What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of respondents in the case that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the respondent is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
BROWNE v. NEW YORK LIFE INS. CO.
No. 9293.
Circuit Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
March 7, 1932.
E. H. Gamble and Allan R. Browne, both of Kansas City, Mo., for appellant.
George J. Mersereau, Richard S. Righter, Claude A. Ferguson, and Lathrop, Crane, Reynolds, Sawyer & Mersereau, all of Kansas City, Mo., for appellee.
Before KENYON, YAN YALKEN-BURGPI, and GARDNER, Circuit Judges.
GARDNER, Circuit Judge.
In this action appellant, as assignee of Carrie Garst, administratrix of the estate of Charles H. Garst, deceased, seeks to recover on a policy of life insurance. The parties will be referred to as they appeared in the lower court.
It is alleged in the petition that the defendant issued and delivered the life insurance policy in question on March 11, 1921, whereby it agreed to pay the executors, administrators, or assigns, of the insured, Charles H. Garst, the amount of $5,-000, upon receipt of due proof of his death, and double that amount upon receipt of due proof of- his death resulting directly and independently of all other causes from bodily injury effected solely through external, violent, and accidental cause; that on or about May 14, 1921, the' insured left his home at Paleo, Kan., where he was then residing with his wife and family, with Salina, Kan., as his primary destination, en route to Kansas City, Mo.; that he thereupon disappeared and has not since reappeared, nor has anything since been heard of him; that there was no known cause for his nonreturn, or reason for his disappearance, except his death, which It is alleged occurred May 15, 1921, while the policy was in full force and effect. An assignment of the policy to the plaintiff is alleged, the sufficiency of which is not questioned in this case.
The answer admitted the issuance of the policy, put in issue the other allegations of the petition, and pleaded specially the Kansas statute of limitations, alleging that the policy was ■ a Kansas contract, and hence should be governed by the laws of that state.
At the close of plaintiff’s testimony, on motion of defendant, the court directed a verdict in favor of the defendant and against the plaintiff, and from the judgment entered on that verdict so directed the plaintiff prosecutes this appeal.
Counsel on either side have elaborately briefed the question of the statute of limitations, but, in our view of the case, there is hut one ultimate question for determination, and that is whether or not there was substantial evidence from which the jury might reasonably have determined that the insured died during the life of the policy. The first annual premium only was paid, so that the policy remained in force to and including the 11th day of March, 1922. Attached to the insurance policy is an application signed by the insured, in which he states that he had never suffered from any disease of the brain, nervous system, heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys, bladder, skin, middle ear, or eye, and various other named diseases, lie also states that he had not consulted, nor been treated by, any physician or surgeon within five years immediately prior to the signing of his application.
At the time of the issuance of the insurance policy, and at the time of insured’s departure, he was employed in running a Standard Oil station, and at some previous time had been employed in a grain elevator. He was married in 1900, and at the time of his disappearance was living with his wife and family of seven children. On the date of his departure, which was Saturday. he left a letter at the railway station at Palco, addressed to his son George. The letter boro no date but was received by his wife on May 15, 1921. It was inclosed in a stamped United States envelope, and was addressed to George Garst, at Palco, but was not postmarked, and had not been mailed. The letter, as well as the address on the envelope, however, was in the handwriting of the insured. This letter reads as follows:
“George, there is nothing that there is no ticket made for. I am going to Salina to see a specialist.
“[Signed] C. H. Garst.”
The next that was heard from the insured was a letter mailed at Salina, Kan., May 15, 1921, hearing no date, and reading as follows:
“Dear wife & all I am going to Kansas City to knight. I guess it will mean an operation on my head. O I do dread it. If any thing should hapen Bruce can have the station if he wants it. I don’t think the hoya can handle it. I have some papers at the bank, insurance.
“By By all
“[Signed] C. H. Garst.
“I will try and write when I get down there.”
He had not told his wife that he was going away, and the first she learned of it was through the letters, and the letter of May 15, 1921, was the last word she has over received from him. On receipt of the Salina letter on May 16, 1921, she went to Kansas City, Mo., and there inquired for her husband at different hospitals, and enlisted the aid of the Kansas City police. Finding no trace of her husband, she went to Salina, Kan., and made inquiry at the hospital there and at nearby rooming places, and enlisted the aid of the Salina chief of police. She notified and made inquiry of all his immediate relatives, and had postcards printed containing a picture of her husband and describing him, and mailed these to a list of sheriffs, whose names she had secured from the Standard Oil Company. She made further inquiry and search at various points in Kansas during the month of May, 1921, hut discovered no clue as to his whereabouts. Three years subsequent to insured’s disappearance, Mrs. Garst heard that a man named Willie Bis-sell, living at Loveland, Colo., claimed to have seen her husband there. She immediately went to Loveland, and there met Bissell. She remained in Loveland with the Bissell family for two weeks, enlisted the aid of the Loveland police, and visited various industrial establishments, hut could learn nothing regarding her husband’s whereabouts. Prior to his departure, his wife observed that he complained of his eyes, and at times was seemingly blind.
