What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
William Maynard SAWYER, Petitioner, v. Garrell S. MULLANEY, Warden, Maine State Prison, and the State of Maine, Respondents.
No. Misc. 74-8087.
United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
Submitted Nov. 29, 1974.
Decided Feb. 21, 1975.
William Maynard Sawyer, pro se, on application and memorandum in support thereof.
Before COFFIN, Chief Judge, McENTEE and CAMPBELL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
Petitioner, a prisoner at the Maine State Prison, filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. The district court dismissed the petition and denied a certificate of probable cause. The case is now before us for a determination on whether a certificate should issue and counsel should be appointed.
Petitioner was convicted of breaking, entering and larceny in the nighttime on the uncorroborated testimony of one Doughty, who claimed to have committed the theft along with the petitioner. Petitioner’s claim is that he was denied due process of law and his Sixth Amendment right to present two witnesses at a hearing on his motion for a new trial.
Doughty has on two occasions, contrary to his testimony at trial, stated that petitioner was not involved at all in the crime. The first occasion was prior to trial, and on the stand Doughty admitted that he had gone to petitioner’s attorney’s office and renounced his accusation of petitioner. At trial, Doughty attributed his recantation to fear of petitioner and' the effects of beer which he had consumed. About a year and a half after the trial, Doughty went to the Penobscot County Sheriff’s office and, under questioning by petitioner’s attorney (not the same one before whom the other statement was made) and in the presence of witnesses, made a sworn statement that petitioner was not involved in the crime and had been implicated only because of a grudge.
This statement formed the basis for a motion for retrial on the basis of newly discovered evidence. A hearing was held before a Superior Court Justice, and the motion was denied. Doughty testified at the hearing and, although he admitted making the statement, once again asserted the truth of the story he had told at trial. He said the statement exonerating petitioner had been made only because of threats and the fact that he had been drinking heavily. Petitioner’s counsel offered to produce two deputy sheriffs to testify that Doughty was not drunk at the time of the sworn statement given at the Sheriff’s office, but the Justice refused to hear these witnesses. The direct appeal and the refusal to grant a new trial were heard together by the Maine Supreme Judicial Court and the appeals were denied. 314 A.2d 830.
The Court, while observing that it would have been “preferable for the Justice to have heard the proffered testimony”, 314 A.2d at 834, noted that the Justice had been aware of the first recantation, that the jury had accepted the witness’ explanation of it, and that, while the witness claimed to have been “drinking quite heavy, too, at the time”, he had not attributed his recantation to being drunk. The pertinent standard at the hearing was whether the new evidence, which was merely cumulative and impeaching, made it clear that a new trial would result in a different verdict. The Supreme Judicial Court held that it could not say that the hearing Justice was clearly wrong in reaching a negative answer.
Even in reviewing denials of motions for new trials in federal courts, we recognize a wide degree of discretion on the part of the trial judge. It is a remedy which is “sparingly used”. United States v. Zannino, 468 F.2d 1299 (1st Cir. 1972), quoting from United States v. Leach, 427 F.2d 1107, 1111 (1st Cir. 1970). While we have no doubt thát jurisdiction exists to review state court denials of motions for new trial, see, e. g., Petition of Wright, 282 F.Supp. 999 (W.D.Ark.1968), success in habeas must necessarily rest on the presence of error of constitutional magnitude. In this case we agree with the Supreme Judicial Court that the preferable course, where the credibility of the state’s key witness was being challenged, would have been to receive the evidence. But, having in mind the knowledge of both recantations on the part of the hearing Justice, the tangential nature of the proffered impeachment, and the discretion reposed in him, we cannot find constitutional error. Indeed, we find no substantial constitutional issue.
The request for a certificate of probable cause is denied.
The Justice advised Doughty that he might be subject to a perjury charge if his testimony at the hearing conflicted with his prior sworn statement, and petitioner suggests that this was coercive. We find this allegation to be insubstantial.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1