Opinion ID: 1288191
Heading Depth: 3
Heading Rank: 4

Heading: State's Use of Peremptory Strikes

Text: Defendant argues that the state's exercise of its peremptory challenges to remove persons with reservations about the death penalty violated defendant's right to a fair and impartial jury under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986), modified, Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400, 111 S.Ct. 1364, 113 L.Ed.2d 411 (1991). [2] In Batson, the Supreme Court held that a state may not use peremptory challenges to remove jurors solely on account of their race. Id. at 89, 106 S.Ct. at 1719. The Court later extended its holding to prohibit purposeful gender discrimination in jury selection as well. J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B., ___ U.S. ___, ___, 114 S.Ct. 1419, 1421, 128 L.Ed.2d 89 (1994). The Batson rule does not, however, apply to cases where the state uses its peremptory strikes to remove potential jurors not excludable for cause who have expressed reservations about capital punishment. The Supreme Court made this perfectly clear in J.E.B. when it said, Parties may ... exercise their peremptory challenges to remove from the venire any group or class of individuals normally subject to `rational basis' review. ___ U.S. at ___, 114 S.Ct. at 1429. Nothing about a person's views on the death penalty invokes heightened scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause. Thus, Batson does not limit the use of peremptory challenges to exclude jurors because of their reservations about capital punishment. Even before J.E.B., several courts considered this question, and all agreed with the conclusion we reach today. E.g., United States v. Villarreal, 963 F.2d 725, 729 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 113 S.Ct. 353, 121 L.Ed.2d 267 (1992); Brown v. Dixon, 891 F.2d 490, 496-98 (4th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 495 U.S. 953, 110 S.Ct. 2220, 109 L.Ed.2d 545 (1990); People v. Davis, 794 P.2d 159, 208-09 (Colo. 1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1018, 111 S.Ct. 662, 112 L.Ed.2d 656 (1991); Lucas v. State, 568 So.2d 18, 20 n. 2 (Fla. 1990); State v. Wacaser, 794 S.W.2d 190, 196 (Mo. 1990); State v. Seiber, 56 Ohio St.3d 4, 564 N.E.2d 408, 419 (1990); Romano v. State, 847 P.2d 368, 377-78 (Okla. Crim. App. 1993), aff'd, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 2004, 129 L.Ed.2d 1 (1994); [3] Hernandez v. State, 819 S.W.2d 806, 817-18 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 974, 112 S.Ct. 2944, 119 L.Ed.2d 568 (1992). There was no Batson violation. 5. Impeachment by Prior Conviction Under the Rules of Evidence Defendant claims that under Rule 609, Arizona Rules of Evidence, the trial court should not have permitted the use of his prior convictions on the issue of credibility. Under the facts of this case, we see no reason to make a definitive ruling on the merits of his claim because, wholly apart from the prior convictions, defendant testified that he was a thief and had committed a murder other than the murder for which he was charged. Thus, the admission of his prior convictions on the issue of credibility, if error at all, was harmless. At the time of his trial, defendant had five prior convictions. In Arizona, he had been convicted of theft, possession of burglary tools, kidnapping, and sexual abuse. He had been convicted of aggravated battery in Illinois. During pretrial motions, the trial court ruled that it would allow the prosecution to use the convictions for kidnapping, sexual abuse, possession of burglary tools, and battery to impeach defendant if he testified. Defendant testified and admitted to the prior convictions on direct examination. He also testified, however, that he had committed several other crimes for which he had never been charged. Specifically, he testified that he had stolen a gun, stolen a car, and committed a murder other than the one at issue here. Under Rule 609, a court can admit evidence that a witness has been convicted of a crime if the witness admits the prior conviction or if public records establish it. The court must determine, first, that its probative value outweighs its prejudicial effect and, second, that the crime was punishable by death or imprisonment of more than one year or involved dishonesty or false statement. Ariz.R.Evid. 609(a). These determinations are within the judge's discretion, and an appellate court will not upset the trial court's ruling absent an abuse. State v. Perkins, 141 Ariz. 278, 283, 686 