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Books Palaeontology Palaeozoology & Extinctions
Popular Science
By: WJT Mitchell(Author)
321 pages, Col and b/w photos, col and b/w illus
University of Chicago Press
Hardback | Oct 1998 | #84743 | ISBN: 0226532046
Availability: Usually dispatched within 4 days Details
NHBS Price: £24.50 $32/€27 approx
About this book
For animals that have been dead millions of years, dinosaurs are extraordinarily pervasive in our everyday lives. Appearing in ads, books, movies, museums, television, toy stores, and novels, they continually fascinate both adults and children. How did they move from natural extinction to pop culture resurrection? What is the source of their powerful appeal? Until now, no one has addressed this question in a comprehensive way. In this lively and engrossing exploration of the animal's place in our lives, W.J.T. Mitchell shows why we are so attached to the myth and the reality of the "terrible lizards."
Mitchell aims to trace the cultural family tree of the dinosaur, and what he discovers is a creature of striking flexibility, linked to dragons and mammoths, skyscrapers and steam engines, cowboys and Indians. In the vast territory between the cunning predators of Jurassic Park and the mawkishly sweet Barney, from political leviathans to corporate icons, from paleontology to Barnum and Bailey, Mitchell finds a cultural symbol whose plurality of meaning and often contradictory nature is emblematic of modern society itself. As a scientific entity, the dinosaur endured a near-eclipse for over a century, but as an image it is enjoying its widest circulation. And it endures, according to Mitchell, because it is uniquely malleable, a figure of both innovation and obsolescence, massive power and pathetic failure – the totem animal of modernity.
Drawing unforeseen and unusual connections at every turn between dinosaurs real and imagined, The Last Dinosaur Book is the first to delve so deeply, so insightfully, and so enjoyably into our modern dino-obsession.
""[...] brilliant and truly original. It is the first serious attempt by a cultural historian to understand the extraordinarily strong hold that dinosaurs have taken on the imagination of whole sections of the population, not just children. Mitchell has wonderfully mastered the field of dinosaurs, from systematics to science fiction, and the delight of the book is in the interpretations."
- Keith Thomson, Director, Oxford University Museum of Natural History
1: Reptilicus erectus
2: Big, Fierce, Extinct
3: A Stegosaurus Made of Money
4: The End of Dinosaurology
5: The Last Thunder Horse West of the Mississippi
6: Dinotopia: The Newt World Order
7: The Last Dinostory: As Told by Himself
8: Seeing Saurians
9: Sorting Species
10: Monsters and Dinomania
11: Big MacDino
12: The Totem Animal of Modernity
13: The Way of Dragons
14: Dry Bones
15: On the Evolution of Images
16: Thomas Jefferson, Paleontologist
17: Frames, Skeletons, Constitutions
18: The Victorian Dinosaur
19: Coming to America
20: Bones for Darwin's Bulldog
21: Schizosaur
22: Dinosaurs Moralized
23: Pale-Ontology, or It's Not Easy Being Green
24: Potlatch and Purity
25: Diplodocus carnegii
26: Totems and Bones
27: Indiana Jones and Barnum Bones
28: Worlds Well Lost
29: Bringing Down Baby
30: Miner's Canary or Trojan Horse?
31: The Age of Reptiles
32: The Hundred Story Beast
33: Structure, Energy, Information
34: Catastrophe, Entropy, Chaos
35: The Age of Biocybernetic Reproduction
36: Carnosaurs and Consumption
37: Why Children Hate Dinosaurs
38: Dinos R Us: Identification and Fantasy
39: Calvinosaurus: From T. rex to O. Rex
40: Transitional Objects: From Breast to Brontosaurus Paleoart 265
A: Scrotum Humanum: The True Name of the Dinosaur
B: Science and Culture
Selected Bibliography
Write a review
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VAT: GB 407 4846 44
NHBS Ltd is registered in England and Wales: 1875194 | <urn:uuid:9151b1b3-7581-4298-8359-92d47da75866> | 3 | 2.59375 | 0.104416 | en | 0.822729 | http://www.nhbs.com/the-last-dinosaur-book-book |
Environment in emerging and transition economies
EaP GREEN: Reform of environmentally harmful subsidies
Reforming environmentally harmful subsidies (EHS) is a fundamental element of green growth strategies and confers a range of benefits to countries that undertale such reforms. These include, among others, reducing the use of resource intensive inputs (e.g. energy) and subsequent decrease in pollution levels, fixing market distrortions by making resource prices reflect resource value, and polluters pay for their pollution; releasing and/or relallocating public funding to other areas, such as education, energy saving or reducing debt.
Determining the environmental impact of different subsidies is often complicated because specific policy measures do not take place in isolation, but within a broad and evolving socio-economic and technological context. Due to very patchy data and information but also because of the lack of a harmonised methodology for recording and reporting subsidies, identifying and calculating the size of EHS schemes is not easy and will require the concerted efforts of many different parties in a given government.
Objectives and activities
1. Develop policy guidance tools to prepare EHS reform action plans. The guidance will be based on tools and methods for identifying, measuring and evaluating subsidies that are environmentally-harmful and economically wasteful. The experience with applying these analytical tools in preparing EHS reform plans, including from the EU countries, will be presented in several regional meetings with the participation of key stakeholders from the EaP countries.
2. Implement country projects. The OECD will work in three countries to develop action plans to reform EHS in selected sectors (such as energy, agriculture or water). Each project will aim at facilitating a national-level policy dialogue to generate political support for the adoption and implementation of the actions plan proposed for the country.
3. Build capacity and political support in other EaP countries to develop action plans to reform EHS. Organisation of stakeholder meetings in the EaP countries other than those hosting the pilot projects to disseminate policy recommendations and lessons learned from other countries in the region.
DID YOU KNOW? ....that there is some evidence that fossil fuel consumer subsidies in the EaP countries might be large. The International Energy Agency estimated that, in 2011, fossil fuel subsidies for consumers (oil, coal, gas, electricity) totalled about USD 2 billion in Azerbaijan (about 3% of GDP), about USD 6 billion (3.3% of GDP) in Kazakhstan and about USD 9 billion in Ukraine (about 6% of its GDP). | <urn:uuid:b069356a-720e-44d3-9386-6f78102e1789> | 3 | 2.796875 | 0.050953 | en | 0.917403 | http://www.oecd.org/env/outreach/eapgreen-ehs.htm |
Numerous industries utilize solid metal parts made of powdered metal. Powdered metal components, which are made from powdered metal via powder metallurgy, can be found in applications spanning across industries such as lawn and garden, computer, electronics, hardware, and automotive.
More specifically, powder metal parts include magnetic assemblies, filtration systems, structural parts, and automobile components. Powder metal gears are inherently porous and they naturally reduce sound, making them a suitable component to the sintering process. Bearings and bushings can simply be produced by way of sintering, however, they may require a secondary sizing operation because their fabrication leaves little room for error.
Powder metal is soft and can be formed in a variety of shapes with proper sintering; however, this variety is very limited. Powder metal is a popular choice of material for parts with magnetic properties, and its magnetism can be enhanced through the sintering process. Two processes can be utilized to make powder metal parts: sintering and metal injection molding. Both of these processes are used to produce powder metal parts made of aluminum, copper, and iron.
Sintered metal parts include sintered steel and sintered bronze parts, and they are made by melting metal powder and forming it into a shape. The metal injection molding process involves adding wax, resin, or polymers to powdered metal, heating the mixture to a pliable state, and formed within a mold. Read More…
Leading Manufacturers
Perry Tool & Research, Inc.
Hayward, CA | 510-782-9226
Comtec Mfg., Inc.
St. Marys, PA | 814-834-9300
MetalKraft Industries, Inc.
Wellsboro, PA | 570-724-6800
Proform Powdered Metals. Inc..
Punxsutawney, PA | 814-938-7411
Powder metallurgy is a process in which metal is formed and fabricated from powder to a finished part. The raw metal material is made into powder by way of atomization, mechanical alloying, electrolytic techniques, chemical reduction, and pulverization. The powder is then mixed with a lubricant, which assists in reducing friction between the powder material and the pressing dies. The next step involves forming, in which the material is molded, forged, or pressed. Sintering is a crucial step in the process, as it develops the products finished properties, such as regulating its porosity and increasing its strength.
In the high-temperature process of sintering, the compacted raw materials, also known as green parts, are melted down in a furnace. When the green parts are melted, the particles are bonded together while still retaining the part’s shape. Sometimes, the product requires secondary operations such as machining, deburring, sizing, or heating. The finished parts may appear solid, but they are actually made up of tiny capillaries that are interconnected with each other. Thus, the parts have a porosity of 25%.
Sintered metal products have many advantages over parts that are fabricated through other processes. Sintering uses roughly 97% of materials, and therefore does not produce as much waste. Sintered products are not sensitive to the shapes in which they are formed, and they frequently do not need to undergo any secondary operations. Powder metal parts have controlled porosity, enabling them to self-lubricate and filter gases and liquids. Because of all of these benefits, powder metallurgy is a highly recommended process in fabricating parts that require intricate bends, depressions, and projections. A wide variety of composites, alloys, and other materials can be used in the sintering process to fabricate products of numerous designs and shapes.
Metal injection molding is a powder metallurgy process which is frequently used to produce metal parts that are smaller, more complex, high density, and high in performance. The process of metal injection combines powder metallurgy and plastic injection molding, and is commonly used for parts used in industries such as electronics, computer, hardware, firearms, dental, medical, and automotive. Metal injection molding allows for more freedom in detailing and design, reduces waste, and offers products that are magnetic, more corrosion-resistant, stronger, and denser. However, this process is only used in making thinner, smaller parts, and is more costly than regular powder metallurgy.
Metal injection molding differs in a few ways. First, the metal powder is not only mixed with lubricants, but also with thermoplastics. The parts are only formed by molding using standard plastic injection molding machines. The next step involves using chemicals or thermal energy and an open pore network to remove the thermoplastics from the parts. Finally, the parts are sintered and undergo secondary procedures if necessary.
Bronze, steel, iron, brass, copper, and aluminum are just a few of the many metals that can be converted to powder and undergo the metallurgy process. Aluminum is frequently used because it is highly flammable, highly conductive, and light in weight. Aluminum is a popular materials to use in structural applications and pyrotechnics. Copper is highly conductive both electrically and thermally, and are thus popular for use in electrical contractor or heat sink applications.
Iron contains a graphite additive and is frequently used to fabricate bearings, filters, and structural parts. Steel is used for tool steel or stainless steel powders, are very high in strength. Thus, one application for which it is frequently used is automobile weight reduction. Finally, bronze is a metal that is higher in density and has a higher mechanical performance than brass, and bronze metal parts are commonly utilized to fabricate self-lubricating bearings.
Powder Metal Part Informational Video | <urn:uuid:87635d26-4e76-41fe-bc14-f96784cb0957> | 3 | 2.890625 | 0.139245 | en | 0.944716 | http://www.powderedmetalparts.com/ |
Term 3 Week 10
posted 19 Jun 2016, 12:59 by Primary 2 Teacher [ updated 19 Jun 2016, 13:00 ]
Literacy - Information Texts
Children will continue to practise spelling patterns in their spelling teams.
This week we will be looking at both fiction and non-fiction books about tigers.
Recognising questions and answers.
Writing a conversation using questions and answers.
Using correct punctuation in a sentence, using question marks.
Read and understand factual sentences.
Write factual sentences.
Read understand and sort facts.
Create a non-fiction text.
Write questions and answers in a non-fiction text.
Maths - Measures and Shape
Children will
Practise the order of the months of the year
Say the month before/after a given month
Find times 1 hour/1/2 an hour later than a given time
Recognise 3D shapes
Describe direction and position of 3D shapes
IPC-Water World
We will continue with our Geography learning, children will
Learn how to follow and give directions
Be given the opportunity to express views on attractive and unattractive features of the environment
Communicate their geographical knowlege and understanding in a variety of ways. | <urn:uuid:ab10b298-64a1-433f-9603-2cb283a24bd1> | 3 | 3.171875 | 0.502557 | en | 0.848061 | http://www.sakhalinschool.net/home/class-pages/primary-2/primary-2-news/term3week10 |
How True Capitalism Kills Racism
Bigotry carries a cost.
For decades, agitators aligned with the Democratic Party have argued that the only way to right the "historic wrong" of slavery is to enforce affirmative action - that is, to give unearned preferences to blacks or other minorities simply because they are black or minority. The thought is that, because black people were oppressed for hundreds of years primarily because of their skin color, it's only right for them to enjoy the opposite treatment for a while.
As we've discussed before, this notion flies in the face of anything resembling ordinary justice or ethics. Yes, slavery was a terrible wrong, but the slaveowners are all dead and so are all the slaves. Today's black people never suffered under slavery or even Jim Crow save for a few elderly; today's white people overwhelmingly have never participated in official bigotry. Why should the innocent be punished for the betterment of the never-harmed?
Let us set aside the philosophical arguments against affirmative action, for there's an even better reason not to do it: It does not work. Decades of official discrimination have merely made matters worse, as a few nights' viewing of TV news amply demonstrates.
Does this make the cause of racial justice a hopeless one? Actually, no. There is a proven means of achieving equality of liberty, which was fought for by early civil rights leaders like Frederick Douglass and Booker T. Washington, but has been forgotten by today's venal, race-baiting leeches.
What's more, it's been accidentally tried in powerfully racist environments far worse than anything we see today. This magic elixir was so effective at destroying discrimination that the racists had to legally ban it.
This magic wand? Free and open capitalism.
The Power of Cheap
Consider a fair-sized town in the Jim Crow South, one large enough to have several competing stores of major types. No doubt the main street would contain a store run by a bigot, offering goods "For Whites Only." He'd have a good business selling to other bigots.
In the South, however, at least a third of the population was black. By refusing to serve an entire race, this bigot shrank his potential market by a third.
Now consider another greedy, bigoted individual. In this case, his greed outweighs his bigotry: he doesn't like black people either, but he can't resist the color of their money. Unlike his competitor, his store is willing to serve blacks.
This lesser bigot may accept black customers, but he doesn't like them; he may treat them rudely. In a town of any size, though, there's bound to be another store run by someone who acts polite to customers of any color. Where will the black people shop? At the store that a) is willing to deal with them and b) that treats them like human beings - obviously.
The bottom line? There is a significant business advantage to a store owner who does not discriminate against customers and who treats everyone well. Over time, the non-racist businessman will do better than the racist one.
This advantage isn't just seen with customers. It's even more powerful with employees.
Like anything else, employment is subject to the laws of supply and demand. If there are more workers available, wages go down; fewer workers around, and they go up.
A business which refuses to hire blacks has cut itself off from a fair-sized pool of potential employees. The laws of economics dictate that the employees it does hire will, on average, be paid more than if the pool were not artificially restricted.
Again, over time, the non-bigoted business will have higher profit margins, lower prices, better employees, or some combination of the three than the bigoted one; naturally, more and more customers will gravitate to it as their greed overpowers their bigotry. Each bigot will suffer the penalty of his own folly, with no government intervention whatsoever.
This all sounds nice in theory, but does it work in practice? Yes, it does.
The Flawed Economics of Racism
If the South was as racist as generally portrayed, why were the Jim Crow laws necessary? After all, if all the white folks were racist, they wouldn't want to do business with blacks anyway. No legal requirements would be required.
No, the laws were put into place by powerful racists who were being undercut by thopse who acted non-bigoted just as described here. The only way to make bigotry pay is to make it the law of the land, enforced upon all equally whether they want it or not.
The apartheid South African government had the same problem. The racist authorities fought a constant running battle against companies and employers who wanted to save money by hiring blacks who were just as skilled as whites to fill jobs that were "reserved" for whites. This didn't apply merely to janitors or line management; as the Washington Post reported in an obituary a few years back:
Hamilton Naki, a former gardener who was so skilled in complicated surgery that he helped in the world's first human heart transplant -- but had to keep this secret in apartheid South Africa -- died May 29 at his home near Cape Town. He had heart- and asthma-related problems. He was in his seventies.
"He has skills I don't have," Dr. Christiaan Barnard, who performed the heart operation, told the Associated Press in 1993. "If Hamilton had had the opportunity to perform, he would have probably become a brilliant surgeon."
Barnard asked Mr. Naki to be part of the backup team in what became the world's first successful heart transplant, in December 1967. This was in violation of the country's laws on racial segregation, which, among other things, dictated that blacks should not be given medical training nor work in whites-only operating theaters nor have contact with white patients. [emphasis added]
The first heart transplant recipient, Louis Washkansky, received extra days of life thanks to Mr. Naki's illegal skill. What's more important societally, though, is that the hospital received decades of services from a brilliant surgeon for the price of a gardener - Mr. Naki's role had to be hidden from the authorities until the end of apartheid.
It was only because of the law that Mr. Naki was not able to practice medicine publicly, but he was able to perform surgery on a white person in what was supposedly the most racist society on Earth! Money trumped dogma; money trumped bigotry, in this case and in how many more lesser-known ones! - money trumped the law. It usually does. Funny about that.
Time's Up for Legal Racism
The evil laws of Jim Crow died decades ago, and far more evil slavery long before that. Today, we suffer under the less vicious but still damaging racism of affirmative action.
It's easy to understand why: it's in the interests of powerful racists like Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton to continue to con black Americans into believing that they're being kept down by "The Man." They are, but not by the white man; today's white men and women couldn't care less what color you are if you do the work well for a decent price, as witness the hordes of illegal Mexican immigrants doing all manner of things for low pay under the table.
No, America's blacks are being kept down by self-appointed black leaders who've managed to get put in place an insidious system that promotes the incompetent and devalues the competent. This is bad for competent blacks who don't get the respect they deserve; bad for incompetent blacks who perpetuate old stereotypes; bad for other races who see their rightful jobs go to less qualified members of preferred races; and bad for America because it makes us hate and fear each other.
The blunt hand of government is no solution to our racial problems; it only makes problems worse. Government can and must only be entirely color-blind in every way; in a free society, no governmental preference or discrimination based on race can be tolerated.
Then, let's trust to the invisible hand of the market to take care of racist bigotry. It works wherever it's tried, even where it's not welcome. The only trouble is, that wouldn't empower or enrich our greedy elites who can't stand competent competition.
Reader Comments
The men and women in government, those with a little power and are called "The Government" want the hate and fear to continue. Al Sharpton, Jesse Jackson, Barry Soetoro, Louis Farakhan, and their like, need the hate and fear so that they can continue to collect "checks in the mail" money from the people who think the hate and fear comes from someone other than the likes of Reverend Wright.
Thank you,
Robert Walker
June 13, 2011 10:25 AM
This is good:
June 13, 2011 10:31 AM
I think this article makes a lot of sense. I agree with the general theme, and agree to a large extent.
