Opinion ID: 756422
Heading Depth: 3
Heading Rank: 5

Heading: Aggregate Assessment

Text: 40 By our calculation, all four statutory factors point toward infringement and the lack of fair use. The statutory factors are not exclusive, Harper & Row, 471 U.S. at 560, 105 S.Ct. 2218, but the facts of this case do not suggest any significant factors we have not already considered, and our assessment of the case in more abstract terms only strengthens our conclusion that Kirkwood's is not a fair use. Kirkwood creates nothing and advances no body of knowledge or criticism. He simply takes Infinity's unaltered broadcasts and markets them to a specific clientele. See, Pacific and Southern Co., Inc. v. Duncan, 744 F.2d 1490 (11th Cir.1984) (off-the-air videotaping of news broadcasts for sale to subjects of the stories not fair use). 41 Kirkwood has not met his burden of showing that his use of Infinity's broadcasts does not infringe Infinity's copyrights. Kirkwood likens Dial-Up to a library photocopy machine, invoked by customers whose particular use may or may not be infringing. However, as Infinity points out, large-scale photocopying, even for the statutorily-approved purpose of educational use, can still infringe. See e.g., Princeton, 99 F.3d at 1389 (courts have rejected attempts by for-profit users to stand in the shoes of their customers); Basic Books, Inc. v. Kinko's Graphics Corp., 758 F.Supp. 1522, 1526 (S.D.N.Y.1991). See also Texaco, 60 F.3d at 931 (photocopying entire articles for personal archival use not a fair use). Given the potential for large-scale retransmission of Infinity's broadcasts by Kirkwood's service, we conclude that Dial-Up's retransmission of Infinity's copyrighted broadcasts is not a fair use.