What follows is an opinion from the Supreme Court of the United States. Your task is to determine the bases on which the Supreme Court rested its decision with regard to the legal provision that the Court considered in the case. Consider "judicial review (national level)" if the majority determined the constitutionality of some action taken by some unit or official of the federal government, including an interstate compact. Consider "judicial review (state level)" if the majority determined the constitutionality of some action taken by some unit or official of a state or local government. Consider "statutory construction" for cases where the majority interpret a federal statute, treaty, or court rule; if the Court interprets a federal statute governing the powers or jurisdiction of a federal court; if the Court construes a state law as incompatible with a federal law; or if an administrative official interprets a federal statute. Do not consider "statutory construction" where an administrative agency or official acts "pursuant to" a statute, unless the Court interprets the statute to determine if administrative action is proper. Consider "interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order" if the majority treats federal administrative action in arriving at its decision.Consider "diversity jurisdiction" if the majority said in approximately so many words that under its diversity jurisdiction it is interpreting state law. Consider "federal common law" if the majority indicate that it used a judge-made "doctrine" or "rule; if the Court without more merely specifies the disposition the Court has made of the case and cites one or more of its own previously decided cases unless the citation is qualified by the word "see."; if the case concerns admiralty or maritime law, or some other aspect of the law of nations other than a treaty; if the case concerns the retroactive application of a constitutional provision or a previous decision of the Court; if the case concerns an exclusionary rule, the harmless error rule (though not the statute), the abstention doctrine, comity, res judicata, or collateral estoppel; or if the case concerns a "rule" or "doctrine" that is not specified as related to or connected with a constitutional or statutory provision. Consider "Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction" otherwise (i.e., the residual code); for issues pertaining to non-statutorily based Judicial Power topics; for cases arising under the Court's original jurisdiction; in cases in which the Court denied or dismissed the petition for review or where the decision of a lower court is affirmed by a tie vote; or in workers' compensation litigation involving statutory interpretation and, in addition, a discussion of jury determination and/or the sufficiency of the evidence.

