What follows is an opinion from the Supreme Court of the United States. Your task is to identify the federal agency involved in the administrative action that occurred prior to the onset of litigation. If the administrative action occurred in a state agency, respond "State Agency". Do not code the name of the state. The administrative activity may involve an administrative official as well as that of an agency. If two federal agencies are mentioned, consider the one whose action more directly bears on the dispute;otherwise the agency that acted more recently. If a state and federal agency are mentioned, consider the federal agency. Pay particular attention to the material which appears in the summary of the case preceding the Court's opinion and, if necessary, those portions of the prevailing opinion headed by a I or II. Action by an agency official is considered to be administrative action except when such an official acts to enforce criminal law. If an agency or agency official "denies" a "request" that action be taken, such denials are considered agency action. Exclude: a "challenge" to an unapplied agency rule, regulation, etc.; a request for an injunction or a declaratory judgment against agency action which, though anticipated, has not yet occurred; a mere request for an agency to take action when there is no evidence that the agency did so; agency or official action to enforce criminal law; the hiring and firing of political appointees or the procedures whereby public officials are appointed to office; attorney general preclearance actions pertaining to voting; filing fees or nominating petitions required for access to the ballot; actions of courts martial; land condemnation suits and quiet title actions instituted in a court; and federally funded private nonprofit organizations.

Opinion:
YOUR HOME VISITING NURSE SERVICES, INC. v. SHALALA, SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
No. 97-1489.
Argued December 2,1998
Decided February 23, 1999
Diana L. Gustin argued the cause and filed briefs for petitioner.
Lisa Schiavo Blatt argued the cause for respondent. With her on the brief were Solicitor General Waxman, Assistant Attorney General Hunger, Deputy Solicitor General Kneedler, Anthony J. Steinmeyer, John P. Schnitker, Harriet S. Robb, Bruce R. Granger, and Henry R. Goldberg
Denise Rios Rodrigmz and Amy Blumberg Hafey filed a brief for the American Hospital Association et al. as amici curiae.
Justice Scalia
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Under the Medicare Act, Title XVIII of the Social Security Act, 79 Stat. 290, as amended, 42 U. S. C. § 1395 et seq. (1994 ed. and Supp. II), the Secretary of Health and Human Services reimburses the providers of covered health services to Medicare beneficiaries, see §§ 1395f(b)(l), 1395h, 1395x(v)(l)(A). A provider seeking such reimbursement submits a yearly cost report to a fiscal intermediary (generally a private insurance company) that acts as the Secretary’s agent. See 42 CFR § 405.1801(b) (1997). The intermediary analyzes the cost report and issues a Notice of Program Reimbursement (NPR) determining the amount of reimbursement to which the provider is entitled for the year. See §405.1803.
As is relevant here, a dissatisfied provider has two ways to get this determination revised. First, a provision of the Medicare Act, 42 U. S. C. § 1395oo, allows a provider to appeal, within 180 days, to the Provider Reimbursement Review Board (Board) — an administrative review panel that has the power to conduct an evidentiary hearing and affirm, modify, or reverse the intermediary’s NPR determination. The Board’s decision is subject to judicial review in federal district court. § 1395oo(f). Second, one of the Secretary’s regulations, 42 CFR §405.1885 (1997), permits a provider to request the intermediary, within three years, to reopen the reimbursement determination.
Petitioner Your Home Visiting Nurse Services, Inc., owns and operates several entities that provide home health care services to Medicare beneficiaries. Petitioner submitted cost reports for the year 1989 to its fiscal intermediary, and did not seek administrative review of the resulting NPRs within 180 days. Within three years, however, it did ask the intermediary to reopen its 1989 reimbursement determination on the ground that “new and material” evidence demonstrated entitlement to additional compensation. The intermediary denied the request. Petitioner sought to appeal that denial to the Board, but the Board dismissed the appeal on the ground that §405.1885 divested it of jurisdiction to review an intermediary’s refusal to reopen a reimbursement determination.
Petitioner then brought the instant action in Federal District Court, seeking review of the Board’s dismissal and of the intermediary’s refusal to reopen. In an unpublished opinion, the District Court agreed that the Board lacked jurisdiction to review the refusal to reopen, and rejected petitioner’s alternative contention that the federal-question statute, 28 U. S. C. § 1381, or the mandamus statute, § 1361, gave the District Court jurisdiction to review the intermediary’s refusal directly. It accordingly dismissed the complaint. The Court of Appeals affirmed. 182 F. 3d 1135 (CA6 1997). We granted certiorari. 524 U. S. 925 (1998).
