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00013b61c08068ed60270418d7c28a8b319a25db | https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051371 | Exploring Spatiotemporal Relations between Soil Moisture, Precipitation, and Streamflow for a Large Set of Watersheds Using Google Earth Engine | An understanding of streamflow variability and its response to changes in climate conditions is essential for water resource planning and management practices that will help to mitigate the impacts of extreme events such as floods and droughts on agriculture and other human activities. This study investigated the relationship between precipitation, soil moisture, and streamflow over a wide range of watersheds across the United States using Google Earth Engine (GEE). The correlation analyses disclosed a strong association between precipitation, soil moisture, and streamflow, however, soil moisture was found to have a higher correlation with the streamflow relative to precipitation. Results indicated different strength of the association depends on the watershed classes and lag times assessments. The perennial watersheds showed higher coherence compared to intermittent watersheds. Previous month precipitation and soil moisture have a stronger influence on the current month streamflow, particularly in the snow-dominated watersheds. Monthly streamflow forecasting models were developed using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and support vector machine (SVM). The results showed that the SVM model generally performed better than the ARIMA model. Overall streamflow forecasting model performance varied considerably among watershed classes, and perennial watersheds tend to exhibit better predictably compared to intermittent watersheds due to lower streamflow variability. The SVM models with precipitation and streamflow inputs performed better than those with streamflow input only. Results indicated that the inclusion of antecedent root-zone soil moisture improved the streamflow forecasting in most of the watersheds, and the largest improvements occurred in the intermittent watersheds. In conclusion, this work demonstrated that knowing the relationship between precipitation, soil moisture, and streamflow in different watershed classes will enhance the understanding of the hydrologic process and can be effectively utilized in improving streamflow forecasting for better satellite-based water resource management strategies. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/00013b61c08068ed60270418d7c28a8b319a25db | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/5/1371/pdf?version=1590658611 | [
"Environmental Science"
] | [
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 19 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | exploring spatiotemporal relations between soil moisture, precipitation, and streamflow for a large set of watersheds using google earth engine | an understanding of streamflow variability and its response to changes in climate conditions is essential for water resource planning and management practices that will help to mitigate the impacts of extreme events such as floods and droughts on agriculture and other human activities. this study investigated the relationship between precipitation, soil moisture, and streamflow over a wide range of watersheds across the united states using google earth engine (gee). the correlation analyses disclosed a strong association between precipitation, soil moisture, and streamflow, however, soil moisture was found to have a higher correlation with the streamflow relative to precipitation. results indicated different strength of the association depends on the watershed classes and lag times assessments. the perennial watersheds showed higher coherence compared to intermittent watersheds. previous month precipitation and soil moisture have a stronger influence on the current month streamflow, particularly in the snow-dominated watersheds. monthly streamflow forecasting models were developed using an autoregressive integrated moving average (arima) and support vector machine (svm). the results showed that the svm model generally performed better than the arima model. overall streamflow forecasting model performance varied considerably among watershed classes, and perennial watersheds tend to exhibit better predictably compared to intermittent watersheds due to lower streamflow variability. the svm models with precipitation and streamflow inputs performed better than those with streamflow input only. results indicated that the inclusion of antecedent root-zone soil moisture improved the streamflow forecasting in most of the watersheds, and the largest improvements occurred in the intermittent watersheds. in conclusion, this work demonstrated that knowing the relationship between precipitation, soil moisture, and streamflow in different watershed classes will enhance the understanding of the hydrologic process and can be effectively utilized in improving streamflow forecasting for better satellite-based water resource management strategies. | 0 |
000148e625b73f9664a9db907ebede5643163e04 | https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900129 | Annual net snow accumulation over southern Greenland from 1975 to 1998 | As part of NASA's Program for Arctic Regional Climate Assessment (PARCA), extensive ice core measurements of annual net water-equivalent accumulation have been made recently around the southern Greenland ice sheet. Analysis of these measurements demonstrates that annual and seasonal accumulation patterns are sometimes regional, with temporal variability in accumulation correlated over large areas. Using this unique, widely distributed set of contemporaneous accumulation measurements, as well as available previously published observations, we developed maps of annual net snow accumulation south of �73° N for each year from 1975 to 1998. Here net snow accumulation is defined as snow accumulation minus ablation. In order to achieve a more consistent spatial distibution of core measurements for each of the 24 years in the study period, some of the observed records were extrapolated up to 5 years using empirical relationships between monthly precipitation measured at coastal stations and the observed ice core net accumulation records. Initial comparisons between the maps of annual net snow accumulation and similar maps of net accumulation derived from meteorological model simulations show excellent agreement in the temporal variability of accumulation, although significant differences in the magnitude of accumulation remain. Both measurements and model simulations indicate that annual net accumulation, averaged over all higher-elevation regions (above 2000 m) of the southern ice sheet, varies significantly from one year to the next. The maximum year-to-year change during the 24-year study period occurred between calendar years 1995 and 1996, when the average annual net snow accumulation increased by 101 and 172 kg m-2 yr-1, or 37 and 57, for observations and model simulations, respectively. Taken alone, this 1-year change in average net snow accumulation corresponds to a drop in sea level of �0.16 and �0.28 mm yr-1. Copyright 2001 by the American Geophysical Union. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/000148e625b73f9664a9db907ebede5643163e04 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2001JD900129 | [