However, I have lived in the south. Louisiana in the 1960, and then deep southern Georgia, Thomasville from 2003 until 2008. From personal experience I can tell you that the "Plantation mentality" still dominates there. Not only is the racism deep and still powerful, but the entire 'serf/class' social structure is still prevalent.
The natives to the area may be polite and all smiles on the surface, but they are a deeply traumatized people, still longing for antibellum heritage, still deeply racist against any but whites. They are in effect still fighting the Civil War.
One has to live there and become close with these people before it comes out. Perhaps in another ten generations this will fade away--but it certainly hasn't yet.
June 13, 2011 11:41 AM
Where these people such strong racists that they wouldn't buy from a black merchant who had the best goods? Or were there no black vendors around?
June 13, 2011 12:33 PM
There was only one "black merchant" in the town, a fried chicken lunch place at the end of town. It had a good business--proving Petrarch economic theory.
There were of course hard core Dixienuts that wouldn't be caught dead there. The racism was subtle from the outside...they would refer to blacks as "Democrats" {Lol}, but in more private conversations with people you knew well the N-word would flow like a Mark Twain novel.
June 13, 2011 1:10 PM
Saw this via Reddit and had to respond though I shouldn't waste my time on you racist <expletive deleted>.
Since it's obvious I have to teach Affirmative Action 101, here's the FACTS you need to know about it before applying your perception to it.
Because as with anything, if a debate is to happen, all parties need to at least have a basic understanding of it.
You believe that the whole point of affirmative action is to give jobs to people who do not have the credentials to get them otherwise.
Affirmative Action does not give jobs to unqualified people. It gives jobs to EQUALLY qualified minorities to offset the bias and discrimination inherent in hiring practices. Some facts:
Whites hold over ninety percent of all the management level jobs (these are the people who do the hiring) in this country (1)
Whites receive about 94% of government contract dollars (2)
Whites hold 90% of tenured faculty positions on college campuses (3)
White men with only a high school diploma are more likely to have a job than black and Latino men with college degrees (5) - just to translate this into idiot-speak, this means that lesser qualified white men are more likely to have a job than black and Latino men with college degrees.
How anyone could know this information and STILL RAIL AGAINST affirmative action is beyond me. It's either a profound ignorance of the actual data that illustrates why affirmative action is so important, or it is a blatantly racist belief that despite these facts, minorities aren't as deservince as whites.
Either way it nauseates me that so many white folks are so ignorant of the data, yet they constantly think their opinion on affirmative action actually makes sense. Most whites who have your opinion watched American History X, heard Ed Norton's fathers speech about affirmative action at the dinner table, and thinks it makes total sense! Well, it does if you don't know a <expletive deleted> thing about the data behind affirmative action.
Next time you want to have an opinion about something, try having an educated opinion and read a <expletive deleted> book first.
(4) Sylvia Hurtado and Christine Navia, "Reconciling College Access and the Affirmative Action Debate," in Affirmative Action’s Testament of Hope, ed. Mildred Garcia (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1997)
(6) Devah Pager, "The Mark of a Criminal Record," American Journal of Sociology 108, 5 (March 2003)
(8) "Young White Offenders get lighter treatment," The Tennesseean. April 26, 2000
June 13, 2011 1:30 PM
<expletive deleted>That is an interesting set of information, facts and opinion to get from you.
I find it curious to be called a racist as a poster on this site.
Isn't it rather a quick off hand 'pre-judgment'on your part?
You are part of a counter social engineering operation, it would therefore be educational on your part to understand social engineering on a larger frame. The heat of your post tells me that you don't have such a larger perspective.
Part of what you fail to comprehend is the way inwhich affirmative action has been put to work has been as a purposeful divide and conquer operation by the High Cabal, using the Hegelian dialectic.
This is a deep subject, one that you no doubt fail to grasp, as you have been so quick to throw out the term "racist" and to flame with your <expletive deleted><expletive deleted><expletive deleted>, showing an emotional attatchment and a lack of rhetorical skill.
You have valid points, ones that you have now wasted by this jejune attack on perhaps would be converts to some of your points.
June 13, 2011 1:57 PM
~Rod Serling's closing narration for, the Twilight Zone episode, "The Monsters Are Due On Maple Street".
June 13, 2011 2:09 PM
"This magic wand? Free and open capitalism."~Petrarch
This is a huge and complex debate, the actual meaning of 'Capitalism'.
Technically "capitalism" is making money off of money. It has nothing to do with trading money for goods in place of barter.
The Capitalists are the bankers and the speculators, not the merchants.
The US is considered a 'Capitalist Society' because of its banking and trade in stocks and bonds on Wall Street. This is the engine that runs the 'capitalism' aspect of the economy. The use of fiat currency by the merchants does not make them 'capitalist', they remain merchants until they too join in on the casino that is 'Capitalism'.
'Capital' means 'money'--in this instance that is the fiat currency borrowed from the Federal Reserve--a private corporation.
Very few have any deep understanding of money in the US, as very few have any deep understanding of history, because this is a Public Relations Regime run by the High Cabal, and what is taught is simply a mythos to keep everyone ignorant and divided.
June 13, 2011 5:44 PM
So Sansdiety...from your post...I am not sure what to take away from it....are you advocating equal rights or extra rights? Because I am really confused.
Here are some mantras I want you to incorporate into your thought the next time you try to make a counter point, you do not come off as some true believer....(you can never have a discussion with a true believer)
(1) Correlation is not causation
(2) Absence of evidence, is not evidence of absence.
(3) You attract more flies with honey than vinegar, so make your points accordingly (calling people racists...
Perhaps there are more white people are applying for jobs...I mean there are more white it makes sense that there would be more OF THEM in the workplace.
Perhaps in white culture you are not considered a chump, sucker, oreo, a "sell out to the man" or an "uncle tom" for wanting to get a job.
I would be curious to your insight on the NBA and the hip-hop music industry then. I see the ranks of the whites, native americans, and asians grossly under represented in those fields.
June 13, 2011 7:14 PM
His/her moniker, "Sansdiety" would seem an attempt at sansdeity, which would say a lot about his view of theologhy as well...unless he/she is without a diet...which would be quite thin in itself.
All of the "<expletive deleted>" was 'clever' though, reminded me of the Nixon Tapes transcriptions.
A hit and run driver no doubt.
June 13, 2011 8:50 PM
All very interesting, although none of that proves racism from the information that you presented, granted I did not look into the details of the studies which may indeed prove racism, there are simply alternative explanations that could result in those statistics. All of that data however is in no way related to the argument presented in the article. At no point did the article attempt to argue that racism does not exist in the world. Therefore arguing that racism exists is arguing an agreed upon premise. That premise being that racism does exist.
Secondly I saw nothing in the article that can be described as racist. Racism is the belief that a person is less good, intelligent, ect due to ones race. The article in fact is the opposite of racist. It states that if given an even playing field blacks would show themselves too be equal in ability.
The point of the article which you seem to have missed is that only through equality of law can one achieve equality of society. Inequality of law, in either direction, causes resentment and, eventually, hatred. It goes on to argue that inequality of society between races can be broken down by simple greed. People that are actively racist will lose economically to those that are passively racist and those that aren't racist.
Once that happens racist people, both active and passive, will be around blacks that are earning their way in life on their own. They can no longer believe that the blacks are only there because of legal support. They will be forced to confront the fact that blacks are capable of earning their way equally well as whites. Thereby slowly decreasing racism until it is a thing of the past.
Under the current systems many blacks believe they are owed something and that whites are holding them down. This results in many blacks not believing that they can not succeed. Which causes many blacks to not try as hard, after all why play if you can't win.
Those blacks that do succeed are seen by many whites as having gained an unfair advantage. This causes many whites to see their opportunity as being stolen from them, not due to superior ability but rather due to legal favoritism.
Thereby perpetuating the belief of white superiority by many whites as they see data showing blacks failing, in their eyes, despite of unfair legal protection.
It may feel good to 'do something' about inequality but as with so many well intended actions it frequently only makes things worse.
June 13, 2011 9:21 PM
Thomas Sowell, a black columnist, wrote:
June 13, 2011 9:55 PM
jonyfries, very good comment.
It seems it can be summed up with that old saw.
The road to Hell is paved with good intentions."
I would add that the road signs on that road are often purposely manipulated by those who fawn good intentions, misdirecting those who do have good intentions. These people are often called 'politicians', and most politicians are lawyers, and most of these lawyers have connections with bankers, and that it is the bankers banker that has been seen as the hand that holds the strings to this whole system.
June 14, 2011 12:24 AM
"Third World countries are poorer today than they were when they were ruled by Western countries, generations ago."~Fred
Pray tell, what thrid world nation today is not still under the grip of Neo-Colonialism? In fact what nation of any sort is not ruled by BIS, IMF, and the global financial oligarchy?
The ballance of an indigenous culture, once fragmented and spun out of control by Malthusian attack can never right itself again, while the present paradigm is maintained.
June 14, 2011 11:14 PM
So Willie, you think that global poverty in places like Africa which were once colonized is the fault of the Westyern powers who did the colonizing? That if they'd been left alone, they'd be rich today?
June 14, 2011 11:53 PM
"That if they'd been left alone, they'd be rich today?"
"Rich"? By what standard? Western materialist standards?
A rich and fulfilling life of ballance and sanity, is not what I see in the empire the west has created.
I would note that this pathological system is about to explode in your face. Good luck when the proverial fit hits the shan.
June 15, 2011 12:15 AM
Despite the joy that people take in thinking about 'what might have been's, there is no way to know what Africa would be like today with European colonization. All that we can be certain of is that Africa is different than it otherwise would have been.
It does not matter if Africa would have been better or not. History followed a different course, instead of finding long dead persons to blame worry about the future and how we move from the present to a more equal and prosperous future.
June 15, 2011 10:17 AM
jonyfries, Africa is not in anyway free of western colonialism yet even today. All the worlds nations today are still under the grip of Noe-Colonialism.All ruled by BIS, IMF, and the global financial oligarchy.
This is the NOW point you urge us to look at. History isn't dead, it is sitting heavily on everyone of our shoulders.
June 15, 2011 12:30 PM
A point on REAL HISTORY, and the architecture of modern political power, compared to the lollipop history in textbooks and entertainment:
A Study in the Hegemony of Parasitism
By Eustace Mullins 1984
[small portion]
It explains the secret writing of the Federal Reserve Act by Paul Warburg of Kuhn, Loeb & Co., and the even more secret deals which caused it to be enacted into law by Congress. It explains how the United States could fight World War I with Paul Warburg in charge of its banking system through the vice chairmanship of the Federal Reserve Board; Bernard Baruch as dictator of American industry as Chairman of the War Industries Board; and Eugene Meyer financing the war through his position as chairman of the War Finance Corporation (printing government bonds in duplicate); Kuhn, Loeb partner Sir William Wiseman with Col. House correlated British and American intelligence operations; Kuhn, Loeb partner Lewis L. Strauss was acting head of the U.S. Food Administration under Herbert Hoover. Meanwhile, Paul’s brother, Max Warburg, headed the German espionage system; another brother was German commercial attache in Stockholm, traditional listening post for warring nations, and Jacob Schiff had two brothers in Germany who were financing the German war effort. It was a classic case of a “managed conflict”, with the Rothschilds manipulating both sides from behind the scenes. At the Versailles Peace Conference, Bernard Baruch was head of the Reparations Commission; Max Warburg, on behalf of Germany, accepted the reparations terms, while Paul Warburg, Thomas Lamont and other Wall Street bankers advised Wilson and the Dulles brothers on how “American” interests should be handled at this all-important diplomatic conference.
June 15, 2011 8:24 PM
Well, as a South African, I feel obliged to stick an oar in here. I'm afraid to say that this article totally misunderstands how South Africa operated, and misunderstands racism generally. Racism isn't just a "bad thought"; it's a tool, a mechanism for justifying exploitation. Pretty much all whites in South Africa ate food prepared by black people, lived in houses built by black people, used products made by black people, shopped in stores staffed by black, and had black maids and servants in their homes. With the exception of a tiny minority of radical Afrikaaners who wanted an all-white society, total separation was not the goal, economic exploitation was. Getting a heart surgeon for the price of a gardner wasn't a failure of apartheid, that was the whole point. And the reason he was barred from being actually employed as heart surgeon was precisely so that he would stay cheap.
Basically this argument is complete bollocks, but as it is accompanied by the description of the likes of Sharpton as "powerful racists", I don't think the author of this "article" is really much interested in reality. It makes a bogus argument and draws a bogus conlusion right out of the stock material used by apologists for racism.
Petrarch, whoever you are, you would have been right at home in apartheid South Africa. Everyone one of the arguments you've deployed about how blacks are being kep down by black leaders was used by the old National Party state. Capitalism is not the enemy of racism, it is it's ally and partner. South Africa was an extremely capitalist state; it had no public health and very limited social services, for example. And apartheid was just a method for suppressing labour costs. South Africa was just a compressed version of the same exploitative relationship that exists between thre West and the Third World today.
June 16, 2011 4:50 PM
Well now, this is interesting indeed. But we need to understand where you're coming from in order to evaluate your argument, and I'm frankly a bit suspicious. For one thing, are you arguing that Sharpton is not powerful? Or that he's not a racist? He's not powerful compared to (say) Obama himself, but he's pretty darn influential compared to you or me. At the very least, he gets an audience whenever he pleases.
And you've totally ignored Petrarch's primary argument: OF COURSE apartheid was racist, it was the LAW, put in place by racists for the purpose of exploiting blacks. Just like Jim Crow. Yes, the heart surgeon was exploited - but that was possible ONLY because he was legally repressed. If the racist laws weren't there, his skills would have been bid over and his compensation would have wound up where it properly belonged, along with anyone else's willing to work and improve themselves.
In both apartheid South Africa and the Jim Crow South, it wasn't illegal for blacks to work - they were expected to. It was simply illegal, explicitly or implictly, for them to hold any jobs above the most menial.
Nothing capitalistic about that. In fact, it's the epitome of socialist exploitation, forcing people to work for the benefit of others without proper negotiated compensation.
June 16, 2011 5:08 PM
Sharpton is not a racist. That claim is simply absurd polemic.
I have not ignored Petrarch's argument in any respect. It is absolutely true that if Mr Naki had been an equal citizen of the state he would have been economically better off. But you're missing the point: that fact that he WAS discriminated against was not only perfectly viable within the capitalist system, but that system actively benefitted from it. In exactly the same way that it benefits from poverty wages in the Third World today to produce cheap products for Western consumers.
Furthermore, Petrarchs argument goes further, asserting that capitalism is inhenrently antagonistic to the sort of repression exhibited by apartheid. But this is not true, because although it did mean that white workers were paid much more, that didn't really matter because there were so many black workers. Overall, capitalism thrived because apartheid reduced labour costs; all that money paid as high wages to white workers was simply cycled back to the companies in return for the products manufactured on the cheap by black labour. The companies made fat profits; the white workers lived relatively high lifestyles; the only people who suffered were the blacks, and seeing as they couldn't vote that didn't matter. It was a win-win system for capitalism.
There was no demand by capitalist activists or agitators to dispose of apartheid, that was totally driven by the socialist Left. Contrary to your final claim, it is not socialism that is an exploitative system, but capitalism. Socialists regard everyone has having due right to the product of their labour, while capitalism transfers ownership of that product to the provider of capital. Advocates of capitalism were the heart and soul of the apartheid system. Don't forget that South Africa was originally Dutch colony, and that the Dutch were amongst the earliest and most zealous exponents of capitalism. South African state was absolutely committed to capitalism in theory and practice, and at no point did this ever translate into a hostility to apartheid. Indeed it regarded itself, more or less correctly, as one of the hot zones in the Cold War between capitalism and communism. Petrarch's argument is just plain wrong.
I am a Marxist, and proudly so, and it was seeing capitalism exposed for what it really was in Soth Africa that made me so. Capitalism is nothing more than systematic exploitation, and apartheid was merely one of the its tools.
June 16, 2011 5:39 PM
@SharpFish said:
"Sharpton is not a racist. That claim is simply absurd polemic"
Surely you jest.
Here's an overview on Sharpton's (recent) racism:
That should get you started.
June 16, 2011 5:43 PM
And 'round and 'round goes the Left/Right carousel...ridiculous fairytale BS--both Marxism and Capitalism.
One who gets to the bottom of the history of this realizes that "Capitalism" created "Marxism" as the 'Controlled Opposition'.
SharpFish should look into Milner and Rhodes, and the "conservatives" here should equally--as well as to the machinations of the Rothschild interlink with the Rockefellers in the Anglo-fication of the Eastern Establishment in the US.
While you people throw stones at one another the High Cabal is sewing up the loose ends of their global gulag, where it matters not what color you are--you all end up slaves.
June 16, 2011 6:21 PM
Michelle Malkin is a raging lunatic, and while you can take exception to some of what Sharpton says, to describe it as "racist" is to abuse the term. And indeed it is a matter of substantial irony that you should call on anything by Malkin as if she had any kind of credible position on racism, given her support for apartheid in Israel.
I know I'm not going to make any headway here because I know that this is really just a case of blaming the victim, and those of you who are committed to it aren't going to be persuaded by anything I say. But I will point out that exactly the same charges were levelled at Nelson Mandela, for example, and so as far as I'm concerned this is just a standard set of apologia for bigotry. And I'm not at all surprised that this article has attracted such apologists, as that's basically what it was for.
But I don't have to stand by and let the reality of South Africa be exploited for that purpose. You do not have the right to hijack our history and distort it to fit some odious right wing agenda.
June 16, 2011 6:30 PM
Netanyahu's Rabbi charged with raping 12-year-old girl
Now if this does not reflect on Nutenyahoo's character—How do you atone for the charges against the Kenyan for his association with Reverend Wright?
June 16, 2011 6:35 PM
It is ludicrous, and would be laughable if the issues weren't at a critical point, that neither the Left nor the Right has a reasonable responce to the questions and assertions outside of their mainstream boxes.
Both the "Right" lunatics here, and the "Left" passerbys that happen onto the sight have the same reaction...their eyes roll back in their sockets and their brains flatline.
Of course this will mean that the real crisis, that of the global elite agenda will hit both of these 'sides' as an utter surprise, even though it is happening in plain sight.
What? Do you actually believe the economy is crashing by mistake? By incompetence?
The cynical "we won't do it again," is a bit of a stretch. Don't you think?
Don't you think? That seems to need repeating here...
June 16, 2011 7:16 PM
"I am a Marxist, and proudly so"
No point in arguing with someone who is "proudly" Marxist. They are either too incompetent to understand the argument or too evil to care. He said he was Marxist. Debate over, he lost.
June 16, 2011 7:39 PM
Ben, that is a simpleton's non-argument.
Now you both "lost".
