What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "fiduciaries". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
McTEAGUE, Dolores, herself and on behalf of her minor children David and Allen, Appellant, v. SOSNOWSKI, Margaret, Individually and as the Commissioner of Philadelphia Department of Public Welfare; Boykin, Herbert, Individually and as the Director, Social Services of the Philadelphia Department of Public Welfare; Hoppes, Ronald, Individually and as a Caseworker with the Philadelphia Department of Public Welfare; Wright, Juanita, Individually and as a Supervising Caseworker with the Philadelphia Department of Public Welfare; O’Bannon, Secretary, Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare.
No. 79-1383.
United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
Argued Nov. 16, 1979.
Decided March 25, 1980.
Richard J. Gold, Ann Shalleck (argued), Stephen F. Gold, Community Legal Services Law Center North Central, Philadelphia, Pa., for appellant.
Carl Vaccaro, Asst. Atty. Gen., John O. J. Shellenberger, 3rd, Deputy Atty. Gen., Eastern Regional Director, Edward G. Biester, Jr., Atty. Gen., Philadelphia, Pa., for appellee O’Bannon.
Mary Rose Cunningham (argued), Edward V. Schulgen, Asst. City Sol., Dept. of Public Welfare, Philadelphia, Pa., for appellees Sosnowski, Boykin, Hoppes and Wright.
Before GIBBONS, A. LEON HIGGIN-BOTHAM, Jr., and SLOVITER, Circuit Judges.
OPINION OF THE COURT
A. LEON HIGGINBOTHAM, Jr., Circuit Judge.
Federal courts have served as a haven for children and families when well-meaning government authorities injure them in violation of constitutional and statutory rights. Pursuing this long revered tradition Dolores MeTeague sought relief in the federal courts, alleging that her family’s “fundamental rights to family integrity” had been destroyed. The district court dismissed her action, acting under the aegis of a federal statute that provides for the early dismissal of frivolous or malicious in forma pauperis complaints, 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d). Whether or not she will be successful ultimately in pursuing her claim, the claim is neither frivolous nor malicious. We will therefore reverse the order of.the district court and will remand fot further proceedings.
I.
The/McTeague family problems were fii^c brought to the attention of state authorities in October 1977 when Dolores MeTeague, concerned because of her husband’s drug consumption and his violence towards her and two of her three children, sought and obtained help from the Philadelphia Police Department. In December, as a result of her actions, a hearing was held in the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas to decide whether state intervention would be necessary to protect the two children, David and Allen. The court ordered that David and Allen should remain with their mother, that the father should receive psychiatric treatment, and that the case would remain within the protective supervision of the Family Court.
The next few months were difficult for the MeTeague family. Mrs. MeTeague, separated from her husband, was unable to locate suitable housing for herself and her three children. In April 1978 she sought social service help from the Medical College of Pennsylvania. At the suggestion of a social worker with the Medical College, she went to the Philadelphia Department of Public Welfare (DPW) to arrange for temporary foster care for all three of her children. Based on assurances from DPW that her children would be returned whenever she found suitable housing, she signed a voluntary placement agreement. She was told that as a condition of the placement she would have to relinquish her children for a minimum of six months. Knowing no alternative, she submitted to the requirement.
In May 1978, the Family Court held a hearing on the continued supervision of David and Allen. Apparently this hearing was not scheduled in response to the voluntary foster placement, but was the result of the supervision ordered in December 1977. Nevertheless, the voluntary foster placement was the subject of the proceedings and was the basis of that court’s decision to order David and Allen “dependent,” thereby removing them from Mrs. McTeague’s custody. The two children were committed to the custody of DPW.
In September, just before the expiration of the six month period, Mrs. McTeague informed DPW that she had located suitable housing and wished to have her children back. Although DPW acknowledged that the two problems which had led to the dependency order — her housing problem and the father’s abusive behavior — had been solved, her requests were denied without explanation.
In January 1979 she filed a complaint in federal court on behalf of herself, David, and Allen. Requesting permission to proceed in forma pauperis, she sought to challenge two aspects of the Commonwealth’s actions. First, she asserted that the Commonwealth had not provided her with adequate assistance once it had decided to intervene in the family’s affairs. She alleged, inter alia, that alternatives to foster care which were less intrusive on the family had not been explored, that no effort had been made to preserve or unite the family, and that no supportive services which may have strengthened the family had been provided. Second, she attacked the adjudicatory process in which she lost legal custody of two of her children. She alleged that she had been denied the right to counsel because she was not represented by counsel at either the December 1977 or the May 1978 hearing and that at neither hearing had she made a knowing and voluntary waiver. She also alleged that she had not been given her due process right of notice because she was not told that her own actions would be the subject of the hearings. She asserted that the Commonwealth acted in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and 42 U.S.C. § 1983; in violation of Title XX of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1397-1397f, Title IV the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 601-622, and federal regulations implementing these statutes; in violation of the Pennsylvania Juvenile Act, Pa.Stat.Ann. tit. 11, §§ 50-101 — 50-337 (Purdon); and in violation of her common law rights. She named as defendants numerous city and state officials who she claimed were responsible for the violations of these rights. She sought declaratory, injunctive, and monetary relief.
