What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "fiduciaries". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
EADES v. CAPITAL MATERIALS CO., Inc.
No. 7587.
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.
April 7, 1941.
Leonard J. Ganse, of Washington, D. C. (Carl F. Bauersfeld, of Washington, D. C., on the brief), for appellants.
Edwin A. Swingle, of Washington, D. C. (Ernest A. Swingle, of Washington, D. C., on the brief), for appellees.
Before GRONER, Chief Justice, and MILLER and VINSON, Associate Justices.
VINSON,- Associate «Justice.
Maria Eades, widow of George Eades and the administratrix of his estate, brings this statutory action for negligence causing death. The District Court directed a-verdict for the defendants.
George Eades was employed by McCloskey and Company. The Company contracted with the Federal Government to enlarge the Archives Building. There were several subcontractors. Among these was the defendant Capital Materials Company which furnished ready mixed concrete ; the concrete was delivered in its mixers, attached to trucks. The trucks were owned by defendant Edward A. Hoffmeister. The driver, of the truck operated the mixer. The truck-mixer which ran over and instantly killed George Eades was operated by Henry Lyle Johnson.
The trucks were backed from the street running along the east side of the Archives lot, down a ramp, and through the basement to hoppers at the west side of the building. The trucks entered the basement through one of two holes in the east wall. Each hole was only a few inches wider than the truck and mixer. In the basement, the trucks travelled over one of two planked runways which ran from each hole in the east wall tó a hopper at the west side of the building. Both runways were bordered by columns which gave more clearance than the holes in the wall but not much. Hence, the drivers of the trucks leaned out of the left side of the cabs, and looking back, operated the trucks so that the left side cleared slightly knowing that by so doing the right side would also clear. The drivers could see only to the left and to the left rear of the trucks.
George Eades was one of nine men handling wheelbarrows that McCloskey and Company had moving brick and tile from the basement to the upper floors. When one of these men, on his return trip, got off of the elevator with his empty wheelbarrow, he would proceed northward through a narrow passageway along the east wall of the basement. When he reached the southern runway, one of the two runways mentioned above, he turned left and continued westward for some distance on or by the runway before turning left again to. the piles of brick and tile.
Just prior to the accident, Johnson was backing his truck down the ramp about three to five miles per hour, and had neared the hole in the basement wall that led to the southern runway. Meanwhile, Eades had come along the narrow passageway by the wall and had turned on to this runway, proceeding in the same direction as the truck. Eades took five or six steps on the runway, and then, the truck overtook him, crushing him beneath the right rear dual wheels.
The basement was fairly well lighted. The operation of an air compressor, a drill, and hoisting engines, however, made it very noisy.
We do not know if the ramp was perpendicular to the basement wall, nor what angle, if any, the southern runway described with an east-west line. It is not shown what chance a man pushing a wheelbarrow along the passageway had of seeing a truck on the ramp about to enter the basement; nor do we know whether a man proceeding by or on the runway could have kept clear of backing trucks. In short, we do not have a precise map of the area, nor definite information as to Eades’ physical opportunity to be aware of and avoid the danger of the backing truck. We do know that Eades and Johnson were following the general routes that they had been instructed to take, and that the truck was on the ramp, a short distance behind Eades, when he turned left along or on the runway.
We do not know whether Eades looked. Johnson testified that he did not see or know that Eades was there, and that the first he knew of the accident was when he was waved to a stop after Eades had been killed.
No rules had been laid down, nor any customs developed in respect of an orderly handling of the basement traffic. Neither defendant had a man instructed to act as a lookout for the drivers or to warn any laborer in danger. An employee of McCloskey and Company did assist the drivers when requested, usually on their first trips; inferentially, this assistance was to prevent colliding with any obstacle on either side of the narrow runway. 'One of the subcontractors had a man stationed in the basement whenever their trucks used the runways; just what his duties were was not shown.
