Opinion ID: 77683
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 3

Heading: Sufficiency—Count Two

Text: 60 As for his conviction on Count Two, which, again, alleged that Ward did knowingly mail and cause to be mailed a matter to be delivered by the United States Postal Service, a collateralized CEC promissory note to Richard Rabenstein in September 2000, the government acknowledges that Ward did not write, sign, or cause the mailing of the promissory note to Rabenstein, in September 2000. But, again, the law in this Circuit is clear: we do not require the actual mailing, or for that matter the aiding and abetting of a specific mailing, in a mail fraud case. Rather, the government must show, beyond a reasonable doubt, that one participant in a fraudulent scheme knowingly caused the use of the mails in furtherance of the scheme, and that the defendant knowingly participated in the scheme or artifice to defraud. See Funt, 896 F.2d at 1294. Indeed, Ward acknowledges that there is more than enough evidence here that Pipher, Ward's co-schemer, knowingly caused the mailing of the promissory note listed in Count Two. Moreover, the evidence shows that the mails were utilized repeatedly by CEC, Ward and Pipher, and that the mailing of the collateralized promissory note by Pipher in September of 2000 was altogether foreseeable to the defendant. The law requires no more.