Before receiving an answer from any of the defendants or receiving briefs from any of the parties, the district court granted her request to proceed in forma pauperis and dismissed the complaint sua sponte. The court adopted a Magistrate’s Report which had urged dismissal, citing abstention principles outlined in Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 91 S.Ct. 746, 27 L.Ed.2d 669 (1971), Juidice v. Vail, 430 U.S. 327, 97 S.Ct. 1211, 51 L.Ed.2d 376 (1977), and Salvati v. Dale, 364 F.Supp. 691 (W.D.Pa.1973). Mrs. McTeague appeals from the dismissal.
II.
Since 1892, when the predecessor to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 was enacted, the doors of the federal courts have been open to the poor and the rich alike. Under this statute an indigent individual may initiate a claim or defend his life or property, without an obligation to pay the court costs that most parties must bear, and in some instances with the assistance of court-appointed counsel. With Section 1915 Congress has guaranteed “that no citizen shall be denied an opportunity to commence, prosecute, or defend an action . . . solely because his poverty makes it impossible for him to pay or secure the costs” of litigation. Adkins v. E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc., 335 U.S. 331, 342, 69 S.Ct. 85, 90, 93 L.Ed. 43 (1948).
For many, Section 1915 has been the only route to justice and our courts have long honored in forma pauperis complaints. Some in forma pauperis cases have restructured the fundamental framework for our system of justice. See, e.g., Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 83 S.Ct. 792, 9 L.Ed.2d 799 (1963). See generally Lewis, Gideon’s Trumpet (1964) (outlining the history of the Gideon decision); The Foundation of the Federal Bar Association, Equal Justice Under Law, 95, 105 (1965). Cf. Sup.Ct.R. 53.
When Congress opened the door to in forma pauperis petitions, it was concerned that the removal of the cost barrier might result in a tidalwave of frivolous or malicious motions filed by persons who gave no pause before crossing the threshold of the courthouse door. Concerned not only with the court congestion which might result, but also with the financial burden the public would have to bear because of these claims, Congress included in Section 1915 a provision permitting the early dismissal of some claims. Fletcher v. Young, 222 F.2d 222, 224 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 350 U.S. 916, 76 S.Ct. 201, 100 L.Ed. 802 (1955). Thus, Section 1915(d) states that “the court . may dismiss the case if . satisfied that the action is frivolous or malicious.” This provision does not, however, permit a cursory treatment of meritorious complaints. When a viable complaint is filed in forma pauperis, the pauper must be treated like all other litigants in the decision to dismiss. Otherwise, the scales of justice will be tilted against those who by the coincidence of life are poor.
In this case the district court dismissed Mrs. McTeague’s complaint before receiving answers from the defendants and before briefing, reasoning that under Younger v. Harris the claims should be adjudicated in a state forum. We do not agree that the answer to the choice of forum issue was so obvious that dismissal was warranted under Section 1915(d). It is unquestionably true that a dismissal referring to the constitutional and statutory claims raised by Mrs. McTeague’s complaint would not have met the Section 1915(d) requirement of frivolity or maliciousness. A dismissal on Younger v. Harris grounds is a disposition on the merits of a claim for equitable relief and is no more appropriate for summary treatment than any other disposition on the merits. No fair reading of the cases would suggest that Mrs. McTeague’s claim was frivolous.
First, our federal courts have been used by countless numbers of plaintiffs who have challenged state intrusions into the family unit. Many of these plaintiffs have been successful in establishing that the challenged state intrusion violated federal constitutional law or federal statutory law. E. g., Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510, 45 S.Ct. 571, 69 L.Ed. 1070 (1925) (state may not prevent parents from enrolling their children in private schools); Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 92 S.Ct. 1208, 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972) (state must provide unwed father a hearing before denying him custody of his child after the mother’s death); Shea v. Vialpando, 416 U.S. 251, 94 S.Ct. 1746, 40 L.Ed.2d 120 (1974) (AFDC program giving standardized treatment of employment expenses conflicts with federal statute’s work incentive); King v. Smith, 392 U.S. 309, 88 S.Ct. 2128, 20 L.Ed.2d 1118 (1968) (state regulations denying AFDC benefits to children whose mother “cohabits” with a man not obligated to provide for their support are invalid).
Second, it is not obvious whether the abstention principles on which the district court relied are applicable to this case. Indeed at the time the district court dismissed the complaint, February 1979, the issue was even more difficult. At that time the legal community was seriously debating the extent to which Younger v. Harris should be applied to civil cases. While the Supreme Court’s decisions in Huffman v. Pursue, Ltd., 420 U.S. 592, 95 S.Ct. 1200, 43 L.Ed.2d 482 (1975), Juidice v. Vail and Trainor v. Hernandez, 431 U.S. 434, 97 S.Ct. 1911, 52 L.Ed.2d 486 (1977), presaged a broad view of the abstention doctrine, some lower courts had refused to abstain in certain civil contexts. E. g., New Jersey Education Association v. Burke, 579 F.2d 764 (3d Cir.) cert. denied 439 U.S. 894, 99 S.Ct. 252, 58 L.Ed.2d 239 (1978). Indeed, six days after the McTeague complaint was dismissed, the Supreme Court heard oral argument in a challenge to a decision by a distinguished three-judge panel in Texas which had refused to abstain from considering a similar case brought in a child abuse context. Sims v. Dept. of Public Welfare of the State of Texas, 438 F.Supp. 1179 (S.D.Texas 1977), later reversed, Moore v. Sims, 442 U.S. 415, 99 S.Ct. 2371, 60 L.Ed.2d 994 (1979).
