Opinion ID: 290186
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Schartner's arraignment identification by Government witnesses.

Text: 18 As stated above, the Government's only two eye witnesses to the crime, Rosinski and Harvey, identified Schartner during the course of a Government-arranged pre-trial confrontation at his arraignment in a court room of the United States Court House in Philadelphia. Both witnesses testified that they had recognized Schartner as soon as they had entered the court room while he was sitting in a jury box with two other men. Although Rosinski and Harvey were informed that Schartner would be in the court room the witnesses did not disclose their respective identifications until each identification had been made. United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149 (1967) and Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263, 87 S.Ct. 1951, 18 L.Ed.2d 1178 (1967) held that the absence of counsel at a pretrial lineup violates the Sixth Amendment. While Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 87 S.Ct. 1967, 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 (1967), held that Wade and Gilbert are prospective only, it was stated that a pre-trial confrontation may violate due process if under 'the totality of circumstances' the confrontation is 'unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to irreparable mistaken identification.' 388 U.S. at 302, 87 S.Ct. at 1972. Under the totality of circumstances in the case at bar, there was no violation of due process. See United States v. Lipowitz, 407 F.2d 597, 599 (3 Cir. 1969); Dade v. United States, 132 U.S.App.D.C. 229, 407 F.2d 692 (1968). The facts of Dade are on all fours with those of the instant case. 19 IV. As to the sufficiency of Count IV of the indictment and the proof thereunder. 20 Schartner contends that the trial Judge erred in refusing his motion for acquittal on Count IV of the indictment and in charging the jury on that count. Count IV charges that Schartner 'did knowingly and unlawfully put in jeopardy by use of a dangerous weapon, to wit: a gun, Mr. Stephen Rosinski, Manager and Mrs. Rose Harvey, Head Teller.   ' Schartner argues that this count is defective because it does not reveal what was 'put in jeopardy'. 21 The test for whether an indictment is sufficiently particular is (a) whether the defendant could in a subsequent prosecution plead former acquittal or conviction and (b) whether it enabled him to prepare his defense. See Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749, 763-764, 82 S.Ct. 1038, 8 L.Ed.2d 240 (1962). 18 U.S.C. 2113(d), which underlies Count IV, actually defines two separate crimes. It provides for the punishment of one who in the course of a bank robbery either 'assaults any person, or puts in jeopardy the life of any person   .' The allegation of Count IV stating that Schartner 'unlawfully put in jeopardy' Rosinski and Harvey reasonably can be held to refer to putting in jeopardy the lives of Rosinski and Harvey. Bearing in mind that Schartner made no challenge to the indictment in the court below it is difficult to conceive how he could have been hampered in the preparation of his defense. 5 To determine whether the indictment enables the defendant to plead prior conviction or acquittal, we can consider the whole record. Heaton v. United States, 353 F.2d 288 (9 Cir. 1965). The indictment in the case at bar, as supplemented by the evidence adduced at trial and by the court's charge, 6 is sufficient to enable defendant to plead former conviction. 22 We also find, contrary to Schartner's assertion, that there was sufficient evidence from which the jury might infer that the lives of Rosinski and Harvey were placed in danger by a dangerous weapon. Rosinski testified that he saw Schartner with a gun, that he was threatened with a gun, that Schartner brought the gun into the vault where Harvey was working, and that Schartner threatened to kill both of them should they sound an alarm. 7 There need be no direct evidence that the gun was loaded. See United States v. Roach, 321 F.2d 1, 5 (3 Cir. 1963). 23