I
The primary issue in this case is whether the Board has jurisdiction to review a fiscal intermediary’s refusal to reopen a reimbursement determination. The regulation that authorizes reopening provides that “[j]urisdietion for reopening a determination . . . rests exclusively with that administrative body that rendered the last determination or decision.” 42 CFR § 405.1885(c) (1997). In this litigation, the Secretary defends the position set forth in the Medicare Provider Reimbursement Manual §2926, App. A, ¶ B.4 (Sept. 1993): “A refosal by the intermediary to grant a reopening requested by the provider is not appealable to the Board, pursuant to 42 CFR § 405.1885(c)_” The Secretary construes the' regulation to mean that where, as here, the intermediary is the body that rendered the last determination with respect to the cost reports at issue, review by the Board of the intermediary’s refusal to reopen would divest the intermediary of its “exclusiv[e]” “[jjurisdiction for reopening a determination.” Petitioner, on the other hand, contends that “jurisdiction” in § 405.1885(c) refers only to original jurisdiction over the reopening question, and not to appellate jurisdiction to review the intermediary’s refusal. Even if it should win on this point, however, petitioner would only establish that the Board’s otherwise extant appellate jurisdiction has not been excluded; it would still have to establish that the Board’s appellate jurisdiction is somewhere conferred. Another regulation, §405.1889, says that an intermediary’s affirmative decision to reopen and revise a reimbursement determination “shall be considered a separate and distinct determination” to which the regulations authorizing appeal to the Board are applicable; but it says nothing about appeal of a refusal to reopen. Petitioner must thus establish the Board’s appellate jurisdiction on the basis of the unelabo-rated text of the Medicare Act itself.
Petitioner relies upon 42 U. S. C. § 1395oo(a)(l)(A)(i), which says that a provider may obtain a hearing before the Board with respect to a cost report if the provider “is dissatisfied with a final determination of. .. its fiscal intermediary .. . as to the amount of total program reimbursement due the provider ... for the period covered by such report. . . .” Petitioner maintains that the refusal to reopen a reimbursement determination constitutes a separate “final determination ... as to the amount of total program reimbursement due the provider.” The Secretary, on the other hand, maintains that this phrase does not include a refusal to reopen, which is not a “final determination ... as to the amount,” but rather the refusal to make a new determination. The Secretary’s reading of § 1395oo(a)(l)(A)(i) frankly seems to us the more natural — but it is in any event well within the bounds of reasonable interpretation, and hence entitled to deference under Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U. S. 837, 842 (1984).
The reasonableness of the Secretary’s construction of the statute is farther confirmed by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U. S. 99 (1977), in which we held that § 205(g) of the Social Security Act does not authorize judicial review of the Secretary’s decision not to reopen a previously adjudicated claim for benefits. In reaching this conclusion we relied, in part, upon two considerations: that the opportunity to reopen a benefit adjudication was afforded only by regulation and not by the Social Security Act itself; and that judicial -review of a reopening denial would frustrate the statutory purpose of imposing a 60-day limit on judicial review of the Secretary’s final decision on an initial claim for benefits. Id., at 108. Similar considerations apply here. The right of a provider to seek reopening exists only by grace of the Secretary, and the statutory purpose of imposing a 180-day limit on the right to seek Board review of NPRs, see 42 U. S. C. § 1395oo(a)(3), would be frustrated by permitting requests to reopen to be reviewed indefinitely.
Finally, we do not think that the Secretary’s position is inconsistent with 42 U. S. C. § 1395x(v)(l)(A)(ii), which provides that the Secretary’s cost-reimbursement regulations shall “provide for the making of suitable retroactive corrective adjustments where, for a provider of services for any fiscal period, the aggregate reimbursement produced by the methods of determining costs proves to be either inadequate or excessive.” Petitioner asserts that the reopening regulations, as construed by the Secretary, do not create a “suitable” procedure for making “retroactive corrective adjustments” because an intermediary’s refusal to reopen a determination is not subject to administrative review. In support of this assertion, petitioner decries the “double standard” inherent in a procedure that allows the intermediary to reopen (during the 8-year period) for the purpose of recouping overpayments, but to deny reopening when alleged underpayments are at issue.
