What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 

Your task concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)". Your task is to determine which of these categories best describes the income of the litigant. Consider the following categories: "not ascertained", "poor + wards of state" (e.g., patients at state mental hospital; not prisoner unless specific indication that poor), "presumed poor" (e.g., migrant farm worker), "presumed wealthy" (e.g., high status job - like medical doctors, executives of corporations that are national in scope, professional athletes in the NBA or NFL; upper 1/5 of income bracket), "clear indication of wealth in opinion", "other - above poverty line but not clearly wealthy" (e.g., public school teachers, federal government employees)." Note that "poor" means below the federal poverty line; e.g., welfare or food stamp recipients. There must be some specific indication in the opinion that you can point to before anyone is classified anything other than "not ascertained". Prisoners filing "pro se" were classified as poor, but litigants in civil cases who proceed pro se were not presumed to be poor. Wealth obtained from the crime at issue in a criminal case was not counted when determining the wealth of the criminal defendant (e.g., drug dealers).

Opinion:
Denver POWELL, Petitioner-Appellant, v. E. L. MAXWELL, Warden, Respondent-Appellee.
No, 16023.
United States Court of Appeals Sixth Circuit.
Aug. 31, 1965.
William Allen Ogden, Cincinnati, Ohio, for appellant.
Leo J. Conway, Columbus, Ohio (William B. Saxbe, Atty. Gen., Leo J. Conway, Asst. Atty. Gen., Columbus, Ohio, on the brief), for appellee.
Before MILLER and O’SULLIVAN, Circuit Judges, and MATHES, Senior District Judge.
William C. Mathes, Senior District Judge of the Southern District of California, sitting by designation.
MATHES, Senior District Judge.
This appeal is from a judgment entered May 5, 1964, denying appellant’s petition for The Writ of Habeas Corpus, after a hearing in the District Court following our remand in Powell v. Sacks, Warden, etc., 303 F.2d 808 (6th Cir. 1962).
Appellant was tried, and convicted by jury verdict of murder in the first degree, in the Court of Common Pleas of Hamilton County, Ohio, on March 22, 1957. The case has since had the attention of both the State and Federal courts on several occasions. [See: State of Ohio v. Powell, 105 Ohio App. 529, 148 N.E.2d 230 (1957), affirmed, 167 Ohio St. 319, 148 N.E.2d 232 (1958); cert. denied, 359 U.S. 964, 79 S.Ct. 882, 3 L.Ed.2d 843 (1959); Powell v. Sacks, Warden, etc., supra, 303 F.2d 808.]
The Federal constitutional question presented upon the habeas corpus hearing in the District Court, and now upon this appeal, is stated by appellant as follows: “Did the Court of Common Pleas of Hamilton County, Ohio, violate the appellant’s Constitutional Rights under the Fourteenth Amendment by admitting into evidence a confession obtained from the appellant involuntarily and under coercion?”
Although our remand to the District Court was for reconsideration in light of Rogers v. Richmond, 365 U.S. 534, 81 S.Ct. 735, 5 L.Ed.2d 760 (1961), the recent case of Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368, 84 S.Ct. 1774, 12 L.Ed.2d 908 (1964), has introduced, since the District Court’s ruling on remand, a new problem relating to the procedure of the State court in disposing of appellant’s challenge to the admissibility of the confession. We are satisfied with the correctness of the District Court’s determination that “the trial court applied the correct standard as to, the voluntariness of the petitioner’s confession”. [Rogers v. Richmond, supra, 365 U.S. 534, 81 S.Ct. 735]; and are satisfied as well that the record before us is adequate to resolve, without remand or further hearing, the subsidiary questions raised by Jackson v. Denno, supra, 378 U.S. 368, 84 S.Ct. 1774, 12 L.Ed.2d 908.
When the alleged confession was offered in evidence at the State-court trial, appellant’s attorney objected upon the ground that it was “involuntary, and obtained under duress”. The trial judge thereupon proceeded to hear evidence outside the presence of the jury on the issue raised as to the involuntary character of the alleged confession; and upon the conclusion of such hearing ruled, that the challenged evidence was admissible.
The State trial then proceeded, and the issue as to whether alleged extrajudicial admissions and confessions of appellant were voluntarily made was litigated before the jury, with the evidence on that issue in sharp conflict as between prosecution witnesses and the appellant.
Upon submitting the case for verdict, the Judge of the Court of Common Pleas instructed the jury, inter alia:
