What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Your task is to identify the state of the first listed state or local government agency that is an appellant.

Opinion:
SUNRAY DX OIL COMPANY et al., Petitioners, v. FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION, Respondent, Gulf Oil Corporation, Humble Oil & Refining Company, Texaco Inc., and Sun Oil Company, Intervenors in Nos. 8311, 8312, 8313, and 8314.
Nos. 7781, 8298, 8311-8317, 8358-8360, 8362.
United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit.
Dec. 9, 1966.
William K. Tell, Jr., and William R. Slye, Cleveland, Ohio, for petitioners in Nos. 7781, 8298, 8315, 8316, 8358, 8359, 8360, and 8362, and for intervenors Gulf Oil Corporation, Humble Oil & Refining Co., and Texaco, Inc., in Nos. 8311, 8312, 8313, and 8314. With them on the briefs were:
Homer E. McEwen, Jr., and J. P. Greve, Tulsa, Okl., for Sunray DX Oil Co., petitioner in No. 7781;
Dixon Morgan and McAfee, Hanning, Newcomer, Hazlett & Wheeler, Cleveland, Ohio, and Richard F. Remmers, Oklahoma City, Okl., for Sohio Petroleum Co., petitioner in No. 8298;
James J. Flood, Jr., Houston, Tex., for Texaco, Inc., petitioner in No. 8315 and intervenor in Nos. 8311, 8312, 8313, and 8314;
Warren M. Sparks and Arthur F. Whitt, Tulsa, Okl., for Gulf Oil Corporation, petitioner in No. 8316 and intervenor in Nos. 8311, 8312, 8313, and 8314;
Wilmer D. Masterson, III, and Kilgore & Kilgore, Dallas, Tex., for Edwin L. Cox, petitioner in No; 8358;
Robert W. Henderson, Dallas, Tex., for Lamar Hunt, petitioner in No. 8359;
Carl Illig, Jesse H. Foster, Jr., and James K. Schooler, Houston, Tex., for Humble Oil & Refining Co., petitioner in No. 8360 and intervenor in Nos. 8311, 8312, 8313, and 8314;
Vernon W. Woods, Shreveport, La., for Union Producing Co., petitioner in No. 8362.
Phillip D. Endom, New Orleans, La., for Sun Oil Co., petitioner in No. 8317 and intervenor in Nos. 8311, 8312, 8313, and 8314. With him on the briefs were Robert E. May, Francis H. Caskin, and May, Shannon & Morley, Washington, D. C.,
Morton L. Simons, Washington, D. C., for petitioners in Nos. 8311, 8312, 8313, and 8314. With him on the briefs were:
William T. Coleman, Jr., and Robert W. Maris, Philadelphia, Pa., for United Gas Improvement Co., petitioner in No. 8311;
Samuel Graff Miller and Donald Blanken, Philadelphia, Pa., for Philadelphia Electric Co., petitioner in No. 8311;
Edwin F. Russell, Harry G. Hill, Jr., and Barbara M. Suchow, Brooklyn, N. Y., for Brooklyn Union Gas Co., petitioner in No. 8312;
Kent H. Brown, Albany, N. Y., for Public Service Commission of State of New York, petitioner in No. 8313;
Edward M. Barrett and Bertram D. Moll, Mineóla, N. Y., for Long Island Lighting Co., petitioner in No. 8314.
Cyril S. Wofsy, Washington, D. C., for respondent. With him on the brief were Richard A. Solomon, General Counsel, Howard E. Wahrenbrock, Sol., and Joel Yohalem, Attorney, Federal Power Commission.
Before BREITEN STEIN, HILL and SETH, Circuit Judges.
BREITENSTEIN, Circuit Judge.
These petitions seek review of Opinion No. 422 of the Federal Power Commission granting permanent certificates of public convenience and necessity under § 7 of the Natural Gas Act for sales of natural gas produced in Texas Railroad District No. 4 to various interstate pipeline companies. Nine of the petitions are by independent natural gas producers, three are by distributing companies selling gas in the Atlantic Seaboard area, and one is by the Public Service Commission of the State of New York. All of the petitions are brought under § 19(b) of the Act.
The Commission fixed the rate at 16 cents per Mcf. The producers say that the rate is too low and the distributors say that it is too high. The parties are also at odds on the Commission treatment of the refund question. We affirm the 16-cent rate and hold that refunds of collections made in excess of that rate under temporary certificates containing no express refund condition may not be ordered.
The first petition for review was filed in the Tenth Circuit by Sunray DX Oil Company and other producers. After procedural skirmishes, petitions for review of Opinion No. 422 pending in other circuits were transferred to the Tenth Circuit pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2112(a). The producers filed motions for leave to adduce additional evidence. These motions were deferred to the hearing of the petitions on the merits. The proceedings were held in abeyance for a time in anticipation of the decision in United Gas Improvement Co. v. Callery Properties, Inc., 382 U.S. 223, 86 S.Ct. 360, 15 L.Ed.2d 284.
