What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
Robert Lee CASE, Appellant, v. STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, Appellee.
No. 8768.
United States Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit.
Argued Jan. 17, 1963.
Decided March 25, 1963.
Sherwood H. Smith, Jr., Raleigh, N. C., and L. Lyndon Hobbs, Shelby, N. C., for appellant.
Harry W. McGalliard, Asst. Atty. Gen. of North Carolina (T. W. Bruton, Atty. Gen. of North Carolina, on brief), for appellee.
Before BOREMAN and J. SPENCER BELL, Circuit Judges, and CRAVEN, District Judge.
J. SPENCER BELL, Circuit Judge.
The petitioner, Robert Lee Case, was convicted of the capital crime of rape, without recommendation of life imprisonment by the jury, and a mandatory sentence of death was pronounced by the state court. The judgment was affirmed by the Supreme Court of North Carolina, State v. Case, 253 N.C. 130, 116 S.E.2d 429 (1960), and petition for certiorari denied by the Supreme Court of the United States, Case v. North Carolina, 365 U.S. 830, 81 S.Ct. 717, 5 L.Ed. 2d 707 (1961). Post-conviction proceedings were instituted in the state courts, and after hearing, the court made findings of fact upon which it concluded as a matter of law that Case had suffered no substantial deprivation of his constitutional rights in his original trial, and denied relief. On the basis of this record, the District Court denied petitioner’s application for a writ of habeas corpus.
The petition alleges that Case was denied the effective assistance of counsel during his trial because of a conflict of interest resulting from his counsel’s duty both to him and to his co-defendant Shedd, by whom the attorney was also retained. We agree with the District Court that the post-conviction hearing conducted by the state court obviated the necessity of holding a plenary hearing in the District Court. The findings of historical fact are supported by the evidence, indeed there was little or no conflict in this area; it is with the conclusions of law drawn therefrom that we must differ.
The petitioner Case and his co-defendant Shedd were indicted and tried jointly for the capital offense of rape. Both were found guilty; the jury recommended mercy and life imprisonment for Shedd, but no such recommendation was made with respect to Case, and thus, for him, the death penalty was mandatory. Both Case and Shedd employed the same attorney; shortly before trial Shedd's family employed additional counsel for him, but the only counsel which Case had during his trial and appeal also represented Shedd. Before trial, both defendants were given psychiatric examinations at the state hospital for the insane. The doctors testified that Case’s I.Q. was about eighty, which was considered “dull but normal intelligence”; however, Shedd had an I.Q. of about fifty and was classified as moronic. Case was Shedd’s uncle, and considerably older. He had a criminal record.
When the trial commenced, the Court asked if there were any preliminary motions, whereupon petitioner’s counsel moved for a severance, explaining that he represented both defendants and that he was fairly certain that a conflict would arise between their interests upon certain evidence which he felt sure would be offered by the state and which would be favorable to one and unfavorable to the other, thus putting him in a “difficult position”. The Court overruled the motion and then directed that petitioner’s attorney should cross-examine on behalf of the petitioner while Shedd’s additional counsel should cross-examine for Shedd. Petitioner’s attorney was never relieved either in fact or on the record of his representation of Shedd, nor did he contend such was the fact at the state post-conviction hearing, nor is there any evidence that he returned Shedd’s fee. In fact, when the petitioner here attacks his attorney’s conduct in leaving the courtroom during the judge's charge and the state’s arguments to the jury, the state defends such conduct on the grounds that each of the defense lawyers was watching out for the interests of both defendants. Nor can we accept the argument that the court’s act in allocating the cross-examination of witnesses between the two defense attorneys relieved petitioner’s counsel of his basic conflict of interest as regards Case. This conflict of interest was present at every stage of the trial, in the preliminary decision on the nature of Shedd’s defense tactics, during the testimony of the prosecutrix and other state’s witnesses, the charge to the jury, and the argument of counsel. Every incident which emphasized Shedd’s defense drew the noose tighter about his co-defendant’s neck. We do not need the verdict of the jury to prove this. We would even concede that Case may well receive the same verdict in a separate trial, but we must not attempt to measure the degree of injury. The conflict of interest is inherent in the case, but it is fixed beyond a doubt by the jury’s unbridled discretion to give life or death to the two defendants.
In Powell v. State of Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 53 S.Ct. 55, 77 L.Ed. 158 (1932), a state conviction was reversed on the grounds that denial of the effective assistance of counsel in capital cases was failure of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. The remedy is available under habeas corpus Holly v. Smyth, 280 F.2d 536 (4 Cir., 1960), where this Court said:
“The interests of the several defendants might actually have conflicted. If the attorney was present to aid the others, one trial tactic which could benefit them would be to show that Holly was chiefly responsible for the crimes. In fact, the more severe treatment accorded Holly suggests this possibility.” 280 F.2d at 542.
While we need not attempt to measure, the extent of the injury, we would point out that petitioner’s counsel sat silent while the psychiatrist who had examined Shedd detailed Shedd’s confession, which not only implicated the petitioner but threw on him the onus of leadership in the outrageous conduct of the two. Again he was silent when private pros-_ ecution used violent and inflammatory language in its summation to the jury, referring to the petitioner as a “mad dog”, an “animal”, and a “convict”. As counsel for Shedd, he could view all the emphasis placed on Case’s conduct as tending to remove the onus from his client. ’
Other errors are alleged in petitioner’s attempt to show that his counsel was ineffective and inadequate, but we see no point in reviewing these. We must hold that the Trial Court’s failure to recognize the inherent and basic conflict of interest which faced counsel for the petitioner and for that reason permit severance was fatal error in that it denied to petitioner the effective assistance and the undivided loyalty of his counsel during his trial upon a capital offense. This being true the case must be remanded to the District Court with instructions to free the petitioner unless the state will retry him within a reasonable time.
Remanded.
. Under North Carolina law the jury had the right to recommend life imprisonment, which recommendation is mandatory on the judge. N.C.Gen.Stat. § 1dr-21. The North Carolina Supreme Court has held that this act attaches no limitation, conditions or qualifications to the jury’s right to so recommend, and neither the court nor counsel for the state may argue to the jury that it should not exercise its unbridled discretion in making this recommendation. State v. Manning, 251 N.C. 1, 110 S.E.2d 474 (1959); State v. Manning, 251 N.C. 1, 110 S.E.2d 474 (1959); State v. McMillan, 233 N.C. 630, 65 S.E.2d 212 (1951).
. Brown v. Allen, 344 U.S. 443, 73 S.Ct. 397, 97 L.Ed. 469 (1953), but Brown v. Allen in no way relaxes the duty of the Federal Court to make its own constitutional determination. Holly v. Smyth, 280 F.2d 536, 543 (4 Cir., 1960); United States ex rel. Sileo v. Martin, 269 F.2d 586 (2 Cir., 1959).
. On the direct appeal, the Supreme Court of North Carolina said with respect to this testimony: “Where testimony incompetent as to one defendant is admitted without objection and without request that its admission be limited, an exception thereto will not be sustained. * * * It would have been error to admit Shedd’s statement or statements against Case, had he requested that they be limited as against Shedd only.” 116 S.E.2d at 434.
. We think the Supreme Court spoke with impelling force to this very point when it said: “ * * * of equal importance with the duty of the court to see that an accused has the assistance of counsel is Its duty to refrain from embarrassing counsel in the defense of an accused by insisting, or indeed, even suggesting, that counsel undertake to concurrently represent interests which might diverge from- those of his first client, when the possibility of that divergence is brought home to the court.” Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 76, 62 S.Ct. 457, 467, 86 L.Ed. 680 (1941).

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1