Opinion ID: 1766583
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Crime against nature is:

Text: (1) The unnatural carnal copulation by a human being with another of the same sex or opposite sex or with an animal, except that anal sexual intercourse between two human beings shall not be deemed as a crime against nature when done under any of the circumstances described in R.S. 14:41, 14:42, 14:42.1 or 14:43. [Rape statutes.] Emission is not necessary; and, when committed by a human being with another, the use of the genital organ of one of the offenders of whatever sex is sufficient to constitute the crime. (2) The solicitation by a human being of another with the intent to engage in any unnatural carnal copulation for compensation. B. Whoever violates the provisions of this Section shall be fined not more than two thousand dollars, or imprisoned, with or without hard labor, for not more than five years, or both. Initially, this Court must determine whether Baxley has standing to challenge the statute's constitutionality. As a general rule a party does not have standing to challenge the constitutionality of a statute unless the application of that statute adversely affects him. State v. Brown, 389 So.2d 48, 50 (La.1980). Accord State v. Rue, 236 La. 451, 107 So.2d 702 (La.1958). Baxley argues he has standing because he is charged with violating LSA-R.S. 14:89 in its entirety and because subpart (A)(1) cannot be severed from subpart (A)(2). In addition, Baxley contends attempted crime against nature under LSA-R.S. 14:89(A)(1) may be a responsive verdict to a charge under LSA-R.S. 14:89(A)(2). The state counters that the information clearly charges Baxley with a violation of LSA-R.S. 14:89(A)(2) only. The information charged, that on a specified date, Baxley: did wilfully and unlawfully violate R.S. 14:89, relative to Crime Against Nature, in that the said JOHNNY L. BAXLEY solicited POLICE OFFICER WILCE GILBERT with the intent to engage in unnatural carnal copulation for compensation to wit: ORAL COPULATION in the amount of TWENTY and 00/100 ($20.00) dollars. The trial court found that subpart (A)(2), which prohibits solicitation of compensated unnatural carnal copulation, must be considered with subpart (A)(1), which simply prohibits unnatural carnal copulation. The trial court found the two subparts were not severable; if one subpart were unconstitutional, the other subpart would fall of its own weight. After finding Baxley had standing to contest the statute's unconstitutionality, the trial court held LSA-R.S. 14:89(A)(1) was an unconstitutional invasion of a citizen's right to privacy under La. Const. art. I, § 5. Since the trial court found the two subparts were not severable, the entire statute was held unconstitutional. Art. I, § 5 provides: Every person shall be secure in his person, property, communications, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches, seizures, or invasions of privacy. No warrant shall issue without probable cause supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, the persons or things to be seized, and the lawful purpose or reason for the search. Any person adversely affected by a search or seizure conducted in violation of this Section shall have standing to raise its illegality in the appropriate court. Specifically, the trial court found: R.S. 14:89 makes it a crime to engage in or perform certain acts with consenting adults, in the privacy of the bedroom.... The performance of the act itself with a consenting adult, in the privacy of one's bedroom is protected by that concept of privacy explicit in our Declaration of Rights. Absent a showing by our Legislature that there is some compelling state interest in regulating the behavior of consenting adults in the privacy of their bedroom, this statute is fatally flawed. I am finding this statute unconstitutional not because it is overbroad, nor because it's vague, I am finding it unconstitutional because it seeks to regulate behavior clearly protected by Article 1, Section 5 of our constitution. That is, it seeks to regulate sexual behavior in the confines of one's bedroom. R.S. 14:89 makes it a crime to engage in those acts regardless of who with or where performed and regardless of whether the acts are performed for compensation.... The trial court erred in finding, under the facts alleged here, that Baxley has standing to contest the constitutionality of LSA-R.S. 14:89(A)(1). Thus, the trial court's judgment that LSA-R.S. 14:89(A)(1) violates a citizen's right to privacy under La. Const. art. I, § 5 was premature. Through LSA-R.S. 14:89, the legislature has proscribed two types of conduct, each of which constitutes a crime against nature. A person commits a crime against nature either by engaging in unnatural carnal copulation or by soliciting another with the intent to engage in the illicit act for compensation. State v. Woljar, 477 So.2d 80, 82 (La.1985). The terms unnatural carnal copulation and solicitation by compensation have definite, accepted historical and jurisprudential meanings. See State v. Neal, 500 So.2d 374, 376 (La.1987) (and cases cited therein); Woljar, 477 So.2d at 83. The test for severability is whether the unconstitutional portions of the statute are so interrelated and connected with the constitutional parts that they cannot be separated without destroying the intention manifested by the legislature in passing the act. State v. Azar, 539 So.2d 1222, 1226 (La.