What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "fiduciaries". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
WELLMAN INDUSTRIES, INC., Appellant, v. The NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD et al., Appellees.
No. 73-1581.
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
Argued Nov. 7, 1973.
Decided Jan. 22, 1974.
Jeffrey S. Dubin, Great Neck, N. Y. (Peter D. Hyman, Hyman, Morgan & Brown, Florence, S. C., and Mirkin, Barre, Saltzstein & Gordon, P. C., Great Neck, N. Y., on brief) for appellant.
R. Bruce McLean, Atty., Washington, D. C. (Peter G. Nash, Gen. Counsel, John S. Irving, Deputy Gen. Counsel, Patrick Hardin, Associate Gen. Counsel, Elliott Moore, Deputy Associate Gen. Counsel, and Abigail Cooley, Asst. Gen. Counsel, NLRB, on brief) for appellees.
Before BOREMAN, Senior Circuit Judge, and CRAVEN and FIELD, Circuit Judges.
CRAVEN, Circuit Judge:
Wellman Industries, Inc., appeals from an order of the district court denying it access under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552, to affidavits obtained by an NLRB investigator during his inquiry into Union objections to a representation election held at Well-man’s Johnsonville, South Carolina, facility. These affidavits, Wellman alleges, were the basis of an order by the Regional Director of the NLRB setting aside that election.
At a second election a majority of Wellman’s employees chose the Union as their bargaining representative, and the Union was so certified after objections by Wellman were dismissed and a Request for Review denied by the Regional Director. On September 26, 1972, the Union requested that Wellman bargain; that request was refused on October 4, 1972. The Board then issued a complaint charging the Company with refusal to bargain under Section 8(a)(5) of the National Labor Relations Act, 29 U. S.C. § 158(a)(5). The Company raised the defense of improper certification; whereupon General Counsel for the Board moved for summary judgment, and the matter was transferred to the Board in Washington, D. C., by order dated November 15, 1972. Wellman filed a statement in opposition to the motion for summary judgment, together with cross-motions seeking affidavits and memoranda under the FOIA. On May 30, 1973, the motion for summary judgment was denied by the Board and the case remanded to the Regional Director for a hearing on the question of newly-discovered evidence relating to the April 1972 (second) election.
On January 25, 1973, the Company filed the complaint in this case. Without specifically deciding whether exemptions 4 and 7 of the FOIA were applicable, the district court relied upon its equitable power not to issue an injunction where an adequate remedy at law was available and where such action would produce circuity of action, stating : “Foremost in the mind of the Court is the fact that the question of the Plaintiff’s rights under the Freedom of Information Act will be before the Circuit Court of Appeals in the very near future, whether this Court does or does not issue an injunction.” Wellman appeals, and we affirm, though not for the reasons given by the district judge.
The district court’s “balancing of the equities” approach to withholding injunctive relief under the FOIA is not without support, see General Services Administration v. Benson, 415 F.2d 878 (9th Cir. 1969); Consumers Union v. Veterans Administration, 301 F.Supp. 796 (S.D.N.Y.1969); Davis, Administrative Law Treatise § 3A.6, at 123-24 (1970 Supp.) (hereinafter cited as Davis). However, this court noted in Wellford v. Hardin, 444 F.2d 21 (4th Cir. 1971), that:
After considering voluminous testimony on both sides and balancing the public, private, and administrative interests, Congress decided that the best course was open access to the governmental process with a very few exceptions. It is not the province of the courts to restrict that legislative judgment under the guise of judicially balancing the same interests that Congress has considered.
444 F.2d at 24-25. Again, in Robles v. Environmental Protection Agency, 484 F.2d 843 (4th Cir. 1973), we said, in another context:
Equally unpersuasive is the argument that disclosure should be refused because it “would do more harm than good”. Such an argument has nothing to do with “personal privacy” but is rather an argument that courts, in disposing of actions under the Act, may exercise discretion to grant or deny equity relief. While such argument has received some limited support, the better reasoned authorities find no basis for this balancing of equities in the application of the Act; indeed, the very language of the Act seems to preclude its exercise.
