What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "fiduciaries". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Kenneth Wayne PARKER, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 88-1356
Summary Calendar.
United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
June 10, 1988.
Thomas S. Morgan, Midland, Tex. (Court-appointed), for defendant-appellant.
Helen M. Eversberg, U.S. Atty., San Antonio, Tex., LeRoy Morgan Jahn, Asst. U.S. Atty., San Antonio, Tex., for plaintiff-appel-lee.
Before REAVLEY, KING and JOLLY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
A criminal defendant challenges the constitutionality of the Bail Reform Act of 1984 in an appeal from a pre-trial detention order. We find the challenge without merit.
I.
A federal grand jury charged Kenneth Wayne Parker (“Parker”) with conspiracy to kidnap two women under 18 U.S.C. § 1201(c), and following Parker’s arrest, the government moved to detain him without bail under 18 U.S.C. § 3142. A federal magistrate conducted a detention hearing, at which Parker did not testify, and ordered Parker detained pending trial because the magistrate found by clear and convincing evidence that Parker posed a threat to witnesses or jurors and a danger to the community. The district court subsequently denied Parker’s motion to revoke the detention order, and Parker timely appealed. On appeal, Parker challenges the validity of the Bail Reform Act of 1984 (“the Act”), specifically 18 U.S.C. § 3142, on the grounds that it deprives a criminal defendant of the privilege against self-incrimination and the right to effective assistance of counsel and that it undermines the presumption of innocence.
II.
Parker contends that the Act is facially unconstitutional for reasons not addressed by the United States Supreme Court in United States v. Salerno, — U.S. -, 107 S.Ct. 2095, 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987). To successfully challenge the Act on its face, however, Parker must establish “that no set of circumstances exists under which the Act would be valid.” Salerno, 107 S.Ct. at 2100. He does not do so here.
A. Self-Incrimination
The Act provides that a judicial officer must consider certain factors in determining whether to detain a criminal defendant, including the nature and circumstances of the offense charged and the weight of the evidence against the accused. See 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g). Consequently, Parker contends that the Act vitiates a defendant’s fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination because it requires the judicial officer to address the merits of the government’s allegations and thus compels the defendant to testify in order to rebut those allegations. Parker’s argument is merit-less.
We squarely rejected a similar argument in United States v. Dohm, 618 F.2d 1169, 1173-74 (5th Cir.1980) (en banc), where we held that a bail hearing does not compel a criminal defendant to testify in violation of the fifth amendment and that a defendant need not divulge the facts of his case in order to secure his release. Although Dohm was decided under the prior law, Congress derived most of the current factors in section 3142(g), including the two cited by Parker, from the former bail statute. Compare 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g) with 18 U.S.C. § 3146(b) (1982) (repealed 1984). Thus the focus of a detention hearing has not significantly changed. See United States v. Ingraham, 832 F.2d 229, 238 (1st Cir.1987). The charging instrument and the government’s evidence will provide information concerning the factors, and the Act does not demand further explanation by the defendant. If the defendant wishes to rebut the government’s allegations and evidence, he need not personally testify because he may present evidence through hearsay or by proffer. See 18 U.S.C. § 3142(f). Moreover, the factors that cause Parker concern are not the only relevant ones; a defendant may focus his evidence on other factors that are unrelated to the alleged offense, such as his character, employment history, family status, and community ties. See 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g)(3); see also Ingraham, 832 F.2d at 237-38.
B. Presumption of Innocence
The Act provides that a rebuttable presumption arises if the judicial officer finds probable cause to believe that the defendant committed certain offenses. See 18 U.S.C. § 3142(e). Parker contends that the presumption of innocence is destroyed because the judicial officer makes the finding of probable cause at a public hearing and thereby places a stamp of approval on the indictment that did not exist before and that is broadcast to the community. This argument is frivolous. A judicial finding of probable cause at a detention hearing no more damages the presumption of innocence than does the indictment itself or a similar finding at a preliminary hearing. Apparently, Parker’s real concern is the effect of pre-trial publicity; that concern, while important, does not render the Act unconstitutional. Adequate safeguards exist to guard against prejudicial pre-trial publicity, and a criminal defendant’s remedy is to avail himself of those safeguards.
C. Effective Assistance of Counsel
Finally, Parker asserts that the Act denies a pre-trial detainee the effective assistance of counsel because it limits the detainee’s access to his attorney and his participation in preparing a trial defense. This contention is similarly without merit. The Act provides that a detention order must direct that the detainee “be afforded reasonable opportunity for private consultation with counsel,” and a judicial officer may subsequently order the temporary release of the detainee “to the extent that the judicial officer determines such release to be necessary for preparation of the person’s defense.” 18 U.S.C. § 3142(i). Those provisions are sufficient to defeat Parker’s facial challenge to the Act “whether or not they might be insufficient in some particular circumstances.” See Salerno, 107 S.Ct. at 2103. Moreover, Parker’s argument does not depend on a provision of the Act but applies to any case in which a criminal defendant is detained pending trial. We decline to hold that pre-trial detention is itself unconstitutional.
III.
For the above reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s order denying revocation of the magistrate’s pre-trial detention order.
. In certain cases, the Act may implicate fifth amendment concerns because it provides a re-buttable presumption of dangerousness. See 18 U.S.C. § 3142(e). The Third Circuit has interpreted the Act to require the grant of use-fruits immunity in cases where the presumption arises. See United States v. Perry, 788 F.2d 100, 115-16 (3d Cir.1986). We need not decide the issue here, however, because no presumption operated at Parker’s detention hearing and he simply rests his facial challenge on previously rejected arguments.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "fiduciaries"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 0