What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
In re HADDEN.
Court of Appeals of District of Columbia.
Submitted May 10, 1927.
Decided May 26, 1927.
No. 1952.
1. Patents <g=»28 — Design patent has reference to appearance, and not utility, and may apply to article of manufacture as a whole, if general effect is pleasing and ornamental (Comp. St. § 9475).
Since amendment of Rev. St. § 4929, on May 9, 1902 (Comp. St. § 9475), by elimination of the word “useful,” a design patent has had reference only to appearance, and not utility, and may properly apply to an article of manufacture as a whole, if the general effect is pleasing and ornamental.
2. Patents ®=»28 — Grandstand Is “article of manufacture,” and new design therefor Is patentable (Const, art. I, § 8; Comp. St. §§ ' 9430, 9475).
Under Const, art. 1, § 8, and Rev. St. § 4886, and § 4929, as amended May 9, 1902 (Comp. St. §§ 9430, 9475), a grandstand is an “article of manufacture,” such that a new design therefor is patentable.
[Ed. Note. — Eor other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Manufactures — Manufactured Articles.]
Appeal from Commissioner of Patents.
In the matter of the application of Gavin Hadden for patent. Prom a decision of the Commissioner of Patents, denying the application, applicant appeals.
Reversed.
J. M. Jester, of Washington, D. C., and R. W. Byerly, of New York City, for appellant.
T. A. Hostetler, of Washington, D. C., for Commissioner of Patents.
Before MARTIN, Chief Justice, and ROBB and VAN ORSDEL, Associate Justices.
ROBB, Associate Justice.
Appeal from a Patent Office decision refusing to allow applicant’s claim covering a design for a grandstand, on the ground that, although it may bo a manufacture, it is not an article of manufacture.
In his specification applicant thus characterizes his design: “The essential feature of the new design consists in the fact that the outer edge of each side of the grandstand is bowed outwardly from the lines of the side seats, as shown in Pig. 1, and is higher at the center, and decreases in height toward the ends, being substantially elliptical in said elevation, as shown in Pig. 2.”
That grandstands as heretofore constructed are seldom pleasing to the eye is a conservative statement. Counsel for the applicant, in his brief, quotes from an article by applicant on “Modem Athletic Stadia,” in which he speaks of this as follows: “It is in its elevation that this design shows its greatest novelty, and it is this feature which gives the structure its distinctive architectural appearance. The cutting off of the straight rising tiers of seats with their vertical curve or slope by the cylindrical- outer wall causes a sky line which consists of a series of convolutions.”
We are of the view that the construction of a grandstand in accordance with this design will produce au ornamental and pleasing structure. The Patent Office was doubtful on this point, the Commissioner saying: “In a structure of the size here involved, the average user would get little definite notion of any ornamental feature in the entire structure. * * * While seated in the grandstand, an observer could, possibly, obtain some idea of the curves of the opposite and lateral tiers of seats; but it is doubtful if he would he impressed with the view that there was anything ornamental, or beyond mere utility, in the construction exhibited by the curved tiers of seats.
Since the amendment of section 4929, R. S., on May 9, 1902 (32 Stat. 193 [Comp. St. § 9475]), eliminating the word “useful” from .the statute, a design patent has had reference to appearance, and not utility. Rowe v. Blodgett (C. C.) 103 F. 873, affirmed in (C. C. A.) 112 F. 62. It may now properly apply to the article of manufacture as a whole, if the general effect is pleasing and ornamental. Mygatt v. Schaffer (C. C. A.) 218 F. 827; Foster & Bros. Co. v. Tilden-Thurber Co. (C. C. A.) 200 F. 54. The Lincoln Memorial in this city is a good example of such a design. In other words, it is the form of the structure as a whole to which we must look.
Article 1, § 8, of the Constitution, empowers Congress “to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.” •
Section 4886, R. S. (section 9430, Comp. St.), provides that “any person who has invented or discovered any new and uso tul art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvements thereof,” etc., may obtain a patent therefor.
Section 4929, R. S., provides: “Any person who has invented any new, original, and ornamental design for an article of manufacture,” etc., may obtain a patent therefor.
In Crier v. Innes, 170 F. 324, it was held by the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit that a sarcophagus monument is an article of manufacture, within the meaning of section 4929, E. S., and a proper subject for a design patent.
In Riter-Conley Mfg. Co. v. Aiken (C. C. A.) 203 F. 699, it was ruled that a building is a “manufacture,” within the meaning of section 4886, R. S., and a proper subject-matter for patent. The court said: “We must not be misled by the factors of size and immobility. The pyramids, by reason of their bulk and solidity, are none the less a manufacture, as distinguished from a natural object.”
Again, in International Mausoleum Co. v. Sievert (C. C. A.) 213 F. 225, it was ruled that an improvement in mausoleum construction, by bringing together various parts, so as to form a complete whole, is patentable as a manufacture. In that case the court considered two decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, cited by the appellee here, and found them not controlling. The eases are Jacobs v. Baker, 7 Wall. 295, 19 L. Ed. 200, and Fond du Lac County v. May, 137 U. S. 395, 11 S. Ct. 98, 34 L. Ed. 714. In the first of these eases, as pointed out in the International Mausoleum Co. Case, Justice Crier, of the Supreme Court, expressed the view that an improvement in the plan of construction of a jail would not be within the patent statute, but the question was not expressly decided, as the bill was dismissed on other grounds. In the second ease, while there was an allusion to the first, the decision rested upon other grounds.
In Turner v. Quincy Market (C. C. A.) 225 F. 41, a concrete warehouse was ruled to be within the term “manufacture,” the court observing that this term is very broad, and that it could not be limited with safety in a general way.
As already indicated, the Commissioner in his decision observed that “the structure disclosed by the appellant is a manufacture in the broad sense,” but expressed a doubt as.to whether it was an article of manufacture. It is to be noted that the Commissioner did not undertake to classify it as anything else. We attach no significance to the fact that in section 4886, E. S., the word “manufacture” is used alone, while in the section covering design patents the word is used in connection with “article.” It is difficult to perceive how a thing may be a manufacture, without producing an article of manufacture. The Commissioner, with commendable frankness, said: “It is difficult to attempt a definition of an article of manufacture. Curiously enough, if the grandstand as made by appellant were of a toy character, one that could be picked up and carried around, purchased in a store and carried home, or delivered by the use o£ a delivery vehicle, the device would be an article of manufacture.” . But, as pointed out by the court in the Eiter-Conley Mfg. Co. Case, size and immobility do not determine the question.
We are of the view that the applicant has produced a new, original, and ornamental design for an article of manufacture, and is entitled to a patent therefor. The decision, therefore, is reversed.
Eeversed.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 0