What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 

Your task concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)". Your task is to determine which of these categories best describes the income of the litigant. Consider the following categories: "not ascertained", "poor + wards of state" (e.g., patients at state mental hospital; not prisoner unless specific indication that poor), "presumed poor" (e.g., migrant farm worker), "presumed wealthy" (e.g., high status job - like medical doctors, executives of corporations that are national in scope, professional athletes in the NBA or NFL; upper 1/5 of income bracket), "clear indication of wealth in opinion", "other - above poverty line but not clearly wealthy" (e.g., public school teachers, federal government employees)." Note that "poor" means below the federal poverty line; e.g., welfare or food stamp recipients. There must be some specific indication in the opinion that you can point to before anyone is classified anything other than "not ascertained". Prisoners filing "pro se" were classified as poor, but litigants in civil cases who proceed pro se were not presumed to be poor. Wealth obtained from the crime at issue in a criminal case was not counted when determining the wealth of the criminal defendant (e.g., drug dealers).

Opinion:
JARVIS et al. v. UNITED STATES.
No. 3121.
. „ , „ . .. Circuit Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
May 24, 1937.
_ F. J. Carney, of Boston Mass (Wilham H. Lewis, james H Vahey, Charles F. Smith, Daniel A. Lynch William J. Bullion, and Kevin P. Hern, all of Boston, Mass., on the brief), for appellants.
Charles W. Bartlett, Asst. U. S. Atty.,of Boston, Mass. (Francis J. W. Ford, U. S. Atty., of Boston, Mass., on the brief), for the United States.
Before BINGHAM, WILSON, and MORTON, Circuit Judges.
MORTON, Circuit Judge.
This is an appeal by the defendants from convictions and sentences on two separate indictments. The first charged use of the mails in a scheme to defraud. It contained ten counts each alleging a separate substantive offense, and an eleventh count alleging a conspiracy to commit the same offense. The appellants, JarVis and Gaines, were convicted on all counts and were sentenced to five years’ imprisonment on each of the substantive counts, and to two years’ imprisonment on the conspiracy count, the sentences to run concurrently. Other appellants were convicted only on part of the counts, and concurrent sentences were imposed on such counts. The second indictment was for a conspiracy to violate section 17 of the Securities Act of 1933. (15 U.S. C.A. § 77q). The appellants were also convicted under this indictment and each was sentenced to imprisonment for two years, the sentences to run concurrently with those imposed under'the first indictment. There are 100 assignments of error, 48 in the first case and 52 in the second. This is clearly an unreasonable number and would justify a dismissal of the appeal. Patterson v. Mobile Gas Co., 271 U.S. 131, 132, 46 S.Ct. 445, 70 L.Ed. 870; Albert Pick-Barth Co. v. Mitchell Woodbury Corporation (C.C.A.) 57 F.(2d) 96, 100. However, as for reasons hereafter stated, we find it unneces sary to consider the assignments of error in the second case, and, as substantial sent,ences are involved, we think a dismissal of *lle aPPeal on thls Sround would be t0° ras 1C‘
As to the first indictment: About a dozen errors are assigned on matters of pleading, viz., overruling demurrers and motions to quash, denying specifications or particulars, refusing to hold the indictments were bad for variance and duplicity, and refusing motions for election on the ground that the government’s evidence showed two conspiracies. since the act of 1919 (Jud. Code § 269, as amended, 28 U.S.C.A. § 391) r iri that on appeal the court shall giye judgment witllout regard to technicai errors which do not affect the substantial rights of the parties, it is only under exceptional circumstances that rulings of this character will give rise to reversible error, See Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 55 S.Ct. 629, 79 L.Ed. 1314. We think the demurrers and motions to quash were properly overruled, and that the indictments Jere formally sufficient. It was within the discretion of the District Judge whether to grant the motions for specifications. It does not appear that in refusing them he abused his discretionary power. The other motions going to the pleadings were, we think, properiy dealt with,
The trail Judge under objection and exception by the defendants ordered that the, two mdictments should be tried toget;her- This order was made after the government had nol prossed against three defendants m the first indictment who were no^ defendants in the second indictment, thereby making the defendants in each indictment the same persons. To a very large extent the facts Evolved m each indictment were the same. There was cleaily no abuse of discretion m directing that the two be tried together. Such orders are explicitly authorized by R.S. § 921 (28 U.S.C.A. § 734). See Brown v. United States, 143 F. 60 ( C.C.A.8); Morris v. United States, 12 F.(2d) 727 (C.C.A.9)
