What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
Joe Aragon MARTINEZ, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
No. 9109.
United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit.
March 6, 1967.
Gene E. Franchini, Albuquerque, N. M., for appellant.
John Quinn, U. S. Atty., and John A. Babington, Asst. U. S. Atty., for appellee.
Before MURRAH, Chief Judge, and HILL and SETH, Circuit Judges.
HILL, Circuit Judge.
This is a direct appeal from a judgment of conviction and sentence following a jury conviction on two counts of an indictment charging violations of 26 U.S.C. § 4744(a) and § 4742(a).
At the trial appellant, who was the defendant there, urged entrapment as a defense and here complains about the inadequacy of the trial court’s instruction to the jury on entrapment.
The defense of entrapment was unknown to the common law. Although it is now firmly entrenched in federal jurisprudence it is still not recognized in some state jurisdictions. It may be described as an affirmative or positive defense and is in the nature of a confession and avoidance. It cannot be applicable to the facts of a particular case unless the commission of the crime charged is admitted by the accused raising the defense. Its inception and history in the federal courts are recited in both the majority and concurring opinions in Sherman v. United States, 356 U.S. 369, 78 S.Ct. 819, 2 L.Ed.2d 848, and need not be repeated here.
The principle of law involved is not complicated and may be simply stated. Entrapment occurs when the criminal design or conduct originates in or is the product of the minds of the government officials and is implanted by them in the mind of an otherwise innocent person. In the words of the Court in Sherman v. United States, supra at 372, 78 S.Ct. at 821, “To determine whether entrapment has been established, a line must be drawn between the trap for the unwary innocent and the trap for the unwary criminal.”
The fact that an accused asserts the affirmative defense of entrapment does not shift the burden of proof to him. When the defense is raised or asserted, the burden is upon the government to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that entrapment did not occur. If the facts and circumstances of the case show conclusively that entrapment occurred, the trial judge has a duty to find that entrapment, as a matter of law, exists in the case. If the evidence in the case on the issue is conflicting, the issue of entrapment should be submitted to the jury. Without reviewing in this opinion the evidence in this case we believe from a reading of the record the trial court properly submitted the issue of entrapment to the jury.
Appellant complains about the use of the term “unlawful entrapment” and the word “predisposition” in the entrapment instruction given in this case by the trial judge. We agree with appellant that the use of the word “unlawful” preceding the word entrapment in the instruction given was unnecessary and in our opinion improper. Regardless of any suggested forms of jury instructions, we find no substantial legal authority categorizing entrapment as “lawful” and “unlawful”. The defense asserted is simply entrapment and that is the issue to be determined as a matter of law by the judge and as a matter of fact by the jury. The jury should be instructed as to the necessary elements of entrapment as they have been so clearly defined by the Supreme Court and by this Circuit without injecting into the case any extraneous matter. Appellant urges that the use of the word “unlawful” in this instruction imposed a burden of proof upon him. We do not agree because the court, in that same instruction, told the jury “The burden is on the Government to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was not entrapped.” The court adequately advised the jury as to the elements of entrapment, although he referred to it as “unlawful entrapment” and also correctly advised the jury the circumstances under which “unlawful entrapment” could not exist. Although we do not approve of the use of the words “lawful” and “unlawful” in connection with the word entrapment, we believe that the instruction given, as a whole, fairly advised the jury on the issue and that appellant was not prejudiced by the use of the words “lawful” and “unlawful”. Likewise we can find no merit in appellant’s objection to the word “predisposition” in the instruction. It was properly used in connection with one of the elements of entrapment and did not inject any new issue into the case as argued.
We have carefully read and considered the entire record in the case and must conclude that the accused received a fair trial, free of any prejudice.
Affirmed.
. “To constitute a defense, the entrapment must be unlawful. Unlawful entrapment means that the idea of committing the crime originated with the law enforcement officers or their agents, rather than with the defendant; that he had no previous disposition to violate the law, and that they urged and induced him to commit the crime charged.
“This defense is based on the policy of the law not to ensnare or entrap innocent persons into the commission of a crime, and the burden is on the Government to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was not entrapped.
“The defense of unlawful entrapment is not established if the defendant was ready and willing to violate the law, and the law enforcement officers, or their agents, merely afforded him the opportunity of committing the crime. Under these circumstances," entrapment is lawful, rather than unlawful, even though the law enforcement officers may have used a ruse or otherwise concealed their identity.”
. 21 Am.Jur.2d, Criminal Law § 143.
. Ortiz v. United States, 9 Cir., 358 F.2d 107; United States v. Georgious, 7 Cir., 333 F.2d 440, cert. denied, 379 U.S. 901, 85 S.Ct. 191, 13 L.Ed.2d 176. And see, Sherman v. United States, 356 U.S. 369, 78 S.Ct. 819, 2 L.Ed.2d 848 and Sorrells v. United States, 287 U.S. 435, 53 S.Ct. 210, 77 L.Ed. 413.
. See the recent decision of this Court in Garcia v. United States of America, 10 Cir., 373 F.2d 806, for a further discussion of the subject.
. Sorrells v. United States, 287 U.S. 435, 53 S.Ct. 210, 77 L.Ed. 413; Sherman v. United States, 356 U.S. 369, 78 S.Ct. 819, 2 L.Ed.2d 848; Masciale v. United States, 356 U.S. 386, 78 S.Ct. 827, 2 L.Ed.2d 859; Lopez v. United States, 373 U.S. 427, 83 S.Ct. 1381, 10 L.Ed.2d 462.
. Ryles v. United States, 10 Cir., 183 F.2d 944, cert. denied, 340 U.S. 877, 71 S.Ct. 123, 95 L.Ed. 637; Maestas v. United States, 10 Cir., 341 F.2d 493; Jordan v. United States, 10 Cir., 348 F.2d 433; Lucas v. United States, 10 Cir., 355 F. 2d 245, cert. denied, 384 U.S. 977, 86 S.Ct. 1873, 16 L.Ed.2d 687; Robinson v. United States, 10 Cir., 366 F.2d 575, cert. denied, 385 U.S. 889, 87 S.Ct. 717, 17 L.Ed.2d 547.
. Rule 52(a) F.R.Crim.P.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1