What follows is an opinion from the Supreme Court of the United States. Your task is to identify the petitioner of the case. The petitioner is the party who petitioned the Supreme Court to review the case. This party is variously known as the petitioner or the appellant. Characterize the petitioner as the Court's opinion identifies them.

Identify the petitioner by the label given to the party in the opinion or judgment of the Court except where the Reports title a party as the "United States" or as a named state. Textual identification of parties is typically provided prior to Part I of the Court's opinion. The official syllabus, the summary that appears on the title page of the case, may be consulted as well. In describing the parties, the Court employs terminology that places them in the context of the specific lawsuit in which they are involved. For example, "employer" rather than "business" in a suit by an employee; as a "minority," "female," or "minority female" employee rather than "employee" in a suit alleging discrimination by an employer.

Also note that the Court's characterization of the parties applies whether the petitioner is actually single entity or whether many other persons or legal entities have associated themselves with the lawsuit. That is, the presence of the phrase, et al., following the name of a party does not preclude the Court from characterizing that party as though it were a single entity. Thus, identify a single petitioner, regardless of how many legal entities were actually involved. If a state (or one of its subdivisions) is a party, note only that a state is a party, not the state's name.

Opinion:
Lawrence Eugene SHAW, Petitioner
v.
UNITED STATES.
No. 15-5991.
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued Oct. 4, 2016.
Decided Dec. 12, 2016.
Koren L. Bell, Los Angeles, CA, for Petitioner.
Anthony A. Yang, Washington, DC, for Respondent.
Hilary L. Potashner, Federal Public Defender, Central District of California, Koren L. Bell, Deputy Federal Public Defender, James H. Locklin, Deputy Federal Public Defender, Office of the Federal Public Defender, Los Angeles, CA, for Petitioner.
Ian Heath Gershengorn, Acting Solicitor General, Leslie R. Caldwell, Assistant Attorney General, Michael R. Dreeben, Deputy Solicitor General, Anthony A. Yang, Assistant to the Solicitor General, Scott A.C. Meisler, Gwendolyn A. Stamper, Attorneys, Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.
Justice BREYER delivered the opinion of the Court.
A federal statute makes it a crime "knowingly [to] execut[e] a scheme ... to defraud a financial institution," 18 U.S.C. § 1344(1), for example, a federally insured bank, 18 U.S.C. § 20. The petitioner, Lawrence Shaw, was convicted of violating this provision. He argues here that the provision does not apply to him because he intended to cheat only a bank depositor, not a bank. We do not accept his arguments.
I
The relevant criminal statute makes it a crime:
"knowingly [to] execut[e] a scheme ...
"(1) to defraud a financial institution; or
"(2) to obtain any of the moneys, funds, credits, assets, securities, or other property owned by, or under the custody or control of, a financial institution, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises." § 1344.
Shaw obtained the identifying numbers of a Bank of America account belonging to a bank customer, Stanley Hsu. Shaw used those numbers (and other related information) to transfer funds from Hsu's account to other accounts at other institutions from which Shaw could obtain (and eventually did obtain) Hsu's funds. Shaw was convicted of violating the first clause of the statute, namely, the prohibition against "defraud[ing] a financial institution." The Ninth Circuit affirmed his conviction. 781 F.3d 1130 (2015). Shaw then filed a petition for certiorari arguing that the words "scheme to defraud a financial institution" require the Government to prove that the defendant had "a specific intent not only to deceive, but also to cheat, a bank, " rather than "a non-bank third party." Pet. for Cert. i. We granted review.
II
Shaw makes several related arguments in favor of his basic claim, namely, that the statute does not cover schemes to deprive a bank of customer deposits. First, he says that subsection (1) requires "an intent to wrong a victim bank [a 'financial institution'] in its property rights ...." Brief for Petitioner 23. He adds that the property he took, money in Hsu's bank account, belonged to Hsu, the bank's customer, and that Hsu is not a "financial institution." Id., at 25, 45. Hence Shaw's was a scheme "designed" to obtain only "a bank customer's property," not "a bank's own property." Id., at 24-25.
