What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Dan DRAPER, Jr. and Joe Fitzgibbon, Defendants-Appellees.
Nos. 84-2544, 84-2545.
United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.
May 9, 1985.
Rehearing Denied July 12,1985.
Gene Stipe (Eddie Harper and Anthony M. Laizure of Stipe, Gossett, Stipe, Harper, Estes, McCune & Parks, Tulsa, Okl., with him on the brief), for defendantrappellee, Joe Fitzgibbon.
Bruce Green of Green & Green, Muskogee, Okl., for defendant-appellee, Dan Draper, Jr.
Sara Criscitelli, Atty. (Stephen S. Trott, Asst. Atty. General, with her on the brief), Dept, of Justice, Washington, D.C., for plaintiff-appellant.
Before LOGAN and McWILLIAMS, Circuit Judges, and BOHANON, District Judge.
Honorable Luther L. Bohanon of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma, sitting by designation. Í
McWILLIAMS, Circuit Judge.
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material assistance in the determination of these appeals. See Fed.R. App.P. 34(a); Tenth Cir.R. 10(e). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
These two appeals stem from our opinion in United States v. Draper, 746 F.2d 662 (10th Cir.1984). In our earlier opinion, we granted the request of the trial court for a remand for the limited purpose of granting a new trial for both defendants, and retained jurisdiction of the defendants’ direct appeals, indicating that once the new trials were granted the two defendants, their direct appeals would be dismissed as moot.
Acting in accord with his understanding of our earlier opinion, the trial judge, on October 24, 1984, entered an order granting each of the defendants a new trial. On November 2, 1984, the government filed a notice of appeal from the district court’s order of October 24, 1984, granting the defendants a new trial, which appeals are the subject matter of the present opinion.
By our earlier opinion, we held that the United States had no right to get appellate review, be it by direct appeal or mandamus, of an order of a trial court granting a defendant in a criminal proceeding a new trial, holding that such was not a final judgment within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291 or within the purview of 18 U.S.C. § 3731. The United States does not in the present proceeding challenge, as such, the correctness of that holding. Rather, the United States points out that by intervening statute, which became effective on October 12, 1984, the law was changed so as to permit the United States to appeal an order of a district court granting a defendant in a criminal case a new trial. The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, Pub.L. No. 98-473, § 1206, amending 18 U.S.C. § 3731.
In the present appeals, the defendants, who appear here as appellees, filed a motion to dismiss, contending, inter alia, that to apply the “new law” to the instant case would result in a “manifest injustice” depriving them of vested rights and would be in violation of due process. The United States filed an answer to the appellees’ motion to dismiss, and the appellees have responded thereto by a reply.
By order of April 5, 1985, we denied the appellees’ motion to dismiss, citing United States v. Nilson Van & Storage Co., 755 F,2d 362 (4th Cir.1985). In that same order, we stated that it was our intent to dispose of the instant appeals on the merits, and that in so doing we would rely on the briefs previously filed by the same parties in Nos. 83-2346 and 83-2347, United States v. Draper and Fitzgibbon, allowing the parties, however, the opportunity, if they were so inclined, to supplement their earlier briefs by typewritten memoranda to be filed no later than April 26, 1985. No supplemental or additional briefs were filed, and we shall now dispose of these appeals on the merits.
The parties agree that the issue now before us is whether the trial court, in granting appellees a new trial, abused its discretion or otherwise failed to follow the law. Before the actual granting of a new trial, the district court had previously held a three-day evidentiary hearing into the matters raised by the defendants’ motion for a new trial and then issued a detailed order indicating a clear intent to grant a new trial once the matter was remanded by this court to the district court. The district court was of the considered view that at the hearing on the motion for a new trial the testimony of certain government witnesses was sufficiently different from their testimony at trial as to warrant a new trial. We are not inclined to disturb this ruling.
It has been clearly settled that a trial court’s denial of a motion for new trial will not be disturbed on appeal absent “a clear abuse of discretion.” United States v. Ramsey, 726 F.2d 601, 604 (10th Cir.1984). We see no reason to adopt a different standard of review where the trial court grants a new trial. As we said in our earlier Draper opinion, the trial judge who presided at the trial of the case and later presided at the hearing on the motion for a new trial, had first-hand knowledge of the entire matter and is in a much better position than we, as an appellate court, to judge the merits of the motion. Draper, 746 F.2d at 665-66. The district court judge considered those factors this Court deemed important in Ramsey, 726 F.2d at 604, and decided that the substantial recantations by several government witnesses required that a new trial be ordered. In ordering a new trial, we do not find an abuse of discretion on the part of the district court.
Judgments affirmed.
. The government urges that the trial court must make a finding that the recantation was true before granting a new trial under United States v. Ramsey, 726 F.2d 601, 605 (10th Cir.1984). Such is not required; Ramsey stated that a trial court need not order a new trial if it "finds that the recantation is false.” Id. This merely restates the rule that the decision to grant a new trial lies in the discretion of the trial court. As stated in Ramsey, “the evaluation of the credibility of witnesses is a matter for the trial court____” Id. The trial court weighed the credibility of the recantations, and found that one witness had, under oath, “testified falsely so often that it has become impossible for this court to determine which ... is the truth.” Thus, the district court decided to grant a new trial on the basis that it was “unconscionable to send any man to prison based upon perjured testimony.” While uncertain of the truth of the recantation, the trial court was not satisfied that it was necessarily false. We find no abuse of discretion in this case, and defer to the trial court’s judgement.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 0