Opinion ID: 1118222
Heading Depth: 2
Heading Rank: 2

Heading: waiver of effective right to appeal and violation of privilege against self-incrimination by exercised allocution

Text: At least as far as comprehensive research has presently revealed, this court is presented a case of total first impression regarding prosecutorial reuse of allocution statements for principal evidence of guilt upon retrial following reversal of an initial conviction. The anomalous nature of the case is highlighted by its status of first, reversal for denied speedy trial and second, being charged with the inchoate associative offense belatedly pulled out of the file cabinet and subsequent conviction by using exactly the same facts except the additive allocution information. With this evidentiary use of allocution statements for subsequent prosecution and conviction, the invidious and insidious caustic of constitutional rights waiver and forfeiture is introduced into Wyoming law to achieve a popular local result, although avoiding consecration to the basics of the Wyoming and federal constitutions. Factually, what does this appeal present? First, speedy trial was denied to two defendants for approximately eighteen months in order to apply prosecutorial persuasion on the third alleged participant (Swazo) who could not make bond until he finally pled out on an agreement to testify for the state. Considering that constitutional speedy trial means something within the jurist's oath of office to support, obey and defend the constitutions, this court reversed Harvey's original conviction. However, because Harvey, having been convicted by jury trial, had exercised his right to allocution as a foundational right of rule/statute/constitution prior to sentencing in Harvey I, we are now faced with deciding the propriety of prosecutorial reuse of the allocution statement upon retrial for conspiracy. The first offense having been reversed on appeal, the majesty of the state is employed to change the name of the offense from kidnapping, rape or aiding and abetting rape to pursue re-prosecution on the identical facts under the terminology of conspiracy. However, there is this one significant change. The statements made in first occasion for allocution by the defendant prior to the reversal of this conviction are now read into the jury proceeding as inculpation testimony to constitute principal evidence of conspiratorial guilt. The majority makes an absurd and sophomoric argument in absolution of this abusive invasion of the constitutional right of allocution based on the waiver justification that allocution is voluntary. Of course, all allocution is and has been voluntary for the last 500 years, but a case of reuse in the fashion now presented in this case has apparently never reached appeal in that same period of time. Another equally absurd but logically consistent approach to accommodate the majority decision would be by case law or rule change to require the trial court to give a Miranda-type warning in conjunction with the rule required advice, W.R.Cr.P. 32(c)(1)(C), of the right of allocution. The defendant would then need to be advised that if he elects to say something, it might be used against him during appeal or might become inculpatory evidence (properly defined by the trial court) on retrial or if the individual should be charged sequentially with another offense arising out of the same events, like conspiracy. Miranda v. State of Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). [14] See United States v. Edwards, 669 F.Supp. 168 (S.D.Ohio 1987) regarding the absence of a Miranda warning in consideration that there was a violation of the privilege against both self-incrimination and the Johnson waiver by waiver of constitutional rights by plea. Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938). See, however, United States v. Gotti, 641 F.Supp. 283 (E.D.N.Y.1986) where, in prosecution of the Gambino Family, warnings of a waiver by plea were not considered. Out of all of this, it should also be recognized that this case involves the utilization of the allocution of the defendant himself and not judicial proceeding statements of others which then become evidence of some character regarding associative offenses with the defendant. See United States v. Winley, 638 F.2d 560 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied 455 U.S. 959, 102 S.Ct. 1472, 71 L.Ed.2d 678 (1982) which was cited in Gotti. The inadmissibility of a prior guilty plea that has been legally withdrawn or judicially invalidated should provide a principle that applies here. See Standen v. State, 101 Nev. 725, 710 P.2d 718 (1985). Since the conviction which created the forum for the allocution of this appellant was reversed, unanimous and unassailable principles of law relating to the inadmissibility of the admission should dictate the inadmissibility of this evidence. In Standen, the guilty plea to a charge of murder was reversed. Subsequent use in evidence of the prior guilty plea was determined by the Nevada Supreme Court to be erroneous: The judge advised the jury that they should base their decision on all the evidence in the case and that the guilty plea was a part of that evidence. This was error. A prior guilty plea that has been legally withdrawn or judicially invalidated is deemed never to have existed and should not be used as evidence. See Kercheval v. United States, 274 U.S. 220, 224, 47 S.Ct. 582, 583, 71 L.Ed. 1009 (1927). Standen, 710 P.2d at 720. See also People v. Belleci, 24 Cal.3d 879, 157 Cal.Rptr. 503, 598 P.2d 473 (1979) (where suppressed evidence was subsequently used for sentencing enhancement