Opinion ID: 2374146
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Should Appellant's Confession Have Been Suppressed?

Text: Appellant's argument is threefold. He argues that any statement given without counsel present and after counsel had been retained should have been suppressed. The police should not have continued interrogation after appellant invoked his right to remain silent absent a request by appellant. Finally, he contends that he did not waive his Miranda rights. Appellant first argues that the suppression court erred in failing to suppress certain statements he made to the police on the day of his arrest. Although there is no single litmus-paper test for determining the validity of a confession, the parameters of appellate review of a suppression court's ruling of admissibility are well-defined. The suppression court, which hears and evaluates the testimony, is required to make findings of fact and conclusions of law . . . The court must determine whether the Commonwealth has established by a preponderance of the evidence that the confession was voluntary and that the waiver of constitutional rights was knowing and intelligent . . . Our responsibility on review is to determine whether the record supports the factual findings of the court below and the legitimacy of the inferences and legal conclusions drawn from those findings. . . In making this determination, this Court will consider only the evidence of the prosecution's witnesses and so much of the evidence for the defense as, fairly read in the context of the record as a whole, remains uncontradicted. Commonwealth v. Kichline, 468 Pa. 265, 279, 361 A.2d 282, 290 (1976) (cites omitted). We will consider all of the attendant circumstances to determine if it was sufficiently demonstrated that appellant's decision to speak was the product of a free and unconstrained choice and that the waiver of his constitutional rights was a knowing, intelligent and voluntary choice. Id. Commonwealth v. Rigler, 488 Pa. 441, 412 A.2d 846 (1980). Here the suppression court found that there was no agreement by the police not to interrogate appellant and therefore found no basis for suppressing his statements (N.T. Suppression pp. 218-219). In reviewing the record in view of the above standard, we find the following events led up to appellant's admission. Appellant acquired the attorney's name through the telephone directory yellow pages. (Id. pp., 165, 168) After appellant was taken to the police station he consulted with private counsel. As counsel was leaving, the attorney advised the police authorities that appellant did not wish to make a statement. (Id. p. 98) The same witness responded affirmatively when asked whether counsel informed him not to interview appellant as he did not wish to speak to the police. (Id. p. 110) The attorney who aided appellant in surrendering testified that he left after the police assured him appellant would not be interrogated. (Id. pp. 122, 134, 135) A second detective testified in rebuttal. He testified that the attorney just informed him that appellant did not wish to make a statement. (Id. p. 168) The police did not assure counsel that they would not question appellant. (Id. pp., 169, 173) Resolving the discrepancies between the recollections of the police officers and private counsel is a matter for the suppression court. This court may not substitute its own finding for those of the lower court especially in weighing the credibility of the witnesses. Commonwealth v. Stamm, 286 Pa.Superior Ct. 409, 429 A.2d 4 (1982). As the record supports the court's findings that no agreement existed between the investigating officers and counsel to forego questioning, we may not supplant its findings with our own. Therefore the issue devolves into whether when counsel informs the police that a suspect wishes to exercise his or her option to remain silent, the police may nonetheless question the suspect. On this point there has been substantial disagreement among the jurists of this Commonwealth. We find it unnecessary to go into a detailed summation of this dispute in jurisprudence as it has been reviewed on numerous occasions. We need only offer a brief glance of the split in opinions. In Commonwealth v. Rigler, 488 Pa. 441, 412 A.2d 846 (1980) four justices agreed that a defendant's statement given in the absence of counsel was admissible even though counsel had informed the police that the defendant had been advised to remain silent; two justices joined in a dissent. In Commonwealth v. Lark, 482 Pa. 292, 393 A.2d 1112 (1978), three justices, in an opinion for reversal, suggested a pro se rule requiring the presence of counsel when interrogation takes place after counsel has been retained. A fourth justice, finding that the police had explicitly and clearly assured counsel that no questioning would take place, held the violation of such agreement required a new trial. Only three justices in Commonwealth v. Hilliard, 471 Pa. 318, 370 A.2d 322 (1977) held that once counsel has undertaken to represent a suspect, a defendant could not waive his right to counsel unless the attorney was present. While in Commonwealth v. Yates, 467 Pa. 362, 357 A.2d 134 (1976), two justices, with another two concurring in the result, found that a represented defendant