P.2d 1248, 1253 (1984). Defendant's trial counsel urged exclusion of the priors, arguing that they were dissimilar to the charged offenses. Defendant's appellate counsel argues their admission was prejudicial because the priors were too similar to the charged offenses. Appellate counsel's argument is closer to the mark. When prior convictions are similar to the charged offense, the potential for prejudice is particularly strong. Gordon v. United States, 383 F.2d 936, 940 (D.C. Cir.1967), cert. denied, 390 U.S. 1029, 88 S.Ct. 1421, 20 L.Ed.2d 287 (1968). The reason is clear  similarity to the charged offense may lead to the unfair inference that if defendant did it before he probably did so this time. Id. As such, a trial court should sparingly admit evidence of prior convictions when the prior convictions are similar to the charged offense; or in appropriate cases, the trial court may reduce the risk of prejudice by admitting the fact of a prior conviction without disclosing the nature of the crime. State v. White, 160 Ariz. 24, 31, 770 P.2d 328, 335 (1989); State v. Williams, 144 Ariz. 479, 482, 698 P.2d 724, 727 (1985). Because defendant's prior convictions were so similar to the crimes for which he was charged, a close question is presented as to whether the trial court abused its discretion. Be that as it may, even if the trial court abused its discretion in admitting defendant's prior convictions, the error was harmless. Absent structural defects, which are not subject to harmless error analysis, an error is harmless if we can say, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the error did not contribute to or affect the verdict. Bible, 175 Ariz. at 588, 858 P.2d at 1191. The inquiry on review is not whether, in a trial that occurred without the error, a guilty verdict would surely have been rendered, but whether the guilty verdict actually rendered in this trial was surely unattributable to the error. Sullivan v. Louisiana, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 113 S.Ct. 2078, 2081, 124 L.Ed.2d 182 (1993). Improper admission of evidence of prior convictions is subject to harmless error analysis. See Luce v. United States, 469 U.S. 38, 42, 105 S.Ct. 460, 463-64, 83 L.Ed.2d 443 (1984). Any prejudice that admission of the prior convictions could have caused in this particular case is merely redundant to the prejudice caused by defendant's own testimony. If the jury was inclined to draw unfair inferences from defendant's prior convictions, it was equally inclined to draw essentially the same inferences from defendant's own testimony. This is not a situation where the defendant's testimony was compelled by the ruling admitting the prior convictions. Here, defendant's testimony concerning his own criminality, including theft and murder, was wholly independent of his prior convictions and was at least as damaging to him as evidence of those convictions. 6. Introduction of Expert Opinion Defendant contends that the trial court should not have admitted expert opinion that purported to explain why the victim's clothing had been replaced. The state contends that trial counsel's objections were insufficient to preserve the issue. Based on our review of the record, we reject the state's waiver argument insofar as the foundation of the testimony is concerned, and conclude that the testimony should not have been admitted. We further conclude, however, that the error is not reversible. Defendant called detective Steven Bunting, who had previously testified during the state's case, and examined him on evidence found at the victim's home. On cross-examination by the prosecutor, the following exchange took place: Q: Are you familiar with the phenomenon of child sex murderers who are interested in restoring their victim[s] to their original appearance after death? A: I have heard that spoken of, yes. Q: In your professional opinion, would that account for Zosha's being reclothed after she was stabbed? [Defense counsel]: I am going to object as to foundation and speculation. The Court: Sustained. .... [Prosecutor]: Did you [draw on your knowledge and experience] in trying to evaluate and solve what happened to Zosha ...? A: Yes, we did. Q: Does that lead you to a possible conclusion as to why Zosha was reclothed? [Defense counsel]: Same objection, Your Honor. The Court: No, you may go ahead and give your opinion. A: Yes, one of the opinions that we did come up with was that the suspect had possibly reclothed  [Defense counsel]: I am going to object. The Court: Sustained, yeah. Q: Do you have