on a guilty plea for another offense; reversal and remand of the sentence was consequently required). A withdrawn notice of alibi used to impeach the defendant likewise required reversal of the conviction on the basis of error in admission of the evidence in Jackson v. State, 808 P.2d 700 (Okl.Cr.1991). See also Sterling v. State, 514 P.2d 401 (Okl.Cr.1973). The rule regarding reversed convictions, withdrawn pleas, and discontinued alibi defenses is identical to the statements made in conjunction with plea negotiations which fail. State v. Trujillo, 93 N.M. 724, 605 P.2d 232 (1980). See also People v. Rosenthal, 617 P.2d 551 (Colo.1980) (psychiatric examination communications in state courts). Authorities cited by the State in appellate briefing lack logical relevance for propriety to reuse allocution testimony. The State's cited cases included first trial testimony when the defendant elects not to testify at a second trial, Edmonds v. United States, 273 F.2d 108 (D.C.Cir.1959), cert. denied 362 U.S. 977, 80 S.Ct. 1062, 4 L.Ed.2d 1012 (1960); Ayres v. United States, 193 F.2d 739 (5th Cir.1952); People v. Carlson, 677 P.2d 390 (Colo.App.1983), aff'd 712 P.2d 1018 (Colo.1986); use of voluntary grand jury testimony at trial, United States v. Licavoli, 604 F.2d 613 (9th Cir.1979), cert. denied 446 U.S. 935, 100 S.Ct. 2151, 64 L.Ed.2d 787 (1980); John F. Gillespie, Annotation, What Is Other Proceeding Under Rule 801(d)(1)(A) of Federal Rules of Evidence, Excepting From Hearsay Rule Prior Inconsistent Statement Given At a Trial, Hearing, or Other Proceeding , 37 A.L.R.Fed. 855 (1978); and the right of cross-examination if the accused voluntarily testifies. United States v. Johnson, 488 F.2d 1206 (1st Cir. 1973). The State's citation of a case involving exercise of the privilege against self-incrimination in a second proceeding having not been waived by prior testimony in a different case is similarly unpersuasive and non-definitive here. United States v. Fortin, 685 F.2d 1297 (11th Cir.1982). Similarly, cases where an unrepresented plea is not later admissible at trial provide no support for this court's decision. Arsenault v. Com. of Mass., 393 U.S. 5, 89 S.Ct. 35, 21 L.Ed.2d 5 (1968); White v. State of Maryland, 373 U.S. 59, 83 S.Ct. 1050, 10 L.Ed.2d 193 (1963); State v. Snell, 177 Neb. 396, 128 N.W.2d 823 (1964). Wyoming has applied the same reasoning and result to testimony at a coroner's inquest where proper warning was not given to the witness. Maki v. State, 18 Wyo. 481, 112 P. 334 (1911). The same result appertains if a defendant is unrepresented and unwarned when submitting to a pretrial psychological examination. Estelle v. Smith, 451 U.S. 454, 101 S.Ct. 1866, 68 L.Ed.2d 359 (1981). The true and certain principle that an unrepresented plea is not admissible during a subsequent trial hardly proves that the exercise of the foundational principle of allocution renders its substance later admissible at a re-trial following reversal and remand. Likewise, the fact that a defendant's properly represented and advised testimony at a preliminary hearing is later usable at the trial itself is not particularly newsworthy nor does it have anything to do with the issues in this appeal. State v. Williams, 115 N.H. 437, 343 A.2d 29 (1975). Accord People v. Downer, 192 Colo. 264, 557 P.2d 835 (1976), in regard to testimony before a grand jury. Also, no persuasive authority is provided in a case when a conviction is reversed after the defendant was erroneously forced to testify because of the improper introduction of his confession. See Harrison v. United States, 392 U.S. 219, 88 S.Ct. 2008, 20 L.Ed.2d 1047 (1968), where re-introduction of the testimony in first trial was not constitutionally permitted in the retrial. Having considered the cases cited in the State's brief, I will then consider the case recitation by this court's opinion. Actually, neither the State in its brief nor now the majority in decision cite one single case assessing waiver of rights against self-incrimination by exercised right of allocution  not one single case! This case has precisely nothing to do with fruits of the poisonous tree as a justification for the majority decision. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963). Nor does it have anything to do with testimony in a first trial and right to remain silent upon second trial, Harrison, 392 U.S. 219, 88 S.Ct. 2008, which clearly rejects the present majority decision and, instead, is consistent with the constitutional principle which realistically should be applied to reverse the reuse thesis presented in majority opinion. Applying the majority's rationale, it is feasible to say in a generic way that when the accused elects to defend, the court could as easily say that he waives later rights to have guilt determined at trial. Waiver this broadly portrayed would only mean that the exercise of one fundamental right sequentially requires that all other equally fundamental rights are thereafter lost and forfeited. Fortunately, even in 1992 in the constitutional environment now presented, no case to support this broad-reaching attack on basic constitutional concepts is provided by the State or the majority opinion. The status of allocution in the fabric of Wyoming law has already been adequately discussed in this dissent to validate required and unquestionable recognition that the right is fundamental in our system and has continued in that fashion for 123 years. We need to look at each case cited in the majority opinion to assess what structure of constitutional law the writer of that opinion seeks to create. Actually directed to the subject by majority opinion are only two cases, Wong Sun, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S.Ct. 407 and Harrison, 392 U.S. 219, 88 S.Ct. 2008, although a third case which provides countervailing authority is distinguished. Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 88 S.Ct. 967, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968). Wong Sun, under the authorship of Justice Brennan, developed the fruits of the poisonous tree exclusion as an application started with the invalidity of original evidentiary acquisition which then is extended to evidence consequently acquired or created. It is theoretically illogical to define this understanding about what is illegal polluting its product to then conclude that what is justly provided as a protection (exercising the right to make an allocution statement) denies any succeeding constitutional rights. Obviously, Wong Sun has absolutely nothing to do with waiver or forfeiture of the right against self-incrimination derived from the exercise of allocution. Harrison falls no closer to a base line of claimed precedential relevance. In that case, which followed Wong Sun, fruits of the poisonous tree, it was determined that when coerced confessions were admitted into evidence causing the accused to then waive rights against self-incrimination by testifying in repetition, such coerced testimony given at the first trial was then inadmissible in a second trial. If Harrison means anything, although not cited in appellate briefing, it is that, like the repressed first trial testimony, an illegal conviction cannot produce admissible evidence upon retrial which, in actuality, is the present status provided in this appeal. Harrison is indeed a strange precedent to authenticate this decision. The principal elements in its decision should constitutionally require reversal in this appeal. Since this is the substantive case law cited in the majority opinion, we look further to find something that even by analogy could possibly justify affirming allocution admissibility status upon reversal and retrial. A most unusual statement is contained in the majority opinion including a citation to United States v. Washington, 431 U.S. 181, 97 S.Ct. 1814, 52 L.Ed.2d 238 (1977) which bears examination. It is said: A defendant's statements may be admissible against him in further proceedings, provided they are voluntary. However, if the trial court were to require a defendant to confess to criminal activities in his allocution in return for a more lenient sentence, those statements would amount to genuine compulsion of testimony in violation of the right against self-incrimination. Washington, 431 U.S. at 187, 97 S.Ct. at 1818; United States v. Rodriguez, 498 F.2d 302, 312 (5th Cir.1974). Maj. op. at 1083. Overtly, the only possible purposes for allocution are either to deny guilt (which will seldom serve to diminish the severity of the sentence) or to seek leniency (normally by assessed responsibility in seeking moderation in retributional assessment). Reuse of allocution at a later trial would only be pursued by the prosecution if some inculpatory content can be extrapolated to serve re-prosecutorial purposes. Another two sentences in the majority opinion deserve similar content questions about logic. However, exercising a right to allocution does not require surrendering one right to preserve another. The convicted party only needs to decide whether the right to remain silent will be asserted or waived. Maj. op. at 1082. What the court says simply does not make practical sense. How these two sentences can be asserted to approve applied waiver of right against self-incrimination for retrial, including pollution of an appeal opportunity by evidentiary commitment when exercising allocution, defies any rational understanding. As earlier stated, we understand this court's thesis to establish that if the accused elects to exercise allocution as a fundamental right, he will surrender a right against future self-incrimination which is, in actuality, the uninformed and essentially involuntary advance abandonment of his future right to defend. [15] What this court now tells defense counsel in general and defendants in particular within the Wyoming state courts is that: In exercising this fundamental right, please recognize the diminution of your right to appeal and that you will probably be foreclosed a fair trial and an opportunity to defend if a reversal should actually be achieved; consequently, the only way to protect your right to defend on retrial would be to surrender the right to allocution in the first proceeding. In practical effect, this court tells any convicted individual that he should not exercise the fundamental right of allocution if the actual validity of original conviction is questionable. Legal malpractice and ineffectiveness of counsel considerations are appropriately magnified and multiplied. Here, within this six-year course of litigation, this result means that Harvey accidentally and without any opportunity to anticipate the result which followed, surrendered his actual right to protest denial of a speedy trial and, by failure of trial counsel to anticipate what this court has now done in result, accepted the consequence of his first conviction as the price for exercising his constitutionally concerned and statutorily provided right to allocution. Today, in Wyoming, allocution is a trap for the uninformed attorney and the unwise accused. Minimal if not nonexistent benefit remains because the gamble in irritating the judge by contending innocence or the commitment in explaining regret is a much heavier price than any potential