After the presentation of plaintiff’s evidence on negligence, the Court directed a verdict for defendants. It is not certain whether the Court thought that plaintiff had not raised a jury question on defendants’ negligence, or that plaintiff’s contributory negligence was so clear that a directed verdict was called for. We believe that both the issue of negligence and of contributory negligence should have gone to the jury.
The testimony raises, in our opinion, the factual question of whether the defendants were negligent. Likewise, it is possible to infer from the testimony that Eades was negligent, but it is not a necessitated conclusion.
Moreover, since the testimony is not completely satisfying, more consideration should be given to the general circumstances surrounding the accident. The men with the wheelbarrows and some of the trucks used the same or very close paths. Heavy trucks with large mixers attached holding about 3Yz cubic yards of wet concrete were backing down a ramp, going through a narrow hole in the wall, crossing the entire length of the basement with the driver capable of seeing only to the left and left rear of the truck. The men, pushing wheelbarrows in front of them, were walking through a narrow passageway, turning on to a runway over which trucks came at a point where the trucks could not be seen until they were almost on top of them, and walking a considerable distance with their backs to the deadly moving machines. The basement was noisy. There was no one to direct traffic; no one, except by chance, to warn a man in danger. Under such circumstances the mythical prudent man, be he transmigrated into Eades, Johnson, Hoffmeister, or the Capital Materials Company, should be very careful indeed.
The cases cited by the plaintiff, for the most part, may be differentiated from the instant litigation either by way of the fact that the complainant was not laboring on the same general job as the defendant, or upon the ground that the defendant’s acts were not expected under the customary routine of the work. Nonetheless, they teach a lesson applicable here. Driving, particularly backing, an automobile is fraught with danger. And here, where the driver’s visibility was much less than normal, the task difficult, auditory warnings almost useless, and there was a likelihood of working men being in the path facing the other way, a greater danger existed. Whether Eades or the defendants exercised the proper care under these circumstances is a question for the jury.
Plaintiff’s counsel complains that he was not allowed to build a record on issues other than defendants’ negligence. That was unnecessary so long as the trial court ruled that there could be no liability because of lack of negligence on the defendants’ part or that the plaintiff was chargeable with contributory negligence. Now, that these issues are to go to a jury, the plaintiff will be called upon to build a complete case including all questions of law that may arise as a result of the Compensation Act.
Reversed.
D.C.Code, Tit. 21, § 1 et seq.
A compensation award has been made against McCloskey and Company for the benefit of George Eades’ dependents, bis widow and four children.
Johnson is the defendant in one of the companion cases.
Minsk v. Pitaro, 284 Mass. 109, 187 N.E. 224 [plaintiff was a child]; Eaton v. S. S. Pierce Co., 288 Mass. 323, 325, 192 N.E. 831 [plaintiff was a child]; Giannone v. Reale, 333 Pa. 21, 3 A.2d 331.
Distefano v. Universal Trucking Company, 116 Conn. 249, 164 A. 492; Berry v. Irwin, 220 Ky. 708, 295 S.W. 1020.
The Longshoremen’s and Harbor Workers’ Act, 33 U.S.C.A. § 901 et seq., has been made applicable to the District of Columbia as the general Workmen’s Compensation Act, 45 Stat. 600, see second paragraph of first footnote in 33 U.S. C.A. § 901. McCloskey and Company comes under this Act and as was pointed out in footnote 2, they have been made liable on an award for the benefit of the dependents. This action is brought by the administratrix on behalf of all the next of kin, which includes besides the dependents four children over 18 years of age, against alleged negligent third parties. McCloskey and Company by the Act is subrogated to the rights of the dependents, 33 U.S.C.A. § 933(b), and hence has been joined as a use-plaintiff. The ¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company as the insurer of McCloskey and Company has made and will make the compensation payments. It too is joined as a use-plaintiff. On the state of this record, we do not discuss the many legal problems that may arise because of the relationship between, and the behavior of, the use-plaintiffs and the defendants.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "fiduciaries"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1