a conclusion that you reached as a result of your work and research on this case? A: A possible conclusion, yes. Q: Will the witness be allowed to state it? The Court: He may give his expert opinion, if he has one. [Prosecutor]: Thank you. The Court: Go ahead. A: One of the  there were a number of conclusions that were spoken of, but in contacting other officers, in contacting the FBI, Behavioral Science Division, other departments, one of the theories was that the person involved after Zosha had been stabbed had reclothed the victim in an attempt to restore her to her state before the act had been committed. Defendant claims this testimony was erroneously admitted because (1) it is unreliable and (2) Bunting was not qualified as an expert. Defendant also claims that the testimony (1) violated the Arizona Rules of Criminal Procedure and his right to due process because it took him by surprise; (2) violated his right to confrontation and due process; and (3) constituted an impermissible application of a specialized theory to the facts of a particular case. Defendant's objection to foundation and speculation, however, did not even arguably raise these latter three issues in the court below. This court will not consider an evidentiary theory when it is advanced for the first time on appeal. State v. Schaaf, 169 Ariz. 323, 332, 819 P.2d 909, 918 (1991) (holding that an objection to testimony as cumulative did not preserve a claim of error on the ground of probing work product); see also State v. Hernandez, 170 Ariz. 301, 306-07, 823 P.2d 1309, 1314-15 (App. 1991) (holding that a hearsay objection did not preserve a claim of error based on the Confrontation Clause). Defendant has waived these latter three issues, and none constitutes fundamental error. There are four requirements for admission of expert testimony. [4] See State v. Moran, 151 Ariz. 378, 380, 728 P.2d 248, 250 (1986). Under our cases and Rules of Evidence, expert testimony generally must (1) come from a qualified expert, (2) be reliable, (3) aid the trier of fact in evaluating and understanding matters not within their common experience, and (4) have probative value that equals or outweighs its prejudicial effect. Moran, 151 Ariz. at 380, 728 P.2d at 250; Ariz.R.Evid. 403, 702-03. The state did not lay sufficient foundation to show that Bunting's expert opinion would be reliable. The major premise for Bunting's conclusion was the phenomenon that some child sex murderers try to restore their victims. The prosecution, however, failed to elicit testimony establishing the methods, facts, or data upon which the phenomenon was based. See State v. Roscoe, 145 Ariz. 212, 220-21, 700 P.2d 1312, 1320-21 (1984) (holding foundation to be sufficient where witness explained the particular training and methods employed), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1094, 105 S.Ct. 2169, 85 L.Ed.2d 525 (1985); Adams v. Amore, 182 Ariz. 253, 895 P.2d 1016 (App. 1994) (holding foundation to be insufficient where witness did not establish the representative validity of his test sampling and reliability of his data). In fact, other than Detective Bunting's statement that he had heard it spoken of, nothing in the record suggests that the child sex murderer phenomenon even exists. Because of the lack of adequate foundation, the trial court should not have admitted the testimony. Detective Bunting's expert qualifications with regard to this particular topic are also highly questionable. But because we find that the opinion was unreliable and should not have been admitted, we need not address the issue of expert qualifications here. The opinion was admitted erroneously. However, because we believe defendant suffered no prejudice, the error is not reversible. See State v. Chapple, 135 Ariz. 281, 297, 660 P.2d 1208, 1224 (1983) (holding that errors in admitting evidence were reversible only after concluding that the errors were prejudicial). Bunting's opinion was very noncommittal. He identified only one of the theories of the case and did not express an opinion on the likelihood that the theory actually explained the case accurately. Nor did the testimony introduce a sexual motive. Evidence of semen stains and the removal and replacement of the victim's clothing had already been admitted. We conclude that Bunting's statement had no effect on the jury's verdict. 