What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Reinaldo OLIVARES-VEGA, Appellant.
No. 772, Docket 73-2532.
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
Argued Feb. 15, 1974.
Decided April 3, 1974.
Sheila Ginsberg, New York City (William J. Gallagher, The Legal Aid Society, E. Thomas Boyle, New York City, of counsel), for appellant.
Joan S. O'Brien, Asst. U. S. Atty. (Edward John Boyd, V, Acting U. S. Atty. Dist. E.D.N.Y., L. Kevin Sheridan, Asst. U. S. Atty., of counsel), for appel-lee.
Before FEINBERG and OAKES, Circuit Judges, and TYLER, District Judge.
United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
OAKES, Circuit Judge:
This appeal, from a conviction after a jury trial for illegal importation of cocaine, 21 U.S.C. § 952(a), and possession with intent to distribute that drug, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), raises three questions: whether the Miranda warnings given appellant were sufficient to permit a post-arrest statement made by him to agents of the Federal Drug Enforcement Administration (FDEA) to go into evidence; whether there was sufficient proof that the substance imported and possessed by appellant was cocaine; and whether an instruction to the jury that “conscious avoidance” of knowledge was the full equivalent of knowledge was proper. Appellant had been apprehended as an international arrival from Chile at John F. Kennedy International Airport by FDEA agents; his suitcases contained 16 glassine envelopes filled with 13 pounds of a white powder substance. After conviction, he was sentenced on the two counts to concurrent terms of five years’ imprisonment (pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 4208(a)(2)) and 10 years’ special parole. It is unnecessary to state the facts in detail except as they bear upon the issues presented here.
The Miranda argument is not a new one in this court. The warnings were read to appellant in Spanish from a form, now happily no longer in use, which, the appellant argues — not without some justification — could have misled him in that it failed to alert him of his rights in the event he was indigent to have an attorney prior to and during the agent’s questioning. Appellant would have us hold this warning insufficient by following Seventh, Ninth, Tenth and possibly Fifth Circuit decisions on this point. At least six state courts have also found such warnings to be insufficient.
Opposing appellant’s position are decisions of this circuit, one of the most pertinent being Massimo v. United States, 463 F.2d 1171, 1174 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 1117, 93 S. Ct. 920, 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973), as well as decisions of the Eighth Circuit, probably the Fifth Circuit, and at least five state courts. We are, of course, bound by the decisions of this circuit unless they cah be distinguished from the facts of this case — in terms of the warning itself.
In Massimo v. United States, supra, this court held proper a warning which said that the defendant had the right to talk with a lawyer before questioning, to have a lawyer present during questioning, and that “We have no way of furnishing you a lawyer but one will be appointed for you, if and when you go to court.” 463 F.2d at 1173. The court, id., accepted the reasoning of the Fifth Circuit in United States v. Lacy, 446 F.2d 511, 513 (1971), that it is immaterial that an accused is told an attorney will be appointed later if he has first been informed that he has a right to counsel before answering any questions. In United States v. Carneglia, 468 F.2d 1084, 1090 (2d Cir. 1972), this court upheld a warning that advised the defendant “if he could not afford an attorney, why one would be appointed for him if and when he went to court.” This warning followed the statement that “he had the right to speak to an attorney before being questioned.” In United States v. Lamia, 429 F.2d 373, 375-376 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 907, 91 S.Ct. 150, 27 L.Ed.2d 146 (1970), the appellant had been advised of his right to have counsel present during questioning and this court upheld the sufficiency of the warning “if he was not able to afford an attorney, an attorney would be appointed by the court.”
Although the law among the circuits and numerous state courts is contradictory on this question, the Supreme Court, with only one Justice dissenting, recently declined to accept review of a case presenting this question. Wright v. North Carolina, cert. denied, 94 S.Ct. 1452 (1974) (Douglas, J., dissented with opinion from denial). The law in this circuit is, in any event, well settled and, absent en banc consideration, controls the disposition of this question against appellant.
There is no substance to appellant’s second point on appeal- — -that there was no proof that the white powder found in appellant’s luggage was cocaine. Government counsel in opening stated there was a stipulation that if a chemist were called he would testify that the substance was in fact 12.7 pounds of cocaine with a purity of 15 per cent. Defense counsel in opening said he was not disputing that a laboratory analysis would show that the white powder was cocaine. In his summation, he referred again to this stipulation: “We stipulated — agreed with the Government — that if a chemist were called he would testify he has made an examination of the substance and found it to be a narcotic drug.” The charge of the court referred, without objection, to the stipulation “that the white substance taken from the suitcase is cocaine.” While better practice would be to adduce the stipulation itself, the comments in the record here amount to doing so for all practical purposes. See United States v. Rodriguez, 241 F.2d 463 (7th Cir. 1957); 9 J. Wigmore, Evidence § 2594 (3d ed. 1940).