484 F.2d at 847. We adhere to that viewpoint and hold that 5 U.S.C. § 552(c) means what it says: that the Act “does not authorize withholding of information or limit the availability of records to the public, except as specifically stated in this section.” (emphasis added.)
We must, therefore, look to the specific exemptions provided for in the Act. The Board suggests the affidavits are protected from disclosure as within two exemptions: (1) “trade secrets and commercial or financial information‘obtained from a person and privileged or confidential;” and (2) “investigatory files compiled for law enforcement purposes except to the extent available by law to a party other than an agency; . ” We think the affidavits are clearly within the second exemption and thus need not decide whether they also fall within the former. See generally, Consumers Union v. Veterans Administration, 301 F.Supp. 796, 802 (S.D.N.Y. 1969); Davis, supra at § 3A.19.
Wellman argues that while the investigatory files exemption applies to information obtained after an unfair labor practice complaint has been filed, it does not protect material obtained in Board investigations of representation election irregularities prior to the filing of an unfair labor practice charge since no enforcement proceedings were contemplated and the entire process was nonadver-sary in nature. But see Evans v. Department of Transportation, 446 F.2d 821 (5th Cir. 1971). While it is true that the cases cited by the Board uphold non-disclosure under exemption 7 only with regard to files assembled after an unfair labor practice complaint was filed by the Board, Clement Bros., Inc. v. NLRB, 282 F.Supp. 540 (N.D.Ga.1968); Barceloneta Shoe Corp. v. Compton, 271 F.Supp. 591 (D.P.R.1970), we believe appellant urges too narrow a view of “law enforcement purposes.”
Congress has given the Board wide discretion in the enforcement of rights guaranteed by Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 157. Under Section 9 of the NLRA, 29 U.S.C. § 159, the Board is responsible for supervising elections, investigating election irregularities and certifying bargaining representatives. When an election investigation is undertaken, as in this case, there is no certainty that an unfair labor practice proceeding under Section 8 will follow. The election irregularities themselves may be sufficient to trigger an unfair labor practice complaint, see NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co., 395 U.S. 575, 89 S.Ct. 1918, 23 L. Ed.2d 547 (1969), or they may lead only (as here) to voiding the results of the election and the holding of a second election. In this latter case there is no direct review of such a determination, and in order to challenge the union’s certification the employer must refuse to bargain, triggering unfair labor practice proceedings under Section 8(a)(5), as Wellman has done. A.F.L. v. NLRB, 308 U.S. 401, 407-409, 60 S.Ct. 300, 84 L.Ed. 347 (1940); Boire v. Greyhound Corp., 376 U.S. 473, 476-479, 84 S.Ct. 894, 11 L.Ed.2d 849 (1964). Whether or not resulting in an unfair labor practice charge, the Board’s purpose here was to protect and vindicate rights set out in Section 7. Though procedures vary, if aimed at enforcement of the NLRA we think they are “for law enforcement purposes.”
The legislative history of exemption 7 clearly supports such an interpretation. The House Report states:
This exemption covers investigatory files related to enforcement of all kinds of laws, labor and securities laws as well as criminal laws. This would include files prepared in connection with related Government litigation and adjudicative proceedings. S. 1160 is not intended to give a private party indirectly any earlier or greater access to investigatory files than he would have directly in such litigation or proceedings.
H.R.Rep.No.1497, 89th Cong.2d Sess. 11 (1966), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1966, p. 2428 (emphasis added). The Senate Report, in not so broad terms, indicates that:
These [investigatory files] are the files prepared by Government agencies to prosecute law violators. Their disclosure of such files, except to the extent they are available by law to a private party, could harm the Government’s ease in court.
