Opinion ID: 463816
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: introduction

Text: 1 In July, 1978, plaintiff-appellant Timothy L. Perry sustained injuries to his legs and hands when the rocket-powered exhibition car he was operating crashed at the Bandimere Speedway near Morrison, Colorado. The fuel used by this car contained a solution of 90 percent hydrogen peroxide. Appellants filed suit in federal district court on May 7, 1980, alleging that the hydrogen peroxide fuel came in contact with appellant Perry's skin and that appellees Ian Winspur and Thomas C. Sumners, treating physicians and Board certified plastic surgeons, failed to care for his injuries adequately by not immediately flooding the exposed areas with water. An eight day jury trial commenced on May 11, 1983, and concluded in a verdict for the physicians. 2 The sole issue on appeal is whether the district court committed reversible error by allowing three experts to testify for the defense. Because appellants were neither surprised nor prejudiced by the district court's ruling on this matter, the jury's verdict is affirmed. 3 Appellants object to the district court's ruling which allowed certain testimony by Dr. Richard Albin, a plastic surgeon, Dr. Larry Fisher, an infectious disease specialist, and Dr. Daniel Teitelbaum, a toxicologist. Dr. Teitelbaum testified about the effects of hydrogen peroxide on human flesh and the protective capabilities of Timothy Perry's suit; Dr. Albin also testified about the effects of hydrogen peroxide on flesh; and Dr. Fisher testified that the defendant physicians did not breach the relevant standard of care. It is appellants' position that such testimony was prohibited by pretrial orders. In particular, appellants contend that they had not been advised that Dr. Albin would testify concerning the effects of hydrogen peroxide on human flesh, that Dr. Fisher would testify about the appropriateness and adequacy of the care provided by the defendant physicians, or that Dr. Teitelbaum would be called as an expert at all. 4 It is well established that unless the court modified its pretrial order, the parties are bound to its contents and may not contradict its terms. 3 J. Moore, Moore's Federal Practice Sec. 16.19 at 16-63 (2d ed. 1985); Air-Exec, Inc. v. Two Jacks, Inc., 584 F.2d 942, 944 (10th Cir.1978); Fed.R.Civ.P. 16. This rule, of course, applies to those portions of pretrial orders which list the witnesses and describe the testimony each party may use. Nevertheless, the decision to allow or prohibit testimony or witnesses not described or listed in the pretrial order rests with the sound discretion of the trial judge and will not be disturbed except for abuse of discretion. Lentsch v. Marshall, 741 F.2d 301, 306 (10th Cir.1984). 5 In determining whether a district court has abused its discretion, the following factors should be considered: 6 (1) the prejudice or surprise in fact of the party against whom the excluded witnesses would have testified, (2) the ability of that party to cure the prejudice, (3) the extent to which waiver of the rules against calling unlisted witnesses would disrupt the orderly and efficient trial of the case or of other cases in court, and (4) bad faith or willfulness in failing to comply with the court's order. 7 Smith v. Ford Motor Co., 626 F.2d 784, 797 (10th Cir.1980), quoting Meyers v. Pennypack Woods Home Ownership Ass'n, 559 F.2d 894, 904-05 (3d Cir.1977). It is apparent from an application of these factors to the facts and circumstances of this case that the trial judge did not abuse his discretion. The factors concerning each witness will be discussed separately below.