Opinion ID: 419666
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: The Overhead Doors and Lighting Fixtures

Text: 17 Section 48 of the Internal Revenue Code removes from eligibility for an investment tax credit structural components of a building. Treas.Reg. Sec. 1.48-1(e)(2) includes within the term structural components windows and doors, as well as electric wiring and lighting fixtures. 6 Thus, the overhead doors and lighting fixtures in Consolidated's loading docks are structural components, according to a literal reading of the Regulation. 18 The Tax Court, however, held that the overhead doors and lighting fixtures were temporary attachments to the docks and are clearly not structural components thereof. 74 T.C. at 798. Not reasonably permanent components have been held to be eligible for the credit. See, e.g., King Radio Corp. v. United States, 486 F.2d 1091 (10th Cir.1973) (movable room partitions are not structural components); Minot Federal Savings & Loan Association v. United States, 435 F.2d 1368 (8th Cir.1970) (same). The Commissioner concedes that such authority exists, but objects to the Tax Court's definition of permanency, and contends that there is no need to depart from a literal reading of the Regulation in this case. 19 According to the Tax Court, a structural component is an item which is an integral and permanent part of the structure, the removal of which will affect the essential structure of the building. 74 T.C. at 797. An item which can be easily and quickly removed is not a structural component. Id. at 798. The fact that it would have been had it not been removable easily is immaterial. The Tax Court noted that the overhead doors and lights could be removed quickly, in a few hours and a few minutes respectively. 20 We hold that the Commissioner has the better of the argument in this case. Admittedly a rule that turns on the ease of removal has an appeal. It appears to focus on a condition that is easily demonstrable. This appearance is deceiving, however. For example, paneling, tiling, doors, plumbing fixtures, lighting fixtures, and fire escapes--all listed as examples of structural components in the Regulation--can often be removed, or easily made removable, without affecting the essential structure of a building. Given certain assumptions with respect to design, their removal could probably be accomplished in less time than it would take Consolidated to dismantle an overhead door. See Kramertown Co. v. Commissioner, 488 F.2d 728, 731 (5th Cir.1974) (ease of removal of rooftop air conditioner does not justify departure from Regulation). 21 We prefer in this case to adhere to the literal language of the Regulation, which is based directly on the House and Senate Reports on the Revenue Act of 1962. See King Radio, 486 F.2d at 1094-95. In determining when an item functioning as a structural component should be excepted from the Regulation because it is not reasonably permanent, we look at a variety of factors, including, where possible, the function and design of the component at issue, the intent of the taxpayer in installing the component, and the effect of removal of the component on the building. 7 An examination of these factors in this case indicates that both the overhead doors and lighting fixtures function as an integral part of the loading docks, and were designed to be used as permanent features of the docks. However, removal of the overhead doors and lighting fixtures would detract significantly from the usefulness of the docks in Consolidated's operations. We therefore hold that the overhead doors and lighting fixtures are structural components, and thus not eligible for an investment tax credit.II. THE SECTION 461(f) CLAIM A. The Consolidated-Seaboard Agreement 22 In 1961, Consolidated became a self-insurer. To satisfy state and Interstate Commerce Commission requirements that self-insured motor carriers be able to provide coverage for personal injury and property damage caused by the operation of their motor vehicles, Consolidated entered into a contract with Seaboard Surety Co. to have financial responsibility bonds filed with the appropriate regulatory agencies. In addition to paying Seaboard a premium for filing the bonds, Consolidated was required by the contract and a collateral agreement to deposit with Seaboard an amount equal to Consolidated's estimated liability for each accident covered by the bonds, up to the limits of Seaboard's potential liability. 23 The amount of Consolidated's deposit with Seaboard was adjusted periodically. When the estimated liabilities of Consolidated exceeded the amount on deposit, it would increase the deposit with Seaboard. Also, when the deposit became greater than the estimated liabilities, Consolidated would, at irregular intervals, request a refund to reduce the amount on deposit. After a claim was settled, Consolidated would satisfy the claim by a payment directly to the claimant, and the amount of Consolidated's estimated liabilities would be reduced. No refund invariably followed the satisfaction of a claim, however. 24 Relying on section 461(f) of the Internal Revenue Code, Consolidated claimed deductions on its 1966-1970 federal income tax returns for the amounts deposited with Seaboard, and reported as income all refunds of deposits made to it by Seaboard. 