What follows is an opinion from the Supreme Court of the United States. Your task is to determine the bases on which the Supreme Court rested its decision with regard to the legal provision that the Court considered in the case. Consider "judicial review (national level)" if the majority determined the constitutionality of some action taken by some unit or official of the federal government, including an interstate compact. Consider "judicial review (state level)" if the majority determined the constitutionality of some action taken by some unit or official of a state or local government. Consider "statutory construction" for cases where the majority interpret a federal statute, treaty, or court rule; if the Court interprets a federal statute governing the powers or jurisdiction of a federal court; if the Court construes a state law as incompatible with a federal law; or if an administrative official interprets a federal statute. Do not consider "statutory construction" where an administrative agency or official acts "pursuant to" a statute, unless the Court interprets the statute to determine if administrative action is proper. Consider "interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order" if the majority treats federal administrative action in arriving at its decision.Consider "diversity jurisdiction" if the majority said in approximately so many words that under its diversity jurisdiction it is interpreting state law. Consider "federal common law" if the majority indicate that it used a judge-made "doctrine" or "rule; if the Court without more merely specifies the disposition the Court has made of the case and cites one or more of its own previously decided cases unless the citation is qualified by the word "see."; if the case concerns admiralty or maritime law, or some other aspect of the law of nations other than a treaty; if the case concerns the retroactive application of a constitutional provision or a previous decision of the Court; if the case concerns an exclusionary rule, the harmless error rule (though not the statute), the abstention doctrine, comity, res judicata, or collateral estoppel; or if the case concerns a "rule" or "doctrine" that is not specified as related to or connected with a constitutional or statutory provision. Consider "Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction" otherwise (i.e., the residual code); for issues pertaining to non-statutorily based Judicial Power topics; for cases arising under the Court's original jurisdiction; in cases in which the Court denied or dismissed the petition for review or where the decision of a lower court is affirmed by a tie vote; or in workers' compensation litigation involving statutory interpretation and, in addition, a discussion of jury determination and/or the sufficiency of the evidence.

Opinion:
FLEISCHMANN DISTILLING CORP. et al. v. MAIER BREWING CO. et al.
No. 214.
Argued February 14, 1967.
Decided May 8, 1967.
Moses Lasky argued the cause and filed briefs for petitioners.
J. Albert Hutchinson argued the cause and filed a brief for respondents.
Mr. Chief Justice Warren
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is a trademark case arising under the Lanham Act (60 Stat. 427, 15 U. S. C. §§ 1051-1127) in which our sole concern is with the relief that may be granted when deliberate infringement of a valid trademark has been established. The question is whether federal courts have power in that context to award reasonable attorney’s fees as a separate element of recovery in light of § 35 of the Act which enumerates the available compefisatory remedies.
The scope of petitioners’ trademark and the fact of respondents’ infringement were determined by the Court of- Appeals for the Ninth Circuit at an earlier stage of this litigation. 314 F. 2d 149, cert. denied, 374 U. S. 830 (1963). The case was then remanded to the District Court for the Southern District of California which, after noting that the Court. of Appeals had characterized respondents’ infringing activities as deliberate, entered its own finding to that effect. In accord with prior rulings of certain courts of appeals and district courts that attorney’s fees could be recovered if deliberate or willful infringement were established, the District Court awarded petitioners $60,000 after determining that such sum constituted reasonable attorney’s fees for prosecution of this litigation. Respondents sought an immediate interlocutory appeal although petitioners’ rights to an accounting and other relief remained for determination. The Court of Appeals first dismissed the appeal as premature, but after the District Court issued a certificate under 28 U. S. C. § 1292 (b) authorization was granted. Sifting en banc the Court of Appeals reversed the award of attorney’s fees, holding that under the Lanham Act federal courts are without power to make such awards. 359 F. 2d 156 (1966). We granted cer-tiorari to resolve the conflict between that holding and the prior decisions of federal courts upon which the District Court had relied. 385 U. S. 809 (1966). For the reasons elaborated below, we affirm.
