture or delivery of drug paraphernalia. 52 45-10-105. Delivery of drug paraphernalia to a minor. 53 45-10-106. Advertisement of drug paraphernalia. 54 45-10-107. Exemptions. 55 NOTE: OPINION CONTAINS TABLE OR OTHER DATA THAT IS NOT VIEWABLE 56 45-10-101. Definitions. (1) As used in this part, the term drug paraphernalia means all equipment, products, and materials of any kind that are used, intended for use, or designed for use in planting, propagating, cultivating, growing, harvesting, manufacturing, compounding, converting, producing, processing, preparing, testing, analyzing, packaging, repackaging, storing, containing, concealing, injecting, ingesting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing into the human body a dangerous drug. It includes but is not limited to: 57 (a) kits used, intended for use, or designed for use in planting, propagating, cultivating, growing, or harvesting of any species of plant that is a dangerous drug or from which a dangerous drug can be derived; 58 (b) kits used, intended for use, or designed for use in manufacturing, compounding, converting, producing, processing, or preparing dangerous drugs; 59 (c) isomerization devices used, intended for use, or designed for use in increasing the potency of any species of plant that is a dangerous drug; 60 (d) testing equipment used, intended for use, or designed for use in identifying or in analyzing the strength, effectiveness, or purity of dangerous drugs; 61 (e) scales and balances used, intended for use, or designed for use in weighing or measuring dangerous drugs; 62 (f) dilutents and adulterants, such as quinine hydrochloride, mannitol, mannite, dextrose, and lactose, used, intended for use, or designed for use in cutting dangerous drugs; 63 (g) separation gins and sifters used, intended for use, or designed for use in removing twigs and seeds from or in otherwise cleaning or refining marijuana; 64 (h) blenders, bowls, containers, spoons, and mixing devices used, intended for use, or designed for use in compounding dangerous drugs; 65 (i) capsules, balloons, envelopes, and other containers used, intended for use, or designed for use in packaging small quantities of dangerous drug; 66 (j) containers and other objects used, intended for use, or designed for use in storing or concealing dangerous drugs; 67 (k) objects used, intended for use, or designed for use in ingesting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing marijuana, cocaine, hashish, hashish oil, or other dangerous drug as defined by 50-32-101 into the human body, such as: 68 (i) metal, wooden, acrylic, glass, stone, plastic, or ceramic pipes with or without screens, permanent screens, hashish heads, or punctured metal bowls; 69 (ii) water pipes, 70 (iii) carburetion tubes and devices; 71 (iv) smoking and carburetion masks; 72 (v) roach clips, meaning objects used to hold burning material, such as a marijuana cigarette, that has become too small or too short to be held in the hand; 73 (vi) miniature cocaine spoons and cocaine vials; 74 (vii) chamber pipes; 75 (viii) carburetor pipes; 76 (ix) electric pipes; 77 (x) air-driven pipes; 78 (xi) chillums; 79 (xii) bongs; 80 (xiii) ice pipes or chillers. 81 (2) Words or phrases used in this part that are not defined by this section have the meaning given to them by the definitions contained in 50-32-101 unless the usage clearly indicates a different intent. 82 History: En. Sec. 1, Ch. 481, L.1981. 83 45-10-102. Determination of what constitutes paraphernalia. In determining whether an object is drug paraphernalia, a court or other authority should consider, in addition to all other logically relevant factors, the following: 84 (1) statements by an owner or by anyone in control of the object concerning its use; 85 (2) prior convictions, if any, of an owner or of anyone in control of the object, under any state or federal law relating to any controlled substance or dangerous drug; 86 (3) the proximity of the object, in time and space to a direct violation of this part; 87 (4) the proximity of the object to dangerous drugs;(5) the existence of any residue of dangerous drugs on the object; 88 (6) direct or circumstantial evidence of the intent of an owner or of anyone in control of the object to deliver it to persons whom he knows, or should reasonably know, intend to use the object to facilitate a violation of 45-10-103 through 45-10-106. The innocence of an owner or of anyone in control of the object as to a direct violation of 45-10-103 through 45-10-106 does not prevent a finding that the object is intended for use or designed for use as drug paraphernalia. 89 (7) instructions, oral or written, provided with the object concerning its use; 90 (8) descriptive materials accompanying the object which explain or depict its use; 91 (9) national and local advertising concerning its use; 92 (10) the manner in which the object is displayed for sale; 93 (11) whether the owner or anyone in control of the object is a legitimate supplier of like or related items to the community, such as a licensed distributor or dealer of tobacco products; 94 (12) direct or circumstantial evidence of the ratio of sales of the object to the total sales of the business enterprise; 95 (13) the existence and scope of legitimate uses for the object in the community; 96 (14) expert testimony concerning its use. 97 History: En. Sec. 2, Ch. 481, L.1981. 98 45-10-103. Criminal possession of drug paraphernalia. It is unlawful for any person to use or to possess with intent to use drug paraphernalia to plant, propagate, cultivate, grow, harvest, manufacture, compound, convert, produce, process, prepare, test, analyze, pack, repack, store, contain, conceal, inject, ingest, inhale, or otherwise introduce into the human body a dangerous drug. Any person who violates this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be imprisoned in the county jail for not more than 6 months, fined not more than $500, or both. 99 History: En. Sec. 3, Ch. 481, L.1981. 