benefit to be achieved. To justify this status in case law, the majority opinion added to the fruits of the poisonous tree cases of Wong Sun and Harrison, a disregard of Simmons, 390 U.S. 377, 88 S.Ct. 967, which will be discussed in detail hereafter, and then only four other cases for further application: Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 107 S.Ct. 2704, 97 L.Ed.2d 37 (1987); Washington, 431 U.S. 181, 97 S.Ct. 1814; Powers v. United States, 223 U.S. 303, 32 S.Ct. 281, 56 L.Ed. 448 (1912); and United States v. Rodriguez, 498 F.2d 302 (5th Cir.1974). The latter case is the most implausible considering the existence of contemporary sentencing guidelines in the federal system. Cf. Marcia G. Shein & Jana L. Jopson, Sentencing Defense Manual, App. 2A, Pt. E, at 227 (1991). In Rodriguez, abusive conduct by the trial judge to force admission of guilt as a function of sentencing was sufficiently criticized in appellate decision to require resentencing. The case did not involve a question of reuse of allocution; rather, it was an abusive violation of initial Fifth Amendment rights as a sentencing price for bargained justice. Powers, 223 U.S. 303, 32 S.Ct. 281 established the well-accepted fact that the accused who elects to testify at trial subjects himself to cross-examination at that trial. Rock, 483 U.S. 44, 107 S.Ct. 2704, as is well known, addresses the right of the defendant to testify whether or not subjected to hypnotic rehearsal as a condition of Fourteenth Amendment effectuation of due process. The closest case to have something even marginally relevant to allocution reuse upon retrial is Washington, 431 U.S. 181, 97 S.Ct. 1814. Washington determined that a target witness in a grand jury session who voluntarily testified in waiver of his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination did not warrant quashing a subsequent indictment. The accused had been warned in the session that anything he said might be used against him. In Washington, the court held that the Fifth Amendment applied to grand jury sessions, but that it did not preclude voluntary self-incrimination when properly warned. [T]arget witness status neither enlarges nor diminishes the constitutional protection against compelled self-incrimination. Id. at 189, 97 S.Ct. at 1820. The court further added, on an issue not presented in the appeal, that with the complete warning against self-incrimination, the subsequent voluntary testimony could be available to use against the defendant at the actual trial. This unpersuasive array of authority does not justify waiver from exercise of the fundamental right of allocution honored by legislation, constitutional convention, and acceptance by this court in rule adoption that the privilege against self-incrimination is lost upon retrial after first conviction reversal for fundamental mistakes in the prosecution. Although this colloquy has apparently never happened before in a sufficient way to create an issue for appellate review, there is still something beyond reasoned logic to be found in controlling principles of constitutional law. Although I agree with the analysis of Justice Golden, I venture further because of the significance of the issue and the comparably involved realistic validity of the Wyoming Rules of Criminal Procedure only recently adopted in providing rights and requirements for the delivery of justice. The significant case which was unpersuasively distinguished in the majority opinion is Simmons, 390 U.S. 377, 88 S.Ct. 967. The Simmons issue was whether testimony of the accused in a pretrial suppression motion hearing would become admissible at trial. The United States Supreme Court held that the testimony of the accused is to be regarded as an integral part of his Fourth Amendment exclusion claim. Id. at 391, 88 S.Ct. at 975. The United States Supreme Court then recognized: Under the rule laid down by the courts below, he could give that testimony only by assuming the risk that the testimony would later be admitted against him at trial. Testimony of this kind, which links a defendant to evidence which the Government considers important enough to seize and to seek to have admitted at trial, must often be highly prejudicial to a defendant. Id. The United States Supreme Court then established by extended analysis and in a fashion that fits identically with exercise of allocution to forego rights if a successive retrial occurs: The rule adopted by the courts below does not merely impose upon a defendant a condition which may deter him from asserting a Fourth Amendment objection  it imposes a condition of a kind to which this Court has always been peculiarly sensitive. For a defendant who wishes to establish standing must do so at the risk that the words which he utters may later be used to incriminate him. Those courts which have allowed the admission of testimony given to establish standing have reasoned that there is no violation of the Fifth Amendment's Self-Incrimination Clause because the testimony was voluntary. As an abstract matter, this may well be true. A defendant is compelled to testify in support of a motion to suppress only in the sense that if he refrains from testifying he will have to forgo a benefit, and testimony is not always involuntary as a matter of law simply because it is given to obtain a benefit. However, the assumption which underlies this reasoning is that the defendant has a choice: he may refuse to testify and give up the benefit. When this assumption is applied to a situation in which the benefit to be gained is that afforded by another provision of the Bill of Rights, an undeniable tension is