What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 

Your task concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)". Your task is to determine which of these categories best describes the income of the litigant. Consider the following categories: "not ascertained", "poor + wards of state" (e.g., patients at state mental hospital; not prisoner unless specific indication that poor), "presumed poor" (e.g., migrant farm worker), "presumed wealthy" (e.g., high status job - like medical doctors, executives of corporations that are national in scope, professional athletes in the NBA or NFL; upper 1/5 of income bracket), "clear indication of wealth in opinion", "other - above poverty line but not clearly wealthy" (e.g., public school teachers, federal government employees)." Note that "poor" means below the federal poverty line; e.g., welfare or food stamp recipients. There must be some specific indication in the opinion that you can point to before anyone is classified anything other than "not ascertained". Prisoners filing "pro se" were classified as poor, but litigants in civil cases who proceed pro se were not presumed to be poor. Wealth obtained from the crime at issue in a criminal case was not counted when determining the wealth of the criminal defendant (e.g., drug dealers).

Opinion:
Arlene B. SINGER, et al., Appellants, v. SHANNON & LUCHS COMPANY, et al.
No. 87-7053.
United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.
March 3, 1989.
Before ROBINSON and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges, and GORDON, Senior District Judge.
Of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin, sitting by designation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 294(d).
Opinion PER CURIAM.
ORDER
Upon consideration of appellants’ Petition for Rehearing it is
ORDERED, by the court, that the petition is denied, as is more fully set forth in the opinion of the Court filed herein this date.
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiff-appellants, Arlene B. Singer and Joel D. Joseph, have petitioned for rehearing of our order granting Shannon & Luchs’s motion for attorneys’ fees. Their objection is that Shannon & Luchs’s motion was filed nearly a year after our unpublished judgment in its favor and was therefore in violation of Fed.R.App.P. 39’s requirement that a bill of costs thereunder be filed within 14 days of entry of judgment. We write briefly to explain that our order was based upon Fed.R.App.P. 38 and that, under its terms and in the absence of any rule of this court to the contrary, there is no time limit for motions under Rule 38 other than the principles of laches.
Rule 38 states in its entirety:
If a court of appeals shall determine that an appeal is frivolous, it may award just damages and single or double costs to the appellee.
Plainly its language imposes no time limit on the filing of a bill of costs. Indeed, some courts regard the interest in discouraging frivolous appeals as so compelling that no motion is necessary, and they award Rule 38 costs sua sponte. See, e.g., Hill v. Norfolk & Western Ry., 814 F.2d 1192, 1200-03 (7th Cir.1987).
Other circuit courts have held that while the term “costs” in Rule 39 excludes attorneys’ fees, the reference in Rule 38 to “just damages and single or double costs” comprises them. See, e.g., Sun Ship, Inc. v. Matson Navigation Co., 785 F.2d 59, 64 (3rd Cir.1986); District No. 8, Int’l Ass’n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers v. Clearing, 807 F.2d 618, 623 (7th Cir.1986); Nagy v. Jostens, Inc., 787 F.2d 446, 447 (8th Cir.1986); Hewitt v. City of Stanton, 798 F.2d 1230, 1233 (9th Cir.1986); Triola v. Department of Transportation, 769 F.2d 760, 762 (Fed.Cir.1985) (citing Moir v. Department of Treasury, 754 F.2d 341 (Fed.Cir.1985), a Rule 38 case).
There is a dictum to the contrary in Montgomery & Associates, Inc. v. CFTC, 816 F.2d 783, 784 (D.C.Cir.1987), but it provides no basis for rejecting the views of our sister circuits. The case concerned a fees motion under 7 U.S.C. § 18(e) and simply held that the time limit of Rule 39(d) should be applied to a fees motion filed thereunder. The dictum as to Rule 38 was part of a general argument as to the unwisdom of allowing claims for attorneys’ fees without fixed time limits (i.e., an argument that laches is an inadequate limit in any circumstance). Its sole authority for the idea that Rule 38 costs do not encompass attorneys’ fees was Seyler v. Seyler, 678 F.2d 29, 31 (5th Cir.1982). In fact that decision is quite the opposite. In awarding attorneys’ fees it rejected the losing party’s claim that Rule 39’s 14-day time applied. The court explained that Rule 39 did not encompass attorneys’ fees, but that Rule 38 “provide[d] penalties for [frivolous] appeals,” 678 F.2d at 31, and did encompass them. The outcome made clear that the court did not consider Rule 39(d)’s time limitation applicable by osmosis to Rule 38 applications, and did not speak to any other possible limits.
Montgomery & Associates cannot be said to establish a general rule of the circuit that it is impermissible to allow fee requests limited (in time of application) only by laches. Such a notion would be inconsistent with prior circuit law. See Alabama Power Co. v. Gorsuch, 672 F.2d 1, 5-6 (D.C.Cir.1982) (per curiam) (a motion for attorneys’ fees under 42 U.S.C. § 7607(f) (1982), which defines “costs” as including attorneys’ fees, is not subject to the 14-day limit of Rule 39(d)); Environmental Defense Fund v. EPA, 672 F.2d 42, 61 (D.C.Cir.1982) (because 15 U.S.C. § 2618(d) expressly distinguishes attorneys’ fees from costs, equity supplies only time limitation for attorneys’ fees).
The allowance of an application under Rule 38 long after the time will have expired for a bill of costs under Rule 39 is justified by the special purpose of the former rule. It seeks to deter and punish frivolous appeals. The social interest in so doing, and the standard of egregiously objectionable conduct that triggers its application, justify imposing fewer technical restrictions.
The appeal in this case was frivolous. Whatever the limit implicit in laches, the delay in this case does not reach it.
We conclude with the following dictum of our own, offered in the hopes of forestalling further litigation: in light of the brevity of our previous order, and the relative length of this opinion, the latest petition for rehearing was not itself frivolous.
REHEARING DENIED.

Question: This question concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)". Which of these categories best describes the income of the litigant?

Choices:
not ascertained
poor + wards of state
presumed poor
presumed wealthy
clear indication of wealth in opinion
other - above poverty line but not clearly wealthy

Answer: 0