What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 

Your task concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)". Your task is to determine which of these categories best describes the income of the litigant. Consider the following categories: "not ascertained", "poor + wards of state" (e.g., patients at state mental hospital; not prisoner unless specific indication that poor), "presumed poor" (e.g., migrant farm worker), "presumed wealthy" (e.g., high status job - like medical doctors, executives of corporations that are national in scope, professional athletes in the NBA or NFL; upper 1/5 of income bracket), "clear indication of wealth in opinion", "other - above poverty line but not clearly wealthy" (e.g., public school teachers, federal government employees)." Note that "poor" means below the federal poverty line; e.g., welfare or food stamp recipients. There must be some specific indication in the opinion that you can point to before anyone is classified anything other than "not ascertained". Prisoners filing "pro se" were classified as poor, but litigants in civil cases who proceed pro se were not presumed to be poor. Wealth obtained from the crime at issue in a criminal case was not counted when determining the wealth of the criminal defendant (e.g., drug dealers).

Opinion:
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Frank C. MAROLDA, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 80-1641.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted April 16, 1981.
Decided June 15, 1981.
Allen Ruby, Morgan, Ruby, Teter, Schofield, Franich, Bouchier & Fredkin, San Jose, Cal., for defendant-appellant.
Peter D. Isakoff, Atty., Dept, of Justice, Washington, D. C., argued for plaintiff-appellee; William C. Bryson, Atty., Dept, of Justice, Washington, D. C., on brief.
Before WRIGHT and CANBY, Circuit Judges, and TAKASUGI, District Judge.
Of the Central District of California.
EUGENE A. WRIGHT, Circuit Judge:
I
Marolda was convicted after trial by jury of embezzling from a labor union, 29 U.S.C. § 501(c). On his first appeal, he argued that: (1) the definition of the offense in instructions to the jury excluded statutory elements; (2) there was a prejudicial variance between the offense as set forth in the indictment and as defined in the instructions; and (3) the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction.
We reversed, addressing only the second issue:
We need not resolve the question of the statutory elements here because a prejudicial variance between the offense as charged in the indictment and that defined by the court’s instructions requires reversal. Should the government choose to retry Marolda, it will have to prove the offense as charged in the indictment.
United States v. Marolda, 615 F.2d 867, 870 (9th Cir. 1980).
One element found in the indictment and omitted from the instructions was that Marolda used a gasoline credit card “without benefit to [the Union].” Id. at 868 n.2. Our opinion made no mention of Marolda’s sufficiency of the evidence argument.
When the case returned to district court, Marolda moved to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds, contending there had been insufficient evidence to prove an absence of union benefit. The court denied the motion for two reasons. First, it held that, because the conviction had been reversed for . trial error but not for evidentiary insufficiency, retrial would not subject Marolda to double jeopardy. Second, there had been sufficient evidence from which the jury could have inferred an absence of union benefit.
II
Marolda argues, and the government concedes, that, if the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction at the first trial, double jeopardy bars retrial. See Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 98 S.Ct. 2141, 57 L.Ed.2d 1 (1978); United States v. Bodey, 607 F.2d 265 (9th Cir. 1979). The “government must present sufficient evidence the first time to get a second chance.” Id. at 268.
This is not a case in which the trial error leading to reversal may have prejudiced the prosecution. Cf. United States v. Harmon, 632 F.2d 812 (9th Cir. 1980) (per curiam) (reversal for erroneous admission of evidence). The government does not argue that additional evidence would have been presented, or that different trial strategy would have been pursued, had reversible error not been committed.
III
The law of the case is that the government had to prove lack of union benefit at the first trial. 615 F.2d at 870-72.
In testing for sufficiency of the evidence, the question is whether, “after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). A “mere modicum” of evidence, making the existence of an element of the crime slightly more probable than it would be without the evidence, by itself is not sufficient. Id. at 320, 99 S.Ct. at 2790.
Marolda was installed as the president of a newly formed local in October 1975. There was evidence that the executive board adopted a policy of providing a fixed, monthly automobile allowance to its officers, and terminated the practice of charging purchases on credit cards.
Marolda continued to use his credit card to purchase gasoline for approximately two years. During this time, he used the card to purchase gas for his wife’s and his brother’s cars, as well as his own. On several occasions he filled two tanks of gas in one day, and in one instance filled three tanks in two days.
Executive board members testified that Marolda used his wife’s and brother’s cars on union business when his car was being repaired. They stated that he took many long trips on union business. Their testimony was not contradicted or impeached.
After reviewing the entire record, we find no direct evidence that Marolda purchased gas for non-union purposes. Nor, in light of all the evidence, could this rationally be inferred beyond a reasonable doubt. We conclude that the evidence was insufficient. The motion to dismiss should have been granted.
REVERSED.

Question: This question concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)". Which of these categories best describes the income of the litigant?

Choices:
not ascertained
poor + wards of state
presumed poor
presumed wealthy
clear indication of wealth in opinion
other - above poverty line but not clearly wealthy

Answer: 0