What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
WRIGHT v. UNITED STATES.
No. 11824.
United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.
Jan. 19, 1949.
Jos. F. Walton, of Phoenix, Ariz., for appellant.
Frank E. Flynn, U. S. Atty. and E. R.. Thurman, Asst. U. S. Atty., both of Phoenix, Ariz., for appellee.
¿Before MATHEWS and STEPHENS,. ■ Circuit Judges, and DRIVER, District Judge.
DRIVER, District Judge.
The appellant was convicted of transporting forged -securities in interstate commerce -in violation of the National Stolen Property Act, as amended, 18 U.S.C.A. §- 415. Each of the four counts of the indictment recites that the -security transported was a certain hank check, drawn by the appellant on a hank in which he did-not have -funds or credit. The counts differ from each other only as to the dates, and amounts of the checks and the names of the payees. Appellant -waived trial byju-ry and the case was submitted to the Court on -an agreed statement of fa-c-ts.. From a judgment of conviction on all of' the counts, this appeal was taken.
The stipulated facts with reference to-count 1, which will -serve as -a typical -example, briefly summarized, are as follows:. On January 8, 1947, at Phoenix, Arizona, •appellant drew a -check on a hank in Salt Lake C-ity, Utah, payable in blank, and. -cashed it tin person a-t an establishment in Phoenix. He knew; that he did not have sufficient funds in or credit with -the Salt Lake City bank to meet the check upon its presentation. The check 'bore the true signature of appellant. In due course of clearance and collection, it was deposited in a Phoenix bank, which placed it in the United States mail for transportation to the drawee bank in Salt Lake City.
In so far as it need 'be considered here, the statute on which the conviction rests provides: “ * * * whoever with unlawful or fraudulent intent shall transport or cause to be transported in interstate or foreign commerce any falsely -made, forged, altered, or counterfeited securities, knowing the same to have been falsely made, forged, altered, or -counterfeited * * * shall be punished * *
Appellant’s sole -contention is that the checks drawn by him, a-s -related in the stipulation of facts, were not falsely made or forged within the meaning of -the statute.
The-re is no -definition of either of the terms, “falsely made” or “forged,” in the National Stolen Property Act. They are to be found in many other Federal, forgery statutes whe-re, likewise, -they are not specifically defined. I-t seems a reasonable assumption that -Congress intended them to have their -common, ordinary meaning in all such -statutes including the one now under consideration. The word “forgery” is -commonly -defined as the false making -or -materially altering, with intent to defraud, -o-f any writing, which, if genuine, might apparently be o-f legal efficacy or the foundation of a legal liability. 37 C.J.S., Forgery; § 1; 23 Am.Jur., Forgery, Sec. 2; Milton v. United States, 71 App.D.C. 394, 110 F.2d 556, 560; Lincoln Building & Loan Ass’n v. Cohen, 292 Ky. 234, 165 S.W.2d 957, 960.
According to the foregoing definition, false making is an -essential element of forgery, where, as in the .present -case, material alteration is not involved. As the term implies, “false making” has -reference to the manner in whi-ch ne writing is m-ade or executed .rather than to its substance -or effect. A falsely -made instrument is one that is fictitious, not genuine, or in some material particular -something o-ther than it purports to be -and without -regard to the truth or falsity of the facts stated therein. By the -decisive weight o-f authority, the genuine making of a writing, which -contains false or misleading -statements is not false making o-r forgery. 37 C.J.S., Forgery, § 5; 23 Am.Jur., Forgery, Sec. 7; United States v. Moore, D. C. , 60 F. 738; United States v. Glasener, D.C., 81 F. 566; United States v. Smith, D.C., 262 F. 191; Goucher v. State, 113 Neb. 352, 204 N.W. 967, 41 A.L.R. 227.
Moreover, it has generally been held tha-t the -genuine making of a writing -for the purpose of -defrauding another is not forgery. State v. Adcox, 171 Ark. 510, 286 S.W. 880; Binganan v. State, 180 Ark. 266, 21 S.W.2d 156; Annotation, 41 A.L.R. 229, 231. In -each -o-f the two -cited -cases, the Supreme Gour-t of Arkansas -held that the -drawing of a bank -check in the true name of the drawer, or in the name by which he was commonly known, with intent to -defraud, did not constitute forgery.
