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|---|---|---|---|
The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is: | medical_genetics | [
"prophase I",
"metaphase I",
"prophase II",
"metaphase II"
] | 0A
|
What is the first-line drug for patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity, as of 2020?
| nutrition | [
"Acarbose",
"Metformin",
"Sulphonylureas",
"Insulin"
] | 1B
|
The median survival time to AIDS and death was established by following: | virology | [
"Seroprevalent HIV-infected individuals",
"Seronegatives",
"Seroconverters",
"High-risk seronegatives"
] | 2C
|
Which of the following is not known to be involved in the control of cell division? | high_school_biology | [
"Cyclins",
"Protein kinases",
"Checkpoints",
"Fibroblast cells"
] | 3D
|
DNA ligase is | medical_genetics | [
"an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication",
"an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences",
"an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes",
"an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches"
] | 0A
|
A mutation in a bacterial enzyme changed a previously polar amino acid into a nonpolar amino acid. This amino acid was located at a site distant from the enzyme’s active site. How might this mutation alter the enzyme’s substrate specificity? | high_school_biology | [
"By changing the enzyme’s pH optimum",
"By changing the enzyme’s location in the cell",
"By changing the shape of the protein",
"An amino acid change away from the active site cannot alter the enzyme’s substrate specificity."
] | 2C
|
A key factor facilitating the application of nested case-control studies from the MACS was: | virology | [
"Data collection",
"Establishment of a repository of biologic specimens",
"Participant interest",
"Administration of the questionnaire by staff"
] | 1B
|
Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for the protective effect of dietary fibre against cancer of the colon, as of 2020?
| nutrition | [
"Propionic acid, formed during colonic fibre fermentation inhibits liver fatty acid synthesis",
"Butyric acid, formed during colonic fibre fermentation stimulates \"silencing\" of the SLC5A8 tumour suppressor gene",
"None of these options are correct",
"Butyric acid, formed during colonic fibre fermentation stimulates anti-oxidant defences in the colon"
] | 3D
|
Which of the following is the body cavity that contains the pituitary gland? | anatomy | [
"Abdominal",
"Cranial",
"Pleural",
"Spinal"
] | 1B
|
Homologous structures are often cited as evidence for the process of natural selection. All of the following are examples of homologous structures EXCEPT | high_school_biology | [
"the wings of a bird and the wings of a bat",
"the flippers of a whale and the arms of a man",
"the pectoral fins of a porpoise and the flippers of a seal",
"the forelegs of an insect and the forelimbs of a dog"
] | 3D
|
A 42-year-old man comes to the office for preoperative evaluation prior to undergoing adrenalectomy scheduled in 2 weeks. One month ago, he received care in the emergency department for pain over his right flank following a motor vehicle collision. At that time, blood pressure was 160/100 mm Hg and CT scan of the abdomen showed an incidental 10-cm left adrenal mass. Results of laboratory studies, including complete blood count, serum electrolyte concentrations, and liver function tests, were within the reference ranges. The patient otherwise had been healthy and had never been told that he had elevated blood pressure. He takes no medications. A follow-up visit in the office 2 weeks ago disclosed elevated urinary normetanephrine and metanephrine and plasma aldosterone concentrations. The patient was referred to a surgeon, who recommended the adrenalectomy. Today, vital signs are temperature 36.6°C (97.9°F), pulse 100/min, respirations 14/min, and blood pressure 170/95 mm Hg. Physical examination discloses no significant findings. Initial preoperative preparation should include treatment with which of the following? | professional_medicine | [
"Labetalol",
"A loading dose of potassium chloride",
"Nifedipine",
"Phenoxybenzamine"
] | 3D
|
In the assessment of the hand function which of the following is true? | clinical_knowledge | [
"Abduction of the thumb is supplied by spinal root T2",
"Opposition of the thumb by opponens policis is supplied by spinal root T1",
"Finger adduction is supplied by the median nerve",
"Finger abduction is mediated by the palmar interossei"
] | 1B
|
Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance? | medical_genetics | [
"Pyloric stenosis",
"Schizophrenia",
"Spina bifida (neural tube defects)",
"Marfan syndrome"
] | 3D
|
Glycolysis is the name given to the pathway involving the conversion of: | clinical_knowledge | [
"glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate.",
"glycogen or glucose to fructose.",
"glycogen or glucose to pyruvate or lactate.",
"glycogen or glucose to pyruvate or acetyl CoA."
] | 2C
|
Which of the following is not a way to form recombinant DNA? | high_school_biology | [
"Translation",
"Conjugation",
"Specialized transduction",
"Transformation"
] | 0A
|
The energy for all forms of muscle contraction is provided by: | clinical_knowledge | [
"ATP.",
"ADP.",
"phosphocreatine.",
"oxidative phosphorylation."
