What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 

Your task concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)". Your task is to determine which of these categories best describes the income of the litigant. Consider the following categories: "not ascertained", "poor + wards of state" (e.g., patients at state mental hospital; not prisoner unless specific indication that poor), "presumed poor" (e.g., migrant farm worker), "presumed wealthy" (e.g., high status job - like medical doctors, executives of corporations that are national in scope, professional athletes in the NBA or NFL; upper 1/5 of income bracket), "clear indication of wealth in opinion", "other - above poverty line but not clearly wealthy" (e.g., public school teachers, federal government employees)." Note that "poor" means below the federal poverty line; e.g., welfare or food stamp recipients. There must be some specific indication in the opinion that you can point to before anyone is classified anything other than "not ascertained". Prisoners filing "pro se" were classified as poor, but litigants in civil cases who proceed pro se were not presumed to be poor. Wealth obtained from the crime at issue in a criminal case was not counted when determining the wealth of the criminal defendant (e.g., drug dealers).

Opinion:
Edward A. PUGLIESE, Defendant, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
No. 6344.
United States Court of Appeals First Circuit.
April 13, 1965.
Woodbury, Senior Circuit Judge, dissented.
Ronald R. Popeo, with whom James L. Kenney, Boston, Mass., was on brief, for appellant.
Paul L. Normandin, Asst. U. S. Atty., 'with whom Louis M. Janelle, U. S. Atty., and John D. McCarthy, Asst. U. S. Atty., were on brief, for appellee.
Before WOODBURY, Chief Judge, and HARTIGAN and ALDRICH, Circuit Judges.
ALDRICH, Chief Judge.
The defendant was tried and convicted under a multi-count indictment involving the operation of an illegal still. The evidence placed him on the premises shortly after a raid by Treasury agents. Because his presence was unexplained the government’s prima facie case was made out by the presumptions authorized by sections 5601(b) (1) and (2) of Title 26 U.S.C. Unfortunately, for present purposes, instead of imposing sentences to be served concurrently the court imposed a sentence to be served on Count 1, involving the section 5601(b) (1) presumption, and separate sentences on the other counts. We delayed decision of the appeal awaiting final disposition of a similar ease in the Supreme Court. The Court has now upheld the constitutionality of section 5601(b) (2), but, because concurrent sentences had been imposed in that case, found it unnecessary to pass on section 5601(b) (1). United States v. Gainey, March 1, 1965, 380 U.S.-, 85 S.Ct. 754, 13 L.Ed.2d 658. We must therefore decide this question which the Court left open.
Briefly, section 5601(b) (1) permits the jury to find a defendant guilty of ■“possession or custody or * * * control” of an unregistered still, an offense by virtue of 26 U.S.C. § 5601(a) (1), simply by proof of unexplained presence at the site. Section 5601(b) (2) similarly permits, upon unexplained presence, a finding that the defendant “carries on the business of a distiller * * * without having given bond,” an offense under 26 U.S.C. § 5601(a) (4). In the Gainey case below, the Fifth Circuit held both statutory presumptions unconstitutional as placing burdens on the defendant forbidden by the Fifth Amendment because of insufficient rational connection between the mere fact of presence and the inferences or conclusions statutorily presumed. Barrett v.. United States, 5 Cir., 1963, 322 F.2d 292. The Supreme Court found no difficulty with the section 5601 (b) (2) presumption, but for a special reason not applicable to the other. It said, “The rationality of the inference provided by § 5601(b) (2) must be viewed in the context of the broad' substantive offense it supports. Section 5601(a) (4) proscribes ‘carrying on’ the enterprise of illegal distillation — an offense which is one of the most comprehensive of the criminal statutes designed to stop the production and sale of untaxed liquor. [Citation omitted] Those who aid and abet the enterpriser come within the statute’s reach by virtue of 18 U.S.C. § 2.” United States v. Gainey, 1965, 380 U.S. 63, 67, 85 S.Ct. 754, 757, 13 L.Ed.2d 658.
While a party could be guilty as a principal under either section 5601(a) (1) or (a) (4> by virtue of aiding and abetting, not every person likely to be present at a still site could be found to be aiding and abetting “possession,” section 5601(a) (1), Bozza v. United States, 1947, 330 U.S. 160, 67 S.Ct. 645, 91 L. Ed. 818, even though every such person could be found to be aiding and abetting “carrying on,” section 5601(a) (4). We find the discussion in the opinion of Judge Wisdom in-Barrett holding that there is lack of sufficient rational connection between presence and possession entirely satisfying. Accepting that unreversed portion of the decision, it follows that we must set aside the verdict on Count 1 because the charge followed an unconstitutional statute. Accord, United States v. Romano, fn., supra.
The charge, however, was not erroneous as to the other counts. United States v. Gainey, supra. Indeed, the court was more solicitous for the defendant’s rights under the Fifth Amendment than the charge which was accepted by the Court in Gainey.
The defendant’s other points need little comment. In the light of United States v. Ventresca, March 1, 1965, 380 U.S. 102, 85 S.Ct. 741, 13 L.Ed. 2d 684, there can be no general criticism of the search warrant. It is true that the warrant did not authorize execution thereof during the nighttime, and that it was served fifteen minutes after sunset. This was contrary to the absolute sunrise-to-sunset standard adopted in United States v. Martin, D.C.Mass., 1929, 33 F.2d 639. We think that darkness is a factual matter, and disapprove of that arbitrary limitation. Sasser v. United States, 5 Cir., 1955, 227 F.2d 358; United States v. Woodson, 6 Cir., 1962, 303 F.2d 49, cert. den. Gant v. United States, 373 U.S. 941, 83 S.Ct. 1548, 10 L.Ed.2d 696.
The defendant’s argument that he was deprived of adequate representation by counsel is unsound. He had counsel, and for some reason discharged him. Thereafter, although advised, he did not obtain new counsel until just before trial. If, as does not affirmatively appear, this attorney had insufficient time to prepare, on the record this was due to defendant’s own neglect.
The defendant’s other points have been considered. Judgment must be entered vacating the judgment and setting aside the verdict on Count 1 and directing further proceedings not inconsistent herewith. The judgment of the District Court is otherwise affirmed.
. After this opinion had been drafted the Court granted certiorari in United States v. Romano, 2 Cir., 1964, 330 F.2d 566, cert. granted 3/15/65, 85 S.Ct. 1020, as a result of which it will presumably resolve this question at the next term. Since a number of other questions are involved in the present case we do not wish to withhold our decision for another year. It would be more appropriate for the government to obtain an extension of time to petition for certiorari on Count 1, in which event we will stay our mandate with respect to that count.

Question: This question concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)". Which of these categories best describes the income of the litigant?

Choices:
not ascertained
poor + wards of state
presumed poor
presumed wealthy
clear indication of wealth in opinion
other - above poverty line but not clearly wealthy

Answer: 0