What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
EDGERTON v. KINGSLAND, Commissioner of Patents.
No. 9362.
United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia.
Argued March 6, 1947.
Decided Dec. 4, 1947.
Mr. David Riñes and Mrs. Joan Riñes Needleman, both of Boston, Mass., of the bar of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, pro hac vice, by special leave of court, with whom Mr. Frank W. Dahn, of Washington, D. C., who entered an appearance, was on the brief, for appellant.
Mr. E. L. Reynolds, United States Patent Office, of Washington, D. C., with whom Mr. W. W. Cochran, Solicitor, United States Patent Office, of Washington, D. C., who entered an appearance, was on the brief, for appellee.
Before STEPHENS, EDGERTON and WILBUR K. MILLER, Associate Justices.
STEPHENS, Associate Justice.
This is an appeal from a judgment of the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia dismissing the complaint in Civil Action No. 29,179 in which the appellant sought the issuance of a mandatory injunction directing the entry of certain amendments in his patent application Serial No. 685,501.
The system disclosed by the application is one in which repeated flashes of light for viewing moving objects are produced between two main electrodes of a mercury vapor tube. Current for the flashes is supplied by a battery and condenser. The flash occurs as the result of the passing of a current through an auxiliary electrode of the mercury vapor tube, this current so operating as to cause a spark to jump between the tube’s two main electrodes. The current to the auxiliary electrode is supplied by the secondary coil of a transformer in such manner that the energization of the primary coil thereof will control the flash. The primary coil is supplied with current from a battery and condenser through a circuit which includes a so-called thyratron. This device releases and interrupts the flow of the current to the primary coil at intervals determinable in a variety of ways not material to this case.
Appellant’s original application included nine exhibits. The proposed amendments consisted in part of three additional exhibits, Nos. 10, 11 and 12. These, according to the appellant’s complaint, “do no more than to illustrate the static inverter . . . described in the original specification” of application Serial No. 685,501. The amendments consisted also of certain additions to the specification. These amendments, according to the complaint, “do no more than to make clearer matter that was originally disclosed in said application.” The amendments were submitted to the Patent Office on September 23, 1943, and January 7, 1944, but the Commissioner of Patents, so it is alleged, arbitrarily declined to permit the appellant to amend his specification and drawings in the manner requested. The answer of the Commissioner denies arbitrary action and asserts, in substance and effect, that the proposed amendments were considered by the Patent Office but that they were found to constitute new matter which under the Patent Office rules the appellant is not entitled to add to his application. At the close of the trial the District Court found that:
' The Commissioner of Patents has considered the proposed amendments referred to in the complaint and has held upon their merits that they cannot properly he entered in the application.[]
Upon this finding the court concluded that the Commissioner’s refusal to enter the amendments was within his discretion and that the appellant was not entitled to the mandatory relief sought. The court accordingly dismissed the complaint. The questions for determination on this appeal are whether it can with reason be said that this finding is in clear error (Abbott v. Coe, 1939, 71 App.D.C. 195, 109 F.2d 449; Sharp v. Coe, 1941, 75 U.S.App.D.C. 118, 125 F.2d 185; Dyer v. Coe, 1941, 75 U.S. App.D.C. 125, 125 F.2d 192) and whether the conclusion is justified by the law.
According to the Patent Office record which was introduced in evidence, the history of the amendments so far as here pertinent is as follows: The amendments were filed by the appellant on September 23, 1943, and January 7, 1944. By letter of January 25, 1944, thé Primary Examiner declined in the following terms to allow them:
All the matter added to the description by amendments of September 23, 1943, and January 7, 1944, is required to be cancelled. The proposed Figures 10, 11, and 12 have not been entered. This added subject matter involves new matter to this application, and such matter has been ruled on and held not supported by the original disclosure. For example, the charging circuit in applicant’s system is not oscillatory, the systems, disclosed do not include a self-excited relaxation oscillator or a self-excited static inverter. The Decision on Motions of November .23, 1938, and the Board of Appeals Decision of July 18, 1939, in Interference #74,402, held such matter to be lacking in applicant’s original disclosure. [Italics supplied]
On or about February 22, 1944, the appellant requested reconsideration of this ruling. On or about February 26, 1944, the Primary Examiner by letter again refused to enter the amendments and drawings, stating:
The requirement for cancelling dll of the matter added to the description by amendments of September 23, 19J/8 and January 7, 19Jfff, is repeated. The new description of Figure 9 is a departure from the original disclosure as pointed out in the last Office action. The original description of Figure 9 should be reinserted. Descriptive matter pertaining to proposed Figures 10, 11 and 12 should be cancelled since these Figures have not been entered as pointed out in the last Office action. [Italics supplied]
On March 19, 1944, the appellant appealed to the Board of Appeals from the decision of the Primary Examiner of February 26, 1944. On February 15, 1945, the Board rendered a final decision upholding the Primary Examiner’s ruling in respect of the amendments. The Board said:
With respect to appellant’s right to amend his description and to add Figs. 10, 11 and 12, this appears to have been fully answered by the examiner in his letter of January 25, 1944, paper #52, which was in response to the amendments filed Sept. 23, 1943, and January 7, 1944, presenting such matter. The pertinent part of said letter reads as follows: [Here the Board quoted that part of the Primary Examiner’s letter of January 25,1944, above set forth.]