The basic flaw in this argument lies in the fact that the bank, too, had property rights in Hsu's bank account. When a customer deposits funds, the bank ordinarily becomes the owner of the funds and consequently has the right to use the funds as a source of loans that help the bank earn profits (though the customer retains the right, for example, to withdraw funds). 5A Michie, Banks and Banking, ch. 9, § 1, pp. 1-7 (2014) (Michie); id., § 4b, at 54-58; id., § 38, at 162; Phoenix Bank v. Risley, 111 U.S. 125, 127, 4 S.Ct. 322, 28 L.Ed. 374 (1884). Sometimes, the contract between the customer and the bank provides that the customer retains ownership of the funds and the bank merely assumes possession. Michie, ch. 9, § 38, at 162; Phoenix Bank, supra, at 127, 4 S.Ct. 322. But even then the bank is like a bailee, say, a garage that stores a customer's car. Michie, ch. 9, § 38, at 162. And as bailee, the bank can assert the right to possess the deposited funds against all the world but for the bailor (or, say, the bailor's authorized agent). 8A Am.Jur.2d, Bailment § 166, pp. 685-686 (2009). This right, too, is a property right. 2 W. Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England 452-454 (1766) (referring to a bailee's right in a bailment as a "special qualified property"). Thus, Shaw's scheme to cheat Hsu was also a scheme to deprive the bank of certain bank property rights.
Hence, for purposes of the bank fraud statute, a scheme fraudulently to obtain funds from a bank depositor's account normally is also a scheme fraudulently to obtain property from a "financial institution," at least where, as here, the defendant knew that the bank held the deposits, the funds obtained came from the deposit account, and the defendant misled the bank in order to obtain those funds.
Second, Shaw says he did not intend to cause the bank financial harm. Indeed, the parties appear to agree that, due to standard banking practices in place at the time of the fraud, no bank involved in the scheme ultimately suffered any monetary loss. Brief for Petitioner 4; Brief for United States 4, 27-28. But the statute, while insisting upon "a scheme to defraud," demands neither a showing of ultimate financial loss nor a showing of intent to cause financial loss. Many years ago Judge Learned Hand pointed out that "[a] man is none the less cheated out of his property, when he is induced to part with it by fraud," even if "he gets a quid pro quo of equal value." United States v. Rowe, 56 F.2d 747, 749 (C.A.2 1932). That is because "[i]t may be impossible to measure his loss by the gross scales available to a court, but he has suffered a wrong; he has lost," for example, "his chance to bargain with the facts before him." Ibid. Cf. O. Holmes, The Common Law 132 (1881) ("[A] man is liable to an action for deceit if he makes a false representation to another, knowing it to be false, but intending that the other should believe and act upon it"); Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 21-25, 119 S.Ct. 1827, 144 L.Ed.2d 35 (1999) (bank fraud statute's definition of fraud reflects the common law).
It is consequently not surprising that, when interpreting the analogous mail fraud statute, we have held it "sufficient" that the victim (here, the bank) be "deprived of its right" to use of the property, even if it ultimately did not suffer unreimbursed loss. Carpenter v. United States, 484 U.S. 19, 26-27, 108 S.Ct. 316, 98 L.Ed.2d 275 (1987). Lower courts have explained that, where cash is taken from a bank "but the bank [is] fully insured[,] [t]he theft [is] complete when the cash [i]s taken; the fact that the bank ha[s] a contract with an insurance company enabling it to shift the loss to that company [is] immaterial." United States v. Kucik, 844 F.2d 493, 495 (C.A.7 1988). And commentators have made clear that "on the criminal side, it is generally held that the lack of financial loss is no defense to false pretenses." 2 W. LaFave & A. Scott, Substantive Criminal Law § 8.7(i)(3), p. 404 (1986). We have found no case from this Court interpreting the bank fraud statute as requiring that the victim bank ultimately suffer financial harm, or that the defendant intend that the victim bank suffer such harm.
Third, Shaw appears to argue that, whatever the true state of property law, he did not know that the bank had a property interest in Hsu's account; hence he could not have intended to cheat the bank of its property. Shaw did know, however, that the bank possessed Hsu's account. He did make false statements to the bank. He did correctly believe that those false statements would lead the bank to release from that account funds that ultimately and wrongfully ended up in Shaw's pocket. And the bank did in fact possess a property interest in the account. These facts are sufficient to show that Shaw knew he was entering into a scheme to defraud the bank even if he was not aware of the niceties of bank-related property law. To require more, i.e., to require actual knowledge of those bank-related property-law niceties, would free (or convict) equally culpable defendants depending upon their property-law expertise-an arbitrary result. We have found no case from this Court requiring legal knowledge of the kind Shaw suggests he lacked. But we have found cases in roughly similar fraud-related contexts where this Court has asked only whether the targeted property was in fact property in the hands of the victim, not whether the defendant knew that the law would characterize the items at issue as "property." See Pasquantino v. United States, 544 U.S. 349, 355-356, 125 S.Ct. 1766, 161 L.Ed.2d 619 (2005) (Canada's right to uncollected excise taxes on imported liquor counted as "property" for purposes of the wire fraud statute);
Carpenter, supra, at 25-26, 108 S.Ct. 316 (a newspaper's interest in the confidentiality of the contents and timing of a news column counted as property for the purposes of the mail and wire fraud statutes). We conclude that the legal ignorance that Shaw claims here is no defense to criminal prosecution for bank fraud.