June 16, 2011 7:45 PM
You're right of course. Anyone that is proudly Marxist and believes that Capitalism is the *cause* of racism is hopeless. But it's fun to yank their chain and watch them fumble around.
June 16, 2011 7:47 PM
Being proudly Marxist is like being proudly flat-earther. And yes, those idiots still exist too:
If you're proud of something that is a universal failure, only life itself can convince you otherwise. So we'll wait and let life change DullFish's mind.
June 16, 2011 7:50 PM
You "conservatives" here are the Synthesis.
Synthetic, plastic, immitation, not real.
Such is life within a false paradigm.
June 16, 2011 8:26 PM
And yet you stay, Willy, and continue to convince us of our ignorance and "false paradigms" over and over again.
So what does that make you? Lonely, I guess.
Give it up. The intelligence of this community is far higher than the normal dregs that you're used to brainwashing. Move along. Sites like InfoWars exist for people just like you.
June 16, 2011 8:29 PM
Fishy, you clearly don't understand either Marxism or capitalism. "Under capitalism, man exploits man. Under Marxism, the opposite is true."
What's more, capitalism and Marxism/socialism are not a black/white dichotomy, they are a continuum. There was nothing whatsoever free-market-capitalistic about either apartheid or Jim Crow, because they were legal interference in the free market: they prevented certain individuals (black people) from freely offering whatever goods or services they wished to provide, and prevented their customers from freely purchasing them. Nothing free about that market - an unfree market was the whole POINT.
Obviously there were free market aspects to the old South Africa, such as between white people. There are also free market aspects of Communist China, pretty significant ones, just as there are increasingly Marxist aspects of the increasingly controlled and regulated American economy. Neither are purely free market or purely Marxist; they are passing each other in opposite directions.
But to the extent that apartheid and Jim Crow interfered in the ability of free individuals of whatever race to participate in whatever economic transactions they freely chose to do, they were ANTI-free-market.
June 16, 2011 8:31 PM
"The intelligence of this community is far higher than the normal dregs that you're used to brainwashing."~twibi
"Intelligence" is what you call it aye twibi?
No, hardly "lonely," I have a blog, we share in our ideas like those of you here. But I find "preaching to the choir," is not enough.
You would be a fish out of water on any other site without your backup squad. And the only "argument" I ever get is the same zip/nothing you just laid on me. Why, because you have no valid counter. So you want me to leave you alone.
The obvious ignorance of the architecture of modern political power is obvious here. That is the reason you can only counter "the Left." You have no overview of both the left and the right.
Naivete is not innocence. And going along to get along is fine...
..until you get where they are taking you.
That destination lies straight ahead. I guarantee you aren't going to like it.
You can puff yourselves up with your false bravado until then.
You won't have the luxury of saying you were not warned.
June 16, 2011 8:47 PM
When every question put on the table comes down to a Left/Right dogfight, or a Demoskunk/Repukelikan tango, it is obvious that the divide and conquer scheme of the oligarchs ruling this nation is working like a charm.
It's like reading the rantings of Pavlovian dogs.
The Petro-Dollar is dying a slow death. With its disappearance will come the Third World to the United States.~Jim Willie
David Rockefeller, Memoirs, page 405
June 16, 2011 11:09 PM
Although many fail to realize it, all is not well in Wonderland.
Most are still lulled by TV and mindless entertainment, whizzbang gadgetry, and delusional mantras of “recovery”...
Meanwhile on the croquette lawn, shock and awe austerity rises in the purple face of the enraged Red Queen.
When this austerity finally bursts the over inflated bubble of some 1 and a half Quadrillion dollars, will you keep your head?
June 16, 2011 11:48 PM
Ben wrote:
"Being proudly Marxist is like being proudly flat-earther."
Hahahaha. You guys are so living in the past, and the really funny part is that you are so oblivious to the fact.
Patience wrote:
Patience, I understand them both extremely well. Where you make your mistake is here:
CAPITALISM ITSELF is anti-free market. Because it systematically appropriates the product of labour from those who produce. Capitalism is not an expression of human freedom, it is a system of exploitative class rule.
The fact that apartheid and Jim Crow could work so well with capitalism absolutely confirm this. There is absolutely nothing in capitalism which contributes to human liberty or autonomy. Capitalist ideology just uses "free market" as a slogan for the untramelled right of capitalists to exploit labour. Both apartheid and Jim Crow assisted in that exploitation and were therefore perfectly in line with capitalism.
If you want a real free market, a society of free people, freely trading, and freely entering into voluntary transactions, the first thing you need to do is kill capitalism. What you in fact need is a communist mode of production.
June 17, 2011 6:08 AM
"CAPITALISM ITSELF is anti-free market"
Ha! Patience, are you *really* going to keep arguing with this clown?
"CAPITALISM ITSELF is anti-free market"
I had to read that again just to get another good laugh out of it.
June 17, 2011 7:58 AM
"CAPITALISM ITSELF is anti-free market. If you want a real free market... What you in fact need is a communist mode of production."
Hmm. OK, I declare myself a Marxist - and therefore, in favor of a capitalist economy.
In other news, black is white, up is down, and left is right. Oh, wait a minute - Willie already believes that last one.
Welcome to Bizarro World!
June 17, 2011 8:23 AM
You lack of comprehension is truly astounding Patience. Your argumentation is sixth grade playground level.
While I have an argument against socialism, I also understand that "Capitalism" is NOT 'free market', the Capitalism of that las hundred years has been monopolism, and centrally controlled--like your brainwashed mind.
What utter chumps.
June 17, 2011 9:06 AM
The interesting thing about capitalism is that it actually achieved what Marxism set out to do: allow the laborers to share in the fruits of production.
For example, the wealth of Walmart is owned by millions of middle-class shareholders as part of their 401k or retirement funds. This includes both the people that "give" their money to Walmart, by buying its products, and those that work there. Additionally, the low costs that Walmart's capitalism created is realized by its laborers and customers.
Here's a great article explaining why capitalism, and free enterprise in general, has beaten Marxism at its own game:
June 17, 2011 9:14 AM
Is this REALLY where you meant to send us with that URL Sam?
May 2007
Socialism, Free Enterprise, and the Common Good
Rev. Robert A. Sirico
President, Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty
At any rate, using Walmart as an example for anything positive is the biggest load of tripe I have ever read.
What a collection of nimrods...
June 17, 2011 9:57 AM
Hi Willy,
Yes. Now do yourself a favor and _read it_.
June 17, 2011 10:19 AM
Hi Sam, I did.
June 17, 2011 12:22 PM
Lol. But at least, Sam, I give you credit for acknowledging what "Marxism set out to do". That's a much greater degree of insight than that exhibited by anyone else here.
Of course, I would still say it's ridiculous to argue that capitalism has "beaten" Marxism at anything - indeed, given the recent crisis, Marx' critique of capitalism has been reaffirmed for the umpteenth time. But what really sticks out from this claim is that apparently workers are only to be allowed a SHARE in the fruits of production.
Why should that be, when all of production rests on their labour? It's not enough to have a share; we want it all. We made it all, why shouldn't we have it? Why should a parasitical, noncontributive capitalist class have any claim?
I have read the article you linked; to provide a proper counter-argument probably wouldn't be worthwhile. But while this article is much better informed than most, it is still completely mistaken. For example, the depiction of Bernstein, while not faulty is as such, is incomplete, and it fails to acknowledge the critiques to which his position were subject. Bernstein's argument was destroyed by Rosa Luxembourg, and Sirico is therefore not entitled to use it as a sort of uncompleted realisation of the invalidity of the socialist position.
I commend you though on finding something as detailed and serious as this, rather than depending on the shrill mouthpieces and stereotypes that so many rely on for the substance of their argument, and which we see above. But my challenge to you now is to go out and read Marxist material yourself, and to draw your conclusions rather than relying on the analyses of others.
June 17, 2011 12:43 PM
"what "Marxism set out to do".~SharpFish
What Marxism set out to do is a much deeper subject than simply analyzing the works of Marx. Marx after all is not all that original in his work Das Capital. What is more beneficial in understanding "Marxism" is the understanding of who was in the background promoting him, and what their motives were, and are.
When such an analysis is made, we find lurking in the background a combine of secret societies interlocking in a most complex matrix, and ultimately leading to the Perfectibles, who infiltrated the European Masonic lodges of the 18th century.
At any rate, after years of research by many from that era forward, it can be said with a great degree of certainty that it is high financial capital, in particular the House of Rothschild which is the hand pulling the strings and funding these movements.
In the final analysis, what "Marxism" set out to do was to generate a 'controlled opposition" to this high international finance. One that could be manipulated into unwittingly serving the interests of high finance and coopting any real resistance that was to come along.
For some clues into this look into the Left and Right schools of Hegelianism, a split manufactured by Hegel's own teachings and his star students.
June 17, 2011 1:22 PM
Hi again to Sam,
I am quite familiar with Hillsdale College.
Whether you are aware of it or not Hillsdale is part of Neocon think tank activities. One with the purpose of demonizing Islam for the benefit of the fraudulant "war on terror".
It's luminaries are in the main the usual suspects behind PNAC and the Rand corporation, the Crystal's and thier Daily Standard, etc.
These people come from a Marxist background themselves--all deciples of Trotsky and his 3rd Internationale. Almost all of this leads back to Leo Strause. They are all 'Statists'--Hegelians, who believe that the "state in the footsteps of 'God' on earth."
This means that any "Christians" involved with this cult have been duped.
Not that I expect anyone to follow leads and take anything seriously here, as all on this site seem to have swallowed the MSM kool-aid.
But the history is in the open record for any with some slight bit of curiosity left in their head.
June 17, 2011 1:35 PM
Normalcy Bias
Normalcy Bias; this is the psychological pathos of the conformists, the bean-counters, and those who go along to get along. It is indicated by extreme naivete and a dearth of imagination. Such personalities crave empty entertainment, convenience, and unfettered certainty.
The words, “tinfoil conspiracy nut” are set like a trigger, to be repeated like a Chatty Cathy doll at the slightest hint of suspicion of the system they float around in like party balloons at a kids birthday at Chuckie-Cheese.
Lack of imagination creates a type of memory loss, the inability to imagine what it was like before one became adjusted to the present. This creates a type of mental compartmentalization.
In-congruent information is isolated from itself to prevent cognitive dissonance. The information is still there subconsciously however, which results in neurosis. And it is that neurosis which is acted out as denial.
“Lack of curiosity in otherwise intelligent people is caused by fear. This fear is of finding out something that on might not want to know and face. It is an attendant effect of long term normalcy bias, in the case of the US it is caused by the strategy of tension generated by social engineering.~ww
“The normalcy bias is also known as the ostrich effect. It is also sometimes known as the incredulity response and analysis paralysis.
In situations of extreme danger, some people enter a mental state that is known as the normalcy bias. In this state, people deny that what is happening to them is really taking place.”
June 17, 2011 2:21 PM
To the ones that espouse communist ideals, I only have one thing to say:
F U!
I grew up in a communist country, and it was complete state control. Fear of the state was the way of life. Communism is great, it means some "chosen" ones at the top control the state-owned industries and the workers truly are slaves, because the state and the bureaucrats reap all the benefits. And let's not forget the brainwashing, since you have to be constantly reminded your hard work is for the "good" of the country, while you live off food rations. Meanwhile, the politicians are running around in luxury cars and living in mansions, while you get thrown in jail for daring to ask for more food.
Seriously, do you actually mean this?
Maybe because if they don't make any money off our work, they don't need to employ us. Why would anyone give me a job if not for them to make more money as well? I am sure you think that the state should own the industry, but like I already pointed out, it just means someone else would get rich off my labor.
Communism fails on so many aspects, that if you look at history all it has created is poverty and authoritarian states. And really wealthy state-sponsored oligarchs.
June 17, 2011 4:18 PM
If it is the private sector which is employing as well as being employed, what is the need of a financial class 'providing'the "money" as debt. Creating just the amount of fiat script to cover that "money" itself--but not the amount to cover the INTREST on that debt?
I think if you had a better grasp on how the ponzi scheme of fractional banking works that you would have an entirely different opinion of "Capitalism."
Rather than think in the duality manner of the dialectic of Capitalism/Comminism, why not think back to the concept that "money" is just a conveinience to barter--actual free-trade, not the Newspeak version propagated by the financial elite.
June 17, 2011 4:39 PM
My last comment is directed at Alin_S, and the first quote is from his post.
June 17, 2011 4:41 PM
Again addressing Alin_S,
What needs to be parsed is the distinction between the entrepreneur and a capitalist. Between 'finance' and 'trade'.
By 'trade' I do not refer to the casino of Wall Street. I am talking about actual trade between owners and buyers of goods and services.
June 17, 2011 4:50 PM
Willy, I know you constantly have to mention the financial conspiracy and a international nefarious cabal, but my post had nothing to do with finance. Capitalism has nothing to do with banks, but banks are necessary to provide capital to those who need it. Now imagine a world where I save money or raise capital through other means, and then I open a business. No debt for me, and no Rockefellers making money off me.
Here is an easy definition: An economic system that is based on PRIVATE OWNERSHIP of the means of production and distribution. Prices for goods and services are determined by the free market, and businesses are operated for the economic gain of the OWNERS. (I would like to think that I can be an owner one day, and I guess perhaps I am biased by such an ideal and you might even say a bit foolish for believing such things).
I have never disagreed with you on the federal reserve, which encourages fractional lending and has hijacked our money plus our government. I think your point was also trying to hint at the creation of money, but again, my point had nothing to do with that.
My point is simply this: communism sucks! And I will never ever live under communist oppression. You can take those as fighting words if you prefer...
June 17, 2011 5:01 PM
Alin_S, you say:
Read your first sentence here. It defeats itself in a circle. In effect it is self cancelling.
And the second is true, you have to “imagine” such a world because the “capital” you speak of is fiat debt based “money”. There is NO OTHER form of capital available in 'This World'...only the one you wish for the reader to imagine.
I can indeed 'imagine' such a world. But know that one will not exist until one faces the realities of this on we exist in now and change it.
By making the circular arguments you have above you are simply denying the real world, and playing make-believe, ie, “imagining.”
June 17, 2011 7:06 PM
But Alin, as you should realize the “prices for goods and services “are NOT determined by the free market. They are determined by a central controlled market—the Stock Market, which has manifold instruments of manipulation to play the prices. The 'derivatives' scheme, 'hedge funds', the casino techniques of betting on prices without even buying stocks: Spread betting on stocks and shares allows you to go long or short on a stock without owning.
And these are only a few of the tools the elites have implemented to control the market.
Again, it gets down to who the “OWNERS” are. The Owners are, again; the private banking cartel that you keep dismissing—they own the ability to write an amount on a ledger sheet and pronounce it “money”.
June 17, 2011 7:22 PM
Willy, I know it's hard to admit you are wrong, but you continue to go in a a circle and refuse to see the forest for the trees. Read the definition of capitalism that I provided. Based on this definition, this is how I CHOOSE to see it. Capitalism to me means private ownership (not state-owned), prices determined by free market (not monopolies), and benefits the owners (not the state or bureaucrats). Therefore, capitalism does not need banks. Additionally, the structure of the finance system is a whole different topic. However, since I have to say this again, banks are needed to provide money to those WHO NEED IT. Now, if you want to get into the nuances of my statements, go ahead and over-analyze.
I don't have to imagine a world where I don't need to take on debt. Here is another scenario for you: I inherit a bunch of money and put that into a business, I become a business owner and by default I would be called a capitalist. Now I would be an evil business owner who would hire other people so I could make more money, or I don't hire any and they can all go unemployed.
I think you and I both agree that we need to push the govt off our backs, but the grim realities of the world you live in have got you down. I simply choose to believe that capitalism works and corporations are not evil, but it's when they collude with govt that our lives are impacted typically for the worse. But I will not paint capitalism or all corporations with such a broad brush.
I agree with you, I am aware of how our money is nothing more than govt debt which we have to pay back to this private bank called the FED. I think you assume that the readers of this blog are dunces, and have been living under a rock. We are all well aware of the illegitimacy of the FED, the unconstitutionality of the income tax, the military industrial complex, etc. I really wish you wouldn't think that you are the only one who has seen the light.
June 17, 2011 7:43 PM
Willy, this is becoming a debate less about capitalism and more about manipulation. Commodities and currency trading can absolutely affect our everyday lives, I don't think a wise person would really try to disagree with that. I don't think I ever said that I "dismiss" the banking cartel, I only said that you bring it up in every post even though we are simply discussing capitalism and the positive effects it has on our society. Just like anything else, in the wrong hands it can be abused and misused. I would like for you to admit that capitalism works, and then you can get into how certain factions are trying to gain power and wealth underhandedly. It seems that you are dismissing capitalism as this evil system simply because some people have decided to hijack it for their own benefit. For me, capitalism means that I can go open up an ice cream shop in my neighborhood, and I have the freedom to do so. For you, it means that some wealthy bankers are getting richer. I would like to see your solution to this problem, my solution is simply to get it while the getting is good.
(That's a joke Willy)
June 17, 2011 8:09 PM
But that is my whole point in the first place. What you have been taught the definition of capitalism is not what is put in place and called capitalism.
The ideal system you have in your head that you call capitalism, is a worthy concept and a reasonable way to do business, regardless of what you name it.
What I am saying is that what has been CALLED capitalism from the inception on the use of the word has always been the manipulatory aspect we have discussed, with the Rhetorical cover story being the system that makes the best sense. All cons are sold that way, in economic law this is called a "Fraudulent Conveyance Racket".
The historical record proves that the entire Federal Reserve System can by shown to be a Fraudulent Conveyance racket. The Federal Reserve System is obviously a centrally planned economy. This is NOT a “free market,” as their Newspeak rhetoric claims.
Playing it for what it is worth is all any of us can do as far as personal survival tactics. However I think that trying to educated people as to the scam being played on them is worthwhile.
That is my whole reason for posting. There are a lot of misconceptions being propagated, and that needs countering.~ww
June 17, 2011 8:56 PM
More simply put: The dictionary definition of "Capitalism" that the "Capitalists" have used is a commercial advertizement. That is how they explain their operation.
But this is False Advertizement. Again history shows it to be a con racket.
That is the reason, I dispute the advertized definition. Because it is their Sales Pitch but not what you are sold.
June 17, 2011 9:04 PM
Now, as far as Communism; the very same historical record I refer to proves that it is a created "controled opposition"...
In other words Alvin, the very same financial power that runs this nation, runs the socialist opposition.
The real enemy then is the International Banking Cartel:
Capitalism/Communism/Total State = Totalitarian State
June 17, 2011 9:09 PM
The Final and Urgent Point:
To move further into the present situation is to observe that there can be no reasonable argument against that the US is a totalitarian police state. It is no secret but for putting it so bluntly. This is a Panoptic Maximum Security State based on the openly announced strategy of FULL SPECTRUM DOMINANCE. That term, 'full spectrum dominance” is as in your face as is possible. What does full spectrum mean? It means it is total , total dominance. How much clearer does this have to be made out. This is not my language this is the state's language. You have received your invitation to the ball. You have been absorbed under its umbrella. Since 9/11 and the PATRIOT Act, the superstructure of this panoptic police state has been constructed over the head of the population.
