Opinion ID: 2796336
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: standard of review

Text: ¶37 Whether state action constitutes a violation of due process presents a question of law, which this court decides independently . . . . State v. Neumann, 2013 WI 58, ¶32, 348 Wis. 2d 455, 832 N.W.2d 560. We uphold the circuit court's findings of historical fact unless they are clearly erroneous. State v. Felix, 2012 WI 36, ¶22, 339 Wis. 2d 670, 811 N.W.2d 775. ¶38 Statutory interpretation is a question of law that this court reviews de novo . . . . Noffke ex rel. Swenson v. Bakke, 2009 WI 10, ¶9, 315 Wis. 2d 350, 760 N.W.2d 156. Whether a statute is unconstitutional also is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo. Neumann, 348 Wis. 2d 455, ¶32 (citing State v. Sorenson, 2002 WI 78, ¶25, 254 Wis. 2d 54, 646 N.W.2d 354). Statutes are presumed to be constitutional. State v. Jadowski, 2004 WI 68, ¶10, 272 Wis. 2d 418, 680 N.W.2d 810. A party challenging a statute's constitutionality must [] demonstrate that the statute is unconstitutional beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.