] | 0A
|
A high school science teacher fills a 1 liter bottle with pure nitrogen and seals the lid. The pressure is 1.70 atm, and the room temperature is 25°C. Which two variables will both increase the pressure of the system, if all other variables are held constant? | college_medicine | [
"Increasing temperature, increasing moles of gas",
"Increasing temperature, increasing volume",
"Decreasing volume, decreasing temperature",
"Decreasing moles of gas, increasing volume"
] | 0A
|
Why are parvoviruses a highly impactful parasite? | virology | [
"Because they have no nucleic acid",
"They require a helper virus",
"Only replicate in dividing cells",
"Can integrate into host chromosomes"
] | 0A
|
Which of the following is not a true statement? | college_medicine | [
"Muscle glycogen is broken down enzymatically to glucose-1-phosphate",
"Elite endurance runners have a high proportion of Type I fibres in their leg muscles",
"Liver glycogen is important in the maintenance of the blood glucose concentration",
"Insulin promotes glucose uptake by all tissues in the body"
] | 3D
|
A previously healthy 32-year-old woman comes to the physician 8 months after her husband was killed in a car crash. Since that time, she has had a decreased appetite and difficulty falling asleep. She states that she is often sad and cries frequently. She has been rechecking the door lock five times before leaving her house and has to count exactly five pieces of toilet paper before she uses it. She says that she has always been a perfectionist but these urges and rituals are new. Pharmacotherapy should be targeted to which of the following neurotransmitters? | professional_medicine | [
"Dopamine",
"Glutamate",
"Norepinephrine",
"Serotonin"
] | 3D
|
A gene showing codominance | medical_genetics | [
"has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote",
"has one allele dominant to the other",
"has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome",
"has alleles expressed at the same time in development"
] | 0A
|
Which of the following statements is correct (according to knowledge in 2020)?
| nutrition | [
"Consumers with phenylketonuria must avoid the consumption of the sweetener aspartame",
"Consumers with phenylketonuria must avoid the consumption of the sweetener saccharin",
"Consumers with phenylketonuria must avoid the consumption of the sweetener sucralose",
"Consumers with phenylketonuria must avoid the consumption of the sweetener acesulfame K"
] | 0A
|
Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by: | medical_genetics | [
"polymerase chain reaction.",
"single strand conformational polymorphism analysis.",
"Southern blotting.",
"Western blotting."
] | 2C
|
A 22-year-old male marathon runner presents to the office with the complaint of right-sided rib pain when he runs long distances. Physical examination reveals normal heart and lung findings and an exhalation dysfunction at ribs 4-5 on the right. Which of the following muscles or muscle groups will be most useful in correcting this dysfunction utilizing a direct method? | professional_medicine | [
"anterior scalene",
"latissimus dorsi",
"pectoralis minor",
"quadratus lumborum"
] | 2C
|
Which of the following represents an accurate statement concerning arthropods? | college_biology | [
"They possess an exoskeleton composed primarily of peptidoglycan.",
"They possess an open circulatory system with a dorsal heart.",
"They are members of a biologically unsuccessful phylum incapable of exploiting diverse habitats and nutrition sources.",
"They lack paired, jointed appendages."
] | 1B
|
In Angle's Class II Div 2 occlusion there is | anatomy | [
"excess overbite of the upper lateral incisors.",
"negative overjet of the upper central incisors.",
"excess overjet of the upper lateral incisors.",
"excess overjet of the upper central incisors."
] | 2C
|
A 44-year-old man comes to the office because of a 3-day history of sore throat, nonproductive cough, runny nose, and frontal headache. He says the headache is worse in the morning and ibuprofen does provide some relief. He has not had shortness of breath. Medical history is unremarkable. He takes no medications other than the ibuprofen for pain. Vital signs are temperature 37.4°C (99.4°F), pulse 88/min, respirations 18/min, and blood pressure 120/84 mm Hg. Examination of the nares shows erythematous mucous membranes. Examination of the throat shows erythema and follicular lymphoid hyperplasia on the posterior oropharynx. There is no palpable cervical adenopathy. Lungs are clear to auscultation. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms? | professional_medicine | [
"Allergic rhinitis",
"Epstein-Barr virus",
"Mycoplasma pneumoniae",
"Rhinovirus"
] | 3D
|
Which of the following is a morphological characteristic of the paramyxoviruses. | virology | [
"Fragile viruses often visualised with RNA spewing from the inside",
"Elongate viruses",
"Icosahedral viruses with envelope",
"Very large viruses"
] | 0A
|
In a genetic test of a newborn, a rare genetic disorder is found that has X-linked recessive transmission. Which of the following statements is likely true regarding the pedigree of this disorder? | college_medicine | [
"All descendants on the maternal side will have the disorder.",
"Females will be approximately twice as affected as males in this family.",
"All daughters of an affected male will be affected.",
"There will be equal distribution of males and females affected."