Here, -appellant drew the checks on -an existent bank -and -signed them in his ■own true name. There was nothing fictitious about them. They were exactly what they -purported t-o be, namely, writtén -requests by appellant to the -drawee bank to pay a specified sum of money to a third person -or to -his order. It -may well be said -that, by implication, they falsely represented that -appellant had sufficient funds in the drawee bank to pay them upon their presentation, and the facts will support an assumption that 'he intended to use them to defraud, but that does not justify classifying the .checks as “falsely made” or “forged” within the meaning of the National Stolen Property Act..
Appellee argues that the checks drawn by appellant were both falsely made and •forged, but the cases cited do not support that conclusion. They may logically be divided into two categories. The first consists of cases in which ah accused was charged, under an applicable penal statute, with the making, uttering, or using of a false writing with intent 'to defraud. Williams v. Territory, 13 Ariz. 27, 108 P. 243; Hart v. Squier, 9 Cir., 159 F.2d 639, 640. The former was a prosecution for violation of an Arizona statute, Ben.'Code 1901, § 489, which penalized the obtaining of money or property by means of “any false or bogus check” with intent to defraud. In the Squier case, this Court had under consideration an indictment, which charged the, uttering and .publishing as true of a false writing, a prescription for narcotic drugs, in violation of 18 U.S.C.A. § 72 (old) [new § 494]. The prescription was alleged to be false in that the name and address of the patient to whom it was purportedly issued were fictitious. It appears in the opinion that the governing statute included within its penal coverage “Whoever shall falsely make, alter, forge, or counterfeit * * * or, shall utter or publish as true * * * any such false, forged * * * other, writing, for the purpose of defrauding the United States, knowing the same to be false, forged * * This Court, held that the. indictment adequately alleged the uttering of a false writing within the meaning of the Statute. The opinion states, 159 F.2d at page 640, “We need not decide whether this is forgery or not * * Both cases are distinguishable since the statute here penalizes the transportation in interstate commerce of a falsely made or forged writing, but does hot cover such use of a false writing.
The second class of cases, cited by appellee, consists of those in which Courts have held that the making of a writing in the name of a fictitious person, or under an assumed name, with intent to defraud, is forgery. State v. Wheeler, 20, Or. 192, 25 P. 394 (promissory note) ; Buckner v. Hudspeth, 10 Cir., 105 F.2d 393 (bank check); Meldrum v. United States, 151 F. 177, Ann.Cas. 324 (affidavit). Clearly, they are not in point. Here appellant signed his own name to the checks.
It is our conclusion that the facts do not show the commission of an offense against the United States for the reason that the checks, which appellant caused to be transported in interstate commerce, were not falsely made or forged.
The judgment is reversed.
Now See. 2314 of new 18 U.S.C.A., effective September 1, 1948.
It is not claimed that the checks were altered or counterfeited. The term “securities” is defined to include checks in the National Stolen Property Act, 18 U.S.C.A. § 414(b) (old) [new § 2311]. Appellant does not question that ho caused the cheeks to be transported in interstate commerce. See United States v. Sheridan, 329 U.S. 379, 67 S.Ct. 332, 91 L.Ed. 359.
For example, see 44 Stat. 830, 38 U. S.O.A. § 648, forgery of adjusted service certificates; 39 Stat. 544, 49 U.S.O.A. § 121, forgery of bills of lading for interstate shipments; 35 Stat. 1118, 18 U.S. C.A. § 272 (old) [new § 482] forgery of bills and notes of foreign banks ; 40 Stat. 227, 22 U.S.O.A. § 222 [new 18 U.S.O.A. § 1543], forgery of passports.
For discussions of the distinction between the false making of a writing and the making of a false writing, see United States v. Staats, 8 How. 41, 49 U.S. 40, 46, 47, 12 L.Ed. 979; United States v. Davis, 231 U.S. 183, 34 S.Ct. 112, 58 L.Ed. 177; United States v. Smith, D.C., 262 F. 193-195.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1