Opinion ID: 171898
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: analysis

Text: Williams contends his prior conviction for battery on a police officer, as defined by Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 649(B) (1995), is not categorically a crime of violence and therefore the district court's sentencing enhancement was in error. We disagree. Whether a prior conviction qualifies as a crime of violence for the purposes of § 4B1.1(a) is a question of statutory construction we review de novo. United States v. Paxton, 422 F.3d 1203, 1205 (10th Cir.2005). When interpreting the Guidelines, we look at the language in the guideline itself, as well as at the `interpretative and explanatory commentary to the guideline' provided by the Sentencing Commission. United States v. Torres-Ruiz, 387 F.3d 1179, 1181 (10th Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted). Commentary to the Guidelines is authoritative unless it violates the Constitution or a federal statute, or is inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous reading of, that guideline. Id. (quotation omitted). For our purposes here, the Guidelines define a crime of violence as: [A]ny offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that (1) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another, or (2) is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another. USSG § 4B1.2(a). The commentary refines the definition, noting: Other offenses are included as crimes of violence if (A) that offense has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another, or (B) the conduct set forth (i.e., expressly charged) in the count of which the defendant was convicted involved use of explosives (including any explosive material or destructive device) or, by its nature, presented a serious potential risk of physical injury to another. Id., cmt. n. 1 (emphasis added). Additionally, when determining whether a prior conviction qualifies as a crime of violence, we apply a formal categorical approach, looking only to the statutory definitions of the prior offenses, and not to the particular facts underlying those convictions. United States v. Dennis, 551 F.3d 986, 988 (10th Cir.2008) (quoting Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 600, 110 S.Ct. 2143, 109 L.Ed.2d 607 (1990)). Such an approach does not normally permit a court to evaluate the underlying facts of the defendant's conduct. Id. Here, the 1995 Oklahoma statute criminalizing battery on a police officer provides that: Every person who, without justifiable or excusable cause knowingly commits battery or assault and battery upon the person of a police officer, ... while said officer is in the performance of his duties, upon conviction, is punishable by imprisonment of not more than five (5) years in a state correction institution.... § 649(B) (as in effect in 1995). Oklahoma statutes further define battery as any willful and unlawful use of force or violence upon the person of another. § 642. Williams contends his prior conviction for battery on a police officer in Oklahoma does not qualify under § 4B1.2(a)'s definition of a crime of violence because it is merely an aggravated form of misdemeanor battery under Oklahoma law and even the slightest touching can constitute a violation. [4] In particular, Williams cites our recent decision in United States v. Hays, 526 F.3d 674, 679-81 (10th Cir. 2008), for the proposition that a statute criminalizing even the slightest touching does not qualify as a crime of violence. [5] Williams's argument, however, fails for two reasons. First, we have previously held Oklahoma's assault and battery on a police officer statute is a crime of violence under § 4B1.2. Davis, 437 F.3d at 998 (stating [i]t is apparent that ... [assault and battery on a police officer] under Oklahoma law constitute[s][a] `crime[] of violence' under § 4B1.2). Our decision in Davis clearly binds us `absent en banc reconsideration or a superseding contrary decision by the Supreme Court.' United States v. Mitchell, 518 F.3d 740, 752 n. 14 (10th Cir.2008) (quoting In re Smith, 10 F.3d 723, 724 (10th Cir.1993) (per curiam)). Williams can cite no such contrary authority. The district court thus did not err in finding it was bound by Davis to hold that Williams's prior conviction was a crime of violence under § 4B1.2. [6] Acknowledging the application of Davis, Williams asks us to ignore it because the analysis lacks sufficient specificity. But even if we were not bound by our holding in Davis, Williams's contentions are still foreclosed by the residual clause of § 4B1.2(a)(2). Under this clause, an offense may still be deemed a crime of violence if it otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another. § 4B1.2(a)(2). Williams asserts that battery on a police officer