Opinion ID: 526156
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 3

Heading: standard of review

Text: 7 We review de novo the denial of a writ of habeas corpus. See Carter v. McCarthy, 806 F.2d 1373, 1375 (9th Cir.1986), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 108 S.Ct. 198, 98 L.Ed.2d 149 (1987). We may review each of Watts' claims without a prior showing of cause and prejudice because he did not lose any of them in the state courts through a procedural default. See Reed v. Ross, 468 U.S. 1, 11, 104 S.Ct. 2901, 2907, 82 L.Ed.2d 1 (1984). In reviewing the challenged jury instruction, we must grant Watts' petition unless we find that any constitutional error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See Willard v. California, 812 F.2d 461, 464 (9th Cir.1987).