What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
CONTINENTAL CASUALTY CO. v. WILLIS.
Circuit Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
October 16, 1928.
No. 2742.
William C. Coulbourn and Robert G. Butcher, both of Richmond, Va., for appellant.
Branch Johnson, of Richmond, Va., for appellee.
Before WADDILL, PARKER, and NORTHCOTT, Circuit Judges.
NORTHCOTT, Circuit
Judge. This is an appeal from a judgment of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Richmond, in an action at law wherein Annie Scott Willis, the appellee, was plaintiff, and the Continental Casualty Company, appellant, was defendant below. The parties will be referred to here, respectively, as plaintiff and defendant.
Plaintiff was the beneficiary in an,accident insurance policy, issued to Bessie Milton Willis, her sister. Insured was a trained nurse. The pertinent clauses of the policy are:
“The insurance given by this policy is against loss of life, limb, limbs, sight or time resulting from personal bodily injury (suicide or self-destruction while either sane or insane not included) which is effected solely and independently of all other causes by the happening of an external, violent and purely accidental event, all in the manner and to the extent hereinafter provided. * * *
“Blood poisoning or septicaemia resulting directly from bodily injury shall be deemed to be included in the term ‘bodily injury.’ ”
Insured in the practice of her profession contracted septicaemia, and went to a hospital in Richmond, where she died after an illness of about three weeks. On first being examined by physicians an abrasion or break was found in the skin of the ball of the index finger of deceased’s right hand, and it was the uncontradicted evidence that her death was caused by septieeemia. It is admitted that the germs of the disease entered through the abrasion on her finger.
It is admitted that the policy was in force at the time of the death of insured, and that the requirements of the policy as to notice and proof of death had been complied with.
There was evidence to the effect that insured had repeatedly used a disinfectant, the use of which was usual and proper, and which ordinarily would not cause such an abrasion or puncture of the skin, as insured had on her finger, but which might have produced such a result when improperly used or when used by one whose skin was unusually tender or especially susceptible to cracking from its use. The evidence on this question tended to prove that the break in insured’s skin on her finger was caused by a puncture rather than by the use of the disinfectant.
In his charge to the jury, the trial judge said: “If the jury are satisfied by a clear preponderance of the evidence that there was an injury, visible external injury, as a result of which a germ was taken into the system which eventually resulted in death, and that that injury occurred either as a result of contact with some other object, unintentional contact, or that it resulted from the use of some medicine or antiseptic solution, which in the ordinary course of events in its careful use would not have occurred, then it is my opinion the jury would, in such circumstances, be justified in finding a verdict for the plaintiff. ’ ’ To this charge, the attorneys for the defendant objected, and the alleged error in the charge is the main point relied upon here.
The court also refused to instruct the jury, on motion of defendant’s attorneys, that: “If insured washed her hands in Lysol, intending to wash her hands in Lysol, and doing everything and nothing more than she intended to do, there was no liability upon the defendant company, even though the result of such washing was unexpected.”
The insured was a trained nurse by profession, and it can readily be understood how the provision as to septicsemia, commonly known as blood poisoning, would especially appeal to one following a profession, peculiarly liable to the attacks of this disease. The contract of the policy was to insure against this disease if “resulting directly from bodily injury * * * effected * * * by the happening of an external, violent, or purely accidental event. ’ ’
The elaborate argument of appellant’s counsel is based on what we conceive to be a false premise, that is, that the language in the policy, “personal bodily injury which is effected * * * by the happening of an external, violent and purely accidental event,” has exactly the same significance as the standard expression, “bodily injury effected by violent, external and accidental means.” Surely “accidental event” does not have, nor can it possibly have, the same significance or meaning as “accidental means. ’ ’ An event is the culmination or end that the “means” may have produced or brought about. There is the same relation^ship between means and the event that results, that there is between cause and effect. The means may not have been in any way accidental, yet the event because of some unknown and unknowable factor highly accidental.
An “accident” as defined by Webster is: “An event which takes place without one’s foresight or expectation; an event that proceeds from an unknown cause, or is the unusual effect of a known cause, and therefore not expected.”