As early as 1278, the courts of England were authorized to award counsel fees to successful plaintiffs in litigation. Similarly, since 1607 English courts have been empowered to award counsel fees to defendants, in all actions where such awards might be made to plaintiffs. Rules governing administration of these and related provisions have developed over the years. It is now customary in England; after litigation- of substantive claims has terminated, to conduct separate hearings before special “taxing Masters” in order to determine the appropriateness and the size of an award of counsel fees. To prevent the ancillary proceedings from becoming unduly protracted .and burdensome, fees which may be included in an award are usually prescribed, even including the amounts that may be recovered for letters drafted on behalf of a client.
Although some American commentators have urged adoption of the English practice in this country, our courts have generally resisted any .movement in that direction. The rule here has long been that attorney’s fees are not ordinarily recoverable in the absence of a statute or enforceable contract providing therefor. This Court first announced that rule in Arcambel v. Wiseman, 3 Dall. 306 (1796), and adhered to it in later decisions. See, e. g., Hauenstein v. Lynham, 100 U. S. 483 (1880); Stewart v. Sonneborn, 98 U. S. 187 (1879); Oelrichs v. Spain, 15 Wall. 211 (1872); Day v. Woodworth, 13 How. 363 (1852). In support of the American rule, it has been argued that since litigation is at best uncertain one should not be penalized for merely defending or prosecuting a lawsuit, and that the poor might be unjustly discouraged from instituting actions to vindicate their rights if the penalty for losing included the fees of their opponents’ counsel. Cf. Farmer v. Arabian American Oil Co., 379 U. S. 227, at 235 (1964); id., at 236-239 (concurring opinion of Mr. Justice Goldberg). Also, the time, expense, and difficulties of proof inherent in litigating the question of what constitutes reasonable attorney’s fees would pose substantial burdens for judicial administration. Oelrichs v. Spain, supra, at 231.
Limited exceptions to the American rule have, of course, developed. They have been sanctioned by this Court when overriding considerations of justice seemed to compel such a result. In appropriate circumstances, we have held, an admiralty plaintiff may be awarded counsel fees as an item of compensatory damages (not as a separate cost to be taxed). Vaughan v. Atkinson, 369 U. S. 527 (1962). And in a civil contempt action occasioned by willful disobedience of a court order an award of attorney’s fees may be authorized as part of the fine to- be levied on the defendant. Toledo Scale Co. v. Computing Scale Co., 261 U. S. 399, 426-428 (1923). the case upon which petitioners here place their principal reliance— Sprague v. Ticonic National Bank, 307 U. S. 161 (1939)— involved yet another exception. That exception had previously been applied in cases where a plaintiff traced or created a common fund for the benefit of others as well as himself. Central Railroad & Banking Co. v. Pettus, 113 U. S. 116 (1885); Trustees v. Greenough, 105 U. S. 527 (1882). In that situation to have allowed the others to obtain full benefit from the plaintiff’s efforts without requiring contribution or charging the common fund for attorney’s fees would have been to enrich, the others unjustly at the expense of the plaintiff. Sprague itself involved a variation of the common-fund situation where, although the plaintiff had not in a technical sense sued for the benefit, of others or to create a common fund, the stare decisis effect of the judgment obtained by the plaintiff established as a matter of law the right of a discernible class of persons to collect upon similar claims. The Court held that the general equity power “to do equity in a particular situation” supported an award of attorney’s fees under such circumstances for the same reasons that underlay the common-fund decisions.
