Opinion ID: 1848332
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Pretrial Assistance of Medical Expert

Text: Before trial Utsler petitioned the court for an examination by a psychiatrist in regard to the available defense of involuntary intoxication stating that he would voluntarily submit to such examination by a competent psychiatrist at the South Dakota State Mental Institution at Yankton. On August 29, 1966, an order was entered granting the petition. At public expense, Utsler was then taken to Yankton by the sheriff and examined by two psychiatrists. Their reports are a part of the record. They show Utsler's claimed use of alcohol since an early age and his placing blame for all his troubles upon such use. One of the reports on reason for admission says it was for a psychiatric examination of involuntary intoxication when the crime was committed. Neither report purports to answer that question, but both describe Utsler as an anti-social personality capable of standing trial. When arraigned on September 23, 1966, Utsler's counsel filed another motion for reexamination because the question of involuntary intoxication was not answered, which the court denied, but allowed Utsler's counsel at public expense to travel to Yankton to consult the examining psychiatrists concerning the claimed defense. At the commencement of trial on October 3rd, defense counsel informed the court he had contacted the superintendent of the state hospital, Dr. Lawrence G. Behan, who told him there was no such condition, state, or diagnosis as involuntary intoxication, that it would be useless to contact the examining psychiatrists because they would give no opinion thereon, and apparently they were not further contacted. Counsel then orally informed the court that he had talked with a psychiatrist in private practice at Sioux Falls who told him there was such a state and diagnosis in the field of psychiatry as involuntary intoxication and he would examine Utsler for a fee of $50; he moved for permission to have such examination conducted. [1] Petitioner entered a general plea of not guilty. He did not specially plead not guilty by reason of mental illness in addition to his general plea. SDCL 1967 23-37-1 et seq. No psychiatric evidence was presented at the trial either by the state or by the defense. Defendant testified on his own behalf and denied the robbery which occurred shortly after midnight on July 4, 1966. He said he arrived in Sioux Falls between 6 p. m. and 7:30 p. m. on Sunday July 3rd, drinking beer at various taverns in Sioux Falls until he left Sioux Falls about 12:30 a. m. on July 4th. He was arrested at Madison, South Dakota, about 40 miles distant from Sioux Falls, shortly after 1 a. m. on July 4th. Except possibly for an inference of intoxication from a considerable consumption of beer testified to by the defendant between the hours mentioned, there is little or no evidence that he was intoxicated. SDCL 1967, 22-5-5 provides: No act committed by a person while in a state of voluntary intoxication shall be deemed less criminal by reason of his having been in such condition. But whenever the actual existence of any particular purpose, motive, or intent is a necessary element to constitute any particular species or degree of crime, the jury may take into consideration the fact that the accused was intoxicated at the time in determining the purpose, motive, or intent with which he committed the act. Intoxication is not a defense in South Dakota, but sufficient evidence of it could vitiate the specific intent which is an essential element in proving guilt of certain crimes. State v. Kapelino, 20 S.D. 591, 108 N.W. 335; Goings v. United States, 8 Cir., 377 F.2d 753. See also Annot., 8 A.L.R.3d 1236. In discussing voluntary intoxication, at page 1239, the annotator says, that discussion would seem to occupy the field for the decisions seem to indicate that it is only where the alcohol is introduced into the accused's system by force majeure that the intoxication would be regarded as involuntary for the purposes of the application of these rules. The courts in considering the questions here discussed have taken little or no notice of modern medical attitudes toward alcoholism as a disease, but have usually assumed that the intoxication must be treated as voluntary for purposes of determining criminal guilt, no matter how compulsive the accused's addiction to alcohol may have been. It is apparently only when the alcoholism produces a permanent and settled insanity distinct from the alcoholic compulsion itself that the law will accept it as an excuse. See also Choate v. State, 19 Okl.Cr. 169, 197 P. 1060. Petitioner does not claim that the medical expert from whom he desired an examination would have rendered an opinion favorable to this claimed defense, but he says, because he was without funds to employ a medical expert, his counsel could not effectively represent him and this violated his constitutional rights. SDCL 1967 19-6-1 allows the court in either a civil or criminal proceeding when it deems expert evidence desirable to appoint one or more experts, not exceeding three, either on its own motion or that of any party, to testify at the trial. In criminal proceedings, the cost is paid by the county as a part of the costs of the action. In State v. Geelan, 80 S.D. 135, 120 N.W. 2d 533, this statute was considered and we said: This provision does not create an absolute right to the appointment of an expert witness. It merely permits the appointment of such witness in a proper case. Whether the appointment is made is committed to the discretion of the court. See also SDCL 1967, 23-37-2 on court appointment of medical experts upon plea of not guilty by reason of mental illness. At the time of trial there was no other provision in our statutes for appointment of experts. [2] In our opinion neither the federal nor state constitution mandate that an indigent defendant in addition to counsel is entitled at public expense to the full paraphernalia of defense, State v. Crose, 88 Ariz. 389, 357 P.2d 136, or preparation for a claimed defense. We have found no United States Supreme Court decision so holding. As the Arizona court said: Appellant, in urging that we here broaden the term `counsel' to include expert witnesses, misconstrues the function of this Court. That function in this case is only to interpret the constitutional provision; not to write it or re-write it. He asks us to construe it broadlybut we cannot `construe' it when merely reading it will alone suffice. We have no doubt that those who make the law could appropriately provide impecunious defendants with such assistance as was sought here, were it deemed practicable and in the public interest to do so. They have not done so. They were under no constitutional compulsion to do so. See also State v. Superior Court, 2 Ariz. App. 458, 409 P.2d 742; San Miguel v. McCarthy, 8 Ariz.App. 323, 446 P.2d 22; State v. Bowen, 104 Ariz. 138, 449 P.2d 603; State v. Chambers, 104 Ariz. 247, 451 P.2d 27. However, see People v. Watson, 36 Ill.2d 228, 221 N.E.2d 645, 222 N.E.2d 801, where under the facts in that case to assure defendant of a fair trial it was held necessary to engage an expert witness at government expense absent statutory authority, and State v. Second Judicial Circuit, Nev., 453 P.2d 421; also Annot., 21 A.L.R.3d 819.