An understanding of the issues will be helped by a brief recitation of the Commission actions and the court decisions which make up the background. The decision in Atlantic Refining Co. v. Public Service Commission of New York, 360 U.S. 378, 79 S.Ct. 1246, 3 L.Ed.2d 1312, (CATCO) directed the Commission in certificate cases to keep initial prices in line. Thereafter, on September 28, 1960, the Commission promulgated its Statement of General Policy No. 61-1. This was issued concurrently with Opinion No. 338 in Phillips Petroleum Company. The Policy Statement established 23 rate areas, including District No. 4 involved herein, and with unimportant exceptions announced maximum rates for each area. In Phillips, the Commission held that the regulation of independent producers under the Act could be accomplished more appropriately by the establishment of area rates than by the establishment of producer rates on individual cost-of-service findings. The Policy Statement established a guideline initial rate for District No. 4 of 18 cents per Mcf.
On August 30, 1962, the Commission issued Opinion No. 362 in Skelly Oil Co., 28 F.P.C 401. That proceeding involved applications under § 7 for permanent certificates covering sales of gas produced in District No. 4. Therein the Commission disposed of all applications under contracts executed prior to September 28, 1960, the date of the Policy Statement, by the imposition of a 15-cent initial price condition and deferred decision on sales under four contracts bearing a later date. On the same day as the Skelly decision, the Commission promulgated its Fifth Amendment to the Statement of General Policy No. 61 — 1, 28 FPC 441, reducing the guideline initial rate in District No. 4 from 18 cents to 16 cents effective the same date. The four applications which had been severed from Skelly were then consolidated with a number of applications covering District No. 4 sales under contracts made between September 30, 1960, the date of the Policy Statement, and August 30, 1962, the date of the Skelly decision and the Fifth Amendment. The consolidated proceedings went forward under the style Amerada Petroleum Corporation, et al., Docket Nos. C162 etc.
In its order for the consolidated hearing the Commission stated:
“In such a hearing all of the ap-: plieants will have an opportunity to show whether the appropriate price at which they should be permanently certificated should be limited to the 15-cent per MCF price which we found to be the in-line price as of September 28, 1960, the 16-cent price which is being adopted as the future area ceiling price for this area, or the 18-eent per Mcf price established on September 28, 1960.”
The applications covered initial contract-based rates ranging from 15.9 cents to 19.8 cents. During the pend-ency of their applications for permanent certificates, numerous producers requested and received temporary authorizations under § 7(c) of the Act and § 157.28 of the Commission regulations thereunder. These were issued ex parte and without notice or hearing. Many of the temporary certificates did not contain an express refund condition.
The Amerada proceedings before the Examiner went forward contemporaneously with the judicial review of the Skelly decision, Opinion No. 362. In Amerada the producers offered, and the Examiner declined to receive, testimony and exhibits covering economic and financial requirements. Texaco Inc. sought to obtain the disclosure and production of Commission records pertaining to the establishment of the guideline initial prices in the Policy Statement and the Fifth Amendment. This was denied. Review of the Commission actions upholding the Examiner on these two evidentiary issues was sought and denied in Texaco Inc. v. Federal Power Commission, 117 U.S.App.D.C. 268, 329 F.2d 223, certiorari denied 375 U.S. 941, 84 S.Ct. 346, 11 L.Ed.2d 272, on the ground that under § 19 the petitions for review were premature.
A Commission staff economist presented, and the Examiner received in evidence, Exhibit 16. This exhibit is a summary of price and other information for all District No. 4 contracts dated 1955 or later, filed as rate schedules with the Commission, and calling for a price of at least 14 cents.
The Examiner’s decision, issued July 23, 1963, recommended the grant of permanent certificates of public convenience and necessity to all producer applicants on specified conditions, two of which are pertinent here. The initial price was to be no greater than 15 cents per Mcf and no refunds were required of producers selling gas under temporary authorizations which did not contain any specific refund condition. Both the producers and the distributors filed exceptions to the Examiner’s decision.
While the matter was pending before the Commission, the District of Columbia Circuit decided the Skelly case. That decision affirmed the 15 cent in-line price established by Opinion No. 362 for District No. 4 sales under contracts made before September 28, 1960, and reversed the Commission holding that refunds could not be required when the temporary authorization contained no express refund condition.
By its Opinion No. 422, here under review, the Commission upset the Examiner on both the price and refund issues. It fixed the in-line price at 16 cents per Mcf and deferred the question of refunds under contracts having no express refund conditions.
With this background we first consider the rejection of the proffered evidence. Several producers jointly tendered testimony and exhibits covering economic and geologic factors pertinent to the area. The showing was that exploratory and drilling costs have substantially increased between the time when the majority of contracts in Skelly had been executed and the execution of the contracts with the prices here in dispute; that the public interest required further exploratory and drilling efforts in the area because of increasing demand and lessening supply; and that the public convenience and necessity required initial contract prices up to and including 18 cents per Mcf. The Commission upheld the Examiner’s decision to exclude the evidence because it was not relevant to a § 7 proceeding where the test is public convenience and necessity rather than the determination of a just and reasonable rate.
