Opinion ID: 172352
Heading Depth: 3
Heading Rank: 4

Heading: Lack of Miranda Advisement

Text: Cardenas contends the roadside statements he made should have been suppressed because the officers failed to advise him of his Miranda rights. [13] The government contends no Miranda advisement was necessary because the traffic stop did not rise to the level of a custodial interrogation. It is well established that police officers are not required to administer Miranda warnings to everyone whom they question. United States v. Hudson, 210 F.3d 1184, 1190 (10th Cir.2000) (quotations omitted). Instead, the protections set out by the Supreme Court in Miranda only apply when an individual is subject to custodial interrogation. United States v. Rogers, 391 F.3d 1165, 1169 (10th Cir.2004) (quotations omitted). Generally,  Miranda warnings are ... not implicated in the context of a valid Terry stop. United States v. Perdue, 8 F.3d 1455, 1464 (10th Cir.1993). [14] As we explained in Perdue, the typical police-citizen encounter envisioned by the Court in Terry usually involves no more than a very brief detention without the aid of weapons or handcuffs, a few questions relating to identity and the suspicious circumstances, and an atmosphere that is substantially less police dominated than that surrounding the kinds of interrogation at issue in Miranda.  Id. (quotations omitted). In Perdue, we recognized a limited exception to this general rule, holding police officers must advise suspects of their constitutional rights, even in the context of a Terry stop, if they ... take highly intrusive steps to protect themselves from danger. Id. at 1465. The officers here did not take highly intrusive measures against Cardenas. Cardenas was never handcuffed or placed in a police cruiser and no weapons were drawn. Moreover, the officers were polite in their demeanor and did not use or threaten the use of force at any time. This stop was the typical noncoercive and nonthreatening Terry stop. See id. at 1464-65. The force used was not of a level more associated with formal arrest, id., and stands in stark contrast to Perdue, where we held a Miranda advisement was required after the police forced the suspect off the road and then onto the ground, handcuffed him and questioned him at gunpoint with a helicopter hovering overhead. Id. at 1464. None of those extreme factors are present here and a Miranda advisement was not necessary prior to arrest.