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 823, 110 S.Ct. 82, 107 L.Ed.2d 48 (1989). Subparts (A)(1) and (A)(2) describe two different ways in which a person can commit crime against nature. These two subparts describing the prohibited actions do not depend on each other for an understanding of their meaning. Thus, if one subpart were found unconstitutional, the remaining portion could be severed from the offending portion. On the facts presented, it is unnecessary to determine whether LSA-R.S. 14:89(A)(1) is unconstitutional and must be severed from the crime against nature statute. Baxley is charged with the conduct described by LSA-R.S. 14:89(A)(2), which prohibits soliciting compensated crime against nature. Although the parameters of the state constitutional right to privacy in the sexual area have not been determined, see Neal, 500 So.2d at 378 (privacy analysis under the federal constitution only), there is no protected privacy interest in public, commercial sexual conduct. The legislature has the authority to prohibit such activity. Baxley argues that he could be convicted of attempted crime against nature under LSA-R.S. 14:89(A)(1) as a responsive verdict if the trial court finds that Baxley merely discussed uncompensated fellatio with the undercover officer. From the trial court's reasons for judgment, it appears that the trial judge also believed Baxley could be convicted of attempted crime against nature on the facts presented. This reasoning is erroneous. LSA-R.S. 14:89(A)(1) prohibits a person from engaging in certain sexual conduct. Mere discussion or solicitation without a financial aspect cannot constitute an attempt to engage in conduct prohibited by LSA-R.S. 14:89(A)(1). Under LSA-R.S. 14:27, a person is guilty of an attempted crime if the person, having a specific intent to commit a crime, does or omits an act for the purpose of and tending directly toward the accomplishing of his object. Thus, an act furthering a crime against nature is required before a court can find a defendant guilty of attempted crime against nature under LSA-R.S. 14:89(A)(1). Solicitation alone does not constitute an attempt to commit a crime. See LSA-R.S. 14:28 Comments. It is generally recognized by legal authorities and other jurisdictions that solicitation of another to commit a crime is only preparatory to the crime and not an overt act which would support a conviction for attempt of the crime solicited. Solicitation is preparation rather than perpetration. To call solicitation an attempt is to delete the overt act element necessary for an attempt. 2 Wayne R. LeFave and Austin W. Scott, Jr., Substantive Criminal Law § 6.1(f), at 16-17 (1986); 2 Wharton's Criminal Procedure § 261, at 121 (Charles E. Torcia ed., 13th ed. 1990); William L. Clark and William L. Marshall, Crimes § 4.05, at 226 (7th ed. 1967); 1 William L. Burdick, Law of Crime § 106, at 117 (1946); 76 A.L.R.3d 842 § 4, at 856-57 (1977); State v. Green, 116 N.M. 273, 861 P.2d 954 (1993); State v. Molasky, 765 S.W.2d 597 (Mo.1989); Van Bell v. State, 105 Nev. 352, 775 P.2d 1273 (1989); State v. Otto, 102 Idaho 250, 629 P.2d 646 (1981); People v. Spencer, 66 Misc.2d 658, 322 N.Y.S.2d 266 (1971); State v. Miller, 252 A.2d 321 (Me. 1969); Gervin v. State, 212 Tenn. 653, 371 S.W.2d 449 (1963); State v. Bereman, 177 Kan. 141, 276 P.2d 364 (1954); State v. Lowrie, 237 Minn. 240, 54 N.W.2d 265 (1952); People v. Pippin, 316 Mich. 191, 25 N.W.2d 164 (1946); State v. Blechman, 135 N.J.L. 99, 50 A.2d 152 (1946); Cole v. State, 14 Okl. Crim. 18, 166 P. 1115 (1917); State v. Butler, 8 Wash. 194, 35 P. 1093 (1894); State v. Harney, 101 Mo. 470, 14 S.W. 657 (1890). This has been found true in cases dealing with solicitation of sexual activity. See Van Bell v. State, supra (sexual assault); People v. Spencer, supra (sodomy); State v. Miller, supra (indecent liberties with a child); State v. Bereman, supra (sodomy); People v. Pippin, supra (gross indecency); Cole v. State, supra (adultery); State v. Butler, supra (adultery); State v. Harney, supra (statutory rape). The authorities opposing this view are limited. 1 Joel P. Bishop, Criminal Law §§ 767, 768, at 543-49 (9th ed. 1923); Ward v. State, 528 N.E.2d 52 (Ind.1988); State v. Kilgus, 128 N.H. 577, 519 A.2d 231 (1986); Braham v. State, 571 P.2d 631 (Alaska 1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 910, 98 S.Ct. 2246, 56 L.Ed.2d 410 (1978); State v. Gay, 4 Wash. App. 834, 486 P.2d 341 (1971), review denied, 79 Wash.2d 1006 (1971); State v. Mandel, 78 Ariz. 226, 278 P.2d 413 (1954). The majority view is persuasive and should be followed. See State v. Gamble, 504 So.2d 1100 (La.App. 5 Cir.1987) (where an act beyond solicitation was required to constitute an attempted crime against nature under R.S. 14:89.1).