What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
PACIFIC MILLS v. NICHOLS.
No. 2897.
Circuit Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
July 17, 1934.
O. Walker Taylor, of Boston, Mass. (Israel Gorovitz, of Boston, Mass., on the brief), for appellant'.
J. Louis Monarch, Sp. Asst, to Atty. Gen. (Frank J. Wideman, Asst. Atty. Gen., Se-wall Key, Sp. Asst, to Atty. Gen., and Francis J. W. Ford, U. S, Atty., of Boston, Mass., on the brief), for appellee.
Before BINGHAM, WILSON, and MORTON, Circuit Judges.
MORTON, Circuit Judge.
This is an appeal by the plaintiff from a judgment for the defendant in an action brought to recover income and profits taxes for the year 1918. The District Court did not go into the merits of the controversy. It heard the ease only on the defendant’s plea that the action was barred by the statute of limitations applicable thereto. On the facts, about which there was eventually no dispute, the District Judge ruled that the action could not be maintained. The question before us is whether that ruling was right.
The taxes in question, amounting to $334,-822, were paid as part of a much larger sum ($7,649,283) on April 4,1923. On March 14, 1924, a elaim for refund was filed. It specified seven grounds of elaim; each being stated in rather general terms and none of them claiming any specified amount. One of these grounds was that the claimant was entitled to relief by special assessment under sections 327 and 328 of the Revenue Act of 1918 (40 Stát. 1093). To this elaim the Commissioner answered under date December 30, 1924:
“Reference is made to the requests contained in your claims dated March 11, 1924, that your profits taxes for the year 1918 and 1919 be computed under the provisions of sections 327 and 328 of the Revenue Act of 1918.
“Before consideration can be given your requests there must be a final determination of your net income for the years in question. [Italics supplied.] It will, therefore, be necessary for you to advise this office within thirty days from the date of this letter of your acquiescence in the determination of the’ net income disclosed in Schedules 1 and 3, or exceptions, if any, which you may take thereto.”
The plaintiff replied:
“Pacific Mills hereby agrees to the determination of net income for the years 1918 and 1919 as set forth in said letter namely $12,386,889.23 for 1918 and $7,109,921.35 for 1919, for the purpose of determining the income and excess profits taxes for those years under the provisions of sections 327 and 328 of the Revenue Act of 1918.” (Italics supplied.)
The Commissioner under date of December 18, 1925, rendered a decision denying special assessment and giving his reasons therefor. His letter then continues:
“The tax liability for each of the years 1818 and 1919 as determined in Bureau letter dated December 30, 1924 is, therefore, sustained.
“In accordance with the above conclusions, your claim for the refund of $7,649,283.10 for the year 1918, will bo rejected A full and your claims for the refund of $1,487,730.15 and credit of $00,624.23, aggregating $1,578,-360.36 for the year 1019, will be rejected for $1,485,603.46.
“The Collector of Internal Revenue for your district will be officially notified of the rejeetion at the expiration of thirty days from tho date of this letter.”
There the matter rested until March 26, 1927, when the plaintiff filed another claim for refund, the one now relied on, which was in effect a reassertion of the sixth item in its original claim. To this second claim the Commissioner made two replies. The first under date June 27, 1927, read as follows:
“Sirs: An examination of your claim for refund in the amount of $425,446.72, corporation income and profits taxes for the year 1&18 has been made.
¿ími , . . , ,, , The claim is based upon the contention ,, ,, . 1 1 ,. , ,, that taxpayers inventory should be valued a -a- Í -r • n ,1 , ,, „ at British Issue prices rather than at the fig- * i i at. t-w _l x & ures fixed by the Department.
“Data submitted m connection with this claim does not substantiate taxpayer’s contention for the reason that it is shown British Issue prices do not enter into taxpayer’s inyentory for the year 1918.
“You will be allowed ten days within which to submit other information. If no reply is received at the end of this time it will bo presumed that you do not wish to pursue the matter further-, and the claim will then he rejected on the next schedule to be approved by the Commissioner.” *
The second under date of August 26,1927, was as follows- '
. ... „ , . „ “Sirs: An examination of your claim for „ ... , r. *.o - a ao refund m the amount of $42o,446.72, eorpo- .. . - ration income and pi’oiits taxes tor the year r J 1918 ha s been made.
“The claim is based upon the contention that taxpayer’s inventory should bo valued at British Issue prices rather than at the figures fixed by the Department.
“Data submitted in connection with this claim does not show that the corporation’s source of supply would in any way justify tho use of British Issue prices; moreover the Bureau has been consistent in its refusal to recognize British Issue prices as establishing market values of wool as at December 31, 1818.
“Inasmuch as no additional data, has been submitted in reply to Bureau letter dated June 27,1927 it is presumed that you do not wish to pursue the matter further,
“The claim will therefore be rejected and the rejection will appear officially on the next schedule to be approved by the Commissioner.”
