Opinion ID: 2994802
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 3

Heading: N.S., 179 F.3d 515, 519 (7th Cir. 1999), but we

Text: defer to the Board’s factual findings, reversing them only if they lack the support of substantial evidence in the record. Malek v. I.N.S., 198 F.3d 1016, 1021 (7th Cir. 2000). Therefore, the Board’s determination that a petitioner is deportable is conclusive unless evidence in the record would compel a reasonable adjudicator to conclude to the contrary. 8 U.S.C. sec. 1252(b) (4)(B); I.N.S. v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992). Congress enacted the Holtzman Amendment in 1978 to ensure that the United States is not a haven for individuals who assisted the Nazis in the brutal persecution and murder of millions of people. Schellong, 805 F.2d at 662. The Amendment provides for the deportation of aliens who ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in Nazi-directed persecution of individuals because of their race, religion, national origin, or political opinion. United States v. Tittjung, 235 F.3d 330, 334 n.2 (7th Cir. 2000); 8 U.S.C. sec.sec. 1182(a)(3)(E) and 1227(a)(4)(D). In this case, the government must demonstrate that Naujalis’s conduct assisted the 2nd Battalion to commit atrocities. See Fedorenko, 449 U.S. at 512 n. 34. To prove that Naujalis assisted in Nazi-directed persecution, the government does not have to establish that Naujalis’s assistance in persecution was voluntary, id. at 512, or that he personally participated in the atrocities. See id. (a perimeter guard at the Treblinka death camp assisted in persecution even though there was insufficient evidence that the guard personally committed atrocities); see also Ciurinskas, 148 F.3d at 734 (Ciurinskas’s membership and service in the 2nd Battalion (without proof of his personal involvement in atrocities) was sufficient to constitute assistance in persecution); accord Kulle v. I.N.S., 825 F.2d 1188, 1192 (7th Cir. 1987). According to the Holtzman Amendment’s non-criminal provision, we may infer one’s assistance in persecution from the general nature of the person’s role in the war and thus atrocities committed by a unit may be attributed to the individual based on his membership and seeming participation. Kalejs v.