What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
UNITED STATES of America v. Douglas F. BROWN, a/k/a Douglas Brown, Appellant.
No. 72-1208.
United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.
March 16, 1973.
J. Gordon Arbuckle, Washington, D. C., was on the brief for appellant.
Harold H. Titus, Jr., U. S. Atty., John A. Terry, Brian W. Shaughnessy, Philip L. Cohan, and John J. Mulrooney, Asst. U. S. Attys., were on the brief for appellee.
Before BAZELON, Chief Judge, ELBERT P. TUTTLE United States Senior Circuit Judge for the Fifth Circuit, and MacKINNON, Circuit Judge.
Sitting by designation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 294(d).
PER CURIAM:
Appellant, who was convicted of possession of a sawed-off shotgun, raises a number of issues, only one of which deserves comment. Before trial, appointed defense counsel apprised the court of appellant’s prior criminal record, and inquired whether any of appellant’s prior convictions would be admissible to impeach him. The court ruled it would only admit the most recent conviction — for assault with intent to commit robbery in 1968. The trial judge thus appears to have exercised his discretion, foreclosing any challenge to the 1970 amendments to the Luck statute in this case. Defense counsel seems to have acquiesced in the trial court’s decision — there was no mention of a Luck hearing nor argument for the judge to exercise his discretion to exclude the most recent conviction as well. This court has repeatedly held that the burden is on defense counsel to invoke Luck and to show why the court should exercise its discretion to render a prior conviction unavailable for impeachment. The failure of the court to hold a Luck hearing is therefore not grounds for reversal in this case.
Appellant notes that there is substantial indication that defendants with court-appointed lawyers fare far worse than those with retained attorneys. As he points out, an indigent’s advocacy alternatives are limited and the efforts of his appointed counsel are often hampered by institutional pressures. Thus, appellant asserts, sole reliance on the adversary system to protect the defendant’s rights is unrealistic. Appellant would have us take these facts into consideration in applying the plain error rule when a court appointed counsel has failed to register an objection. Appellant urges that these considerations should also apply to ameliorate the burden on counsel to invoke the Luck rule. But we think it would be unwise to act on that suggestion now.
There is nothing in the record before us to indicate whether counsel’s failure to ask for a Luck hearing was an informed tactical choice or a decision undertaken out of ignorance of the relevant law or indifference to her client’s interests. Although appellant’s counsel on appeal (who is not trial counsel) disclaims reliance on ineffectiveness of counsel, that issue necessarily lurks in the suggestion that the defendant should not be bound by the failures of his trial attorney. This court has held, however, that we will not resolve the matter of the effectiveness of trial counsel where, as here the record is inadequate for the purpose of deciding whether counsel’s challenged decision was a deliberate, knowing and rational tactical choice. Appellant is not deprived of a remedy for a meritorious claim; he may seek to raise the issue of ineffectiveness and support his claim with evidence dehors the record either on a timely motion for a new trial or on collateral attack.
Affirmed.
. Appellant was convicted of possession of an unregistered firearm, 26 U.S.C. § 5861 (d); possession of a firearm not identified by serial number, 26 U.S.C. § 5861 (i); and possession of a prohibited weapon, 22 D.C.Code § 3214(a).
. Appellant also asserts as error the improper admission of evidence of the factual circumstances of his arrest and the prosecutor’s discussion of the legal concept of possession in his summation. We find neither an adequate reason for reversal.
. Defense counsel recited a series of charges against appellant dating back to 1965, including a recent sentence under the Youth Corrections Act.
. 14 D.C.Code § 305 (Supp. V 1972) (purporting to preempt the trial judge’s discretion by permitting the impeachment of a witness by any of a specified group of crimes for which the witness had been convicted.) The constitutionality of this statute is currently under consideration by this court in United States v. Henson, No. 71-1456 (D.C.Cir. filed June 13, 1971); United States v. Marshall, No. 71-1491 (D.C. filed June 10, 1971); United States v. Brown, 71-1497 (D.C.Cir. filed June 18, 1971); United States v. Jeffries, 71-1356 (D.C.Cir. filed May 3, 1971).
. United States v. Coleman, 137 U.S.App.D.C. 110, 113, 420 F.2d 1313, 1316 (1969); Smith v. United States, 132 U.S.App.D.C. 131, 131-132, 406 F.2d 667, 667-668 (1968), cert. denied, 394 U.S. 963, 89 S.Ct. 1315, 22 L.Ed.2d 564 (1969); Evans v. United States, 130 U.S.App.D.C. 114, 118, 397 F.2d 675, 678-679 (1968); Gordon v. United States, 127 U.S.App.D.C. 343, 346, 383 F.2d 936, 939 (1967), cert. denied, 390 U.S. 1029, 88 S.Ct. 1421, 20 L.Ed.2d 287 (1968).
. See, e. g., Summers, The Tilted Scales of Criminal Justice: The Plight of the Indigent Defendants, 5 Crim.L.Bull. 508 (1969); D. Oaks & W. Lehman, A Criminal Justice System and the Indigent: A Study of Chicago and Cook County, 108-38, 150-67 (1966); United States v. Martin, No. 71-1457, 154 U.S.App.D.C. _ at _, 475 F.2d 943 at 956 (1973) (Chief Judge Bazelon dissenting) (citing a study by the Administrative Office of the U. S. Courts showing that offenders with appointed counsel receive longer sentences than offenders with privately retained attorneys).
. See, e. g., ABA Project on Minimum Standards for Criminal Justice, Standards Relating to Providing Defense Services, Approved Draft 1968, § 1.4 commentary (b) at 20-21 (an “assigned lawyer . . . may not have the same freedom of action in defending his client before the judge responsible for the assignment that retained counsel would have”) ; A. Blumberg, Criminal Justice 3-38, 95-116 (1967); L. Downie, Justice Denied 173-77, 179-82 (1971); President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, Task Force Reports: The Courts 57-61 (1967).
. See United States v. Martin, No. 71-1457, 154 U.S.App.D.C. _ at _, 475 F.2d 943 at 954 (1973), (Chief Judge Bazelon dissenting).
. See, e. g., People v. Ibarra, 60 Cal.2d 460, 34 Cal.Rptr. 863, 386 P.2d 487 (1963) (Justice Traynor, writing for the court, reversed a conviction for ineffectiveness where counsel failed to move for the suppression of evidence because of his ignorance of the relevant law).
. See United States v. Benn & Hunt, _ U.S.App.D.C. _, 476 F.2d 1127 (1972).
. Fed.R.Crim.P. 33; see, United States v. Thompson, No. 71-1182, 154 U.S.App.D.C. _, 475 F.2d 931 (1973); United States v. Smallwood, 153 U.S.App.D.C. 387 at 393, 473 F.2d 98 at 104 (Nov. 9, 1972) (Bazelon, Chief Judge, concurring); Marshall v. United States, 141 U.S.App.D.C. 1, 5 n. 11, 436 F.2d 155, 159 n. 11 (1970). A motion for a new trial on the grounds of newly discovered evidence may be made within two years of final judgment. Fed.R.Crim.P. 33. Where evidence of the ineffectiveness of trial counsel is brought to the attention of the court for the first time in support of the motion, that evidence is “newly discovered” for the purposes of Rule 33. See United States v. Thompson, No. 71-1182, 154 U.S.App.D.C. _, 475 F.2d 931 (1973).
. 28 U.S.C. § 2255.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officialss"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 0