What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
SNELL v. UNITED STATES.
No. 3857.
United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit.
May 10, 1949.
Milton Berger, Denver, Colo., for appellant.
Haskell B. Pugh, Assistant United States Attorney, Oklahoma City, Okl., for appel-lee.
Before PHILLIPS, Chief Judge, and BRATTON and MURRAH, Circuit Judges.
BRATTON, Circuit Judge.
An information was filed in the United States Court for Western Oklahoma charging that Harry C. Snell and Joe David Murray, with the use of loaded firearms, robbed the First National Bank of Jones, Oklahoma, of approximately $9,331, such bank then being a member of the Federal Reserve System. The defendants pleaded guilty to the charge contained in the information, and each was sentenced to imprisonment for a term of twenty-five years and to pay a fine of $10,000. About fourteen months after imposition of the sentences, the defendant Snell filed in the case a pleading in the nature of a motion to vacate the written waiver of counsel signed by him, to vacate the plea of guilty entered by him, to vacate the sentence imposed upon him, and to recall the commitment under which he was then confined in prison. The court denied the motion without hearing any evidence, and the defendant appealed.
While drawn inartistically and apparently without the aid of an attorney, the essence of the motion was that the defendant was an ignorant layman not versed in law or criminal procedure; that previous to the filing of the information in this case he had never been charged with a crime; that intermediate his arrest and his appearance before the court he was confined in jail incommunicado; that he had no opportunity to contact persons friendly to him or to learn of his constitutional or legal rights; that he did not effectively waive his right to the assistance of counsel; and that he did not have the benefit of counsel at the time he signed the written waiver, at the time he entered his plea of guilty, and at the time sentence was imposed upon him. The Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States guarantees to one charged with a crime the right to the aid of counsel in his defense, and under the broad sweep of the constitutional safeguard the accused is entitled to the guiding hand of counsel at every stage of the proceedings. Thomas v. Hunter, 10 Cir., 153 F.2d 834. The right to the aid of counsel is personal, and, of course, it may be waived. But it must be waived intelligently, understandingly, and in a competent manner. Caldwell v. Hunter, 10 Cir., 163 F.2d 181, certiorari denied, 333 U.S. 847, 68 S.Ct. 649, 92 L.Ed. 1130.
The right to the assistance of counsel is one of substance, and it is not satisfied by mere legalistic formality. Willis v. Blunter, 10 Cir., 166 F.2d 721, certiorari denied, 334 U.S. 848, 68 S.Ct. 1499, 92 L.Ed. 1772; Fields v. Hunter, 10 Cir., 167 F.2d 547. It is the duty of the trial judge before whom a defendant appears without counsel to make a thorough inquiry and to take all steps necessary to insure the fullest protection of the constitutional right at every stage of the proceedings. That protecting duty imposes upon the trial judge the responsibility of determining whether there is an intelligent and competent waiver by the accused. To discharge that duty, the court must investigate as long and as thoroughly as the circumstances of the case reasonably demand. The fact that an accused may state that he is informed of his right to counsel and desires to waive such right does not automatically end the responsibility of the court. Von Moltke v. Gillies, 332 U.S. 708, 68 S.Ct 316, 92 L.Ed. 309.
Here, the defendants were taken before the court three days after the commission of the offense charged in the information. The transcript of the proceedings duly certified by the official court reporter, the correctness of which is not challenged, discloses that the Assistant United States Attorney stated that the case was before the court for the waiver of indictment; that the court asked the defendants if they had an attorney and each replied in the negative; that the court asked if they desired one, and they again answered in the negative; that'the court said, “Let them, sign waiver of appointment of attorney”; that after each signed the waiver, the court inquired whether they desired to plead guilty or not guilty; that they each entered a plea of guilty; and that the sentences were immediately imposed. The court did not advise the defendants respecting their right to the assistance of counsel. The nature of the charge or the possible range of punishment was not explained to them. No questions were asked tendirig to elicit information as to whether they desired to waive their right to the assistance of counsel and to enter their pleas of guilty with an apprehension of the nature of the charge, the range of allowable punishment, possible defenses, possible circumstances in mitigation, or other possible similar factors entering into the equation. The signing of a written waiver of the right to the aid of counsel and the entering of a plea of guilty under such circumstances does not satisfy the protecting exactions of the Sixth Amendment. Von Moltke v. Gillies, supra; Uveges v. Pennsylvania, 335 U.S. 437, 69 S.Ct. 184.
The United States advances the contention that the written waiver and the judgment and sentence recite that the constitutional rights of the defendant were explained to him; ’that such factual recital in the judgment and sentence import verity; and that in the absence of fraud it cannot be collaterally challenged. A factual recital of that kind contained in the judgment and sentence in a criminal case imports verity and in the absence of fraud it is not open to collateral attack in habeas corpus. Ed-minston v. Hunter, 10 Cir., 161 F.2d 691; Christakos v. Hunter, 10 Cir., 161 F.2d 692, certiorari denied, 332 U.S. 801, 68 S.Ct. 92, 92 L.Ed 381. But this is not a proceeding in habeas corpus in which the judgment in the criminal case is being attacked collaterally. It is a motion lodged in the criminal case in which the judgment is being subjected to direct attack. Therefore, the rule on which the United States relies is without application.
The order denying the motion is reversed and the cause is remanded.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1