CATCO holds that the Act does not require a determination of just and reasonable rates in a § 7 proceeding; that if a proposed price is “out of line” the Commission may impose conditions; and that to protect the public interest the Commission acts in a § 7 proceeding “to hold the line awaiting adjudication of a just and reasonable rate.” CATCO does not define the “line” and does not fix standards by which a determination may be made of whether a price is “in line” or “out of line.”
In Callery the Supreme Court said that under § 7 “adequate protection to the public interest requires as an interim measure that gas not enter the interstate market at prices higher than existing levels.” With reference to cost and economic trend evidence, the Court mentioned the experience of the Commission, said that the Commission “properly and constructively exercised its discretion in declining to consider this large quantity of evidence,” and concluded that the rejection of such evidence is “an appropriate step” in the streamlining of Commission procedures.
The producers seek to avoid the impact of Callery by the assertion that the proffered evidence was a streamlined presentation which could not cause any crippling delay. In our opinion, the admissibility of such evidence does not depend on any quantitative test. Relevance is determined by the substance of the offer. Although we agree with the producers that neither CATCO nor Callery establishes any specific evidentiary standards, the point is that the just and reasonable rate standards of §§ 4 and 5 do not apply to § 7 where the test is public convenience and necessity. We do not say that economic and geologic evidence is never admissible in a § 7 proceeding. This may depend on varying circumstances. All we say is that in the posture of this case the Commission did not abuse its discretion by rejecting the evidence.
By request to the Examiner and by application for a subpoena duces tecum and ad testificandum, Texaco Inc. sought to obtain the disclosure of the data and materials underlying and supporting the price levels for initial sales in District No. 4 as announced by the Commission in its Policy Statement and in the Fifth Amendment thereto. In sustaining the Examiner’s denial, the Commission pointed out that the burden is on a producer-applicant to prove that a certificate is required by the public convenience and necessity; that the effect of the Texaco motion is to place on the Commission the burden of justifying the price expressed in the Policy Statement; and that Texaco had demonstrated no reason for the production of the documents and issuance of a subpoena as requested. Consideration of this problem is entwined with the intent and effect of the Policy Statement.
We have noted that the Policy Statement fixed an 18-cent price, that Skelly, Opinion No. 362, fixed a 15-cent price for the period prior to the issuance of the Policy Statement, that the Fifth Amendment to the Policy Statement fixed a 16-cent price, and that we are here concerned with contracts executed between the date of the Policy Statement and the date of the Fifth Amendment. The producers argue that the Policy Statement established an 18 cent in-line rate. The distributors contend that Skelly established a 15 cent in-line rate. None of the petitioners are happy with the 16-cent rate which the Commission decreed.
The basic claim of the producers is that the Policy Statement set in-line prices on which they were entitled to rely. In our view this is a misconception of the Commission action. The Policy Statement is just what it purports to be — an ex parte statement issued without hearing by an agency to advise the public properly of the manner in which the agency proposes to exercise a discretionary power. Reference is made therein to “price standards” and “price levels.” The purpose is that of “guidance and initial action by the Commission.” The effect is that, “in the absence of compelling evidence calling for other action,” producer applications for certificates proposing higher rates than those listed will be either denied or conditioned. The result is that the Policy Statement plays a “significant role” in arresting the upward trend of producer prices.
The announcement of a guide to price levels or price standads is not the establishment of an in-line price. That is accomplished after notice and hearing in an appropriate proceeding — not in a policy declaration. No doubt designedly, the Commission did not specify the formula which it used in arriving at the guideline rates. Its failure to do so may put a burden on producers and distributors alike in any attempt to show that a guideline price should or should not be adopted as an in-line price. The presence of such burden neither requires nor permits a party to go back of the Policy Statement in search of its justification. That is the administrative concern of the Commission. It follows that the request and application of Texaco for the underlying data and materials were properly denied.
The Commission may not rigidly and arbitrarily impose a guideline price as an in-line price. The Policy Statement recognizes that compelling evidence may call for action other than granting a certificate at the guideline price. The point is that, in the context of the proceedings before us, the establishment in 1960 of the 18-cent guideline cannot be ignored by the Commission in arriving at the in-line price. Its effect had to be, and was, evaluated by the Commission.
The other extreme of the dispute is the position of the distributors who say that the 15-cent price established in Skelly, Opinion No. 362, for contracts executed prior to the date of the Policy Statement is the in-line rate which is presumed to continue until a just and reasonable rate has been determined in an area rate proceeding. We agree with the distributors that the in-line procedure is an interim device and is not intended to be a permanent method of producer regulation. It is a necessary device because of the complex and time-consuming processes incidental to the establishment of a just and reasonable rate. The apparently inevitable time lag between certification and establishment of a just and reasonable rate affects the mutability of an established inline price.
The Commission has recognized that the in-line price must reflect current conditions. The Courts of Appeals have agreed. Further support is found in the Callery decision where the Supreme Court referred to “other contemporaneous certificates” and “prices higher than existing levels.” We concur with the Commission that once the in-line price is established it is presumed to continue not until the just and reasonable rate is determined but until “substantial evidence is presented that it has changed.”