Fourth, Shaw argues that the bank fraud statute requires the Government to prove more than his simple knowledge that he would likely harm the bank's property interest; in his view, the Government must prove that such was his purpose. See Voisine v. United States, 579 U.S. ----, ----, 136 S.Ct. 2272, 2278, 195 L.Ed.2d 736 (2016) ("knowingly" committing an assault requires an awareness " 'that [harm] is practically certain,' " whereas "purposefully" committing an assault is "to have that result as a 'conscious object' " (quoting ALI, Model Penal Code §§ 2.02(2)(a)-(b) (1962))). Shaw adds that his purpose was to take money from Hsu; taking property from the bank was not his purpose.
But the statute itself makes criminal the "knowin[g] execut[ion of] a scheme ... to defraud." To hold that something other than knowledge is required would assume that Congress intended to distinguish, in respect to states of mind, between (1) the fraudulent scheme, and (2) its fraudulent elements. Why would Congress wish to do so? Shaw refers us to a number of cases involving fraud against the Government and points to language in those cases suggesting that the relevant statutes required that the defendant's purpose be to harm the statutorily protected target and not a third party. Brief for Petitioner 25-29. But in two of those cases, the fraudulent statement was made not to the Government but to the third party-a circumstance not present here. See Allison Engine Co. v. United States ex rel. Sanders, 553 U.S. 662, 665-668, 128 S.Ct. 2123, 170 L.Ed.2d 1030 (2008) ; Tanner v. United States, 483 U.S. 107, 110-112, 107 S.Ct. 2739, 97 L.Ed.2d 90 (1987). In the third, the relevant portion of the statute expressly required a false statement " 'for the purpose ... of ... defrauding the Government of the United States.' " United States v. Cohn, 270 U.S. 339, 343, 46 S.Ct. 251, 70 L.Ed. 616 (1926) (emphasis added). As for the fourth case, the language Shaw cites states the uncontroversial proposition that "defrauding or attempting to defraud the United States" means "fraud against the Government." Bridges v. United States, 346 U.S. 209, 221-222, 73 S.Ct. 1055, 97 L.Ed. 1557 (1953). In any event, these cases all involved crimes of fraud targeting the Government-an area of the law with its own special rules and protections. We have found no relevant authority in the area of mail fraud, wire fraud, financial frauds, or the like supporting Shaw's view.
Fifth, Shaw, reading the bank fraud statute as a whole, urges us to compare subsection (1) with subsection (2). Supra, at 465. Subsection (2), he points out, makes criminal the use of "false or fraudulent pretenses" to obtain "property ... under the custody or control of" a bank. And in his view that fact means that we should read subsection (1) not to apply to those circumstances. That is to say, given the language of subsection (2), efforts such as his effort fraudulently to obtain money deposited in a bank account should not fall within the scope of the subsection (1) phrase "scheme ... to defraud a financial institution." Brief for Petitioner 30-33.
As we read the two subsections, however, they do not demand that interpretation. The two subsections overlap substantially but not completely. Subsection (2) makes criminal the use of a scheme
"to obtain any of the moneys, funds, credits, assets, securities, or other property owned by, or under the custody or control of, a financial institution, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises."
This language covers much that subsection (1) also covers, for example, making a false representation to a bank in order to obtain property belonging to that bank. See Loughrin v. United States, 573 U.S. ----, ---- - ----, n. 4, 134 S.Ct. 2384, 2390, n. 4, 189 L.Ed.2d 411 (2014) (recognizing the "substantial" overlap between the two subsections and noting that such overlap "is not uncommon in criminal statutes"). At the same time, it applies to a circumstance in which a shopper makes a false statement to a department store cashier in order to pay for goods with money "under the custody or control of a financial institution," say, Bank A. The shopper's false statement, though designed to obtain Bank A's property, might well not amount to an effort (under subsection (1)) to defraud Bank A (since the statement was made not to Bank A but to an agent of the department store). Given, on the one hand, the overlap and, on the other hand, a plausible reading of the language that applies it to circumstances significantly different from those at issue here, we have no good reason to read subsection (2) as excluding from subsection (1) applications that would otherwise fall within the scope of subsection (1), such as conduct of the kind before us.