created. Thus, in this case Garrett was obliged either to give up what he believed, with advice of counsel, to be a valid Fourth Amendment claim or, in legal effect, to waive his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. In these circumstances, we find it intolerable that one constitutional right should have to be surrendered in order to assert another. We therefore hold that when a defendant testifies in support of a motion to suppress evidence on Fourth Amendment grounds, his testimony may not thereafter be admitted against him at trial on the issue of guilt unless he makes no objection. Id. at 393-94, 88 S.Ct. at 976 (emphasis added and footnotes omitted). What this court now accepts in this decision are the same ideas advanced in dissent by Justice Black within that 1968 Simmons opinion. Only one other justice joined in Black's dissent and I have not found a single case which has since been reported that adopted that doctrinal position. In addition to the suppression hearing preclusion now firmly fixed by Simmons as an unqualified principle in American law, there are a number of other comparable concepts, none of which are addressed in majority decision, which support denial of admissibility of the allocution statements following reversal and a follow-on proceeding (whether a retrial in the normal case, or, here, where conspiracy is interjected to avoid double jeopardy). Smith, 451 U.S. 454, 101 S.Ct. 1866 authors the well-defined rule that no evidentiary waiver results from what is said by the defendant during a competency examination. See also Fortin, 685 F.2d 1297 and Edmonds, 273 F.2d 108, which determined that in a commitment examination, the doctor could not subsequently testify to statements made to him by the accused. Cf. Powell v. Texas, 492 U.S. 680, 109 S.Ct. 3146, 106 L.Ed.2d 551 (1989) (which comparably involve Sixth Amendment non-notice to counsel defects in the commitment process) and Satterwhite v. Texas, 486 U.S. 249, 108 S.Ct. 1792, 100 L.Ed.2d 284 (1988). There is additional case law providing a preclusion to reuse of testimony at a later stage when the initial statement is made by the defendant to resolve double jeopardy issues, United States v. Bounos, 693 F.2d 38 (7th Cir.1982), and statements made by a defendant at a bail hearing. Williams, 343 A.2d 29. See also Note, Administration of Pretrial Release and Detention: A Proposal for Unification, 83 Yale L.J. 153, 153-55 (1973). Clearly also, statements and communications made in connection with plea bargaining are not thereafter admissible as evidence against interests for prosecution. Ferdinand S. Tinio, Annotation, Admissibility of Defense Communications Made in Connection with Plea Bargaining, 59 A.L.R.3d 441 (1974); W.R.Cr.P. 15(e)(6) (now W.R.Cr.P. 11(e)(6)). Wyoming established this rule more than sixty years ago in State v. Mau, 41 Wyo. 365, 285 P. 992 (1930). In civil context, see also Mentock v. Mentock, 638 P.2d 156 (Wyo.1981); Coulter, Inc. v. Allen, 624 P.2d 1199 (Wyo.1981); United States v. DiLoreto, 888 F.2d 996 (3rd Cir.1989); and State v. Fox, 70 Haw. 46, 760 P.2d 670 (1988). Harrison, 392 U.S. 219, 88 S.Ct. 2008, which precluded reuse of the testimony in second trial and resulted from an improperly admitted confession during the first trial, is consistent in defining the present structure of American law. Despite the on-going diminution of constitutional rights by the current United States Supreme Court, a continued course of precedent justifies the conclusion that neither this nation nor this state exists by a constitution where reliance on one guarantee necessarily results in relinquishment of all other basic constitutional protections. [16] Philosophically, this court (prior to the present majority opinion) and courts generally have been reluctant to infer a waiver of a constitutional privilege. Michael A. DiSabatino, Annotation, Right of Witness in Federal Court to Claim Privilege Against Self-Incrimination After Giving Sworn Evidence on Same Matter or in Other Proceedings, 42 A.L.R.Fed. 793, 795 (1979), citing as an example United States v. Steffen, 103 F.Supp. 415 (N.D.Cal.1951). For illustration of this basic principle of constitutional law, see Smith v. United States, 337 U.S. 137, 69 S.Ct. 1000, 93 L.Ed. 1264 (1949), where a grant of immunity was considered. The concept was identically recognized in non-waiver of a right to a jury trial in Johnson, 304 U.S. at 464, 58 S.Ct. at 1023; Aetna Ins. Co. v. Kennedy, to Use of Bogash, 301 U.S. 389, 393, 57 S.Ct. 809, 811, 81 L.Ed. 1177 (1937); and Hodges v. Easton, 16 Otto 408, 106 U.S. 408, 1 S.Ct. 307, 27 L.Ed. 169 (1882) as a right to counsel. In Johnson, 304 U.S. at 464, 58 S.Ct. at 1023 (footnotes omitted), Justice Black stated: There is insistence here that petitioner waived this constitutional right. The District Court did not so find. It has been pointed out that courts indulge every reasonable presumption against waiver of fundamental constitutional rights and that we do not presume acquiescence in the loss of fundamental rights. A waiver is ordinarily an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege. The determination of whether there has been an intelligent waiver of the right to counsel must depend, in each case, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused. With regard to self-incrimination, see also Rogers v. United States, 340 U.S. 367, 377, 71 S.Ct. 438, 444, 95 L.Ed. 344 (1951), Black, J., dissenting. A case involving waiver by plea at arraignment in the absence of counsel provided a similar judicial rejection of waiver of the constitutional right, Wood v. United States, 128 F.2d 