Thus we reach the heart of the Commission’s decision. The question is whether substantial evidence sustains the 16-cent price. All the petitioners say that it does not.
The basis for the Commission’s action is Staff Exhibit No. 16 which lists the provisions of gas sales in District No. 4 “dated 1955 and later with total rates of 14.0^ Mcf and higher as accepted for filing by the Federal Power Commission as of 8-31-62.” The Commission analyzed the figures presented and compared the initial contract prices for the two years here under consideration with those pertinent to the Skelly proceeding where the 15-cent price was fixed for sales contracted before the date of the Policy Statement. It found that in the later period 82% of the gas moving in interstate commerce was at initial contract prices of 16 cents per Mcf and higher, and that the weighted average price for the period was 17.176 cents per Mcf. For the earlier period the weighted average was 16.5 cents. This shows an increase of more than six-tenths of a cent for the later period. The Commission pointed out that the lowest selling price for substantial quantities of gas during the period in question was 16 cents and concluded that the public convenience and necessity required the issuance of the certificates at that price.
The distributors argue that the Commission considered and acted on suspect prices. United Gas Improvement Co. v. Federal Power Commission, 9 Cir., 283 F.2d 817, 824, holds that it is an abuse of discretion for the Commission, in establishing a price line, to rely upon producer prices which are under review in pending court and Commission proceedings. In that case and the decisions of the Courts of Appeals which followed it there were both numerous uncontested contracts available for consideration and certificates which the courts had rejected because of their issuance at excessive price levels.
The Examiner limited his consideration to sales under contracts which were made during the pertinent period and for which permanent certificates had been issued. The Commission found that the effect of this limitation was to arrive at an in-line price on the basis of only 1.39% of the volumes for all sales shown. In the UGI decision of the Ninth Circuit, mentioned above, the court said that the line “may properly be referenced to relevant existing producer prices under which substantial amounts of natural gas move in interstate commerce.”
Thus we have here a situation vastly different from that presented in the cases which have dealt with the suspect price doctrine. Exhibit 16 included the sales under consideration in the very proceedings in which the exhibit was presented. The distributors say that this is an impermissible bootstrap procedure. The producers in turn say that the reason for the small percentage of sales free from attack is the action of the distributors in contesting all sales above the price which is acceptable to the distributors.
■ In the determination of an in-line price, permanent certificates have a greater weight than do either temporary certificates or contract rates under attack. At the same time, when no appreciable volume of gas is moving under permanent certificates, the Commission has nothing upon which to base a decision as to in-lineness unless it turns to the temporaries. In fixing the 15-cent price for District No. 4 sales which preceded the Policy Statement, the Commission in Skelly gave a “limited degree of consideration” to the price range of contracts resulting in temporary certificates although it recognized that they were not “as persuasive” as permanent certificates. The price fixed in Skelly was upheld by the District of Columbia Court of Appeals which commented that the Commission gave “less consideration” to the temporary certificates than it did to the permanents
An in-line price is intended to reflect the price at which substantial volumes of gas are currently contracted for sale in interstate commerce. This determination cannot be made if all current sales are within the “suspect price” doctrine because of objections made to them. Such an application of the doctrine would, as said by the Commission, make the price determination dependent on the “unreviewable fiat” of the objectors. Our conclusion is that in the circumstances of this case the Commission did not abuse its discretion by the consideration given to prices not covered by permanent certificates.
The producers say that the in-line price for permanent certificates should be the highest price at which substantial quantities of gas move in interstate commerce and that here the Commission has fixed the lowest rather than the highest price. The producers rely on the statement in Callery that: “We believe the Commission can properly conclude under § 7 that adequate protection to the public interest requires as an interim measure that gas not enter the interstate market at prices higher than existing levels.” This language does not mean that the public interest is not protected if the sales are approved at less than existing levels.
The distributors point to the decision in Atlantic Refining Co. v. Federal Power Commission, 115 U.S.App.D.C. 26, 316 F.2d 677, 679, which says that “if the Commission is to err in setting an initial rate, it should err on the low side” because of the right of a producer to file immediately for a rate increase under § 4. From this premise they argue that the 15-cent price of Skelly should have been adopted. The provisions of § 4, although they may not be disregarded, are not a complete answer. Rate increases filed thereunder are subject to suspension. The producers may have the use of the money collected but it is at interest if refunds are ordered and royalty and tax payments have to be made on the total amount collected. If the just and reasonable rate as finally determined is greater than the in-line rate adopted, the producers have no way of recouping their losses. Our view is that the possibility of filings for increased rates under § 4 does not require that the Commission fix the price in a § 7 proceeding at a figure lower than that at which substantial volumes of gas are currently contracted for sale in interstate commerce.