Mnal rejection in accordance with this letter was made on September 8,1927.
Tho present action based on this last rejeej¿on wag begun on September 3, 1929; i. e., more than five j^ears after the payment of the tax and more than two years after the rojeetion of tho original claim, but within two years after the rejection of the second claim,
The plaintiff contends upon certain teehnieal grounds which we think it unnecessary to state that the government is prevented or eftopped from raising the question of limitatl01* the form ,ln ^ich the P^adings were made and evldence presented. The eontentions are wholly without merit. The matter is jurisdictional, because the government t , j ’ can only be sued upon tho terms and condi- .. ¿- , . , , , tions which it imposes, and the point must be . • n , t rj. x4.-l u .. .. noticed when brought to the court’s attention .« ,7 , even if the pleadings are informal. Finn v. United States, 123 U. S. 227, 8 S. Ct. 82, 31 L. Ed. 128.
The statute in question (Revenue Act of 1924, c 234, 43 Stat. 253, 343) read as follows:
000- „ ,, „ . ^ (a) See*°* 3226 °f S“s’ fs amended’ » amended to rea 85 0 ows'
“Sec. 3226. No suit OT proceeding shall be maintained in any court for the recovery of any internal-revenue tax alleged to have been erroneously or illegally assessed or eolIccted, or oí any penalty claimed to have been collected without authority, or of any „ . , , , • ’ sum alleged to have been excessive or m any ° » ,, ,, ,, ... , . - manner wrongfully collected until a claim tor „ j-j.ii. j , ,, refund or credit has been duly filed, with, the ~ . . » T A i -o j Commissioner o± Internal Revenue, accord£ng. provisions of law in that regard, anci ifog regffiations of the Secretary of the Treasury established in pursuance thereof; but Sllc¿ guff or proceeding may be maintained, whether or not such tax, penalty, or sum has been paid under protest or duress. No such suit or proceeding shall be begun before the expiration of six months from the date of filing such claim unless the Commissioner renders a decision thereon within that time, nor after the expiration of five years from the date of .the payment of such tax, penalty, or sum, unless such suit or proceeding is begun within two years after the disallowance of the part of such claim to which such suit or proceeding relates. The Commissioner shall within 90' days after any such disallowanee notify the taxpayer thereof by mail.” USCA title 26 § 156.
“Sec. 1012. Section 3228 of the Revised Statutes, as amended, is amended to read as follows:
“Sec. 3228. (a) All claims for the refunding or crediting of any internal-revenue tax alleged to have been erroneously or illegally assessed or collected, or of any penalty alleged to have been collected without authority, or of any sum alleged to have been exeessive or in any manner wrongfully collected must, except as provided in section 281 of the Revenue Act of 1924, he presented to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue within four years next after the payment of such tax, penalty, or sum.
“(b) Except as provided in section 281 of the Revenue Act of 1924, claims for credit or refund (other than claims in respect of taxes imposed by the Revenue Act of 1916, the Revenue Act of 1917, or the Revenue Act of 1918) which at the time of the enactment of the Revenue Act of 1921 were barred from allowance by the period of limitation then in existence, shall not be allowed.” USCA, title 26 § 157 and note. ’
_ . It is clear that but for the filing of the second claim on March 26, 1927, the plaintiff’s action is outlawed; no contention^ is made to the contrary. The ultimate question therefore is whether the filing of that claim operated to extend the period within which action might be brought. The District Judge ruled in effect that the second claim related to a matter which was included m the first claim and had been considered and decided by the Commissioner in connection therewith, He based his ruling on Altman & Co. v. United States (Ct. Cl.) 40 F.(2d) 781, in which it is said that the statute in question manifestly does not contemplate the repetition of eontentions for refund in such a way and^ at such times as to toll the running of the limitation period. The purpose of limiting suits to recover alleged illegal tax exactions is evident, and if plaintiff by repeating its contentions in two refund claims may establish ju-' risdiction to sue, despite the limitation prescribed in the law, litigation would be prolonged indefinitely. The act of the Commissioner in rejecting the second refund claim is without legal significance, for when it was filed and afterwards rejected plaintiff’s right' to sue had lapsed by limitation.” Booth, C. J., page 784 of 40 F.(2d).
