What follows is an opinion from the Supreme Court of the United States. Your task is to determine the bases on which the Supreme Court rested its decision with regard to the legal provision that the Court considered in the case. Consider "judicial review (national level)" if the majority determined the constitutionality of some action taken by some unit or official of the federal government, including an interstate compact. Consider "judicial review (state level)" if the majority determined the constitutionality of some action taken by some unit or official of a state or local government. Consider "statutory construction" for cases where the majority interpret a federal statute, treaty, or court rule; if the Court interprets a federal statute governing the powers or jurisdiction of a federal court; if the Court construes a state law as incompatible with a federal law; or if an administrative official interprets a federal statute. Do not consider "statutory construction" where an administrative agency or official acts "pursuant to" a statute, unless the Court interprets the statute to determine if administrative action is proper. Consider "interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order" if the majority treats federal administrative action in arriving at its decision.Consider "diversity jurisdiction" if the majority said in approximately so many words that under its diversity jurisdiction it is interpreting state law. Consider "federal common law" if the majority indicate that it used a judge-made "doctrine" or "rule; if the Court without more merely specifies the disposition the Court has made of the case and cites one or more of its own previously decided cases unless the citation is qualified by the word "see."; if the case concerns admiralty or maritime law, or some other aspect of the law of nations other than a treaty; if the case concerns the retroactive application of a constitutional provision or a previous decision of the Court; if the case concerns an exclusionary rule, the harmless error rule (though not the statute), the abstention doctrine, comity, res judicata, or collateral estoppel; or if the case concerns a "rule" or "doctrine" that is not specified as related to or connected with a constitutional or statutory provision. Consider "Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction" otherwise (i.e., the residual code); for issues pertaining to non-statutorily based Judicial Power topics; for cases arising under the Court's original jurisdiction; in cases in which the Court denied or dismissed the petition for review or where the decision of a lower court is affirmed by a tie vote; or in workers' compensation litigation involving statutory interpretation and, in addition, a discussion of jury determination and/or the sufficiency of the evidence.

