What follows is an opinion from the Supreme Court of the United States. Your task is to identify the federal agency involved in the administrative action that occurred prior to the onset of litigation. If the administrative action occurred in a state agency, respond "State Agency". Do not code the name of the state. The administrative activity may involve an administrative official as well as that of an agency. If two federal agencies are mentioned, consider the one whose action more directly bears on the dispute;otherwise the agency that acted more recently. If a state and federal agency are mentioned, consider the federal agency. Pay particular attention to the material which appears in the summary of the case preceding the Court's opinion and, if necessary, those portions of the prevailing opinion headed by a I or II. Action by an agency official is considered to be administrative action except when such an official acts to enforce criminal law. If an agency or agency official "denies" a "request" that action be taken, such denials are considered agency action. Exclude: a "challenge" to an unapplied agency rule, regulation, etc.; a request for an injunction or a declaratory judgment against agency action which, though anticipated, has not yet occurred; a mere request for an agency to take action when there is no evidence that the agency did so; agency or official action to enforce criminal law; the hiring and firing of political appointees or the procedures whereby public officials are appointed to office; attorney general preclearance actions pertaining to voting; filing fees or nominating petitions required for access to the ballot; actions of courts martial; land condemnation suits and quiet title actions instituted in a court; and federally funded private nonprofit organizations.

Opinion:
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE v. ACKER.
No. 13.
Argued October 19, 1959.
Decided November 16, 1959.
Ralph S. Spritzer argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the brief were Solicitor General Rankin, Assistant Attorney General Rice and Robert N. Anderson.
Fred N. Acker, respondent, argued the cause and filed a brief pro se.
-Mr. Justice Whittaker
delivered the opinion óf the Court.
This, case presents the question whether, under the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, the failure of a taxpayer to file a declaration of estimated income tax, as required by § 58, not only subjects him to the addition to the tax prescribed by § 294 (d) (1) (A) for failure to file the declaration, but also subjects bim to the further addition to the tax prescribed by § 294 (d) (2) for the filing of a “substantial underestimate’-’ of his tax.
Section 294 (d)(1)(A)' provides, in substance, ■ that if a taxpayer fails to make and. file “a declaration of estimated tax,” within the time prescribed, there shall be added to the tax an amount equal to 5% of each installment due and unpaid, plus 1% of such unpaid install--ments for each month except the first, not exceeding an aggregate of 10% of such unpaid installments.
Section 294 (d)(2), in pertinent part, provides:
“(2) Substantial underestimate of estimated tax.
“If 80 per centum of the tax (determined without regard to the credits under sections 32 and 35) . . . exceeds the estimated tax (increased by such credits), there shall be added to the tax an amount equal to ' such excess, or equal to 6 per centum of the amount by which such tax so determined exceeds the estimated tax so increased, whichever is the lesser. . . .” 26 U. S. C. (1952 ed.) § 294 (d) (2). •
Section 29.294-1 (b) (3) (A) of Treasury Regulation 111, promulgated under the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, contains the statement that:
“In the event of a failure to file the required declaration, the amount of the estimated tax for the purposes of [§ 294 (d)(2)] is zero.”
Respondent, without reasonable cause, failed to file a declaration pf his estimated income tax for any of the years 1947 through 1950. The Commissioner imposed an addition to the tax for each of those years under §294 (d)(1)(A) for failure to file the declaration, and also imposed a further addition to the tax for each of those years under §294 (d)(2) for a “substantial underestimate” of the tax. The Tax Court sustained the Commissioner’s imposition of both additions. The Court.of Appeals affirmed with respect to the addition imposed for failure to file the declaration, but reversed with respect to the addition imposed for substantial underestimation of the tax, holding that § 294 (d) (2) does not authorize the treatment, of a taxpayer’s failure to file a declaration of estimated tax as the equivalent of a declaration estimating no tax, and that the regulation, which purports to do so, is not supported by. the statute and is invalid. 258 F. 2d 568. Because of a conflict among the circuits we granted the Commissioner’s petition for certiorari. 358 U. S. 940.
The first and-primary question that we must decide is whether there.is any expressed or necessarily implied provision or language in § 294 (d)(2) which authorizes the treatment of a taxpayer’s failure to file a declaration of estimated tax as, or the equivalent of, a declaration estimating his tax to be zero.
