Opinion ID: 1953305
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: ms. king is entitled to a maritime remedy under the general maritime law for her injuries on a vessel.

Text: ¶ 4. This Court's task in the present case is simplified greatly by the fact that there is a Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals decision on point, which this Court considers to be controlling with regard to the present issue of federal law. In Pavone v. Mississippi Riverboat Amusement Corp., 52 F.3d 560 (5th Cir.1995), consolidated with Ketzel v. Mississippi Riverboat Amusement, Ltd., 867 F. Supp. 1260 (S.D.Miss. 1994) the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court's granting of summary judgment to the Biloxi Belle Casino with regard to two maritime suits filed against said casino by two separate employees for injuries suffered while working at the casino. ¶ 5. At the district court level, Ketzel, like King in the present case, had argued that the casino should be considered a vessel, based in part on the fact that the casino had been towed previously over navigational waters, that it was towed to a safer location during Hurricane Andrew in 1992, and that the defendant has a current contract to move the Biloxi Belle should the need arise in the future. Ketzel, 867 F. Supp. 1260, 1266 (S.D.Miss. 1994). The district judge ruled that this argument was meritless, noting that: The mere fact that a structure is floating or `capable of movement across navigational waters' does not grant `vessel' statutes. (citations omitted). A structure, by virtue of its flotation, is therefore not exposed to the hazards of the sea sufficient to grant `seaman' status... . That a floating structure may be moved periodically because of the dangers of inclement weather is not sufficient to convert its status to a vessel. citing Evansville & Bowling Green Packet Co. v. Chero Cola Bottling Co., 271 U.S. 19 [46 S.Ct. 379, 70 L.Ed. 805] (1926). Ketzel, 867 F. Supp. at 1267. ¶ 6. The Fifth Circuit on appeal expressed some hesitance about the district court rulings, fearing that they might be over broad and come back to haunt them. The Fifth Circuit nevertheless affirmed the summary judgment rulings in favor of the casino, based upon an analysis of prior decisions of said circuit. ¶ 7. In particular, the Fifth Circuit analyzed a series of cases which held that work platforms did not, in many cases, constitute vessels for the purposes of the Jones Act. One of the cases relied upon by the Fifth Circuit in Pavone is Gremillion v. Gulf Coast Catering Company, 904 F.2d 290 (5th Cir.1990). In Gremillion, the Fifth Circuit noted that a review of case law demonstrated three common attributes of nonvessels: (1) The structure was constructed to be used primarily as a work platform; (2) the structure is moored or otherwise secured at the time of the accident; and (3) although the platform is capable of movement, and is sometimes moved across navigable waters in the course of normal operations, any transportation function is merely incidental to the platform's primary purpose. Gremillion, 904 F.2d at 293-94. See also: Cook v. Belden Concrete Products, 472 F.2d 999 (5th Cir.1973); Bernard v. Binnings Construction Company, 741 F.2d 824 (5th Cir.1984); Ducrepont v. Baton Rouge Marine Enterprises, Inc., 877 F.2d 393 (5th Cir.1989). ¶ 8. The Fifth Circuit in Pavone also noted a series of United States Supreme Court cases denying vessel status to structures that have been withdrawn from navigation, such as crafts that have been laid up for the winter. See: Desper v. Starved Rock Ferry Co., 342 U.S. 187, 191, 72 S.Ct. 216, 218, 96 L.Ed. 205 (1952), citing Hawn v. American S.S. Co., 107 F.2d 999, 1000 (2d Cir.1939). Based on the aforementioned case law, the Fifth Circuit held that the Biloxi Belle did not constitute a vessel for the purposes of the Jones Act and General Maritime Law. The Fifth Circuit wrote that: When the undisputed facts of the instant cases are plugged into (1) the Desper/Hawn withdrawn-from-navigation factors, or (2) the Barnard [Bernard]/Gremillion work-platform attributes, or both, and are compared to the functional and nautical characteristics and mooring statuses of the various craft that in earlier cases were held as a matter of law to be nonvessels for Jones Act purposes, there can be little doubt that indefinitely moored, shore-side, floating casinos, such as the Biloxi Belle, must be added to that list. Id. at 569. ¶ 9. Faced with this adverse authority, King argues that the Fifth Circuit in Pavone limited it's holding denying vessel status to the Biloxi Belle to the context of the Jones Act, and not for the purposes of General Maritime Law. Such is clearly not the case. The final paragraphs of Pavone set forth the Fifth Circuit's holding that: We hold, therefore, that at the times of the Pavone and Ketzel accidents, the Biloxi Belle (1) was removed from navigation, and (2) was a work platform. Under either circumstance, it was not then a vessel for purposes of the Jones Act or the general maritime law. (emphasis added)... . For the foregoing reasons, the summary judgments in the cases consolidated for review herein are, in all respects, affirmed. ¶ 10. King does not attempt to either distinguish the casino in the present case from the casino in Pavone, nor does she attempt to argue that Pavone should not be considered binding authority in the present case to the extent that its holding is applicable to the facts of the present case. King instead attempts to argue that the holding in Pavone does not apply to general maritime law, and this argument is clearly untenable. The passage quoted above leaves no doubt whatsoever that the Pavone decision is applicable to cases filed under both the Jones Act and under the general maritime law. ¶ 11. King cites a number of cases holding that a variety of structures, including floating museums moored to shore, do in fact constitute vessels for the purposes of the general maritime law. McCarthy v. The Bark Peking, 716 F.2d 130 (2d Cir.1983); Luna v. Star of India, 356 F. Supp. 59 (S.D.Cal. 1973). In the view of this Court, however, these cases are clearly less persuasive with regard to the present issue than Pavone, which deals with injuries to workers similarly situated to King which occurred on another Mississippi Gulf Coast casino and at a point in time (and at a point in development of the case law) very similar to that in the present case. Based on Pavone, it appears certain that King would not have been able to survive a motion for summary judgment if she had filed suit in the federal district court for the Southern District of Mississippi. ¶ 12. Maritime law permits plaintiffs to avail themselves of state courts for maintaining maritime causes of action, but state courts are required to apply the substantive federal law with regard to these maritime causes of action. The courts of this State may properly utilize the Mississippi rules of procedure in hearing the maritime claims, but a plaintiff's substantive rights under maritime law should be the same whether the claim is heard in federal or state court. King's citations of other cases than Pavone are in actuality little more than an invitation for this Court to substitute our wisdom for that of the Fifth Circuit on an issue of substantive federal law. Such would clearly be improper, however, and, in the view of this Court, the view of the Fifth Circuit is eminently reasonable when considered in the context of the purposes of maritime law. ¶ 13. Congress and the federal courts have established the rather generous remedies available to seamen injured in their jobs based in large part upon the increased risks which those workers face in said jobs. A seaman faces numerous dangers and hardships which are not faced by those who work on land. King's work duties, by contrast, do not place her at any greater risk of maritime injury than if she worked at any other seaside entertainment facility or restaurant on the Gulf Coast. The notion that a waiter or waitress working at a shore-based casino should be considered to be a seaman based upon the fact that the casino is built on barges which were once properly considered to be vessels is contrary to notions of fairness and common sense.