What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
MOORE v. MEAD SERVICE CO. et al.
No. 4055.
United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit.
June 26, 1951.
Rehearing Denied July 27, 1951.
Dee C. Blythe, Clovis, N. M., for appellant.
Edward W. Napier, Lubbock, Tex. (Howard F. Houle, Santa Fe, N. M., was with him on the brief), for appellees.
Before PHILLIPS, Chief Judge, and MURRAH and PICKETT, Circuit Judges.
PICKETT, Circuit Judge.
This action was brought to recover statutory treble damages alleged to have been incurred by reason of the defendant’s violation of the Clayton Act as amended by the Robinson-Patman Price Discrimination Act of 1936, 15 U.S.C.A. §§ 13(a), 15. At the conclusion of plaintiffs evidence, the trial court dismissed the complaint and entered judgment for the defendant for the reason that the evidence showed that the alleged price discrimination was in response to changing conditions affecting the market for or the marketability of goods concerned which was permitted under the last proviso of Sec. 13(a). Upon former consideration of the case, we affirmed upon the grounds that the plaintiff, by his own conduct and participation in an illegal boycott, had created a condition which resulted in the price discrimination complained of and for that reason could not maintain the action. 10 Cir., 184 F.2d 338. Upon petition for certiorari, 340 U.S. 944, 71 S.Ct. 528, the Supreme Court remanded the case with directions that it be given further consideration in the light of Kiefer-Stewart Co. v. Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, 340 U.S. 211, 71 S.Ct. 259. Although the facts in the Kiefer case were substantially different from those here, it was there held that in an action for treble damages under the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C.A. §§ 1, 15, infractions of such law by the claimant were not a defense in such an action. We therefore conclude that the Kiefer case controls on this point.
Moore operated the only bakery in the town of Santa Rosa, New Mexico. At the same time, Mead’s Fine Bread Company, a corporation, had a similar business in Clovis, New Mexico, and was selling its product in Santa Rosa in competition with Moore and through substantially the same outlets. By selling its product through other outlets across the state line in Texas, it was engaged in interstate commerce. In order to retain Moore’s bakery in Santa Rosa, with the consent and acceptance of Moore, a group of business men there obtained the written assurance from all of the retail outlets, except one, that they would not purchase bread from anyone except Moore. This understanding was to become effective on September 3, 1948. Upon that date Mead reduced the price of a one pound loaf of white bread from 140 to 70 and a one and one-half pound loaf from 210 to 110 which was substantially below cost. As a result of this reduction, most of the retailers continued the sale of Mead’s bread. Mead did not reduce the price of its product at any place except Santa Rosa, and maintained these prices until after this action was brought.
The Act makes it unlawful for a person engaged in interstate commerce, either directly or indirectly, to discriminate in price between purchases of commodities of like grade and quality where such commodities are sold for use, consumption or resale and where the effect of such discrimination may be substantially to lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly in any line of commerce or to injure, destroy or prevent competition with any person who either grants or knowingly receives benefit of such discrimination. The section contains this proviso: “nothing contained in sections 12, 13, 14-21 and 22-27 of this title shall prevent price changes from time to time where in response to changing conditions, affecting the market for or the marketability of the goods concerned, such as but not limited to actual or imminent deterioration of perishable goods, obsolescence of seasonal goods, distress sales under court process, or sales in good faith in discontinuance of business in the goods concerned.” The trial court thought that because of the boycott, Mead was confronted with a changed market condition which would bring it within this proviso. It appears to us that the proviso cannot be given such a broad meaning. It is evident that it deals with special situations in connection with specific lots of goods which are of a perishable nature or become obsolete with the seasons or distress sales under court process or goods sold when a business is discontinued in good faith. The exceptions are not confined specifically to those set forth but the plain language of the statute limits the exceptions to those which are “such as” or similar to those named. The changed market condition caused by the understanding of the retailers in Santa Rosa to purchase only Moore’s bread is not “such as” or similar to' the exceptions named.
A price discrimination having been shown, it then, under the statute, becomes a question of fact as to whether “the effect of such discrimination may be substantially to lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly in any line of commerce, or to injure, destroy, or prevent competition with any person who either grants or knowingly receives the benefit of such discrimination, or with the customers of either of them.” 15 U.S.C.A. § 13(a).
Judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for new trial.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1