If one chose to pay attention the reality is out there everyday testifying to this.
It is only turning away into denial that can make one blind to the so very obvious.
All it will take to kick this machine on to full draconian force will be the shock of drastic austerity measures imposed. This will be an 'event', and it will ripple around the globe quickly.
Many well researched analysts are saying this is not long in coming. How long? Not long, for "ye reap what ye sow."
June 17, 2011 9:38 PM
And a final comment to Sharpfish:
Marx and Bakunin are both wrong, and their arguments between themselves irrelevant but as a historical footnote.
Marx is wrong. The only thing that has ever changed about human beings is their technologies, and unless technology is allowed to “win” over the human being, and create the cyborg which eliminates the natural humans—mankind will always be the human being he is.
All consensus is synthetic and temporary.~ww
June 20, 2011 11:12 AM
Alin S,
You're confusing communism with state capitalism. Obviously, if that's where you grew up, you'll have been denied this critique, even though it goes as far back as the earliest days of those state capitalist societies. Politicians in luxury cars and ordinary workers in jail for asking for food, that's capitalism in essence. Can you think of any capitalist society that hasn't produced precisely this outcome?
You say yourself, its a society organised by and for the interest of OWNERS, and that you aspire, one day, to being an owner yourself. Isn't that a confession that any capitalist society is the antithesis of democracy, that it is rule by the rich and for the rich? You admit that the only out you can see is to one day join their number. And in the meanwhile, like the vast majority of us, you can only be servant and a slave.
You ask, why should they employ us? Fatuously you assert "they don't make money of us". Of course they do, why else would they employ us, according to your own logic? Only becuase they benefit. Running through your account of capitalism is a truth you won't acknowledge: that we are only allowed to support ourselves when it is in the interests of capitalists. We are no more free than any feudal serf subordinate to their local warlord, paying tithe and rent to someone who, fundamentally, does not work to support themselves.
All value arises from human labour. As Adam Smith said, it is the original commodity from which all others are got. Capitalism cannot exist without workers; it exists for no other purpose than to seize the product of workers labour and channel it into private profit. Just like your state capitalisms, the few benefit from the labour of the many.
Willy Whitten, I don't really want to respond to you, your brand of conpiratorial theory is essentially nonsense, and ironically, precisely what you denounce us for, a "false opposition". So long as you continue to believe in these shadowy conpiratorial groups you'll never do anything to actually change the real, material, world. But your last point I must address, your argument about technology. No political philosophy is as science- and tech-friendly as Marxism. It appears, after all, as an attempt to form a scientific theory about how societies change and develop. It is a specific scientific antidote to the pre-industrial, superstitious cult of capitalist theology.
There is so much historical evidence against your wilder claims I won't bother going into it. Nobody who takes the topic seriously will be convinced by your garbage.
June 20, 2011 7:54 PM
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An eye opener for Word Association Test - WAT:-
Friends, As we all know the Day 2 Psychological Tests are the most important factor in determining our Officer Like Qualities.
In this, I am going to give you few lines on answering the WAT. i.e. the second test in Psychology after the TAT - Thematic Appreciation Test.
In WAT, two type of words are given
1) Knowledge based.
2) Character based.
Knowledge based means, words such as Puzzle, Time, Light, Product etc.
Character based means, words such as anger, pretty, sad, demise, spoil, culture etc.
These include both positive and negative words.
In these two, our aim is to show the positive responses and to portrait our OLQ to both negative and postive words.
Aim of the Assessor:- The aim of the assessor in the WAT is to check out our all Officer Like Qualities. So in every responses for all our 60 questions, they are checking your OLQ.
Now, how to prepare?.
In the knowledge based words, we can reply by our observational sentences.
Eg:- Missile - India is one of the major ICBM holder. So no problem in answering these type of words.
But while answering the character based words, We are showing our OLQ's mostly. Also, the character based words are mostly negative words so the candidates feel tougher to answer those in that stipulated time i.e. 15 seconds.
So practice more with the given set of words below and analyse yourself with OLQ list. I assure you in few days you will get changes in your responses which also reflects in our normal life.
How the assessment is done:-
Let we take one of the OLQ, "Initiative".
We may get a word "Trip" - The recent trip organized by us to simla was so exciting. This shows the assessor that you have involved in some arrangement/organizing like that.
So like this, have the list of OLQ in your hand, practice the words by writing more and more words. Finally check your responses by matching with your OLQ list.
Note:- The assessment is done in many ways through the whole five day process, the aim of the assessors is to find our OLQ only. So let we try to acquire those quality and show our self best to the board.
Never and ever try to assess or read the assessors of the board as they are legends in the field of psychology and all. We cant able to assess them or read them, if we do so then we will lose our originality. Let we do our part clearly and show our OLQ best to the board to get selected :)
Friends, this is the best way to practice yourself for the Psychological part. The only thing to do well in these is practice. No one can change our personality other than us. :)
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Trees give us more breathing room
During the lazy, hazy days of summer, appreciate how trees clean the air. One way they do it is by scrubbing pollution from the air with their leaves.
"Think about how your clothes pick up lint, especially rough-textured clothing. That's essentially how trees pick up pollutants on their leaf surfaces," says John Dwyer, research associate at The Morton Arboretum.
Trees in the city of Chicago remove an estimated 888 tons of air pollution each year, according to the 2009 Chicago Urban Forest study. Trees are very good at capturing a type of pollution called particulate matter. This comes from car and truck emissions, power plants, road dust, and farming. It also forms in the atmosphere when other pollutants react.
The smallest particulate matter is called PM10 (smaller than 10 micrometers, which is one-seventh the width of a human hair). According to the Environmental Protection Agency, PM10 infiltrates deep into the lungs, triggers asthma attacks and damages lung tissue. Chicago's trees remove about 300 tons of PM10 per year, which is equal to the annual PM10 emissions from 809,000 automobiles.
Some trees are better than others at catching PM10. "The ones that do the best job are large, healthy trees with many small, rough leaves with jagged margins," says Dwyer. "Because evergreens work for us all year, they are usually at the top of the list."
Consider planting spruce, fir, cedar, pine, buckeye, hackberry and zelkova. If you already have a large shade tree, nurture it to help it live a long life. Large, healthy trees remove up to 70 times more pollution than small ones.
The 2010 Tree Census is gathering data to determine air pollution-removal capacity and other environmental benefits of the urban forest in the seven-county Chicago metropolitan region.
For free information on the Tree Census or general tree/shrub questions, call the Plant Clinic, 630-719-2424. Laurie Casey is a staff writer at The Morton Arboretum in Lisle (
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Industrial Workers of the World
Industrial Workers of the World (popularly known as "Wobblies"), a REVOLUTIONARY INDUSTRIAL UNION fd 1905 in Chicago. The IWW's rapid expansion in the Canadian West demonstrated the influence of American labour ideology on the region's labour movement. Wobblies were mostly unskilled, low-status migrant workers ("blanket-stiffs") - miners, loggers, navvies and harvesters - who were recruited to the West primarily from southern and eastern Europe and were brutally exploited in the booming economy. The IWW doctrine which attracted them was a peculiar form of syndicalism (an international doctrine based upon the primacy of industrial unionism and the use of the general strike in the settlement of class struggles). Wobbly syndicalism was essentially pragmatic; it advocated the organization of all workers into one body and supported direct action as the only form of protest open to immigrant workers, who were excluded from the electoral process.
IWW propaganda was disseminated primarily in street meetings. In 1912, when Vancouver authorities tried to ban street demonstrations, the Wobblies started and won a spectacular free-speech fight. Soon afterwards the IWW led 7000 workers out on strike against the CANADIAN NORTHERN RAILWAY in BC's Fraser Valley. The Wobblies lost, and massive state repression, combined with employer resistance and economic depression, began the process of the union's collapse. The Wobblies' days of glory ended before 1914, but their syndicalist ideology was adopted by the ONE BIG UNION. | <urn:uuid:72fde6df-a641-4cb0-9a6d-052be53d2b6c> | 4 | 3.859375 | 0.14609 | en | 0.967117 | http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/industrial-workers-of-the-world/ |
Where Is Kosovo?
Kosovo is a landlocked region in the Balkan Mountains in Europe. It borders Central Serbia to the east and Albania to the west. The region is a disputed territory. It declared independence on 17 February, 2008. The case, whether to grant the request for a new nation or not, is still pending with the United Nations. Serbia considers the region a part of the Serbian nation and strongly opposes the independence move of Kosovo.
KosovoThe name of the region comes from the Serbian language and it means ‘a field of the blackbirds’. Within Kosovo, the term ‘Kosovo’ refers to the eastern part of the region and the western part is known as ‘Metohija’. Both parts are sometimes collectively called ‘Kosovo and Metohija’. The largest city in Kosovo is Pristina, where approximately half a million people live. Most of the terrain of the region is mountainous and the highest peak, Djeravica (Đeravica), is 2656 meters high. About 39% of Kosovo is covered by forests and there is only one national park in Kosovo, Šar Mountains National Park. Islam is the predominant religion in Kosovo.
Both Serbia and Kosovo were once a part of Yugoslavia and the secular socialist government of Yugoslavia did its best to prevent any ethnic or religious tensions arising. The iron grip of the Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito held Yugoslavia together for decades but within 10 years after his death the nation broke up into several smaller countries. Kosovo became a part of Serbia after the dissolution of Yugoslavia but it wasn’t long before ethnic tensions began to rise and a war broke out. About 92% of the Kosovon population is ethnically Albanian and the Serbs are the largest minority comprising approximately 4% of the population. The relations between the Albanians and the Serbians are most of the time unfriendly. The war dampened down after a UN intervention but things have been simmering again since Kosovo declared its independence in 2008.
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Summer in the City
by Cristiana Strava
Cooling off in the Bronx (2011). Source: Charles Brigand
In 1927, the Times reported that more than three thousand people had spent the night sleeping on the sand at Coney Island in order to escape the stifling heat of their tenements. Patrolmen had been assigned to stand guard over the sleepers. Many more spent their nights in Central Park, while others piled up on fire escapes to survive the sweltering heat of New York in July. Over the years, the image of children cooling off in the spray of a fire hydrant has become synonymous with summer in the city. Too poor to escape to the Hamptons, working class New Yorkers transformed available public spaces into impromptu vacation spots.
Sleeping on a fire escape in New York (1938). Source: Weegee Collection
Today, city officials and entrepreneurs attempt to provide options aimed at both locals and potential tourists. Capitalizing on a certain fetishistic obsession with "authenticity," they appropriate working class spaces and practices and regulate them or present them as fashionable. Sharon Zukin, an urban sociologist and staunch critic of New York's gentrification, refers to this process as "pacification by cappuccino," a scenario in which urban space is "imagineered" as an entertainment event for the consumption of those who can afford it.
This phenomenon is taking place worldwide, and what better season than summer to capitalize on people's use of city space?
Paris Plages on the Rive Droite. Source: Choblet et Associés
An urban summer staple, Paris Plages is perhaps the most famous and chic of European city beaches. Many Parisians abandon the city in summer for the South of France or countryside vacations. Since 2002, the month-long transformation of the Seine's banks (with the recent addition of La Villete) has aimed to offer a comfortable recreation space for those who remain in the city. The attractions of Paris Plages are mostly free and open to all. An "open air drinking ban," however, has meant that those who once brought a home-made picnic and bottle of wine might now be forced to avail themselves of the many and, according to some, overpriced Paris Plage brasseries instead.
Amsterdam City "Beach" on the roof of the NEMO Museum. Source: Tino Morchel
Beyond the issues raised by the commodification of public space, critics have questioned the environmental impact of carting in large amounts of sand for such a brief period of time. However, several European capitals now proudly present their summer residents and visitors with at least one man-made beach. Amsterdam, Berlin, Copenhagen, Moscow, Prague and Vienna — to name just a few — are converting city spaces into sandy urban oases for a few weeks every summer. Amsterdam boasts no less than four city beaches, while Copenhagen's most famous summer splash spot is a riff off Copacabana, at least in name.
While London has so far resisted the trend, one can still enjoy sand in the shape of a couch in front of the Globe Theatre on the South Bank — before the tide of the mighty Thames wipes it away. Alternatively, during those brief spells of good weather, for £1.50 you can lounge for an hour in a Hyde Park deck chair.
Sculpting the sand on London's South Bank. Source: Normco
Deck chairs in London's Hyde Park. Source: Andy Pallister
In Moscow, known for turning into a boiling cauldron in summer, the range of choices is also rich. Until recently, most sunbathing and swimming spots were appropriations of existing river banks and parks rather than eventified realms. Now from Kirovsk and Strogino to Serebryany Bor (a longtime favorite for nudists), Muskovites can enjoy refurbished sporting and barbecue areas equipped with WiFi.
Serebryany Bor sunbathers. Source: In Moskau
There is nothing evil about providing city dwellers with options for an urban vacation. However, there is something disconcerting about government officials allowing corporations to reap financial benefits from social activities that were once free and improvised, as public space becomes more and more scarce.
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1. Very nice article and overview of the different types of public spaces, and urban vacation spots. I appreciate the range of modifications presented from capital intensive concrete steps for chairs to the simple lawn chair in a park.
The question I have is whether or not the presence of corporate/business interests makes these types of spaces more sustainable in the long term? What were the conditions 5, 10 or 50 years prior, and has the influence of money undermined the experience of a place? It would be nice to see a follow up showing a comparative case study that demonstrates the pro's and con's of infusing private interests in public space. If this is a trend, it would be best to identify best practices to promote a sensitive and appropriate marriage between public and private agendas.
Living briefly in NYC, I am aware of the transformation of Bryant Park, and the dramatic changes that have taken place over the past fifty years. From a derelict space, the park has seen vast improvements from it's previous condition. The public now experiences many free events and activities at the expense of subtle advertising and the presence of businesses such as a sandwich shop. It's not unreasonable, and in contrast to the rampant advertising in the street, I applaud the care taken to make the advertising in Bryant Park subtle.
2. I see the decreasing public character of public spaces as a huge con of involving the private, Bland. And corporate interests do tend to result in just this, also in Bryant Park. Many governments are unaware of the possible effect of private interests on public spaces and the public character of city centers. Undesirables (appointed by commercial stakeholders) are often pushed from city centers which affects, among other things, the sense of community. You may some like classics from Fainstein, Sorkin and good old Sennett.. | <urn:uuid:af5d36d9-9a99-451d-8378-b878e0ed4aaf> | 3 | 2.71875 | 0.019777 | en | 0.951874 | http://www.thepolisblog.org/2012/07/summer-in-city.html |
Dunstable: 01582 608 400
Leighton Buzzard: 01525 372 447
Dunstable: 01582 608 400
Leighton Buzzard: 01525 372 447
Paedatric Podiatry
Flat feet, intoeing, out-toeing, bowing legs and knocked knees are common in children and depending upon age are normal developmental variants. A careful history, examination and knowledge of normal development allow a Podiatrist to treat where necessary or in most cases reassure the parents.
Normal Development
The new-born infant’s skeleton consists of mainly cartilaginous bone which alters with external stresses. The hips of a new born face outwards at birth and are flexed due to a ‘close packed’ position in utero. Hip screening is done at birth and again at 6 weeks by the paediatrician and GP for developmental hip dysplasia (DDH). A condition where there is misalignment of the hip joint.
Predisposing factors to DDH
Signs and Symptoms
Breech Position
Reduce motion in the hip
Family History
Affected leg shorter
Asymmetrical gluteal (bottom) folds
First Born
A podiatrist with a specialist interest in paediatrics would be able to assess the hip for DDH and associated pathologies.
As the child continues to develop the legs appear to be bowed from the age of 10 months to 14 months, the average age when children start to ambulate. This continues up until the age of two and they then become maximally knocked knees at the age of three, a normal pattern of development.
However, there is a resurgent of nutritional rickets secondary to Vitamin D deficiency. Bowed legs are typical of rickets and needs to be excluded. Obesity is also a growing concern and has been proposed to increase the incidence of flat feet and conditions such as ‘Blount’s Disease’, a disturbance of the tibial growth plate.
Features that raise concern and warrant specialist referral:
Knocked knees in a child aged less than 2 years
Bowed knees in a child aged more than 3 years
Any asymmetrical findings
90% of concerns to GP’s are regarding flat feet. Toddlers and neonates have flat feet due to the presence of a fad pad under the arch, ligamentous laxity, lack of neuromuscular control and normal rotations of the one of the foot bones (talus). This typically resolves between the ages of 4-8 years of age. Treatment before this age can result in a premature arrest of the normal rotations of the foot bones. Treatment therefore is dependent on several factors predominately symptoms of pain and severity of deformity.
However a specialist podiatrist would be able to determine the difference between a flexible and rigid flat foot, i.e. one that would require further examination, x-rays and onward referral.
Intoeing (pigeon-toed gait), tripping and falling is another concern that often results in a podiatric referral. There are 4 main causes of intoeing 2 of which relate to rotational variants of the femur and tibia. 30% toddlers present with intoeing which continues in only 5-9% school age children and proceeds to only 1-3% adults. Treatment for intoeing therefore remains debatable. We as podiatrists treat when symptomatic with simple inserts that encourages the child to rotate the foot out.
Parents are also encouraged to monitor the child’s sleeping and sitting positions as they are both influential over the rotation of the femur. ‘W’ or ‘reversed tailor’ positions and sleeping on their tummy is discouraged.
Milestones are a good gauge of development and must always be discussed during examination. A delay of the milestones could be indicative of a neurological condition.
Head Control
1-2 months lift and turn head briefly
3-4 months stronger
Looks around
Rolls from front to back
Sits Alone
8 months
Can raise self to sitting
8-10 months
Stand, Walks Run
9-15 months
12months- stands/walks with support
15 months creeps upstairs
Hop Alternate Feet
4 years old
In the foetus the foot grows quickly until the eight week and slows down until week 14 when it rapidly grows to week 26 and then till term. The average weekly foetal foot growth is 3mm. Foot growth is rapid until the child is 5 years of age then reduces up until skeletal maturity which is around 12 in girls and 14 in boys.
Musculoskeletal symptoms are one of the leading reasons of referrals to general practitioners accounting for over 10% of the referrals. To manage the problem effectively, it is essential to determine the level of the deformity, as it may occur anywhere between the foot and the hip.
A podiatrist who specialises in paediatrics is able to assess from birth for hip pathologies and conditions. They are able to assess and treat where necessary knee pathology, in-toeing, out-toeing, growing pains, toe-walkers, flatfeet, juvenile bunions, verrucae etc.