Opinion:
UNITED STATES v. LINDSAY et al.
No. 94.
Argued December 1-2, 1953.
Decided January 18, 1954.
Paul A. Sweeney argued the cause for the United States. With him on the brief were Acting Solicitor General Stern, Assistant Attorney General Burger and Melvin Richter.
Edward C. Park argued the cause and filed a brief for respondents.
Mr. Justice Black
delivered the opinion of the Court.
On February 29, 1952, the United States filed the complaint in this case against Lindsay and the other respondents alleging that on February 26, 1945, Lindsay had delivered damaged wool to the Government in violation of an agreement with the Commodity Credit Corporation, a wholly owned corporate agency of the United States. The defendants moved to dismiss on the ground that the Government’s seven year old claim was barred by the six year time limit in § 4 (c) of a 1948 Act as amended. That section provides that “No suit by or against the Corporation shall be allowed unless ... it shall have been brought within six years after the right accrued on which suit is brought . . . .” Holding that the 1952 suit was barred because the right to sue had “accrued” in 1945 when the damaged wool was delivered, the District Court dismissed the case. 105 F. Supp. 467. The Court of Appeals for the First Circuit affirmed on the same ground. 202 F. 2d 239. However, the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has held that a Government claim arising prior to the 1948 Act “accrued” not when the suit arose but when the Act became effective. Field Packing Co. v. United States, 197 F. 2d 329. This conflict among the circuits as to the statutory meaning of “accrued” led us to grant certiorari. 346 U. S. 810. The question here is whether Government claims growing out of the Corporation’s transactions prior to the Act “accrued” on the date a right to sue came into existence or on the date the Act became effective.
In common parlance a right accrues when it comes into existence as the Government’s claim against Lindsay did in 1945. Giving “accrued” its normal meaning would therefore bar all claims not sued on within six years from the date they arose whether they came into existence before or after passage of the Act. The Government admits that the normal meaning of “accrued” controls when the 1948 Act is applied prospectively, that is, to claims arising after the Act’s effective date. But construing the Act in a way that requires its six year limitation period to begin before 1948 gives the law a retroactive effect, shortening the time for suit on some prior claims and summarily cutting off others. To prevent retroactivity we are urged to depart from the normal meaning of “accrued” when § 4 (c) is applied to preexisting claims. This suggested departure is no minor one. We are asked to read the words “six years after the right accrued” as though Congress intended to say “six years after the effective date of the Act when it is applied to pre-existing causes of action.” Precedents are cited in which, to avoid retroactive barring of suits, courts have refused to give “accrued” its normal meaning and have instead given it a special meaning — the date a new statute of limitations becomes effective. In effect, it is argued that these court decisions have made “accrued” a word of art when used in such statutes. Therefore, we are asked to hold that Congress used “accrued” in § 4 (c) with this special meaning.
It is true that courts have sometimes given “accrued” the meaning the Government here suggests, but we are unable to agree that the word has thereby taken on an established technical meaning which Congress must have had in mind when it used “accrued” in this Act. The legislative history fails to show that such a meaning was suggested to Congress before the Act was passed. Moreover, many of the decisions that gave “accrued” this special meaning did so to avoid possible constitutional questions should the statutes be interpreted in a way that would destroy private rights. See, e. g., Sohn v. Waterson, 17 Wall. 596. But no constitutional question is raised by applying this six year time limit to pre-existing claims of the Government. Congress has unquestioned power to bar recovery on Government claims if it sees fit. And we agree with the court below that we need not now decide whether § 4 (c) can be applied to preexisting claims brought by private persons against the Government. But see Lynch v. United States, 292 U. S. 571, 581; Cummings v. Deutsche Bank, 300 U. S. 115, 119; Addison v. Huron Stevedoring Corp., 204 F. 2d 88, 91-92.
The Government also urges that quite apart from constitutional considerations there are strong reasons why courts should, whenever possible, construe statutes so as to avoid retroactivity. Cases are cited in which particular provisions have been deemed so inequitable and unfair when applied retrospectively that this Court has refused to impute to law-making bodies a purpose to bring about such results. But we cannot say that any consequences of retroactive application of the time limit here call on us to hold that Congress did not intend this statute to take effect according to the natural meaning of its words. The Government has used the Commodity Credit Corporation in business transactions since 1933. Probably many claims have accrued in the intervening years. Maybe others, like this one, are for comparatively small amounts. All, whether large or small, could have been sued on as they arose. We think that Congress might well have believed it wise to bar all stale claims by the Government against its agents and others who dealt with it in the past. For and against such a view arguments can be made that are based on common notions of fairness and justice. In this situation it seems better to leave this statutory problem with Congress rather than for us to stretch the word “accrued” beyond its ordinary meaning. Cf. Chase Securities Corp. v. Donaldson, 325 U. S. 304, 316.
Affirmed.
62 Stat. 1070, as amended, 63 Stat. 154, 156; 15 U. S. C. (Supp. V) § 714b (c).
United States v. Heth, 3 Cranch 399; Claridge Apartments Co. v. Commissioner, 323 U. S. 141; Hassett v. Welch, 303 U. S. 303; Brewster v. Gage, 280 U. S. 327; United States v. Magnolia Co., 276 U. S. 160; United States v. St. Louis, S. F. & T. R. Co., 270 U. S. 1; Shwab v. Doyle, 258 U. S. 529; Union Pacific R. Co. v. Laramie Stock Yards Co., 231 U. S. 190; United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Struthers Wells Co., 209 U. S. 306; Lewis v. Lewis, 7 How. 776.

Question: What is the basis of the Supreme Court's decision?

Choices:
judicial review (national level)
judicial review (state level)
Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction
statutory construction
interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order
diversity jurisdiction
federal common law

Answer: 3