The recognized exceptions to the general rule were not, however, developed in the context of statutory causes of action for which the legislature had prescribed intricate remedies. Trademark actions under the Lanham Act do occur in such a setting. For, in the Lanham Act, Congress meticulously detailed the remedies available to a plaintiff who proves that his valid trademark has been infringed. It provided not only for injunctive relief, but also for compensatory recovery measured by the profits that accrued to the defendant by virtue of his infringement, the costs of the action, and damages which may be trebled in appropriate circumstances. Petitioners have advanced' the proposition that the authority to award- “costs of the action” taken together with the introductory phrase “subject to the principles of equity” should be deemed implicit authority for an award of attorney’s fees in light of the reference in Sprague to the general equity power. But none of the considerations which supported the exception secognized in Sprague aré present here. Moreover, since, with the exception of the docket fee provided by 28 U. S. C. § 1923 (a), the statutory definition of the term “costs” does not include attorney’s fees, acceptance of petitioners’ argument would require us to ascribe to Congress a purpose to vary the meaning of that term without either statutory language or legislative history to support the unusual construction. When a cause of action has been created by a statute which expressly provides the remedies for vindication of the cause, other remedies should not readily be implied. Philp v. Nock, 17 Wall. 460 (1873); Teese v. Huntingdon, 23 How. 2 (1860); cf. Day v. Woodworth, 13 How. 363 (1852). Congress has overturned the specific consequence of Philp and Teese by expressly allowing recovery of attorney’s fees in p&tent cases and has selectively provided a similar remedy in connection with various other statutory causes of action. But several attempts to introduce such a provision into the Lanham Act have failed of enactment. We therefore must conclude that Congress intended § 35 of the Lanham Act to mark the boundaries of the power to award monetary relief in cases arising under the Act. A judicially created compensatory refnedy in addition to the express statutory remedies is inappropriate in this-context. Affirmed
Section 35 of the Lanham Act, 15 U. S. C. § 1117:
“When a violation of any right of the registrant of a mark registered in the Patent Office shall have been established in any civil action arising under this chapter, the plaintiff shall bé entitled, subject to the provisions of sections 1111 and 1114 of this title, and subject to the principles of equity, to recover (1) defendant’s profits, (2) any damages sustained by the plaintiff, and (3) the costs of the action. ... In assessing damages the court may enter judgment, according to the circumstances of the case, for any sum above the amount found as actual damages, not exceeding three times such amount. If the court shall find that the amount of the recovery based on profits is either inadequate or excessive the court may in its discretion enter judgment for such sum as the court shall find to be just, according to the circumstances of the case. Such sum in either of'the above circumstances shall constitute compensation and not a penalty.”
The Fleisehmann Distilling Corporation owns the American distribution rights to Scotch whiskey sold under the trademark “Black & White.” Its co-petitioner is James Buchanan & Co., Ltd., owner and registrant of the trademark.
Maier Brewing Company, the principal respondent, is an independent brewery which marketed a beer under the label “Black & White” through its co-respondent, Ralphs Grocery Company.
E. g., Baker v. Simmons Co., 325 F. 2d 580 (C. A. 1st Cir. 1963); Wolfe v. National Lead Co., 272 F. 2d 867 (C. A. 9th Cir. 1959); Keller Products v. Rubber Linings Corp., 213 F. 2d 382 (C. A. 7th Cir. 1954); Century Distilling Co. v. Continental Distilling Corp., 205 F. 2d 140 (C. A. 3d Cir. 1953); Admiral Corp. v. Penco, Inc., 203 F. 2d 517 (C. A. 2d Cir. 1953). As the Court of Appeals in this ease pointed out, the decisions upholding awards of attorney’s fees under the Lanham Act in most instances merely state the conclusion that attorney’s fees are recoverable and cite prior case authority, often commencing with a pre-Lanham Act decision—Aladdin Mfg. Co. v. Mantle Lamp Co., 116 F. 2d 708 (C. A. 7th Cir. 1941).
E. g., Youthform Co. v. R. H. Macy & Co., 153 F. Supp. 87 (D. C. N. D. Ga. 1957); Williamson-Dickie Mfg. Co. v. Davis Mfg. Co., 149 F. Supp. 852 (D. C. E. D. Pa. 1957); Francis H. Leggett & Co. v. Premier Packing Co., 140 F. Supp. 328 (D. C. Mass. 1956); Singer Mfg. Co. v. Singer Upholstering & Sewing Co., 130 F. Supp. 205 (D. C. W. D. Pa. 1955).
“When a district judge, in making in a civil action an order not otherwise appealable under this section, shall be of . the opinion that such order involves a controlling question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation, he shall so state in writing in such order. The Court of Appeals may thereupon, in its discretion, permit an appeal to be taken from such order, if application is made to it within ten days after the entry of the order . . . .”