involves no more risk than ordinary, misdemeanor battery of an unspecified class of victims. We disagree. Battery on a police officer, as defined by Oklahoma statutes, involves conduct presenting a serious potential risk of physical injury to another. We have previously recognized that for an offense to fall within the residual clause, it must proscribe conduct roughly similar, in kind as well as in degree of risk posed to the enumerated examples preceding the clause. [7] Dennis, 551 F.3d at 989 (quoting Begay v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 128 S.Ct. 1581, 1585, 170 L.Ed.2d 490 (2008)); see also United States v. West, 550 F.3d 952, 960 (10th Cir.2008). Additionally, the proper inquiry is whether the conduct encompassed by the elements of the offense, in the ordinary case, presents a serious potential risk of injury to another. James v. United States, 550 U.S. 192, 208, 127 S.Ct. 1586, 167 L.Ed.2d 532 (2007) (emphasis added) (stating that [o]ne can always hypothesize unusual cases in which even a prototypically violent crime might not present a genuine risk of injury, but that does not preclude finding the offense qualifies as a crime of violence under the residual clause); United States v. Fell, 511 F.3d 1035, 1040 (10th Cir.2007) (same). Therefore, the question here is whether battery on a police officer under Oklahoma law in the ordinary case, is roughly (1) similar in kind, and (2) similar in degree of risk to burglary, arson, extortion, or crimes involving explosives. § 4B1.2(a)(2); West, 550 F.3d at 960. Battery on a police officer, as defined by Oklahoma statutes, is similar in kind to the enumerated offenses. The Supreme Court has stated the residual clause is intended to reach purposeful, violent, and aggressive conduct rather than merely negligent or reckless acts. Begay, 128 S.Ct. at 1586. The battery statute here required Williams to knowingly, willfully, and unlawfully use force or violence against a police officer. See Okla. Stat. tit. 21, §§ 642, 649(B) (1995). Such intentional conduct is necessarily purposeful, violent, and aggressive. Begay, 128 S.Ct. at 1586; see also Chambers v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 687, 692, 172 L.Ed.2d 484 (2009). Further, the statute reaches conduct that, in the ordinary case, presents a similar risk as the enumerated crimes in § 4B1.2(a)(2). See James, 550 U.S. at 199, 127 S.Ct. 1586 ([T]he most relevant common attribute of the enumerated offenses of burglary, arson, extortion, and explosives use is ... that all of these offenses, while not technically crimes against the person, nevertheless create significant risks of bodily injury or confrontation that might result in bodily injury.). The ordinary violation of the statute in this case involves far more violence than slight touching. See, e.g., Stratton v. City of Tulsa, 753 P.2d 931, 933 (Okla.Crim.App. 1988) (punching officers); Snyder v. State, 738 P.2d 548, 549 (Okla.Crim.App.1987) (hitting officer with various objects); Marshall v. State, 646 P.2d 611, 612-13 (Okla. Crim.App.1982) (punching officer). An apt analogy can be drawn between battery of a police officer and escape from custody or eluding police. See, e.g., West, 550 F.3d at 963; [8] United States v. Ellis, 525 F.3d 960, 965 (10th Cir.2008) (stating escape from custody is a crime of violence under § 4B1.2). Williams contends that battery on a police officer risks no more violence than battery by illegally touch[ing] an ordinary, non-law enforcement individual. Aplt. Br. at 18. But just like escape, battery of an armed on-duty police officer is a powder keg, which may or may not explode into violence and result in physical injury to someone at any given time, but which always has the serious potential to do so. West, 550 F.3d at 963 (quotation omitted) (emphasis added). Such battery involves an overt act against the police officerthereby not only initiating a confrontation, but risking a serious escalation in violence. See id. For example, in response to the battery, the officer may draw his weapon and employ deadly force, potentially endangering not only the suspect and the officer, but innocent bystanders as well. See Begay, 128 S.Ct. at 1586 (noting that purposeful, violent, and aggressive crimes are potentially more dangerous when firearms are involved (quotation omitted)). Consequently, we cannot agree with Williams's contention that battery on an on-duty police officer is no more risky than battery of an ordinary individual. In sum, battery on a police officer, as defined by Oklahoma statutes, ordinarily involves purposeful, aggressive, and violent conduct, and creates a serious potential risk of physical injury. Williams's 1995 conviction, therefore, categorically qualifies as a crime of violence under § 4B1.2(a)(2)'s residual clause.