265 (D.C.Cir.1942), where it was also recognized that the defendant was entitled to have counsel at the proceedings. A comment of the court was particularly noteworthy regarding impairment of the court's integrity. Admitting the plea would array [the trial court] on the prosecution's side as an agency for procuring as well as for admitting evidence. Id. at 274. Within the peculiar status of this case where the fiction of a different offense is created to avoid the preclusion of double jeopardy, there is yet another objection to allocution statement reuse in a subsequent trial. This is derived from the direction of the majority that this is a different case on trial. Consequently, any reuse concept derived from the same proceeding, e.g., grand jury, preliminary hearing, or retrial with reversal, has no technical application to this case where now conceptualized to consist of a statement made at sentencing in one offense to consequently become admissible evidence for trial of another offense. See, e.g., State v. Holm, 67 Wyo. 360, 224 P.2d 500 (1950). This was not impeachment. Compare Mintle v. Mintle, 764 P.2d 255 (Wyo.1988) with State v. McComb, 33 Wyo. 346, 239 P. 526 (1925) and Crago v. State, 28 Wyo. 215, 202 P. 1099 (1922). As a result of a series of proceedings involving judicial misconduct, the Vermont Supreme Court in In re Hill, 149 Vt. 431, 545 A.2d 1019 (1988) was faced with a comparable decision. In that case, the court was required to determine whether a judge could be required to testify at a disciplinary proceeding if the testimony might create unfavorable criminal prosecution evidence. The court found that the judge's prior testimony in a still-pending criminal proceeding did not create a waiver of her right against self-incrimination in another forum. We agree with respondent that her privilege with respect to her false swearing case remains alive. Despite the jury verdict against her, the Fifth Amendment privilege is available until the case is fully concluded, including any appeals. See State v. Gretzler, 126 Ariz. 60, 88, 612 P.2d 1023, 1051 (1980). Nor does the fact that she testified in her criminal trial constitute a waiver of her right to assert the privilege in another forum  here, the Judicial Conduct Board. See United States v. Yurasovich, 580 F.2d 1212, 1220 (3d Cir.1978). Further, we are not persuaded that the representations of her counsel to her willingness to testify, made in this Court, constitute a waiver. While we recognize that it may be possible to waive the privilege expressly, or impliedly, by agreement, the waiver of such an important constitutional right must be clear and intentional and cannot be lightly inferred. See Smith v. United States, 337 U.S. 137, 150, 69 S.Ct. 1000, 1007, 93 L.Ed. 1264 (1949); Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938). We have reviewed the record and do not believe that the statements of respondent's counsel meet this standard. Respondent has demonstrated a risk of further prosecution under 13 V.S.A. § 3015, our obstruction of justice statute. That statute is taken almost verbatim from the federal obstruction of justice statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1503. The federal statute has been interpreted quite broadly. See, e.g., United States v. Jeter, 775 F.2d 670 (6th Cir.1985); United States v. Vesich, 724 F.2d 451 (5th Cir.1984). It is not incumbent on respondent to demonstrate that she will be prosecuted or that the answer to a question will result in her conviction. The United States Supreme Court has described the standard as follows: The privilege afforded not only extends to answers that would in themselves support a conviction under a . . . criminal statute but likewise embraces those which would furnish a link in the chain of evidence needed to prosecute the claimant for a . . . crime. But this protection must be confined to instances where the witness has reasonable cause to apprehend danger from a direct answer. The witness is not exonerated from answering merely because he declares that in so doing he would incriminate himself  his say-so does not of itself establish the hazard of incrimination. It is for the court to say whether his silence is justified and to require him to answer if `it clearly appears to the court that he is mistaken.' However, if the witness, upon interposing his claim, were required to prove the hazard in the sense in which a claim is usually required to be established in court, he would be compelled to surrender the very protection which the privilege is designed to guarantee. To sustain the privilege, it need only be evident from the implications of the question, in the setting in which it is asked, that a responsive answer to the question or an explanation of why it cannot be answered might be dangerous because injurious disclosure could result. The trial judge in appraising the claim `must be governed as much by his personal perception of the peculiarities of the case as by the facts actually in evidence.' Hoffman v. United States, 341 U.S. 479, 486-87, 71 S.Ct. 814, 818, 95 L.Ed. 1118 (1951) (citations omitted). As the Board correctly ruled in this case, at least some of the questions that special counsel intended to ask would offend the privilege under the Hoffman standard. But, we need not rule today precisely which questions and answers fall within the privilege because of the nature and scope of the remedy we are announcing. In re Hill, 545 A.2d at 1022-23. The court then justified enforced testimony at the discipline hearing by providing a use and fruits immunity for any future criminal proceeding. The court recognized that the