Opinion ID: 2556346
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: A. Instruction on Causation/Insufficiency of the Evidence

Text: During a discussion of proposed jury instructions, the trial court informed the parties that it was inclined to just provide the first paragraph of instruction No. 4.26 Murder and Manslaughter-Causation, from the CRIMINAL JURY INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (4th ed. rev.2007). [2] Defense counsel responded, That's fine with me. [3] Thereafter the trial court gave the jury an instruction that closely tracked the language of that standard instruction: A person causes the death of another person if his actions are a substantial factor in bringing about death and if death is a reasonably foreseeable consequence of his actions. Death is reasonably foreseeable if it is something that should have been foreseen as being reasonably related to the Defendant's actions. Appellant now argues that the trial court plainly erred by not including in its instructions to the jury an instruction on the concepts of intervening, superseding cause, and proximate causation (instructions that appellant asserts would have enabled the jury to find that the hit-and-run driver was an intervening cause that cut off any criminal culpability of appellant for Miller's death). Even if appellant did not waive this argument by indicating his satisfaction with the court's proposed instructions, he certainly failed to urge upon the court the instructions he now says were required. Accordingly, we will review his claim only for plain error. To prevail under plain error review, appellant must show (1) error, (2) that is plain, (3) [and] that ... affected appellant's substantial rights, and (4) that the error seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceeding, i.e., a showing of manifest injustice or a miscarriage of justice. Bacchus v. United States, 970 A.2d 269, 275 (D.C.2009). We find no error, plain or otherwise. Our cases establish that [a]n intervening cause will be considered a superseding legal cause that exonerates the original actor if it was so unforeseeable that the actor's ... conduct, though still a substantial causative factor, should not result in the actor's liability. Butts v. United States, 822 A.2d 407, 418 (D.C.2003) (citing RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 440 (1965)). Regarding proximate cause, we have said that a criminal defendant proximately causes, and thus can be held criminally accountable for, all harms that are reasonably foreseeable consequences of his or her actions. McKinnon v. United States, 550 A.2d 915, 918 (D.C.1988). Here, the instruction that the trial court gave informed the jury that if Miller's death was not a reasonably foreseeable consequence of appellant's actions, then appellant could not be guilty of causing the death. We think this instruction was adequate to inform the jury that if another factor that was not reasonably foreseeable came into play and resulted in Miller's death, the jury could not find appellant responsible for causing Miller's death. Thus, we agree with the government that the more general instruction that the court gave sufficed to convey the specific principles that appellant urges the jury should have heard. [4] Appellant's related contention is that, on the evidence presented, the jury could not rationally have found that Miller's death was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the conduct with which appellant was charged. He argues that the government failed to prove that his actions i.e., firing the gun in Miller's direction were the proximate cause of Miller's death, and that the evidence therefore was insufficient to support his conviction of voluntary manslaughter. [5] We disagree. In reviewing claims of evidentiary insufficiency, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, giving full play to the right of the jury to determine credibility, weigh the evidence, and draw justifiable inferences of fact. Freeman v. United States, 912 A.2d 1213, 1218 (D.C.2006) (citations and internal quotations omitted). We apply the principles that the government is not required to negate every possible inference of innocence, and that it is only where the government has produced no evidence from which a reasonable mind might fairly infer guilt beyond a reasonable doubt that this court can reverse a conviction. Id. at 1219. Proximate cause has two elements: a cause-in-fact element and a policy element. Butts, 822 A.2d at 417 (citing Lacy v. District of Columbia, 424 A.2d 317, 320 (D.C.1980)). A defendant's actions are considered the cause-in-fact of a person's death if those actions contribute substantially to or are a substantial factor in a fatal injury. Roy v. United States, 871 A.2d 498, 507 (D.C.2005) (citing Baylor v. United States, 407 A.2d 664, 669-70 (D.C.1979)). We have defined substantial cause as that conduct which a reasonable person would regard as having produced the fatal effect. Id. at 508 (citing Butts, 822 A.2d at 417). The policy element of proximate cause is comprised of various factors which relieve a defendant of liability even when his actions were the cause-in-fact of the injury. District of Columbia v. Carlson, 793 A.2d 1285, 1290 (D.C.2002). One such factor is foreseeability. See McKinnon, 550 A.2d at 917 (A defendant is ... criminally responsible if `the ultimate harm is something which should have been foreseen as being reasonably related to the acts of the accused.'). That is, a defendant may not be held liable for harm actually caused where the chain of events leading to the injury appears `highly extraordinary in retrospect.' Majeska v. District of Columbia, 812 A.2d 948, 951 (D.C.2002) (citing Morgan v. District of Columbia, 468 A.2d 1306, 1318 (D.C.1983) (en banc)). Here, the jury heard evidence that only after appellant fired shots in Miller's direction did everyone attempt to flee, with Miller dodging behind parked cars and then running into the street in an effort to avoid being hit by the bullets. Thus, the jury was presented with evidence from which it could reasonably conclude that appellant's firing of his weapon in Miller's direction was a substantial factor not only in Miller's (and London's) fleeing into the street, but also in the driver of the car (that ultimately struck Miller) taking off at high speed when the gunfire erupted. The jury could reasonably find that, far from being unforeseeable or highly extraordinary in retrospect, these attempts to flee quickly, and without careful attention to pedestrian safety, were entirely predictable. [6] From this evidence, the jury reasonably could find that appellant's firing of the gun foreseeably produced the fatal effect, Roy, 871 A.2d at 508i.e., caused Miller's death.