What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 
Your task is to determine the nature of the first listed respondent.

Opinion:
Arlene B. SINGER, et al., Appellants, v. SHANNON & LUCHS COMPANY, et al.
No. 87-7053.
United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.
March 3, 1989.
Before ROBINSON and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges, and GORDON, Senior District Judge.
Of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin, sitting by designation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 294(d).
Opinion PER CURIAM.
ORDER
Upon consideration of appellants’ Petition for Rehearing it is
ORDERED, by the court, that the petition is denied, as is more fully set forth in the opinion of the Court filed herein this date.
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiff-appellants, Arlene B. Singer and Joel D. Joseph, have petitioned for rehearing of our order granting Shannon & Luchs’s motion for attorneys’ fees. Their objection is that Shannon & Luchs’s motion was filed nearly a year after our unpublished judgment in its favor and was therefore in violation of Fed.R.App.P. 39’s requirement that a bill of costs thereunder be filed within 14 days of entry of judgment. We write briefly to explain that our order was based upon Fed.R.App.P. 38 and that, under its terms and in the absence of any rule of this court to the contrary, there is no time limit for motions under Rule 38 other than the principles of laches.
Rule 38 states in its entirety:
If a court of appeals shall determine that an appeal is frivolous, it may award just damages and single or double costs to the appellee.
Plainly its language imposes no time limit on the filing of a bill of costs. Indeed, some courts regard the interest in discouraging frivolous appeals as so compelling that no motion is necessary, and they award Rule 38 costs sua sponte. See, e.g., Hill v. Norfolk & Western Ry., 814 F.2d 1192, 1200-03 (7th Cir.1987).
Other circuit courts have held that while the term “costs” in Rule 39 excludes attorneys’ fees, the reference in Rule 38 to “just damages and single or double costs” comprises them. See, e.g., Sun Ship, Inc. v. Matson Navigation Co., 785 F.2d 59, 64 (3rd Cir.1986); District No. 8, Int’l Ass’n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers v. Clearing, 807 F.2d 618, 623 (7th Cir.1986); Nagy v. Jostens, Inc., 787 F.2d 446, 447 (8th Cir.1986); Hewitt v. City of Stanton, 798 F.2d 1230, 1233 (9th Cir.1986); Triola v. Department of Transportation, 769 F.2d 760, 762 (Fed.Cir.1985) (citing Moir v. Department of Treasury, 754 F.2d 341 (Fed.Cir.1985), a Rule 38 case).
There is a dictum to the contrary in Montgomery & Associates, Inc. v. CFTC, 816 F.2d 783, 784 (D.C.Cir.1987), but it provides no basis for rejecting the views of our sister circuits. The case concerned a fees motion under 7 U.S.C. § 18(e) and simply held that the time limit of Rule 39(d) should be applied to a fees motion filed thereunder. The dictum as to Rule 38 was part of a general argument as to the unwisdom of allowing claims for attorneys’ fees without fixed time limits (i.e., an argument that laches is an inadequate limit in any circumstance). Its sole authority for the idea that Rule 38 costs do not encompass attorneys’ fees was Seyler v. Seyler, 678 F.2d 29, 31 (5th Cir.1982). In fact that decision is quite the opposite. In awarding attorneys’ fees it rejected the losing party’s claim that Rule 39’s 14-day time applied. The court explained that Rule 39 did not encompass attorneys’ fees, but that Rule 38 “provide[d] penalties for [frivolous] appeals,” 678 F.2d at 31, and did encompass them. The outcome made clear that the court did not consider Rule 39(d)’s time limitation applicable by osmosis to Rule 38 applications, and did not speak to any other possible limits.
Montgomery & Associates cannot be said to establish a general rule of the circuit that it is impermissible to allow fee requests limited (in time of application) only by laches. Such a notion would be inconsistent with prior circuit law. See Alabama Power Co. v. Gorsuch, 672 F.2d 1, 5-6 (D.C.Cir.1982) (per curiam) (a motion for attorneys’ fees under 42 U.S.C. § 7607(f) (1982), which defines “costs” as including attorneys’ fees, is not subject to the 14-day limit of Rule 39(d)); Environmental Defense Fund v. EPA, 672 F.2d 42, 61 (D.C.Cir.1982) (because 15 U.S.C. § 2618(d) expressly distinguishes attorneys’ fees from costs, equity supplies only time limitation for attorneys’ fees).
The allowance of an application under Rule 38 long after the time will have expired for a bill of costs under Rule 39 is justified by the special purpose of the former rule. It seeks to deter and punish frivolous appeals. The social interest in so doing, and the standard of egregiously objectionable conduct that triggers its application, justify imposing fewer technical restrictions.
The appeal in this case was frivolous. Whatever the limit implicit in laches, the delay in this case does not reach it.
We conclude with the following dictum of our own, offered in the hopes of forestalling further litigation: in light of the brevity of our previous order, and the relative length of this opinion, the latest petition for rehearing was not itself frivolous.
REHEARING DENIED.

Question: What is the nature of the first listed respondent?

Choices:
private business (including criminal enterprises)
private organization or association
federal government (including DC)
sub-state government (e.g., county, local, special district)
state government (includes territories & commonwealths)
government - level not ascertained
natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)
miscellaneous
not ascertained

Answer: 0