Both producers and distributors attack the 16-cent price on the ground that it results from an improper use of, and reliance on, agency expertise. For over 12 years since the decision in Phillips Petroleum Company v. State of Wisconsin, 347 U.S. 672, 74 S.Ct. 794, 98 L.Ed. 1035, the Commission has been struggling to regulate the independent natural gas producers under an act which is not well designed for the attainment of that objective. Serious administrative problems have developed. Procedures and methods have changed from time to time. Whether those now in use will receive full judicial approval remains to be seen. In the economic regulation with which the Commission is concerned the experience of the past must be projected into the future. The importance of expertise may not be downgraded. A delicate balance must be maintained between producer and consumer interests if the continued life of the industry is to be assured.
We have noted that an in-line price continues until substantial evidence shows a change. The producers point out that the Commission controls the variables which would result in a change by rejecting evidence both of producers' costs and of initial prices which it considers suspect. The potential for circuity of action does not impress us too much. The cost evidence has been refused because it goes to the just and reasonable rate issue. In a § 7 proceeding the test is public convenience and necessity and evidence relevant thereto should be received. In the applications before us this evidence, in large measure, has taken the form of a showing of contract-determined initial prices. The Commission has given consideration to prices under temporary authorizations and under permanent certificates. Greater weight has been given to the permanent than to the temporary certificates. Some prices have been discounted as too high and some as too low. We believe this is proper. Here, at least, the result reached has not come from the use of a crooked yardstick.
The analysis and use of field prices established by producer-pipeline contracts require expertise. Objections to the use of weighted averages are not well taken. Such averages are necessarily lower than the highest prices paid. At the same time nothing is wrong with the use of weighted averages to compare price levels. Here the Commission has made such comparisons. These are proper as long as the action is not capricious or arbitrary.
It is apparent that in the case at bar the Commission was confronted with a difficult situation. CATCO tells it to hold the line. The Ninth Circuit UGI decision says that the price line is intended to reflect current conditions and that the prices on which it is based must be those under which substantial quantities of gas move in interstate commerce. Various decisions warn against the use of suspect prices. Because of objections to most pertinent certificate applications, the number of permanent certificates available for comparison purposes represents only a meager amount of gas. The Commission took due note of all factors and concluded that the price required by public convenience and necessity is 16 cents. We believe that in so doing the Commission acted reasonably and that “we owe it the same deference to its expertise that courts generally owe to the specialized boards and commissions created by the Congress to deal with complex and difficult problems in the field of economic regulation” We find no abuse of discretion and affirm the 16-cent price.
The path from the morass of in-line prices leads directly to the thicket of refunds. Here again the traveled way is not well marked and we have a three-way disagreement among the parties over the route to be followed.
In the consolidated proceedings before the Commission, 27 of the 35 dockets related to applications in which temporary certificates had been issued without any express refund condition. The Examiner held that on the authority of Opinion No. 362, Skelly, he had no power to order refunds when the temporary certificate did not contain an express refund provision. While the proceedings were pending before the Commission on exceptions, the District of Columbia Circuit reversed the pertinent holding in Opinion No. 362. On the authority of that decision the Commission reversed the Exáminer on the refund issue and held that “the public interest would best be served by deferring for the present the decision whether refunds should be ordered * * *, and if so, the extent of such refunds.” The Commission said that the parties “will be given an opportunity to submit further briefs on the issue of refunds.”
At the outset we are met by the Commission argument that the refund issue is not now reviewable because § 19(b) makes aggrievement a jurisdictional prerequisite to review of Commission orders and here aggrievement is absent because no refunds have been required. In denying the Commission motion to dismiss the Sunray petition we held that Sunray was likely to suffer injury by the determination of the in-line price and that the threat of refunds made it an aggrieved party.
The threat has been followed by action. On July 27, 1966, the Commission issued Opinion No. 501 in the Amerada consolidated dockets which were considered in Opinion No. 422 here under review. Opinion No. 501 says that the producers therein listed “will be ordered to make refunds of all amounts collected in excess of 16 cents per Mcf while operating under temporary certificates” with the exception of certain royalty and tax payments not pertinent here. The producers listed include Sunray and six others who are petitioners in these proceedings. They are required to report their excess collections and hold them subject to the further order of the Commission “directing the disposition of those amounts.”
Opinion No. 422 as implemented by Opinion No. 501 adversely affects Sunray and the other six producers. Although payment itself is not yet required, the producers are told that the excess collections do not belong to them. The only thing which remains to be decided is the question of who gets the money and under what conditions. This is not a case like either Texas Eastern Transmission Corp. v. Federal Power Commission, 5 Cir., 357 F.2d 232, or United Fuel Gas Company v. Federal Power Commission, 4 Cir., 367 F.2d 34. They related to an order directing that refunds generated by a settlement agreement be retained by the producer pending Commission inquiry into whether release of the refunds to the pipelines would be proper. There the obligation to refund was fixed by the settlement. Here the obligation to refund is fixed by a Commission order. A producer has a right to a prompt determination of its liability. We believe that the question of the power of the Commission to order refunds of amounts collected under temporary certificates containing no express refund condition is ripe for determination and that proper judicial administration requires that it be deferred no longer.
