What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
DEERING MILLIKEN RESEARCH CORPORATION, Appellant, v. TEXTURED FIBRES, INC., Virginia Mills, Inc., and Throwing Corporation of America, Appellees.
No. 13214.
United States Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit.
Argued June 9, 1969.
Decided Sept. 11, 1969.
See also D.C., 302 F.Supp. 487.
Kurt Shaffert, New York City (Robert F. Conrad, Washington, D. C., and Thomas A. Evins, and Means, Evins, Browne & Hamilton, Spartanburg, S. C., on the brief), for appellant.
Edward P. Perrin, Spartanburg, S. C. (Perrin & Perrin, Spartanburg, S. C., Smith, Moore, Smith, Schell & Hunter, Greensboro, N. C., and Pell & Leviness, New York City, on the brief), for appel-lees.
Before HAYNSWORTH, Chief Judge, WINTER and BUTZNER, Circuit Judges.
BUTZNER, Circuit Judge:
Deering Milliken Research Corp. appeals from an order of the district court quashing service of process on Textured Fibres, Inc., Virginia Mills, Inc., and Throwing Corp. for want of personal jurisdiction. We hold that South Carolina’s long-arm statute confers jurisdiction over a person who breaches a contract after the effective date of the statute, although the contract was made before that date. Accordingly, we reverse and remand.
In May 1964, Deering Milliken licensed the defendants to use a process it had developed. The licensees agreed to pay Deering Milliken a percentage of the price of all yarn produced by the process. In its complaint, Deering Milliken alleged a series of underpayments from January 1, 1966 through March 31, 1968. It filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina alleging diversity of citizenship and obtaining service of process under South Carolina’s long-arm statute, S. C. Code Ann. § 10.2-801 to -809 (1966), and Fed. R.Civ.P. 4(e). On a motion to quash service of process under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b), the district judge held South Carolina’s long-arm statute did not apply to a contract entered into before January 1, 1968.
South Carolina's pertinent statutes are:
“A court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a person who acts directly or by an agent as to a cause of action arising from the person’s
“(g) entry into a contract to be performed in whole or in part by either party in this State * * *."
* * * * * *
“This act shall become effective at 12:01, January 1, 1968. It applies to transactions entered into and events occurring after that date.”
The licensees reason that because entry into a contract is necessary to subject a person to the court’s jurisdiction, entry must also mark the date for application of the long-arm statute.
However, we do not read the language of the South Carolina law so restrictively. The provisions governing the effective date are not limited to transactions entered into after January 1, 1968. They also embrace “events occurring after that date.” Literally, the breach of a contract and the simultaneous accrual of a cause of action are events. And, since a literal construction of “events” is consistent with the intention of the South Carolina legislature to expand the state’s jurisdiction, we are not at liberty to deny effect to this part of the statute. Washington Market Co. v. Hoffman, 101 U.S. 112, 115, 25 L.Ed. 782 (1879).
Here the alleged underpayments were significant breaches of the licensing agreement, and with each a new cause of action accrued. Those underpayments that occurred after January 1, 1968 were, we hold, events sufficient to bring the long-arm statute into effect.
The licensees rely upon Johnson v. Baldwin, 214 S.C. 545, 53 S.E.2d 785 (1949), and related cases, to support their argument that South Carolina does not give retrospective effect to statutes dealing with service of process. But here, in contrast to Johnson, the statute applies prospectively, because the breach of contract that caused the action to accrue occurred after the statute’s effective date. Sampson Constr. Co. v. Farmers Co-op. Elevator Co., 382 F.2d 645, 649 (10th Cir. 1967); Annot., 19 A.L.R.3d 138, 161 (1968).
The licensees also argue that since there has been no proof that the alleged underpayments occurring after January 1, 1968 aggregated $10,000, the jurisdictional amount required by 28 U.S.C. § 1331 is lacking. This argument confuses jurisdiction over the person with jurisdictional amount. Once jurisdiction over the person is obtained, tKe entire subject matter of the controversy between the parties comes before the court. Therefore, to determine the jurisdictional amount, the total underpayments, those occurring before and after January 1, 1968 — here alleged to be $45,000 — should be considered.
The licensees asserted a number of other grounds in their motion to quash. Since the district judge believed the long-arm statute was inapplicable, he did not pass on them. Some will require findings of fact. In any event, we believe that all should be decided on remand so that piecemeal litigation on appeal may be avoided.
Reversed and remanded.
. S.C.Code Ann. § 10.2-803(1) (g) (1966).
. S.C.Code Ann. § 10.10-101 (1966). This statute fixes the effective date for the entire South Carolina Uniform Commercial Code, -which includes the long-arm statute.
. In Johnson v. Baldwin, the court held that a statute providing that a nonresident director of a domestic corporation shall be held to have appointed the Secretary of State as his attorney for service of process could not apply retroactively to sustain jurisdiction over two nonresident directors who had resigned before the effective date of the statute.
. Among these issues are additional questions posed by service under the long-arm statute: whether the contract was to he performed in whole or in part by either party in South Carolina, within the meaning of S.C.Code Ann. § 10.2-803(1) (g); and whether' the defendants have the minimum contacts with South Carolina required by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945). In the absence of findings of fact necessary for decision of these issues, we express no opinion concerning them.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1