What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 

Your task concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)". Your task is to determine the gender of this litigant. Use names to classify the party's sex only if there is little ambiguity (e.g., the sex of "Chris" should be coded as "not ascertained").

Opinion:
Alson T. WAHRLICH, Petitioner-Appellant, v. STATE OF ARIZONA, A. E. “Bud” Gomes, Superintendent, Arizona State Prison, Respondent-Appellee.
No. 72-1638.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Argued Feb. 7, 1973.
Decided June 4, 1973.
Andrew Silverman (argued), Post Conviction Legal Assistance Clinic, Tucson, Ariz., for petitioner-appellant.
Thomas A. Jacobs, Asst. Atty. Gen. (argued), Gary K. Nelson, Atty. Gen., Phoenix, Ariz., for respondent-appellee.
Before CHAMBERS and HUFSTEDLER, Circuit Judges, and FERGUSON District Judge.
Honorable Warren J. Ferguson, United States District Judge for the Central District of California, sitting by designation.
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Wahrlich’s petition for federal habeas relief from a conviction for kidnapping in a state court in Arizona was denied, and he appeals. He contends that the state court’s refusal to receive psychiatric testimony offered to prove that he was incapable of forming the specific intent that is an element of the offense denied him due process and equal protection secured by the Federal Constitution.
Wahrlich did not rely on an insanity defense, and the evidence was not offered to prove either insanity or diminished capacity. His theory is that the expert testimony offered was relevant to show that he could not have harbored the requisite “intent to hold or detain” the victim and that the rejection of the testimony deprived him of his due process right to introduce all evidence tending to disprove an essential ingredient of the offense. The argument is logical, and it has been skillfully presented, but we reject it.
We do not admit all evidence that is competent and probative in a criminal trial. A wide assortment of relevant evidence is deliberately excluded by reason of counterbalancing factors that are believed to be of greater moment than the unfettered admission of relevant testimony. Among the considerations that we have taken into account in refusing to accept Wahrlich’s argument are these: (1) in the interest of harmonious federal-state relations, federal courts should not unnecessarily interfere with the state’s trial of criminal cases; (2) courts should be extremely reluctant to constitutionalize rules of evidence; (3) the state of the developing art of psychiatry is such that we are not convinced that psychiatric testimony directed to a retrospective analysis of the subtle gradations of specific intent has enough probative value to compel its admission.
Alternatively, Wahrlich contends that Arizona’s admission of the evidence of age and of intoxication for the purpose of determining specific intent and its exclusion of psychiatric evidence offered for the same purpose create an unreasonable or arbitrary classification. We think not. Exposure to the effects of age and of intoxicants upon state of mind is a part of common human experience which fact finders can understand and apply; indeed, they would apply them .even if the state did not tell them they could. The esoterics of psychiatry are not within the ordinary ken. The differences are sufficiently manifest to thwart constitutional attack.
Affirmed.

Question: This question concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)". What is the gender of this litigant?Use names to classify the party's sex only if there is little ambiguity.

Choices:
not ascertained
male - indication in opinion (e.g., use of masculine pronoun)
male - assumed because of name
female - indication in opinion of gender
female - assumed because of name

Answer: 1