Opinion ID: 165673
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 3

Heading: dismissal of municipal liability claims

Text: 35 Lastly, Chávez claims the district court erred in dismissing his claims against the City of Albuquerque because there were genuine issues of material fact regarding (1) the constitutionality of the City's written policy allowing an officer to use a police dog to apprehend a fleeing felon; (2) the constitutionality of the City's policy categorically defining use of a police dog as constituting less force than use of a baton; and (3) whether the City had a custom of ignoring police dogs' failures to guard and bark in apprehending suspects. Whatever the merits of these arguments, Chávez failed to raise them below. Absent extraordinary circumstances not present here, see Hicks v. Gates Rubber Co., 928 F.2d 966, 970 (10th Cir.1991), we do not address arguments raised for the first time on appeal, Tele-Communications, Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 104 F.3d 1229, 1232 (10th Cir.1997). 36 AFFIRMED.