Opinion ID: 3009845
Heading Depth: 4
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: he paid $2,100 for two airplane tickets

Text: from a roll of $20 bills; (2) he traveled under a name that did not match the name 0 The inquiry into the existence of reasonable suspicion is factspecific. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 15 (1968) (observing the protean quality of police encounters with individuals). 16 under which his telephone number was listed; (3) his original destination was Miami, a source city for illicit drugs; (4) he stayed in Miami for only 48 hours, even though a round-trip flight from Honolulu to Miami takes 20 hours; (5) he appeared nervous during his trip; and (6) he checked none of his luggage. 490 U.S. at 3. In Sokolow, the Court observed the necessity of considering the totality of the circumstances in order to evaluate the existence of reasonable suspicion. Id. at 8. The Court apparently attached particular significance to defendant's payment in cash, to the length of his trip, and to the agents' reasonable belief that he was traveling under an alias. Id. at 8-9. The Court focused on factors which it perceived as out of the ordinary. Id. at 8. Reid and Sokolow, taken together, demonstrate it is not enough that law enforcement officials can articulate reasons why they stopped someone if those reasons are not probative of behavior in which few innocent people would engage--the factors together must serve to eliminate a substantial portion of innocent travelers before the requirement of reasonable suspicion will be satisfied. This is a totality of the circumstances test. United States v. Tapia, 912 F.2d 1367, 1370 (11th Cir. 1990). Reid and Sokolow were decided before the events in this case. Together, they provide sufficient guidance to reasonable officers to make clear that detaining Karnes would only be permissible under the Fourth Amendment if they had reasonable suspicion and to show the requirements of the reasonable 17 suspicion standard. We hold the law was clearly established for purposes of qualified immunity.