What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
CONCRETE MATERIALS CORP. v. FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION.
No. 10090.
United States Court of Appeals Seventh Circuit.
May 25, 1951.
George F. Callaghan, John J. Toohey, Chicago, Ill., for petitioner.
W. T. Kelley, General Counsel, James W. Cassedy, Assoc. Gen. Counsel, and Donovan Divet, Sp. Atty., Federal Trade Commission, all of Washington, D. C., for respondent.
Before DUFFY, FINNEGAN and LINDLEY, Circuit Judges.
DUFFY, Circuit Judge.
Petitioner asks us to review and set aside an order of the Federal Trade Commission issued November 9, 1949, requiring that petitioner cease and desist making certain representations as to the effectiveness of its products as waterproofing agents. Petitioner manufactured and distributed in interstate commerce products known as Comeo 2, Iron Waterproofing; Comeo 4, Waterproofing Paste; and Comeo 6, Transparent Waterproofing. For the purpose of inducing the purchase of its products petitioner circulated advertising folders, pamphlets and circular letters through the mail. Typical of the statements contained therein are the .following:
“You can now permanently stop all leaks and seepage in concrete, brick, stone and tile; also waterproof below water-level basements and pits under pressure. Comeo No. 2, our own waterproofing will do the job. This is a special chemical mixture of iron and other chemicals that, when mixed with water only, and brushed into the cracks of walls and floors needing repair will permanently waterproof and stop leaks under all conditions no matter how severe.
“For after-construction waterproofing problems in foundations. Permanently waterproofs concrete, brick, stone and tile walls and floors from either inside or outside. For all classes of construction where a positive waterproof condition is necessary. Successful under all conditions no matter how severe.”
And:
“Comeo 6, Comeo Transparent Waterproofing. A transparent water repellant liquid that effectively seals and waterproofs concrete, brick, stone, stucco, plaster or masonry surfaces. Makes surface permanently nonabsorbent.”
And:
“Comeo 4, Comeo waterproofing paste for new construction work. Produces a close-meshed concrete that increases strength and permanently waterproofs. Makes concrete flow easily around reinforcing.”
After due notice the first hearing was had in Chicago, Illinois. The two principal officers of petitioner appeared without counsel, and one of them testified. The Commission’s attorney there notified petitioner’s officers that a subsequent hearing would be held in Washington, D. C. for the purpose of receiving the testimony of three technicians of the National Bureau of Standards as to certain tests which had been made on samples of petitioner’s products. Prior to the hearing in Washington the Commission’s trial attorney on two occasions suggested to petitioner’s officers that an attorney be engaged to represent petitioner. Although timely notified of the time and place, no-one appeared for petitioner at the Washington hearing. During the course of that hearing a letter was received from petitioner requesting a postponement, but the hearing proceeded. However, a subsequent hearing was scheduled for Chicago. Petitioner appeared at the second Chicago hearing with counsel, who moved to strike certain testimony received at the Washington hearing, but did not request an opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses who testified at the Washington hearing. Petitioner then submitted the testimony of its secretary-treasurer, and also that of a chemist of a testing laboratory. The latter testified as to the qualitative and quantitative analyses of petitioner’s products, but did not testify as to the lasting qualities of the products when applied as directed.
The trial examiner submitted a Recommended Decision. Thereafter the Commission filed findings of fact and conclusions of law, which were in accord with the recommendations of the trial examiner, and entered the cease and desist order.
Petitioner claims that the Commission’s order is not supported by substantial evidence. Its principal contention here is that the tests conducted by the Bureau of Standards were made out of the presence of and without notice to the petitioner, and that the testimony of the Bureau of Standards technicians was largely hearsay testimony. Petitioner argues that such testimony should not have been received by the trial examiner or considered by the Commission. Petitioner also contends that because the order as entered is broad in its sweep, it offers no guide for compliance.
The finding as to Comeo 2, Iron Waterproofing is Supported by substantial evidence. Cyrus Fishburn, a well qualified expert who has been with the Bureau of Standards since 1928, testified as to the results of experiments he conducted with Comeo 2. Although he applied three applications to a specimen brick wall, each in accordance with directions, nevertheless water seeped through at several points. The permeability tests given by him simulated an exposure of the wall to wind-driven rain. Fishburn testified, “The Com-eo 2 cannot be considered to be a satisfactory waterproofing for permeable brick masonry walls when applied as directed to the inside, unexposed face.”
The finding as to Comeo 6, Transparent Waterproofing is not supported by evidence quite so unequivocal, as Comeo 6 was not tested. But, relying upon a previous report prepared by him, based upon tests in 1943 of another product “containing essentially the same ingredients as Comeo 6,” Fishburn testified, “The material will not waterproof highly permeable masonry surfaces,” but admitted that it would tend to seal the pores in those surfaces. He questioned the permanency of the effectiveness of the pore-sealing, stating, “It may last five or six years and be effective for that time as a pore sealer.” He laid considerable emphasis on the fact that it would not seal openings larger than the pore space.