This definition of an accident has received the approval of many courts (Fidelity & Casualty Co. v. Stacey’s Ex’rs [C. C. A.] 143 F. 271, 274, 5 L. R. A. [N. S.] 657, 6 Ann. Cas. 955), and it has been supplemented by the Supreme Court’s declaration that an “accidental event” is one “ 3 * * ‘happening by chance; unexpectedly taking place; not according to the usual course of things;’ or not as expected.” U. S. Mutual Acc. Ass’n v. Barry, 131 U. S. 100, 9 S. Ct. 755, 33 L. Ed. 60.
The deceased was insured against septieeemia resulting from the happening of an external, violent, and purely accidental event, and whether the breaking of the skin of the deceased’s finger was caused by pricking it, or was the unexpected and unusual result of the proper use of the disinfectant, in either ease it was an accidental event, and came within the meaning of the words of the policy.
But even were attorneys for the defendant correct in their assumption that accidental event and accidental means have “exactly the same significance,” yet under the holding in the case of the Mutual Life Ins. Co. of New York v. Dodge, 11 F.(2d) 486; recently decided by this court, the defendant would be liable. In that case, in a well-reasoned opinion, Judge Parker says:
“ ‘Accidental’ is defined in Webster’s Dictionary as ‘happening by chance, or unexpectedly; taking place not according to the usual course of things; casual; fortuitous; as an accidental visit.’ And in defining the term ‘accidental means’ Corpus Juris says: ‘Where the effeqt is not the natural and probable consequence of the means which produce it — an effect which does not ordinarily follow and cannot be reasonably anticipated from the use of the means, or an effect which the actor did not intend to produce and which he cannot be charged with a design of producing — it is produced by accidental means.’ 1 C. J. 427.
"Cooley’s Briefs on Insurance, at page 3156, gives practically the same definition. Judge Sanborn, speaking for the Circuit Court of Appeals of the Eighth Circuit, says: ‘An effect which is the natural and probable consequence of an act or course of action is not an accident, nor is it produced by accidental means. It is either the result of actual design, or it falls under the maxim that every man must be held to intend the natural and probable consequence of his deeds. On the other hand, an effect which is not the natural or probable consequence of the means which produced it, an effect which does not ordinarily follow and cannot be reasonably anticipated from the use of those means, an effect which the actor did not intend to produce and which he cannot be charged with the design of producing, * * * is produced by accidental means. It is produced by means which were neither designed nor calculated to cause it. Such an effect is not the result of design, cannot be reasonably anticipated, is unexpected, and Is produced by an unusual combination of fortuitous circumstances; in other words, it is produced by accidental means.’ Western Com. Travelers’ Ass’n v. Smith, 29 C. C. A. 223, 85 F. 401, 40 L. R. A. 653, approved in Ætna Ins. Co. v. Brand (C. C. A. 2d) 265 F. 6 [13 A. L. R. 657].”
“Mr. Justice Blatehford, speaking for the Supreme Court of the United States, says: ‘If a result is such as follows from ordinary means, voluntarily employed, in a not unusual or unexpected way, it cannot be called a result effected by accidental means; but if, in the act which precedes the injury, something unforeseen, unexpected, unusual occurs, which produces the injury, then the injury has resulted through accidental means.’ Mutual Accident Ass’n v. Barry, 131 U. S. 100, 9 S. Ct. 755, 33 L. Ed. 60.”
The Dodge Case is cited and approved in Newsoms v. Commercial Casualty Ins. Co., 147 Va. 471, 137 S. E. 456, 52 A. L. R. 363.
The Barry Case, supra, is the leading ease in the Supreme Court on this question, and undoubtedly sustains the position taken by this court in the Dodge Case.
The cause of the death of the insured was septicjemia, which was directly caused by the entrance of a germ through the broken or punctured skin of insured’s finger; the break or puncture was directly caused by violent, external, and purely accidental means within the meaning of the policy, which was especially made to cover septicasmia contracted under precisely the conditions existing in this case.
The case was properly submitted to the jury, and there was ample evidence upon which to base the verdict. There was no error in the charge of the learned trial judge, or in the trial, and the judgment of the District Court is affirmed.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1