Manju Mital (Paediatric Podiatrist) | <urn:uuid:a1f2bb05-c281-470b-8f7b-ffcc7276edb2> | 3 | 2.890625 | 0.028692 | en | 0.901662 | http://www.woodsideclinic.co.uk/faq/paedatric-podaitry/ |
Prevent Direct Execution of EXE
The sample code here is pretty simple:
#include "mainwindow.h"
#include <QApplication>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
QApplication a(argc, argv);
if (argc <= 1)
return 0;
if (argv[1] != "yourpassword")
return 0;
MainWindow w;;
return a.exec();
In the example above, your EXE will simply pop out an error message that says “Please run MyGame.exe instead.” if you double click on it directly. This is because the argc variable is either 0 or 1 (depending on platform, which means no additional input argument during launch) if you run it directly.
However, if there is one or more arguments being dumped to the program during launch, check (within the argv array) whether the second argument (the first argument is usually the program’s name) matches your secret phrase or password before allowing the program to launch. Usually there will be input arguments if the user drag one or more files to the EXE to make it launch, as this is very useful for programs like text editors or image editors. That’s why we must check if the argument matches your password or not.
Now that your program can no longer be run directly, what about the updater? How to ask the updater to execute your main program with an input argument? It’s actually pretty easy as well. In the following example I will be using C/C++ and Qt, but it should be similar across different programming languages and platforms:
QProcess *process = new QProcess(this);
delete process;
That’s all, it’s very simple to achieve. The tutorial above is by no mean professional: Technical names and phrases are not necessarily accurate, and the method used is not necessarily the standard way. I’m just trying to share what I know and what I did with my own projects. Peace.
Gigabyte BRIX (Intel NUC) GB-XM12-3227 Review
So… the other day I bought this Gigabyte BRIX barebone which is basically an Intel NUC system, but manufactured by Gigabyte. I’ve tried the vanilla Intel NUC systems before and it worked great, except the older generation which had over-heating issue but resolved after adding a thermal pad to it as well as a firmware upgrade, but overall still pretty okay I guess.
Now, back to Gigabyte BRIX, specifically the GB-XM12-3227 model. I can’t talk about the other models as I have never used it before, so let’s just stick to this one.
All-and-all, it worked fine at first. It booted up Windows 10 without any problem, HDMI connected to the monitor without any problem, great resolution, etc. UNTIL I tried to use the web browser. Even though the internet status is “connected”, I still couldn’t use the damn internet on my browser.
After hours and hours of research and trials, I realized that the issue is the firmware. Not only it’s old (from 2013), but it’s supposedly for Windows 8.1, and not Windows 10. Went to Gibabyte’s website to look for the latest drivers, and guess what, they only have firmware updates up to 2014, so still, no Windows 10 support.
Further more, I downloaded the latest BIOS and tried to flash it, only to realize the BIOS utility doesn’t support 64-bit Windows, because it is a god-damn Windows XP Service Pack 2 executable file!
Then, I went to Windows 10’s Device Manager and check out my wireless network adapter’s properties. This is when I realized the WiFi adapter only supports up to IEEE 802.11b/g and not the newer IEEE 802.11b/g/n, which unfortunately is what I set on my router. So then I moved over to my router’s admin page and changed the Transmission Mode to the appropriate setting.
I have no idea what’s causing this. Outdated BIOS? Outdated drivers? I have no idea.
However, despite able to connect to the internet now, the speed is still very limited. Often time it took roughly 20 seconds or more just to load a web page.
Then, I used a Chinese software called 360安全卫士 (translated as “360 Safety Guard”) and went to the “Optimization and Speed-up” page. That particular page contains an automated scan-and-fix feature which includes “network speed-up” option.
After running the optimization process, my wireless network is finally back to usable state! What sorcery is that?? (However, IEEE 802.11b/g/n is still not supported).
Overall, the Gigabyte BRIX works okay except the BIOS and drivers are really outdated and urgently need an update. That’s all for today, have a nice day folks.
OpenGL Side Project
At the moment my prototype does the following:
• Running OpenGL 3.2 core profile and GLSL 150
• Loads OBJ files and PNG/JPEG textures
• Move, rotate, scale model
• Skybox
Some Quick Update
Stay tuned.
Easter Egg
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A Philosopher's Blog
Food & The Future
Posted in Business, Environment, Technology by Michael LaBossiere on January 2, 2012
English: Description: Concentrated animal feed...
Image via Wikipedia
Throughout most of human history getting enough to eat has been a serious problem. The Green Revolution changed this for many humans. The Junk Revolution also changed things, especially in the United States: now we have significant numbers of people who are both obese and malnourished. There is currently talk of Blue Revolution in which aquaculture (farming fish, mollusks and so on) changes things on a large scale. Whatever the color of the next revolution, food will be an ever increasing matter of concern.
One point of significant concern is that modern agriculture tends towards monoculture. That is, factory farms will typically grow vast amounts of a single species of plant (or animal). While this does allow for efficiency and uniformity, there are some serious problems with this approach, as shown by the infamous Great Famine of Ireland. By relying heavily on a very small number of crop species we are very vulnerable to the impact of crop pests, diseases, and so on. While the use of pesticides and other means have helped, this is obviously a losing battle-we are simply contributing to the selection of the pests and diseases that can withstand our attacks. It is, obviously enough, simply a matter of time before we will not be able to keep up. The obvious solution is to move away from monoculture to having more diverse crops. While this will change the nature of factory farming, it will make us less vulnerable to pests and diseases. It will also provide people with greater variety in their food choices.
Another point of concern is that our agricultural methods rely heavily on chemicals. Modern crops are drenched in pesticides, herbicides and fertilizer. In many cases this is overdone, thus wasting money and also adding more chemicals to the environment than necessary. There is also the obvious concern that these chemicals are having a significant impact on the environment and our bodies. Changing our approach to a less chemical intensive one will save money and also reduce the impact on the environment.
A third point of concern is the rapidly growing population in general and the growing number of affluent people. More people means, obviously enough, more food consumption. Having more affluent (relatively speaking) people generally means an increased demand for “luxury” foods like meat and seafood.
Since the earth is finite and limited in resources, there is obviously a point at which the earth simply cannot support the dietary needs of the human population. While technology will expand this carrying capacity, this is also not limitless. Making matters worse is the fact that growing meat and seafood is far more resource intensive that raising plant crops. While the exact numbers vary, creating a pound of farmed meat can take up to 16 pounds of plant feed. In any case, animals convert plant food to meat inefficiently, so growing plants to feed meat animals is a very inefficient way of feeding the human population.
However, humans tend to really like meat and there is a strong psychological link between wealth and the consumption of meat (some also link eating meat with being “manly” or “macho” while vegetarianism is often seen as being for “sissies”). As such, as the world’s middle class begins to grow, they will demand even more meat. Unfortunately, the world probably does not have the capacity to produce enough meat for the expanding middle classes (at the very least, the planet could not provide enough for everyone on earth to eat like the average American) which could lead to some problems.
Given the finite resources and growing populations (especially populations that will demand meat and seafood) it seems reasonable to consider that the future will see a return to conflicts over croplands and growing space. Hitler claimed he was looking for “elbow room” for his people and we might see new wars fought for “hamburger room.” This is, obviously enough, not inevitable. Technological and social changes might head off the problem or their might be a die back of the human population from other causes.
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1. wtp said, on January 2, 2012 at 6:51 pm
I count seven “obvious”s. Obviously, the year is young. No sense in arguing that point.
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In just one day and one night - August 24 to 25 - in 79 A.D. a sequence of deadly pyroclastic currents coming from Mount Vesuvius destroyed and buried the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. But this volcano, periodically active and despite his modest size considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes of the world, due its vicinity of the urban conglomerate that is the city of Naples, provided also important insights how a volcano "works".
Fig.1. F. A. Perret with an improvised "geophone," listening to subterranean noises at the Campi Flegrei (Italy) probably in 1906-1907 (the photo was published in 1907). As an able inventor, Perret used a microphone to amplify the rumors from inside the earth; a cable can be seen in front of his face connecting the geophone to a loudspeaker, positioned on his ear. Photo from "The Day's Work of a Volcanologist." The World's Work, V. 25, November, 1907 (image in public domain).
Frank Alvord Perret (1867-1943) was an American inventor and volcanologist, interested particularly in the volcanoes of the Canary Islands, Japan, Hawaii, Martinique -the infamous Pelée nearly killed him - and Italy. He studied physics at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, but didn't graduate. As a gifted inventor he worked in the laboratories of Thomas Alva Edison, developing new motors, dynamos and batteries. In 1886 he became independent with his own "Elektron Manufacturing Company", which in the followings years experienced a notable success. His health began to fail in 1902 and a warmer climate - like on the Caribbean Islands - promised some relief. On the Island of Martinique he visited the ruins of the city of St Pierre, the desolation and destruction experienced there impressed him profoundly. In 1904, during a visit to Italy, Perret meet Raffaele V. Matteucci, director of the volcanological station of Mount Vesuvius. Matteucci got Perret interested even more in the young and emerging field of volcanology.
The deterioration of Perrets health continued and in 1906 he abandoned definitively his business to dedicate himself to a less strenuous and dangerous engagement: studying active volcanoes!
He monitored Vesuvius during its most recent phase of activity, lasting from 1906 to 1921, dedicating to the eruption of 1906 "the clearest and most complete report ever of a volcanic eruption and its aftermath" (as wrote Milderd Giblin in 1950). Mildred Giblin, from the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, commented Perret's work by stating that the:
"scientific contributions of Mr. Perret are unique in that no other volcanologist had the time and opportunity to make so thorough and varied observations on so many types of active volcanoes. He was a daring and sagacious researcher, indefatigable in his quest for information. He was a proficient and discerning photographer, and his publications are freely illustrated with fine pictorial records."
Perret and Matteucci used the "Osservatorio Vesuviano", a hut build in 1841 on the north-eastern slope of Vesuvius, as permanent observation point. It was there, lying in his bed, that Perret one day noted a strange buzzing sound. Rising his head the sound disappeared, so Perret put an iron bar of the bed between his teeth - now he could feel a constant tremor coming from the underground. Perret had discovered the "Harmonic Tremors" - vibrations often preceding a volcanic eruption, generated probably by uprising magma inside the volcano.
LOCKWOD, J.P. & HAZLETT, R.W. (2010): Volcanoes Global Perspectives. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing: 540
PERRET, F. A. (1924): The Vesuvius Eruption of 1906. Washington, DC, Carnegie Instution.
PERRET, F. A. (1935): The Eruption of Mt. Pelée, 1929-1932. Washington, DC, Carnegie Instution. | <urn:uuid:961ce4f4-c214-4c38-80f5-c6eaee1fc47f> | 4 | 3.71875 | 0.043867 | en | 0.95057 | https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/history-of-geology/the-days-work-of-a-volcanologist-rumbling-mountains/ |
DEPTFORD QUATRAINS Why are Pterodactyls so called then?
Pterodactyl means “Winged Finger”. Their wings were formed by a membrane of skin, muscle, and other tissues stretching from the legs to a dramatically lengthened fourth finger. Well, I never. See below from Wikipedia:
A dactyl (Gr. δάκτυλος dáktulos, “finger”) is a type of metre in poetry. In quantitative verse, such as Greek or Latin, a dactyl is a long syllable followed by two short syllables, as determined by syllable weight. In accentual verse, such as in English it is a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables — the opposite is the anapaest (two unstressed followed by a stressed syllable).
An example of dactylic meter is the first line of Henry Wadworth Longfellow’s poem Evangeline, which is in dactylic hexameter:
A modern example is the Beatles song “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”:
Picture your self in a boat on a river with
tangerine tree-ees and marmalade skii-ii-es.
Written in dactylic tetrameter, the verses of the song have the rhythm of a waltz. The word “skies” takes up a full three beats. Dactyls are the metrical foot of Greek elegiac poetry, which followed a line of dactylic hexameter with dactylic pentameter.
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Home » X-Ray Full-Body Scanners
X-Ray Full-Body Scanners for Airport Security
X-Ray Full-Body Scanners home
Context - To improve airport security in the light of terrorist threats new full-body scanners have been developed to complement existing metal detectors and hand searches.
Scanner types that do not use X-rays - "millimeter wave scanners" are already allowed in the EU and deployed in some airports. Other types of scanners already used in the USA expose passengers to low levels of X-rays. They are not yet authorised in the EU because of concern about potential health risks.
How safe are such X-ray security scanners for passengers, in particular for frequent flyers?
• Source document:SCENIHR (2012)
• Summary & Details: GreenFacts
Latest update: 30 September 2013
How do those full-body scanners work?
Whole body scanners provide a picture of the person's body through the clothes to reveal hidden objects. Four technologies are currently on the market:
Millimeter-wave scanners, that don't use X-rays:
X-ray scanners:
How much radiation are people exposed to in x-ray scanners?
When exposed to X-rays our body absorbs energy, the amount of energy effectively absorbed over time is expressed in "sievert" (Sv). Over the course of one year, a person should not be exposed to more than a total of 1 millisievert from man-made sources such as medical diagnostic devices or security scanners. This is the maximum acceptable limit set for the general public and is roughly equivalent to the amount of natural radiation we are also exposed to.
Transmission scanners that see into the body use higher energy X-rays than Backscatter scanner that only view the surface and as a result the dose absorbed is 10 times greater. A single scan is roughly the equivalent of one hour of background radiation at ground level, or 10 minutes at cruising altitude in an airplane. In the worst case scenario, of a person being scanned three times a day every working day throughout the year, a backscatter scanner would contribute 0,3 millisievert to their annual dose. A transmission scanner, however, would contribute 3 millisievert and exceed the tolerable limit. In practice, most passengers would not be exposed so frequently to these scanners. This may however be a concern for airline crew or people who fly very frequently.
Does exposure to x-rays from scanners present health risks?
Exposure to high levels of X-rays can increase the risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, lead to cloudiness of the lens of the eye and hereditary effects.
However, there is no evidence that the low radiation doses received from full- body scanners would induce any health problems. Nonetheless, each exposure adds to the overall radiation dose we receive in the course of our life and in the long term, the risk of developing cancer increases with radiation dose. While no dose can be considered completely safe, it is likely that the increased cancer risk from exposure to radiation from security scanners is so low that it cannot be distinguished from the effects of natural radiation or the background risk due to other factors. Direct evidence of an increased cancer risk has only been found for cumulative doses higher than 100 millisievert.
Is the use of full-body x-ray scanners justified?
To decide whether or not the use of X-ray scanners is acceptable, it is necessary to weigh the benefits and risks but this is not straightforward. The main benefit is improved flight safety but there are economic costs and low health risks. So, whether or not X-ray scanners are acceptable for passenger screening is ultimately not a scientific, but a political decision that needs to take into account various factors.
This fact sheet is based on the scientific opinion "Health effects of security scanners for passenger screening (based on X-ray technology)" adopted on 26 April 2012 by the independent European Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risk.
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Widely known in Southeast Asia as the “king of fruits”, the Durian fruit is distinctive for its large size, unique odour, and formidable thorn-covered husk. The fruit can grow as large as 30 centimetres long and 20 centimetres in diameter, and it typically weighs one to four kilograms. Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale yellow to red, depending on the species.
The edible flesh emits a distinctive offensive odour, strong and penetrating even when the husk is intact but to many durian lovers, the soft flesh are tastefully pleasant. Some people regard the durian as fragrant while others find the aroma overpowering and offensive. The smell evokes reactions from deep appreciation to intense disgust, and has been described variously as almonds, rotten onions, turpentine, Limburger cheese, gym socks and stinky smell. The odour has led to the fruit’s banishment from certain hotels and public transportation in Southeast Asia.
However, it is perhaps the most popular local fruit and if given choices on fruits, a Malaysian would take the durian first. Many people especially Europeans are hesitant at first to eat the fruit because of its odour, but once they do, they find it delicious and irresistible.
In Malaysia durian are cultivated in orchards like farms in Pahang, Johore, Perak and Penang. Most of the peninsular states are suitable for durian cultivation especially around the hilly areas of Pahang, Perak and Johore.
While durian fruit is not native to Thailand, the country has become the largest exporter of the fruit. It was introduced to Thailand during the 18th century. There are many different durian species in Thailand. Prices range from 100 Baht up to 2000 Baht. The “Mon Thong” species commands a higher price with bigger sized flesh and small pits. Species “Kadum”, “Chanee”, “Kan Yao” have bigger pits and less flesh.
The durian fruit, is rich in energy, minerals and vitamins.The fruit is made of soft, easily digestible flesh with simple sugars like fructose and sucrose and some amount of simple fats when eaten replenished energy and revitalize the body instantly. Although it contains a relatively high amount of fats among fruits, but it is free from cholesterol. It is also a good source of antioxidant vitamin-C (about 33% of RDA). Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C helps body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful free radicals.
While there are many durian lovers who would be willing to pay more just to have the satisfaction of tasting the best flavoured durian in their life time, still there are people who would rather be at a distance away from the smell of it. It is just a matter of preference. Each individual taste buds and sense of smell trigger different messages to their brains. Thus, not everybody likes what you like. Some even hesitate their first try in tasting a durian but many find it irresistible and enjoyable. So, durians anyone? Just like blogging and having your own website, you will never know unless you try. | <urn:uuid:dd652b43-e113-4237-89cc-5017f64c0b9d> | 3 | 2.609375 | 0.209444 | en | 0.957515 | https://createbetter.wordpress.com/tag/kadum/ |
Saltation (geology)
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Saltation of sand
In geology, saltation (from Latin saltus, "leap") is a specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind or water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface. Examples include pebble transport by rivers, sand drift over desert surfaces, soil blowing over fields, and snow drift over smooth surfaces such as those in the Arctic or Canadian Prairies.
Saltation process[edit]
At low fluid velocities, loose material rolls downstream, staying in contact with the surface. This is called creep or reptation. Here the forces exerted by the fluid on the particle are only enough to roll the particle around the point of contact with the surface.
Once the wind speed reaches a certain critical value, termed the impact or fluid threshold,[1] the drag and lift forces exerted by the fluid are sufficient to lift some particles from the surface. These particles are accelerated by the fluid, and pulled downward by gravity, causing them to travel in roughly ballistic trajectories.[2] If a particle has obtained sufficient speed from the acceleration by the fluid, it can eject, or splash, other particles in saltation,[3] which propagates the process.[4] Depending on the surface, the particle could also disintegrate on impact, or eject much finer sediment from the surface. In air, this process of saltation bombardment creates most of the dust in dust storms.[5] In rivers, this process repeats continually, gradually eroding away the river bed, but also transporting-in fresh material from upstream.
