What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
DAVIES v. COE, Commissioner of Patents.
No. 6592.
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.
Decided March 30, 1936.
Joseph H. Milans and Needham C. Turn-age, both of Washington, D. C., for appellant.
R. F. Whitehead, Solicitor of Patent Office, of Washington, D. C., for appellee.
Before MARTIN, Chief Justice, and ROBB, VAN ORSDEL, GRONER, and STEPHENS, Associate Justices.
ROBB, Associate Justice.
Appeal from a decree in the Supreme Court of the District dismissing appellant’s bill, filed under section 4915, Rev.St. as amended (35 U.S.C.A. § 63), to authorize the issuance of a patent.
Appellant seeks a decree authorizing appellee to issue to him a patent for a superfluous hair remover. Claims 14 to 22, inclusive, are involved. Of these, 14 to 17, inclusive, are for an article of manufacture; and claims 18 to 22, inclusive, are for the method.
Claims 14 and 18, illustrative of the two groups, are here reproduced:
“14. An article of manufacture, - comprising a hair remover for personal use, including a flexible carrier adapted to be rubbed over the hairy surface and having on its face an abrasive substance adapted to engage and break down the hair structure, said material being of a fineness and character to interengage with the hair structure but in normal use incapable of scratching or impairing the skin, and said flexible carrier being adapted to be held' by the hand and conform under pressure of the latter to the hairy surface over which it is moved.”
“18. The method of removing superfluous hair from the body, consisting in applying over the hairy surface an element having a layer of abrasive material of a fineness and character to interengage with the hair structure but in normal use incapable of scratching or impairing the skin, and gently rubbing the same over the hairy surface under a pressure to effect the breaking down of the hair structure without marring the skin.”
The article of manufacture is a flexible abrasive paper adapted to be rubbed over a hairy surface, the abrasive substance being of such fineness and character as to engage and break down the hair structure without scratching or impairing the skin.
The Patent Office tribunals rejected these claims on two references — British patent to Crossley, No. 6,089 (1886), and the United States patent to Bligh, No. 646,065 (1900).
The Crossley patent discloses an abrasive sheet coated with pumice stone (a volcanic substance).
The Bligh patent discloses a “Shaving Device” consisting of a handle supporting a frame, within which is mounted a roller. “The periphery of the roller [according to the specification] has an abrading-surface, preferably of emery, which surface may be formed on the roller, or, if desired, a strip of emery paper or cloth of suitable size, as shown at B, may be secured around the roller.” The roller is rotated by an auxiliary device. Again quoting from the specification : “The abrading surface of the roller is held in contact with the face of the user and the roller given a continuous rotary motion at a high rate of speed and the roller moved over the face as the beard is worn away, the device to be used on a perfectly-dry face, no soap or water being used.”
It does not appear that the Bligh device, although patented 35 years ago, was ever manufactured. The fact that it has not been manufactured, in view of the great demand for a shaving device, is convincing proof that it is valueless — merely an impractical idea. If the Bligh patent is suggestive of appellant’s stracture and method, it is strange that 35 years should have elapsed since the date of that patent before the public demand' should have been met. It is in evidence that appellant’s device has achieved great commercial success and that it is being sold “in every nation on the globe.” Evidence of great utility may in some circumstances be accepted as evidence of invention. Wach v. Coe, 64 App.D.C. 235, 77 F.(2d) 113. Patents have been obtained in France, England, and Canada. It is a far cry from the Bligh theoretical and impractical shaving device, consisting of a rapidly revolving abrasive roller, to appellant’s abrasive, which has been demonstrated to be practical and useful in removing superfluous hair.
Crossley in his patent of 50 years ago states that his invention relates to “emery and glass cloth and paper” and “polishing paper and cloth.” He nowhere suggests that any of those materials would be suitable for breaking down hair and removing same from the human body without harm to the skin. The disclosure of a foreign patent is to be measured not by what may be made out of it, but what is clearly and definitely expressed in it. In re Ek, 57 App.D.C. 203, 19 F.(2d) 677; Carson v. American Smelting & Refining Co. (C.C.A.) 4 F.(2d) 463. Appellant’s method differs radically from Bligh. In fact, in the light of appellant’s successful disclosure, it may be said that Bligh has taught the art what not to do instead of what to do. Under appellant’s method his abrasive material is gently rubbed over a hairy surface “under a pressure to effect the breaking down of the hair structure without marring the skin.” It is apparent that, should the Bligh abrasive roller be held in contact with the skin and rotated at a high rate of speed, the skin would be blistered and marred, if not destroyed. Applied to tenderer skin on parts of the body other than the face, the effect would be more severe.
We are clearly of the view that the Bligh patent, even when combined’ with the Crossley patent, does not anticipate appellant’s disclosure.
Decree reversed.
Reversed.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1