Opinion ID: 678853
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Cramer's Testimony and the Newly Discovered Evidence

Text: 14 Fruth moved for a new trial based upon the informant's statement that Cramer had been involved in a kilogram deal prior to the Fruth deal, contrary to Cramer's sworn testimony. We review the district court's denial of Fruth's new trial motion for an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Reed, 2 F.3d 1441, 1451 (7th Cir.1993). This court has articulated two tests to determine whether a new trial is warranted based on newly discovered evidence. Under the general test, 15 [t]he defendant must show that the evidence (1) came to [his] knowledge only after trial; (2) could not have been discovered sooner and [he] exercised due diligence; (3) is material, and not merely impeaching or cumulative; and (4) would probably lead to an acquittal in the event of a retrial. 16 United States v. Nero, 733 F.2d 1197, 1202 (7th Cir.1984) (quoting United States v. Oliver, 683 F.2d 224, 228 (7th Cir.1982)). However, when faced with a claim that a witness testified falsely, the district court is to employ the more lenient test most recently set forth in United States v. Reed, 2 F.3d 1441 (7th Cir.1993). Under Reed, a new trial should be granted when: 17 (a) The court is reasonably well satisfied that the testimony given by a material witness is false. 18 (b) The jury might have reached a different conclusion absent the false testimony or if it had known that testimony by a material witness was false. 19 (c) The party seeking the new trial was taken by surprise when the false testimony was given and was unable to meet it or did not know of its falsity until after the trial. 20 Id., 2 F.3d at 1451 (quoting United States v. Reed, 986 F.2d 191, 192-93 (7th Cir.1993) (quoting United States v. Mazzanti, 925 F.2d 1026, 1029 (7th Cir.1991))). Under either test, mere speculation or conjecture is insufficient to warrant a new trial. Reed, 2 F.3d at 1451 (citations omitted). 21 Although both Fruth and the government cited the Reed test in their briefs before the district court, and based their arguments upon it, the district court relied upon the general test in denying the new trial, without even referring to Reed or its predecessors. On appeal, Fruth once again turns his focus to Reed, and the government again follows suit. It is not clear, however, that Reed applies in this circumstance. As noted above, a threshold requirement for applying the false testimony test is a determination that the testimony was, in all likelihood, false. Because the district court utilized the Nero test, it did not make an express finding on this issue. However, it is entirely likely that the district court used the Nero test because it was not reasonably well satisfied that Cramer's testimony was, in fact, false. The informant told Jerome Becka, an agent with the Drug Enforcement Administration, that he had sold a kilogram of cocaine on one occasion to Jan, whom the agent believed to be Cramer, and had been again approached by Jan a short time before Cramer was arrested. However, in the same affidavit in which Becka relates this conversation, he also notes that he told Cramer of the informant's statements. Cramer again denied ever making a kilogram purchase. And although he acknowledged that he knew the informant and had previously purchased cocaine from the informant, Cramer reiterated that he had never purchased quantities larger than an ounce. Faced with the competing claims of two government informants, the district court may have been unable to conclude that Cramer's testimony in Fruth's trial was likely false, and thus turned to the general test regarding newly discovered evidence. 5 22 Based upon this test, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Fruth's motion for a new trial. Under the third prong of Nero, the evidence must be material, and not merely impeaching or cumulative. Nero, 733 F.2d at 1202. The evidence Fruth proffers is clearly the latter rather than the former. The informant, assuming he were allowed to testify, 6 would merely contradict Cramer's claim that he had never dealt in kilogram quantities before. Such testimony would serve only to impeach Cramer's credibility, rather than shed light on a material issue in the case; as a result, this evidence would be essentially cumulative, since Cramer's credibility was attacked throughout the course of the trial, as discussed further below. As a result, it is clear that, under the Nero test, Fruth was not entitled to a new trial based upon this evidence. 23 However, even if we assume that Cramer's testimony was likely false (an assumption Fruth would apparently have us make), and thus apply the Reed test, Fruth would not be entitled to a new trial. Indeed, Fruth can satisfy neither of the remaining two prongs of the false testimony inquiry. 24
25 Fruth argues that evidence that Cramer had engaged in a kilogram level transaction prior to the one involved in the present case would have struck at the heart of Cramer's artfully deceptive portrayal of himself as a small-time dealer. From this he concludes that Cramer's credibility with the jury would have been so compromised that the jury might have instead believed Fruth's version of events. Fruth's assertion, however, is simply untenable. First, during the government's examination of Cramer, the jury learned that Cramer had dealt in cocaine for approximately seven years. Cramer also admitted on direct that he initially lied to the police about where he had obtained the money to purchase the cocaine at issue in the trial. Based solely upon the direct examination, the jury was aware both that Cramer had an extensive history dealing drugs and that he had initially lied about Fruth's involvement in the scheme, and only fingered Fruth after beginning his cooperation with the authorities. 26 In addition, Fruth attacked Cramer's testimony at every point throughout the trial, repeatedly characterizing him as a long-term cocaine dealer and a liar. Specifically, Fruth's counsel referred to Cramer as a drug dealer for years and years, [who] was street-smart and a con, and an admitted confessed cocaine dealer [who] has been dealing cocaine for several years. The defendant's counsel also questioned Cramer about his drug activities on cross-examination, and ultimately told the jury that Cramer is extremely crude, street-wise, smart, cunning; and as he admitted, will say what he thinks needs to be said to suit his purposes. Fruth's counsel also characterized Cramer's testimony as bought and paid for by the government. In sum, the new evidence would have added little to the jury's understanding of Cramer; they knew he had previously dealt in cocaine, and they knew that he had initially lied to the police about Fruth's involvement. All they would have learned is that, on one occasion, he purchased a larger amount of cocaine than he had admitted at trial. This minimally significant impeachment evidence is therefore largely cumulative, and by itself only nominally adds to Fruth's substantial efforts to impeach Cramer. 7 Accordingly, it is highly unlikely that the informant's revelation would have altered the jury's verdict. See United States v. Rainone, 32 F.3d 1203, 1207 (7th Cir.1994). 8
27 Fruth also maintains that he did not know about the informant's evidence before trial, and therefore argues that the third prong of the test weighs in his favor. In support, he points to the district court's conclusion that, pursuant to the Nero test, the evidence was new in fact and could not have been discovered sooner in the exercise of due diligence. This is certainly correct; neither Fruth nor the government had, or reasonably could have, obtained the informant's testimony any earlier. Knowledge of the evidence (i.e., the informant's testimony), however, is not the focus under the third prong of the Reed test. Instead, to warrant a new trial under Reed, the movant must demonstrate that he was taken by surprise when the false testimony was given or did not know of its falsity until after the trial. Reed, 2 F.3d at 1451 (internal quotations and citations omitted). That is, the focus in the Reed test is not on the newly discovered evidence, but on the false testimony itself. Given this focus, it is clear that Fruth's claim must fail. At the final pretrial conference, Fruth's counsel stated that he had a witness willing to testify that Cramer had distributed large quantities, or bricks, of cocaine within the previous year. Accordingly, by Fruth's attorney's own admission, Fruth was aware of the falsity of Cramer's testimony at the time it was made, and simply failed to pursue it at trial. Whatever Fruth's motivations in not contesting Cramer's testimony at the time it was offered, he cannot now claim it as a basis for a new trial. 9