8 Section 461(f) permits a deduction in the year payment is made to satisfy a contested liability if, inter alia, the taxpayer transfers money or other property to provide for the satisfaction of the asserted liability. Treasury Regulation Sec. 1.461-2(c)(1) explains that to qualify for a section 461(f) deduction, payment may be made to the person asserting the liability or to an escrowee or trustee pursuant to a written agreement (among the escrowee or trustee, the taxpayer, and the person who is asserting the liability) that the money or other property be delivered in accordance with the settlement of the contest .... 9 25 The Commissioner disallowed the deductions for the deposits with Seaboard, and removed from income the refunds from Seaboard to Consolidated. The Tax Court sustained that determination. It held that the surety arrangement with Seaboard did not meet the requirements of the Regulation. The Tax Court found that neither Consolidated nor Seaboard intended that the amounts deposited with Seaboard be used to pay claimants against Consolidated. 74 T.C. at 804. Instead, the Tax Court found that deposits were made solely to secure Consolidated's obligation to reimburse Seaboard for any claims that, contrary to the expectations of both, Seaboard might be required to pay under the bonds, and that, in fact, on no occasion did Seaboard make a payment to a claimant on behalf of Consolidated. The Tax Court concluded that since the deposits were made to provide for Seaboard's security and not 'to provide for the satisfaction of the asserted liability,' as is required by section 461(f)(2), they are not deductible under section 461(f). 10 Id. (emphasis in original). 26 B. Deductibility of Deposits Made to a Surety 27 Consolidated asserts that the Tax Court's holding in this case must be reversed because it is inconsistent with our intervening decision in Chem Aero, Inc. v. United States, 694 F.2d 196 (9th Cir.1982), in two principal respects. First, Consolidated argues that section 461(f) does not require that a claimant against Consolidated be paid with the same dollars that were deposited with Seaboard for a deduction to be allowed. Second, Consolidated contends that the purpose and intent of its surety arrangement with Seaboard is irrelevant to whether the deposits are deductible, and that the transfers to Seaboard did provide for the satisfaction of the liabilities asserted against Consolidated. We discuss each argument in turn.
28 Perhaps some reference to familiar landmarks will be useful. An accrual basis taxpayer normally may only deduct an expense in the taxable year in which all events have occurred which determine the fact of the liability and the amount thereof .... Treas.Reg. Sec. 1.146-1(a)(2). But where a liability is contested, neither the fact nor the amount of the liability can be determined with sufficient accuracy for the liability to be deducted. See Poirier & McLane Corp. v. Commissioner, 547 F.2d 161, 164 (2d Cir.1976), cert. denied, 431 U.S. 967, 97 S.Ct. 2925, 53 L.Ed.2d 1063 (1977). In United States v. Consolidated Edison, 366 U.S. 380, 81 S.Ct. 1326, 6 L.Ed.2d 356 (1961), the Supreme Court eliminated an exception to the all events rule, which allowed an accrual basis taxpayer to deduct the payment of a contested tax liability in the year that the payment was made. 29 In reaction to Consolidated Edison, Congress, as part of the Revenue Act of 1964, added section 461(f) to the Internal Revenue Code. That section allows an accrual method taxpayer to deduct in the year of payment the transfer of money or other property to provide for the satisfaction of any contested liability where, but for the fact that the asserted liability is contested, a deduction would be allowed for the taxable year of the transfer .... 11 The purpose of section 461(f) is to match, in a realistic manner, receipts and disbursements in the taxable year in which revenues were received and payments were actually made. S.Rep. No. 830, 88th Cong., 2d Sess. 100, reprinted in 1964 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1673, 1773. 30 We applied section 461(f) in Chem Aero. There, a sales agent brought a successful action against the taxpayer for unpaid commissions, and the taxpayer, in compliance with state law, posted a bond collateralized by an irrevocable letter of credit, which, in turn, was backed by a certificate of deposit, to cover the amount of the judgment while the award was appealed. When the taxpayer lost its appeal, the issuer of the bond delivered the letter of credit to the taxpayer's bank, drew out the amount of the judgment plus interest, charged the withdrawal against the certificate of deposit, and paid off the claimant. We permitted the taxpayer to take a section 461(f) deduction for the amount of the contested liability in the year that the bond was collateralized, holding that the legislative purpose of section 461(f) can be fulfilled by allowing the taxpayer to take the deduction whenever the money for the settlement of the contested liability is irrevocably parted with, provided that the manner of transfer is not open to the possibility of tax abuse. 694 F.2d at 200. See also Poirier & McLane Corp., 547 F.2d at 165-66; In re I.J. Knight Realty Corp., 431 F.Supp. 946, 954 (E.D.Pa.1977). 