What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
Mack DEAN, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee. Pearl RICKS, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
Nos. 15642, 15643.
United States Court of Appeals Eighth Circuit.
July 11, 1957.
Otto Schmid, Kansas City, Mo., for appellants.
Kenneth C. West, Asst. United States Atty., Kansas City, Mo. (Edward L. Scheufler, United States Atty., Kansas City, Mo., was with him on the brief), for appellee.
Before GARDNER, Chief Judge, and VOGEL and VAN OOSTERHOUT, Circuit Judges.
GARDNER, Chief Judge.
Appellants were convicted under an indictment charging them with the sale, possession and concealment of quantities of heroin, a narcotic drug, in violation of Sections 4704(a) and 4705(a), Title 26, and Section 174, Title 21, United States Code Annotated.
The government’s testimony positively identified the defendants in connection with proof of sales of heroin as charged in the indictment and equally positive testimony identified each defendant in connection with the possession of heroin as charged in the indictment. Two of the government’s witnesses were addicts and another of the government’s witnesses had entered a plea of guilty to a narcotic violation and of these, two had been convicted of a felony. Their testimony, however, was corroborated by Federal Narcotic Agents or police officers. The defendants in defense offered testimony tending to prove an alibi for each of the defendants. At the close of all the testimony defendants interposed motions for judgments of acquittal in the following words:
“At the close of all the evidence, the defendants file this their motion for judgment of acquittal and state that the evidence offered both by the Government and by the defendants is insufficient to sustain a conviction on each of Counts I to Count XI, inclusive of the indictment.
“Wherefore, defendants pray that the Court render a judgment of acquittal and that they be discharged.”
The motions were denied and the case was submitted to the jury on instructions to which defendants here urge no objections.
It is contended that the evidence was insufficient to go to the jury and, hence, the court erred in denying their motions for judgments of acquittal interposed at the close of all the testimony.
In support of this contention it is argued that the witnesses as to the transactions involved were addicts or narcotic law violators, two of whom had records of convictions for felonies and, hence, their testimony was not credible. It must be observed in this connection, however, that while the witnesses used were addicts and confessedly not of the best reputations, their acts were evidenced by eye witnesses whose credibility stands unquestioned. The questions of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony were, of course, questions for the jury and not questions for the court. It is not seriously argued that the proof of the commission of the crimes as charged was insufficient but that the witnesses were not worthy of belief. The jury having returned verdicts of guilty, we must assume that all conflicts in the evidence were resolved in favor of the government and, as we have often said, the prevailing party is entitled to the benefit of all such favorable inferences as may reasonably be drawn from the facts proven and if, when so considered, reasonable minds might reach different conclusions the issue is one of fact to be submitted to the jury and not one of law to be determined by the court.
It is not seriously urged that the evidence as to the commission of the alleged crimes is insufficient but it is argued that there was no proof that the crimes were committed within the Western District of Missouri. In their brief appellants state but one point to be argued, as follows: “There was no substantial evidence to sustain a verdict that the appellants sold, purchased, concealed or possessed the quantities of heroin as alleged in the Indictment, within the jurisdiction of the trial court.” In support of this point counsel in his brief says:
“Admitting, for the sake of this discussion, all the facts shown in the evidence, we submit that in the entire transcript of the testimony adduced at the trial, there is no proof that any of the violations of law charged in the Indictment occurred in the Western District of Missouri * * * >>
It is first to be noted that the motions for judgments of acquittal do not specify this as ground for granting their motions but the question is first specifically raised on this appeal. The indictment charges the offenses as having been committed in “Kansas City, Missouri, in the Western Division of the Western District of Missouri”. Government counsel in his opening statement prior to the introduction of any evidence recited that the various offenses were committed in Kansas City, Missouri. This, to be sure, was not testimony but it is part of the background. The case was tried in Kansas City and the witnesses who testified identified each transaction as having occurred at certain street corners or street numbers in Kansas City. As they were at the time of giving this testimony in Kansas City as were the jurors hearing the case we think, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the government, the jury may well have inferred that they were talking about Kansas City, Missouri. There was also introduced in evidence certain exhibits, notably Exhibit Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4. All of these exhibits together with the notations thereon were admitted in evidence without objection. The notation on each exhibit showed that it had been obtained at a certain point in Kansas City, Missouri; for example, Exhibit No. 4 contained the following notations:
“Name: Willie James Carter et ah; Address: 1402 Highland, Kansas City, Mo.; Evidence: 20 capsules heroin weighing 29 grains; How Obtained: Purchased by Ted Shelton; Where Obtained: N. E. Corner 14th & Virginia Sts., Kansas City, Mo.; Date: May 2, 1956; Time: 6:30 p.m.; Amount Paid: $50.00; Witnesses: J. Flavin, J. Clifford, J. Hitchcock; R. Heinen— Detectives K. C., Mo., PD—G. F. Shattuck & Wm. M. Maguire, Narcotic Agents; Agent Reporting Case: Geo. F. Shattuck.”