Temporary certificates are issued ex parte and without hearing under § 7(c) of the Act in accordance with Commission Regulation § 157.28(c). A party aggrieved by the issuance of such certificate has the right to judicial review. The first attack on the absence of an express refund condition in the temporaries here under consideration came when the distributors, during the pend-ency of the proceedings before the Examiner, moved for the termination of the temporaries or in the alternative for a floorless refund condition. The Commission denied the motion. It declined to impose the refund condition because “we think clearly this would not be a proper action for us to take here.” It further said that such action “would so denature the value of a commission authorization as to place any reliance upon our actions in this area in serious jeopardy” and that “we find it would be contrary to the public interest, as well as inequitable, to condition the temporary certificates” as requested by the distributors. The distributors did not seek review. We do not accept the producers’ view that the unreviewed denial of the motion irrevocably determined the refund issue. The Commission could change its mind. At the same time the reasons given for the action are most compelling and show mature consideration of the problem.
The distributors emphasize the importance of refunds to the protection of the consumer interests. This may be conceded to the extent that refunds are passed down to the ultimate user. These benefits must be weighed against the desirability of the maintenance of an adequate supply of gas. A repricing of the gas, without warning, cannot help but have a severe impact on the operations of the producers. We will not speculate on the effect of such repricing on their exploration and development activities. The benefits derived from such costly activities may or. may not be of greater value, from the public standpoint, than the few dollars recovered by the home consumer. Perhaps he would rather have an assured supply for his expensive appliances than a modest refund. In any event the record does not purport to cover such issues and we turn to the decisions which the parties say control the outcome.
In our opinion the Callery decision does not dispose of the issue presented here. The Supreme Court was there concerned with South Louisiana prices which had been the subject of much litigation. The Court recognized that the Commission may not make reparation orders but said that “it is not so restricted where its order, which never became final, has been overturned by a reviewing court” and that “judicial review at times results in the return of benefits received under the upset administrative order.” The situation here is different. This is the first judicial review of the prices under consideration and we uphold the Commission on its in-line rate.
In Sunray Mid-Continent Oil Company v. Federal Power Commission, 10 Cir., 270 F.2d 404, Sunray applied for temporary authority which was granted on the condition that an undertaking be filed “to assure refund of any portion of the difference, if any, between the proposed initial price of 16.4$ per Mcf and the level of any price which the Commission may lawfully find to be required by the public convenience and necessity.” We pointed out that Sunray was required “to speculate” as to what the rate might be and was denied “its right to have the Commission act upon its application with such certainty as to allow the exercise of choice upon Sun-ray’s part.”
We have noted that Commission Opinion No. 362 pertaining to District No. 4 sales made under contracts executed prior to September 28, 1960, was set aside by the District of Columbia Circuit on the refund issue. The Court there held that the “power [to order refunds] does not depend upon an explicit refund provision in a temporary certificate.” The Court went on to say that the exercise of the power was not “mandatory” and that the “refund issue requires further development and fuller consideration of the equitable factors other than those thought to flow from the mere absence of an explicit refund condition in the temporary certificates.”
The Court quoted the general language of the temporary certificates that “acceptance for filing shall not be construed as constituting approval of any rate” and that authorization and acceptance of the rate schedule “are without prejudice to such final disposition of the certificate application as the record may require.” It then concluded that “all else aside” these provisions authorize the conditioning of a permanent certificate by a refund requirement.
In our opinion these provisions mean that the Commission is not binding itself, by the issuance of a temporary certificate, to issue an identical permanent certificate of prospective effect after a hearing. In its denial of the distributors’ motion for refund conditions the Commission gave no recognition or effect to such provisions. We believe that the Commission intended the routine, boiler-plate language to have a purpose entirely different from that of an express refund condition.
When a producer dedicates its gas to interstate commerce, “there can be no withdrawal of that supply from continued interstate movement without Commission approval.” If the language mentioned means that a producer accepting such certificate without express refund conditions dedicates its gas without any floor on the rate, the producers have taken many uncalculated and uncalculable risks. We suggest that for the good of the public, the consumers, the distributors, the pipelines, and the producers certainty and stability are of prime importance.
The situation in the case at bar differs from that presented to the District of Columbia Circuit. The proceedings there involved § 7 applications for permanent certificates covering District No. 4 sales under contracts executed before the issuance of the Policy Statement. Here we are concerned with sales under contracts made between the date of the Policy Statement and the date of the Fifth Amendment. For that period the guideline initial rate was 18 cents. The temporary certificates with which we are concerned were issued “at prices not exceeding 18^ per Mcf.” The 18-cent figure is significant and meaningful. It resulted from the exercise of Commission expertise. When the producers dedicated their gas under temporary certificates permitting the collection of prices up to 18 cents without express refund obligation, they were entitled to rely on them. They were entitled to rely on the prior decisions of the Commission declining to order refunds of collections under unconditionally authorized temporary certificates. For a period of several years the producers have sold their gas without warning that refunds would be required upon the grant of a permanent certificate. We believe that when a producer dedicates its gas to interstate sales it is entitled to know with some degree of certainty the conditions imposed so that it may make an intelligent decision whether to accept or reject the certificate. Such was our holding in Sunray Mid-Continent and we adhere to it. In our opinion, absent the special considerations recognized in Callery, refunds may be ordered under § 7 only when a producer contractually undertakes to make such refunds by the acceptance of a temporary certificate containing áñ express refund condition.
