What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion:
WYATT COAL CO. v. DETROIT EDISON CO.
(Circuit Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
October 20, 1925.)
No. 2361.
1. Sales @=89 — Acceptance of proposal for substituted contract could not be presumed from purchaser’s silence for three days’ time.
In buyer’s action for breach of contract for the sale of coal, where seller, in letter of August 17th, proposed to alter existing contract by substituting a price of $2.50 per ton for coal instead of $2.25, acceptance of which proposal was rendered impossible by proclamation of the President on August 21st, fixing pz-ice of such coal at $2 per ton, h.eld that no presumption of acceptance could arise from purchaser’s silence between time of receipt of such letter on August 18lh and time of President’s proclamation on August 21st.
2. Contracts @=247 — Party defending action on contract on ground that substituted contract was entered into has burden of proving such contract.
Party defending an action for breach of contract on gz-onnd that a substituted contract v, ns entered has the burden of proving such contract.
3. Sales @=39 — Evidence held insufficient to show that purchaser had ever surrendered any rights under contract for purchase of coal, though he had accepted coal at advanced figure after proposal for advance in price.
In buyer’s action for breach of contract for the sale of coal at $2.25 per ton, where seller proposed to advance price to $2.50 per ton, previous contracts between parties to be canceled, evidence held insufficient to show plaintiff had ever surrendered any rights under original contract, despite its action in accepting coai after such proposed substitution at the advanced rate.
In Error to tho District Court oí tho United States for the Southern District of West Virginia, at Charleston; George W. MeClintic, Judge.
Action by the Detroit Edison Company against the Wyatt Coal Company. Judgment for plaintiff, and defendant brings error.
Affirmed.
Fred O. Bine and Arthur S. Dayton, both of Charleston, W. Va. (Poffenbarger, Blue & Dayton, of Charleston, W. Va., on the brief), for plaintiff in error.
James V. Oxtoby, of Detroit, Mich., and T. BrookePri.ee, of Charleston, W. Va. (Oxtoby, Robison & Hull, of Detroit, Mich., and Price, Smith & Spilman, of Charleston, W. Va., on the brief), for defendant in error.
Before WOODS, WADDILL, and ROSE, Circuit Judges.
ROSE, Circuit Judge.
The parties will be here described by the positions they held below; that is to say, the plaintiff in error will be called the defendant, and the defendant in error tho plaintiff. When this case was first before us, wo held that the right of action was not barred by limitations, but that tho plaintiff’s damages for short delivery wore limited to 20- cents per ton. 1 F.(2d) 788. At tho retrial below, there was a, directed verdict for tho plaintiff, and this time it is the defendant which brings the ease here. It claims that the jury should have been instructed to return a verdict for it or that they should have been told that they were free to find that the plaintiff bad validly released it from liability.
In February, 3.917, seven or eight months after the making of the contract in suit, the parties entered into another agreement by which the defendant undertook to begin, in July, 1917, tho delivery in twelve monthly installments of 250,000 additional tons of coal to the plaintiff, for which the latter hound itself to pay $2.25 per ton. In August, 1917, tho defendant wrote to the plaintiff that the wages of minors bad gone up- since February. It asked the plaintiff to agree to a corresponding increase of 30 cents per ton in the price to be paid for the coal. No claim was then, or is now made that any provision in the contract of 1917, justified this request, but defendant did say that, at the time the agreement was entered into, it was told by the plaintiff’s representative that any increase in labor cost would be taken care of. It is unnecessary to say that in a suit upon that agreement defendant would not be allowed to prove a verbal understanding so inconsistent with the terms of the written instrument, nor need we inquire here how far the claim that there was such a verbal understanding and that de>fendant relied upon it might be sufficient consideration to support a new contract. On August 14.Hi, plaintiff replied in writing. It assumed that it had the right to refuse to accede to defendant’s wishes, but it also expressed its willingness to meet them in part. It said it would pay an additional 25 cents per ton hut not 30 cents. On the 17th of August defendant answered by letter that it was willing to agree to limit the advance to 25 cents per ton, “providing you are agrdeab-le to letting the old contracts which were in existence prior to July 1st stand completed and canceled as of July 1st.” Among these contracts, the ending of which was suggested, was the one upon which the present action was brought. This letter of August 17th was never answered by the plaintiff. Defendant, who had begun in July shipments under the February contract, continued its deliveries, and on August 28th, began to send in bills for all deliveries made since July 1st at an advance of 25 cents per ton. In September the plaintiff made its first payment at the higher rate, and thereafter, without objection, continued to- pay that price. Defendant argues that the failure of the plaintiff to answer the letter of August 17th, coupled with its subsequent acceptance of coal and payment therefor at the advanced rate, was evidence from which the jury might find that the plaintiff had accepted the proposal made in that letter. If nothing else had happened, we should have to consider carefully' whether even then this contention would be sound, but what actually took place makes such an inquiry unnecessary.
Four days after tie writing and presumably the mailing of defendant’s letter in Cincinnati to the plaintiff in Detroit, the President of the United States by proclamation exercised the power then recently conferred upon him by statute and fixed $2 per ton as the maximum price which could he paid for such coal as defendant was furnishing. Two days later he allowed a broker to charge an additional 15 cents per ton. These executive orders did not apply to contracts previously, in good faith, entered into. It goes without saying that the letter of August 17th could not of its own force alter* a contract already in existence between the parties. That letter at best was a mere proposal, and remained so until it was in some way accepted by the plaintiff. After August 21st, when the President’s proclamation was issued, the plaintiff could not lawfully have accepted it, even if it had wished to do so. There is nothing to show that, in the brief interval between the plaintiff’s receipt of the letter at the earliest on Saturday, the 18th, and the action of the President on the succeeding Tuesday,, it did anything at all. No presumption of acceptance could arise from - its mere silence during so bíúef a space. It was entitled to take a reasonable time to consider whether it would agree to what the defendant asked. The latter has the burden' of showing that a valid substituted contract was entered into. It points to the: fact that the plaintiff actually paid it $2.50 per ton for the coal as it could not legally have done unless the agreement to do so had been made before August 21st, and that unless, before the last-mentioned date, the plaintiff had accepted the defendant’s proposal of the 17th-there had been no meeting of their minds. The contention is not without force, hut we are not convinced by it. The plaintiff may well have felt that before August 21st, it and the defendant had in good faith agreed that it should pay as much as $2.50 per ton hut that it had not then, or at any other time undertaken to pay the additional 4 cents or 5-eents a ton on all the 250,000 tons of the February contract, and that was what it would in effect have done had it released the-defendant from its obligation to pay damages already accrued for the breach of the earlier contracts.
We are at one with the learned Judge below in the view that there is in this record no evidence legally sufficient to show that the plaintiff ever surrendered any of its rights under the contract in suit.
Affirmed.
Judge WOODS died before the above opinion was prepared.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives"? Answer with a number.

Choices:

Answer: 1