Opinion:
SIMONSON, TRUSTEE IN BANKRUPTCY, et al. v. GRANQUIST, DISTRICT DIRECTOR OF INTERNAL REVENUE, et al.
No. 83.
Argued January 18, 1962.
Decided March 5, 1962.
Donald A. Schmechel and Fred A. Oranata argued the cause for petitioners. With them on the briefs were Arthur E. Simon and John F. Cramer, Jr.
Richard J. Medalie argued the cause for respondents. With him on the briefs were Solicitor General Cox, Assistant Attorney General Oberdorjer and I. Henry Kutz.
Mr. Justice Black
delivered the opinion of the Court.
These two cases, consolidated for argument here, involve controversies between the United States and bankruptcy trustees concerning the right of the Government to recover federal tax penalties against the estate of a bankrupt. Because the tax penalties constituted perfected liens on the estate of the bankrupt, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, following one of its own prior decisions which subsequently had been supported by both the Sixth and the Tenth Circuits, sustained District Court judgments holding the penalty claims allowable. 287 F. 2d 489, 491. Since the Fourth and Fifth Circuits have held to the contrary, we granted certiorari to resolve the conflict. 366 U. S. 943.
Two provisions of the Bankruptcy Act, §§ 57j and 67b, are asserted to have particular relevance to the question. Section 57j provides:
“Debts owing to the United States or to any State or any subdivision thereof as a penalty or forfeiture shall not be allowed, except for the amount of the pecuniary loss sustained by the act, transaction, or proceeding out of which the penalty or forfeiture arose .
Section 67b provides, however:
“[Statutory liens . . . for taxes and debts owing to the United States . . . may be valid against the trustee, even though arising or perfected . . . within four months prior to the filing of the petition initiating a proceeding under this Act by or against him. ...”
Despite the fact that the language of § 57j broadly prohibits the allowance of penalty claims in bankruptcy without regard to whether such claims are secured or unsecured, the Government argues that this section should be interpreted to apply to unsecured penalty claims only and that secured claims, even though for penalties, should be allowed under § 67b. Its argument starts from the fact that the Bankruptcy Act primarily provides a way to gather the unencumbered assets of an insolvent debtor for distribution among his unsecured creditors, but, though containing some provisions applicable to secured creditors, generally leaves those creditors secured by mortgages and liens free to enforce their claims directly against the property by which those claims are secured. From this and a section-by-section analysis of the Act, the Government reasons that the “claims” referred to in § 57, which governs the “Proof and allowance of claims,” are not the claims of secured creditors but only the “claims” of unsecured creditors against the fund created by unencumbered assets, with which the Act primarily deals. On this basis the Government contends that § 57j, being a part of § 57, must be read as barring only those penalties that have not yet ripened into a lien so as to become a charge upon the bankrupt’s property.
We think, however, that the language of § 57j is itself a more dependable guide to its meaning than this argument from the general structure of the Bankruptcy Act. Unquestionably that language is broad enough to bar all penalties, whether secured by lien or not, and we think the section was designed to do precisely that. For it plainly manifests a congressional purpose to bar all claims of any kind against a bankrupt except those based on a “pecuniary” loss. So understood, this section, which has been a part of the Bankruptcy Act since its enactment in 1898, is in keeping with the broad aim of the Act to provide for the conservation of the estates of insolvents to the end that there may be as equitable a distribution of assets as is consistent with the type of claims involved. Moreover, the prohibition of all tax penalties in bankruptcy is wholly consistent with the policy of the penalty provisions themselves. Tax penalties are imposed at least in part as punitive measures against persons who have been guilty of some default or wrong. Enforcement of penalties against the estates of bankrupts, however, would serve not to punish the delinquent taxpayers, but rather their entirely innocent creditors.
When we turn to the language of § 67b, we find nothing that indicates a purpose to require the general creditors of a bankrupt to suffer because of penalties designed to be inflicted upon the bankrupt himself. Indeed, there is not a single word in that section regarding penalties, and the plain purpose of the section is merely to prevent certain liens, including statutory tax liens, “arising or perfected . . . within four months prior to the filing of the [bankruptcy] petition,” from being set aside and declared invalid under § 60 as preferential. Thus § 67b expressly declares that it is to take precedence over any “provisions of section 60 of this Act to the contrary . . . .” Section 67b cannot therefore be read as showing a congressional purpose to make penalties allowable contrary to the special and specific language of § 57j which makes them not allowable.
The Government argues, however, that the legislative history of the two sections supports the allowance of penalties when they have ripened into liens. Without discussing the varied arguments to this effect in detail, we think the legislative history cited supports no such conclusion. Nor do we think that any inference can be drawn from the failure of Congress to amend the Act for although some courts have held liened penalty claims allowable, others have held precisely the opposite.
It is true that the United States has long had an absolute priority for debts due from insolvent debtors and that the Bankruptcy Act generally accords secured creditors a preferred position. But § 57j places penalties in a category quite different from ordinary debts, one not favored in bankruptcy, and the character of a penalty is by no means changed by calling it a lien.
Reversed.
In the first ease, Simonson v. Granquist, there is another point which we need not reach because of the disposition made here.
In Simonson v. Granquist the liens arose under Int. Rev. Code of 1954, § 6321; in Harris v. United States, they arose under Int. Rev. Code of 1939, § 3670.
In re Knox-Powell-Stockton Co. (C. A. 9th Cir.), 100 F. 2d 979; Kentucky v. Farmers Bank (C. A. 6th Cir.), 139 F. 2d 266; United States v. Mighell (C. A. 10th Cir.), 273 F. 2d 682.
United States v. Harrington (C. A. 4th Cir.), 269 F. 2d 719; United States v. Phillips (C. A. 6th Cir.), 267 F. 2d 374.
30 Stat. 561, as amended, 11 U. S. C. § 93 (j).
52 Stat. 876, as amended, 11 U. S. C. § 107 (b).
See, e. g., United States v. Childs, 266 U. S. 304, 307.
30 Stat. 562, as amended, 11 U. S. C. § 96. See Analysis of H. R. 12889, 74th Cong., 2d Sess. 211, note 1; 4 Collier, Bankruptcy 183, particularly note 12.
Cf. Gardner v. New Jersey, 329 U. S. 565, 580-581.
Indeed what little legislative history there is might well be taken to indicate an intent to bar penalties whether liened or not. Thus, the minority report on the Torrey Bill which eventually became the Bankruptcy Act of 1898 stated as an objection to § 57j the fact that although “penalties and forfeitures, when merged into judgment, ... are liens upon the debtor’s estate, this bill treats them as worthless and forbids their payment.” H. R. Rep. No. 1674, 52d Cong., 1st Sess., pt. 2, pp. 13-14.
Compare, e. g., In re Knox-Powell-Stockton Co., 100 F. 2d 979, and Kentucky v. Farmers Bank, 139 F. 2d 266, with United States v. Phillips, 267 F. 2d 374, and In re Burch, 89 F. Supp. 249. In 1960 Congress passed an Act containing a provision applying § 57j to penalties “whether or not secured by lien,” but this was vetoed by the President. 106 Cong. Rec. 19168.

Question: What is the basis of the Supreme Court's decision?

Choices:
judicial review (national level)
judicial review (state level)
Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction
statutory construction
interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order
diversity jurisdiction
federal common law

Answer: 3