Opinion ID: 678603
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: background on the writ of audita querela

Text: 6  'Audita querela' was a common law writ to afford relief to a judgment debtor against a judgment or execution because of some defense or discharge arising subsequent to the rendition of the judgment or the issue of the execution. 11 Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure Sec. 2867, at 235 (1973). No statute expressly authorizes federal courts to grant relief in the form of a writ of audita querela. However, the Supreme Court has held that courts may issue writs lacking an express statutory basis pursuant to their general authority to issue common law writs under the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1651(a). 1 United States v. Morgan, 346 U.S. 502, 74 S.Ct. 247, 98 L.Ed. 248 (1954) (writ of error coram nobis ). 7 In the nineteenth century, federal courts regarded the writ as an available remedy, at least in civil cases. See, e.g., Butler v. Eaton, 141 U.S. 240, 243, 11 S.Ct. 985, 986, 35 L.Ed. 713 (1891); Avery v. United States, 79 U.S. (12 Wall.) 304, 307, 20 L.Ed. 405 (1870); Humphrey's v. Leggett, 50 U.S. (9 How.) 297, 314, 13 L.Ed. 145 (1850). Amendments to Fed.R.Civ.P. (Rule) 60(b) that took effect in 1948 expressly abolished audita querela, along with several related common law writs including the writ of error coram nobis. 2 However, the Supreme Court subsequently ruled that, as regards coram nobis, the amendments to Rule 60(b)--a rule of civil procedure--abolished the writ only in civil cases and that the writ is still available to challenge criminal convictions. United States v. Morgan, 346 U.S. 502, 505 n. 4, 74 S.Ct. 247, 249 n. 4, 98 L.Ed. 248 (1954). Lower federal courts have held that, similarly, the Rule 60(b) amendments did not abolish audita querela insofar as it applied in criminal cases. United States v. Ayala, 894 F.2d 425, 428 n. 4 (D.C.Cir.1990); United States v. Kimberlin, 675 F.2d 866, 869 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 964, 102 S.Ct. 2044, 72 L.Ed.2d 489 (1982). 8 It had also been argued that in enacting the modern federal prisoner habeas corpus statute, 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2255, Congress intended that statute to be the exclusive avenue for challenging federal convictions, and that the statute therefore implicitly abolished all other common law writs insofar as they applied to federal criminal convictions. However, in Morgan the Supreme Court rejected this argument, stating Nowhere in the history of Section 2255 do we find any purpose to impinge upon prisoners' rights of collateral attack upon their convictions. Morgan, 346 U.S. at 511, 74 S.Ct. at 252 (quoting United States v. Hayman, 342 U.S. 205, 219, 72 S.Ct. 263, 272, 96 L.Ed. 232 (1952)). 9 B. WHETHER THE WRIT OF AUDITA QUERELA MAY ISSUE TO VACATE AN OTHERWISE VALID CRIMINAL CONVICTION SOLELY ON EQUITABLE GROUNDS 10 In this case, the district court denied relief on two separate grounds. First, the court held that a writ of audita querela may not, as a matter of law, issue to vacate an otherwise valid criminal conviction solely on equitable grounds. Second, the Court ruled that even if a writ of audita querela may issue on such grounds, the court declined to exercise its discretion to grant such relief in this case. Appellant seeks reversal arguing (1) that the writ may issue on equitable grounds, and (2) that the equities of his case are sufficiently compelling to warrant such relief. 11 In two reported cases, district courts have granted writs of audita querela to vacate federal criminal convictions solely on equitable grounds--that is, not based on any error in the conviction--in order to protect defendants from adverse collateral consequences. See United States v. Ghebreziabher, 701 F.Supp. 115 (E.D.La.1988); United States v. Salgado, 692 F.Supp. 1265 (E.D.Wash.1988); see also United States v. Javanmard, 767 F.Supp. 1109 (D.Kan.1991) (declining to grant writ of audita querela but granting relief directly under All Writs Act). In all of these cases, the defendant was a resident alien and the adverse collateral consequence was immigration-related. 12 However, every court of appeals to consider the question has ruled that, as a matter of law, the writ of audita querela is not available to vacate an otherwise valid conviction for solely equitable reasons. See United States v. Johnson, 962 F.2d 579 (7th Cir.1992); United States v. Reyes, 945 F.2d 862 (5th Cir.1991); United States v. Holder, 936 F.2d 1 (1st Cir.1991); see also United States v. Ayala, 894 F.2d 425 (D.C.Cir.1990) (strongly indicating that writ not available on solely equitable grounds but ultimately finding it unnecessary to rule on the issue). 13 We conclude that in this case it is not necessary for this court to decide whether the writ may ever issue solely on equitable grounds. The court of appeals may affirm so long as there exists any ground, fairly supported in the record, that supports the district court's ruling. Golden Nugget, Inc. v. American Stock Exch., Inc., 828 F.2d 586, 590 (9th Cir.1987). In this case it is clear that even assuming arguendo the writ is available to vacate legally valid convictions for solely equitable reasons in cases presenting unusually compelling facts, appellant's case does not present sufficient equities to justify the issuance of the writ. The equities cited by appellant as entitling him to relief are (1) his length of residency--he has resided in the U.S. for more than ten years; (2) his family ties--he is married to a U.S. citizen with whom he has three U.S. citizen children; (3) his alleged rehabilitation--the 1987 conviction has been his only drug offense (although he has recently been convicted on the misdemeanor charge of receipt of stolen goods); and (4) the fact that he fully supports his family by employment in his own auto detailing business. Although these considerations are not insignificant and appellant's accomplishments are admirable, they do not appear particularly unusual and are by no means comparable to the facts presented in Salgado and Ghebreziabher that were found to warrant audita querela relief. See Salgado, 692 F.Supp. at 1266 (alien with U.S. citizen wife, who lived as a model resident for almost 40 years in U.S., requesting vacation of a minor conviction); Ghebreziabher, 701 F.Supp. at 117 (alien with four U.S. citizen children, facing deportation to Ethiopia in midst of civil war, requesting vacation of a misdemeanor conviction). Accordingly, the Court holds that even if, in cases presenting unusually compelling equities, a writ of audita querela may issue on solely equitable grounds, the instant case does not present equities sufficient to justify issuance of the writ. Thus, the district court did not err in denying appellant's petition.