Suspension generally affects small particles ('small' means ~70 micrometres or less for particles in air[5]). For these particles, vertical drag forces due to turbulent fluctuations in the fluid are similar in magnitude to the weight of the particle. These smaller particles are carried by the fluid in suspension, and advected downstream. The smaller the particle, the less important the downward pull of gravity, and the longer the particle is likely to stay in suspension.
Saltating dune sand in a wind tunnel. (Photo credit: Wind Erosion Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, Kansas)
Saltation layers can also form in avalanches.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
1. ^ Bagnold, Ralph (1941). The physics of wind-blown sand and desert dunes. New York: Methuen. ISBN 0486439313. [page needed]
2. ^ Kok, Jasper; Parteli, Eric; Michaels, Timothy I; Karam, Diana Bou (2012). "The physics of wind-blown sand and dust". Reports on Progress in Physics. 75 (10): 106901. Bibcode:2012RPPh...75j6901K. PMID 22982806. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/75/10/106901.
3. ^ Rice, M. A.; Willetts, B. B.; McEwan, I. K. (1995). "An experimental study of multiple grain-size ejecta produced by collisions of saltating grains with a flat bed". Sedimentology. 42 (4): 695–706. Bibcode:1995Sedim..42..695R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1995.tb00401.x.
5. ^ a b Shao, Yaping, ed. (2008). Physics and Modelling of Wind Erosion. Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 9781402088957. [page needed]
6. ^ Electric Sand Findings, University of Michigan Jan. 6, 2008 | <urn:uuid:86f4375c-2cd0-4c8b-a5bf-0b9d0bcc18e3> | 4 | 4 | 0.642271 | en | 0.848825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltation_(geology) |
French: Negatives and using them in the perfect tense, or with infinitives
Some bits of grammar about using negatives in various situations, like with past participles or infinitives. I don't think it's something that you would absolutely need to know, just if you are a bit of a grammar geek like myself ;) Sorry for the amount of times I've used the word 'sandwich' in this, literally couldn't think of a better word haha... Enjoy!!
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Just like in English there are many ways in which to express negatives,
meaning different things. Here are some examples.
French English Example.
ne...pas no/not any je n'ai pas de chien
ne...rien nothing/not anything je n'ai rien vu
ne...que only il n'a qu'un frère neither..nor...not...or je n'ai ni…
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Luckily there is a pattern, the same negative expressions which just go
around the avoir verb in the perfect tense are the same ones that go
before the infinitive in infinitive expressions.
'Sandwich' avoir only, go together 'Sandwich' both avoir and past
before infinitive expressions. participle, 'sandwich' infinitives
pas aucun(e)…
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September 15 in history
921 At Tetin Saint Ludmila was murdered at the command of her daughter-in-law.
994 Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes.
1254 Marco Polo, Italian explorer, was born (d. 1324).
1616 The first non-aristocratic, free public school in Europe was opened inFrascati, Italy.
1649 Titus Oates, English minister and plotter, was born (d. 1705).
1762 Seven Years War: Battle of Signal Hill.
1820 Constitutionalist revolution in Lisbon.
1821 Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica jointly declared independence from Spain.
1830 The Liverpool to Manchester railway line opened.
1831 The locomotive John Bull operated for the first time in New Jersey on the Camden and Amboy Railroad.
1835 HMS Beagle, with Charles Darwin aboard, reached the Galápagos Islands.
1851 Saint Joseph’s University was founded in Philadelphia.
1857 William Howard Taft, 27th President of the United States, was born (d. 1930).
1879 Joseph Lyons, 10th Prime Minister of Australia, was born (d. 1939).
1881 Ettore Bugatti, Italian automobile engineer and designer, was born (d. 1947).
1883 The Bombay Natural History Society was founded in Bombay (Mumbai).
1889 Robert Benchley, American author, was born (d. 1945).
1890 Agatha Christie, English writer, was born (d. 1976).
1894 First Sino-Japanese War: Japan defeated China in the Battle of Pyongyang.
1916 World War I: Tanks were used for the first time in battle, at the Battle of the Somm
1928 Tich Freeman became the only bowler to take 300 wickets in an English cricket season.
1931 In Scotland, the two-day Invergordon Mutiny against Royal Navy pay cuts began.
1935 The Nuremberg Laws deprived German Jews of citizenship.
1935 Nazi Germany adopted a new national flag with the swastika.
1937 Fernando de la Rúa, 51st President of Argentina, was born.
1940 World War II: The climax of the Battle of Britain, when the Royal Air Force shot down large numbers of Luftwaffe aircraft.
1942 World War II: U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS Wasp was torpedoed at Guadalcanal
1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met in Quebec as part of the Octagon Conference to discuss strategy.
1945 Hans-Gert Pöttering, German politician, President of the European Parliament, was born.
1945 A hurricane in southern Florida and the Bahamas destroyed 366 planes and 25 blimps at NAS Richmond.
1947 RCA released the 12AX7 vacuum tube.
1947 Typhoon Kathleen hit the Kanto Region in Japan killing 1,077.
1948 The F-86 Sabre set the world aircraft speed record at 671 miles per hour (1,080 km/h).
1952 United Nations gave Eritrea to Ethiopia.
1958 A Central Railroad of New Jersey commuter train ran through an open drawbridge at the Newark Bay, killing 58.
1959 Nikita Khrushchev became the first Soviet leader to visit the United States.
1961 Hurricane Carla struck Texas with winds of 175 miles per hour.
1962 The Soviet ship Poltava headed toward Cuba, one of the events that sets into motion the Cuban Missile Crisis.
1963 The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing: Four children killed at an African-American church in Birmingham, Alabama.
1966 U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, responding to a sniper attack at the University of Texas at Austin, wrote a letter to Congress urging the enactment of gun control legislation.
1968 The Soviet Zond 5 spaceship was launched, becoming the first spacecraft to fly around the Moon and re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere.
1969 Iron and steel from local ironsand (titanomagnetite) was produced for the first time at New Zealand Steel’s mill at Glenbrook, south of Auckland.
First steel produced from local ironsand
1971 Nathan Astle, New Zealand cricketer, was born.
1972 A Scandinavian Airlines System domestic flight from Gothenburg to Stockholm was hijacked and flown to Malmö-BulltoftaAirport.
1974 Air Vietnam flight 727 was hijacked, then crashed while attempting to land with 75 on board.
1976 The Rangatira arrived in Wellington from Lyttelton for the last time, bringing to an end more than 80 years of regular passenger ferry services between the two ports.
Lyttelton–Wellington ferry service ends
1981 The Senate Judiciary Committee unanimously approved Sandra Day O’Connor to become the first female justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
1981 – The John Bull became the oldest operable steam locomotive in the world when the Smithsonian Institution operated it under its own power outside Washington, D.C.
1983 Israeli premier Menachem Begin resigned.
1984 Prince Harry of Wales, was born.
1987 United States Secretary of State George Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze signed a treaty to establish centres to reduce the risk of nuclear war.
1993 Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II disbanded Parliament.
2008 Lehman Brothers filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, the largest bankruptcy filing in U.S. history.
2012 – Muslim protesters shouting anti-American slogans clashed with police, injuring 19 people, outside the US embassy in Sydney, Australia.
Sourced from NZ History Online & Wikipedia
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Light infantry
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For other uses, see Light infantry (disambiguation).
Portuguese Army light infantry (caçador) of the Peninsular War
History of the light Infantry
Modern Age
Contemporary Light Infantry Forces
Today the term "light" denotes, in the United States table of organization and equipment, units lacking heavy weapons and armor or with a reduced vehicle footprint. Light infantry units lack the greater firepower, operational mobility and protection of mechanized or armored units, but possess greater tactical mobility and the ability to execute missions in severely restrictive terrain and in areas where weather makes vehicular mobility difficult.
Light infantry forces typically rely on their ability to operate under restrictive conditions, surprise, violence of action, training, stealth, field craft, and fitness levels of the individual soldiers to address their reduced lethality. Despite the usage of the term "light", forces in a light unit will normally carry heavier individual loads versus other forces; they must carry everything they require to fight, survive and win due to lack of vehicles. Although units like the 101st Airborne (Air Assault) and the 82nd Airborne Division are categorized as Air Assault Infantry and Airborne Infantry respectively, they fall under the overall concept of light infantry.
During the Falklands War in 1982, both Argentina and the United Kingdom made heavy use of light infantry and its doctrines during the campaign, most notably the Argentine 5th Naval Infantry Battalion (Argentina) and 25th Infantry Regiment (Argentina) and the British Parachute Regiment and Royal Marines of 3 Commando Brigade. Due to the rocky and mountainous terrain of the Falkland Islands, operations on the ground were only made possible with the use of light infantry because the use of mechanized infantry or armour was severely limited by of the terrain, leading to the "Yomp" across the Falklands, in which Royal Marines and Paras yomped (and tabbed) with their equipment across the islands, covering 56 miles (90 km) in three days carrying 80-pound (36 kg) loads after disembarking from ships at San Carlos on East Falkland, on 21 May 1982.
During the 1990s, the concept of purely light forces in the US military came under scrutiny due to their decreased lethality and survivability. This scrutiny has resulted in the Stryker Brigade Combat Team, a greater focus on task organized units (such as Marine Expeditionary Units) and a reduction of purely light forces.
Modern Light Infantry Units
Light Infantry in Different Countries
The 7 battalions are composed of:
• Two battalions of mechanized infantry
• Two battalions of motorized infantry
• Two battalions of light infantry
• One battalion of paratroop infantry
Main article: Jægerkorpset
Chasseurs from a light infantry regiment of Napoléon's Grande Armée
The light infantry was organised in France in the 1.
Ancient régime
The name Chasseurs à pied (light infantry) was originally used for infantry units in the French Army recruited from hunters or woodsmen. Recognized for their marksmanship and skirmishing skills, the chasseurs were comparable to the German Jäger or the British light infantry. The Chasseurs à Pied, as the marksmen of the French army, were regarded as elite light companies and regiments.[2] The first unit was Jean Chrétien Fischer's Free Hunter Company in 1743. These units were often a mix of cavalry and infantry. In 1776 all the Chasseurs units were re-organized in six battalions, each one linked to a cavalry regiment (Chasseurs à cheval). In 1788, the special link between infantry battalions and cavalry regiment was broken.
Revolution and Napoleon
In 1793, the Ancient Régime Chasseurs battalions were merged with volunteers battalions in new units called Light Infantry Half-Brigades (demi-brigades d’infanterie légère). In 1803, the half-brigades were rebranded regiment. These units had three battalions of three regular Chasseurs companies, one elite Carabiniers company and one reconnaissance voltigeurs company.
Imperial Guard
In Napoléon’s IImperial Guard, many units used names linked to light infantry :
• Chasseurs à pied regiments : three regiments (1809-1815 ; 1815-1815 ; 1815-1815). The regiments were the elite of the light infantry regiments.
• Fusilier-Chasseurs regiment : originally the first Guard Fusilier Regiment (1809-1815)
• Voltigeurs regiments : 16 regiments, originally two regiments of Tirailleurs-chasseur and two regiments of Conscrits-chasseurs (1810-1815), then twelve new regiments (1811-1815). These regiments were expected to became Chasseurs à pieds regiments.
• Flanqueurs-Chasseurs regiments : two regiments, from drafted Forest Service members (1811-1815 ; 1813-1815)
XIXth Century
Light Infantry
The Napoléon-type Light Infantry regiment existed till 1854, but with very few differences from the line infantry regiment, so the 25 remaining light infantry regiments were transformed in line infantry in 1854.
Chasseurs à pied
The Duke of Orléans, heir to the throne, created in 1838 a new light infantry unit, the Tirailleurs battalion. It soon became, under the name Chasseur à Pied, the main light infantry unit in the French Army. The number of battalions grew up steadily through the century. The current Chasseurs battalions drew their lineage form this unit.
Chasseurs alpins
Some of Chasseurs à pied battalions were converted to specialized mountain units as Bataillons de Chasseurs Alpins in 1888, as an answer to the Italian Alpine (Alpini) regiments stationed along the Alpine frontier.
Chasseurs Forestiers
The Chasseurs forestiers (Forest Huntsmen) were militarized units of the Forest Service. They were organized in companies. The Chasseurs forestiers existed between 1875 and 1924.
The Zouaves battalions and regiments were colonial troops, formed originally by Algerians, then by European settlers and colonists. The first Zouave battalion was created in 1831 and changed its recruiting to Europeans in 1841.
Tirailleurs (Skirmishers) were light infantry who formed a shallow line ahead of the line of battle during the Revolutionary/Napoleonic Wars and subsequently. The name was also used for the locally recruited colonial troops in the French Empire between 1841 and 1962.
XXth Century
Chasseurs à pied
The Chasseurs à pieds evolved during the mid-XXth century into mechanized infantry units (Chasseurs mécanisés) or armored division infantry (chasseurs portés). After World War Two, all Chasseur units were organized on the mechanized infantry model.
Chasseurs alpins
The Chasseurs alpins' became the only mountain warfare units in the French Army in 1945.
Chasseurs pyrénéens
The Chasseurs pyrénéens were the short-lived (1939-1940) mountain warfare units formed in the Pyrénées.
The Chasseurs-parachutistes were airborne infantry units formed in 1943 from Air Force infantry compagnies transferred to the Army.
Zouaves and Tirailleurs'
After the independence of the countries that made up the French Colonial Empire, the Zouaves and the Tirailleurs units, save for one, were disbanded.
Modern French Army Light Infantry
Although the traditions of these different branches of the French Army are very different, there is still a tendency to confuse one with the other. For example, when World War I veteran Léon Weil died, the AFP press agency stated that he was a member of the 5th "Regiment de Chasseurs Alpins". It was in fact the 5th Bataillon.
Main article: Jäger (military)
Of the 28 Infantry regiment of the modern Indian Army, the following 10 are designated as "Rifles". They are distinguished by their black rank badges, black buttons on their service and ceremonial uniforms and also a beret which is a darker shade of green than the other regiments. Apart from these two paramilitary forces: the Assam Rifles and the Eastern Frontier Rifles, also follows the traditions of the rifle regiment.
Rajputana Rifles
Garhwal Rifles
Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)
3 Gorkha Rifles
4 Gorkha Rifles
5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)
8 Gorkha Rifles
9 Gorkha Rifles
11 Gorkha Rifles
Basic training ("Tironut"):
• Non-combat soldiers are trained as Rifleman 02.
• Combat-support troops are trained as Rifleman 03.
Advance training ("Imun Mitkadem"):
Additional training for combat soldiers:
• Combat class commanders are trained as Rifleman 08.
• Combat Senior Sergeants are trained as Rifleman 10.
• Combat officers are trained as Rifleman 12.
Italian Rifle units were designated Cacciatori or Bersaglieri.
The Netherlands
Main article: Caçadores
In the 1950s, the title "Caçadores" was also given to the light infantry battalions and independent companies responsible for garrisoning the Portuguese overseas territories. Colonial troops with this title were recruited from both Portuguese settlers and from the indigenous populations in each overseas territory.
In 1975, the designation "Caçadores" was discontinued in the Portuguese Armed Forces. All former units of caçadores were redesigned as "Infantry".
The Rhodesia Regiment had an affiliation with the King's Royal Rifle Corps since World War I. The regiment's badge was the Maltese Cross, the colours were red, black and rifle green and rifle green berets were worn. A private soldier had the title of "Rifleman".
• Vânători de Munte, or "Mountain Huntsmen" comprised elite units of the Romanian infantry prior to 1945.
The Imperial Russian Army, which was heavily influenced by the Prussian and Austrian military systems, included fifty Jäger or yegerskii [егерский] regiments in its organisation by 1812, including the Egersky Guards Regiment. These regiments were disbanded in 1917-18.
Spanish Riflemen were designated as Cazadores.
United Kingdom
A historical reenactment with the British 95th Rifles regiment.
The rank of Rifleman instead of Private was officially introduced in 1923.[3]
United States
In 1808, the United States Army created its first Regiment of Riflemen. During the War of 1812 three more Rifle Regiments were raised but disbanded after the war. The Rifle Regiment was disbanded in 1821.
Riflemen were listed as separate to infantry up to the American Civil War.[4]
References and notes
3. "About the Royal Green Jackets". Retrieved 6 June 2011.
Further reading
External links | <urn:uuid:b8a4e389-54e6-4b42-b9da-6699e936531e> | 3 | 3.109375 | 0.10367 | en | 0.958354 | https://infogalactic.com/info/Light_infantry |
Creating Windows With Ruby Tk
A GUI application may consist of the following types of objects:
• Widgets – basic GUI objects that can be put directly in the window. Most of them generate events as a response to user actions. A label is a widget, too, but, usually does not generate events.
• Shapes – lines, arcs, circles, polygons and other that belong on a canvas.
• Timers – threads that perform an action the number of times specified and sleep for the specified duration. From the definition “thread” you can understand that they run in parallel.
The simplest Ruby Tk program is:
require 'tk'
This program displays the following window:
This is the default window. It is displayed on the screen when the line ‘Tk.mainloop’ is performed. Until this window is closed, no commands that are not responses to events will be executed.
“Programing Ruby – The Pragmatic Programmers Guide” suggests that you look at Perl/Tk guides to learn how to use Tk. A good place to look for Perl’s objects and their methods is Active Perl. I’m not going to write here the complete guide to Ruby Tk, but I hope the following chapters will help you understand how it works.
To be continued.
When you write for the web, you may want to send data to another server or to a client. A common way to transfer that data is in XML format. The data will then be processed using SAX, DOM or XPath. Every language support it.
If what you want is to define a variable, an object or an array in Javascript, you can use the JSON extension. JSON is an acronym for ‘Java Script Object Notation’. In Javascript you can use it as follows:
var myObject=<?php echo json_encode($php_object); >;
Here no parsers are required.
Here’s an example of using it in PHP:
class my_class {
public $prop1;
public $prop2;
function __construct(){
$obj=new my_class();
echo json_encode($obj);
The output looks like:
In addition to encoding, a JSON string can be decoded into an object in a language other than Javascript. Thus, you can pass data in the JSON format to any program supporting JSON, and, as you can see in, most languages used today support it.
The ability to encode varibles into JSON and decode it back in any language is not the only reason why JSON can replace XML. If you go to, you can see links in the bottom referring to other sites. For example, JSONPath, that allows you to access a member just like XPath. JSONPath is available in PHP and Javascript. | <urn:uuid:ac758967-d62e-43b6-905c-ae9b2fbfae9f> | 3 | 2.953125 | 0.15293 | en | 0.866851 | https://phpandmore.net/2011/07/ |
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Food of the Middle Ages
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Jodie Morada
on 2 April 2014
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Transcript of Food of the Middle Ages
Food of the Middle Ages
Water was contaminated, so people of the Middle Ages had to resort to other drinks.
The poor drank:
Daily Meals
All classes had three meals a day.
Of course, commoner's meals were far less luxurious than upper class's.