In June 1979, in a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court reversed the three-judge panel. While the subsequent reversal certainly resolves much of the abstention debate, it in no way affects the issue of the difficulty of the abstention question at the time the district court acted. It only suggests that the three-judge panel, after struggling with a difficult question, did not reach the “proper” conclusion, and that abstention questions raised after June 1979 may be more easily resolved. Certainly a litigant who makes a claim which is supported by a decision of such distinguished jurists should not have her suit categorized as one which is so frivolous that it warrants dismissal under Section 1915(d).
Third, dismissal under Section 1915(d) is inappropriate, even in light of the reversal in Moore v. Sims, because a number of factual and legal issues are unresolved and they must be addressed before there can be any decision on abstention. For example, the parties are in dispute about whether there is a state proceeding pending or whether the Family Court’s order was final. Younger v. Harris and Moore v. Sims rely heavily on the existence of a pending state proceeding which might be interfered with by a federal court order. If no proceeding is pending, these comity concerns are not implicated and federal action would be appropriate. See Wooley v. Maynard, 430 U.S. 705, 97 S.Ct. 1428, 51 L.Ed.2d 752 (1977) (Prior state proceeding does not preclude litigation of federal court suit seeking prospective declaratory and injunctive relief). It is also not clear whether, even if pending, the state proceeding would bar federal action. The appellant argues that she can neither challenge the procedures used at either the December or May hearing in the state proceeding nor can she raise the challenge to the quality of the placement which has already taken place. She asserts that at most she can address the issue of her children’s future commitment and custody. If deference to the state proceeding means that she will be unable to raise her concerns, abstention may be inappropriate. Cf. Moore v. Sims, 99 S.Ct. at 2378 (holding that abstention in a child abuse case was appropriate where the issues raised by the plaintiff’s complaint could have been raised in a pending state action). Thus, the district court erred by dismissing the complaint before it had answers to these questions.
On remand the abstention issue will be further complicated because the Commonwealth has returned David and Allen to Mrs. McTeague during this appeal. As a result, Mrs. McTeague has now abandoned her request for injunctive relief and seeks only declaratory and monetary relief. This change has not affected our decision, and of course played no part in the district court’s initial decision. However, it must be considered on remand as the abstention doctrine deals primarily with actions where injunctive relief was requested.
In conclusion, we hold that the district court erred by finding Mrs. McTeague’s complaint appropriate for dismissal under Section 1915(d). We will therefore reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Costs shall be borne by the appellees.
. Because the district court dismissed the action before receiving papers from the defendants, our summary of the facts is based upon the plaintiffs complaint and the briefs filed in this court. See Souder v. McGuire, 516 F.2d 820, 821 (3d Cir. 1975).
. The third child, Brian, Jr., was not the subject of these proceedings since he had not been abused by his father. Brian, Jr. is not a party to this suit.
. There is no suggestion from the record that Mrs. McTeague had abandoned her children during the period they were in foster care. Indeed, among her complaints is her objection to the' state’s restrictions on her visitation rights. For example, she alleges that she was forced to agree to a three month moratorium on visits with her son Allen because DPW threatened to place Allen in a “less desirable foster home” if she did not agree to a reduction. Plaintiff’s Complaint, ¶¶ 56, 57, reproduced in App., at 11a.
. Although the complaint alleges violations of the Pennsylvania Juvenile Act, we note that this Act was repealed by the Act of April 28, 1978, P.L. 202 No. 53, and was reenacted in an amended form. The reenactment is codified at Pa.Stat.Ann. tit. 42 §§ 6301-6365 (Purdon 1979 Supp.).
. She no longer pursues her request for injunc-tive relief, because her children were returned during the pendency of this appeal.
. The original provision was enacted by the Act of July 20, 1892, Pub.L.No.209, 27 Stat. 252.
. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d) provides in full:
(d) The court may request an attorney to represent any such person unable to employ counsel and may dismiss the case if the allegation of poverty is untrue, or if satisfied that the action is frivolous or malicious.
. Though it is a well-recognized principle that we, as an appellate court, are “to apply the law in effect at the time [we] render [our] decision, unless doing so would result in manifest injustice or there is statutory direction or legislative history to the contrary.” Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, 416 U.S. 696, 711, 94 S.Ct. 2006, 2016, 40 L.Ed.2d 476 (1974), a plaintiff’s claim cannot be dismissed as frivolous when at the time of the trial judge’s decision many judges had expressed in their written opinions that the plaintiffs views were correct.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "fiduciaries"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1