7. Gruesome Photograph Defendant argues that it was error to admit into evidence four eight-by-ten color photographs of the victim's body. In the trial court, however, he objected only to one  a close-up autopsy photograph of the victim's chest showing the features of the stab wound, Exhibit 110. We will address only the one photograph. See State v. Harding, 137 Ariz. 278, 291, 670 P.2d 383, 396 (1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1013, 104 S.Ct. 1017, 79 L.Ed.2d 246 (1984). The admissibility of photographic exhibits is within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be overturned on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion. State v. Rushing, 156 Ariz. 1, 2-3, 749 P.2d 910, 911-12 (1988). To be admissible into evidence, photographs must be relevant. Ariz.R.Evid. 402; Rushing, 156 Ariz. at 3, 749 P.2d at 912. When the photographs, however, have the tendency to incite passion or inflame the jury, the court must go beyond the question of relevancy and consider whether the probative value of the exhibit outweighs the danger of prejudice created by admission of the exhibit. Chapple, 135 Ariz. at 288, 660 P.2d at 1215; see Ariz.R.Evid. 403. Defendant argues initially that the judge abused his discretion because he did not expressly weigh probative value against potential for prejudice when he denied defendant's motion to suppress. We disagree. The record clearly reflects the judge's consideration of defendant's motion to suppress, and a finding that the probative value of the photograph outweighed its potential for prejudice is inherent in the court's denial of the motion. Defendant argues next that the trial court abused its discretion because the photograph was gruesome and unduly prejudicial. Again, we disagree. A reasonable trial judge could easily have found the probative value of the photograph to outweigh its potential for prejudice. The photograph was probative to show the nature of the fatal injury and the features of the wound, topics about which both the prosecution and the defense carefully questioned the medical examiner. See LaGrand, 153 Ariz. at 31, 734 P.2d at 573 (holding that photographs may be used to illustrate the testimony of the state's medical expert); Chapple, 135 Ariz. at 288, 660 P.2d at 1215 (stating that photographs may be used to corroborate state witnesses and to illustrate and explain testimony). Also, the photograph is not so gruesome as to make its admission an abuse of discretion. See State v. Castaneda, 150 Ariz. 382, 391, 724 P.2d 1, 10 (1986) (holding that photographs of stab wounds in victim's chest and victim's nude body smeared with blood were properly admitted); State v. Poland, 144 Ariz. 388, 401, 698 P.2d 183, 196 (1985) (holding that photograph of victim's body and close-up photograph of victim's torso and decomposed head were properly admitted), aff'd, 476 U.S. 147, 106 S.Ct. 1749, 90 L.Ed.2d 123 (1986). 8. Admission of Serological Evidence Defendant complains on appeal about a statement by criminalist Steven Clemons, a serology expert, who testified on semen and blood group substances. The challenged testimony eventually related to two semen stains on an athletic sock found in the back of the taxicab. Testimony at trial established that for serological identification purposes, the population can be divided into two groups  secretors and nonsecretors. A secretor is someone who secretes his blood group substances into his other body fluids such as saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions. Conversely, a nonsecretor does not secrete his blood group substances into his other body fluids. Qualified experts testified that a fluid sample from a nonsecretor will not reveal the donor's blood type. On direct examination, Clemons testified that in a hypothetical sexual assault case where there is a semen stain showing the presence of blood group substance B, the victim has type B blood, and the possible donor of the semen is a nonsecretor, it is possible that the semen stain could contain vaginal secretions from the victim. Defense counsel did not object to the testimony and on cross-examination questioned Clemons at length on the possibility of a victim's vaginal secretions being mixed with an attacker's semen. On redirect examination, the prosecutor asked, [I]n your experience, when you are talking about possible sexual assault cases, ... is it unusual for you to find a dried semen stain in an area around where the sexual assault is supposed to have occurred that contains a mixture of vaginal secretions and semen? Over defendant's objection to form and foundation, Clemons replied, [I]t doesn't surprise me that I might find vaginal secretions on a stain, or if I understand this right, it's not surprising