They had many more choices to choose from.
Food for Upper Class
Food for lower class
Jodie Morada
Amber Julian
Elaina Ou
Water Unavailable
"Real" beer in the Middle Ages were made with barley, though other grains were used throughout the period.
When the use of spices became popular, people started putting spices in their beer.
Cinnamon, apples, lavender, and other spices were included in beer to have intense flavors of beer.
Most wines were a mix of wormwood,myrtle, hyssop and rosemary with sweeter wine flavored with honey. Wine was a luxury and therefore can be only drunken by nobles/ wealthy.
Ingredients For Daily Meals
-Ploughman's Lunch: was made of crusty bread, cheese, pickled onions, chutney, cold meats such as slices of ham, pate, or pork pie, and fruits such as apples or other seasonal fruit.
-Mylates of Pork (Pork Pie): included pork, four eggs, grated mozzarella cheese, powder fort, pine nuts, and salt with a pinch of saffron.
-Cormarye (Roast Pork): had pork loin, coriander, caraway, pepper, salt, minced cloves of garlic, red wine, and broth.
The English tried different variations and mixtures of resin to preserve the wine and prevent it from turning sour, since the climate was not warm enough for grapes to ripen.
Spices Included in Beer
How People of The Middle Ages Get Their Food
Food for a King
Cider is a drink usually made of apples. Water was poured onto apples then became steeped. Another way was to crush apples and mix them with water to extract a sweet and sour drink.
Even though this was a poor man's alcohol drink, this was made in a similar way as beer. One of their only differences is that Ale is fermented at a higher temperature, which makes it mature faster.
This drink was popular among all classes. It was made of honey, giving it the name, "honey wine".
Alcohol was essential, and almost everyone drank it. Fortunately, medieval drinks had a low level of alcohol.
Center piece
The Great Table
The usual staple of meals for peasants were bread, pottage, dairy, and meats such as beef, pork, and lamb.
Due to their amount of wealth, nobles are able to eat a huge variety of foods, unlike the poor peasants.
Deer, boars, hares, fish , rabbits, and other sources of meat were mostly eaten.
Despite being able to have luxury in food, nobles had little access to vegetables, leading to several illnesses.
First course: a civet of hare, a quarter of stag (had been coated in salt for one night), stuffed chicken, and a loin of veal
The poor and peasants mostly farmed and poached (if they were desperate), though they can be punished if caught.
Since nobles were incredibly wealthy, they could afford expensive spices such as pepper, cinnamon, cloves, mace, garlic, and mustard to flavor their dishes.
The rich and wealthy drank:
-many varieties of wine
The rich and wealthy got their food by hunting.
Preservation of Wine
-Alchin, L. K. (1970) Middle Ages Food. Retrieved July 16
2012, from Lords and Ladies Website www.lordsandladies.org/middle-ages-food.htm
-Haywood, J. (2008). Food and Drink. in Medieval
Europe (pp. 42-43). Chicago, Illinois: Raintree
-Bishop, M. (1970). The Noble's Life, The Life of
Labor. in The Middle Ages (pp. 138-39, 140-43, 242-44) Canada: Fitzhenry and Whiteside
-Rowling, M. (1968). Women and Wives. in Everyday
Life in the Medieval Times (pp. 85-87). United States: Batsford, B. T.
Mylates of Pork
Ploughman's lunch
Where Food was Prepared
Cooking Utensils
The poor lived in small huts, so they cooked meals on open fires.
Nobles lived in great castles which had kitchens ran by serfs and servants.
meat forks
Last course: wines and preserves are served with fruits and other sweet pastries.
Proper Manners at the Table
Pray before any meal.
Wash hands before eating.
Wipe your face so that no food/ grease is left.
More Proper Manners
Keep your elbows off the table.
Do not burp or spit.
Do not leave your spoon in a dish when you are done eating.
Put your napkins over your left shoulder or wrist.
Do not wipe your mouth on your sleeve, use the napkin.
Thank you for watching!!!
-Rosalie Gilbert (2006). Manners for the well-bred Medieval Women from Rosalie's Medieval Woman
Upper class didn't eat vegetables because they thought that food from the ground was only for lower class. Only on certain occasions, would they have vegetables in their food.
The centerpiece located on the Great Table was supposed to represent a green lawn. In the middle of the "lawn" was a small fortress, which was covered with silver, had a hollow interior, and had three banners placed on the gilt. The fortress was surrounded with large peacock feathers and green branches, which were tied to violets and other sweet-smelling flowers.
The Great Table was set on a dais.
It was strictly reserved for the invited guests. When guests arrived, they were taken to their assigned seats after they washed their hands at the entrance of the Great Hall.
Most of the time, to prevent the table from getting dirty, the host/ hostess would cover the table with a table cloth.
The plates on which food was served on was commonly made of gold and silver.
Dip your fingers in the sauce above your knuckles.
Smear your lips with soup, garlic, fat meat.
Stuff your face with food.
Drop any liquid onto your clothes.
Drink when you are chewing food.
Use forks because they were only used as cooking utensils.
Put the knife in your mouth.
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Chapters 13, 14, 15, and 17
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Juliet Morales
on 18 March 2014
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Transcript of Chapters 13, 14, 15, and 17
Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein
Gene Expression is a process by which a gene (DNA) is used to synthesize proteins.
- An example such as albinism is attributed to a faulty gene that codes the wrong information.
-In such cases, the gene could code the wrong protein, or even be absent.
Archibald Garrod proposed the idea that inherited diseases could be from the lack of a specific enzyme.
-Ex: Phenylketonuria
Neurospora experiment: Neurospora cells had a single gene disabled and noticed the mutant Neurospora were unable to grow on minimal medium while the non-mutants were able. Beadle and Tatum concluded that the mutants could not synthesize an important nutrient. This proved that "the function of a gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme."
Mutations are changes to genes.
-Point mutations change a single nucleotide pair.
-Substitution mutations replaces a nucleotide and its corresponding nucleotide with another pair
-Insertions and deletions are the addition or removal of nucleotide pairs.
These changes to genes can cause a silent mutation, missense mutation, or nonsense mutation.
-A silent mutation has no effect on the outcome trait of the gene.
-A missense mutation will have little effect on the protein since only 1 amino acid changes.
-A nonsense mutation stops translation because when the pair was changed, it was changed into a stop codon
Important Contributors
In Bacteria:
In Eukaryotes:
Regulation of Chromatin
Chapters 13, 14, 15, and 17
DNA contains the nucleotides: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine
RNA is the same except that instead of Thymine, there is Uracil.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from an original strand of DNA.
- In DNA replication, a DNA strand is made from the original DNA (template) strand.
- Then, that DNA strand serves as a template strand to make RNA. This is done by the RNA polymerase.
- Assembles in 5' to 3' direction.
- RNA polymerase starts at the promotor and the DNA sequence transcribed into RNA is a transcription unit.
- The pre-mRNA is given a 5' cap and a Poly-A tail and is removed of all introns and left with the exons (RNA splicing). After, it is moved into the nucleus.
The resulting mRNA strand from transcription is used in the synthesis of a polypeptide in a process called translation.
- The mRNA nucleotide sequence leaves the nucleus and into the ribosomes, the sites of translation (in eukaryotes).
- In the ribosomes, the mRNA undergoes translation to produce the amino acids for the protein.
Codons are mRNA nucleotide triplets.
There are 20 different amino acids which are made from making triplets of nucleotides. There is a combination of 64 different triplets.
60 of these combinations make up the amino acids while 1 makes a start codon, signaling the start of a nucleotide sequence and the other 3 make stop codons that signals when that nucleotide sequence ends for the protein.
Amino acids are read from 5' to 3'.
tRNA is used to transfer amino acids to the polypeptide in the ribosome by pairing up its anticodon to the codon in the mRNA. tRNA is 3' to 5'
It starts at a start codon and ends at a stop codon.
The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
DNA is the genetic material
DNA is the molecule that carries the genome
long thought to be proteins
Made in double helix, with specific base pairs (A-T; G-C)
DNA replication takes many proteins
Helicase separates two parent strands
DNA pol III creates leading strand continously and the lagging strand in Okazaki fragments
Primase adds RNA primers
DNA pol I changes primers to DNA
DNA ligase connects DNA fragments
DNA Polymerase corrects any mismatched nucleotides
A Chromosome is DNA molecule tightly wound around proteins
DNA of bacteria supercoils into a dense nucleoid
DNA in eukaryotes condenses around many histones
Frederick Griffith
Derrick Chen, Francis McMahon, Juliet Morales, and Anthony Velte
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Regulation of Gene Expression
Chapter 17
Adolf Mayer rubbed sap from Tobacco Mosaic Disease infected plants with sap from healthy plants. Believed small bacteria not visible under microscope
Second attempt at experiment by Dimitri Ivanowsky by using filter to catch bacteria. Disease still produced. Still believed bacteria were cause.
Martinus Baijerinck's experiments revealed that pathogen infected within host cell.
Wendall Stanley crystallized Tobacco Mosaic Virus. How? Are they cells?
can be single- or double-stranded, RNA or DNA
protein shell enclosing genome,
may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex
subunits called capsomers
- membranes derived from previous host
phospholipids, glycoproteins, and proteins
help to infect host
other cells!
"Obligate intracellular parasites"
Lacking equipment for protein synthesis!
Need a host cell to replicate
Limit on number of host species, called host range of the virus
Identify host cells with "lock and key" fit
Viral protein encoded reprograms the cell
only replicates through lytic cycle
replicates through either cycle depending on conditions
Simplified Viruses
With DNA:
With RNA:
*viruses that use reverse transcriptase*
Fighting Viruses!
Some viruses can mutate regularly, like the flu virus!
Further research is being conducted.
variant of the virus that causes the
immune system to create antibodies against pathogen
*HIV is a retrovirus!
Works Cited:
Biology in focus. (2014). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
The lytic and lysogenic cycles of phage lamda, a temperate phage [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://thegeneticsofvirusesandbacteria.weebly.com/diagrams.html
The lytic cycle of phage T4, a virulent phage [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://thegeneticsofvirusesandbacteria.weebly.com/diagrams.html
[Phage]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://dbscience4.wikispaces.com/Jillian
The reproductive cycle of an enveloped RNA virus [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://thegeneticsofvirusesandbacteria.weebly.com/diagrams.html
A simplified viral reproductive cycle [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://thegeneticsofvirusesandbacteria.weebly.com/diagrams.html
Viruses [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/science/organisms_behaviour_health/disease/revision/2/
Respond to environmental changes through
Inducible Operon/
Catabolic Pathways
Reg. protein is typically active, no transcription
An inducer, typically the substance the structural proteins break down, will inactivate it
RNA polymerase is no longer blocked
Repressible Operon/
Anabolic Pathways
Reg. protein is typically inactive, transcription occurs
An corepressor, typically the substance the structural proteins synthesizes, will activate it
RNA polymerase is now blocked
Structure & Function:
promoter for synthesizing regulatory protein for gene
regulatory gene codes for reg. protein that controls operon
itself consists of:
for operon (including
) and
structural genes
promoter for binding RNA polymerase for transcription of structural genes
operator will stop transcription if reg. gene is bound to it (site of inhibition)
structural genes code for various proteins/enzymes to perform certain metabolic processes
Two types....
Funny thing about the lac operon...
Positive gene regulation also plays a role.
Because lactose isn't the cells first choice as an energy source (glucose is),
in presence of lactose and glucose, some lac operon is synthesized
in presence of lactose and absence of glucose, lots of lac operon is synthesized
Histone Acetylation - promotes transcription by opening chromatin
DNA methylation - reduces transcription
- epigenetics (licking rat pups!)
RNA Processing
miRNA / siRNA
mRNA Degradation:
if bases complimentary, mRNA is degraded
if bases not complimentary, translation is blocked
regulation of transcription factors
has life span before degradation
Genetic Recombination in Prokaryotes
uptake of foreign DNA from surroundings
through 3rd party temporarily joined
Hershey and Chase
Meselson and Stahl
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Short Story Analysis:
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Erin Wells
on 30 September 2014
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Transcript of Short Story Analysis:
Short Story Analysis:
"Tell Tale Heart" By Edgar Allan Poe
Will and Carlton
Brief Summary
Point of View
Foreshadowing and flashback
What is the point of view of Tell-Tale Heart and how does that affect our understanding of the story?
Tell-Tale Heart is told from the first person point of view. We only know the narrator’s thoughts, feelings, and actions as he sees them. Because the story is told from the first person point of view, we do not know anyone else’s thoughts or feelings and we do not know if the narrator is completely reliable. For instance, the old man’s eye may have been normal and the narrator just crazy.
What is an example of irony from tell-tale heart?
There is dramatic irony in Tell-Tale Heart. The reader knows more than the characters do. Specifically, the old man does not know of the narrator’s distaste for his eye and the old man does not know that the narrator is planning to kill him. There is also verbal irony in Tell-Tale Heart. The narrator says that he is not mad when the exact opposite ends up being true.
Foreshadowing and Flashback
What is an example of foreshadowing from tell-tale Heart? The author beings the story by indicating that he is not mad. He continues to say that he is not mad. This was the author providing us clues to the outcome of the story, which is that the narrator is actually mad.
What is an example of flashback from tell-tale heart? The entire story of Tell-Tale Heart is a flashback. The man is recounting the events of what happened previously.
The short story "Tell Tale Heart" by Edgar Allan Poe is about internal demons and reveals that humans will ultimately succumb to their guilt as a result of the internal anxiety they feel in order to preserve themselves.
Character Development
Internal conflict: The narrator is struggling to understand his distaste for the old man’s eye. He has no ill will towards the old man, but he feels the eye is evil and needs to be eliminated.
External conflict: The narrator sneaks in to spy on the old man every night at midnight for seven days. One evening, the old man wakes up. After an hour of silence, the narrator overtakes and kills the old man.
Tell Tale Heart is a short story about a man who is driven crazy by the eye of his old man tenant. This eye eventually causes this man to commit murder. He is overcome with guilt and anxiety; thus, he eventually admits to murder.
The setting of this story is a house in a time before electricity. The setting is intentionally obscure as this story could have happened anywhere at any time. The setting creates an eerie sense for the reader. For instance, when the man uses the lantern to very slowly shine a light upon the old man's eye while making sure he is making little noise, the reader feels a sense of suspense. This leads the reader to believe that the anxiety the man feels will result in his ultimate downfall.
The eyes through which the story is told is the man who is driven crazy by the old man's eye. We do not know the old man's perspective as the story unfolds.
How does setting, character, craft, and conflict lead to theme?
The eerie and suspenseful feeling created by the setting leads the reader to believe that the anxiety the narrator feels will ultimately lead to his downfall.
The main character exhibits large amounts of anxiety. He first feels anxious about the eye, but he then feels anxious and paranoid after committing the murder. Ultimately, this gets the best of him and he is forced to confess.
The author uses intentional strategies in order to develop theme, such as symbolism and irony. In this case, the old man's eye symbolized evil. When the narrator eliminates the eye, he is still haunted by it; therefore, the narrator is haunted by his own demons, not the demons of the old man.
The internal struggle is what ultimately ends up ailing the narrator, not the external struggle. He is forced to face his own guilt.
Full transcript | <urn:uuid:19125580-1051-4b63-aebe-ce64dd046c4f> | 3 | 3.28125 | 0.038834 | en | 0.944168 | https://prezi.com/pyiszcxgyklm/short-story-analysis/ |
The Spirit of the Frescoes: The Unification of Light
In considering the frescoes of Giotto and Taddeo Gaddi from the early 14th century,
specifically in the Peruzzi, Bardi and Baroncelli Chapels to the right of the main chapel of Santa Croce, the beauty of their art is fancied by visitors, students of art history and Italians alike. Both painters are celebrated for their originality in composition, and for evolving the techniques in painting during their time. Giotto and Taddeo Gaddi’s use of light, shadow, and perspective provided attention to naturalism and optics. This rendered an experience for the 14th century beholder that was different from ordinary life; it left a special impression on the medieval viewer because the scenes oriented them in relationship with it, bringing the beholder closer to God.
As 21st century beholders of medieval art from an aesthetic point of view, we are
observers of cultural achievement, and not necessarily participants. Looking at the Middle Ages from a purely critical or historical point of view can be a dangerous and misguided attempt at understanding the beauty of the age. And yet, allowing ourselves to be visually swooned by looking at art from solely a romantic perspective is likewise not the most fitting position to be in.
To embrace and revel in the aesthetic integrity of the medieval age, perhaps experience a touch of the emotions that the artists intended, is certainly a challenge. Our mind on a day to day basis is overwhelmed with images and symbols, a fact untrue for individuals in medieval time. In respect to this, to recognize the beauty of these frescoes is something that demands some time and effort from us.
The artist’s great achievements in painting are reasons why these frescoes are so
compelling to look at, if only we are to understand a little of what they succeeded in doing. In the Bardi Chapel, Giotto depicted the Story of St. Francis in six scenes. From inside the chapel, the viewer is meant to see all the scenes from the same spot. Image
Therefore the inner space created within each individual scene is according to this central spot. Giotto further asserts this perspective by accounting for the stained glass window in the chapel, and using the window’s actual light as the light source within his scenes. The fresco’s architectural relationship, sharing the same space and the same light, provides an affect that puts the viewer in the scenes with St. Francis, nonetheless within the chapel of Santa Croce. It must be remembered, however, that in the medieval ages, the beholder was not surrounded by artificial lighting (it was actually the dark ages). Therefore, their perception of the light was much stronger, further illustrating their relationship with St. Francis and with God. Light, for medieval painters, was believed to be one way in which to represent God, as God was light.
As an artist, Taddeo Gaddi accounted for light much more implicitly than Giotto did.
Taddeo Gaddi learned Giotto’s techniques with light while he was his assistant, and went a step further with the study of optics.Image
His scenes depicting the Life of the Virgin in the Baroncelli Chapel are also completely unified with the architectural space surrounding it. However, in the chapel, one may notice that the location of the window is on the same wall as the frescoes.
Taddeo Gaddi was thus faced with a problem: there was no direct light source for those scenes on the same wall as the window. How did he account for a light source when the actual light source was backlit? He created an artificial light source instead, with the scenes taking place during nighttime. His supernatural light in the form of an angel provided a “flash” of light to make the scenes visible in the dark. Giotto on the other hand portrayed nighttime differently, for example by depicting torches, or not portraying scenes at night at all. Taddeo Gaddi introduced changes in the meaning of light, and his artificial creation of it also exhibits his attention to the architectural space in which he was working. His solution for maintaining a unification of light is brilliant, and further asserts the magnificence of naturalism to the beholder. This is additionally a key aspect of the mendicant order’s style, and these frescoes are undeniably part of the beauty of this Franciscan church.
