Opinion ID: 718084
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 4

Heading: Other Defendants, Conspiracy, Retaliation

Text: 32 Since the defendant officers did not violate Smyth's constitutional rights in having his car towed and stored and the contents inventoried, the towing company employees, who acted under the officer's direction, could not have done so. Nor did any other action by those employees, taken under color of state law, violate Smyth's constitutional rights. For the same reason--no constitutional violation--the city did not violate Smyth's rights under a failure to train theory, even assuming such a theory is properly pled. 33 Finally, Mr. Smyth's allegations of conspiracy, retaliation, improper motives, and so on also fail in view of the propriety of the official acts taken with respect to him here, and the speculative and conclusory nature of the claims. See Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir.1991).