What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
Harold KONIGSBERG, Appellant, v. Austin F. SHUTE.
No. 18821.
United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
Submitted on Briefs Dec. 1, 1970.
Decided Dec. 22, 1970.
Frank A. Lopez, Brooklyn, N. Y., for appellant.
Gerald W. Conway, Schreiber & Lancaster, Newark, N. J., for appellee.
Before KALODNER, SEITZ and ALDISERT, Circuit Judges.
OPINION OF THE COURT
PER CURIAM:
We are reversing a summary judgment of the district court which dismissed a complaint filed in the district of New Jersey served on a defendant in the state of Missouri on the ground that “the defendant has not had sufficient minimum contact with the state of New Jersey to make him amenable to process under F.R.C.P. 4(e).” We hold that appellee waived his right to assert the defense of lack of jurisdiction over the person or insufficiency of process. Fed.R.Civ.Proc. 12(h) (1).
A complaint based on diversity was filed August 19, 1969, in the district of New Jersey. After being served with process in the state of Missouri, the defendant moved for a change of venue to which the plaintiff filed a reply opposing the change. Thereafter, on September 11 defendant filed an answer denying the allegations on the merits.
On October 9, 1969, the defendant moved for leave to file an amended answer which for the first time asserted the defense that the court lacked jurisdiction over the person of the defendant. An amended answer was then filed on December 18, pursuant to a court order dated December 15, 1969, granting leave.
Rule 12(h) (1) provides that “a defense of lack of jurisdiction over the person, improper venue, insufficiency of process, or insufficiency of service of process is waived * * if it is neither made by motion under this rule nor included in a responsive pleading or an amendment thereof permitted by Rule IS (a) to be made as a matter of course.” (emphasis supplied)
Rule 15(a) provides that “a party may amend his pleading once as a matter of course at any time before a responsive pleading is served or, if the pleading is one to which no responsive pleading is permitted and the action has not been placed upon the trial calendar, he may so amend it at any time within 20 days after it is served. Otherwise a party may amend his pleading only by leave of court or by written consent of the adverse party; and leave shall be freely given when justice so requires.” (emphasis supplied)
Defendant-appellee’s original answer was served by mailing to his adversary on September 9, and was filed September 11. Under Rule 15(a) he had 20 days after service upon plaintiff-appellant to file an amendment as of course. This period expired before October 9, 1969, when application was made to the court for leave to file an amended answer; a fortiori the time period had long expired before December, when the amended answer was in fact filed. He therefore was no longer entitled to file an amended answer as a matter of course. He ' required leave of court, which he sought and received.
His court-authorized amended answer did not qualify as one described in waiver Rule 12(h) (1) as “an amendment thereof permitted by Rule 15(a) to be made as a matter of course.”
In Orange Theatre Corp. v. Rayherstz Amusement Corp., 139 F.2d 871, 874 (3 Cir., 1944) this court, speaking through Judge Maris stated:
If the defense of lack of jurisdiction of the person is not raised by motion before answer or in the answer itself it is by the express terms of paragraph (h) of Civil Procedure Rule 12 to be treated as waived, not because of the defendant’s voluntary appearance but because of his failure to assert the defense within the time prescribed by the rules.
The judgment of the district court in favor of the defendant will be reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1