to find a stain somewhere away from the body that has been identified as semen that might have some blood group substances consistent with the victim. Defendant argues that allowing this last statement by Clemons was reversible error because it constitutes scientific evidence admitted without proper foundation. We conclude, however, that even assuming that the trial court admitted the statement in error, it was cumulative and harmless. Three different criminalists testified at length about serology and blood group typing. Steven Garrett, a serologist who testified immediately before Clemons, testified that a semen stain containing type B and H blood group substances would be consistent with having been involved with a person with type B blood. Serologist Edward Heller, who testified immediately after Clemons, testified about test results on the actual sock and said that the type B blood group substances found in the semen stain may be associated with the same individual responsible for the type B blood found on the taxicab floor and the victim's parties. Defendant did not object to any of this testimony. [5] Given the extensive exposition of the issue by both the prosecution and the defense and the even more positive testimony of the other serology experts, we have no trouble concluding beyond a reasonable doubt that Clemons' statement had no effect on the jury's verdict. 9. Prosecutorial Misconduct Defendant alleges several instances of prosecutorial misconduct that he contends either on their own or in combination with one another denied him a fair trial. However, he objected to only two of the instances at trial: improper use of criminal history and improper cross-examination of the defendant. Because none of the other instances approaches fundamental error, we discuss only the two raised in the trial court. To require reversal on the basis of prosecutorial misconduct, the conduct must have been so pronounced and persistent that it permeated the entire trial and probably affected the outcome. Atwood, 171 Ariz. at 611, 832 P.2d at 628. Motions for mistrial based on prosecutorial misconduct are committed to the trial court's discretion, which will not be disturbed on appeal unless plainly abused. State v. Woods, 141 Ariz. 446, 455-56, 687 P.2d 1201, 1210-11 (1984). When faced with a claim of misconduct, we look first to determine whether counsel's actions were reasonably likely to have affected the jury's verdict, thereby denying defendant a fair trial. Cornell, 179 Ariz. at 328, 878 P.2d at 1366. Applying these rules to the facts of this case, we hold that neither alleged instance of prosecutorial misconduct required a mistrial. We discuss each in turn.
During closing argument, the prosecutor described how the police had gone about identifying suspects and said that police knew Daren Bolton was a kid who frequently hung out in this neighborhood, and, in fact, he had a sex-related conviction from the location of Speedway and Country Club, not far from where [the victim] was kidnapped. At the close of argument, defendant moved for a mistrial because the prosecution had used his prior conviction to argue for his guilt instead of for the proper purpose of impeachment. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for mistrial. We do not believe it reasonably likely that the prosecutor's reference to defendant's prior conviction had any effect on the jury's verdict. By the time of closing arguments, evidence of defendant's prior conviction for kidnapping and sexual abuse had been admitted, which alone distinguishes this case from all the cases that defendant cites in his opening brief. See, e.g., State v. Holsinger, 124 Ariz. 18, 21, 601 P.2d 1054, 1057 (1979) (holding that it was reversible error to imply that the defendant had a long criminal record when she in fact did not); State v. Neil, 102 Ariz. 299, 300, 428 P.2d 676, 677 (1967) (holding that it was reversible error to comment on defendant's record when no evidence of prior convictions had been admitted); State v. McGill, 101 Ariz. 320, 321, 419 P.2d 499, 500 (1966) (holding that it was error to call defendant an addict where there was no competent evidence that he had used drugs habitually or had been convicted of a drug offense). The trial court here instructed the jury on the proper use of defendant's prior convictions immediately before argument began, and the prosecutor reinforced the instruction during her argument. We do not believe the prosecutor's reference to defendant's prior conviction affected the outcome of the trial.
Defendant testified that he had gone to the victim's window with an accomplice intending to commit a burglary, that they had been scared off by the dog, that the accomplice had later returned to the house alone and kidnapped the victim, and that he had since killed the accomplice and buried his body in the desert. On cross-examination, the prosecution asked, Mr. Bolton, are you willing to take [the] detectives from homicide out to this alleged location in the desert where you expect us to believe you buried the body of the so-called Phil person? In response to defendant's testimony that he had stolen a gun to kill his accomplice, but could not remember to whom he sold it, the prosecutor asked, And you expect the jury to believe this story, Mr. Bolton? Pointing out to defendant that he had not given any concrete details about the alleged accomplice or the whereabouts of his body, the prosecutor asked, So you are kind of in a nice position here, we don't have any information with which to charge you with murder, do we? Finally, the prosecutor asked: But you thought you would take a gun and a shovel out into the desert to kill somebody about who you knew virtually nothing? A: Stranger things have happened. Q: Stranger things have happened. You bet, Mr. Bolton. [Defense Counsel]: Your Honor I am going to object to Counsel's continuing comments. The Court: Sustained. Approach the Bench. (discussion at the bench as follows) The Court: No more argumentative questions. [Prosecutor]: I apologize. Defendant argues that these questions constitute improper cross-examination. The questioning may have been argumentative. Nevertheless, the misconduct was not so egregious that it permeated the entire trial and probably affected the outcome. Atwood, 171 Ariz. at 611, 832 P.2d at 628. Unlike the case cited by defendant, Pool v. Superior Court, 139 Ariz. 98, 677 P.2d 261 (1984), the prosecutor here did not call defendant pejorative names, refer to matters not in evidence, suggest unfavorable matter for which no proof exists, or abuse defendant in any other way. Defendant has not shown how the alleged misconduct affected the outcome of his trial. There was no abuse of discretion in denying a mistrial. 10. Denial of Directed Verdict Defendant moved for a directed verdict of acquittal at the close of the state's case and renewed the motion at the close of his own case and at the close of all the evidence. The trial court denied all the motions for directed verdict. Defendant claims that the trial court erred. Defendant first asks us to overrule existing cases in which we held that a defendant who goes forward and presents a case waives any error if his case supplies evidence missing in the state's case. See, e.g., State v. Nunez, 167 Ariz. 272, 279, 806 P.2d 861, 868 (1991). Following that law, appellate courts review motions for acquittal based on the entire record, including any evidence defendant may have later supplied. Id. The rule finds unquestioned support in our cases, e.g., id.; State v. Savoy, 109 Ariz. 531, 532, 514 P.2d 452, 453 (1973); State v. Marchesano, 162 Ariz. 308, 312, 783 P.2d 247, 251 (App. 1989), and defendant's argument does not persuade us to overrule it. Examining, then, the entire record, we conclude that there was no error. Where there is a complete absence of probative facts to support a conviction, this court will reverse a trial court's denial of a motion for directed verdict. State v. Mathers, 165 Ariz. 64, 66, 796 P.2d 866, 868 (1990). In reviewing the denial of a motion for directed verdict, we view the evidence in favor of upholding the jury's verdict. There was ample evidence to defeat defendant's motions for directed verdict. 11. Lost or Destroyed Evidence Instruction During the course of the investigation, the state returned the taxicab to its owner, who scrapped it, and the state also discarded at least ten fingerprint specimens. Defendant argues that the trial court should have given the jury a Willits instruction, which would have instructed the jury that if it found that the state had lost or destroyed evidence whose content or quality was in issue, it may infer that the true fact is against the state's interest. State v. Willits, 96 Ariz. 184, 187, 393 P.2d 274, 276 (1964). The state challenges the adequacy of the record to preserve this issue for appeal, but we believe the Willits request was adequate insofar as the cab and the fingerprint specimens are concerned. Defendant also contends on appeal that a Willits instruction should have been given with respect to other items of allegedly lost or destroyed evidence. Because defendant did not, however, bring these other items to the attention of the trial judge, we do not consider them. With respect to the cab and the fingerprint specimens, defendant was not entitled to a Willits instruction. A defendant is entitled to a Willits instruction only upon proof that (1) the state failed to preserve material evidence that was accessible