What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals. The issue is: "Did the court rule that some evidence, other than a confession made by the defendant or illegal search and seizure, was inadmissibile, (or did ruling on appropriateness of evidentary hearing benefit the defendant)?" Answer the question based on the directionality of the appeals court decision. If the court discussed the issue in its opinion and answered the related question in the affirmative, answer "Yes". If the issue was discussed and the opinion answered the question negatively, answer "No". If the opinion considered the question but gave a mixed answer, supporting the respondent in part and supporting the appellant in part, answer "Mixed answer". If the opinion does not discuss the issue, or notes that a particular issue was raised by one of the litigants but the court dismissed the issue as frivolous or trivial or not worthy of discussion for some other reason, answer "Issue not discussed". If the opinion considered the question but gave a "mixed" answer, supporting the respondent in part and supporting the appellant in part (or if two issues treated separately by the court both fell within the area covered by one question and the court answered one question affirmatively and one negatively), answer "Mixed answer". If the opinion either did not consider or discuss the issue at all or if the opinion indicates that this issue was not worthy of consideration by the court of appeals even though it was discussed by the lower court or was raised in one of the briefs, answer "Issue not discussed". If the court answered the question in the affirmative, but the error articulated by the court was judged to be harmless, answer "Yes, but error was harmless".

Opinion:
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Monroe VAUGHN, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 73-1722.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Argued April 1, 1974.
Decided May 3, 1974.
Donald M. Kresge, Ada, Ohio (Court-appointed), on brief, for defendant-appellant.
Frederick M. Coleman, U. S. Atty., Clarence B. Taylor, Asst. U. S. Atty., Cleveland, Ohio, on brief, for plaintiffappellee.
Before PHILLIPS, Chief Judge, and EDWARDS and PECK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
Appellant was convicted after jury trial in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio on a charge of possession of stolen mail matter, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1708 (1970).
The principal issue briefed and argued before us on this appeal concerns appellant’s claim that his refusal to sign a written waiver of his Miranda rights rendered inadmissible the product of any interrogation which had been conducted in relation to this case. It is conceded that the postal inspectors who interrogated appellant read him his full Miranda rights and there is nothing to contradict the District Judge’s ruling that his subsequent identification of himself and his subsequent answers to questions were voluntarily given.
The Fifth Circuit has held: “[Wjhen all the circumstances indicate that the defendant knew of his right to remain silent and intelligently waived that right, the refusal to sign a written waiver does not render a confession inadmissible.” United States v. Johnson, 455 F.2d 311, 314 (5th Cir. 1972). This language was recently quoted in support of this court’s refusal “to adopt . . . a narrow construction of Miranda” in a fact situation somewhat parallel to our instant case. Hill v. Whealon, 490 F.2d 629 (6th Cir. 1974). We now express agreement with the Fifth Circuit’s view that the refusal to sign a written waiver, standing alone, does not render inadmissible statements or evidence voluntarily given after full warnings.
As we read this record, there was ample evidence from which the jury could have concluded (beyond reasonable doubt) that appellant knowingly sought to cash a stolen welfare check made out to another party, and was caught red-handed in the act.
No other appellate issues of substance are presented and the judgment of conviction is affirmed.

Question: Did the court rule that some evidence, other than a confession made by the defendant or illegal search and seizure, was inadmissibile (or did ruling on appropriateness of evidentary hearing benefit the defendant)?

Choices:
No
Yes
Yes, but error was harmless
Mixed answer
Issue not discussed

Answer: 0