We are here concerned with a taxing Act which imposes a penalty. The law is settled that "penal statutes are to be construed strictly,” Federal Communications Comm’n v. American Broadcasting Co., 347 U. S. 284, 296, and that one “is not to be subjected to a penalty unless the words of the statute plainly impose it,” Keppel v. Tiffin Savings Bank, 197 U. S. 356, 362. See, e. g., Tiffany v. National Bank of Missouri, 18 Wall. 409, 410; Elliott v. Railroad Co., 99 U. S. 573, 576.
Viewing § 294 (d) (2) in the light of this rule, we fail to find any expressed or necessarily implied provision or language that purports to authorize the treatment of a taxpayer’s failure to file a declaration of estimated tax as, or the equivalent of, a declaration estimating his tax to be zero. This section contains no words or language to that effect, and its implications look the other way. By twice mentioning, and predicating its application upon, "the. estimated tax” the section seems necessarily to contemplate, arid to apply only to, cases in which a declaration of “the estimated tax” has been made and filed. The fact that the section contains no basis or means for the computation of any addition to the tax in a case where no declaration has been filed would seem to settle the point beyond all controversy. If the section had in any appropriate words conveyed the thought expressed by the regulation it would thereby have clearly authorized the Commissioner to treat the taxpayer’s failure to file a declaration as the equivalent of a declaration estimating his tax at zero and, hence, as constituting a “substantial underestimate” of his tax. But the sectic a contains nothing to that effect, and, therefore, to uphold this addition to the tax would be to hold that it may be imposed by regulation, which, of course, the law does not permit. United States v. Calamaro, 354 U. S. 351, 359; Koshland v. Helvering, 298 U. S. 441, 446-447; Manhattan Co. v. Commissioner, 297 U. S. 129, 134.
The Commissioner points to the fact that both the Senate Report which accompanied the bill that became the Current Tax Payment Act of 1943, and the Conference Report relating to that bill, contained the statement which was later embodied in the regulation. He then argues that by reading § 294 (d) (2) in connection with that statement in those reports it becomes evident that Congress intended by § 294 (d) (2) to treat the failure to file a declaration as the equivalent of a declaration estimating no tax. He urges us to give effect to the congressional intention which he thinks is thus disclosed. However, these reports pertained to the forerunner of the section with which we are now confronted, and not to that section itself. Bearing in mind that we are here con--cerned with an attempt to justify the imposition of a second penalty for the same omission for which Congress has specifically provided a separate and very substantial penalty, we cannot say that the legislative history of the initial enactment is so persuasive as to overcome the language of § 294 (d)(2) which seems clearly to contemplate the filing of an estimate before there can be an underestimate.
The Commissioner next argues that the fact that Con-, gress, with knowledge of the regulation, several times amended the 1939 Code but left § 294 (d) (2) unchanged, shows that Congress approved the regulation, and that we should accordingly hold it to be valid. This argument is. not persuasive, for it must bé presumed that Congress also knew that the courts, except the Tax Court, had almost uniformly held that § 294,(d) (2) does not authorize an addition to the tax in a case where no declaration has been filed, and that the regulation is invalid. But the point is immaterial, for Congress could not add to or expand this statute by impliedly approving the regulation.
These considerations compel us to conclude that § 294 (d) (2) does not authorize the treatment of a taxpayer’s failure to file a declaration of estimated tax as the equivalent of a declaration estimating his tax to be zero. The questioned regulation must therefore be regarded “as no more than an attempted addition to the . statute of something which is not there.” United States v. Calamaro, supra, 354 U. S., at 359.
Affirmed.
Section 58, as amended, provides, in pertinent part, that:
“Every individual . . . shall, at the time prescribed in subsection (d), make a declaration of.his estimated tax for the taxable year if [his gross income from wages or other sources can reasonably be expected to exceed stated sums, showing] the amount which he estimates as the amount of tax under this chapter for the taxable year, without regard to any credits under Sections 32 and 35 for taxes withheld at source . . . ; the amount which he estimates as [such] credits . . . ; and [that] the excess of the [estimated tax] over the [estimated credits] shall be considered the estimated tax for the taxable year.” 26 U. S. C. (1952 ed.) § 58.
Section 294 (d) (1) (A), as amended, provides, in pertinent part, that:
“(A) Failure tó file declaration.