The motions to adduce additional evidence are severally denied. The cases are all remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
. 31 FPC 623.
. 15 U.S.C. §§ 717-717w.
. See Amerada Petroleum Corporation v. Federal Power Commission, 10 Cir., 338 F.2d 808, and Sunray DX Oil Company v. Federal Power Commission, 10 Cir., 351 F.2d 395.
. 24 FPC 818.
. 24 FPC 537, affirmed State of Wisconsin v. Federal Power Commission, 112 U.S.App.D.C. 369, 303 F.2d 380, 373 U.S. 294, 83 S.Ct. 1266, 10 L.Ed.2d 357.
. The first area rate proceeding was initiated by Commission order dated December 23, 1960, 24 FPC 1121, and culminated in Opinions Nos. 468 and 468-A filed in August and October, 1965, and now under review in this court. See Skelly Oil Company v. Federal Power Commission, No. 8385, and companion cases.
. There was only one proposed price at 19.8 cents. The next highest was 18 cents. The proponent of the 19.8-cent price is not seeking review of the Commission action.
. 18 C.F.R. 157.28.
. The witness said that he excluded sales below 14 cents because “the 14 cent level is the lower suspension level of Commission Policy Statement 61 — 1.”
. Public Service Commission of the State of New York v. Federal Power Commission, 117 U.S.App.D.C. 287, 329 F.2d 242, certiorari denied sub nom. Prado Oil & Gas Co. v. Federal Power Commission, 377 U.S. 963, 84 S.Ct. 1644, 12 L.Ed.2d 735.
. 360 U.S. 378, 390-392, 79 S.Ct. 1246, 1255.
. 382 U.S. 223, 227, 86 S.Ct. 360, 362.
. Id. at 228, note 3, 86 S.Ct. 360, 363.
. See Public Service Commission of the State of New York v. Federal Power Commission, 117 U.S.App.D.C. 287, 329 F.2d 242, 246-247.
. State of Wisconsin v. Federal Power Commission, 373 U.S. 294, 312-313, 83 S.Ct. 1266.
. In Public Service Commission of the State of New York v. Federal Power Commission, 117 U.S.App.D.C. 287, 329 F.2d 242, 247, the court said: “The Commission could not have ignored altogether its own Policy Statement, but it was not required to be controlled thereby in deciding, in the Section 7 proceedings, that the in-line price should be fixed at a less amount on the basis of the evidence analyzed in its opinion.”
. The just and reasonable rate for the sales certificated by the Commission in the order under review will be fixed in the Texas Gulf Coast Area Rate Proceeding, AR64-2, now in hearing before a Commission Examiner.
. The Permian Basin Area Rate case was before the Commission for nearly five years. See supra note 6.
. See Opinion No. 362, Skelly Oil Company, 28 FPC 401, 408; Opinion No. 412, Hassie Hunt Trust, 30 FPC 1438, 1442; Opinion No. 436, Union Texas Petroleum, 32 FPC 254, 260.
. In United Gas Improvement Co. v. Federal Power Commission, 9 Cir., 283 F.2d 817, 824, certiorari denied sub nom. Superior Oil Co. v. United Gas Improvement Co., 365 U.S. 879, 81 S.Ct. 1030, 6 L.Ed.2d 191, the Court said: “As previously indicated, the price line is intended to reflect current conditions in the industry.” See also Sohio Petroleum Company v. Federal Power Commission, 10 Cir., 298 F.2d 465, 467; and Atlantic Refining Company v. Federal Power Commission, 115 U.S.App.D.C. 26, 316 F.2d 677, 680.
. 382 U.S. 223, 227, 86 S.Ct. 360.
. Superior Oil Co., Opinion No. 437, 32 FPC 241, 243.
. See United Gas Improvement Co. v. Federal Power Commission, 5 Cir., 290 F.2d 147, certiorari denied sub nom. Superior Oil Co. v. United Gas Improvement Co., 366 U.S. 965, 81 S.Ct. 1926, 6 L.Ed.2d 1255; Public Service Commission of State of New York v. Federal Power Commission, 109 U.S.App.D.C. 292, 287 F.2d 146, certiorari denied sub nom. Hope Natural Gas Co. v. Public Service Commission of New York, 365 U.S. 880, 81 S.Ct. 1031, 6 L.Ed.2d 192; United Gas Improvement Company v. Federal Power Commission, 10 Cir., 287 F.2d 159; and California Oil Co., Western Div. v. Federal Power Commission, 10 Cir., 315 F.2d 652.
. 283 F.2d 817, 823.
. 28 FPC 1065, 1068.
. 28 FPC 401, 409.
. Public Service Commission of the State of New York v. Federal Power Commission, 117 U.S.App.D.C. 287, 329 F.2d 242, 245-246.
. The opinion of the Commission says:
“The record makes it clear that the lowest price at which substantial volumes of new gas were sold in interstate commerce in the area during the period in question was 16 cents per Mcf.” 31 FPC 623, 637.