judge could not be required to testify in disciplinary proceedings and risk self-incrimination for criminal prosecution. The underlying case, State v. Begins, 147 Vt. 295, 514 A.2d 719 (1986), involved both criminal prosecution and pending probation revocation for the same event. The issue developed as to the right of the defendant to testify in the probation revocation hearing without convicting himself by that testimony in a criminal case which might follow. The court elected to enforce constitutional options for the accused and provided an immunity from subsequent prosecution if required to exercise one constitutional right in a prior probation revocation. In systematology, those cases are most similar to the broader allocution question presented here. The same answer is obviously required for fair and reasoned constitutional right protection; allocution testimony cannot thereafter be introduced as evidence for criminal conviction in the identically postured associated offense of conspiracy. This concept is particularly valid since allocution was acquired as the fruits of the first invalid conviction when speedy trial was denied, Harrison, 392 U.S. 219, 88 S.Ct. 2008, and any evidentiary reuse was directly contrary to the preclusion there provided. We have testimony which is found to be a product of a very poisoned tree infected by the disease of denied speedy trial. If the speedy trial dismissal had occurred as constitutionally required by Harrison, no occasion for allocution would have been created in this case. The Vermont Supreme Court in Hill, in greater wisdom and rational protection of its constitution, provided a well-supported standard of constitutional law. In general resolution of self-incrimination, see also State v. Linscott, 521 A.2d 701, 703 (Me.1987) (quoting Licavoli, 604 F.2d at 623): `[A] waiver of the Fifth Amendment privilege is limited to the particular proceeding in which the waiver occurs.' In Licavoli, the converse situation developed. The witness had testified favorably for the defendant in the grand jury proceeding and then elected to take the Fifth when subpoenaed by defendant to testify at trial. The court there recognized: It is settled that a waiver of the Fifth Amendment privilege is limited to the particular proceeding in which the waiver occurs.    Consequently, voluntary testimony before a grand jury does not waive the privilege against self-incrimination at trial. Licavoli, 604 F.2d at 623. The unavailable witness (non-party) opportunity under the hearsay exception then permitted the grand jury testimony to be read at trial. The case provides no basis for justification of allocution testimony admissibility. The non-reuse principle after a double jeopardy challenge hearing recognized earlier with reference to Bounos, 693 F.2d 38 also provides comparable authority. The empirically stated principle applied in Bounos to double jeopardy and here to allocution is totally controlling in persuasive precedent and constitutional concept: A criminal defendant may not be put to the choice between giving up his Fifth Amendment right not to incriminate himself and giving up some other constitutional right. Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 394, 88 S.Ct. 967, 976, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968); Wade v. Frazen, 678 F.2d 56, 57 (7th Cir.1982). Hence if the defendants had testified to their conspiratorial activities between May 1979 and April 1980 in order to establish a claim under the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment, they would not thereby have surrendered their right (also under the Fifth Amendment) not to give testimony that could be used directly or indirectly to convict them of those unlawful activities. United States v. Inmon, 568 F.2d 326, 333 (3d Cir.1977); United States v. Stricklin, 591 F.2d 1112, 1118 (5th Cir.1979). The district court was therefore correct in offering to hold that the defendants would not be waiving their Fifth Amendment rights if they confessed guilt for the purpose of making out their double jeopardy claim. Bounos, 693 F.2d at 39. In denying a further right to judicial immunity, the court said: The Fifth Amendment of its own force, without the superaddition of a judicial immunity order, would have prevented the government from using the defendants' statements in a double jeopardy hearing, or leads developed from those statements, to mount a subsequent prosecution against them. Id. at 40. [17] The same principle applied in the ineffectiveness of counsel case of Wade v. Franzen, 678 F.2d 56 (7th Cir.1982). Franzen involved the voluntariness of confession where the totally unprepared defense counsel refused to comply with a local court rule, the validity of which is unchallenged, that the movant attest to the truth of the facts alleged in the motion. The lawyer was afraid that attestation would be treated as a waiver of Wade's right not to be forced to incriminate himself. It would not have been. See Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 389-94, 88 S.Ct. 967, 973-76, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968). This was plain error on the lawyer's part; no conceivable tactical motive can be attributed to his action. Franzen, 678 F.2d at 57. In United States v. Stricklin, 591 F.2d 1112, 1118 (5th Cir.), cert. denied 444 U.S. 963, 100 S.Ct. 449, 62 L.Ed.2d 375 (1979), the court recognized in regard to a dismissal motion based on double jeopardy and correlative burden for proof assessed against the government: The defendant might make the necessary prima facie nonfrivolous showing of double jeopardy by reference to the indictments, as