S.Rep.No.813, 89th Cong., 1st Sess. 9 (1965). While the Senate’s use of the term “law violators” might be construed to mean transgressions of the criminal law, it can also easily be accommodated to the House statement without doing damage to the statutory language. See Clement Bros., Inc. v. NLRB, 282 F. Supp. 540 (N.D.Ga.1968); Barceloneta Shoe Corp. v. Compton, 271 F.Supp. 591 (D.P.R.1970).
The practical reasons favoring application of exemption 7 have already been sufficiently exposited by this court and numerous others. We said in Intertype Co. v. NLRB, 401 F.2d 41 (4th Cir. 1968, cert, denied 393 U.S. 1049, 89 S.Ct. 686, 21 L.Ed.2d 1691 (1969), a case almost precisely identical with the case at bar, but decided prior to the effective date of the FOIA, relying on the language of NLRB v. National Survey Service, Inc., 361 F.2d 199, 206 (7th Cir. 1966) , that:
If an employee knows that statements made by him will be revealed to an employer, he is less likely, for fear of reprisal, to make an uninhibited and non-evasive statement.
401 F.2d at 45. See also Intertype Co. v. Penello, 269 F.Supp. 573 (W.D.Va. 1967) . This same concern has continued to be echoed by courts since the enactment of the FOIA. See, e. g., Frankel v. SEC, 460 F.2d 813, 817-818 (2d Cir.), cert, denied 409 U.S. 889, 93 S.Ct. 125, 34 L.Ed.2d 46 (1972); Evans v. Department of Transportation, 446 F.2d 821, 823-824 (5th Cir. 1971); Clement Bros., Inc. v. NLRB, 282 F.Supp. 540, 542 (N. D.Ga.1968). We have also stated our agreement with the proposition so clearly set out in the legislative history that exemption of investigatory files is necessary in order to prevent premature disclosure of an investigation so that the Board can present its strongest case in court. Wellford v. Hardin, 444 F.2d 21 (4th Cir. 1971).
Wellman is not without protection from arbitrary action by the Board. See NLRB v. Poinsett Lumber and Mfg. Co., 221 F.2d 121 (4th Cir. 1955); W. T. Grant Co. v. NLRB, 337 F.2d 447 (7th Cir. 1964); NLRB v. Vapor Blast Mfg. Co., 287 F.2d 402 (7th Cir.), cert, denied 368 U.S. 823, 82 S.Ct. 42, 7 L. Ed.2d 28 (1961). But there is no showing of arbitrary action in this case; therefore, the Company must await a final order of the Board and, if aggrieved, pursue its right of review in this court under Section 10(e) or (f) of the NLRA, 29 U.S.C. § 160(e) and (f).
Affirmed.
. The district court’s order referred to the Board’s argument that exceptions 4 and 7 exempted tire affidavits from disclosure under the FOIA as “rather weak” and went on to state:
As to exception 7, it must be remembered that this is not information originally contained in “investigatory files compiled for law enforcement purposes”. The statements and affidavits were. taken in connection with the certification election, a non-adversary proceeding, and before any
complaint was brought by the Board for an unfair labor practice.
. The district judge stated in his order:
In considering whether or not to issue an injunction, this Court must consider all of the facts before it, the purposes and needs of the parties, the burdens involved, the importance of the information and the reasons for non-disclosure.
. These exemptions are contained in 5 U.S.C. § 552(b) (4) and (7) and are commonly referred to as exemptions 4 and 7.
. See also Frankel v. Securities and Exchange Comm’n, 460 F.2d 813 (2d Cir.), cert, denied, 409 U.S. 889, 93 S.Ct. 125, 34 L.Ed.2d 146 (1972) ; cf. Bristol-Myers Co. v. FTC, 138 U.S.App.D.C. 22, 424 F.2d 935, 939-940, cert, denied 400 U.S. 824, 91 S.Ct. 46, 27 L.Ed.2d 52 (1970).
. The weight which we attribute to the legislative history of exemption 7 is considerably greater than that attributable to the legislative history of exemption 4 for reasons set out by Davis, supra, at § 3A.19 and § 3A.22.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "fiduciaries"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 0