Opinion ID: 1783822
Heading Depth: 1
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: Sec. 40-1131, T.C.A.

Text: This section, at all times pertinent to this inquiry, read as follows: In all criminal cases, prior to presentment and indictment, whether the charge be a misdemeanor or a felony, the accused shall be entitled to a preliminary hearing upon his request therefor, whether the grand jury of the county be in session or not. If the accused is indicted during the period of time in which his preliminary hearing is being continued, or at any time before accused has been afforded a preliminary hearing on a warrant, whether at his own request or that of the prosecutor, he may abate the indictment upon motion to the Court. PROVIDED, HOWEVER, THAT NO SUCH MOTION FOR ABATEMENT SHALL BE GRANTED AFTER THE EXPIRATION OF THIRTY (30) DAYS FROM THE DATE OF ACCUSED'S ARREST. (Underscored matter was deleted by Ch. 760, Acts of 1976; capitalization is for emphasis) It is settled law in this jurisdiction that while a preliminary hearing is not constitutionally required, it is a critical stage of a criminal prosecution mandated by statutory law, and is an adversary proceeding at which the usual rules of evidence apply. Coleman v. Alabama, 399 U.S. 1, 90 S.Ct. 1999, 26 L.Ed.2d 387 (1970); Waugh v. State, 564 S.W.2d 654 (Tenn. 1978); McKeldin v. State, 516 S.W.2d 82 (Tenn. 1974). It is equally well settled that a preliminary hearing is mandated only in those cases wherein the defendant has been arrested  with or without a warrant  and is not a demandable right where the prosecution originated by presentment or indictment. It is the prerogative of the District Attorney General and law enforcement personnel to omit the arrest procedure and take prosecutions directly to the grand jury. Vaughn v. State, 557 S.W.2d 64 (Tenn. 1977); Harris v. State, 534 S.W.2d 868 (C.C. A.Tenn. 1975). The first paragraph of § 40-1131, T.C.A. originated in Chapter 245, Acts of 1971. It mandates a preliminary hearing irrespective of the convention of the grand jury. The same act repealed Chapter 16 of the Acts of 1899, appearing as Section 11575 in Williams Tennessee Code and in the Code Supplement of 1950 as § 40-402 (original volume), which provided, in substance, that if the grand jury was in session the justice of the peace could only try the case upon a plea of guilty. Absent such plea he could only take bond pending an investigation by the grand jury. Thus § 40-1131, T.C.A. was intended to insure that a criminal defendant obtain a preliminary hearing, without regard to grand jury sessions. The second paragraph of § 40-1131, T.C.A. simply provides a mechanism for the enforcement of a right to a preliminary hearing. It is the last sentence that creates the difficulty: Provided, however, that no such motion for abatement shall be granted after the expiration of thirty (30) days from the date of the accused's arrest. When consideration is given to the context of this section, and to its historic purpose, the word arrest must be construed to mean a conventional arrest, with or without a warrant and prior to indictment. To construe this to mean and include arrest on capias does violence not only to the plain intent of the statute and its manifest purpose, but also to our statutory scheme wherein a capias serves a specified and unique purpose. Under our criminal procedure, a capias is a mesne or intermediate process having the sole purpose of securing the presence of the defendant. When a defendant has been arrested, and placed in jail or released on bond, and bound to the grand jury, no process is necessary to bring him in following an indictment. It is only when he is not in actual custody, or on bond, or on his own recognizance, or when bail has been forfeited, or recognizance has been revoked, or there is a void or voidable bond, that a capias issues. §§ 40-1901, 40-1902, T.C.A. Thus a capias may or may not issue following indictment. The effect of holding that the words arrest and capias are synonymous would be to place defendants on a different legal footing, depending upon the issuance of a capias. But this does not end the inquiry. The statute articulates loudly and clearly the public policy of this state that a preliminary hearing is mandatory without regard to the convention of the grand jury. To accomplish this purpose it provides for an abatement if an indictment is returned during the period of time in which the preliminary hearing is being continued, or before a defendant has been afforded a preliminary hearing. However, it further provides that no indictment shall be abated unless within thirty (30) days after the initial arrest. It is our duty to construe this statute with the saving grace of common sense. The legislature obviously intended to afford a preliminary hearing but did not intend to sanction dilatory action and placed a heavy penalty on delay. But the statute must be given a reasonable construction and one by which it may be upheld. Obviously, the Court may not take a seasonably made motion under advisement, hold it until the thirty (30) days shall have expired, and then use the limitation to defeat an otherwise meritorious motion. In the instant case, the record shows that a preliminary hearing was scheduled ten (10) days after arrest. The prosecution attempted to put on hearsay proof and the case was reset indefinitely. The statute contemplates good faith. The defendant had a right to assume that his re-scheduled hearing would be conducted. He had a right to demand that a lawful preliminary hearing be conducted. He had a right to assume that public officials would perform their sworn duty. In the leading case of Waugh v. State, supra , we held unequivocally that probable cause to bind over the defendant to the grand jury must be based upon legally competent evidence which would be admissible at trial.  (Emphasis supplied) Otherwise, we said, the hearing will fail in its function of screening out unfounded charges. 564 S.W.2d at 659. While the record is meager in this respect, it is patently obvious that this case raised critical evidentiary questions. There were serious questions about the validity of the search. The seizure was in doubt. Petitioners did not have a possessory interest in the searched premises and their connection therewith was open to question. This was a typical case wherein a careful, adversary-type preliminary hearing was demanded. For us to hold that a criminal defendant who is denied a valid preliminary hearing, is promised a future hearing, and is thereafter indicted pending that hearing, may not proceed under § 40-1131, T.C.A. would make a mockery out of the clear mandate of our statute and would place the imprimatur of this Court upon raw, arbitrary, and unrestrained circumvention of the orderly processes of our Court. We hold that the 30-day limitation imposed by the last paragraph of § 40-1131, T.C.A. is applicable only when all parties  including the defendant, who must act promptly  have acted in good faith and in compliance with the statute. The failure of the court or the prosecution to exercise good faith and to abide the law operates to toll the statute and preclude its invocation. Any other construction would emasculate the statute and nullify the intent of the legislature. The result would be that the State would have a death grip on preliminary hearings. The circumvention of the statute and the defeat of the defendant's right to a preliminary hearing would be the inevitable result. We reiterate that in this case petitioners were indicted at a time when they had been led to believe they would be given a preliminary hearing and after the 30 days had passed. Sanctioning such procedure would be callous and unconscionable. While the trial judge technically was incorrect, it is clear from the record that he recognized the manifest injustice of the State's position. The decision of the Court of Criminal Appeals is reversed, the indictment is vacated and the petitioners will be afforded an immediate and valid preliminary hearing, if the State elects to proceed with this prosecution. COOPER, BROCK and HARBISON, JJ., concurring. FONES, J., dissenting.