] | 2C
|
In a cohort study, the risk ratio of developing diabetes was 0.86 when comparing consumers of tea (the exposed) to those who did not drink tea (the unexposed). Which one statement is correct (according to knowledge in 2020)?
| nutrition | [
"The tea drinkers have lower risk of developing diabetes.",
"The tea drinkers have higher risk of developing diabetes.",
"Based on the information given we cannot tell if the observed difference in disease risk is the result of chance.",
"The risk ratio is close to the value one, so there is no difference in disease risk between the two groups."
] | 2C
|
What is the difference between a male and a female catheter? | clinical_knowledge | [
"Male and female catheters are different colours.",
"Male catheters are longer than female catheters.",
"Male catheters are bigger than female catheters.",
"Female catheters are longer than male catheters."
] | 1B
|
Glucose is transported into the muscle cell: | college_medicine | [
"via protein transporters called GLUT4.",
"only in the presence of insulin.",
"via hexokinase.",
"via monocarbylic acid transporters."
] | 0A
|
In a given population, 1 out of every 400 people has a cancer caused by a completely recessive allele, b. Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following is the expected proportion of individuals who carry the b allele but are not expected to develop the cancer? | college_biology | [
"1/400",
"19/400",
"20/400",
"38/400"
] | 3D
|
In animal cells, which of the following represents the most likely pathway that a secretory protein takes as it is synthesized in a cell? | high_school_biology | [
"Plasma membrane–Golgi apparatus–ribosome–secretory vesicle–rough ER",
"Ribosome–Golgi apparatus–rough ER–secretory vesicle–plasma membrane",
"Plasma membrane–Golgi apparatus–ribosome–secretory vesicle–rough ER",
"Ribosome–rough ER–Golgi apparatus–secretory vesicle–plasma membrane"
] | 3D
|
An expected side effect of creatine supplementation is: | college_medicine | [
"muscle weakness.",
"gain in body mass.",
"muscle cramps.",
"loss of electrolytes."
] | 1B
|
What is the embryological origin of the hyoid bone? | anatomy | [
"The first pharyngeal arch",
"The first and second pharyngeal arches",
"The second pharyngeal arch",
"The second and third pharyngeal arches"
] | 3D
|
The presence of homologous structures in two different organisms, such as the humerus in the front limb of a human and a bird, indicates that | college_biology | [
"the human and bird are polyphyletic species",
"a human's and bird's evolution is convergent",
"the human and bird belong to a clade",
"the human and bird developed by analogy"
] | 2C
|
Which of the following contain DNA sequences required for the segregation of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis? | college_biology | [
"Telomeres",
"Centromeres",
"Nucleosomes",
"Spliceosomes"
] | 1B
|
The most important goal of a behavioral intervention is: | virology | [
"Change in behavior",
"Comprehensive coverage",
"Effective use of behavioral theory",
"Sustained behavior change"
] | 3D
|
The pleura | anatomy | [
"have no sensory innervation.",
"are separated by a 2 mm space.",
"extend into the neck.",
"are composed of respiratory epithelium."
] | 2C
|
A 36-year-old male presents to the office with a 3-week history of low back pain. He denies any recent trauma but says that he climbs in and out of his truck numerous times a day for his job. Examination of the patient in the prone position reveals a deep sacral sulcus on the left, a posterior inferior lateral angle on the right, and a lumbosacral junction that springs freely on compression. The most likely diagnosis is | professional_medicine | [
"left-on-left sacral torsion",
"left-on-right sacral torsion",
"right unilateral sacral flexion",
"right-on-right sacral torsion"
] | 3D
|
Which of the following statements about iodine is correct, as of 2020?
| nutrition | [
"50% of adults consume iodine at levels below the RNI",
"Dairy products are a poor source of iodine",
"The iodine content of organic milk is generally lower that the level in non-organic milk",
"UK dietary reference values recommend an increase in iodine intake in pregnancy"
] | 2C
|
Which of these branches of the trigeminal nerve contain somatic motor processes? | anatomy | [
"The supraorbital nerve",
"The infraorbital nerve",
"The mental nerve",
"None of the above"
] | 3D
|
According to the pressure-flow model of movement of phloem contents, photosynthate movement from source to sink is driven by | college_biology | [
"an ATP-dependent pressure-flow pump",
"a water-pressure potential gradient",
"transpiration",
"apoplastic diffusion"
] | 1B
|
How many attempts should you make to cannulate a patient before passing the job on to a senior colleague, according to the medical knowledge of 2020? | clinical_knowledge | [
"4",
"3",
"2",
"1"
] | 2C
|
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