What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
SOMERVILLE v. CAPITAL TRANSIT CO. SOMERVILLE v. DAY.
Nos. 10599, 10698.
United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit.
Argued June 1, 1951.
Decided Sept. 21, 1951.
Mr. Dorsey K. Offutt, Washington, D. C., for appellant.
Mr. Paul R. Connolly, Washington, D. C., with whom Mr. John J. Sirica, Washington, D. C., was on the brief, for appel-lee Capital Transit Co.
Mr. Albert F. Adams, Washington, D. C., for appellee Howard Day.
Before CLARK, WILBUR K. MILLER and FAHY, Circuit Judges.
FAHY, Circuit Judge.
The appellant, Margaret Elizabeth Som-erville, brought suit in the District Court against appellees Howard Day and the Capital Transit Company. She sought to recover for injuries allegedly sustained in a collision between the taxicab in which she was riding and which was operated by Day and a streetcar owned and operated by the Capital Transit Company. The case was tried before a jury who returned a verdict against appellant as to the Capital Transit Company but in appellant’s favor against Day. Upon timely motion thereafter filed by the latter, the District Court granted a new trial as to the issues between appellant and Day and denied a new trial against the Capital Transit Company. On the second trial the jury found in Day’s favor. In due course appellant brought these appeals which are consolidated for hearing. She urges that it was an abuse of discretion for the trial court, in granting a new trial, to fail to do so as to the Capital Transit Company, and in not limiting the new trial against Day to the issue of damages only.
It is a familiar principle that the grant or denial of a new trial rests in the sound discretion of the trial judge and that the exercise of this discretion will not be disturbed on review except for abuse. Kenyon v. Youngman, 1930, 59 App.D.C. 300, 40 F.2d 812; Atlantic Greyhound Lines v. Keesee, 1940, 72 App.D.C. 45, 111 F.2d 657; Ecker v. Potts, 1940, 72 App.D.C. 174, 112 F.2d 581; Ryan v. U. S., Duncan v. U. S., 89 U.S.App.D.C. -, 191 F.2d 779, decided July 26, 1951. Abuse is ordinarily established by showing that the trial court acted without authority, Freid v. McGrath, 1942, 76 U.S.App.D.C. 388, 133 F.2d 350, for an erroneous reason, cf. National Ben. Life Ins. Co. v. Shaw-Walker Co., 1940, 71 App.D.C. 276, 286, 111 F.2d 497, 507, or arbitrarily and without justification in light of all the circumstances as shown by a review of the record as a whole, Cornwell v. Cornwell, 1941, 73 App.D.C. 233, 118 F.2d 396; Boyle v. Bond, 1951, 88 U.S.App. D.C. 178, 187 F.2d 362.
In the instant case the motion for a new trial filed by Day recited numerous grounds, including, inter alia, that the verdict was contrary to the evidence, error of the trial court in refusing to give proffered instructions, excessiveness of the verdict, and newly discovered evidence. Which of these grounds were relied upon by the trial court in acting on the motion does not appear from the court’s order, from ‘anything printed in the joint appendix, or from anything in the transcripts lodged with this court. Neither does the joint appendix nor said transcripts contain any record of the evidence produced on the first trial. In short, the state of the record before us precludes at the outset a finding of abuse in this case, unless we were to rule that the granting of a new trial as to one of two defendants sued jointly in tort is per se an abuse. That this is not the case is clear from the terms of Rule 59(a), Fed.R. Civ.P., 28 U.S.C.A., alone. See also Dollar S. S. Lines v. Merz, 9 Cir., 1934, 68 F.2d 594, 595; United Retail C. & T. Ass’n v. Denahan, D.C.Mun.App.1945, 44 A.2d 69. Indeed, prior to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure it was the practice for courts to order “a new trial only for those parties prejudiced by the judgment.” 3 Moore’s Federal Practice 3248 (1st Ed.). Accordingly, we cannot characterize the action of the trial court in granting a new trial in the manner done here as an abuse of discretion.
The appellant also urges as error the denial of three requested instructions in the second trial. Two of these were drawn on the premise that the Capital Transit Company was a party defendant in the second trial. The other was drawn on the premise that the retrial was limited solely to the question of damages. These premises being contrary to the ‘actual situation which pertained, the requests were properly denied.
Affirmed.
. Capitol Cab Association was also named as a party defendant in the complaint, but the appellant .dismissed the action as against it at pretrial proceedings.
. Rule 59. New Trials; Amendment o£ Judgments
“(a) Grounds. A new trial may be granted to all or any of the parties and on all or part of the issues (1) in an action in which there has been a trial by jury, for any of the reasons for which new trials have heretofore been granted in actions at law in the courts of the United States; * * (Emphasis added.)
. An affidavit accompanied the motion of Day for new trial. It set forth at some length that plaintiff had suffered injuries in another accident, prior to the trial, and did not inform the jury of these injuries, alleged to be similar to those claimed to have resulted from the accident in suit. Were we to infer that this affidavit furnished the basis for the award of a new trial to Day, our conclusion would be the same; that is, we could not say the court abused its discretion in denying a new trial against the Capital Transit Company, no error appearing in the trial which resulted favorably to that defendant, or in opening the new trial as to Day to both liability and injury. We have no solid basis on the record for holding that the affidavit, assuming it was the basis of the court’s action, might not have justified a rehearing of the testimony as to liability as well as to injury.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 0