31 In Chem Aero, we were aware of the Tax Court decision here being reviewed. We distinguished that decision by pointing out that the moneys deposited with Seaboard by the taxpayer, Consolidated, were never used to pay claims; the actual payments came directly from Consolidated Freightways. 694 F.2d at 199 n. 4. In Chem Aero, on the other hand, the funds (in the form of a certificate of deposit) that Chem Aero pledged to the bank to secure the bond were the only funds that Chem Aero had available for the satisfaction of the judgment, and ... were necessarily used for that purpose. Id. (emphasis added). 32 The question therefore arises whether this so-called same money distinction is required by section 461(f). Consolidated argues that there is no same money requirement because (1) the legislative history of section 461(f) is silent on the point, and because (2) Consolidated's agreement with Seaboard provides for adjustment of the moneys deposited with the surety, so that the result of the arrangement is as if the same dollars were paid out. We disagree. 33 First, while the legislative history does not specifically impose a same money requirement on a section 461(f) deduction, it is noteworthy that Chem Aero and the cases and examples of permissible transactions given in the legislative history, see S.Rep. No. 830, at 100; id. at 239-40 (Supplemental Report), reprinted in 1964 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1773, 1912-13, do involve the transfer of the same money that is eventually paid to the claimant. Moreover, the Supplemental Senate Report mentions three types of transactions which would not qualify for a deduction in the year of transfer under section 461(f); in none of these transactions was a claimant paid with same money that was set aside against a contested liability. Id. at 240, reprinted in 1964 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News at 1913; see also Treas.Reg. Sec. 1.146-2(c)(1). Finally, the legislative history indicates that Congress was concerned lest section 461(f) be used by accrual basis taxpayers to reduce their tax burden by accelerating deductions, instead of matching receipts and expenditures. See In re I.J. Knight Realty Corp., 431 F.Supp. at 954. A same money requirement would diminish the possibility of that type of tax abuse. 34 Consolidated points out, however, that a same money requirement would be impractical in its self-insurance plan, where between 350 and 400 claims against Consolidated were outstanding at any one time. It insists that section 461(f) can be satisfied by a scheme such as it employs under which the transferred money is placed out of its control and periodic adjustments to reflect the amount of contested liabilities are made. 35 We are by no means convinced by this argument. However, even if we were, we would find that the plan Consolidated employs does lend itself to impermissible tax abuse. Thus, although we agree that the money transferred by Consolidated was under the absolute control of Seaboard, 74 T.C. at 788, we could not hold that the plan satisfies section 461(f). Its fatal flaw is that refunds by Seaboard are made only at irregular intervals. 12 Deposits were required not to be less than estimated liabilities; but refunds were not required when deposits exceeded liabilities. Consolidated's accounts therefore had the potential of not being in balance at the end of the tax year. This would allow Consolidated within a given taxable period to accelerate its deductions and to defer its income without regard to either the total estimated liabilities or the amount of claims settled. This provides an opportunity for tax abuse. 36 In sum, we hold that while we are not prepared to reject the same money requirement, the arrangement between Consolidated and Seaboard does not meet the requirements of section 461(f) even if we were to reject the same money requirement.
37 A further basis for affirming the denial of Consolidated's section 461(f) deduction is that the purpose of Consolidated's transfers of money to Seaboard under its agreement with Seaboard was to protect Seaboard, not to provide for the satisfaction of the asserted liability, as section 461(f) demands. Consolidated asserts that it is improper to look at the purpose and intent of the parties. Also it argues that inasmuch as Seaboard was contractually obligated to pay a claimant had Consolidated not done so, the transfers, in effect, were intended to provide for the satisfaction of Consolidated's contested liabilities. 13 38 Section 461(f)(2) makes it clear that an examination of the purpose and intent of the taxpayer is necessary to determine whether the requirements for deductibility have been met. For the transfer to be deductible, it must have been made to provide for the satisfaction of the asserted liability. 14 Any other reason for the transfer fails to satisfy the statute. See Specialized Services, Inc. v. Commissioner, 77 T.C. 490, 506-07 (1981). Moreover, Seaboard's contractual obligation to pay claimants upon Consolidated's default changes nothing. As the Tax Court found, the parties did not intend the transferred money to be used to pay a single claim. 74 T.C. at 804. It was to provide security for Seaboard and not to satisfy Consolidated's contested liabilities. 39 AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART.