Opinion ID: 3013601
Heading Depth: 4
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: The law schools are expressive

Text: associations. A group that engages in some form of public or private expression above a de minimis threshold is an “expressive association.” Pi Lambda Phi, 229 F.3d at 443. The group 23 need not be an advocacy group or exist primarily for the purpose of expression. Dale, 530 U.S. at 648. The Supreme Court held that the Boy Scouts, which “seeks to transmit . . . a system of values, engages in expressive activity.” Id. at 650. “By nature, educational institutions are highly expressive organizations, as their philosophy and values are directly inculcated in their students.” The Circle School, 381 F.3d at 182. Because FAIR has shown that the law schools “possess[] clear educational philosophies, missions and goals,” id., we agree with the District Court’s conclusion that they qualify as expressive associations. FAIR, 291 F. Supp. 2d at 303–04. Therefore, FAIR satisfies the first element of the Dale analysis.