could waive his or her Miranda rights. Three justices dissented. Finally, in Commonwealth v. Hawkins, 448 Pa. 206, 292 A.2d 302 (1972), the Supreme Court voted 4 to 3, finding that the authorities could question without counsel being present, a suspect knowing he had retained counsel. In reviewing the above five cases it becomes evident that the view that a represented defendant cannot waive counsel outside of counsel's presence, has never attained the majority position in this Commonwealth. As in Hawkins (1972), Rigler (1980) has expressed the majority view that a defendant can waive the benefit of having retained counsel present, without counsel's present advice. Such majority, though not unanimous is nonetheless the state of the law of this Commonwealth and this court is bound by it. Such holding was followed by this court in Commonwealth v. Lowery, 276 Pa.Superior Ct. 569, 419 A.2d 604 (1980); Commonwealth v. Allen, 272 Pa.Superior Ct. 345, 349, 415 A.2d 1231, 1232 (1979). In Allen, Justice Manderino, sitting as a judge of this court, filed a concurring opinion which is a commentary on the state of the law. Justice Manderino, one of the vocal dissents in the above Supreme Court cases, stated: I concur in the result reached by other members of the panel in this case since the panel, sitting as a Superior Court panel, follows the decisions of the Supreme Court. When sitting as a member of the Supreme Court, as distinguished from my present duties, sitting by special designation as a member of the Superior Court, I have maintained contrary views. 272 Pa.Superior Ct. at 348, 415 A.2d 1231 (Citations deleted). Therefore, we find that appellant could waive his various Miranda rights without the benefit of counsel. We must now determine if such waiver was valid. Miranda requires only that a waiver of such rights be made voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently. In evaluating such a waiver a court must look to the totality of the surrounding circumstances. We must look to the duration and method of interrogation; the conditions of confinement; the displayed attitude of the questioning officers; the suspect's physical and psychological condition and any other influence which may weaken a person's resistance to suggestion or undermine his free will. Commonwealth v. O'Bryant, 479 Pa. 534, 388 A.2d 1059 (1978); Commonwealth v. Lowery, supra. A waiver of one's Miranda rights will not be presumed, but must be explicit. [2] Commonwealth v. Bussey, 486 Pa. 221, 404 A.2d 1309 (1979); Commonwealth v. Christmas, 281 Pa.Superior Ct. 114, 421 A.2d 1174 (1980). In reviewing the Commonwealth's evidence and so much of appellant's that remains uncontradicted, and in evaluating the validity of the waiver of appellant's constitutional rights, we find the following summary of testimony to be determinative. The investigating officers testified that appellant was given Miranda warnings, and appellant waived them as to the current case but refused to talk about any murder. (N.T. Suppression, pp. 100-102, 170-171). Counsel testified that he did not object to the police giving the required warnings because appellant knew his rights. (Id. at 136) Appellant himself, testified that the police twice advised him of his rights; and he himself admitted that he was aware of his constitutional rights. (Id. at 151). According to the detectives appellant insisted that nothing be written down during the interview. (Id. at 107, 171) It was the testimony of the detectives that appellant proceeded to waive his Miranda rights. Appellant claimed he told the officers he had nothing to say and insisted that he never gave any statement regarding the present case. (Id. at 144). He did state his belief that the prosecutor would mess up the case, but he would beat it anyways because he did not do it. (Id. at 155). The officers testified that the only limitation appellant placed upon the conversation was that he would not talk about any murders. (Id. at 102, 177) The discourse was described as extemporaneous chatter or rambling conversation. (Id. at 106, 170). He never asked to terminate the conversation, (Id. at 171); nor did he request return of counsel. (Id. at 172) Here appellant was questioned intermittently for three and one half (3 1/2) hours. (Id. at 104) During this period four interviews took place, each separated by a period in which appellant was left alone. During these questioning periods, two detectives were present and for part of the time, an assistant district attorney was involved. On two occasions appellant declined an offer of nourishment but he (N.T. Suppression, pp. 102-103). was permitted to use the restroom and he did take drinks of water. (Id. at 104, 106) The only threat that appellant claimed was made was one regarding charges pending down south. (Id. at 146). Reviewing the above testimony we find that appellant voluntarily, intelligently and knowingly waived his rights. The duration and conditions of the interrogation were not such as to undermine resistance. The discourse was free flowing and not forced. Offers were made to accommodate appellant's physical needs. Except for one reference to a threat of charges pending in another jurisdiction, appellant himself did not claim any influence that could have overborne his will. [3]