"In the case of a failure to make and file a declaration of estimated tax within the time prescribed . . . there shall be added to the tax 5 per centum of each installment' due but unpaid, and in addition, with respect to each such installment due but unpaid, 1 per centum of the unpaid amount thereof for each month (except the first) or fraction thereof during which such amount' remains unpaid. In no event shall- the aggregate addition to the tax under this subpara-graph .with' respect to any installment due but unpaid, exceed 10 per. centum of the unpaid portion of such installment. For the purposes of this' subparagraph the amount and due date of each installment shall be the same as if a declaration had been filed within the time prescribed showing an estimated tax equal to the- correct tax reduced by the credits under sections 32 and 35.” 26 U. S. C. (1952 ed.) §294 (d)(1)(A).
After the Sixth Circuit had delivered its opinion in this case but before.it had decided the Commissioner’s petition-for rehearing, the Third Circuit, in Abbott v. Commissioner, 258 F. 2d 537, and the Fifth Circuit, in Patchen v. Commissioner, 258 F. 2d 544, held that the failure of a taxpayer to'file a declaration of estimated tax subjected him not only to the “addition to the tax” imposed by § 294 (d) (1) (A) for failure to file a declaration, but also to the “addition to the tax” imposed by §294 (d)(2) for a “substantial underestimate” of his tax. Less than two months earlier, the Ninth Circuit, too, had so held in Hansen v. Commissioner, 258 F. 2d 585.
From the beginning of litigation involving the question here presented, a large majority- of the published opinions of the District Courts have held -that § 294 (d) (2) does not authorize the treatment of a taxpayer’s failure to file any -declaration at all as the equivalent of a declaration estimating his tax to be zero, and that the regulation attempts to amend and extend the statute and is therefore invalid. See, e. g., United States v. Ridley, 120 F. Supp. 530, 538; United States v. Ridley, 127 F. Supp. 3, 11; Owen v. United States; 134 F. Supp. 31, 39, modified on another point sub nom. Knop v. United States, 234 F. 2d 760; Powell v. Granquist, 146 F. Supp. 308, 312, aff’d, 252 F. 2d 56; Hodgkinson v. United States, 57-1 U. S. T. C. ¶ 9294; Jones v. Wood, 151 F. Supp. 678; Glass v. Dunn, 56-2 U. S. T. C. ¶ 9840; Stenzel v. United States, 150 F. Supp. 364; Todd v. United States, 57-2 U. S. T. C. ¶ 9768; Erwin v. Granquist, 57-2 U. S. T. C. ¶ 9732, aff'd, 253 F. 2d 26; Barnwell v. United States, 164 F. Supp. 430. Three District Court opinions have held the other way, Palmisano v. United States, 159 F. Supp. 98; Farrow v. United States, 150 F. Supp. 581; and Peterson v. United States, 141 F. Supp. 382; and the Tax Court has consistently so held. See, e. g., Buckley v. Commissioner, 29 T. C. 455; Garsaud v. Commissioner, 28 T. C. 1086, 1090.
The 1954 Internal Revenue Code has eliminated the question here presented as respects taxable years'beginning after January 1, 1955, ■ by providing for a single addition to the tax of 6% of the'amount of underpayment, whether for failure to file a declaration of estimated tax or timely to pay the quarterly installments or for a substantial underestimation of the tax. 26 U. S. C. (1952 ed., Supp. V) § 6654. But the question is still a live one because of the pendency of a substantial number of cases which arose under and are governed by the 193Q Code.
Although the Commissioner concedes that the addition to the tax imposed by §294 (d)(1)(A) for failure to file a declaration of estimated- tax is a penalty, he contends that the addition to the tax imposed by § 294 (d) (2) for substantial underestimation of the tax may not be so regarded. He attempts to Support' a distinction upon the ground that the amount of the addition' imposed by §294 (d)(1)(A) of 5%, plus 1% per month of unpaid installments, not exceeding an aggregate of 10% of such unpaid installments, does not represent a normal interest rate, whereas, he argues, the addition of the maximum of 6% that may be imposed under § 294 (d) (2) is a normal interest rate and should not be regarded, as a penalty but as interest to compensate the Government for delayed: payment.
