Opinion ID: 202505
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Attorney Conduct

Text: 5 Plaintiffs argue that the district court should have granted the new trial motion because Vreeland had engaged in prejudicial misconduct during the course of the trial, and because Vreeland's mere presence lent undue weight to the testimony of Ocean Spray's witnesses, making it impossible for plaintiffs to have a fair trial (the so-called unsworn witness problem). 4 6 As to Attorney Vreeland's trial conduct, plaintiffs point only to the following exchange in which Vreeland cross-examined plaintiffs' expert on his use of an industry-wide return-on-equity estimate to calculate damages, rather than one based just on Taiwanese juice businesses: 7 Q. In your conversations with Mr. Ehrhard and Mr. Cheng [counsel for plaintiffs], did they tell you that Daisy Hong from Ocean Spray had collected audited public financial statements from nine companies that actually sell fruit juice products in Taiwan? 8 A. I did not make use of that report. 9 Q. Did you know that, did you know that your lawyers had that report? 10 A. I'm not aware of that. 11 ... 12 Q. Did you or did you not know that Mr. Chen's lawyers had public audited financial statements from nine companies selling fruit juice products in Taiwan? 13 A. I did not know that. 14 Q. They didn't tell you that? 15 A. No. 16 Plaintiffs did not contemporaneously object to the questioning, but did raise the issue at the close of trial and again in their motion for a new trial following the jury verdict. Their objection was based on the fact that the financial reports Vreeland referenced were not in evidence. The district court ruled that the line of questioning was proper. 17 Absent an abuse of discretion, this Court defers to a district court's denial of a motion for a new trial based upon improper argument or conduct of counsel. S.E.C. v. Happ, 392 F.3d 12, 26-27 (1st Cir.2004). Defendants argue that plaintiffs' failure to timely object waives the issue. Failure to timely object to an attorney's misconduct will frequently result in the denial of a motion for new trial, but such denials typically occur in cases where a party did not raise the objection at all until after the jury had returned a verdict. See, e.g., Computer Sys. Eng'g, Inc. v. Qantel Corp., 740 F.2d 59, 69 (1st Cir. 1984). The concern in those cases is that a party might hold back its objections until after it sees the verdict. See id.; Wildman v. Lerner Stores Corp., 771 F.2d 605, 610 (1st Cir.1985) (Counsel cannot play a waiting game and after an adverse verdict is rendered raise an objection to argument for the first time.). Here, such gaming is not a concern, since plaintiffs first brought their concerns to the attention of the district judge prior to the jury verdict. See Happ, 392 F.3d at 26-27 (applying an abuse of discretion standard where attorney failed to immediately object to closing arguments, but did object before the jury began deliberations). Furthermore, even if the objection were not preserved, we would still review for plain error in order to correct substantial injustice. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732-35, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993); Smith v. Kmart Corp., 177 F.3d 19, 25 (1st Cir.1999) (failure to object to improper closing argument forfeits, but does not waive, the issue, and plain error review still applies); see also Computer Sys. Eng'g, 740 F.2d at 69-70. 18 Admittedly, the reasons for allowing a delayed objection to an attorney's conduct during closing argument are different from those for allowing a delayed objection to an attorney's conduct during witness questioning. See Wilson v. Town of Mendon, 294 F.3d 1, 16 n. 30 (1st Cir. 2002) (We are loath to impose a rule that would require counsel to abandon professionalism and decorum by routinely interrupting the other side's closing argument to avoid the risk of waiving an objection entirely.). However, because it does not affect the outcome of this case, we need not decide the issue here. Instead, we will follow the practice we have adopted in the closing-argument cases of assuming, arguendo, that the objection was preserved. See United States v. Potter, 463 F.3d 9, 23-24 (1st Cir. 2006); United States v. Laboy-Delgado, 84 F.3d 22, 31 n. 7 (1st Cir. 1996). Nonetheless, because we award a high degree of deference to a district judge's management of attorney conduct, a showing of prejudice is still required before we will reverse for an abuse of discretion. See Happ, 392 F.3d at 27 (reversal of an order denying a new trial on the basis of attorney misconduct requires a showing of prejudice); P.R. Aqueduct & Sewer Auth. v. Constructora Lluch, Inc., 169 F.3d 68, 82 (1st Cir.1999) (We reverse only upon a showing of prejudice.). 