What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 

Your task concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)". Your task is to determine which of these categories best describes the income of the litigant. Consider the following categories: "not ascertained", "poor + wards of state" (e.g., patients at state mental hospital; not prisoner unless specific indication that poor), "presumed poor" (e.g., migrant farm worker), "presumed wealthy" (e.g., high status job - like medical doctors, executives of corporations that are national in scope, professional athletes in the NBA or NFL; upper 1/5 of income bracket), "clear indication of wealth in opinion", "other - above poverty line but not clearly wealthy" (e.g., public school teachers, federal government employees)." Note that "poor" means below the federal poverty line; e.g., welfare or food stamp recipients. There must be some specific indication in the opinion that you can point to before anyone is classified anything other than "not ascertained". Prisoners filing "pro se" were classified as poor, but litigants in civil cases who proceed pro se were not presumed to be poor. Wealth obtained from the crime at issue in a criminal case was not counted when determining the wealth of the criminal defendant (e.g., drug dealers).

Opinion:
Khalid CHOUDHRY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Leo D. JENKINS et al., Defendants-Appellees.
No. 76-1967.
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
Heard April 11, 1977.
Decided July 22, 1977.
Myrna Hart, Valparaiso University School of Law, Valparaiso, Ind., for plaintiff-appellant.
Theodore Sendak, Attorney General, Darrel K. Diamond, Asst. Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, Ind., for defendants-appellees.
Before CASTLE, Senior Circuit Judge, and CUMMINGS and PELL, Circuit Judges.
CUMMINGS, Circuit Judge.
On June 24, 1976, Khalid Choudhry, a Pakistani resident alien, was terminated from his position as a correctional officer at the Indiana State Prison at Michigan City, Indiana, after making certain critical com-, ments about the prison’s administration to the press. About a week after his dismissal, Choudhry filed a verified 42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint alleging that his dismissal by the defendant prison officials had unconstitutionally infringed upon his free speech rights secured to him under the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Plaintiff sought damages as well as declaratory and injunctive relief. Along with his complaint, plaintiff filed a motion for a temporary restraining order commanding his reinstatement as a correctional officer at the prison. On July 19, 1976, after hearing evidence and argument on the question of whether the temporary restraining order should issue, the district court took the matter under advisement. Two weeks later, the district judge entered an order with an accompanying Memorandum which denied plaintiff’s motion for injunctive relief and which sua sponte decided that summary judgment be entered in favor of the defendants. This appeal resulted.
I
Once again we are confronted with “one of those troublesome cases in which an appeal follows a disposition occurring by way of procedures amounting to something less than a full trial and which, upon consideration of the briefs, oral argument, and record, presents serious procedural questions in a record situation wherein further attention at the trial court level with rectification of any procedural errors conceivably could be followed by the same result as before in the litigation. Nevertheless, bearing in mind the words of Mr. Justice Frankfurter that fairness of procedure is due process in the primary sense, Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath, 341 U.S. 123, 161, 71 S.Ct. 624, 95 L.Ed. 817 (1951) (concurring opinion), we address ourselves to the issues raised upon this appea' to determine whether a reversal is required.” Macklin v. Butler, 553 F.2d 525, 527-528 (7th Cir. 1977).
On June 18, 1976, two months after being hired as a probationary correctional officer at the prison, Choudhry caiied the press to his home to express concern about security conditions at the prison. He also criticized the fact that he had received no formal training during his employment. Warden Jenkins thereupon issued a lock-out order against Choudhry barring him from the prison and suspended him pending an investigation. Articles based upon thie press interview appeared in area newspapers the next day. The June 23 letter from Warden Jenkins informing Choudhry of his suspension recited that this “action and investigation has been necessary due to certain public allegations you have made regarding the security and organization of this institution.”
On June 22, an administrative hearing was held by the prison authorities which plaintiff was required to attend without counsel although he was permitted, and in fact chose, to attend with a union representative present. After the prison authorities questioned plaintiff on the basis for the charges he made in the press interview, they made recommendations to Warden Jenkins who decided to terminate plaintiff. In his dismissal letter of June 25, Warden Jenkins stated dismissal
“Has been deemed necessary due to the fact that you admitted giving parts of the contents of the [Guard] Post Orders to non-Department of Correction staff. This act constitutes a breach of security. Therefore you are unable to satisfactorily perform the duties and requirements of a Correctional employee at the Indiana State Prison.”
At the temporary restraining order hearing, defendants conceded that Choudhry’s dismissal was prompted by his public statements.