This argument fails for two reasons. First, and most importantly, petitioner’s construction of § lS95x(v)(l)(A)(ii) is inconsistent with our decision in Good Samaritan Hospital v. Shalala, 508 U. S. 402 (1993), in which we held that the Secretary reasonably construed clause (ii) to refer to the year-end reconciliation of monthly payments to providers, see 42 U. S. C. § 1395g, with the total amount of program reimbursement determined by the intermediary. Although we did not specifically consider the procedure for reopening determinations after the year’s books are closed, we think our conclusion there — that clause (ii) refers to the year-end book balancing — forecloses petitioner’s contention that clause (ii) requires any particular procedure for reopening reimbursement determinations. And second, the procedures for obtaining reimbursement would not be “unsuitable” simply because an intermediary’s refusal to reopen is not administratively reviewable. Medicare providers already have the right under § 1395oo(a)(3) to appeal an intermediary’s reimbursement determination to the Board. Title 42 CFR §405.1885 (1997) generously gives them a second chance to get the decision changed — this time at the hands of the intermediary itself, but without the benefit of administrative review. That is a “suitable” procedure, especially in light of the traditional rule of administrative law that an agency’s refusal to reopen a closed case is generally “ ‘committed to agency discretion by law”’ and therefore exempt from judicial review. See ICC v. Locomotive Engineers, 482 U. S. 270, 282 (1987). As for the alleged “double standard,” given the administrative realities we would not be shocked by a system in which underpayments could never 'be the basis for reopening. The few dozen fiscal intermediaries often need three years within which to discover overpay-ments in the tens of thousands of NPRs that they issue, while each of the tens of thousands of sophisticated Medicare-provider recipients of these NPRs is generally capable of identifying an underpayment in its own NPR within the 180-day time period specified in 42 U. S. C. § 1895oo(a)(3). Petitioner’s invocation of gross unfairness is also refuted by the Secretary’s representation that fiscal intermediaries grant between 30 and 40 percent of providers’ requests to reopen reimbursement determinations. Brief for Respondent 27, n. 11.
II
We also reject petitioner’s fallback argument that it is entitled to judicial review of the intermediary’s refusal to reopen. First, judicial review under the federal-question statute, 28 U. S. C. § 1331, is precluded by 42 U. S. C. § 405(h), applicable to the Medicare Act by operation of § 1S95Ü, which provides that “[n]o action against... the [Secretary] or any officer or employee thereof shall be brought under section 1331... of title 28 to recover on any claim arising under this subehapter.” Petitioner’s claim “arises under” the Medicare Act within the meaning of this provision because “'both the standing and the substantive basis for the presentation’ ” of the claim are the Medicare Act. Heckler v. Ringer, 466 U. S. 602, 615 (1984).
Second, the lower courts properly declined to issue mandamus to order petitioner’s fiscal intermediary to reopen its 1989 reimbursement determination. Even if mandamus were available for claims arising under the Social Security and Medicare Acts, petitioner would still not be entitled to mandamus relief because it has not shown the existence of a “clear nondiscretionary duty,” id., at 616, to reopen the reimbursement determination at issue. The reopening regulations do not require reopening, but merely permit it: “A determination of an intermediary ... may be reopened .. . by such intermediary ... on the motion of the provider affected by such determination,” 42 CFR § 405.1885(a) (1997) (emphasis added). To be sure, the Secretary’s Medicare Reimbursement Provider Manual §2931.2 (Feb. 1985) does provide that “[wjhether or not the intermediary will reopen a determination, otherwise final, will depend upon whether (1) new and material evidence has been submitted, or (2) a clear and obvious error was made, or (3) the determination is found to be inconsistent with the law, regulations and rulings, or general instructions.” But we hardly think that this disjunctive listing of factors was meant to convert a discretionary function into a mandatory one. As to factor (1), for example, it seems to us inconceivable that the existence of new and material evidence would alone require reopening, no matter how unpersuasive that evidence might be. The present case, we might note, involves evidence that was already before the intermediary at the time of its decision. The holding of ICC v. Locomotive Engineers, supra, that the decision whether to reopen, at least where no new evidence is at issue, is “‘committed to agency discretion by law5” within the meaning of the Administrative Procedure Act, and hence unreviewable, see id., at 282, is squarely applicable.
The last point alone would suffice to defeat petitioner’s suggestion that we grant it the relief it requests under the judicial-review provision of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U. S. C. § 706. In addition, however, we have long held that this provision is not an independent grant of subject-matter jurisdiction. Califano v. Sanders, 430 U. S. 99 (1977).
* * *
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is affirmed.
It is so ordered.
The clause immediately following the quoted portion of the Medicare Provider Reimbursement Manual reads “except for providers which are located within the jurisdiction of the U. S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, where such a refusal to reopen is appealable.” §2926, App. A, ÍB.4. This exception obviously reflects, not an inconsistency in the Secretary’s position, but an acknowledgment of the Ninth Circuit's rejection of that position. See Oregon v. Bowen, 854 F. 2d 346 (1988).
