Opinion ID: 786867
Heading Depth: 3
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Purposeful Availment or Direction Generally

Text: 19 Under the first prong of our three-part specific jurisdiction test, Schwarzenegger must establish that Fred Martin either purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities in California, or purposefully directed its activities toward California. We often use the phrasepurposeful availment, in shorthand fashion, to include both purposeful availment and purposeful direction, see, e.g., Harris Rutsky & Co. Insurance Services, Inc. v. Bell & Clements Ltd., 328 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir.2003) (citing Haisten v. Grass Valley Med. Reimbursement Fund Ltd., 784 F.2d 1392, 1397 (9th Cir.1986)), but availment and direction are, in fact, two distinct concepts. A purposeful availment analysis is most often used in suits sounding in contract. See, e.g., Doe v. Unocal Corp., 248 F.3d 915, 924 (9th Cir.2001). A purposeful direction analysis, on the other hand, is most often used in suits sounding in tort. See, e.g., Dole Food Co., Inc. v. Watts, 303 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir.2002); cf. Ziegler v. Indian River County, 64 F.3d 470, 473 (9th Cir.1995) (noting that we apply different purposeful availment tests to contract and tort cases). 20 A showing that a defendant purposefully availed himself of the privilege of doing business in a forum state typically consists of evidence of the defendant's actions in the forum, such as executing or performing a contract there. By taking such actions, a defendant purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws. Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253, 78 S.Ct. 1228, 2 L.Ed.2d 1283 (1958). In return for these benefits and protections, a defendant must — as a quid pro quo — submit to the burdens of litigation in that forum. Burger King, 471 U.S. at 476, 105 S.Ct. 2174; Coté v. Wadel, 796 F.2d 981, 984 (7th Cir.1986) ([p]ersonal jurisdiction over nonresidents of a state is a quid for a quo that consists of the state's extending protection or other services to the nonresident); see, e.g., World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 295, 100 S.Ct. 559, 62 L.Ed.2d 490 (1980) (finding no personal jurisdiction in Oklahoma where defendants avail[ed] themselves of none of the privileges and benefits of Oklahoma law). 21 A showing that a defendant purposefully directed his conduct toward a forum state, by contrast, usually consists of evidence of the defendant's actions outside the forum state that are directed at the forum, such as the distribution in the forum state of goods originating elsewhere. Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 774-75, 104 S.Ct. 1473, 79 L.Ed.2d 790 (1984) (finding purposeful direction where defendant published magazines in Ohio and circulated them in the forum state, New Hampshire); accord Mattel, Inc. v. MCA Records, Inc., 296 F.3d 894, 899 (9th Cir.2002) (finding purposeful direction where defendant distributed its pop music albums from Europe in the forum state, California); see also World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 297-98, 100 S.Ct. 559 (noting that a forum State does not exceed its powers under the Due Process Clause if it asserts personal jurisdiction over a corporation that delivers its products into the stream of commerce with the expectation that they will be purchased by consumers in the forum State); Plant Food Co-Op v. Wolfkill Feed & Fertilizer Corp., 633 F.2d 155, 158-60 (9th Cir.1980) (relying on this language in World-Wide Volkswagen to hold that a Canadian fertilizer distributor that shipped defective or mislabeled fertilizer to Montana may properly be subject to personal jurisdiction there). The Supreme Court has held that due process permits the exercise of personal jurisdiction over a defendant who purposefully direct[s] his activities at residents of a forum, even in the absence of physical contacts with the forum. Burger King, 471 U.S. at 476, 105 S.Ct. 2174 (citing Keeton, 465 U.S. at 774-75, 104 S.Ct. 1473).