What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
UNITED STATES v. BROTHMAN et al.
No. 290, Docket 22039.
United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.
Argued June 14, 1951.
Decided July 26, 1951. .
See also 93 P.Supp. 924.
John McKim Minton, New York City, (William F. McNulty, New York City, of counsel) for appellant Brothman.
William L. Messing, New York City, for appellant Moskowitz.
Irving H. Saypol, U. S. Atty., New York City, for appellee; (Bruno Schachner, Roy M. Cohn, John M. Foley and Stanley D. Robinson, Assts. U. S. Attys., New York City, of counsel), for appellee.
Before SWAN, Chief Judge, AUGUSTUS N. HAND and L. HAND, Circuit Judges.
SWAN, Chief Judge.
These are appeals from judgments of conviction and sentence upon an indictment which charged both appellants with the crime of conspiracy, 18 U.S.C. § 88 (1946 ed.), and Brothman alone with the substantive offense of endeavoring to persuade a witness to give false testimony before a federal grand jury, 18 U.S.C. § 241 (1946 ed.). Brothman was sentenced to consecutive terms of. 2 and 5 years and fines of $10,000 and $5,000 on the respective counts; Moskowitz was sentenced to 2 years’ imprisonment and fined $10,000. Brothman’s appeal raises a single issue, namely, failure to prove venue of the substantive offense. The appeal of Moskowitz challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to prove her participation in the conspiracy, and asserts prejudicial error in the prosecution’s summation.
We address ourselves first to the conspiracy count. In the summer of 1947 a federal grand jury in and for the southern district of New York was conducting an investigation of possible violations of the espionage laws. Brothman and one Gold were summoned to appear as witnesses before this grand jury. The conspiracy count charged that both appellants together with Gold, who was named as a conspirator but not as a defendant, agreed that Brothman should give false testimony before the grand jury, should inform Gold thereof, and Gold should likewise give false testimony consonant with Broth-man’s. The case against the appellants was made largely by the testimony of Gold. Moskowitz does not question the sufficiency of the evidence to prove that such a conspiracy existed between Brothman and Gold, but contends that she was not shown to have been a party to it. An examination of the record convinces us beyond doubt that the contention is groundless. Without discussing the evidence in detail it will suffice to refer to a few incidents which indicate that she repeatedly assisted in making jibe the false stories of the two main actors. After Gold had been interviewed by agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, he recounted in the presence of Brothman and Moskowitz what he had told the agents,’ and Brothman remarked that he had made “a very fine choice of a •story.” The inference that the story was false must have been obvious to Moskowitz. She was also present when Gold refused to tell Brothman about his espionage activities because Brothman “was already deeply enough'’ involved.” When Broth-man was considering testifying before the grand jury tó a story different from that he had originally told the F. B. I. agents Moskowitz expressed concern and told Gold she was going to tell Brothman to try to stick to the original story;, and she later told Gold that she and attorney Needleman persuaded Brothman to- do so. Finally, on the night before Gold was to testify, Moskowitz said that she wished to go home early “so that Abe [Brothman] and I would have plenty of time to match our stories before my c appearance before the grand jury the next morning.”
The next contention of appellant Moskowitz is that she was prejudiced by repeated' statements in the prosecutor’s summation that the defense had failed to contradict the government’s testimony. It is conceded that as a general rule a reference to the testimony for the prosecution as uncontradicted is not an indirect comment on the defendant’s failure to testify, but the appellant contends that an exception exists where the only persons who could contradict the testimony ¿re the defendants themselves. Assuming arguendo that such an exception should be recognized, we do not think that the appellant’s case falls within it. The prosecutor’s comments were general and made without express reference to Moskowitz. It is possible to explain them as covering occurrences as to which contradiction could have come from others than this appellant. For example,'the comment to which objection was first interposed was the following: “The truth of the testimony offered here by Miss Bentley, Gold and others is conclusively established by the failure of the defense to produce one solitary word contradicting any of this testimony.” In overruling t-he objection the court stated, “I will deal with that later properly myself.” And in his charge the judge instructed the jury that they may not “infer guilt nor even draw a single unfavorable inference against the defendants because they did not take the stand.” We think this was all that was required.
We turn now to Brothman’s appeal. The court’s charge limited the substantive crime to endeavoring to influence Gold to give false testimony, and the jury was told that the Government did not have to prove the success of the endeavor. Concededly all of Brothman’s “endeavors” to influence Gold’s testimony took place in the eastern district of New York, although Gold’s testimony was given in the southern district. The contention on appeal -is failure of proof of venue. At the close of the prosecutor’s case, Brothman moved for a directed verdict on count 2 on the ground that the evidence was insufficient. This motion was renewed at the end of the entire case. The Government’s only answer to the appellant’s argument is that Broth-man waived, his constitutional privilege to be tried where the crime was committed by goi-ng to trial in the southern district without objection. Where the indictment discloses lack of venue, going to trial without objection to venue is a waiver. United States v. Jones, 2 Cir., 162 F.2d 72, 73. There is a dictum in United States v. Michelson, 2 Cir., 165 F.2d 732, 734, affirmed, 335 U.S. 469, 69 S.Ct. 213, 93 L.Ed. 168, that the same result may follow if the defendant is warned of the defect during the course of the trial. In the case at -bar Brothman could not know that venue would not be proved until the prosecutor’s evidence was closed; he then moved for a directed verdict. We may assume arguendo that had he argued the motion and said nothing about failure to prove venue, he might be held to have waived the defect. But the motion was denied without argument being heard. In United States v. Jones, 7 Cir., 174 F.2d 746, Judge Min-ton (now Mr. Justice Minton), speaking for the court, held that a motion for acquittal made at the conclusion of all the evidence properly raised the question of venue in the court below. Such a motion need not specify the grounds therefor. We agree with the Seventh Circuit decision. , Accordingly Brothman’s conviction on count 2 must be reversed. The conviction of both appellants on the conspiracy count is affirmed.
. 1948 Revised Criminal Code, 18 U.S.C. A. § 371.
. 1948 Revised Criminal Code, 18 U.S. C.A. § 1503.
. See Linden v. United, States, 3 Cir., 296 F. 104; Barnes v. United States, 8 Cir., 8 F.2d 832.
. See Lefkowitz v. United States, 2 Cir., 273 F. 664, 668, certiorari denied 257 U.S. 637, 42 S.Ct. 49, 66 L.Ed. 409; United States v. Shapiro, 2 Cir., 103 F.2d 775, 776; United States v. Di Carlo, 2 Cir., 64 F.2d 15, 17; United States v. De Vasto, 2 Cir., 52 F.2d 26, 30, 78 A.L.R. 336, certiorari denied 284 U.S. 678, 52 S.Ct. 138, 76 L.Ed. 573; Boehm v. United States, 8 Cir., 123 F.2d 791, 810.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officialss"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1