What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
Monte W. DURHAM, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
No. 12810.
United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit.
Argued Jan. 17, 1956.
Decided March 29, 1956.
Petition for Rehearing In Banc Denied May 3, 1956.
Mr. Milton M. Gottesman, Washing-, ton, D. C., with whom Mr. William E. Leahy, Washington, D. C. (both appointed by this Court) was on the brief, for appellant.
Mr. Lewis A. Carroll, Asst. U. S. Atty., with whom Messrs. Leo A. Rover, U. S. Atty., Arthur J. McLaughlin and John W. Kern, III, Asst. U. S. Attys., were on the brief, for appellee. Mr. Carl W. Belcher, Asst. U. S. Atty., also entered an appearance for appellee.
Before EDGERTON, Chief Judge, and BAZELON and WASHINGTON, Circuit Judges.
BAZELON, Circuit Judge.
On Durham’s former appeal, we reversed his conviction of housebreaking and remanded the case for a new trial because the trial court had erroneously applied “existing rules governing the burden of proof on the defense of insanity * * In addition, we announced a new test of criminal responsibility. Upon re-trial, Durham has again been convicted. We must again reverse and remand for a new trial because of fatally defective instructions to the jury.
The judge told the jury that the Acting Superintendent of St. Elizabeths Hospital had advised the court on February 12, 1953 that Durham was found competent to stand trial and assist in his own defense. Later, after correctly stating that he would commit Durham to St. Elizabeths if he were found not guilty by reason of insanity, the judge added that Durham would remain there until determined to be “of sound mind” by the hospital authorities; and that “if the authorities adhere to their last opinion on this point, he will be released very shortly.” Thus the judge conveyed to the jury the idea, which he also expressed at a bench conference with counsel, that the authorities had found Durham to be “of sound mind” and that he would be discharged “very shortly” after commitment unless their opinion changed. This was plain error.
The “last opinion” referred to by the court was apparently the February 12, 1953 letter of Dr. Silk, Acting Superintendent of St. Elizabeths, regarding Durham’s competency to stand trial. This letter was not in evidence.» Nor could it have been. The “fair meaning” of § 4244 of Title 18 U.S.C. is that “the jury should not be told that the accused has been found competent to stand trial.” Hence the court erred in calling the jury’s attention to the letter.
But there is an even more critical fault. Competency to stand trial is entirely different from such soundness of mind as would warrant discharge from the hospital. A striking illustration of the difference is found in this very ease in these word's from Dr. Silk’s letter: “Prolonged psychiatric study has established that [Durham] suffers from psychological illness but is mentally competent to stand trial and is able to consult with counsel to properly assist in his own defense.” (Emphasis supplied.) This court recognized in Durham’s former appeal that a defendant who is competent to stand trial may nevertheless be suffering from a mental illness presenting dangers against which protection is necessary. We specifically pointed out that upon acquittal by reason of insanity the defendant “may be confined as long as ‘the public safety and * * * (his) welfare’ require.” This is what the judge should have told the jury hjere.
The judge’s statement that the defendant would “be released very shortly” was highly prejudicial, for it implied a warning that dire consequences might result from a finding that the defendant was not guilty by reason of insanity. Such a warning goes far to deprive the insanity defense of any real meaning as a jury issue. The judge’s statement that such a warning is justified by our decision in Taylor v. United States, supra, note 5, is erroneous.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
. Durham v. United States, 1954, 94 U.S.App.D.C. 228, 230, 214 F.2d 862, 864, 45 A.L.R.2d 1430.
. We allowed Durham leave to proceed in forma pauperis after the District Court had denied such leave in a memorandum opinion, D.C.D.C.1955, 130 F.Supp. 445.
. Later the trial judge repeated this statement and added a sentence which did not change the total effect of what he had previously said.
. “Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the court.” Rule 52(b), Fed.Rules Crim.Proc, 18 U.S.C.A. Stewart v. United States, 1954, 94 U.S.App.D.C. 293, 296, 214 F.2d 879, 882, note 7; Taylor v. United States, 1955, 95 U.S.App.D.C. 373, 379, 222 F.2d 398, 404.
. Taylor v. United States, 95 U.S.App.D.C. at page 378, 222 F.2d at page 403.
Section 4244 provides in pertinent part: “A finding by the judge that the accused is mentally competent to stand trial shall in no way prejudice the accused in a plea of insanity as a defense to the crime charged; such finding shall not be introduced in evidence on that issue nor otherwise be brought to the notice of the jury.” 63 Stat. 686 (1949).
. See Gunther v. United States, 1954, 94 U.S.App.D.C. 243, 246, 215 F.2d 493, 496; Sobeloff, Insanity and the Criminal Law: From McNaghten to Durham and Beyond, 41 A.B.A.J. 793, 879 (1955).
For example, although persons suffering from pyromania or kleptomania may be competent to stand trial, their affliction may make them dangerous to themselves or others. In an early Texas case, Harris v. State, 1885, 18 Tex.App. 287, 293, kleptomania was described as “a species of insanity” constituting a defense to the crime of theft. Pyromania and kleptomania have been described as psychoneuroses in Guttmacher & Weihofen, Psychiatry and the Law 57 (1952), and as psychopathic states in Henderson & Gillespie, Textbook of Psychiatry 399 (7th ed. 1953).
. Note 57, 94 U.S.App.D.C. at page 242, 214 F.2d at page 876, citing Barry v. White, 1933, 62 App.D.C. 69, 71, 64 F.2d 707, 709. See also Sobeloff, supra, note 6.
. Taylor v. United States, 95 U.S.App.D.C. at page 379, 222 F.2d at page 404.
The jury should now be advised in accordance with Public Law No. 313, 84th Cong., 1st Sess., Aug. 9, 1955. That law, which amends D.C.Code, § 24-301, was enacted after the trial herein and our decision in Taylor. In pertinent part, it provides for mandatory commitment to a mental hospital of a person acquitted by reason of insanity, and conditions release on, inter alia, the opinion of the hospital superintendent that “such person will not in the reasonable future be dangerous to himself or others * * 69 Stat. 610.
. See Annotation, 44 A.L.R.2d 973, State v. Johnson, Mo.1954, 267 S.W.2d 642, 44 A.L.R.2d 973.
. This statement appears in the trial judge’s memorandum opinion denying Durham’s motion for leave to appeal in forma pauperis. 130 F.Supp. at page 448.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1