The trial court’s “conscious avoidance” charge. is said to be erroneous because it allegedly relieved the jury of the obligation of affirmatively finding knowledge. Almost exactly the same charge given at the trial of another case involving narcotics was considered before this panel on the same day and immediately prior to this one. United States v. Joly, 493 F.2d 672, 674-676 (2d Cir. 1974). In Joly, as here, it was argued that an inference of knowledge that naroctics were being transported is not possible where a number of equally supportable possibilities as to the contents of a container exist (jewelry, watches, gold, etc.). Joly upheld the charge on the basis that “the legitimacy of the basic inference of knowledge [from possession] does not automatically disappear because other evidence arguably points the opposite way.” Id. at 676. Here appellant was a longtime airline employee; the suitcases seemed unusually heavy to him by his own admission; he testified he was propositioned twice by Galardo, a fellow worker to take the suitcases to a hotel in New York; and according to his own story he was to receive $300 for delivering the suitcases to an unknown party in New York. These facts justify the charge as given by the trial court and sustained in United States v. Joly, supra.
Judgment affirmed.
. STATEMENT OF RIGHTS
Before we ask you any questions, it is my duty to advise you of your rights.
You have the right to remain silent.
Anything you say can be used against you in court, or other proceedings.
You have the right to consult an attorney before making any statement or answering any question, and you may have him present with you during questioning.
You may have an attorney appointed by the U.S. Commissioner or the court to represent you if you cannot afford or otherwise obtain one.
If you decide to answer questions now with or without a lawyer, you still have the right to stop the questioning at any time, or to stop the questioning for the purpose of consulting a lawyer.
HOWEVER—
You may waive the right to advice of counsel and your right to remain silent, and you may answer questions or make a statement without consulting a lawyer if you so desire.
. Williams v. Twomey, 467 F.2d 1248 (7th Cir. 1972).
. United States v. Garcia, 431 F.2d 134 (9th Cir. 1970). But see United States v. Noa, 443 F.2d 144 (9th Cir. 1971).
. Coyote v. United States, 380 F.2d 305 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 992, 88 S.Ct. 489, 19 L.Ed.2d 484 (1967).
. Fendley v. United States, 384 F.2d 923 (5th Cir. 1970). But see case cited note 8 infra.
. Square v. State, 283 Ala. 548, 219 So.2d 377 (1969); Moore v. State, 251 Ark. 436, 472 S.W.2d 940 (1971); State v. Grierson, 95 Idaho 155, 540 P.2d 1204 (1972) (dictum); State v. Carpenter, 211 Kan. 234, 505 P.2d 753 (1972); Scharr v. State, 499 P.2d 450 (Okl.Cr.App.1972); State v. Creach, 77 Wash.2d 194, 461 P.2d 329 (1969).
. Klingler v. United States, 409 F.2d 299 (8th Cir. 1969).
. United States v. Lacy, 446 F.2d 511 (5th Cir. 1971). Lacy contained no citation to Fendley v. United States, supra, a decision that it appears to have overruled sub silen-tio.
. People v. Williams, 131 Ill.App. 149, 264 N.E.2d 901 (1970); Jones v. State, 253 Ind. 235, 252 N.E.2d 572 (1969); People v. Campbell, 26 Mich.App. 196, 182 N.W.2d 4 (1970), cert. denied, 401 U.S. 945, 91 S.Ct. 960, 28 L.Ed.2d 228 (1971); Evans v. State, 275 So.2d 83 (Miss.1973); People v. Swift, 32 App.Div.2d 183, 300 N.Y.S.2d 639 (1969), cert. denied, 396 U.S. 1018, 90 S.Ct. 584, 24 L.Ed.2d 510 (1970).
. If you find that the defendant did not learn what the substance was, but that the only reason he did not learn it was because he deliberately chose not to learn for the very purpose of being able to assert his ignorance if he was discovered with the substance in his possession, then you may find that he had the full equivalent of knowledge because his self-imposed ignorance cannot protect him from criminal responsibility. If however, you find that the defendant believed that what was in the suitcase was not cocaine or any other narcotic drug, then you must acquit the defendant on both counts.
. The pertinent portion of the charge is as follows:
In other words, you may find the defendant acted knowingly if you find that either he actually knew he had cocaine or that he deliberately closed his eyes to what he had every reason to believe was the fact. United States v. Joly, at 674.
. Joly also disposes of the Government’s argument, made here as there in connection with the charge, that decisions affirmed from the bench may be used as precedents binding upon subsequent panels of the court. We follow Joly and treat them as of no such effect.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1