Opinion ID: 4422367
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 5

Heading: analysis

Text: [4,5] We begin by reciting familiar propositions from the law controlling equitable division of marital property and debts. The ultimate test in determining the appropriateness of the division of property is fairness and reasonableness as determined by the facts of each case.5 This is the polestar guiding our analysis of the issues. And as we have often repeated, a spouse should be awarded one-third to one-half of the marital estate.6 [6] Under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 42-365 (Reissue 2016), the equi­ table division of property is a three-step process. The first step is to classify the parties’ property as marital or nonmarital, setting aside the nonmarital property to the party who brought that property to the marriage. The second step is to value the marital assets and marital liabilities of the parties. The third step is to calculate and divide the net marital estate between the parties in accordance with the principles contained in § 42-365.7 As we have already noted, when evidence is in conflict, an appellate court may give weight to the fact that the trial judge heard and observed the witnesses and accepted one version of the facts rather than another.8 This rule drives the outcome of the issues presented—other than the novel theories that Keith asserted. We turn first to those theories. Valuation Dates In brief, Keith argued that the district court erred when it failed to value all the assets and debts on a single date. He 4 Id. 5 Id. 6 See id. 7 Id. 8 See id. - 92 - Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets 303 Nebraska R eports ROHDE v. ROHDE Cite as 303 Neb. 85 contended that the court contradicted itself when it valued assets on separate dates and stated: To be consistent, these values to me appear to be the most credible given — I’m not saying the others aren’t credible — the most accurate, trying to suggest a time and a place for division, so — I don’t want to pick one date for one account, one date for another account. More specifically, Keith contends that the district court erred when valuing the 184th Plaza home, the Storage Road and KMT properties, and business accounts on the date of filing; the 140th Ave. home, jewelry, household goods, joint accounts, and vehicles on the date of trial; and the investment accounts and business equipment on an unrelated date. He requests us to remand the matter back to the district court “with instructions to value the property as of one particular date that is relationally related to the [marital] estate or remand for a new trial on the issue.”9 We decline to do so. [7] As a general principle, the date upon which a marital estate is valued should be rationally related to the property composing the marital estate. The date of valuation is reviewed for an abuse of the trial court’s discretion.10 Although we have never explicitly stated that more than one valuation date may be utilized in valuing marital assets and liabilities, we have alluded to that understanding.11 In Brozek v. Brozek,12 the appellant argued that the date of separation rather than the date of trial was the appropriate date to value the marital assets. The district court valued most of the marital property at the date of separation, valued farm equipment a year after separation, and valued the corporate 9 Brief for appellant at 15. 10 Osantowski, supra note 2. 11 See, Brozek v. Brozek, 292 Neb. 681, 874 N.W.2d 17 (2016); Davidson v. Davidson, 254 Neb. 656, 578 N.W.2d 848 (1998). 12 Brozek, supra note 11. - 93 - Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets 303 Nebraska R eports ROHDE v. ROHDE Cite as 303 Neb. 85 shares 3 years later at the date of trial. Although the corporate shares were classified as a nonmarital asset for the appellee, the district court found the value at trial, rather than the value at separation, to be more persuasive. We did not disturb this method. In Davidson v. Davidson,13 the district court did not value individual assets to establish the marital estate; instead, it used the difference in the appellant’s net worth immediately prior to marriage and 4 months after filing for dissolution. We relied on a Nebraska Court of Appeals’ case, where evidence supported valuations made 1 week before trial and were rationally related to the property to be divided. We reasoned that the valuation of the appellant’s net worth 4 months after filing for dissolution was rationally related to the property composing the marital estate. We concluded that the district court did not abuse its discretion. In Walker v. Walker,14 the Court of Appeals discussed how a valuation date should be determined. The appellant argued that the real estate should have been valued at the date of dissolution and not the date of separation. The court acknowledged that there is case law to support the proposition that the date of trial is the appropriate date for valuation. But, “we find no hard and fast rule that prohibits the district court from using other times as the appropriate date for valuation purposes so long as the value selected bears ‘a rational relationship to the property to be divided upon dissolution.’”15 Although many states use a uniform date of separation or date of dissolution for their valuation date, several states follow an approach similar to ours.16 New York and Ohio courts 13 Davidson, supra note 11. 14 Walker v. Walker, 9 Neb. App. 694, 618 N.W.2d 465 (2000). 