What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
Frances H. BACH, Appellant, v. Alfred W. PERKINS and Sue Garrett Perkins, Appellees.
No. 14045.
United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.
June 7, 1955.
Rehearing Denied July 7, 1955.
Newlin, Holley, Tackabury & Johnston, Hudson B. Cox, Los Angeles, Cal., for appellant.
Carl Hoppe, San Francisco, Cal., for appellees.
Before STEPHENS, FEE and CHAMBERS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiffs below, Alfred W. Perkins and Sue Garrett Perkins, citizens of California, sought and obtained a declaratory judgment against Mr. Perkins’ niece, Frances Hadcock Bach, a citizen of Wisconsin. The district court held that the Perkinses, or either of them, may live in Mrs. Bach’s house in Westwood near Los Angeles at a rental of $15 per quarter so long as either Mr. or Mrs. Perkins survives. Fifteen dollars each three months was the rental accepted from the Perkinses for some years by Mrs. Isabel Perkins Hadcock, mother of Mrs. Bach and the latter’s predecessor in title. For a period of time, Mrs. Bach acquiesced in accepting a similar nominal rent. The property has become quite valuable. Mrs. Bach now wants to sell the house, she says.
Appellees (plaintiffs) never have had a formal lease. There is not extant any instrument creating a life estate. They produce letters from Mrs. Hadcock, now deceased, and Mrs. Bach written in happier days when the Perkinses were the ungrudging objects of the bounty of Mrs. Hadcock and Mrs. Bach. None of these writings satisfy the requirement of a memorandum in writing required by the California Statute of Frauds, which statute was pleaded by the defendant.
The trial court found that the plaintiffs have a life tenancy or right to occupy at the nominal rental above mentioned so long as either shall survive. Also it found that Mrs. Bach is estopped to assert the Statute of Frauds.
For the purposes of this case, technicalities of estoppel theories need not be considered beyond saying that any kind of an estoppel as a minimum involves some kind of a reliance or change of position to the detriment of him who asserts estoppel. On combing the record, the reliance one finds can only be that the plaintiffs, who are the financially hapless relatives of the well-to-do Mrs. Bach and of the well-to-do late Mrs. Had-cock, have acquired a standard of living beyond the $200 per month which the plaintiffs receive from the estate of the late Samper A. Perkins. Samper has caused, in a way, all of the trouble herein by having money and by leaving a portion of that money to his brother, Alfred, and a greater portion to his sister, Mrs. Hadcoek. Much of Mrs. Hadcock’s money is now Mrs. Bach's money.
There seems to be no case in California that goes so far as to hold that any kind of an estoppel can be grounded alone upon the possibility of one’s having to give up a modest standard of living upon which he has come to rely, necessitating in its place a very meager standard. There must be other factors. Sometimes the prior giving up of something beneficial helps. *****8
Plaintiffs’ troubles, they admit, have been precipitated by their starting an action in Wisconsin which probes into the administration of the trust estate of the late Samper Perkins. Whether their assertions in Wisconsin are valid or ill-advised is not here for decision.
Counsel for the plaintiffs has pulled all stops to establish the pathos of the position of his elderly clients. And it does look as if they are more foolish than vicious.
In the history of human affairs, maybe no particular harm would be done by a court’s letting Mr. and Mrs. Perkins stay in Mrs. Bach’s house, if one could isolate the transaction and avoid establishing a precedent. But would the precedent leave any validity to the Statute of Frauds ? It always has had a very salutary purpose which should not be forgotten.
The judgment below on the complaint is reversed. The judgment on the counterclaim, from which no appeal was taken, naturally will stand.
. California Civil Code, Section 1624.
. See Seymour v. Oelrichs, 156 Cal. 782, 106 P. 88; Grant v. Long, 33 Cal.App.2d 725, 92 P.2d 940; Monarco v. Lo Greco, 35 Cal.2d 621, 220 P.2d 737. (In the last mentioned ease most of the California authorities are collected.)
It is true as pointed out in 3 Stanford Law Review 281 that the California courts have reduced the Statutes of Frauds to shreds time and again. But even among the shreds one always finds some reliance to one’s financial detriment on the promise which is enforced. Perhaps he who has to get out of what he has come to regard as his home is a victim of more cruelty than one who has to sustain a financial loss in reliance upon another’s promise. But still this court cannot find in the California cases any decisions or dicta that uphold the position of the Perkinses, much as it would like to agree with them.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 0