Opinion ID: 1952783
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 42

Heading: 3.04(h) INDEPENDENT ACT [New]

Text: If you find that the crime alleged was committed, an issue in this case is whether the crime of (crime alleged) was an independent act of a person other than the defendant. An independent act occurs when a person other than the defendant commits or attempts to commit a crime Elements 1. which the defendant did not intend to occur, and 2. in which the defendant did not participate, and 3. which was outside of and not a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the common design or unlawful act contemplated by the defendant. If you find the defendant was not present when the crime of (crime alleged) occurred, that does not, in and of itself, establish that the (crime alleged) was an independent act of another. If you find that the (crime alleged) was an independent act of [another] [ (name of individual) ], then you should find (defendant) not guilty of the crime of (crime alleged). Note to judge If the name of the other person is known, it should be inserted here; otherwise, use the word another.