Opinion ID: 78106
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Motion to DismissJurisdiction

Text: As an initial matter, we must address this Court's jurisdiction to review Appellant's claims by way of interlocutory appeal. Generally, discovery orders are not final orders of the district court for purposes of obtaining appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. A final decision is one that ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing more for the court to do but execute the judgment. McMahon v. Presidential Airways, Inc., 502 F.3d 1331, 1338 (11th Cir.2007) (quoting Digital Equip. Corp. v. Desktop Direct, Inc., 511 U.S. 863, 867, 114 S.Ct. 1992, 128 L.Ed.2d 842 (1994)). Therefore, discovery orders are normally not immediately appealable. See Rouse Constr. Int'l, Inc. v. Rouse Constr. Corp., 680 F.2d 743, 745 (11th Cir.1982). However, the collateral order doctrine, established by the Supreme Court in Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 69 S.Ct. 1221, 93 L.Ed. 1528 (1949), provides an exception to the finality requirement of 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Under Cohen, an order is appealable if it (1) conclusively determines the disputed question; (2) resolves an important issue completely separate from the merits of the action; and (3) is effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment. See Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 468, 98 S.Ct. 2454, 57 L.Ed.2d 351 (1978). Appellant argues that the challenged discovery order is an appealable collateral order under Cohen, because all three prongs of the Cohen test are met. We conclude that the challenged discovery order meets the first and second prongs of the relevant test. The district court's order requiring Appellant to produce the disputed information leaves no room for the district court to further consider whether the information at issue is protected. As for the second prong, we agree that the attorney-client privilege is important and that the district court can resolve the privilege issues ( i.e., whether Appellant must produce the disputed documents and communications) without deciding the merits of the case. As for the third prong, however, we do not find that a discovery order that implicates the attorney-client privilege is effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment. If this Court were to determine on appeal from a final judgment that privileged information was wrongly turned over and was used to the detriment of the party asserting the privilege, we could reverse any adverse judgment and require a new trial, forbidding any use of the improperly disclosed information, as well as any documents, witnesses, or other evidence obtained as a consequence of the improperly disclosed information. This circuit has previously held that discovery orders are not appealable. See In re Int'l Horizons, Inc., 689 F.2d 996, 1000-01 (11th Cir.1982); Rouse Constr. Int'l, Inc., 680 F.2d at 743 (11th Cir.1982). Ordinarily, a litigant seeking to overturn a discovery order has (only) two choices. Either he can comply with the order and challenge it at the conclusion of the case or he can refuse to comply with the order and contest its validity if subsequently cited for contempt for his refusal to obey. Rouse Constr. Int'l Inc., 680 F.2d at 745. Indeed, in International Horizons we found that the defendant could not appeal the district court's order requiring the defendant to disclose documents that the defendant argued were protected by the accountant-client privilege. In re Int'l Horizons, Inc., 689 F.2d at 1001. This circuit has not, however, directly addressed the question of whether a discovery order compelling the disclosure of information claimed to be protected by the attorney-client privilege can be appealed before final judgment under Cohen. A number of circuits have addressed the issue, and there are decisions on both sides. In re Napster, Inc. Copyright Litig., 479 F.3d 1078, 1087-89 (9th Cir.2007) (finding jurisdiction under the collateral order doctrine to review the district court's order compelling production of attorney-client communication); United States v. Philip Morris, Inc., 314 F.3d 612, 617-21 (D.C.Cir.2003) (same); F.D.I.C. v. Ogden Corp., 202 F.3d 454, 458 & n. 2 (1st Cir. 2000) ([D]iscovery orders generally are not thought to come within [the collateral order doctrine]; the perfect example of a discovery order that is not appealable under the collateral order doctrine is one involving a party's claim of attorney-client privilege.); In re Ford Motor Co., 110 F.3d 954, 964 (3d Cir.1997) ([T]he strictures of the collateral order doctrine have been met in this case, and we have jurisdiction over the appeal.); Boughton v. Cotter Corp., 10 F.3d 746, 749-50 (10th Cir.1993) (declining to accept jurisdiction, and stating that in virtually every case in other circuits involving similar attorney-client privilege claims, the courts have refused to take jurisdiction.); Texaco Inc. v. Louisiana Land and Exploration Co., 995 F.2d 43, 44 (5th Cir.1993) (order requiring plaintiff to produce certain documents that it claimed were subject to attorney-client privilege was not appealable under the collateral order doctrine); Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A. v. Turner & Newall, PLC, 964 F.2d 159, 162-63 (2d Cir.1992) (pretrial discovery orders are not appealable under the collateral order doctrine); Reise