Relying on Pickering v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 563, 88 S.Ct. 1731, 20 L.Ed.2d 811, Judge Grant noted that “open comment by a public employee which is false, and made with the knowledge of its falsity ór with reckless disregard of the truth, constitutes an impermissible form of expression” (Mem. op. at 4). Moreover, the district court found Pickering to stand for the proposition that “certain statements, although true, may fall outside the ambit of first amendment protection if the need for confidentiality is so great as to justify a dismissal of the employee.” Id. Applying these legal standards, Judge Grant found the plaintiff’s allegations to be “wholly insubstantial” based on the “briefs, exhibits, and testimony of several witnesses.” Id. The district court also found “these false utterances which appear in the newspaper articles have been made with reckless disregard as to their truth or falsity.” Id. at 5. Given these findings the court reasoned that although
“the principles of the Constitution are great, it is [the] real and serious threat to societal order which tips the balance in favor of defendants. This potential for disruption in a prison context is the factor which effectively distinguishes plaintiff’s authority.” Id. at 7.
The court concluded “Qj]ust as ‘the first amendment would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre,’ Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47, 52 [39 S.Ct. 247, 63 L.Ed. 470] (1919), it cannot protect him in creating disturbances within a prison via the news media.” Id. at 8.
As to certain true information allegedly given to the press concerning escape prevention procedures, Judge Grant held that “while the dissemination of the truth should rarely be prohibited, this Court finds that the potential adverse consequences flowing from the disclosure of the prison’s weaponry and defense tactics clearly outweigh Choudhry’s interest in speaking on matters of public concern.” Id. at 8. Having decided that Choudhry’s First Amendment rights had not been infringed, the court sua sponte granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants, viz:
“[S]ince Choudhry has based his entire cause of action upon an unmeritorious constitutional claim, the defendants are entitled to an award of summary judgment. Accordingly, the Court, on its own motion, will grant summary judgment in favor of the defendants since there exists no genuine issue of fact which may alter the findings or conclusions of this Court.” Id. at 9.
II
The district court’s award of summary judgment came with no warning, taking plaintiff completely by surprise. No written or oral motion for summary judgment had been made nor does the record disclose a Rule 12(b) motion to dismiss. But most importantly, the district court itself definitively declared that it was limiting its attention to the temporary restraining order:
“I’m not going to decide this case upon its final merits at this time and we are here only on the question of a temporary restraining order.” Tr. at 159-169.
Shortly after this recitation, the district court offered the following response to plaintiff’s suggestion that Pickering required balancing the rights of the speaker against the rights of the employer:
“I think they would weigh heavier on your side if we were looking at this as on final merits. We are talking about a temporary restraining order right now without further evidence, without further thought.” Tr. at 161-162.
Rule 56 plainly does not authorize a court to enter an arbitrary summary judgment sua sponte against a party; indeed the express language of paragraphs (a) and (b) of the Rule discloses that a motion for summary judgment is to be made by a party. Professor Moore consequently has concluded that “the court should rarely consider entering summary judgment sua sponte where no party has moved for summary judgment or the provisions of Rule 12 are not satisfied.” 6 Moore’s Fed.Prac. H 56.12 (2d ed. 1976) at 338-339. We agree. Without a party-generated Rule 56 motion or Rule 12(b) motion which may be treated under Rule 12 as a motion for summary judgment, the district court normally lacks power to enter summary judgment. See Dry Creek Lodge, Inc. v. United States, 515 F.2d 926, 935-936 (10th Cir. 1975); Mustang Fuel Corp. v. Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., 480 F.2d 607, 608 (10th Cir. 1973). Here no party-generated Rule 56 or Rule 12(b) motion was made.
Sound policy supports our reading of Rule 56. “The early resolution of factually unsupported claims is a salutary purpose of summary judgment procedure, but that procedure in no way authorizes disposition by surprise.” Macklin v. Butler, 553 F.2d 525, 530 (7th Cir. 1977). On those few occasions when district courts have attempted the sua sponte entry of summary judgment, the courts of appeals have reversed, recognizing that the notice and hearing policies of Rule 56 otherwise would be slighted. Twin City Federal Savings and Loan Ass’n v. Transamerica Ins. Co., 491 F.2d 1122 (8th Cir. 1974); Bowdidge v. Lehman, 252 F.2d 366 (6th Cir. 1958); cf. Brown v. Quinlan, 138 F.2d 228 (7th Cir. 1943); see also Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of New York v. Martin, 466 F.2d 593 (7th Cir. 1972).
Rule 56 “contemplates both fair notice that a summary judgment motion has been made and a reasonable opportunity to respond * * *.” Material offered in “support of [plaintiff’s] motion for a [restraining order] * * * the content of [which] was narrowly limited to the issues raised in that motion” simply does not permit the conclusion that Choudhry “receive[d] a fair opportunity to establish the existence of material controverted facts.” Macklin v. Butler, 553 F.2d 525, 528 and n. 2 (7th Cir. 1977).