Plaintiff relies upon the presumption of death arising from a continuous unexplained absence for a period of seven years. The law presumes that a person shown to be alive at a given time remains alive until the contrary is shown by proof, or, in the absence of proof, until a different presumption arises. At the close of a continuous unexplained absence from his last or usual place of residence for a period of seven years, without having been heard of during such time, the presumption of continuance of life is overcome, and a presumption of death arises. Greenwood v. Frick (C. C. A.) 233 F. 629; Haddock v. Meagher, 180 Iowa, 264, 163 N. W. 417. This presumption is not one of law, but is a mixed presumption of law and fact which may be rebutted, and, in fact, does not arise if the circumstances are such as to account for the absence of the person without assuming his death. Davie v. Briggs, 97 U. S. 628, 634, 24 L. Ed. 1086; Duff v. Duff, 156 Mo. App. 247, 137 S. W. 909.
The evidence in the instant case is clearly sufficient to give rise to the presumption of death of the insured. To entitle plaintiff to recover, however, it was incumbent upon him to prove that death occurred during the life of the policy, and he has alleged that it occurred on or about the 15th of May, 1921. The presumption is not a presumption of the time of death. That must be determined by the facts and circumstances in the ease. Death might be proven by circumstantial evidence, as any other fact, but the party alleging death before the expiration of seven years must prove such facts and circumstances connected with the absence of the person as, when submitted to the test of reason and experience, would warrant a reasonable conclusion of death within a shorter period. As said by Justice Harlan in Davie v. Briggs, supra: “If it appears in evidence that the absent person, within the seven years, encountered some specific peril, or within that period came within the range of some impending or immediate danger, which might reasonably be expected to destroy life, the court or jury may infer that life ceased before the expiration of the seven years.”
This court, in Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Stevens, 71 F. 258, 261, in an opinion by the late Judge Sanborn, after referring to the established presumption of death, upon the disappearance of an individual under ordinary circumstances, from whom his relatives and acquaintances had not afterward heard during a continuous period of seven years after his disappearance, said that: “ * * * The fact of continued life or previous death at the important date should be determined by the jury if there is sufficient evidence in the case to warrant a finding that the established presumption has been, varied, and by the court if there is no such evidence.”
Again this court, in Folk v. United States, 233 F. 177,189, said: “ * * * In the absence of any direct evidence before the Commission that he had died, or that he had been in such a dangerous situation that men of reasonable prudence would infer that he had died, prior to April 1, 1899, the conclusive legal presumption was that he continued to live for at least seven years after the making of the Creek roll in 1895, and hence that he was living on April 1, 1899. In the absence of proof of earlier death, or of evidence of unusual danger of such earlier death, the legal presumption is that a live person continues to live for at least seven years.”
See, also, Continental Life Ins. Co. v. Searing (C. C. A.) 240 F. 653; United States v. Robertson (C. C. A.) 44 F.(2d) 317; Fidelity Mutual Life Ass’n v. Mettler, 185 U. S. 308, 22 S. Ct. 662, 46 L. Ed. 922.
In the final analysis, plaintiff is not materially aided by the presumption of death. Independent of that presumption, it was incumbent upon him to prove that the insured died prior to March 11, 1922. Insured was a man, according to his own statements contained in the application for insurance, of excellent health, and the only evidence showing any possible change in that condition was the evidence to the effect that he was suffering from some eye trouble or defect. He departed from home, leaving word that he was going to Salina to see a specialist. This, however, he did not do. The next word from him was that he was going to Kansas City, and in that, communication he said, “I guess it will mean an operation on my head.” The hospitals, in Kansas City and at Salina were visited, and there is nothing from which the court or a jury cou]d infer that he had died on. the operating table. There was no evidence) of any accident, or that he met with any violence en route to Salina or Kansas City; no dead body seems to have been found;. there was no newspaper record of any casualty; and apparently no knowledge of anything of the sort reached the police department of either of these cities.
The facts and circumstances fall far short of that proof which would lead unprejudiced minds, exercising their best judgment, to conclude that the insured died on May 15, 1921, or at any other particular time during the life of the policy. The jury could not, except by guess or surmise, have determined that insured’s death occurred during the life of the policy, and hence it was the duty of the court to direct a verdict for the defendant. The judgment appealed from is therefore affirmed.

Question: What is the total number of respondents in the case that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 0