What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
Hildrie H. TOLBERT, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Frank A. EYMAN, Warden, Arizona State Prison, Respondent-Appellee.
No. 24183.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Nov. 23, 1970.
David K. Yamakawa, Jr., San Francisco, Cal., for appellant.
Gary K. Nelson, Atty. Gen., Phoenix, Ariz., for appellee.
Before KOELSCH, CARTER, and HUFSTEDLER, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Appellant, Hildrie H. Tolbert, an Arizona state prisoner suing in propria persona for damages and equitable relief under the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983, appeals from an order granting the motion of the appellee, Warden Frank Eyman, to dismiss under rule 12(b) (6), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
Appellant’s complaint alleges that he is a diabetic. In 1963, he was diagnosed as suffering from diabetic retinopathy, a disease affecting the eye, and received treatment that substantially improved his vision. After his incarceration in 1967, he received insulin only once a day and one pill a day for high blood pressure. Tolbert alleges that he is now nearly blind and that his legs and feet are continually swollen. He informed a prison doctor of his ailments, but the doctor responded that “he would be the first man in medical history if he had the eye condition” of which he complained. Nevertheless, he and another doctor informed appellant that he could have the medication that he desired if he paid for it. Thereafter, appellant’s wife twice sent him the medicine, but prison authorities returned it to her each time for “security reasons.” Appellant alleges, that he was then told that he could receive the medication if it were sent directly by a druggist. Twice ■ Tolbert’s druggist sent the medicine; and twice it was returned.
The district court dismissed the complaint on the ground that Tolbert had failed to show medical care and treatment so inadequate as to justify federal intervention.
Prison officials and medical officers have wide discretion in treating prisoners, and a simple claim of malpractice does not give rise to a claim under sections 1981 or 1983. (Riley v. Rhay (9th Cir. 1969) 407 F.2d 496; Stiltner v. Rhay (9th Cir.) 371 F.2d 420, cert. denied (1967) 386 U.S. 997, 87 S. Ct. 1318, 18 L.Ed.2d 346.) However, failure or refusal to provide medical care, or treatment so cursory as to amount to no treatment at all, may, in the case of serious medical problems, violate the Fourteenth Amendment. (Riley v. Rhay, supra; Stiltner v. Rhay, supra, 371 F.2d at 421 n. 3.)
Appellee has attempted, as did the district court, to characterize Tolbert’s allegations as showing only a difference of opinion between physician and patient over the proper diagnosis and treatment. Such allegations would not state a claim. However, this argument, even if supported by the record, completely misses the thrust of Tolbert’s complaint, which names as defendant not the doctors, but the warden. The gravamen of his claim is not that he was erroneously diagnosed by the prison doctor, but that the warden refused to allow him authorized medicine that he needed to prevent serious harm to his health. These allegations state a perfectly viable claim against the appellee. (See Riley v. Rhay, supra; Coleman v. Johnston (7th Cir. 1957) 247 F.2d 273; McCollum v. Mayfield (N.D.Cal.1955) 130 F.Supp. 112.)
Although the above disposition of appellee’s argument and of the district court’s opinion is sufficient to require reversal, we reach the merits of that argument because the course that this action has taken at trial and on appeal makes it most improbable that the district court, and eventually this court, will not be faced with those issues during later stages of this litigation. Appellee argues that Tolbert has not stated a claim against the doctors because he did not, as he must, allege that they refused or failed to treat him. Moreover, appellee argues that appellant could not have amended his complaint to meet this requirement because his original complaint shows that appellant did receive an examination and that, therefore, he could not claim to the contrary. Appellee relies heavily upon Tolbert’s allegation that the prison physician scoffed at his complaint of eye trouble to establish that appellant was, in fact, given an examination. There is no indication that the doctor’s comment was made during or following an examination. Indeed, the subsequent authorization to purchase medicine seems inconsistent with an initial examination and diagnosis. Tolbert may very well have been given adequate examination, diagnosis, and treatment; but, on the record before us, the potential for strong factual dispute is apparent. This dispute cannot be dealt with by dismissal without leave to amend.
Reversed and remanded.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 0