“Under proper circumstances [the notice and hearing] requirements of the Rule may be waived.” Mustang Fuel Corp. v. Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., 480 F.2d 607, 608 (10th Cir. 1973). For example, in United States v. Fisher-Otis Co., 496 F.2d 1146 (10th Cir. 1974), the parties agreed at a pre-trial conference to submit certain issues of law for decision by’the court prior to the trial of factual issues. “By joining in the submission of the ultimate legal issues [t]herein involved to the District Court for resolution, defendants assumed or conceded that, as to the resolution of those legal issues, there were no essential facts in dispute.” Id. at 1151-1152. In this posture, the “filing of a motion for summary judgment would have been a mere formality.” Id. at 1152. See also Wirtz v. Young Electric Sign Co., 315 F.2d 326 (10th Cir. 1963). No such waiver exists here.
It is, of course, well settled that a district court is not authorized to resolve issues of fact on a motion for summary judgment. However, the dissent argues that the undisputed significant facts — “that a novice guard called what amounted to a press conference and told reporters that he did not know how to use a gun and that security was lax and disorganized” — fully justify the guard’s dismissal “in the tinderbox context of any prison dependent upon security exceeding the purely minimal.” We have no quarrel with the dissent’s view that Pickering’s constitutional balance must be struck in the context of the special factual tableau of the prison. And we are in general agreement that in the individual versus public interest assessment, the public interest is entitled to “very heavy weight in the measuring scales.”
But besides the prevention of incendiary remarks in the prison setting, the public interest also encompasses concern for remarks which disclose prison security so abysmal as to put the public in jeopardy. The public is entitled to know the state of the prison security as it impacts on public safety. A new recruit not yet steeped in the administrative system who informs the public of lax prison security therefore can find his and the public’s interest to be partially coincident. We conclude the undisputed facts identified by the dissent are not per se sufficient to dismiss out of hand a suit implicating freedoms as fundamental and sensitive as those secured by the First Amendment.
Thus to the extent that the district court’s decision here is based on a rejection of plaintiff’s version of the operative material facts, it could not stand wholly apart from notice defects. Illinois State Employees Union, Council 34 v. Lewis, 473 F.2d 561, 565-566 (7th Cir. 1972). The hearing below disclosed numerous unresolved material factual issues. As to plaintiff’s supposed failure to follow the established chain of command, Choudhry testified he had contacted several of his superiors a number of times with questions and complaints even though he had not been instructed to do so. Assistant Warden Duckworth testified Choudhry was given on-the-job training in using a gun. Choudhry flatly rejected this testimony, and fellow prison guard Anthony Owens testified that he had never been taught to shoot a gun either.
Other disputes concerned whether Choudhry did or did not make certain statements to the press. Thus Choudhry denies telling the news media that a gun had been smuggled into the maximum security area or about an alleged escape route. In addition, certain guard post orders released to the press were alleged to be “classified” so that providing this information to the media itself was sufficient ground for dismissal. But Choudhry and other guards testified that they were unaware that such information was confidential. In any event, there was a factual conflict on whether the prison inmates already knew the substance of the supposedly “confidential” information.
From a close reading of the temporary restraining order hearing transcript in conjunction with a similar study of the administrative hearing transcript, one might infer that Judge Grant’s apparent view that Choudhry’s testimony was not a paradigm of cogency or persuasiveness had some validity. But Choudhry’s testimony was not a transparent sham. Since we are not “convinced that the issues of fact created by [Choudhry] are not issues which this Court could reasonably characterize as genuine,” summary judgment was improper. Radobenko v. Automated Equipment Corp., 520 F.2d 540, 544 (9th Cir. 1975). We hasten to add, however, that public employers need not fear the expense of a full-blown trial if they discharge an employee for his “irresponsible mouthing.” In the forthcoming proceedings in the district court after remand, if the defendants file a motion for summary judgment, the district court is entirely free to grant summary judgment if the developed record shows no issue of genuine material fact.
Ill
Defendants posit an alternate ground for the district court’s action. They suggest a Rule 41(b) dismissal after consolidation with trial on the merits pursuant to Rule 65(a)(2) can support the district court’s disposition. This alternate ground may not prevail. First the district court explicitly relied only on Rule 56 in granting a summary judgment. In addition, it is not immediately clear why a Rule 41(b) dismissal is appropriate where there is no failure to prosecute the suit or to comply with court rules or orders. In any event, there was no notice of consolidation; indeed there was no inkling of it anywhere in the record until defendants raised it in their brief. Notice of consolidation and an opportunity to object are required for fundamental fairness. Pughsley v. 3750 Lake Shore Drive Cooperative Bldg, 463 F.2d 1055, 1056 (7th Cir. 1972); Nationwide Amusements Inc. v. Nattin, 452 F.2d 651, 652 (5th Cir. 1971).