v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Wisconsin Sys., 957 F.2d 293, 295 (7th Cir.1992) ([O]rders to produce information over strong objections based on privilege are not appealable.); Quantum Corp. v. Tandon Corp., 940 F.2d 642, 644 (Fed.Cir.1991) (order compelling discovery of attorney opinion letters was not immediately appealable under the collateral order doctrine). We conclude that the challenged discovery order is not an appealable collateral order under Cohen. There appears to this Court to be no clear distinction between the interlocutory appeal of a discovery order implicating the attorney-client privilege and an interlocutory appeal of a discovery order implicating the accountant-client privilege, and this Court has previously held that the latter is not appealable. See In re Int'l Horizons, Inc. 689 F.2d 996 (11th Cir.1982). Further, we are not persuaded by Appellant's argument that once the privileged material is turned over, the cat is out of the bag and the damage is done. This Court has never exercised jurisdiction under the collateral order doctrine to review any discovery order involving any privilege. Rather, mandamus is often an appropriate method of review of orders compelling discovery. In re Fink, 876 F.2d 84, 84 (11th Cir.1989). We have explained: In the context of discovery orders which will compromise a claim of privilege or invasion of privacy rights, mandamus has been found appropriate due to the importance of the privilege, the seriousness of the injury if discovery is obtained, and the difficulty of obtaining effective review once the privileged information has been made public. In re Ford Motor Co., 345 F.3d 1315, 1316 (11th Cir.2003) (quoting In re Fink, 876 F.2d at 84). Similarly, other Circuits have denied collateral order review of discovery orders denying a claim of privilege, and instead, those Circuits state that mandamus review is the appropriate avenue for immediate review, although mandamus relief is an extraordinary remedy. See In re U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 459 F.3d 565, 568 (5th Cir.2006) (stating that [m]andamus is appropriate if the district court errs in ordering the discovery of privileged documents, as such an order would not be reviewable on appeal); Simmons v. City of Racine, PFC, 37 F.3d 325, 327, 328-29 (7th Cir.1994) (explaining that the court lacked jurisdiction over an appeal of a discovery order compelling the production of documents allegedly protected by privilege, but stating that the appellants could obtain immediate review of an adverse discovery order by other means[,] including petitioning the court for a writ of mandamus); Boughton, 10 F.3d at 750-51 (holding that an order compelling production of information allegedly protected by the attorney-client privilege was not appealable under the collateral order doctrine and, instead, analyzing whether the order could be vacated under a writ of mandamus); Chase Manhattan Bank, 964 F.2d at 163 (rejecting the application of the collateral order doctrine in an appeal from a discovery order that required disclosure of documents allegedly protected by the attorney-client privilege, and instead, overturning the discovery order through a writ of mandamus); see also United States ex rel. Pogue v. Diabetes Treatment Centers of America, Inc., 444 F.3d 462, 473 (6th Cir.2006) (refusing to determine the applicability of the collateral order doctrine to a challenge of a discovery order's finding relating to the attorney-client privilege, in part, because the court had traditionally viewed mandamus as the sole method by which [an appellate court] might review a discovery order involving a claim of privilege). Further, utilizing the writ of mandamus, which places a higher burden on the challenging party than a direct appeal, as the appropriate vehicle to hear challenges to discovery disputes grounded in the attorney-client privilege is desirable. A potentially large volume of appeals may arise out of such discovery orders, and thus, there are powerful prudential reasons to avoid commonplace interlocutory appeals. Utilizing the writ of mandamus, as opposed to the collateral order doctrine, as the appropriate avenue to seek review of discovery orders involving claims of privilege strikes an appropriate balance between the concerns of furthering the important policies of full and frank communication sought to be furthered by the privilege and the concerns of judicial efficiency. Furthermore, another avenue of review may exist if the party challenging the discovery order refuses to comply with the order and contests its validity after being cited for contempt. However, we note that contempt orders resulting from discovery disputes are not appealable final orders unless the contempt order imposes a fine or penalty . . . that may not be avoided by some other form of compliance. Combs v. Ryan's Coal Co., Inc., 785 F.2d 970, 976 (11th Cir.1986). Thus, in order for the contempt order to be immediately appealable, [t]here must be both a finding of contempt and a noncontingent order of sanction. Id. at 977; see also Doyle v. London Guar. & Accident Co., 204 U.S. 599, 604-05, 27 S.Ct. 313, 51 L.Ed. 641 (1907); S.E.C. v. Kirkland, 533 F.3d 1323, 1324 (11th Cir.2008). Accordingly, we hold that the instant appeal is not permissible under the Cohen exception and note that there are other possible avenues for immediate review. Therefore, we grant Appellee's motion to dismiss the appeal.