100 45-10-104. Manufacture or delivery of drug paraphernalia. It is unlawful for any person to deliver, possess with intent to deliver, or manufacture with intent to deliver drug paraphernalia, knowing or under circumstances where one reasonably should know that it will be used to plant, propagate, cultivate, grow, harvest, manufacture, compound, convert, produce, process, prepare, test, analyze, pack, repack, store, contain, conceal, inject, ingest, inhale, or otherwise introduce into the human body a dangerous drug. Any person who violates this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be imprisoned in the county jail for not more than 6 months, fined not more than $500, or both. 101 History: En. Sec. 4, Ch. 481, L.1981. 102 45-10-105. Delivery of drug paraphernalia to a minor. Any person 18 years of age or over who violates 45-10-104 by delivering drug paraphernalia to a person under 18 years of age who is at least 3 years his junior is guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be imprisoned in the county jail for not more than 1 year, fined not more than $1,000, or both. 103 History: En. Sec. 5, Ch. 481, L.1981. 104 45-10-106. Advertisement of drug paraphernalia. It is unlawful for any person to place in any newspaper, magazine, handbill, or other publication any advertisement knowing or under circumstances where one reasonably should know that the purpose of the advertisement, in whole or in part, is to promote the sale of objects designed or intended for use as drug paraphernalia. Any person who violates this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be imprisoned in the county jail for not more than 6 months, fined not more than $500, or both. 105 History: En. Sec. 6, Ch. 481, L.1981. 106 45-10-107. Exemptions. Practitioners and agents under their supervision acting in the course of a professional practice as defined by 50-32-101 are exempt from this part. 107 History: En. Sec. 7, Ch. 481, L.1981. 108 44-12-101. Definition of controlled substance. As used in this chapter, controlled substance means any substance designated as a dangerous drug pursuant to Title 50, chapter 32, parts 1 and 2. 109 History: En. Sec. 1, Ch. 529, L.1979. 110 44-12-102. Things subject to forfeiture. (1) The following are subject to forfeiture: 111 (a) all controlled substances that have been manufactured, distributed, prepared, cultivated, compounded, processed, or possessed in violation of Title 45, chapter 9; 112 (b) all money, raw materials, products, and equipment of any kind that are used or intended for use in manufacturing, preparing, cultivating, compounding, processing, delivering, importing, or exporting any controlled substance in violation of Title 45, chapter 9, except items used or intended for use in connection with quantities of marijuana in amounts less than 250 grams; 113 (c) except as provided in subsection (2)(d), all property that is used or intended for use as a container for anything enumerated in subsection (1)(a) or (1)(b); 114 (d) except as provided in subsection (2), all conveyances, including aircraft, vehicles, and vessels: 115 (i) which are used or intended for use in unlawfully transporting or in any manner facilitating the transportation of anything enumerated in subsection (1)(a) or (1)(b) for the purpose of sale or receipt of such thing; 116 (ii) in which a controlled substance is unlawfully kept, deposited, or concealed; or 117 (iii) in which a controlled substance is unlawfully possessed by an occupant; 118 (e) all books, records, and research products and materials, including formulas, microfilm, tapes, and data, that are used or intended for use in violation of Title 45, chapter 9; and 119 (f) all drug paraphernalia as defined in 45-10-101. 120 (2) (a) No conveyance used by a person as a common carrier in the transaction of business as a common carrier is subject to forfeiture under this section unless it appears that the owner or other person in charge of the conveyance is a consenting party or privy to a violation of Title 45, chapter 9. 121 (b) No conveyance is subject to forfeiture under this section because of any act or omission established by the owner of the conveyance to have been committed or omitted without his knowledge or consent. 122 (c) A forfeiture of a conveyance encumbered by a bona fide security interest is subject to the interest of the secured party if he neither had knowledge of nor consented to any violation of Title 45, chapter 9. 123 (d) No conveyance or container is subject to forfeiture under this section if it was used or intended for use in transporting less than 250 grams of marijuana. 124 History: En. Sec. 2, Ch. 529, L.1979; amd. Sec. 8, Ch. 481, L.1981. 125 Severability: Section 10, Ch. 481, L. 1981, was a severability section. 126 44-12-103. When property may be seized. (1) A peace officer who has probable cause to make an arrest for a violation of Title 45, chapter 9, probable cause to believe that a conveyance has been used or is intended to be used to unlawfully transport a controlled substance, or probable cause to believe that a conveyance has been used to keep, deposit, or conceal a controlled substance shall seize the conveyance so used or intended to be used or any conveyance in which a controlled substance is unlawfully possessed by an occupant. He shall immediately deliver a conveyance that he seizes to the sheriff of the county in which the seizure is made, to be held as evidence until forfeiture is declared or release ordered. 127 (2) All property subject to forfeiture under 44-12-102 may be seized by a peace officer under a search warrant issued by a district court having jurisdiction over the property. Seizure without a warrant may be made if:(a) the seizure is incident to an arrest or a search under a search warrant issued for another purpose or an inspection under an administrative inspection warrant; 128 (b) the property subject to seizure has been the subject of a prior judgment in favor of the state in a criminal proceeding or a forfeiture proceeding based on this chapter; 129 (c) the peace officer has probable cause to believe that the property is directly or indirectly dangerous to health or safety; or 130 (d) the peace officer has probable cause to believe that the property was used or is intended to be used in violation of Title 45, chapter 9, or in violation of Title 45, chapter 10, part 1. 131 History: En. Sec. 3, Ch. 529, L.1979; amd. Sec. 9, Ch. 481, L.1981. 132 Severability: Section 10, Ch. 481, L. 1981, was a severability section.