What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
Alvin W. MEADE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MERCHANTS FAST MOTORLINE, INC., Defendant-Appellee.
No. 85-1061.
United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.
June 18, 1987.
Lawrence W. Allred of Allred-Lilley, Las Cruces, N.M., for plaintiff-appellant.
Duane C. Gilkey and Tracy E. McGee of Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb, P.A., Albuquerque, N.M., for defendant-appellee.
Before LOGAN, MOORE and TACHA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed.R. App.P. 34(a); 10th Cir.R. 34.1.8(c) and 27.1.-2. The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
Plaintiff, Alvin W. Meade, appeals from an order of the district court dismissing with prejudice his employment discrimination complaint against defendant, Merchants Fast Motorline, Inc., for failure to state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1981. The district court found that the facts alleged did not support a § 1981 claim, but its order does not specify in what respect the complaint is deficient. Defendant advances several arguments in support of the district court’s decision.
Defendant’s primary argument, and the only one urged in the district court, is that the complaint fails to state a § 1981 claim because it contains no allegation of purposeful or intentional discrimination. On the contrary, we believe the following allegation sufficient on this issue: “Plaintiff was disciplied [sic] and finally terminated because of his race and not for good cause in connection with his employment ... plaintiff has been discriminated against by Merchants on account of his race.” (emphasis added). Although the words “purposeful” or “intentional” are not recited, the requisite state of mind is adequately captured in the allegation set out above. See New Mexico ex rel. Candelaria v. City of Albuquerque, 768 F.2d 1207, 1209 (10th Cir.1985).
The second argument advanced by defendant is that the claim of discrimination is not supported by sufficient factual allegations. A complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief. Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 101-02, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957); Morgan v. City of Rawlins, 792 F.2d 975, 978 (10th Cir.1986). Plaintiff, a black man, alleged that he had been disciplined and, ultimately, terminated on account of his race for conduct which did not give rise to similar sanctions when engaged in by defendant’s nonblack employees. Certainly, if plaintiff were to prove these allegations, he would be entitled to relief under § 1981. Although the specifics of the underlying incidents are not detailed in the complaint, we are unwilling to say at this early stage that plaintiff’s action is subject to dismissal on this basis, especially since the issue has not been raised and considered first in the district court. See generally Lessman v. McCormick, 591 F.2d 605, 607, 611 (10th Cir.1979); Candelaria, 768 F.2d at 1210.
Finally, defendant argues that the § 1981 claim cannot stand because Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e to 2000e-17, provides the exclusive remedy for the wrong alleged in this case, citing Great American Federal Savings & Loan Association v. Novotny, 442 U.S. 366, 99 S.Ct. 2345, 60 L.Ed.2d 957 (1979), and Tafoya v. Adams, 612 F.Supp. 1097 (D.Colo.1985), aff'd on other grounds, 816 F.2d 555 (10th Cir.1987). In Novotny, the Supreme Court held that rights created by Title VII may not be asserted as the basis for a cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3). 442 U.S. at 378, 99 S.Ct. at 2352. Obviously, the Novotny holding itself, which dealt only with § 1985(3), is not controlling in the present context. More importantly, Novotny rests on a dual rationale, neither prong of which is applicable to § 1981. First, the Supreme Court emphasized that § 1985(3) is a purely remedial provision that creates no substantive rights. Novotny, 442 U.S. at 372, 376, 99 S.Ct. at 2349, 2351. Consequently, the § 1985(3) remedy cannot stand independently of Title VII when the underlying right to be vindicated is created by Title VII. Id. at 376-77, 378, 99 S.Ct. at 2351, 2352. However, § 1981 differs from § 1985(3) in this important respect, as the Court expressly recognized in Novotny. In addition to its remedial role, § 1981 provided a substantive right against racial discrimination in employment before the enactment of Title VII, and it is that right— not the similar, but supplementary one created by Title VII — upon which plaintiffs § 1981 claim rests. See id. at 377-78, 99 S.Ct. at 2351-52; see also Johnson v. Railway Express Agency, Inc., 421 U.S. 454, 459-60, 95 S.Ct. 1716, 1719-20, 44 L.Ed.2d 295 (1975).