We think this argument is unsoupd, for both of the additions, are imposed for the breach of statutory duty, and both are characterized by the same language. Each is stated in the respective sections to be an “addition to the tax” itself; and, being such, it cannot be interest. Moreover, being “addition [s] to the tax,” both additions are themselves as subject to statutory interest as the remainder of the tax. 26 U. S. C. (1952 ed.) §292 (a).
S. Rep. No. 221, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 42; 1943 Cum. Bull. 1314, 1345.
Section 5 (b) of the Current Tax Payment Act of 1943, c. 120, 57 Stat. 126, introduced into the 1939 Code what, as amended, is now § 294 (d) (2) of that Code.
H. R. Conf. Rep. No. 510, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 56; 1943 Cum. Bull. 1351, 1372.
See Note 3

Question: What is the agency involved in the administrative action?

Choices:
Army and Air Force Exchange Service
Atomic Energy Commission
Secretary or administrative unit or personnel of the U.S. Air Force
Department or Secretary of Agriculture
Alien Property Custodian
Secretary or administrative unit or personnel of the U.S. Army
Board of Immigration Appeals
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Bureau of Prisons
Bonneville Power Administration
Benefits Review Board
Civil Aeronautics Board
Bureau of the Census
Central Intelligence Agency
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Department or Secretary of Commerce
Comptroller of Currency
Consumer Product Safety Commission
Civil Rights Commission
Civil Service Commission, U.S.
Customs Service or Commissioner or Collector of Customs
Defense Base Closure and REalignment Commission
Drug Enforcement Agency
Department or Secretary of Defense (and Department or Secretary of War)
Department or Secretary of Energy
Department or Secretary of the Interior
Department of Justice or Attorney General
Department or Secretary of State
Department or Secretary of Transportation
Department or Secretary of Education
U.S. Employees' Compensation Commission, or Commissioner
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Environmental Protection Agency or Administrator
Federal Aviation Agency or Administration
Federal Bureau of Investigation or Director
Federal Bureau of Prisons
Farm Credit Administration
Federal Communications Commission (including a predecessor, Federal Radio Commission)
Federal Credit Union Administration
Food and Drug Administration
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal Energy Administration
Federal Election Commission
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Federal Housing Administration
Federal Home Loan Bank Board
Federal Labor Relations Authority
Federal Maritime Board
Federal Maritime Commission
Farmers Home Administration
Federal Parole Board
Federal Power Commission
Federal Railroad Administration
Federal Reserve Board of Governors
Federal Reserve System
Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation
Federal Trade Commission
Federal Works Administration, or Administrator
General Accounting Office
Comptroller General
General Services Administration
Department or Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare
Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services
Department or Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Administrative agency established under an interstate compact (except for the MTC)
Interstate Commerce Commission
Indian Claims Commission
Immigration and Naturalization Service, or Director of, or District Director of, or Immigration and Naturalization Enforcement
Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of
Information Security Oversight Office
Department or Secretary of Labor
Loyalty Review Board
Legal Services Corporation
Merit Systems Protection Board
Multistate Tax Commission
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Secretary or administrative unit or personnel of the U.S. Navy
National Credit Union Administration
National Endowment for the Arts
National Enforcement Commission
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
National Labor Relations Board, or regional office or officer
National Mediation Board
National Railroad Adjustment Board
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
National Security Agency
Office of Economic Opportunity
Office of Management and Budget
Office of Price Administration, or Price Administrator
Office of Personnel Management
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission
Office of Workers' Compensation Programs
Patent Office, or Commissioner of, or Board of Appeals of
Pay Board (established under the Economic Stabilization Act of 1970)
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
U.S. Public Health Service
Postal Rate Commission
Provider Reimbursement Review Board
Renegotiation Board
Railroad Adjustment Board
Railroad Retirement Board
Subversive Activities Control Board
Small Business Administration
Securities and Exchange Commission
Social Security Administration or Commissioner
Selective Service System
Department or Secretary of the Treasury
Tennessee Valley Authority
United States Forest Service
United States Parole Commission
Postal Service and Post Office, or Postmaster General, or Postmaster
United States Sentencing Commission
Veterans' Administration or Board of Veterans' Appeals
War Production Board
Wage Stabilization Board
State Agency
Unidentifiable
Office of Thrift Supervision
Department of Homeland Security
Board of General Appraisers
Board of Tax Appeals
General Land Office or Commissioners
NO Admin Action
Processing Tax Board of Review

Answer: 68