and might have tended to exonerate him, and (2) there was resulting prejudice. State v. Leslie, 147 Ariz. 38, 47, 708 P.2d 719, 728 (1985). The decision to refuse a jury instruction is within the trial court's discretion, and this court will not reverse it absent a clear abuse of that discretion. Atwood, 171 Ariz. at 627, 832 P.2d at 644. It is highly unlikely that the discarded fingerprint cards or the taxicab would have produced any exculpatory evidence. The fingerprint samples lacked sufficient ridge detail to compare to any known print, and the taxicab, before being scrapped, had been extensively photographed and tested, the results of which were disclosed to defendant. The trial judge did not abuse his discretion in denying the Willits instruction. 12. Termination of Conspiracy Instruction As we have previously noted, defendant testified that he went to the victim's home with an accomplice to steal drugs and money, that the family dog scared them away, and that the accomplice later returned alone to kidnap and kill the victim. The conspiracy terminated, according to defendant, when the dog scared them away. Defendant argues that because of this and other evidence, the trial court should have instructed the jury that defendant could not be held legally responsible for the post-termination acts of his co-conspirator. Defendant was not entitled to such an instruction. A party is entitled to an instruction on any theory of the case reasonably supported by the evidence. State v. Shumway, 137 Ariz. 585, 588, 672 P.2d 929, 932 (1983). However, when a jury is properly instructed on the applicable law, the trial court is not required to provide additional instructions that do nothing more than reiterate or enlarge the instructions in defendant's language. State v. Salazar, 173 Ariz. 399, 409, 844 P.2d 566, 576 (1992), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 113 S.Ct. 3017, 125 L.Ed.2d 707 (1993). Defendant's theory of the case was encompassed in the felony murder instruction. See id. The trial court instructed the jury on felony murder as follows: A person commits first degree murder if such person commits kidnapping and in the course of, and in furtherance of such offense, or immediate flight from such offense, such person causes the death of any person. This type of first degree murder requires no specific mental state other than that which is required for the commission of the offense of kidnapping. (Emphasis added.) There were no instructions on conspiracy or on any form of accomplice liability. As instructed, the jurors could convict defendant of first degree murder only if they found that he himself killed the victim. If the jury thought that someone else killed the victim, they were required to find defendant not guilty of murder. Under these circumstances, there was no need for a termination of conspiracy instruction. 13. Unlawful Imprisonment Instruction Defendant argues that he was entitled to an unlawful imprisonment instruction because it is a lesser included offense of kidnapping. According to defendant, the jury could have concluded that defendant removed the victim from her room, but lacked the requisite intent for kidnapping. A defendant in a capital case is entitled to an instruction on all lesser included offenses supported by the evidence. State v. Tucker, 157 Ariz. 433, 447, 759 P.2d 579, 593 (1988). Unlawful imprisonment may be a lesser included offense of kidnapping. State v. Caudillo, 124 Ariz. 410, 412, 604 P.2d 1121, 1123 (1979). Defendant was not entitled to an instruction on unlawful imprisonment. The fact that a jury could disbelieve all the evidence of the greater charge in a given case except the elements of the lesser does not necessarily require an instruction on the lesser. Atwood, 171 Ariz. at 629, 832 P.2d at 646. To require so would mandate instructions on all offenses theoretically included in every charged offense. Id. The evidence must support the lesser included offense. Id. at 628, 832 P.2d at 645. The evidence supports only the offense of kidnapping. The victim was taken surreptitiously by a stranger in the dark, taken to a secluded place, disrobed, and deliberately stabbed. From this, a reasonable jury could only infer that whoever took Zosha intended to harm her. Furthermore, defendant presented an alibi defense. [W]hen a defendant proffers an alibi defense, the record usually contains little evidence to support an instruction on a lesser included offense. Id. at 629, 832 P.2d at 646 (discussing request for unlawful imprisonment instruction). Defendant claimed that he had no contact at all with the girl, not that he took her but did not intend to harm her. An instruction on unlawful imprisonment runs counter to the entire thrust of his defense. Id. at 628, 832 P.2d at 645. Under these circumstances, neither defendant nor the state has advanced a theory to support the lesser included offense of unlawful imprisonment. Id. at 629, 832 P.2d at 646.