Opinion ID: 518096
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 3

Heading: Mary Davis.

Text: 41 Mary Davis contends that even after mistrials were declared as to the other defendants, she should have been allowed to proceed to trial alone. She argues that Harper's testimony, which would have drawn Simels into the case, was inadmissible against her, and thus there was no manifest necessity to declare a mistrial. We disagree. 42 Under Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(2)(E), statements offered against a party, and made by a co-conspirator of that party in the course of and in furtherance of a conspiracy, are admissible against that party. See, e.g., United States v. Persico, 832 F.2d 705, 715 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 108 S.Ct.1995, 100 L.Ed.2d 227 (1988). An admissible statement of a co-conspirator is admissible against all other members of the conspiracy. Membership in a conspiracy may be shown by a quantum of proof  'lower than the standard of evidence sufficient to submit a charge of conspiracy to the jury.'  United States v. Ginsberg, 758 F.2d 823, 828 (2d Cir.1985) (quoting United States v. Alvarez-Porras, 643 F.2d 54, 57 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 839, 102 S.Ct. 146, 70 L.Ed.2d 121 (1981)). 43 Mary Davis argues that evidence of the Simels' threat is not admissible against her because it was not made in the course of the underlying conspiracy. Generally, a statement is not made in the course of a conspiracy when it is made after the main objective of the conspiracy has been accomplished. See Krulewitch v. United States, 336 U.S. 440, 69 S.Ct. 716, 93 L.Ed. 790 (1949). However, even where particular crimes have already been committed, the conspiracy does not necessarily end; it continues until its aim has been achieved, it has been abandoned, or otherwise terminated. United States v. Rucker, 586 F.2d 899, 906 (2d Cir.1978). The fact that some of the conspirators have been indicted and incarcerated does not inexorably lead to the conclusion that the conspiracy has been terminated. See Persico, 832 F.2d at 715-16 (conspiracy continued after incarceration of some members). 44 Here, the defendants were not charged with conspiracy to bring about a single illegal result which has already been accomplished. Rather, they stand charged with conducting a large-scale narcotics distribution organization. The plot to silence witnesses furthers the goals of the conspiracy in that the distribution of narcotics would be facilitated by the acquittal of all the defendants. We agree with the district court's conclusion that Harper's testimony is fully admissible against Mary Davis. 45 Once the testimony implicating Simels is admitted, Simels would become a sworn or unsworn witness, regardless of whether his client remained in the trial. Thus, the problem confronting Mary Davis is the same as faced by co-defendants Arrington and Wayne Davis. Because the district court found that the jury would be unable to judge [Simels'] credibility as a witness independently of their view of his activities as a lawyer, manifest necessity existed to declare a mistrial as to Mary Davis as well.