Blogger Kaitlyn Laurie is a student at Sarah Lawrence College in New York. She is studying philosophy, the theory of art and architecture, and languages.
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Stephan Grover Cleveland is the fifth of nine children born to Reverend Richard Falley Cleveland and Ann Neal Cleveland. He was born on March 18th of 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey, although he was raised in Fayetteville, New York. The actual house in which he was born still stands today on 207 Bloomfield Avenue. He was named in honor of Stephan Grover, a minister at a local Presbyterian Church who Reverend Cleveland had recently taken over for. Life as the son of a minister was different than most boys. The Cleveland’s spent every evening at home in prayer. Cleveland felt that this moral upbringing was his most valuable tool in life. Grover Cleveland visited an uncle in Buffalo, New York, and obtained a job in a law firm.
While working there, he studied law and by May of 1859, the New York Supreme Court admitted him to the bar. Democratic politics had interested Cleveland since his arrival in Buffalo, so he became the county’s assistant district attorney. In 1865, Confederate General Robert E. Lee had surrendered his army to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. The Confederacy had collapsed and the United States was reunited and slavery was abolished. As the nation returned to peace, twenty-eight-year-old Cleveland won the demanding position of sheriff. When his term ended in 1873, he returned to his infamous law practice. On January 1,1882, Grover Cleveland took an oath to honor the city of Buffalo as their mayor. Cleveland was tough and honest. He was known as the “Veto Mayor,” because he continuously vetoed bills presented by corrupt politicians. In November of 1882, by a landslide margin of nearly 200,000 votes, Grover Cleveland became know as the “Veto Governor.” He understood the tremendous challenge of being the Governor of the State of New York, but his principles and values remained as strong as ever.
The door to his office was always open, and he kept no secrets. In two years’ time, Cleveland’s stubborn sense of fairness and honesty gave him the nickname “His Obstinacy.” He passed bills to enlarge the state’s water supply and established a 1.5 million-acre park at Niagara Falls. Due to his reputation, the Democratic Party convinced him to run for president. On the second ballot, Cleveland won the Democratic nomination. The Democrats chose Thomas Hendricks of Indiana, as his vice-president on the ballot. To oppose Cleveland for presidency, the Republicans picked former Maine Congressman, James G. Blaine. Blaine was highly respected as a brilliant politician and national leader. With both candidates the victims of scandals, in 1884 the United States had never witnessed such a nasty campaign. In the end, Cleveland won by a slim margin of less than 63,000 votes. In just three years, Americans had lifted Grover Cleveland from a city lawyer to the highest public office in our country. At the age of forty-seven, Grover Cleveland became the twenty-second President of the United States, on March 4, 1885.
A bachelor, Cleveland was not familiar with the comforts of the White House. During this first term, he ran into trouble. He filled every federal office with Democrats, whether or not they were deserving and merited the positions. In June of 1886, Cleveland married twenty-one-year-old Frances Folsom. He was the only president to be married in the White House and the first to have a child born in the White House, in 1893. Cleveland did not always make popular decisions, but based his treatment of injustices as the right thing to do. Over the years, unhappy trade workers banned together and formed the first trade unions. They were not pleased with their president. There was a huge gulf between the employer and employee. In December of 1888, he called on Congress to reduce high protective tariffs. The Democrats felt this would impact his re-election campaign, which he lost in 1888 to Benjamin Harrison. During his first term, Grover Cleveland was known as the “Veto President.” He issued more than 300 veto messages.
He vetoed many private pension bills to Civil War veterans, who submitted fraudulent claims, and vetoed a bill appropriating $10,000 to distribute grains to drought-stricken, Texas farmers, contending that aid would weaken the character of the nation. Another unpopular decision was ordering the investigation of the railroads. He forced them to return 81,000 acres of Government land, and enacted the Interstate Commerce Act, which was the first law passed regulating the railroads. During President Harrison’s term, many issues angered Cleveland. The McKinley Tariff was passed, which taxed import items at the highest rates in history. The Congress also granted higher pensions for Civil War veterans. By the end of Harrison’s term, Congress had spent so much money on wasteful projects, that the treasury was almost empty. Predicting a national disaster, Grover Cleveland agreed to run for a second term as president. He returned to the White House in 1893, as his wife had predicted. Four years of careless spending by the Republicans pushed the United States into an acute depression. He had to act drastically, and dealt directly with the Treasury crisis, instead of with business failures, farm foreclosures, and increasing unemployment.
On October 30, 1893, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was repealed, and confidence was restored in the American dollar. In spite of Cleveland’s efforts, the national depression worsened, and the Democratic Party was divided. When railroad strikers violated an injunction in Chicago, the President sent Federal troops to break up the strike against the Pullman Company. His blunt treatment of the railroad company was very unpopular. His party deserted him and nominated William Jennings Bryan for president, in 1896. At fifty-nine-years-old, Cleveland felt disgraced as he finished his term in the White House. He retired peacefully in Princeton, New Jersey, but continued pressing for government reforms. At the age of seventy-one, Grover Cleveland died on June 24, 1908. Americans were deeply saddened and mourned the passing of this heavy, robust. man, who was so famous for his tremendous strength and energy. Grover Cleveland will always be remembered as courageous, hardworking, and honest, in spite of the outcome.
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The students, faculty, and staff of Princeton University have traveled from all fifty states in the nation and from nations around the world to be a part of our community. Because state laws vary greatly and SHARE-related terms can mean a lot of different things to different people, we have provided the following definitions to ensure that we can speak a common language around issues of interpersonal violence and abuse.
Note: Situations need not rise to the level of a criminal act or violation to Rights, Rules, Responsibilities in order for a person to obtain services at SHARE.
Interpersonal violence and abuseThe intentional use of force or power, threatened or actual, against another person, that can result in physical or psychological harm. Interpersonal violence and abuse includes sexual harassment, sexual assault, domestic/dating violence, and stalking. (Adapted from the World Health Organization's definition)
Consent: The voluntary, informed, uncoerced agreement through words and actions freely given, which a reasonable person would interpret as a willingness to participate in mutually agreed-upon sex acts. Consent cannot be given when an individual is 1) incapacitated due to alcohol and/or drugs (lacking cognitive ability to make or act on conscious decisions); 2) unconscious; 3) mentally or physically incapacitated; or 4) underage.
Sexual Harassment: When a person making unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature and/or based on one's sexual orientation or gender identity 1) threatens or rewards academics, employment or participation in any University activity or benefit based on willingness to submit to such conduct; 2) gives grades or makes personnel decisions based on willingness to submit to such conduct; 3) interferes with a person’s educational experience or living/working conditions, due to the severe and/or pervasive nature of the conduct, by creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment.
Sexual Assault: This is an umbrella term that encompasses any form of unwanted or involuntary touching or penetration of intimate body parts, by a person of any gender. This includes being forced to touch someone else. "Unwanted or involuntary" sexual contact means that:
1) consent is not given, and the contact may include the use of threats, intimidation, coercion, or physical force
2) consent cannot be given because the contact is with those who are unable to give consent due to their age, physical helplessness, mental incapacitation, or incapacitation by alcohol or other drugs
Dating/Domestic Violence or Intimate Partner Violence (IPV): The actual or threatened physical, sexual, emotional, or financial abuse of an individual by someone with whom they have a current/prior intimate relationship or shared residence. These relationships may include: partner/spouse, family member, caretaker, someone with whom a child is shared, household member or roommate.
Stalking: Purposefully or knowingly engaging in a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to fear for their safety, the safety of a third person, or suffer other emotional distress. “Course of conduct” is two or more acts of maintaining a visual or physical proximity to a person, either directly or indirectly by any action, method, device, or means.
*Confidential Resource: A resource that is not obligated to report information that is given to them. This allows the client to explore their options in a non-pressured environment in order to make informed decisions. The only exceptions to this rule are in cases that involve imminent risk of serious harm, emergent hospitalization, or a court order. While specific information may be kept confidential, these incidents may be counted for statistical purposes, as per the Clery Act.
Non-Confidential Resource: A resource that is required by law to report incidents/violations and take legal, disciplinary or other action accordingly.
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The Perception of Sound
By: Ken Humphreys
Speaker Engineer
After a sound wave reaches your eardrum, the real magic begins. When you’re aware of a sound, your ear and brain are working together on the difficult task of selecting which sound to pay attention to, what might be making it, where it’s located and much more. Here are a few of the important “processing” jobs you routinely but unconsciously accomplish:
Determining Loudness
You can hear a sound at 0 dB (but just barely) yet handle sounds with a trillion times the energy at 120 dB! The price you pay to be able pull off this remarkable feat is that you’re fairly insensitive to changes in sound energy levels. For example, a speaker receiving 100 watts of energy will sound only four times as loud as when it’s receiving 1 watt. One side-effect of this phenomenon is that you don’t need to concern yourself with amplifier power nearly as much as you might think. 70 watts—100 watts—what’s the difference? Only about 1½ dB. Not much, right?
This graph shows the sound intensity range that you’re able to make sense of. Each 10dB increase represents 10 times the energy, but only twice the loudness.
Another neat loudness related trick your ear performs is that it becomes increasingly sensitive to bass when the sound is loud and sensitive to the midrange when everything quiets down. The “loudness” button on your receiver is designed to compensate for this by boosting the bass at lower listening levels. This context-sensitivity was probably quite useful for cavemen by allowing them to derive useful bass information when encountering stampeding wooly mammoths — yet be able to tune into the slight rustle of a skulking saber-toothed tiger. Dinner is served!
Locating sound
When you hear a sound, you can immediately turn your head and face it. You probably take this for granted, but you might not if you knew the number of hard-to-believe calculations your brain just performed. Scientists are discovering that you construct a spatial model in your brain that updates constantly and uses sound as well as sight. Yes, very similar to bats.
To locate sounds in this model you constantly gather information from a variety of sources:
What kind of space are you in? When you hear a sound it has a “signature” that is unique. It arrives at your ear and gets “fingerprinted,” and a few milliseconds later a family of other sounds that bear the same signature arrive in the form of reflections. First, they are associated with the first arrival that created the signature so that the cacophony of other sounds around you can be ignored. Then, by calculating the direction of these delayed arrivals, how long they were delayed and the way that their signature has been “smeared” (whew!) you are able to tell a lot about what kind of environment you are in. For example, you may now know that you are in a small room with large, hard surfaces. In order to do this you had to determine the directions of the original sound and the way it echoed around the room. This was not simply done. Your brain just took into consideration at least three different kinds of information to calculate the direction. First, one ear heard the sound as louder simply because your head created a “sound shadow” and blocked the sound to the ear furthest away. Secondly, the part of your ear that sticks out from your head modified the sound in ways that clue you in regarding the direction the sound came from. And lastly, your brain calculated the phase thing: How much was the delay between the wave arriving at the left ear versus the right ear? Your brain then unconsciously applies this formula to what you just experienced.
And you thought you were bad at math! Your brain is a whiz.
For speaker designers, some of the important points are:
1. For familiar sounds, you are very sensitive to “tonal balance,” that is, are the treble, bass and midrange parts in the right proportion to one another? If a speaker’s frequency response graph is “flat”, that tells you that it’s reproducing the sound with the right balance (at least for the position of the measuring microphone). This has been shown to be the most important thing perceived as “accuracy” in the entire audio system.
2. How much of a time-delay does there need to be for an arriving sound to be identified as a reflection rather than part of the original sound’s signature? Jury’s out on this one, but if the “delayed arrival” is soon enough, say from reflections off of the grill frame or speakers that aren’t mounted flush, it is heard as part of the signature and you will hear it as a distortion to the tonal balance.
3. Your brain mostly ignores reflected signals when evaluating the balance of sound. Bass reflections get treated a little differently.
4. You cannot locate bass sounds unless you correctly associate a bass note’s overtones and then locate them in space. This allows for speakers that specialize in low bass—subwoofers—to be placed away from the main speakers and successfully fool you into believing that the bass is coming from the small speakers that reproduce the overtones.
5. Here is a neat little experiment you can try at home: Put your amp in “mono’ mode and notice that if you are just slightly off-center, the sound will appear to be coming completely from the speaker closest to you. This is because your brain is a detective, and the sound coming from this speaker gets “fingerprinted”, identified as the first arrival of sound and then used as the sole source of information as to the sound’s location. You are still hearing the other speaker, (try unplugging it) your brain just isn’t using it for location information.
In Conclusion
The study of how the brain processes sound – psychoacoustics — is a huge and very interesting body of information. If you’d like to read more, there’s a lot to dig into. You may want to bring a good shovel and start at this wikipedia article. Have fun exploring science!
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Sacramento, California
Sacramento is the capital of the state of California, the county seat of Sacramento County and is situated in the Central Valley. The estimated population was 477,892 in 2011, making it the sixth-largest city in California. The Sacramento metropolitan area consists of four counties -- El Dorado, Placer, Sacramento and Yolo -- which together had an estimated population of 2,527,123 in 2009. Sacramento is a major regional hub of economic and cultural movements and activities in the Sacramento Valley. Two major rivers, the American and Sacramento rivers, intersect in Sacramento and are international attractions for rafters, kayakers and boaters. Cyclists, runners and pedestrians also enjoy the tree-lined zones along the rivers.
The first settlers of the area now known as Sacramento were the Nisenan and Plains Miwok Indians. Between 1799 and 1808, Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley and the Sacramento River. A writer with Moraga's expedition noted that "canopies of oaks and cottonwoods, many festooned with grapevines, overhung both sides of the blue current. The air was like Champagne, and (the Spaniards) drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them. It's like the Holy Sacrament." Thus, the valley and the river were then christened after the "most Holy Sacrament of the body and blood of Christ," a reference to the Catholic sacrament of the Eucharist.
In August 1839, pioneer John Sutter Sr. arrived in the Sacramento area from Liestal, Switzerland, with other settlers and established Sutter's Fort, which was a trading colony and stockade that Sutter dubbed New Helvetia, or "New Switzerland." Sutter's orchard of fruit trees planted in 1847 was the inception of the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley. However, the following year, James W. Marshall discovered gold at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, about 50 miles northeast of the fort, and a large number of prospectors arrived in the area searching for gold. Sutter's son, John Sutter Jr., in association with Sam Brannan, planned the city of Sacramento, which overnight became a commercial success. Sutter hired William H. Warner, a topographical engineer, to draft the original layout of the city, which is situated just east and south of where the American River meets the Sacramento River. In 1849, the citizens of Sacramento adopted a city charter, which was recognized by the state Legislature in 1850, making Sacramento the oldest incorporated city in California.
Throughout the early 1840s and 1850s, when China was at war with Great Britain and France in the First and Second Opium Wars, many Chinese immigrants came to America. Many of them first came to San Francisco, which was then the largest city in California and which the Chinese called Dai Fow, meaning "The Big City." Some Chinese immigrants eventually came to Sacramento, which was then second largest city and which the Chinese called Yee Fow, meaning "Second City." They helped build the levees within Sacramento and the surrounding cities as well as railroads in the city and the transcontinental railroad across the United States. Today, Sacramento’s Chinatown is much smaller than in the 19th century, but nevertheless, Chinese-Americans are recognized as significant part of Sacramento’s history and heritage.
The California Legislature moved to Sacramento in 1854, and in 1879 at the Constitutional Convention the city was named the permanent state capital. The capital under both Spanish and Mexican rule once Mexico gained its independence in 1821 had been in Monterey. After California’s statehood was ratified, the Legislature met in San Jose, Vallejo and Benicia, before moving to Sacramento.
The city’s economic base is mainly governmental. Transportation is a also large sector, as are information technology, leisure and hospitality, business services, higher education, construction, and health services and research. The city’s top employers are Sutter Heath, Blue Diamond Growers, Aerojet and the McClatchy Company. The Sacramento area hosts a wide variety of higher educational opportunities. There are two major public universities, California State University, Sacramento, and the University of California, which has a campus in nearby Davis as well as graduate facilities in Sacramento. Many private institutions, community colleges and vocational schools are also located in Sacramento.
Sutter’s Fort and Old Sacramento are the oldest parts of the city, and buildings there have been preserved, restored and reconstructed, and the district is now a substantial tourist attraction with rides on steam-hauled historic trains and paddle steamers. Sacramento also has several major museums -- the Crocker Art Museum, the California State Railroad Museum, the California Automobile Museum, the California Museum for History, Woman, and the Arts, which is home to the California Hall of Fame, and the Sacramento History Museum. Sacramento is home to a significant music scene, including the Sacramento Philharmonic Orchestra, the Sacramento Choral Society & Orchestra, the Sacramento Youth Symphony, the Sacramento Master Singers, the Sacramento Children’s Chorus and the Camellia Symphony. Sacramento is well known as a center for Dixieland jazz, and jazz fans flock there every Memorial Day weekend to attend the Sacramento Jazz Jubilee. Many theaters are in Sacramento, including the Community Center Theatre and Memorial Auditorium.
Sacramento has a Mediterranean-style climate, with winters that are wet and mild, and summers that are dry and hot. The Sacramento Valley is known for its tule fog, which is extremely dense, limits visibility to less than 100 feet, and usually lasts an average of 96 days per year. Summers in Sacramento are great for people who love the heat, as on average the temperature exceeds 90 degrees Fahrenheit on 74 days during summer.
The Brod Law Firm takes tremendous pride in representing the interests of our clients in and around the greater Sacramento area, the Central Valley and in Northern California. We are committed to fighting for the rights of individuals, as well as small businesses in and around Sacramento, and we do not represent insurance companies or large corporations. Our law practice focuses on meeting the needs and challenges of our clients.
We are Sacramento injury attorneys, and we fight for people who have suffered serious and catastrophic injuries. In all personal injury cases, we work on a contingency fee basis, which means that unless a recovery of money is obtained, no legal fees are owed. We are Sacramento business attorneys, and unlike many large firms that look at business litigation as a way to bill excessively, our goal is to effectively and efficiently resolve our clients’ disputes.
Directions to our Oakland office from Sacramento: Take Interstate 80 east toward Oakland, and continue onto Interstate 980. Get off at the 18th Street exit toward 14th Street. Turn left on 17th Street, then left at Franklin Street. The office is at 1814 Franklin St. on the right side of the street.
Directions to our San Francisco office from Sacramento are as follows: Take Interstate 80 west to the Bay Bridge toward San Francisco and exit at Fremont Street. Merge onto Fremont Street and turn left onto Mission Street. Turn right onto Anthony Street and take the first right onto Jessie Street. The office is at 96 Jessie St.
(Please note that we will travel to Sacramento to meet with our clients in the greater Sacramento area and the Central Valley, and that it is not necessary for those clients to travel to our San Francisco or Oakland offices.) | <urn:uuid:67e2c4e0-f906-45d1-863d-73e3f29babd3> | 3 | 2.96875 | 0.022993 | en | 0.95716 | https://www.brodfirm.com/sacramento-california.html |
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