Finally, Shaw asks us to apply the rule of lenity. Brief for Petitioner 40-41. We have said that the rule applies if "at the end of the process of construing what Congress has expressed," Callanan v. United States, 364 U.S. 587, 596, 81 S.Ct. 321, 5 L.Ed.2d 312 (1961), there is " 'a grievous ambiguity or uncertainty in the statute,' " Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 138-139, 118 S.Ct. 1911, 141 L.Ed.2d 111 (1998) (quoting Staples v. United States, 511 U.S. 600, 619, n. 17, 114 S.Ct. 1793, 128 L.Ed.2d 608 (1994) ). The statute is clear enough that we need not rely on the rule of lenity. As we have said, a deposit account at a bank counts as bank property for purposes of subsection (1). Supra, at 466 - 467. The defendant, in circumstances such as those present here, need not know that the deposit account is, as a legal matter, characterized as bank property. Supra, at 467 - 468. Moreover, in those circumstances, the Government need not prove that the defendant intended that the bank ultimately suffer monetary loss. Supra, at 466 - 467. Finally, the statute as applied here requires a state of mind equivalent to knowledge, not purpose. Supra, at 467 - 468.
III
Shaw further argues that the instructions the District Court gave the jury were erroneous. He points out that the District Court told the jury that the
"phrase 'scheme to defraud' means any deliberate plan of action or course of conduct by which someone intends to deceive, cheat, or deprive a financial institution of something of value." App. 18 (emphasis added).
This instruction, Shaw says, could be understood as permitting the jury to find him guilty if it found no more than that his scheme was one to deceive the bank but not to "deprive " the bank of anything of value. Brief for Petitioner 22-23. The parties agree, as do we, that the scheme must be one to deceive the bank and deprive it of something of value.
For reasons previously pointed out, we have held that a plan to deprive a bank of money in a customer's deposit account is a plan to deprive the bank of "something of value" within the meaning of the bank fraud statute. The parties dispute whether the jury instruction is nonetheless ambiguous or otherwise improper. We leave to the Ninth Circuit to determine whether that question was fairly presented to that court and, if so, whether the instruction is lawful, and, if not, whether any error was harmless in this case.
For these reasons, the judgment of the Ninth Circuit is vacated, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
It is so ordered.

Question: Who is the petitioner of the case?

Choices:
attorney general of the United States, or his office
specified state board or department of education
city, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit
state commission, board, committee, or authority
county government or county governmental unit, except school district
court or judicial district
state department or agency
governmental employee or job applicant
female governmental employee or job applicant
minority governmental employee or job applicant
minority female governmental employee or job applicant
not listed among agencies in the first Administrative Action variable
retired or former governmental employee
U.S. House of Representatives
interstate compact
judge
state legislature, house, or committee
local governmental unit other than a county, city, town, township, village, or borough
governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact
state or U.S. supreme court
local school district or board of education
U.S. Senate
U.S. senator
foreign nation or instrumentality
state or local governmental taxpayer, or executor of the estate of
state college or university
United States
State
person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime
advertising business or agency
agent, fiduciary, trustee, or executor
airplane manufacturer, or manufacturer of parts of airplanes
airline
distributor, importer, or exporter of alcoholic beverages
alien, person subject to a denaturalization proceeding, or one whose citizenship is revoked
American Medical Association
National Railroad Passenger Corp.
amusement establishment, or recreational facility
arrested person, or pretrial detainee
attorney, or person acting as such;includes bar applicant or law student, or law firm or bar association
author, copyright holder
bank, savings and loan, credit union, investment company
bankrupt person or business, or business in reorganization
establishment serving liquor by the glass, or package liquor store
water transportation, stevedore
bookstore, newsstand, printer, bindery, purveyor or distributor of books or magazines
brewery, distillery
broker, stock exchange, investment or securities firm
construction industry
bus or motorized passenger transportation vehicle
business, corporation
buyer, purchaser
cable TV
car dealer
person convicted of crime
tangible property, other than real estate, including contraband
chemical company
child, children, including adopted or illegitimate
religious organization, institution, or person
private club or facility
coal company or coal mine operator
computer business or manufacturer, hardware or software
consumer, consumer organization
creditor, including institution appearing as such; e.g., a finance company
person allegedly criminally insane or mentally incompetent to stand trial
defendant
debtor
real estate developer
disabled person or disability benefit claimant
distributor
person subject to selective service, including conscientious objector
drug manufacturer
druggist, pharmacist, pharmacy
employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of
employer-employee trust agreement, employee health and welfare fund, or multi-employer pension plan
electric equipment manufacturer
electric or hydroelectric power utility, power cooperative, or gas and electric company
eleemosynary institution or person
environmental organization
employer. If employer's relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer's business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.