The relevant portion of § 205(g), as set forth in 42 U. S. C. § 405(g) (1970 ed.), provided that “[a]ny individual, after any final decision of the Secretary made after a hearing to which he was a party, irrespective of the amount in controversy, may obtain a review of such decision by a civil action commenced within sixty days ...See Califano v. Sanders, 430 U. S., at 108.
The Secretary urges us to hold that mandamus is altogether unavailable to review claims arising under the Medicare Act, in light of the second sentence of 42 U. S. C. § 405(h), which provides that "[n]o findings of fact or decision of the [Secretary] shall be reviewed by any person, tribunal, or governmental agency except as” provided in the Medicare Act itself. We have avoided deciding this issue in the past, see, e. g., Heckler v. Ringer, 466 U. S. 602, 616-617 (1984), and we again find it unnecessary to reach it today.

Question: What is the agency involved in the administrative action?

Choices:
Army and Air Force Exchange Service
Atomic Energy Commission
Secretary or administrative unit or personnel of the U.S. Air Force
Department or Secretary of Agriculture
Alien Property Custodian
Secretary or administrative unit or personnel of the U.S. Army
Board of Immigration Appeals
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Bureau of Prisons
Bonneville Power Administration
Benefits Review Board
Civil Aeronautics Board
Bureau of the Census
Central Intelligence Agency
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Department or Secretary of Commerce
Comptroller of Currency
Consumer Product Safety Commission
Civil Rights Commission
Civil Service Commission, U.S.
Customs Service or Commissioner or Collector of Customs
Defense Base Closure and REalignment Commission
Drug Enforcement Agency
Department or Secretary of Defense (and Department or Secretary of War)
Department or Secretary of Energy
Department or Secretary of the Interior
Department of Justice or Attorney General
Department or Secretary of State
Department or Secretary of Transportation
Department or Secretary of Education
U.S. Employees' Compensation Commission, or Commissioner
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Environmental Protection Agency or Administrator
Federal Aviation Agency or Administration
Federal Bureau of Investigation or Director
Federal Bureau of Prisons
Farm Credit Administration
Federal Communications Commission (including a predecessor, Federal Radio Commission)
Federal Credit Union Administration
Food and Drug Administration
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal Energy Administration
Federal Election Commission
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Federal Housing Administration
Federal Home Loan Bank Board
Federal Labor Relations Authority
Federal Maritime Board
Federal Maritime Commission
Farmers Home Administration
Federal Parole Board
Federal Power Commission
Federal Railroad Administration
Federal Reserve Board of Governors
Federal Reserve System
Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation
Federal Trade Commission
Federal Works Administration, or Administrator
General Accounting Office
Comptroller General
General Services Administration
Department or Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare
Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services
Department or Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Administrative agency established under an interstate compact (except for the MTC)
Interstate Commerce Commission
Indian Claims Commission
Immigration and Naturalization Service, or Director of, or District Director of, or Immigration and Naturalization Enforcement
Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of
Information Security Oversight Office
Department or Secretary of Labor
Loyalty Review Board
Legal Services Corporation
Merit Systems Protection Board
Multistate Tax Commission
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Secretary or administrative unit or personnel of the U.S. Navy
National Credit Union Administration
National Endowment for the Arts
National Enforcement Commission
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
National Labor Relations Board, or regional office or officer
National Mediation Board
National Railroad Adjustment Board
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
National Security Agency
Office of Economic Opportunity
Office of Management and Budget
Office of Price Administration, or Price Administrator
Office of Personnel Management
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission
Office of Workers' Compensation Programs
Patent Office, or Commissioner of, or Board of Appeals of
Pay Board (established under the Economic Stabilization Act of 1970)
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
U.S. Public Health Service
Postal Rate Commission
Provider Reimbursement Review Board
Renegotiation Board
Railroad Adjustment Board
Railroad Retirement Board
Subversive Activities Control Board
Small Business Administration
Securities and Exchange Commission
Social Security Administration or Commissioner
Selective Service System
Department or Secretary of the Treasury
Tennessee Valley Authority
United States Forest Service
United States Parole Commission
Postal Service and Post Office, or Postmaster General, or Postmaster
United States Sentencing Commission
Veterans' Administration or Board of Veterans' Appeals
War Production Board
Wage Stabilization Board
State Agency
Unidentifiable
Office of Thrift Supervision
Department of Homeland Security
Board of General Appraisers
Board of Tax Appeals
General Land Office or Commissioners
NO Admin Action
Processing Tax Board of Review

Answer: 98