What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 
Your task is to determine the nature of the first listed respondent.

Opinion:
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. AMERICAN WASTE FIBERS CO., INC., Defendant-Appellee, UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Mark SALTZMAN, Defendant-Appellee,
Nos. 86-5043(L), 86-5057.
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
Argued Nov. 14, 1986.
Decided Jan. 30, 1987.
Roy Theodore Englert, Jr., Dept, of Justice (Samuel T. Currin, U.S. Atty., Kieran Joseph Shanahan, Asst. U.S. Atty., on brief), for plaintiff-appellant.
Thomas K. Maher (David S. Rudolf, Beskind & Rudolph, P.A., Thomas K. McQueen, Jenner & Block, on brief), for defendants-appellees.
Before SPROUSE and WILKINSON, Circuit Judges, and HAYNSWORTH, Senior Circuit Judge.
PER CURIAM:
American Waste Fibers Co., Inc. (AWF) was indicted on six counts related to the theft of military property. Mark Saltzman, an employee, was also indicted. The only count of the indictment at issue here is Count I, which alleges that AWF and Saltzman violated 18 U.S.C. §§ 371 and 641 by conspiring to purchase stolen ammunition, food, and camping equipment. During the pendency of this appeal, all counts of Saltzman’s indictment were dismissed pursuant to a plea agreement with the government. The indictment against AWF was not affected.
Before trial, AWF argued that Count I of the indictment should be dismissed for vagueness. The district court agreed. We reverse.
I.
Count I of the indictment states that AWF and Saltzman conspired “with each other and with divers other persons known and unknown to the grand jury.” It then describes nine overt acts of conspiracy, including the purchase and transport of 2,700 M-16 machine gun magazines, 305 cases of C-rations, 2,400 canteen covers, 3,350 tent stakes, and 960 rucksack liners. The goods were allegedly bought by Saltzman from General Jackson’s Surplus in Fayetteville, North Carolina; sent by Saltzman and AWF to Chicago, Illinois; and finally received in Chicago by AWF. Saltzman and AWF allegedly knew the goods were stolen from the military.
On April 7, 1986, the trial court dismissed Count I as to AWF. The trial court ruled that a conspiracy cannot exist between a corporation and a single employee, such as Saltzman, acting on its behalf. The court went on to rule that the indictment failed to name any other conspirators and hence did not allege a conspiracy offense. The reference to “divers other persons,” which indicated that conspirators other than AWF and Saltzman were involved, was held to fail the clarity requirement of Fed.R.Crim.P. 7(c)(1).
II.
Fed.R.Crim.P. 7(c)(1) requires that an indictment “shall be a plain, concise and definite written statement of the essential facts constituting the offense charged.” The Fifth Amendment states that “[n]o person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury.” The Sixth Amendment provides that the accused has the right “to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation.” The government argues that the indictment in this case is not vague and thus meets the requirements of Rule 7 and of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. We agree.
The fact that the indictment refers to “divers other persons” rather than naming the co-conspirators does not automatically render the indictment invalid. United States v. Indorato, 628 F.2d 711, 717-18 (1st Cir.1980); United States v. Kramer, 711 F.2d 789, 796 (7th Cir.1983). The existence of the conspiracy, rather than the particular identity of the conspirators, is the essential element of the crime. United States v. Davis, 679 F.2d 845, 851 (11th Cir.1982). While two persons are necessary to constitute a conspiracy, “one person can be convicted of conspiring with persons whose names are unknown.” Rogers v. United States, 340 U.S. 367, 375, 71 S.Ct. 438, 443, 95 L.Ed. 344 (1951). Indeed, giving the name of an unindicted co-conspirator in an indictment may be undesirable, as it impugns the person’s name without giving him a chance to refute the allegations in court.