. 382 U.S. 223, 227, 86 S.Ct. 360, 363.
. An example is found in the pending Permian Basin Area Bate proceedings. The Policy Statement fixed the guideline price at 16 cents but the just and reasonable rate for new gas sold under contracts dated after January 1, 1961, was fixed at 16.5 cents.
. 283 F.2d 817.
. People of the State of California v. Federal Power Commission, 9 Cir., 353 F.2d 16, 23. See also Charleston & Western Carolina Railway Company v. Federal Power Commission, 98 U.S.App.D.C. 241, 234 F.2d 62, 64.
. In the remaining 8 applications a typical authorization is conditioned upon the refund to purchasers of “any amounts collected plus interest at 7 percent per annum in excess of 15.0 cents per Mcf which may be determined to be in excess of the price required by the public convenience and necessity.”
. Public Service Commission of the State of New York v. Federal Power Commission, 117 U.S.App.D.C. 287, 329 F.2d 242, certiorari denied sub nom. Prado Oil & Gas Co. v. Federal Power Commission, 377 U.S. 963, 84 S.Ct. 1644.
. Sunray DX Oil Company v. Federal Power Commission, 10 Cir., 351 F.2d 395, 400. The position of Sunray is important because all other petitions to review are transfers from other circuits.
. This opinion was called to our attention during the argument of the South Louisiana cases, our Docket Nos. 7912 etc., Pan American Petroleum Corporation, et al. v. Federal Power Commission. We also have pending before us Docket No. 9000—Skelly Oil Company v. Federal Power Commission—which seeks review of Commission Opinion No. 492. A court may take judicial notice of its own records. Dial v. Johnson, 104 U.S.App.D.C. 32, 259 F.2d 189, 190. Although Opinions Nos. 492 and 501 were issued after the case at bar had been argued orally and submitted for decision, they are not controverted and the demands of justice require that we notice them. See Ellis v. Cates, 4 Cir., 178 F.2d 791, 793, certiorari denied 339 U.S. 964, 70 S.Ct. 999, 94 L.Ed. 1373.
. 18 C.F.R. § 157.28(c). Public Service Commission of the State of New York v. Federal Power Commission, 117 U.S.App.D.C. 195, 327 F.2d 893, 896, upholds the applicability of § 7 (c) to independent producers and the validity of the regulation.
. Id. at 895. The Court there held that the New York Public Service Commission had the right to petition for the review of an order granting a temporary certificate.
. United Gas Improvement Co. v. Callery Properties, Inc., 382 U.S. 223, 86 S.Ct. 360.
. See CATCO, 360 U.S. 378, 79 S.Ct. 1246, and Public Service Commission of the State of New York v. Federal Power Commission, 361 U.S. 195, 80 S.Ct. 292, 4 L.Ed.2d 237, reversing United Gas Imp. Co. v. Federal Power Commission, 269 F.2d 865. See also cases cited supra note 23.
. 382 U.S. 223, 229, 86 S.Ct. 360, at 363.
. The Sunray Mid-Continent case considered two consolidated petitions for review. We are here concerned with No. 6061.
. 270 F.2d 404, 408-410.
. The Supreme Court denied certiorari to review the District of Columbia Circuit decision. See Prado Oil & Gas Co. v. Federal Power Commission, 377 U.S. 963, 84 S.Ct. 1644. Denial of certiorari “imports no expression of opinion upon the merits of the case.” United States v. Carver, 260 U.S. 482, 490, 43 S.Ct. 181, 182, 67 L.Ed. 361, and Pan American Petroleum Corp. v. Federal Power Commission, 10 Cir., 352 F.2d 241, 243.
. 329 F.2d 242, 249.
. Id. at 250.
. This language is quoted in 329 F.2d 242, 249 and is the same as that found in the temporary certificates which are in the record before us and which do not contain express refund conditions.
. Included in the dockets considered by the Commission in this consolidated proceeding was No. C162-276 in which a temporary certificate was issued to, but not accepted by, Sun. It contained a definite refund obligation covering collections at a rate above 15 cents per Mcf and the provision that: “This temporary certificate and the acceptance of the above rate schedule are without prejudice to such final disposition of the application for certificate as the record may require.” The inclusion of this routine language could not mean that the explicitly floored refund obligation became floorless.
. Sunray Mid-Continent Oil Co. v. Federal Power Commission, 364 U.S. 137, 156, 80 S.Ct. 1392, 1403, 4 L.Ed.2d 1623. See also § 7(b) of the Act.
. See Opinion No. 501.
. See Sohio Petroleum Company v. Federal Power Commission, 10 Cir., 298 F.2d 465, 468.
. See dissenting opinions of Commissioner O’Connor in Opinions Nos. 492 and 498.

Question: What is the state of the first listed state or local government agency that is an appellant?

Choices:
not
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
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Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachussets
Michigan
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Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New
New
New
New
North
North
Ohio
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Rhode
South
South
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West
Wisconsin
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Virgin
Puerto
District
Guam
not
Panama

Answer: 32