Statute of Gloucester, 1278, 6 Edw. 1, c. 1. This statute, which expressly mént-ioned only “the costs of his writ purchased,” was from the outset liberally construed to encompass all legal costs of suit, including counsel fees. Goodhart, Costs, 38 Yale L. J. 849, 852 (1929).
Statute of Westminster, 1607, 4 Jac. 1, c. 3.
See generally McCormick, Damages §60 (1935); Goodhart, Costs, 38 Yale L. J. 849-872 (1929) (passim).
Ehrenzweig, Reimbursement of Counsel Fees and the Great Society, 54 Calif. L. Rev. 792 (1966); McCormick, Counsel Fees and Other Expenses of Litigation as an Element of Damages, 15 Minn. L. Rev. 619 (1931); Stoebuck, Counsel Fees Included in Costs: A Logical Development, 38 Colo. L. Rev. 202 (1966); Note, 65 Mich. L. Rev. 593 (1967).
28 U. S. C. §1923 (a), which is derived from the Fee Bill of 1853, 10 Stat. 161, might be termed a “general exception.” It provides for recovery of nominal sums known as “Attorney’s and proctor’s docket fees.” In ordinary litigation and “on trial or final hearing” the sum recoverable under this provision is $20, to be taxed as part of the costs defined by 28 U. S. C. § 1920.
Section 34 of the Lanham Act, 60 Stat. 439, 15 U. S. C. § 1116.
Section 35 of the Lanham Act, 60 Stat. 439, 15 U. S. C. § 1117 (quoted, supra, n. 1).
See n. 11, supra.
28 U. S. C. § 1920 provides:
“A judge or clerk of any court of the United States may tax as costs the following:
“(1) Fees of the clerk and marshal;
“(2) Fees of the court reporter for all or any part of the stenographic transcript necessarily obtained for use in the case;
“(3) Fees and disbursements for printing and witnesses;
“(4) Fees for exemplification and copies of papers necessarily obtained for use in the'case;
“(5) Docket fees under section 1923 of this title.
“A bill of costs shall be filed in the case and, upon allowance, included in the judgment or decree.”
35 U. S. C. § 285. This provision was enacted in 1946, as was the Lanham Act. 60 Stat. 778. It was revised in 1952, so as to limit such recovery to “exceptional cases.” 66 Stat. 813.
See, e. g., Clayton Act, § 4, 38 Stat. 731, 15 U. S. C. § 15; Communications Act of 1934, § 206, 48 Stat. 1072, 47 U. S. C. § 206; Copyright Act, 17 U. S. C. § 116; Fair Labor Standards Act, § 16 (b), 52 Stat. 1069, 29 U. S. C. § 216 (b); Interstate Commerce Act, § 16, 34 Stat. 590, 49 U. S. C. § 16 (2); Packers and Stockyards Act, § 309 (f), 42 Stat. 166, 7 U. S. C. § 210 (f); Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act, § 7 (b), 46 Stat. 535, 7 U. S. C. § 499g (b); Railway Labor Act, § 3 First (p), 48 Stat. 1192, 45 U. S. C. § 153 First (p); Securities Act of 1933, § 11 (e), 48 Stat. 907, 15 U. S. C. § 77k (e); Securities Exchange Act of 1934, §§ 9 (e), 18 (a), 48 Stat. 890, 897, 15 U. S. C. §§ 78i (e), 78r (a); Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, 38 U. S. C. § 1822 (b); Trust Indenture Act, § 323 (a), 53 Stat. 1176, 15 U. S. C. § 77www (a). See also Fed. Rules Civ. Proc. 37 (a) and 56 (g).
S. 2540, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., § 25 (1953), containing a provision for recovery of attorney’s fees, passed the Senate but failed of enactment in the House of Representatives. The Report accompanying the bill stated that the provision was intended to parallel the then recent addition to the patent statute. (See n. 16, supra.) A similar provision was embodied in H. R. 7734, 84th Cong., 1st Sess., §25 (1955), which also died after passing the originating House.

Question: What is the basis of the Supreme Court's decision?

Choices:
judicial review (national level)
judicial review (state level)
Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction
statutory construction
interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order
diversity jurisdiction
federal common law

Answer: 3