19 The district judge ruled that Vreeland's questioning had not been improper, and that she was permitted to use her knowledge of the case in asking leading questions. Plaintiffs are not specific as to why such questioning would be improper, much less why it would rise to the level of misconduct such as would leave the district judge no option but to order a new trial. They say only that Vreeland was testifying through these questions. However, all that we can see that she was testifying to was the existence of certain documents, and that they were in the possession of plaintiffs' counsel; she made no reference to any facts contained in the documents, or whether the documents contradicted the expert's testimony. In addition, even assuming such questioning was improper, it was not prejudicial. The questioning went only to the amount of, not liability for, damages, and that was a question that the jury did not reach. This is hardly play[ing] fast and loose with the judicial system such as would warrant a new trial. Polansky v. CNA Ins. Co., 852 F.2d 626, 632 (1st Cir.1988) (internal quotation marks omitted). 20 Plaintiffs next argue that Vreeland's mere presence at the trial lent Ocean Spray's view of the settlement negotiations an added air of veracity that was prejudicial to them. They argue that, because the jury knew that she had been part of the settlement negotiations, her advocacy for Ocean Spray carried added weight. Here, they rely on the so-called unsworn witness rule. 21 The contours of the unsworn witness rule — if it can be called a rule — are unclear, and the parties provide little authority to guide us. In some cases, it is treated as coextensive with an applicable ethical rule such as Rule 3.7; that is, disqualification will be appropriate only where an attorney is likely to be called as a necessary witness. See, e.g., United States v. Anderson, 319 F.3d 1218, 1221-22 (10th Cir.2003). This is the approach for which the defendant appears to argue, that any unsworn witness problems be addressed through application of Rule 3.7. 5 Plaintiffs, however, urge that we follow the more expansive rule operating in the Second Circuit. There, the unsworn witness rule addresses situations where the attorney can subtly impart to the jury his first-hand knowledge of the events without having to swear an oath or be subject to cross examination regardless of whether he is a necessary witness. United States v. Locascio, 6 F.3d 924, 933 (2d Cir.1993). The Second Circuit rule operates almost exclusively in criminal cases, where, typically, the attorney was present at the criminal act in question. Plaintiffs have found only one (unreported) civil case discussing the rule. See Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Inc., 2000 WL 1655054, at -6 (S.D.N.Y. Nov.3, 2000) (denying request to disqualify attorney). 22 This circuit has rarely been called upon to address this problem, and we have not held whether there is any unsworn witness rule that goes beyond Rule 3.7. See U.S. v. Diozzi, 807 F.2d 10, 14-15 (1st Cir.1986) (expressing skepticism that attorneys with first-hand knowledge would have an unfair advantage with a jury). We decline now to decide whether to adopt any such rule, since, even if we did, plaintiffs' claim would still fail. Even under the expansive Second Circuit rule, attorney disqualification is a drastic remedy, reserved for cases where the attorney has entangled himself to an extraordinary degree with his client. Locascio, 6 F.3d at 934. See Bristol-Myers, 2000 WL 1655054, at . Overturning a verdict or ordering a new trial based on an unsworn witness issue is at least as drastic. 23 Here, the district judge was aware of the risks that accompanied Vreeland's participation and warned her not to imply that any witness's version of events was inaccurate. The district judge ably ensured that Vreeland did not cross any lines, and plaintiffs are unable to point to any specific instances where her presence or questioning may have prejudiced the jury. The one colloquy with plaintiff's expert, discussed supra, does not qualify, even if it were improper, since it concerns information that Vreeland gathered in her capacity as trial counsel, not as counsel to Ocean Spray during the initial settlement negotiations. Importantly, even if Vreeland had been disqualified, her replacement would have had identical access to that information, and there would have been the same risk of its use at trial. 24 Without other specific examples, plaintiffs instead claim that it was simply Attorney Vreeland's presence as counsel at trial that prejudiced the jury against the plaintiffs. This is not enough to establish abuse of discretion, for it would force, contrary to the district court's determination as to potential prejudice, the disqualification from trial of any attorney who had represented a client in pre-trial settlement negotiations. See Diozzi, 807 F.2d at 14 (declining to disqualify counsel merely for having represented their clients in a preindictment investigation).