What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 

Your task concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)". Your task is to determine the gender of this litigant. Use names to classify the party's sex only if there is little ambiguity (e.g., the sex of "Chris" should be coded as "not ascertained").

Opinion:
SHIELDS-JETCO, INC., et al., Plaintiffs, Appellees, v. Emanuel TORTI, Defendant, Appellant.
No. 7750.
United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
Jan. 19, 1971.
Elliot A. Salter, Providence, R.I., with whom Leonard Michaelson and Salter & Michaelson, Providence, R.I., were on brief, for appellant.
Thomas A. Harwood, Dallas, Tex., with whom Hinckley, Allen, Salisbury & Parsons, Providence, R.I., was on brief, for appellees.
Before ALDRICH, Chief Judge, Mc-ENTEE and COFFIN, Circuit Judges.
ALDRICH, Chief Judge.
This appeal by Emanuel Torti, the owner of Patent No. 3,089,310, from a finding of non-infringement raises a single question. The patent, known as a Trench Shoring Machine, is a combination patent that provides self-propelled parallel shields, whose purpose is to line and shore both sides of the trench during back-hoe and pipe-laying operations, “to prevent cave-ins and the like.” There is substantial need for such a device because pipes are l^id in relatively unstable earth or sand in depths up to and exceeding 20 feet. The described device has a solid back-end, containing an aperture at the bottom portion, to permit straddling the already laid pipe. The side walls partially telescope, laterally, and can be extended forward by hydraulic pressure. The patent claims, in addition, a top wall.
A top wall is perhaps needed only when a great depth is being reached and the entire machine operates below grade. In these circumstances the phrase “and the like” doubtless applies to falling debris and cave-ins from overhead. However, we observe in the descriptive portions of the patent, “It will also be noted that the workers are protected from inclement weather.” To the extent that there is value to this last, it must be unrelated to whether the top is below or above grade.
It may be that, except when operating below grade, a top wall may, on balance, be an inconvenience, since the'pipe sections that are about to be laid must be introduced from overhead. In any event, Shields-Jeteo, Inc., plaintiff in a petition for a declaratory judgment of non-validity and non-infringement, manufactures a device that essentially copies Torti in all other respects, but, plaintiff alleges, omits the top wall or any equivalent thereof. The correctness of this allegation is the sole issue. The district court, although recognizing the perhaps greater, inventiveness of the rest of the device, found in plaintiff’s favor, and held this absence fatal to Torti’s claim of infringement. 314 F.Supp. 1292. Torti appeals.
At first blush one might think that omitting the top wall, with the consequent lessening of the protection to the workers below, might invoke the rule that the omission of part of a device, accompanied by a corresponding loss of function, may not prevent infringement. Cf. Hobbs v. Beach, 1901, 180 U.S. 383, 401, 21 act. 409, 45 L.Ed. 586; McDonough v. Johnson-Wentworth Co., 8 Cir., 1928, 30 F.2d 375, 384, cert. denied 280 U.S. 572, 50 S.Ct. 28, 74 L.Ed. 624. However, for reasons that we need not pursue, very possibly a fear that he would lose on the issue of validity of the patent, Torti conceded in the district court, and concedes here, that in order to succeed he must establish that the accused device has a top wall, or at least its equivalent.
It is plain that plaintiff’s accused device contains no full top wall. The back end has a shield, sometimes referred to as a doghouse, over the pipe-exiting aperture. This protects from encroachment by loose backfill. If this shield should be regarded as the equivalent of a top wall, it relates to a very small portion of the machine. The sidewalls extend for considerable length, the exact maximum or minimum not appearing, but the scale model suggests some fifteen feet. Between them there is no top wall as such. Somewhere near the middle, and somewhat below the top, there is a narrow bridge or catwalk, where the operator stands. This platform is but three to four feet wide. It is apparent that it covers considerably, probably very considerably, less than half of the total open working space between the side walls. Torti claims that this catwalk is the equivalent of a top wall. The court found otherwise.
We see no merit in this appeal. Passing the fact that the patent drawings show a complete top wall (with a trapdoor), there is no suggestion, in the claims or elsewhere, that the term “top wall” means a partial as distinguished from a complete top wall. The most that it might be open to Torti to say is that whether this looser interpretation was available to the patentee was a question of fact. Such a claim cannot go to the point of saying that the district court was obliged to find that “top wall” meant “partial top wall.” The court refused to give this loose interpretation, and found that within the meaning of the patent “top wall” meant a complete wall, not a small part of one.
This conclusion was far from plainly wrong. Manifestly men working in a trench some fifteen feet long would receive very little protection from surface cave-ins, falling debris, or the elements, by a platform covering only three or four feet thereof. Torti’s further argument, that the rest of the device, apart from the top wall, constituted the “pith of the invention,” runs counter to his concession of the necessity of a top wall. It cannot be entertained.
The judgment based upon a finding of non-infringement is affirmed.
. The file wrapper shows that plaintiff argued to the examiner, in seeking to claim invention over the Everson patent, “the provision of a roof or top wall or cover is neither obvious nor a simple change lacking in invention.”
. And see n. 1, ante, showing that in support of invention plaintiff referred to the top wall as a “roof * * * or cover.”

Question: This question concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)". What is the gender of this litigant?Use names to classify the party's sex only if there is little ambiguity.

Choices:
not ascertained
male - indication in opinion (e.g., use of masculine pronoun)
male - assumed because of name
female - indication in opinion of gender
female - assumed because of name

Answer: 2