In the present case the Commissioner m faet determined any questions raised by the first claim except one for special assessment. This appears from the correspondence. He said, as above quoted, “Before considera- .. ’ . * . ’ 1 . ,, , turn can he given to your requests,’3 etc. (Italie8 suppIie(i) This statement occurs in the letter accompanying the schedules showing what changes the Commissioner proposed to make in the plaintiff’s income. Clearly .those changes are not, as the government argnes, and the District Judge in effect ruled, a decision on the claims. As appears by the plaintiffs’ letters above quoted, it agreed to the Commissioner’s determination of its net income for the years 1918 “for the purpose of determining the income and excess profits taxes for those years under the provisions of sections 327 and 328,” etc. The acceptance was not unlimited and absolute. It was, as is clearly steted> made ^ for a s?ecifie Par" Pose> and m ord<a’ to obtaln actlon on tbe elaim for 8Pecial assessmen^ under the rulof tbe Commissioner. While we think he was not obll£ed to ^P* a conditional assent> be dld 80 m tbis ease> and considered it only under seetl0ns 327 and 328- was therefore still open to the plaintiff to file a ^ elabn covering the items not passed upon ’> tbe time for nhng claims not having expired. Our attention has been called to no ¿jeejsjon -which holds that the making and withdrawal of claims under such an as-gent operate to estop a party from renewing them within the period allowed by the app,]icat,ie statute of limitations. Considering procedural analogy of pleadings in a lawsutt, as waa done in Bemis Bros. Bag Co. v. United States, 289 U. S. 28, at page 33, 53 S. Ct. 454 77 L. Ed. 1011, there is no estoppel judgment as to claims separable from ¿hose on which the plaintiff goes to trial and which are withdrawn before the case is tried, Eo situation was presented in the case United States v. Henry Prentiss & Co., 288 U. S. 73, 87-89, 53 S. Ct. 283, 77 L. Ed. 626, and, ag eRations there relied on show, the eollrt tts observations upon estoppel had -n j^rid very different circumstances from those iere presented,
The position which the government now takes was not relied on nor suggested by the Commissioner against the plaintiff’s second claim. He did not in any form say or suggest that the claim had been considered and decided, and could not therefore be renewed. On the contrary, he entertained it, considered it, offered to receive additional evidence on it, and finally denied it on the merits. If his decision had been in favor of the plaintiff, it cannot bo doubted that he might legally have ordered a refund. It would be going a good way here to say, as was done in the Altman Case, that his second decision against the claimant was “without legal significance,” for here the period of limitation had not run, at the time the second claim was filed, while there it had. It has been decided that the Commissioner has power to reopen and reconsider a claim within two years after it has been denied, and that, if he does so, the two-year limitation against the taxpayer runs from tho Commissioner’s final rejection, of the claim. See Jones v. United States (Ct. Cl.) 5 F. Supp. 146, at page 152, and Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. United States (Ct. Cl.) 7 F. Supp. 290, June 4, 1934, in which tho facts seem to us more closely analogous to the present case than those in the Altman Case and tlie decisions were in favor of the taxpayers. Tho Altman Case is evidently to be limited to its particular facts.
In the present ease, even if the Commissioner should be held to have decided every claim under the taxpayer’s original petition, on March 26, 1927, when the second claim was filed, two years had not elapsed since the rejection of the first claim; it was still open to the plaintiff to sue on the denial of tho first claim, and to the Commissioner to reconsider his decision on the first claim and permit it to lie amended and reheard. Jones v. United States (Ct. Cl.) 5 F. Supp. 146. In these respects tho Altman Case differs from the one before us. Moreover, in the Altman Case the ground on which the second claim was based was identical with that of the first claim and had been considered and decided in connection therewith. In the present case, as above stated, that appears not to have been the fact.
The extreme construction of the statute for which the government now contends was at one time eertainly not the view of the Department. The Solicitor of Internal Revenue held :
“Where an original claim for refund of a tax is made, alleging several separate and specific grounds for allowance, and demanding the full amount paid as such tax, which claim is rejected in toto, it cannot bo reopened for consideration of a new and, distinct ground, but claimant may make a new claim in the manner and form prescribed by the regulations, if the statutory period has not expired. • ® * The language of seetion 3228, Revised Statutes, that all claims for the refunding of any tax must be presented to the Commissioner within four years next after. payment of the tax sought to be refunded', may be construed to permit the filing of separate claims for refund oO a single tax or portion thereof, so long as all the claims are filed within the four year period of limitations.”
As is suggested in United States v. Memphis Cotton Oil Co., 288 U. S. 62, at page 66, 53 S. Ct. 278, 77 L. Ed. 619, and in Jones v. United States (Ct. Cl.) 5 F. Supp. 146, duplication of claims is largely within the Commissioner’s control. If a second claim is filed covering only matters previously presented and decided, the Commissioner may in his discretion say so and refuse to entertain it. If ho entertains the claim and considers it and decides it adversely to the claimant, we think suit may be brought within two years thereafter in accordance with the terms of the statute. This view opens no door to indefinite prolongation of litigation, as was suggested in the Altman Case, supra. No claim can be filed before the Commissioner more than four years after the payment of the tax, and an original claim may be filed at any time within that period.
The judgment appealed from must be reversed, and the case remanded to the District Court for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
The judgment of the District Court is reversed, and the case is remanded to that eourt for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. The appellant recovers costs of appeal.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1