farmer, farm worker, or farm organization
father
female employee or job applicant
female
movie, play, pictorial representation, theatrical production, actor, or exhibitor or distributor of
fisherman or fishing company
food, meat packing, or processing company, stockyard
foreign (non-American) nongovernmental entity
franchiser
franchisee
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transexual person or organization
person who guarantees another's obligations
handicapped individual, or organization of devoted to
health organization or person, nursing home, medical clinic or laboratory, chiropractor
heir, or beneficiary, or person so claiming to be
hospital, medical center
husband, or ex-husband
involuntarily committed mental patient
Indian, including Indian tribe or nation
insurance company, or surety
inventor, patent assigner, trademark owner or holder
investor
injured person or legal entity, nonphysically and non-employment related
juvenile
government contractor
holder of a license or permit, or applicant therefor
magazine
male
medical or Medicaid claimant
medical supply or manufacturing co.
racial or ethnic minority employee or job applicant
minority female employee or job applicant
manufacturer
management, executive officer, or director, of business entity
military personnel, or dependent of, including reservist
mining company or miner, excluding coal, oil, or pipeline company
mother
auto manufacturer
newspaper, newsletter, journal of opinion, news service
radio and television network, except cable tv
nonprofit organization or business
nonresident
nuclear power plant or facility
owner, landlord, or claimant to ownership, fee interest, or possession of land as well as chattels
shareholders to whom a tender offer is made
tender offer
oil company, or natural gas producer
elderly person, or organization dedicated to the elderly
out of state noncriminal defendant
political action committee
parent or parents
parking lot or service
patient of a health professional
telephone, telecommunications, or telegraph company
physician, MD or DO, dentist, or medical society
public interest organization
physically injured person, including wrongful death, who is not an employee
pipe line company
package, luggage, container
political candidate, activist, committee, party, party member, organization, or elected official
indigent, needy, welfare recipient
indigent defendant
private person
prisoner, inmate of penal institution
professional organization, business, or person
probationer, or parolee
protester, demonstrator, picketer or pamphleteer (non-employment related), or non-indigent loiterer
public utility
publisher, publishing company
radio station
racial or ethnic minority
person or organization protesting racial or ethnic segregation or discrimination
racial or ethnic minority student or applicant for admission to an educational institution
realtor
journalist, columnist, member of the news media
resident
restaurant, food vendor
retarded person, or mental incompetent
retired or former employee
railroad
private school, college, or university
seller or vendor
shipper, including importer and exporter
shopping center, mall
spouse, or former spouse
stockholder, shareholder, or bondholder
retail business or outlet
student, or applicant for admission to an educational institution
taxpayer or executor of taxpayer's estate, federal only
tenant or lessee
theater, studio
forest products, lumber, or logging company
person traveling or wishing to travel abroad, or overseas travel agent
trucking company, or motor carrier
television station
union member
unemployed person or unemployment compensation applicant or claimant
union, labor organization, or official of
veteran
voter, prospective voter, elector, or a nonelective official seeking reapportionment or redistricting of legislative districts (POL)
wholesale trade
wife, or ex-wife
witness, or person under subpoena
network
slave
slave-owner
bank of the united states
timber company
u.s. job applicants or employees
Army and Air Force Exchange Service
Atomic Energy Commission
Secretary or administrative unit or personnel of the U.S. Air Force
Department or Secretary of Agriculture
Alien Property Custodian
Secretary or administrative unit or personnel of the U.S. Army
Board of Immigration Appeals
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Bonneville Power Administration
Benefits Review Board
Civil Aeronautics Board
Bureau of the Census
Central Intelligence Agency
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Department or Secretary of Commerce
Comptroller of Currency
Consumer Product Safety Commission
Civil Rights Commission
Civil Service Commission, U.S.
Customs Service

Answer: 54