15 Id. at 699, 618 N.W.2d at 470. 16 1 Barth H. Goldberg, Valuation of Divorce Assets § 1:16 (rev. ed. 2005 & Cum. Supp. 2018-19). - 94 - Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets 303 Nebraska R eports ROHDE v. ROHDE Cite as 303 Neb. 85 have discussed the issue of valuing separate assets on separate dates. In Collins v. Donnelly-Collins,17 the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York stated that “selection of the appropriate valuation dates for various assets is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court, upon consideration of all of the relevant facts and circumstances in the case.” In Berish v. Berish,18 the Ohio Supreme Court discussed the pragmatic difficulties of finding one date that the court could always use to value the marital estate. It was reluctant to accept such a simple formula, because “‘[t]he formula for division derives from the facts of the individual case’” and the court must have the “necessary flexibility to exercise its discretion.”19 We find these cases persuasive. [8,9] We decline to mandate that a trial court must use only one valuation date in equitably dividing a marital estate. The date for valuation must be rationally related to the property being divided. Frequently, a single valuation date will be appropriate; but sometimes, it will not. The purpose of assigning a date of valuation in a decree is to ensure that the marital estate is equitably divided.20 This harkens back to the polestar of equitable division, which is fairness and reasonableness under the facts of the case. What may be a fair and reasonable valuation on one date for an asset may be unfair and unreasonable for another asset on the same date. “The choice of a date as of which assets available for equitable distribution should be identified and valued must be dictated largely by pragmatic considerations.”21 It can become arduous for the district court to determine one date that fairly and reasonably values the 17 Collins v. Donnelly-Collins, 19 A.D.3d 356, 357, 796 N.Y.S.2d 159, 160 (2005). 18 Berish v. Berish, 69 Ohio St. 2d 318, 432 N.E.2d 183 (1982). 19 Id. at 321, 432 N.E.2d at 185. 20 Blaine v. Blaine, 275 Neb. 87, 744 N.W.2d 444 (2008). 21 Berish, supra note 18, 69 Ohio St. 2d at 319, 432 N.E.2d at 184. - 95 - Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets 303 Nebraska R eports ROHDE v. ROHDE Cite as 303 Neb. 85 entire marital estate.22 We choose not to tie the hands of the district court; thus, the court need not find “‘[o]ne [date] to rule them all.’”23 During oral argument, Keith retreated somewhat from the original contention made in his brief. He conceded that at trial, he had failed to present evidence to value the entire marital estate on a single date. In other words, his evidence did not attempt to value all of the marital property as of one, and only one, date. Therefore, it seems disingenuous to now argue that the district court should have selected a single valuation date despite his own failure to adduce evidence accordingly. The dates used by the district court to value the marital estate were rationally related to the respective items of property. The value at the date of filing was rationally related to the 184th Plaza home, the commercial accounts, and the business properties, because once the parties separated, these assets no longer benefited them both. The value at the date of trial was rationally related to the 140th Ave. home, jewelry, joint accounts, household goods, and vehicles, because several assets had no variation in value and the joint accounts were still used by both parties until the time of trial. The values of the investment accounts and equipment sales were rationally related to the valuation date, because the parties presented only one date to value each asset. We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in valuing marital assets on dates that rationally related to the property being divided. Nonmarital Business Value Keith argues that the district court abused its discretion when it failed to classify any portion of Metro as nonmarital. He requests this court to adopt the coverture formula to 22 See Berish, supra note 18. 23 See J.R.R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring 49 (Houghton Mifflin 1994) (1954). - 96 - Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets 303 Nebraska R eports ROHDE v. ROHDE Cite as 303 Neb. 85 determine the nonmarital value of Metro. He testified that Metro had been in existence for 320 months and that over 70 of those months were prior to the marriage. He contends that 23.13 percent of Metro’s value was nonmarital, which, he argues, we should deduct from the marital estate. We note that at trial, Keith argued that his nonmarital valuation of Metro is “not really a coverture method.” The district court responded that “the manner in which the value is trying to be determined is more or less a coverture method.” The district court acknowledged that the business was worth something when the parties married, but declined to adopt the valuation because there was no testimony or evidence presented as to the worth of the business at the time of the marriage. [10,11] Generally, all property accumulated and acquired by either spouse during a marriage is part of the marital estate. Exceptions include property that a spouse acquired before the marriage, or by gift or inheritance.24 The burden of proof rests with the party claiming that property is nonmarital.25 Because Keith claimed that a portion of Metro was nonmarital, it was his burden to show what interest or value was nonmarital. In dissolution actions in Nebraska, the coverture formula has been extended only to dividing pensions26 and termination payments from employment by an insurance company.27 “‘Simplified, the coverture formula provides that the numerator of the fraction used to determine the marital portion is essentially the number of months of credible service of the employed spouse while married and therefore is the pension contribution while married and that the denominator is the total number of months 24 Osantowski, supra note 2. 