What follows is an opinion from the Supreme Court of the United States. Your task is to identify whether administrative action occurred in the context of the case prior to the onset of litigation. The activity may involve an administrative official as well as that of an agency. To determine whether administration action occurred in the context of the case, consider the material which appears in the summary of the case preceding the Court's opinion and, if necessary, those portions of the prevailing opinion headed by a I or II. Action by an agency official is considered to be administrative action except when such an official acts to enforce criminal law. If an agency or agency official "denies" a "request" that action be taken, such denials are considered agency action. Exclude: a "challenge" to an unapplied agency rule, regulation, etc.; a request for an injunction or a declaratory judgment against agency action which, though anticipated, has not yet occurred; a mere request for an agency to take action when there is no evidence that the agency did so; agency or official action to enforce criminal law; the hiring and firing of political appointees or the procedures whereby public officials are appointed to office; attorney general preclearance actions pertaining to voting; filing fees or nominating petitions required for access to the ballot; actions of courts martial; land condemnation suits and quiet title actions instituted in a court; and federally funded private nonprofit organizations.

Opinion:
MULCAHEY, DISTRICT DIRECTOR, IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, v. CATALANOTTE.
No. 435.
Argued March 27, 1957.
Decided June 3, 1957.
Roger D. Fisher argued the cause for petitioner. On the brief were Solicitor General Rankin, Assistant Attorney General Olney, Beatrice Rosenberg and J. F. Bishop.
Louis M. Hopping argued the cause and filed a brief for respondent.
Mr. Justice Whittaker
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is a companion case to Lehmann v. United States ex rel. Carson, ante, p. 685, and presents similar questions. Respondent, an alien who entered the United States in 1920 for permanent residence, was convicted in 1925 of .a federal offense relating to illicit traffic in narcotic drugs. At that time there was no statute making that offense a ground for deportation. He was taken into custody in May, 1953, and, after administrative proceedings, was ordered deported under §241 (a) (11) and (d) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, which provides, inter alia, for the deportation of any alien “. . . who at any time has been convicted of a violation of any law or regulation relating to the illicit traffic in narcotic drugs .
Respondent petitioned the District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan for a writ of habeas corpus. The District Court, after hearing, denied the petition. The Court of Appeals reversed, 236 F. 2d 955, holding — principally on the basis of its earlier decision in United States v. Kershner, 228 F. 2d 142, this day reversed by us, sub nom. Lehmann v. United States ex rel. Carson, ante, p. 685 — that inasmuch as respondent’s conviction in 1925 of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs was not a ground for deportation prior to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, respondent had a “status” of nondeportability which was preserved to him by the savings clause in § 405 (a) of that Act. We granted certiorari, 352 U. S. 915.
[For dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice Black, joined by Mr. Justice Douglas, see ante, p. 690.]
As we have said in Lehmann v. United States ex rel. Carson, ante, p. 685, § 405 (a) by its own terms does not apply to situations “otherwise specifically provided” for in the Act. Section 241 (a) (11) and §241 (d) specifically provide for the deportation of an alien notwithstanding that the offense for which he is being deported occurred prior to the 1952 Act. Section 241 (a) (11) makes an alien deportable if he has “at any time” been convicted of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs. And §241 (d) makes §241 (a) (11) applicable to all aliens covered thereby “notwithstanding . . . that the facts . . . occurred prior to the date of enactment of this Act.” It seems to us indisputable, therefore, that Congress was legislating retrospectively, as it may do, to cover offenses of the kind here involved. The case is, therefore, “otherwise specifically provided” for within the meaning of § 405 (a). The Court of Appeals was in error in holding to the contrary, and its judgment is
Reversed.
The sale of a quantity of cocaine hydrochloride and possession and purchase of 385 grains thereof.
66 Stat. 204, 8 U. S. C. § 1251.
Section 241 (a) (11) and (d) of the Immigration and Nationality-Act of 1952 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
“(a) Any alien in the United States (including an alien crewman) shall, upon the order of the Attorney General, be deported who—
“(11) is, or hereafter at any time after entry has been, a narcotic drug addict, or who at any time has been convicted of a violation of any law or regulation relating to the illicit traffic in narcotic drugs ....
“(d) Except as otherwise specifically provided in this section, the provisions of this section shall be applicable to all aliens belonging to any of the classes enumerated in subsection (a), notwithstanding . . . (2) that the facts, by reason of which any such alien belongs to any of the classes enumerated in subsection (a), occurred prior to the date of enactment of this Act.”
66 Stat. 280, 8 U. S. C. § 1101, Note. Section 405, so far as here material, provides “Nothing contained in this Act, unless otherwise specifically provided therein, shall be construed to affect . . . any status . . . existing, at the time this Act shall take effect ...”
Bugajewitz v. Adams, 228 U. S. 585; Ng Fung Ho v. White, 259 U. S. 276; Mahler v. Eby, 264 U. S. 32; United States ex rel. Eichenlaub v. Shaughnessy, 338 U. S. 521; Harisiades v. Shaughnessy, 342 U. S. 580; Galvan v. Press, 347 U. S. 522; Marcello v. Bonds, 349 U. S. 302.

Question: Did administrative action occur in the context of the case?

Choices:
No
Yes

Answer: 1