The defendants complain that the government was not directed to state in regard to each piece of evidence which was presented, on which indictment it was offered. When separate cases are tried together it is because of great similarity in the evidence applicable to them. The trial judge followed the customary method of admitting any evidence which bore on either indictment, leaving to the defendants to ask to have any particular piece of evidence limited if they thought it should be. There was no error in so doing. Kansas City Ry. Co. v. Jones, Adm’x, 241 U.S. 181, 36 S.Ct. 513, 60 L.Ed. 943; Farnsworth v. Nevada Co., 102 F. 578 (C.C.A.8).
Many exceptions were taken on questions of evidence. None of these is of basic character. The most doubtful was the admissibility of certain telephone conversations. In a typical instance, the witness said that he had been receiving, for some little time before this talk, daily and weekly market letters from Gibbs & Co., and a day or two before, a special letter; that he received one morning a telephone call from Springfield; that the speaker said he was A. E. Gibbs and asked if he had received their literature, letters, etc.; that he then went on to talk about the Polymet stock, urging him to buy it, saying that the company was shortly to be taken over by the Westinghouse Company and its stock would greatly enhance in value, etc. The witness did not recognize the voice, but said he afterwards received other calls of the same sort. So far as appeared no other person or concern was at that time selling Polymet stock.
The law is now well settled with respect to telephone calls, that, if the person testifying does not recognize the voice, the surrounding circumstances may show sufficient probability that the person talking at the other end was one whose statements would be admissible to warrant admitting the conversation. Andrews v. United States, 78 F.(2d) 274, 105 A.L.R. 322 (C.C.A.10) ; American & British Corporation v. New Idria Co. (C.C.A.) 293 F. 509; General Hospital Soc. v. New Haven Rendering Co., 79 Conn. 581, 65 A. 1065, 118 Am. St.Rep. 173, 9 Ann.Cas. 168; Van Riper v. United States, 13 F.(2d) 961, 968 (C.C.A.2). The circumstances surrounding the incident made it altogether probable that the person talking to the witness over the telephone was connected with Gibbs & Co. as i . , ..c , i • * he said he was, and justified the admission £ ^ A . rrAi . , . of the testimony The same is true mutatis mutandis as to the other telephone conversations.
Without undertaking to discuss in detail the testimony of the witnesses Caroll, Newton, Flackman, and Badger to which exception was taken, we are of opinion that there was nothing in the rulings of the trial judge in this connection which amounted to reversible error. The telephone records would not have been admissible at common law on the proof offered. But the common law rule has of necessity been modified in recent years. United States v. Cotter, 60 F.(2d) 689 (C.C.A.2); E. I. Du Pont, etc., Co v. Tomlinson 296 F. 634 (C.C.A.4); NorthWestern Refrigerator Line Co. v. Ervin 78 F.(2d) 186 (C.C.A.5) ; Jennings v. United States 73 F.(2d) 470 (C.A.5).
At tbe close °f evidence the defendants moved for directed verdicts on the conspiracy count on the ground that the government’s evidence showed, not a single conspiracy as alleged, but two successive independent conspiracies; they also moved that tbe government be required to elect on which of the two alleged conspiracies it would go to the jury on this count. These motions were denied. The defendants also moved that the government be required to elect between counts 1 to 4, inclusive, which relate to dealings at Financial Profits in Boston in June and July, 1933, and counts 5 to 10 inclusive, which relate to dealings at A. E. Gibbs & Co., in Springfield, in August and September, 1934. The motion was denied. The questions involved in these motions may conveniently be considered togetiler
The indictment of the use of the mails in a sch«me ,to def^ whl,cb W£\s íormed ab°Ut ?c}ob.crJ.1' 1932’ f d„laSted UP t0 tbe daf of tlle ^dicttnent. It charged that, !he scheme was that the defendants w™ld °P®rate. tbroi«h F“lal Profits an0 °*ce ln Boston and through A. E. Glbbs * 1TOth anm Springfield It described the method of operation at each Pkce- The first four counts refer to alleged vlfms °f Financial Profits the next six «=íer all,e£ed vlctlms of ,A' F' Glbbs & Ga; the last c°uut> as. has bcen saad’ cha^es a ^eral conspiracy to use the malls “ a schc”e: defraud’ with overt act* at ^ancial Profits and at A. E Gibbs & Ga The operations at Financial Profits m Boston terminated m July, 1933': The , 0 ^ • t operations at Cribos <& Co. began w une or Jul 1934 and terminated abfeQut October 1, lm The evidence showed that Jarvis and Gaines were active throughout at both places. Shuman worked at Gibbs & Co., but not at Financial Profits. Gibbs had nothing to do with Financial Profits, and others of the defendants had nothing to do with Gibbs & Co. A considerable interval elapsed between the cessation of business at Financial Profits and the beginning of business at Gibbs & Co. ’
