What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
SECRETARY PEN CO., Inc., et al. v. EVERLAST PEN CORP.
No. 142, Docket 21855.
United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.
Argued Jan. 4, 1951.
Decided Jan. 29, 1951.
Rudolf Callmann, Greene, Pineles & Durr, New York City, for plaintiff s-appellants. Orville N. Greene, New York City, and Joseph Y. Houghton, Washington, D. C., of counsel.
Nichol M. Sandoe, New York City, for defendant-appellee.
Before L. HAND, SWAN and AUGUSTUS N. HAND, Circuit Judges.
AUGUSTUS N. HAND, Circuit Judge.
The complaint alleges as a first cause of action that the plaintiff Wuestman is the inventor of an advertising pencil for which U. S. Letters Patent No. 2,264,194 were issued to him on November 25, 1941; that thereafter he granted an exclusive license to manufacture, use and sell his invention to the plaintiff Secretary Pen Company, and that the defendant Everlast Pen Corp. has infringed the patent by making and selling advertising pencils covered by Claims 5, 6 and 7 thereof. The complaint prays for the usual injunction and accounting. The defendant moved for a summary judgment in its favor under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 56, 28 U.S.C.A., dismissing the first cause of action on the ground that defendant’s pencils did not infringe the patent. It based this motion on a copy of the patent, the file wrapper and a stipulation agreeing that certain pencils were representative of those manufactured by defendant and alleged to infringe the claims.
The defense is non-infringement based on file wrapper estoppel. The defendant asserts that the patentee so limited his claims in the prosecution of his application in the Patent Office as not to cover the defendant’s pencils. The three claims involved are set forth in the margin. The judge dismissed all of them on the ground that the defendant’s pencils did not infringe because they involved no sliding contact between the movable advertising element and the stationary one.
In respect to Claim 5, the defendant says that the sleeve in his pencil is not “slidably related” to the fixed element in the center of the pencil because it is only guided, by the interior wall of the cylindrical chamber and does not touch the central element at any point. We do not agree. It is true that this claim, prior to its last amendment, required the movable element “to move by gravity between the ends of said chambered section * * * and relative to” the stationary element. This might have been accomplished without sliding on anything, since any movement of the movable element would be “relative to” the fixed element so long as it was within the same chamber. That this was the meaning of the words “relative to” as the claim stood prior to its last amendment is apparent from its history. Originally Wuestman had claimed only a transparent chamber filled with a transparent liquid and a “carrier means within said section interior adapted to move by gravity from end to end thereof through the liquid contained therein, and said carrier means bearing an advertising display * * * ” As to this formulation of the claim the Examiner had ruled: “rejected on Neal in view of Fitch. The element c of the latter constitutes a carrier means and its indicia is the full equivalent of an advertising display. There would be no invention in placing the label c of Fitch in the liquid container of Neal.” [The Neal patent disclosed a transparent sealed capsule enclosed in a pencil and filled with liquid. Fitch disclosed a transparent package serving as a means of displaying and preserving minute articles of merchandise contained therein; an identifying slip, labelled “c,” was “inclosed loosely with said article.”] Wuest-man then substituted a new claim which added the requirement of a stationary advertising element; the movable element was described as moving “relative” to the stationary one. This, too, was rejected, again on the references to Fitch and Neal, the Examiner explaining that it was merely “aggregative, there being no combination or coaction established between the movable and stationary advertising means.” In other words, the Examiner seemed to be saying: you have simply added a stationary advertising element to Fitch’s free-floating label and that is not an invention in and of itself. Upon that ruling the claim was again amended into its final form so as to describe the movable element as being “slidably related” to the fixed element. We do not see that this amounted to anything more than a disclaimer of the free-floating qualities of Fitch’s label, and cannot agree that the claim as amended, in the light of its history, so clearly requires the moving element to slide upon the fixed one as to justify granting summary judgment for defendant on the ground of file wrapper es-toppel. Qaim 5, as thus amended, is capable of only specifying a sleeve that is “slidably related to” and not one necessarily sliding on or along the fixed element. As it stands it might be met by a sleeve that slides either on the fixed element or on anything else within the tube as — in defendant’s structure — on the inner walls of the chamber.
It may be noted in further support of the plaintiffs’ construction of Qaim 5, that Qaim 7 expressly requires the movable element to be “guided by” the fixed element. This would indicate that Qaim 5 is not limited on its face to a sliding contact between the two elements but is broader, as the plaintiffs contend. “When * * * interpreting a series of claims, a limitation not present in one must not be implied, when the same limitation appears in later claims in the series.” See opinion of L. Hand, J., in Western States Mach. Co. v. S. S. Hepworth Co., 2 Cir., 147 F.2d 345, 350. We decide here only the effect of the bare language of the patent and file wrapper history. We do not, and cannot, decide the effect of any additional evidence which may be introduced at the trial.
Qaim 6 obviously is not infringed by the defendant’s pencils. It calls for a “means within said cJmmbered section to guide such endwise movement of said advertising element.” The italicized words were added after the Examiner had rejected the claim because “the wall of the Neal container would guide the movement of any object within the container.” The walls are not objects “within” the container and the result of this amendment was, in effect, a disclaimer as to defendant’s pencils. I. T. S. Rubber Co. v. Essex Rubber Co., 272 U.S. 429, 444, 45 S.Ct. 136, 71 L.Ed. 335. It is not even contended that Claim 7 has been infringed, nor, in the light of its language, could it be.
For the foregoing reasons, the decree of the court below dismissing Claims 5, 6 and 7 is affirmed as to the dismissal of Claims 6 and 7, but reversed and remanded for trial as to Claim 5; no costs.
. 5. In a device of the kind described, a transparent chambered section having closed ends, a transparent liquid filling said chambered section, a stationary advertising element and a movable advertising element within said chambered section, said movable advertising element being slidably related to said stationary advertising element and adapted to move by gravity between the ends of said chambered section through the liquid contained therein and relative to said stationary advertising element.
6. In a device of the kind described, a transparent chambered section having closed ends, a transparent liquid filling said chambered section, an advertising element submerged in said liquid but adapted to move under gravity endwise there-through between the ends of said chambered section, and means within said chambered section to guide such endwise movement of said advertising element.
7. In a device of the kind described, a transparent chambered section having closed ends, a transparent liquid filling said section interior, a fixed guide means extending axially of said section interior,, a movable advertising means guided by said guide means and adapted to move by gravity between the ends of said section interior through the liquid contained therein, said guide means bearing advertising display, said movable advertising means and said advertising display of said guide means being visible through said liquid and the transparent walls of said sec-. tion.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1