IV
Yet while in the absence of a party-generated Rule 56 or Rule 12(b) motion the district court usually lacks power to enter a summary judgment, we must not cavalierly overlook the one specie of Rule 12 motion that can be made by the court on its own motion. Rule 12(h)(3) permits a court to dismiss an action sua sponte when the court determines it lacks subject matter jurisdiction. “[Wjhere the complaint, as here, is so drawn as to seek recovery directly under the Constitution or laws of the United States, the federal court [unless the federal claim is immaterial or wholly insubstantial] must entertain the suit.” Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678, 681-682, 66 S.Ct. 773, 776, 90 L.Ed. 939. But the alleged First Amendment violations here “are not immaterial but form rather the sole basis of the relief sought.” Id. at 683, 66 S.Ct. at 776. Instead the district court might have proceeded under the assumption that Choudhry's First Amendment “cause of action is so patently without merit as to justify, * * the court’s dismissal for want of jurisdiction.” Id. Indeed defendants agree with this view in their brief:
“The opinion of the District Court does not explicitly state that Choudhry’s case is frivolous, but it is submitted that the opinion is tantamount to such a finding and that such a finding would be appropriate.” (Br. at 9 n.*.)
In order to be deemed “wholly insubstantial and frivolous” in the constitutional sense, a claim must be measured against a severe standard. 327 U.S. at 682-683, 66 S.Ct. 773. “[C]laims are constitutionally insubstantial only if the prior decisions inescapably render the claims frivolous; previous decisions that merely render claims of doubtful or questionable merit do not render them insubstantial * * *.” Goosby v. Osser, 409 U.S. 512, 518, 93 S.Ct. 854, 859, 35 L.Ed.2d 36. One can conceive of situations where prison guards should be able to vent administrative incompetence to the public when prison security will not be unduly jeopardized thereby. Since the undisputed factual predicate here does not inexorably lead to the conclusion that Choudhry’s statements were not constitutionally protected, we need not “decide nor intimate any view upon the [ultimate] merits,” id. at 522, 93 S.Ct., at 861 in order to conclude that the prior decisions cited to us by the defendants or those used by the district court leave “ ‘room for the inference that the question sought to be raised [by Choudhry] can be the subject of controversy.’ ” Id. at 519, 93 S.Ct. at 859. As a result, a Rule 12(h)(3) dismissal cannot be sustained either.
V
Accordingly, the district court’s order entering summary judgment for the defendants is reversed and the cause is remanded for further proceedings consistent herewith.
. A lawfully admitted resident alien, of course, is a person within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment. Graham v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 365, 371, 91 S.Ct. 1848, 29 L.Ed.2d 534. Therefore, he enjoys the protection of those amendments in the Bill of Rights which are incorporated through the Fourteenth Amendment so as to be applicable to the states, at least in matters wholly unrelated to immigration and naturalization.
. The complaint and motion for restraining order were filed in the Hammond Division of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana. On July 7, 1976, a hearing on the temporary restraining order was held before a Hammond Division judge who found venue improper. The case was transferred to the South Bend Division where the restraining order hearing was held on July 19.
. Since First Amendment rights can be properly conceptualized as being secured by the liberty as opposed to the property clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, plaintiff’s status as a probationary public employee is immaterial if his speech would be otherwise protected under the First Amendment. Perry v. Sindermann, 408 U.S. 593, 92 S.Ct. 2694, 33 L.Ed.2d 570.
. In this regard, we note that in the fall of 1975, six prisoners escaped from the facility and kidnapped Warden Jenkins and members of his family on a night when 27 guards were on duty (PI. Ex. 10). Jenkins was not present at the temporary restraining order hearing below because he had a prior subpoena to appear at the trial of one of those prisoners (Tr. at 126).
. The district court’s language indicates that it implicitly viewed Choudhry’s claim as “patently without merit" under Bell. Thus at the conclusion of the temporary restraining order hearing, the court noted:
“I would say frankly I am going to find it difficult to grant this restraining order, but if I find so under the authorities that I have no
alternative, 1 would do so.” Tr. at 172. Moreover, the court found the “allegations of the plaintiff to be wholly unsubstantial” (Mem. op. at 4). “Choudhry cannot now rely upon the protections of the first amendment to justify his reckless form of expression.” Id. at 9.

Question: This question concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)". Which of these categories best describes the income of the litigant?

Choices:
not ascertained
poor + wards of state
presumed poor
presumed wealthy
clear indication of wealth in opinion
other - above poverty line but not clearly wealthy

Answer: 5