t, .1. , It was the contention of the appealing defendants that the government had shown, not a single conspiracy, but two distinct conspiracies separated in place and in time, This was a question of fact on the evidence, According to the government’s evidence Jarvis and Gaines were the prime movers and the principal beneficiaries of the scheme and conspiracy. They set up Financial Profits as an office from which to make fraudulent sales of stock in which they were interested. They operated it with the aid of salesmen and^ assistants, some of whom were indicted with them. When they regarded it as inadvisable to continue at Financial Profits they closed^ it and some months later arranged with Gibbs & Co. to take over the latter s business at Springfield and to use it in the same way as an agency through which to sell the same stock. At Springfield they had as assistants some of the persons who had been employed by them in Boston and others who had had no previous connection with them. Throughout practically the entire period Jarvis and Gaines had an office m Boston from which they directed operations at both places. The same stock, called “Poly C,” was sold at both places. That their operations were grossly fraudulent the government’s evidence, if accepted, leaves no doubt.
The governments theory of the case was that Jarvis and Gaines were parties to .. ■ ... ,, ,, , a continuing conspiracy to swindle the pub- .... ? 1 i 1 r j. 1 .. j. • lie by fraudulent sales of stock; that van-J, , . ous other persons became for a time mem- , , .. , t bers of this conspiracy. The scheme to defraud described m the substantive counts ,s a leged to have included illegal use of the mails at both Boston and Springfield. The jury under the instructions of the presiding . / .. - -^jlj j^jj judge discriminated between defendants. L, & , -itt u , 01 , . They acquitted Waldo and Shuman (who worked at Springfield) on the counts relating to Financial Profits and convicted them on thé counts relating to Gibbs & Co. and to the general conspiracy. There was evidence of a close connection throughout between Jarvis and Gaines in a fraudulent enterprise. It cannot be said that it did not warrant tjie view which the jury took that it constituted a continuing scheme and a continuing conspiracy as charged in the indictment. The motions under discussion were rightly denied. See United States v. Kissel, 218 U.S. 601, 31 S.Ct. 124, 54 L.Ed. 1168; Scaffidi v. United States, 37 F.(2d) 203 (C.C.A.1) ; Van Riper v. United States, 13 F.(2d) 961 (C.C.A.2).
The appellants moved that the government be required to elect whether it would proceed on the first indictment or the second. The District Judge refused to order it to do so. In this he was clearly right. The two cases were not consolidated, they were being tried together and the crimes charged were substantially different.
We have examined those parts of the District Attorney’s argument to which the appeilan.ts took exception. In long and compiica(;ed trials it is not uncommon for coungej argUjng to the jury to make unintentionaj misstatements of fact. When this occurs js die duty of opposing counsel to call attention to the misstatement and request t;he court to instruct the jury to disregard jq0 exception lies merely to the remarks 0£ counsel. Dunlop v. United States, 165 U.S. 486, 498 17 S.Ct. 375 41 L.Ed. 799 ; Diggs v. United States, 220 F. 545 (C.C.A 9). United States v. Wexler, 79 F.(2d) 526; 529 (C.C.A.2). In the present case no request was made for instruction by the .court that the jury disregard the improper aro-umen+ 8
^ An exception was taken on the ground that the instructions as to good faith were inadequate. The trial judge plainly told the jury that good faith on th of the defendaIlts in making the ... , , , ,., , ., 0 representations, honest belief that they were . e -Li-j- t.-i.i_ , ' , true, a belief which has some substantial , .’ ... . . . . , basis, would be a legal excuse. We think ., . ,, . , - jl^ * the jury could not have been m doubt as to the correct rule of jaw. on this point The other -assignments 0f error in this case have bfien exam¡ned. None of them seems t0 us bg wdl founded nQr tQ ^ discussion. ... We conclude that there was no reversible ■ ±1. ± • 1 * error m the trial of the first indictment.
We find it unnecessary to consider the questions raised under the' second indictment. The sentences imposed under that indictment did not exceed those imposed under the first indictment and are to run concurrently with them. Even if the convictions on the second indictment should be reversed, the defendants’ punishment would be in no way affected. It is well established that, where a conviction is sustained on counts sufficient to support the sentence. it will not be disturbed for error on certain other counts. Sinclair v. United States, 279 U.S. 263, 299, 49 S.Ct. 268, 273, 73 L.Ed. 692; Claassen v. United States, 142 U.S. 140, 12 S.Ct. 169, 35 L.Ed. 966; Hill v. United States (C.C.A.) 42 F.(2d) 812. The affirmance of the convictions under the first indictment makes the correctness of the convictions under the second indictment merely a moot question. The appeal on the second indictment will accordingly be dismissed. And on the first indictment the judgments are affirmed.
The appeals on the second indictment are dismissed, and the judgments on the first indictment are affirmed.

Question: This question concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)". Which of these categories best describes the income of the litigant?

Choices:
not ascertained
poor + wards of state
presumed poor
presumed wealthy
clear indication of wealth in opinion
other - above poverty line but not clearly wealthy

Answer: 0