Opinion ID: 2435996
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 1

Heading: Validity of the Divorce Decree

Text: The first issue for decision is whether the judgment awarding the decedent and Judy Eades Gentry a divorce was void. Resolution of that issue lies in the distinction between a void judgment, which is subject to collateral attack and a voidable judgment, which is not subject to collateral attack. [3] The distinction is stated by that most respected authority on chancery procedure, Gibson's Suits in Chancery, as follows: The Chancery Court is a Superior Court of general Equity jurisdiction, and all of its decrees are presumed to be valid, and this presumption is conclusive against collateral attack, unless it affirmatively appears, on the face of the record itself: (1) that the Court had no general jurisdiction of the subject matter of the litigation; or (2) that the decree itself is wholly outside of the pleadings, and no binding consent thereto is shown in the record; or (3) that the Court had no jurisdiction of the party complaining, in person or by representation of interest; in which case it is void only as to such party, or his privies. A decree is absolutely void if it appears on the face of the record itself either that the Court had no general jurisdiction of the subject matter, or that the decree is wholly outside of the pleadings, and no consent thereto appears. A decree is void as to any person shown by the record itself not to have been before the Court in person, or by representation. A decree not prima facie void is valid and binding, until it is either (1) reversed by the Supreme Court, or by the Court of Appeals; or (2) is set aside on a complaint filed to impeach it. All decrees not thus appearing on their face to be void are absolutely proof against collateral attack, and no parol proof is admissible on such an attack to show any defect in the proceedings, or in the decree. William H. Inman, Gibson's Suits in Chancery § 228 at 219-20 (7th ed. 1988). Tested by the standard for a void judgment, the divorce decree in this case is not subject to collateral attack. The court obviously had general jurisdiction of the subject matter, a suit for divorce; the decree awarding the divorce was not outside the pleadings, it was the specific relief sought; and, the court had jurisdiction of the parties, both of whom appeared in person and by pleadings. The conclusion that Section 36-4-103(c) mandates that a complaint for divorce be on file 90 days before being heard, does not mean necessarily that a decree entered upon a hearing held less than 90 days subsequent to the filing is void. Failure to comply with the 90 day requirement does not render the decree wholly outside of the pleadings. Gibson's Suits in Chancery, § 228 at 219. Since the decree is not void, it is either voidable or valid, Gibson's Suits in Chancery § 193 at 194, and, in either event, cannot be reversed through a collateral attack by the children of the parties to the divorce suit. The few Tennessee cases involving similar attacks on divorce decrees support this conclusion that a divorce decree is void and subject to collateral attack only where the trial court lacks general jurisdiction of the subject matter, rules on an issue wholly outside of the pleadings, or lacks jurisdiction over the party complaining. In Page v. Turcott, 179 Tenn. 491, 167 S.W.2d 350 (1943), the issue was whether the judgment was void because it decided a matter outside of the pleadings. In that case, heirs challenged the deceased's marriage on the ground that a prior divorce was void because the complaint did not set forth with reasonable certainty facts which would show that the claims of abandonment and non-support were willful, and because the appointment of the special judge granting the divorce was not in conformity with the statute. The Court concluded that the allegations of [the] petition were sufficient to confer jurisdiction. The Court also found that nothing on the record show[ed] that the election of the Special Judge was not in all respects in conformity to the governing statutes. The Court concluded, [w]hile it is true that the minute entry recites a conclusion only, this recital precludes collateral attack. Id., 167 S.W.2d at 354. In the case of Brown v. Brown, 198 Tenn. 600, 281 S.W.2d 492 (1955), which the Court of Appeals relied upon, the Court held that an award of alimony to the defendant was void and, therefore, subject to collateral attack. The judgment was found to be void because the applicable statute provided that a wife was not entitled to alimony when a husband was granted the divorce. That decision provides no support for the attack upon the divorce decree in this case. Here, the court had the authority to grant a divorce on the ground of irreconcilable differences, even though it exercised that power prematurely. As stated in Brown, A distinction must be made in this regard between the mere erroneous exercise of a power granted, and the usurpation of a power where none exists. Id. 281 S.W.2d at 499. In Turner v. Bell, 198 Tenn. 232, 279 S.W.2d 71 (1955), the issue was whether the court had jurisdiction of the complainant in the divorce case. The petitioner alleged that the judgment was void because her ward, the original complainant, had been adjudged insane, and, therefore, the court had no jurisdiction of the party complaining or the cause of action. The petitioner sought a declaration that the decree granting her ward a divorce from the decedent husband was void, that the subsequent marriage of the decedent was void, and that the ward was entitled to homestead and dower in the decedent's property. On appeal, this Court affirmed the decision that the decree was valid, noting that [b]eing a collateral attack it will only lie against a decree void ab initio,  that the decree was valid upon its face in every respect, and that an insane person can sue and be sued in his own name if the defendant fails to object thereto. Id. 279 S.W.2d at 75, 79, 80. In Gordon v. Pollard, 207 Tenn. 45, 336 S.W.2d 25 (1960) overruled on other grounds, Davis v. Davis, 657 S.W.2d 753 (Tenn. 1983), the challenge to the divorce decree involved the court's jurisdiction over the parties. Gordon v. Pollard was an action for damages for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff while riding as a passenger in a vehicle operated by the defendant. At the time of the accident, the plaintiff and the defendant were married. Subsequently the marriage was annulled. In her action for damages, the plaintiff asserted that the marriage was void because they had obtained a marriage license by misrepresenting their ages. However, the Court concluded that though the marriage may have been voidable, it was not void. In Overby v. Overby, 224 Tenn. 523, 457 S.W.2d 851 (1970), the Court found a judgment awarding child support void because the trial court did not have jurisdiction over the defendant, who was not before the court either by service of process or by appearance. The Court concluded [t]hat a judgment in personam against a defendant who is not before the court either by service of process or by the entry of appearance is void... . That decision, however, does not support the attack on the divorce decree in this case, where both parties were before the Court. These cases recognize that where the court has general jurisdiction of the subject matter and jurisdiction over the parties, and where the court's decree of divorce is not wholly outside of the pleadings, a divorce decree will not be deemed void. It follows that absent such a prima facie void decree, a flaw in procedure will not render a decree void. Accordingly, the decree awarding Judy Eades Gentry and Donnie Ray Gentry a divorce is not void and, therefore, is not subject to collateral attack. This determination renders unnecessary consideration of the children's standing to attack the decree.