supplemented by a bill of particulars if appropriate and ordered, and other record material, alone. He might find it necessary to offer his own testimony at the pretrial hearing. If the latter course is followed, the defendant will not thereby waive the privilege against self-incrimination and his testimony may not subsequently be used against him at the trial on the merits. In Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 88 S.Ct. 967, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968), the Supreme Court held that a defendant may testify in a pretrial suppression hearing directed at vindication of Fourth Amendment rights without fear that his testimony will be used against him at the subsequent trial. The Supreme Court reasoned that any other rule would inhibit defendants from asserting Fourth Amendment claims and would require that one constitutional right be surrendered in order to assert another. 390 U.S. [377] at 392-94, 88 S.Ct. 967 [at 975-76]. We agree with the Inmon Court that the reasoning in Simmons is also controlling in a pretrial double jeopardy hearing. See also United States v. Ragins, 840 F.2d 1184 (4th Cir.1988) and United States v. Inmon, 568 F.2d 326 (3rd Cir.1977), cert. denied 444 U.S. 859, 100 S.Ct. 121, 62 L.Ed.2d 79 (1979). In a similar context, the waiver of right against self-incrimination to be inferred from a guilty plea relates only for the purpose involved in the determination of the guilt or innocence of the crime admitted. It does not waive privilege against self-incrimination at other times for other crimes. McCarthy v. United States, 394 U.S. 459, 89 S.Ct. 1166, 22 L.Ed.2d 418 (1969); Johnson, 488 F.2d 1206. Furthermore, as the Johnson court said: Constitutional privileges may not, in any event, be waived except as there is awareness of the consequences of the waiver. See Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748, 90 S.Ct. 1463 [1468], 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970); Smith v. United States, 337 U.S. 137, 150, 69 S.Ct. 1000 [1007], 93 L.Ed. 1264 (1949). Johnson, 488 F.2d at 1210. The test for admissibility of inculpatory statement evidence requires voluntariness and adjures coercion or compulsion for which this majority opinion just does not achieve a passing grade. Harrison, 392 U.S. 219, 88 S.Ct. 2008; Hoffman v. United States, 341 U.S. 479, 71 S.Ct. 814, 95 L.Ed. 1118 (1951); Horn v. State, 12 Wyo. 80, 73 P. 705 (1903). There is yet another major subject which is unaddressed by the majority in its predisposition to affirm conviction of Harvey for something. This is whether the very closely allayed presentence information furnished by the convicted individual to the probation officer for the presentence investigation report becomes an admission which creates admissible reuse evidence for a retrial or prosecution in another offense. See Baumann v. United States, 692 F.2d 565 (9th Cir.1982); United States v. Jones, 640 F.2d 284 (10th Cir.1981); People v. Harrington, 2 Cal.3d 991, 88 Cal.Rptr. 161, 471 P.2d 961 (1970), cert. denied 402 U.S. 923, 91 S.Ct. 1384, 28 L.Ed.2d 662 (1971); and People v. Alesi, 67 Cal.2d 856, 64 Cal. Rptr. 104, 434 P.2d 360 (1967). In Jones, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals reasoned that although the Fifth Amendment does offer protection in the sentencing process, the broad inquiry and information gathering defined in presentence investigation and reports is for sentencing and not to be used substantively. This present decision inflicts the greatest danger to the defendant in the presentence investigative and fact finding process of which allocution is but an included component. As a result of this decision, competent defense counsel are not only obligated in Wyoming to advise their clients not to exercise their rights of allocution if it might create evidence for a retrial or a separate offense, but they should also decline to cooperate with the parole officer in the investigative report for sentencing to the extent of any adverse information since that agent has now been recreated by this court into a private investigator for the prosecutor in the acquisition of potential testimony for future criminal trials. By this thoughtless drive to affirm Harvey's conspiracy conviction, this court relegates the justified conduct of the convicted individual in responding during presentence investigation and allocution to something akin to the military direction to provide only name, rank, and serial number. We do this in contravention of the explicit direction provided by numerous decisions of the United States Supreme Court regarding the Constitution of the United States and in abject disregard of the due process and right to defend criteria of the Wyoming Constitution. `Wisdom too often never comes, and so one ought not to reject it merely because it comes late.' Similarly, one should not reject a piecemeal wisdom, merely because it hobbles toward the truth with backward glances. Wolf v. People of the State of Colorado, 338 U.S. 25, 47, 69 S.Ct. 1359, 1368, 93 L.Ed. 1782 (1949), Rutledge, J., dissenting. See also Watts v. State of Indiana, 338 U.S. 49, 55, 69 S.Ct. 1347, 1350, 93 L.Ed. 1801 (1949): Law triumphs when the natural impulses aroused by a shocking crime yield to the safeguards which our civilization has evolved for an administration of criminal justice at once rational and effective. The decision of this court to countenance utilization of the allocution statements for second trial evidence is not only misguided in this case, but badly disruptive of the Wyoming constitutional and procedural law heritage. What we do is totally wrong.