Opinion ID: 586384
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Umbrella Theory in the Indictment

Text: 25 Musacchio urges alternatively that even if an indictment charging a violation of section 657 is not required to allege a conversion, the indictment in this case was still fatally flawed. That fatal flaw, according to Musacchio, was that the indictment did not provide the framework for a specific misapplication charge, but rather provided a window through which a wide view of allegedly criminal activity could be examined. Musacchio argues that the government must allege the exact conduct in which Musacchio engaged that constituted the crime of misapplication. We find no merit in this argument and reiterate that the indictment in this case was sufficient. 26 As we have already pointed out, the government is not required to allege its supporting evidence in the indictment. United States v. Buckley, 689 F.2d 893, 897 (9th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1086, 103 S.Ct. 1778, 76 L.Ed.2d 349 (1983). The indictment alleged one misapplication, that of $9.3 million on or about June 28, 1983. That allegation was sufficient to apprise Musacchio of the charge against him, and to protect against subsequent prosecutions for the same offense. See Buckley, 689 F.2d at 897; United States v. Jenkins, 785 F.2d 1387, 1392 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 855, 107 S.Ct. 192, 93 L.Ed.2d 125 (1986). 27 To prove its case, the government introduced evidence that, among other things, Musacchio falsely stated to the Columbia Savings Board that Frumenti would personally guarantee his share of the losses and not receive money up front, and that Musacchio kept other bank officers' unfavorable opinions from the Board. This evidence was properly introduced to prove the elements of misapplication. Such subsidiary evidence has often been used to support a more general charge of misapplication of bank funds in the indictment. See United States v. Castro, 887 F.2d 988, 994-95 (9th Cir.1989); United States v. Wolf, 820 F.2d 1499, 1503 (9th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 960, 108 S.Ct. 1222, 99 L.Ed.2d 423 (1988); United States v. Kennedy, 564 F.2d 1329, 1333, 1341 (9th Cir.1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 944, 98 S.Ct. 1526, 55 L.Ed.2d 541 (1978). It was not necessary for Musacchio's indictment to allege this evidentiary material. There was no unfair surprise to Musacchio; it was clear enough that the trial would focus on the documentation and representations underlying and leading to the $9.3 million outlay.