Opinion ID: 782021
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 4

Heading: Search of the Spare Tire

Text: 37 Regardless of the foregoing, any such motion would have been properly denied by the district court. Motions to suppress are reviewed de novo. United States v. Jones, 286 F.3d 1146, 1150 (9th Cir.2002). 38 Routine border searches do not require a warrant or an articulable level of suspicion. United States v. Okafor, 285 F.3d 842, 845 (9th Cir.2002) (citing United States v. Montoya de Hernandez, 473 U.S. 531, 537-38, 105 S.Ct. 3304, 87 L.Ed.2d 381 (1985)). The search of Vargas's vehicle was routine because it did not reach the degree of intrusiveness present in a strip search or body cavity search. United States v. Ramos-Saenz, 36 F.3d 59, 61 (9th Cir.1994). The search also did not rise to the level of intrusiveness condemned in United States v. Molina-Tarazon, 279 F.3d 709, 713-17 (9th Cir.2002), because there was no risk of harm and Vargas's sense of security was not significantly diminished. Furthermore, even absent the anonymous tip, the totality of the circumstances established a particularized and objective basis for suspecting Vargas's criminal activity. See United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273, 122 S.Ct. 744, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002).