What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
Kenneth William CRANFORD, Appellant, v. Felix RODRIGUEZ, Acting Warden, New Mexico State Penitentiary, Appellee.
No. 9050.
United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit.
Feb. 10, 1967.
Forrest S. Smith, Santa Fe, N. M., for appellant.
L. D. Harris, Special Asst. Atty. Gen., Albuquerque, N. M. (Boston E. Witt, Atty. Gen., Santa Fe, N. M., with him on the brief), for appellee.
Before PICKETT and SETH, Circuit Judges, and BROWN, United States District Judge.
WESLEY E. BROWN, District Judge.
Appellant Cranford was convicted in a New Mexico state court of obtaining property with intent to cheat or defraud. He appeared without counsel and entered a plea of guilty. He contends that there was no intelligent and competent waiver of counsel, that he did not waive his constitutional right to a preliminary hearing, and lastly, that the totality of circumstances show that his plea of guilty was not competently made.
The court below held a hearing at which Cranford was present and testified. The transcript of the arraignment proceedings was introduced. It discloses that Cranford waived possession of a copy of the information for 24 hours, appointment of counsel, preliminary hearing, and his right to a jury, and entered his plea of guilty. The trial judge’s inquiry of Cranford was careful and extended, and the record thereof contradicts his contentions made here.
The burden upon the trial judge to assure that a defendant’s waiver of counsel is intelligently and understandingly made is outlined in Shawan v. Cox, 350 F.2d 909 (10th Cir. 1965): “He must investigate to the end that there can be no question about the waiver, which should include an explanation of the charge, the punishment provided by law, any possible defenses to the charge or circumstances in mitigation thereof and explain all other facts of the case essential for the accused to have a complete understanding.”
The sentencing court’s inquiry meets the standards of Shawan, supra. The explanation of the charge was full and unambiguous: it set forth the facts alleged to constitute the offense, the articles obtained, the date thereof, the use of a credit card belonging to another, and identified the offense as obtaining property with intent to cheat or defraud. No possible defense or mitigating circumstance was apparent to the court. He explained the possible punishment in clear and precise terms.
Nonetheless, Cranford contends that under the “totality of circumstances,” his guilty plea was not understandingly made. However, the only circumstance to which our attention is directed is a statement by appellant to the court before sentencing:
“I don’t know whether she stole it or it was given her.
Q. (By the Court) * * * Now it’s true that the girl involved was not picked up. I don’t know why. But she is just as guilty as you are, if I understand the situation correctly. She is the one that stole the card.
A. I don’t know whether she stole it or it was given to her.
Q. But she had the card?
A. Yes.
Q. But you knowingly bought this stuff knowing the card didn’t belong to you?
A. Yes, sir, and I give it back to her.”
Cranford asserts that this exchange indicates the existence of a possible defense of lack of intent, and that the court failed to inquire further, thereby vitiating his waiver of counsel at arraignment. We cannot overlook the fact that the single criminal element in the entire transaction as alleged in the information and described to Cranford was that the use of the credit card was accompanied by an intent thereby to cheat or defraud. The words “intent to cheat or defraud” or “fraudulent deception” were used four separate times in identifying the offense at the arraignment and plea. It is clear Cranford understood and intended to and did fraudulently use the credit card as charged in the information.
Cranford waived his right to a preliminary examination when he competently, understandingly and voluntarily pled to an information, without challenging the information on the ground that he had not been accorded a valid preliminary examination. Pearce v. Cox, 354 F.2d 884 at 891 (10th Cir. 1965).
Affirmed.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 0