Second, the Supreme Court noted in Novotny that, while the legislative histories of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968 clearly indicate that Title VII was not meant to disturb the existing substantive rights and remedy provided in § 1981, no mention was made of § 1985. 442 U.S. at 377 & n. 21, 99 S.Ct. at 2351 & n. 21; see also Brown v. General Services Administration, 425 U.S. 820, 833-34, 96 S.Ct. 1961, 1968, 48 L.Ed.2d 402 (1976); Johnson, 421 U.S. at 459, 95 S.Ct. at 1719.
Although it is important to understand the limited reach of Novotny, an earlier precedent resolves the Title VII preemption issue raised in this case. We believe the Supreme Court’s decision in Johnson, as explained, distinguished and reaffirmed in Brown, 425 U.S. at 833-34, 96 S.Ct. at 1968, and Novotny, 442 U.S. at 377-78, 99 S.Ct. at 2351-52, continues to control this issue and permits the § 1981 cause of action asserted by plaintiff. In Johnson, the Court referred repeatedly to the “independence” of the Title VII and § 1981 remedies and gave effect to the legislative histories discussed above, stating:
“We are disinclined, in the face of congressional emphasis upon the existence and independence of the two remedies, to infer any positive preference for one over the other, without a more definite expression in the legislation Congress has enacted, as, for example, a proscription of a § 1981 action while an EEOC claim is pending.”
Johnson, 421 U.S. at 461, 95 S.Ct. at 1720. The Court concluded that “Congress clearly has retained § 1981 as a remedy against private employment discrimination separate from and independent of the more elaborate and time-consuming procedures of Title VII.” Id. at 466, 95 S.Ct. at 1723. Although Johnson specifically holds only that a claimant’s pursuit of administrative remedies under Title VII does not toll the running of the limitations period for an associated action under § 1981, the case has generally been recognized as establishing the principle that Title VII does not preempt § 1981 as a remedy for private employment discrimination. We have recognized Johnson as establishing the principle that Title VII does not preempt § 1981 as a remedy for private employment discrimination. See Whatley v. Skaggs Companies, Inc., 707 F.2d 1129, 1139 & 1139 n. 9 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938, 104 S.Ct. 349, 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983); see also Brown, 425 U.S. at 833, 96 S.Ct. at 1968; Lowe v. City of Monrovia, 775 F.2d 998, 1010 (9th Cir.1985), amended, 784 F.2d 1407 (1986); Day v. Wayne County Board of Auditors, 749 F.2d 1199, 1203 (6th Cir.1984); Gooding v. Warner-Lambert Co., 744 F.2d 354, 359 (3d Cir.1984).
We recognize that use of § 1981 to redress wrongs also actionable under Title VII may to some extent appear to subvert the comprehensive statutory scheme established in the latter by, for example, permitting the complainant to bypass the mandatory administrative procedure of Title VII in favor of immediate resort to the courts under § 1981. See Tafoya, 612 F.Supp. at 1100, 1101-02. The Supreme Court, however, while sympathetic to this concern, recognized in Johnson that Congress’ resolution of this issue in favor of joint applicability controls. 421 U.S. at 459, 461, 465-66, 95 S.Ct. at 1722-23; see also Novotny, 442 U.S. at 377 n. 21, 99 S.Ct. at 2351 n. 21; Brown, 425 U.S. at 833-34, 96 S.Ct. at 1968.
Accordingly, we hold that plaintiff may properly pursue his cause of action under § 1981 for private employment discrimination despite the applicability of Title VII to the same conduct. The judgment of the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico is REVERSED and REMANDED.
. This prohibition was extended by the district court in Tafoya to claims brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and § 1983, although the result in the case was ultimately affirmed by this court on other grounds. Tafoya, 816 F.2d at 556-57, 558.
. Similarly, in Tafoya, we held that the right to be free of retaliatory discharge, created by Title VII, cannot be the sole basis of a § 1983 action. 816 F.2d 558.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officialss"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 0