The Commission found that through the advertising statements heretofore stated as to Comeo 6, petitioner represented that its product “effectively seals and waterproofs concrete, brick, stone, stucco, plaster and masonry surfaces, and makes said surfaces upon which it is applied permanently non-absorbent to water,” and that such representations were false.
Although Fishburn did not test Comeo 6, he possessed the education and practical experience which qualified him to judge the waterproofing qualities of Comeo 6 by tests which he had previously made of products of essentially the same ingredients compounded in the same proportion. Furthermore, the Commission itself has had wide experience in the masonry waterproofing industry. We conclude that substantial evidence supports the Commission’s findings as to Comeo 6.
The testimony as to Comeo 4, Waterproofing Paste was given by Leonard Bean and Thomas Kelly, employees of the Bureau of Standards. Bean, a chemist, personally had not made a test of Comeo 4 but testified from the notes of a subordinate who was no longer with the Bureau and who made such a test under his direction. He limited his testimony to the «chemical analysis of the product, stating that it was a fatty acid type water repellent agent. He disclaimed qualifications to testify as to its waterproofing qualities. Kelly, a well qualified materials engineer, testified that he was familiar with the report of the Bureau of Standards prepared by his predecessor, Hornibrook, who was no longer with the Bureau. Kelly referred to Comeo 4 as a “type of waterproofing which we have tested at the Bureau of Standards.” He testified further that from his general scientific knowledge, Comeo 4 does not make concrete waterproof in the sense of a permanent condition, and that under pressure it does not have any appreciable waterproofing effect. The Horni-brook report (Exhibit 16) contained several comments which were favorable to petitioner, as follows: “These materials are generally capable of effecting small reductions in absorption by capillarity, and because of the increased workability imparted to the concrete, may indirectly contribute to the uniformity of the concrete in place (that is, result in a greater freedom from honeycomb and similar defects), and accordingly improve the, impermeability. Such improvements in impermeability and absorption as effected by the use of this material may be expected to be of reasonable permanence.”
Petitioner advertised Comeo 4 for new construction work and claimed it “produces a close-meshed concrete that increases strength and permanently waterproofs. Makes concrete flow easily around reinforcing.” It is apparent that the only words subject to criticism are, “permanently waterproofs.” Petitioner objects because the Commission’s order prohibits it from advertising Comeo 4 as suitable for waterproofing without disclosing that its use will not render surfaces below grade impermeable to water under pressure. Petitioner states that it never advertised that Comeo 4 would render surfaces below grade impermeable to water under pressure. However, it did represent for new construction that Comeo 4 would permanently waterproof, and we think the Commission was justified in insisting petitioner make clear that it would not be satisfactory for that purpose for surfaces below grade subject to water under pressure.
Petitioner’s contention that the Commission should not have considered any of the testimony of the technicians of the Bureau of Standards cannot be sustained. True, it is incumbent on the Commission to prove its charges by competent, relevant and substantial evidence. Carlay Co. v. Federal Trade Comm., 7 Cir., 153 F.2d 493. But administrative agencies, such as the Federal Trade Commission, have never been restricted by the rigid rules of evidence. Federal Trade Comm. v. Cement Institute et al., 333 U.S. 683, 705, 68 S.Ct. 793, 92 L.Ed. 1009. Moreover, the petitioner’s objections go largely to the weight of the evidence, and it is well established that the weight to be given is a matter for the determination of the Commission. Corn Products Refining Co. v. Federal Trade Comm., 324 U.S. 726, 65 S.Ct. 961, 89 L.Ed. 1320. Perhaps it would have been better for petitioner to have been represented by an attorney at the Washington hearing so that the witnesses from the Bureau of Standards might have been cross-examined, but it was no fault of the Commission that this was not the case.
As to the scope of the cease and desist order, our consideration must be whether the Commission has made “an allowable judgment in its choice of the remedy.” Jacob Siegel Co. v. Federal Trade Comm., 327 U.S. 608, 612, 66 S.Ct. 758, 760, 90 L.Ed. 888. We think the Commission was clearly supported by substantial and adequate findings to conclude that the practices of petitioner were to the prejudice of the public and constituted unfair and deceptive acts in commerce, and that the form of the Commission’s order meets the test of an allowable judgment in the choice of the remedy.
Enforcement of the cease and desist order of the Commission is ordered.
. After many conferences and months of investigation, the Commission promulgated on August 31, 1946, trade practice rules for the masonry waterproofing industry. Fed.Reg., 16 Code of Federal Regulations (1949 Ed.), p. 481. Rule 2 covers “Deceptive Use of Representations ‘Waterproof,’ ‘Waterproofing,’ Etc.”

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1