The only question before us, then, is whether the indictment as a whole is so vague that it violates defendants’ rights. To answer this question, we look to the dual purposes of an indictment. First, an indictment apprises the accused of the charge against him so he can prepare his defense; second, an indictment enables the accused to plead the Double Jeopardy bar to reprosecution if he is later charged with the same offense. United States v. Miller, 471 U.S. 130, 105 S.Ct. 1811, 1814, 85 L.Ed.2d 99 (1985); Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87, 117, 94 S.Ct. 2887, 2907, 41 L.Ed.2d 590 (1974); Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749, 763-64, 82 S.Ct. 1038, 1046-47, 8 L.Ed.2d 240 (1962).
The indictment in this case is sufficiently detailed to serve those purposes. It alerts AWF to the elements of the offenses by following the language of the statute and listing nine overt acts together with locations and dates. The listed acts include the purchase on three different occasions of specified quantities of stolen property from David Jackson of General Jackson’s Surplus. Further acts include the transportation of specified quantities of stolen goods from Fayetteville, North Carolina to Chicago, Illinois as well as AWF’s receipt of the goods in Chicago.
Such an indictment gives defense counsel adequate notice of the charges and is sufficient to allow defendants to plead it in another prosecution. It is therefore not surprising that a highly similar indictment was upheld by the First Circuit in Indorato, supra. In fact, an indictment that merely tracks the statutory language is ordinarily valid:
It is generally sufficient that an indictment set forth the offense in the words of the statute itself, as long as ‘those words of themselves fully, directly, and expressly, without any uncertainty or ambiguity, set forth all the elements necessary to constitute the offense intended to be punished.’
Hamling, 418 U.S. at 117, 94 S.Ct. at 2907. See also United States v. Amend, 791 F.2d 1120, 1125 (4th Cir.1986); United States v. Lurz, 666 F.2d 69, 78 (4th Cir.1981). In Amend, we recently upheld against a vagueness challenge an indictment that neither specified the acts that violated the cited statutes nor identified any of the five other persons whom defendant, to be guilty of a Continuing Criminal Enterprise, was required to manage, organize, or supervise. By comparison, the indictment in this case is a model of particularity.
AWF claims nonetheless that the indictment does not provide enough information to enable it to prepare its defense. If so, AWF’s proper course is to seek a bill of particulars. The indictment notifies AWF of the offenses with which it has been charged; the bill of particulars, if granted, serves to supply the evidentiary details needed to prepare a defense. United States v. Duncan, 598 F.2d 839, 848 (4th Cir.1979). See also United States v. Freeman, 619 F.2d 1112, 1118 (5th Cir.1980); United States v. Haas, 583 F.2d 216, 221 (5th Cir.1978); United States v. Cole, 755 F.2d 748, 760 (11th Cir.1985).
In this regard, the government has already identified David Jackson in open court as a co-conspirator. Whether AWF now possesses sufficient information to prepare a defense is, as always, a matter committed to the sound discretion of the trial court.
We note finally that an indictment need not be so detailed that it can, standing alone, bar a later prosecution. When a Double Jeopardy bar is claimed, the court must examine not just the indictment from the prior proceeding but the entire record. Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749, 764, 82 S.Ct. 1038, 1047, 8 L.Ed.2d 240 (1962); United States v. Roman, 728 F.2d 846, 853-54 (7th Cir.1984); United States v. Haldeman, 559 F.2d 31, 126 (D.C.Cir.1976).
In sum, it is incorrect to require, as AWF appears to suggest, that the indictment must enumerate every possible legal and factual theory of defendants’ guilt. The indictment returned by the grand jury against AWF was quite sufficient. The judgment of the district court in No. 86-5043 is therefore reversed and the case is remanded with directions to reinstate Count I of the indictment.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Question: What is the nature of the first listed respondent?

Choices:
private business (including criminal enterprises)
private organization or association
federal government (including DC)
sub-state government (e.g., county, local, special district)
state government (includes territories & commonwealths)
government - level not ascertained
natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)
miscellaneous
not ascertained

Answer: 0