Opinion ID: 557349
Heading Depth: 3
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Permissive Joinder

Text: 18 Mason County did not raise the issue of whether the requirements for permissive joinder were met below. They are thus precluded from raising it now. This court will not review an issue not raised below unless necessary to prevent manifest injustice. International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftsman Local Union No. 20 v. Martin Jaska, Inc., 752 F.2d 1401, 1404 (9th Cir.1985). This court will address the issue only if the proponent can point to exceptional circumstances why the issue was not raised below. Id. (quoting Taylor v. Sentry Life Ins. Co., 729 F.2d 652, 655-56 (9th Cir.1984) (per curiam)). Because Mason County does not show any reasons why they failed to raise the issue below, this court will not consider the issue.