Appellant is presenting here exactly the same matter in a different form as was fully disposed of in our decision on motion to dissolve in Interference No. 74,402 and later an Ex parte appeal in this case. Each of these decisions was based on the fact that appellant did not have a disclosure of the claimed subject matter in his original detailed description.
On March 1, 1945, the appellant requested the Commissioner in the exercise of his supervisory authority to overrule the Primary Examiner’s rejections of the amendments. On March 20, 1945, the Commissioner declined to intervene. In summary, the Patent Office through the rejections of the Primary Examiner, the decision of the Board of Appeals and the decision of the Commissioner declining to exercise his supervisory authority, refused to allow Figures 10, 11 and 12 to be entered and required the other proposed amendatory matter to be cancelled, all upon the ground that the appellant was thereby presenting new matter to the application. The action of the Patent Office was based upon Rule 70 providing:
In original applications all amendments of the drawings or specifications, and all additions thereto, must conform to at least one of them as it was at the time of the filing of the application. Matter not found in either, involving a departure from the original invention, cannot be added to the application even though supported by a supplemental oath, and can be shown or claimed only in a separate application. [35 U.S.C.A.Appendix, Rule 70]
It is clear from this review of the proceedings in the Patent Office that the finding of the District Court that the Commissioner considered the amendments and held upon their merits that they could not be properly entered in the application was correct. Obviously, in view of the rulings above set forth, it was because the Patent Office officials considered the amendments that they declined to allow them. It is clear also that the ruling of the trial court is correct as a matter of law. Determination by the Patent Office officials of the question whether or not under Rule 70 the amendatory material conformed to the original drawings or specifications, i.e., determination of the question whether or not it was new matter, involved the exercise of judgment and discretion. “Mandamus • • . is employed to compel action, when refused, in matters involving judgment and discretion, but not to direct the exercise of judgment or discretion in a particular way nor to direct the retraction or reversal of action already taken in the exercise of either.” United States ex rel. Roughton, v. Ickes, 1938, 69 App.D.C. 324, 329, 101 F.2d 248, 253, quoting from Wilbur v. United States ex rel. Kadrie, 1930, 281 U. S. 206, 218, 50 S.Ct. 320, 74 L.Ed. 809.
The appellant cites Coe v. United States ex rel. Remington Rand, 1936, 65 App.D.C. 387, 84 F.2d 240, wherein the issuance of a writ of mandamus by the District Court to compel the Commissioner to “enter and consider” an amendment to an application was affirmed. The case is distinguishable. There the patent applicant’s claims were rejected by the Primary .Examiner a-nd the applicant promptly filed an amendment to his application traversing the ground of rejection. The Primary Examiner refused to enter and consider this amendment, although the case had the status of a regularly pending application. Under Patent Office Rule 68 as it then read “the applicant has a right to amend before or after the first rejection or action, and he may amend as often as the examiner presents new references or reasons for rejection.” [35 U.S.C.A.Appendix, Rule 68] This court held that since the Primary Examiner’s rejection was the first rejection, the amendment amounted merely to a request for a re-examination of the case in the light of this rejection, and that the applicant, under RevJStat. § 4903 (1875), 35-U.S.C.A. § 51, had a right to such reexamination and that denial of such right would, in view of Rev.Stat. § 4909 (1875), 35 U.S.C.A. § 57; deprive the applicant of an appeal to the Board of Appeals. In the instant case Rule 70 above printed is involved, not Rule 68. And as demonstrated above, the officials of the Patent Office in the instant case did consider the proposed amendments and for reasons which involved an exercise of their discretion refused to allow them to be made.
The dismissal of the complaint seeking a mandatory injunction is
Affirmed.
The District Court found also that: “The purpose of the proposed amendments was to introduce a basis for claims 74 and 76 to 81 of application [Serial No. 685,501], but such basis is lacking in the original disclosure and cannot properly be supplied by amendment.” But in the view we take of the case it is not necessary to discuss this finding.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 0