These notations were a part of the exhibits. While it is essential to prove venue in a criminal prosecution it is a fact to be proven as any other fact and may be proven by either direct or circumstantial evidence. Blair v. United States, 8 Cir., 32 F.2d 130; United States v. Karavias, 7 Cir., 170 F.2d 968; United States v. Jones, 7 Cir., 174 F.2d 746; White v. United States, 83 U.S.App.D.C. 174, 167 F.2d 747; Tuckerman v. United States, 6 Cir., 291 F. 958; State v. Dale, 66 S.D. 418, 284 N.W. 770; 23 C.J.S. Criminal Law, § 914, p. 172. In Blair v. United States, supra, a case in which the testimony as to venue was somewhat vague, uncertain and indirect it is said [32 F.2d 132]:
“But venue may be proven like any other fact; therefore it may be found from circumstantial evidence.”
The same rule is announced by the Seventh Circuit in United States v. Karavias, supra [170 F.2d 970] as follows:
“The general rule governing proof of venue is that there need be no positive testimony that the violation occurred at a specific place, but that it is sufficient if it can be concluded from the evidence as a whole that the act was committed at the place alleged in the indictment. George v. United States, 1942, 75 U.S.App.D.C. 197, 125 F.2d 559; People v. Allegretto, 1920, 291 Ill. 364, 126 N.E. 158; People v. Reynolds, 1944, 322 Ill.App. 300, 54 N.E.2d 850, and cases cited. And, as stated by this Court in Wallace v. United States, 7 Cir., 1917, 243 F. 300, 306, ‘venue, like any other fact, may be shown by evidence, direct, indirect or circumstantial.’ ”
In United States v. Jones, supra [174 F.2d 749] it is said, inter alia:
“The evidence in this case refers to several streets where the transactions took place between the defendant and the Government agents, but not one of them is identified as being in the city of Chicago. If 'they had been so identified, we would judicially know that Chicago is within the Northern District of Illinois.”
In the instant case the testimony .showed that the streets mentioned were identified as being in Kansas City and the court could judicially know that Kansas City was in the Western Division of the Western District of Missouri. It is generally held that absence of direct proof of venue does not defeat conviction where it is properly inferable from all the evidence.
Venue is not an integral part of a criminal offense and, we have held, need not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Blair v. United States, supra. While it is not an integral part of a criminal offense and may not require proof beyond a reasonable doubt it must nevertheless be proved because the accused, under the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution, is guaranteed the right to a public triál by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed. Morehouse v. United States, 8 Cir., 96 F.2d 468.
In the instant case there was before the jury not only the testimony of witnesses as to the names of the streets in Kansas City where the sales were consummated but this was supplemented by the notations on the exhibits introduced in evidence without objection, which showed that these places were in Kansas City, Missouri. The jurors were not required to close their eyes to this evidence. Manifestly, had any question been raised as to the sufficiency of the evidence to show venue it could readily have been supplied. On the whole record we think the jury in absence of any evidence to the contrary may well have found that the offenses were committed in Kansas City, Missouri, within the Western Division of the Western District of Missouri. The judgments appealed from are therefore affirmed.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1