“There has been evidence here and there is introduced in evidence certain admissions or confessions alleged to have been made by this defendant in connection with the charges contained in this indictment. There is one here which is an exhibit purporting to be a written statement against interest, or a confession. There is other evidence introduced tending to establish some verbal or oral statements against interest, or confessions, allegedly made by the defendant in this case. Under our law such statements against interest, or as they are sometimes called, confessions, are permitted to be introduced into the evidence to be considered by the jury with all other evidence in the case in determining the issue which is to be determined and decided by the jury. In other words, confessions, or statements against interest, are competent evidence if such statements or admissions are the result of voluntary action on the part of the accused. Now a statement or confession is not voluntary under our law when it is made under duress or fear or threat of personal violence. It is not a voluntary statement or confession if it is made and induced by any promise of a reward. So that you must determine in this case as to these so-called statements against interest or confessions, whether verbal or written, you must determine whether or not they are voluntary in that sense. That does not necessarily mean that it must be shown that the accused who was alleged to have made such statements simply insisted upon making a statement, it means a statement must not be considered if it would not have been made by the accused except as a result of his fear, actual fear of physical violence, or except as his dependence upon a promise of a reward.
“If you find that any statements which may have been introduced in evidence, whether you believe them to be true or not, if you find that such statements were not voluntary under this definition or were involuntary, then you should not consider them at all in connection with your determination of the issues in the case. If you find that they were voluntarily made by the accused under the definitions which I have given you, then you should consider them together with all the other evidence in the case, giving them such weight and such credence as you find is merited under the evidence and circumstances and all of the case and then consider them, those statements, whether written or oral, together with all the other evidence in the case in reaching the conclusion or result or decision which you must reach of the facts in this case.”
Here, then, the Ohio court clearly followed “the Massachusetts procedure, under which the jury passes on voluntariness only after the judge has fully and independently resolved the issue against the accused * * *.” [Jackson v. Denno, supra, 378 U.S. at 378, 84 S.Ct. at 1781; see also, id., at 378 n. 8, 390 n. 18, 395 n. 23, 397-398, 416; cf. Rogers v. Richmond, supra, 365 U.S. at 537, 542-544, 81 S.Ct. 735.
Here, too, the Ohio court gave appellant that “to which he is constitutionally entitled — an adequate evidentiary hearing [by the trial judge outside the presence of the jury] productive of reliable results concerning the voluntariness of his confession”. [Jackson v. Denno, supra, 378 U.S. at 393-394, 84 S.Ct. at 1790] Moreover, in the case at bar, the trial judge’s independent determination of voluntariness was made “prior to the admission of the confession to the jury which [was] adjudicating guilt or innocence”. [Id., at 395, 84 S.Ct., at 1791.]
Appellant now raises before us the further question “whether failure to provide funds to appellant’s court-appointed attorney for travel and subsistence from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Columbus, Ohio, while said attorney was representing appellant before the District Court in Columbus, Ohio, violated appellant’s constitutional rights”. While we could wish funds were available to reimburse and even compensate appellant’s court-appointed counsel, it does not appear that lack of such funds was any deterrent to the zeal and effectiveness of William Allen Ogden, Esq., who has represented appellant without reimbursement of expense and without compensation, both in the District Court and before this Court, all in keeping with the high ideals of his profession.
Appellant’s rights under the Fourteenth Amendment have been fully recognized and protected throughout.
Affirmed.

Question: This question concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)". Which of these categories best describes the income of the litigant?

Choices:
not ascertained
poor + wards of state
presumed poor
presumed wealthy
clear indication of wealth in opinion
other - above poverty line but not clearly wealthy

Answer: 1