25 Stanosheck v. Jeanette, 294 Neb. 138, 881 N.W.2d 599 (2016). 26 See Webster v. Webster, 271 Neb. 788, 716 N.W.2d 47 (2006). 27 See Bergmeier v. Bergmeier, 296 Neb. 440, 894 N.W.2d 266 (2017). - 97 - Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets 303 Nebraska R eports ROHDE v. ROHDE Cite as 303 Neb. 85 that the spouse has [been] or will be employed which resulted in the pension the employee will receive. This denominator number includes and will include the time the employed spouse worked before, during, and after the marriage.’”28 We have not applied the coverture formula to the valuation of the premarital portion of a business. We suspect that the variations in revenue and expenses from year to year, the growth or decline of a business due to numerous factors, and the variations in business cycles make it extremely unlikely that the coverture formula would produce anything other than mere speculation or conjecture. While we are not prepared to definitively preclude a trial court from ever using the coverture formula for such a purpose, we think it is unlikely to be appropriate except in very unusual circumstances. We note that in other states, there have been isolated instances where intermediate appellate courts have accepted the use of the coverture formula as a method to determine nonmarital business value.29 But in each of those cases, the appellate court affirmed a valuation method selected by a trial court; in none did the appellate court mandate the use of such a method. No state supreme court has expressly adopted the coverture formula as a method to determine nonmarital business value. We are not satisfied that the coverture formula was appropriate under the facts of this case. Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it declined to apply that method. We next look to whether other evidence was presented for the nonmarital value of Metro. Other than the notion of using the coverture formula, no evidence was submitted to value 28 Id. at 451-52, 894 N.W.2d at 275 (quoting Klimek v. Klimek, 18 Neb. App. 82, 775 N.W.2d 444 (2009) (emphasis in original)). 29 See, Haslem v. Haslem, 133 Ohio App. 3d 257, 727 N.E.2d 928 (1999); Edwards and Edwards, 141 Or. App. 11, 917 P.2d 504 (1996). - 98 - Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets 303 Nebraska R eports ROHDE v. ROHDE Cite as 303 Neb. 85 Metro as a going concern at the time when the parties were married. Where there is nothing on the record to show the source of premarital funds, they should be considered part of the marital estate.30 There was no credible evidence in the record to support a nonmarital value of Metro. It necessarily follows that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it classified all of Metro as marital property. R emaining A rguments Keith makes several additional arguments pertaining to the valuation and division of marital and nonmarital assets. He argues that the district court failed to classify the first home down payment as nonmarital, failed to consider tax consequences of the Walvoord Leases, failed to separate the Walvoord Leases payments made to the joint account before division, incorrectly valued the nonmarital value of the Storage Road property, and incorrectly adopted Sharon’s appraisals for the 184th Plaza home and the Storage Road property. After reviewing the record de novo, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in equitably dividing the marital and nonmarital assets. These arguments lack merit. Additionally, Keith argues that the district court failed to reduce an award of the joint accounts to Sharon by $50,000; erroneously valued nonmarital tools as part of the marital estate; and accounted twice for money used to purchase the Dodge Ram pickup. Although there appear to have been some mathematical variations from the pronounced decision to the written decree, the difference in the adjusted equalization amount would amount to less than one-half of 1 percent of the entire marital estate. And Keith did not avail himself of the remedies to correct this at the trial court level. His trial counsel approved the form of the decree. Thus, Keith was clearly aware of its content. And he did not pursue a motion to alter or amend the 30 Stanosheck, supra note 25. - 99 - Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets 303 Nebraska R eports ROHDE v. ROHDE Cite as 303 Neb. 85 judgment. As we have stated throughout this opinion, fairness and reasonableness is our guiding polestar. We cannot say that mathematical variations amounting to less than one-half of 1 percent of the entire marital estate resulted in an unfair or unreasonable division. We conclude that these mathematical variations are not clearly untenable, nor do they deprive Keith of a just result; therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion.