Opinion ID: 1700756
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Harmlessness of the admission of defendant's statements obtained in violation of his constitutional right to counsel.

Text: Defendant's main contention on appeal is that his conviction was based on statements obtained in violation of his right to counsel under the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and article I, section 10 of the Iowa Constitution. Based upon our de novo review of the totality of the circumstances as shown by the entire record, see State v. Cook, 530 N.W.2d 728, 731 (Iowa 1995), we conclude that defendant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel was violated [2] , but that the court's erroneous admission into evidence of statements obtained in violation of that right was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. A. The elements of second-degree theft. Defendant was charged with and later convicted of second-degree theft in violation of Iowa Code sections 714.1(4) and 714.2(2). Section 714.1(4) defines theft as [e]xercis[ing] control over stolen property, knowing such property to have been stolen, or having reasonable cause to believe that such property has been stolen. In order to prove defendant guilty of theft of the motorcycle under this section, the State was required to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the motorcycle was stolen, that the defendant possessed or exercised control over it, and that at the time he exercised such control, he knew or had reasonable cause to believe that the motorcycle was stolen. Iowa Code § 714.1(4); State v. Robinson, 288 N.W.2d 337, 338-40 (Iowa 1980). As part of its proof regarding the third element, whether defendant knew or had reasonable cause to believe that the motorcycle was stolen, the State offered statements defendant made to deputy Lettington that he felt the motorcycle was stolen. Defendant contends that these statements were obtained after his constitutional right to counsel had attached, that counsel was not present when he made the statements, and therefore that the trial court's failure to suppress these statements requires reversal of his conviction. We examine each of defendant's arguments in turn, setting forth additional facts when necessary. B. Attachment and violation of Sixth Amendment and state constitutional right to counsel. The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, and article I, section 10 of the Iowa Constitution guarantee an accused the right to have the effective assistance of counsel for the accused's defense. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 342-43, 83 S.Ct. 792, 795-96, 9 L.Ed.2d 799, 804 (1963); State v. Lowder, 256 Iowa 853, 859-60, 129 N.W.2d 11, 15 (1964), cert. denied, 380 U.S. 965, 85 S.Ct. 1110, 14 L.Ed.2d 155 (1965); State v. Aldape, 307 N.W.2d 32, 41 n. 4 (Iowa 1981). [3] This constitutional right to counsel attaches at or after the initiation of adversary proceedings against the defendant, whether by way of formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment. United States v. Gouveia, 467 U.S. 180, 187, 104 S.Ct. 2292, 2295-96, 81 L.Ed.2d 146, 153 (1984); Kirby v. Illinois, 406 U.S. 682, 689, 92 S.Ct. 1877, 1882, 32 L.Ed.2d 411, 417 (1972); State v. Evans, 495 N.W.2d 760, 764 (Iowa 1993). A formal charge may include the filing of a complaint and procuring of a warrant prior to the filing of a trial information or indictment, depending, in part, on the level of prosecutorial involvement. Evans, 495 N.W.2d at 764-65 (citing State v. Jackson, 380 N.W.2d 420, 423 (Iowa 1986); State v. Johnson, 318 N.W.2d 417, 432-35 (Iowa), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 848, 103 S.Ct. 106, 74 L.Ed.2d 95 (1982)). The State concedes that defendant's Sixth Amendment and Iowa constitutional right to counsel had attached by the time deputy Lettington questioned defendant on June 15 and therefore was violated. With the State's concession, no purpose would be served by further analysis of the scope or application of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel. We conclude that defendant's right to counsel had attached when deputy Lettington questioned him and that defendant was not represented by counsel during the questioning. We therefore agree with the court of appeals ruling that his Sixth Amendment and Iowa constitutional right to counsel was violated and his statements to the deputy should have been suppressed. See Michigan v. Jackson, 475 U.S. 625, 106 S.Ct. 1404, 89 L.Ed.2d 631 (1986). C. Constitutional violation harmless error. Our conclusion that defendant's statements should have been suppressed does not end the enquiry because not all constitutional violations amount to reversible error. The State urges that the erroneous admission of evidence was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The court of appeals agreed with the State, and so do we. 1. Harmless error analysis applicable. Most constitutional errors do not automatically require reversal of a conviction if the error is harmless. Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 306, 111 S.Ct. 1246, 1263, 113 L.Ed.2d 302, 329 (1991) (citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 23, 87 S.Ct. 824, 827, 17 L.Ed.2d 705, 709 (1967)); State v. Lanphear, 220 N.W.2d 618, 622 (Iowa 1974). The erroneous admission of evidence in violation of a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel is such a constitutional error subject to harmless error analysis. Satterwhite v. Texas, 486 U.S. 249, 258, 108 S.Ct. 1792, 1798, 100 L.Ed.2d 284, 295 (1988) (holding admission of evidence at the sentencing stage of a capital case in violation of the Sixth Amendment Counsel Clause may be harmless error); Moore v. Illinois, 434 U.S. 220, 232, 98 S.Ct. 458, 466, 54 L.Ed.2d 424, 436 (1977) (remanding case for determination of whether failure to exclude evidence obtained in violation of Sixth Amendment Counsel Clause was harmless constitutional error); Milton v. Wainwright, 407 U.S. 371, 377-78, 92 S.Ct. 2174, 2178, 33 L.Ed.2d 1, 6-7 (1972) (holding use of confession allegedly obtained in violation of defendant's Sixth Amendment right harmless error). The basis for holding Sixth Amendment Counsel Clause violations amenable to harmless error analysis is that such errors no less than other errors, may have been `harmless' in terms of their effect on the factfinding process at trial. See Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 681, 106 S.Ct. 1431, 1436, 89 L.Ed.2d 674, 684 (1986). 2. Two-part harmless error test applied. In order to declare admission of a statement obtained in violation of a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel harmless, the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained. Chapman, 386 U.S. at 24, 87 S.Ct. at 828, 17 L.Ed.2d at 710; Lanphear, 220 N.W.2d at 622; State v. Coy, 433 N.W.2d 714, 715 (Iowa 1988). In applying this harmless error standard and thereby determining whether the State has met its burden, in the past we have looked at whether the evidence of guilt was overwhelming or whether the disputed evidence was cumulative in nature. State v. Freeman, 297 N.W.2d 363, 367 (Iowa 1980). See generally Dick R. Schlegel, The Evolution of Harmless Error in Iowa: Where Do We Go from Here? 43 Drake L.Rev. 547, 586-88 (1995). However, recent United States Supreme Court decisions have given the courts specific guidance in applying the Chapman harmless error standard. The Court has also outlined two distinct steps for us to follow. Yates v. Evatt, 500 U.S. 391, 404-05, 111 S.Ct. 1884, 1893-94, 114 L.Ed.2d 432, 449 (1991). First, [we] must ask what evidence the jury actually considered in reaching its verdict. Id. In doing so, we do not conduct a subjective enquiry into the jurors' minds. Id. Once [we have] made the first enquiry into the evidence considered by the jury, [we] must then weigh the probative force of that evidence as against the probative force of the [incorrectly admitted evidence] standing alone. Id. This enquiry also cannot be a subjective one into the jurors' minds. Id. We must approach it by asking whether the force of the evidence ... is so overwhelming as to leave it beyond a reasonable doubt that the verdict resting on that evidence would have been the same in the absence of the [incorrectly admitted evidence]. Id. It is only when the effect of the incorrectly admitted evidence is comparatively minimal to this degree that it can be said, in Chapman's words, that there is no reasonable possibility that such evidence might have contributed to the conviction. See id.; Chapman, 386 U.S. at 24, 87 S.Ct. at 828, 17 L.Ed.2d at 710. In performing this analysis, the Court has instructed the courts to consider: not what effect the constitutional error might generally be expected to have upon a reasonable jury, but rather what effect it had upon the guilty verdict in the case at hand. Harmless-error review looks ... to the basis on which `the jury actually rested its verdict.' The inquiry, in other words, is not whether, in a trial that occurred without the error, a guilty verdict would surely have been rendered but whether the guilty verdict actually rendered in this trial was surely unattributable to the error. That must be so, because to hypothesize a guilty verdict that was never in fact renderedno matter how inescapable the findings to support that verdict might bewould violate the jury-trial guarantee. Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. ___, ___, 113 S.Ct. 2078, 2081-82, 124 L.Ed.2d 182, 189 (1993) (citations omitted). a. Evidence jury actually considered. Turning to the first enquiry, we must examine the evidence the jury actually considered in reaching its verdict. In this case, the issue surrounds the knowledge element of second-degree theftthat at the time defendant exercised control over the stolen motorcycle defendant knew or had reasonable cause to believe that the motorcycle was stolen. See Iowa Code § 714.1(4). To prove defendant guilty of theft under Iowa Code section 714.1(4), the State, among other things, had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that [Hensley] actually did believe that the [motorcycle] was stolen. See State v. Hutt, 330 N.W.2d 788, 790 (Iowa 1983); Robinson, 288 N.W.2d at 338-40. Besides defendant's statements to deputy Lettington, the State presented circumstantial evidence showing that defendant actually believed that the motorcycle was stolen. This evidence, as revealed by the record, includes: (1) Two witnesses, including Krebs, and deputy Lettington observed defendant in possession of a motorcycle which did not have a license plate and had an ignition which had been damaged, allowing its operation without a key. (2) Three witnesses, including Krebs, testified as to defendant's use of the motorcycle as an operator and/or passenger. (3) Two witnesses, including Krebs, testified as to defendant's statements that the motorcycle had been borrowed. (4) One witness testified defendant had told her to mind her own business when she asked from whom the motorcycle had been borrowed. (5) One witness testified defendant had told her he and Krebs had thrown the motorcycle's license plate onto the roof of a shopping mall. (6) Police recovered the motorcycle's license plate from the roof of a shopping mall. (7) Although defendant had told others the motorcycle was borrowed, one witness testified he had had a telephone conversation with defendant and Krebs in which defendant indicated he had a motorcycle for sale. (8) Defendant fled the scene after deputy Lettington had stopped defendant and Krebs, and noticed the damaged ignition and missing license plate on the vehicle. b. Probative force of evidence jury actually considered weighed against probative force of defendant's erroneously admitted statements. Against this circumstantial evidence of defendant's actual belief that the motorcycle was stolen are defendant's statements to deputy Lettington which, taken together, comprise an admission by defendant that he felt the motorcycle was stolen. Upon weighing the probative force of the two categories of evidence, we conclude that the defendant's admission is so unimportant in relation to everything else the jury considered that there is no reasonable possibility it contributed to his conviction. The statements to deputy Lettington are both weak and contradictive. Defendant did not tell deputy Lettington that he knew or actually believed that the motorcycle had been stolen; he only stated that he  felt it was probably stolen. He then stated that he had no idea where it came from, and that he wasn't the one who actually stole it. On the other hand, the State's circumstantial proof forcefully shows that defendant actually believed that the motorcycle was stolen. The circumstantial evidence includes the altered ignition, the missing license plate, and defendant's suspicious statements and fleeting actions. We believe that this evidence of defendant's actual belief that the motorcycle was stolen is so overwhelming as to leave it beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury's verdict resting on that evidence would have been the same in the absence of the court's admission of defendant's statements. Accordingly, we agree with the court of appeals decision holding admission of the statements obtained in violation of defendant's Sixth Amendment and Iowa constitutional right to counsel harmless error. III. Sufficiency of the evidence. Having concluded that there was overwhelming evidence of second-degree theft of which defendant was convicted, we find that defendant's second argument on appeal, that there was insufficient evidence to support a guilty verdict, lacks merit. Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, see Robinson, 288 N.W.2d at 338, the same evidence provided by the State to prove defendant's guilty knowledge is at least substantial evidence of the other elements of second-degree theft and, thus, the conviction. DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS AND JUDGMENT OF DISTRICT COURT AFFIRMED.