"Geology"
] | [
{
"category": "Geology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 46 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | annual net snow accumulation over southern greenland from 1975 to 1998 | as part of nasa's program for arctic regional climate assessment (parca), extensive ice core measurements of annual net water-equivalent accumulation have been made recently around the southern greenland ice sheet. analysis of these measurements demonstrates that annual and seasonal accumulation patterns are sometimes regional, with temporal variability in accumulation correlated over large areas. using this unique, widely distributed set of contemporaneous accumulation measurements, as well as available previously published observations, we developed maps of annual net snow accumulation south of �73Ⱐn for each year from 1975 to 1998. here net snow accumulation is defined as snow accumulation minus ablation. in order to achieve a more consistent spatial distibution of core measurements for each of the 24 years in the study period, some of the observed records were extrapolated up to 5 years using empirical relationships between monthly precipitation measured at coastal stations and the observed ice core net accumulation records. initial comparisons between the maps of annual net snow accumulation and similar maps of net accumulation derived from meteorological model simulations show excellent agreement in the temporal variability of accumulation, although significant differences in the magnitude of accumulation remain. both measurements and model simulations indicate that annual net accumulation, averaged over all higher-elevation regions (above 2000 m) of the southern ice sheet, varies significantly from one year to the next. the maximum year-to-year change during the 24-year study period occurred between calendar years 1995 and 1996, when the average annual net snow accumulation increased by 101 and 172 kg m-2 yr-1, or 37 and 57, for observations and model simulations, respectively. taken alone, this 1-year change in average net snow accumulation corresponds to a drop in sea level of �0.16 and �0.28 mm yr-1. copyright 2001 by the american geophysical union. | 1 |
00021d4f9b01491054b2d7c957b119785a3f8148 | https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00282 | Response of Westerly Jet Over the Northern Hemisphere to Astronomical Insolation During the Holocene | The westerly jet (WJ) in the upper troposphere, an important atmospheric circulation system, is critical for influencing global climate by changes of its north–south migration and intensity. However, its variations during the Holocene across the Eurasian and North America are not well evaluated, which restricts our understanding of climate change in those regions. Using general circulation model experiments, here we simulate the variations of WJ over the past 10 ka to show its intensity and position of WJ responding to astronomical insolation. Our results suggest that the summer WJ gradually migrates southward and strengthens over the Central Asia (CA), Japan, and North America from the early Holocene (EH) to late Holocene (LH); meanwhile, the positions of the winter WJ barely move and its intensity slightly change. These seasonally asymmetric changes can be attributed to the temperature structure, in which the surface latent and sensible heat flux both contribute. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/00021d4f9b01491054b2d7c957b119785a3f8148 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2020.00282/pdf | [
"Geology"
] | [
{
"category": "Geology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 26 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | response of westerly jet over the northern hemisphere to astronomical insolation during the holocene | the westerly jet (wj) in the upper troposphere, an important atmospheric circulation system, is critical for influencing global climate by changes of its north–south migration and intensity. however, its variations during the holocene across the eurasian and north america are not well evaluated, which restricts our understanding of climate change in those regions. using general circulation model experiments, here we simulate the variations of wj over the past 10 ka to show its intensity and position of wj responding to astronomical insolation. our results suggest that the summer wj gradually migrates southward and strengthens over the central asia (ca), japan, and north america from the early holocene (eh) to late holocene (lh); meanwhile, the positions of the winter wj barely move and its intensity slightly change. these seasonally asymmetric changes can be attributed to the temperature structure, in which the surface latent and sensible heat flux both contribute. | 2 |
00027e833457ec35b57b745c097b45f5ee717c5e | https://doi.org/10.1002/EET.1795 | Collaborative Governance for Climate Change Adaptation : Mapping citizen–municipality interactions | Increasing climate change impacts are a major threat to sustainable urban development, and challenge current governance structures, including actors' responsibilities for dealing with climate variability and extremes. The need for distributed risk governance and citizen engagement is increasingly recognised; however, few empirical studies systematically assess interactions between citizens and municipalities in climate risk management and adaptation. Here, we develop an explorative framework, applied to three Swedish municipalities, to map existing ‘adaptation interactions’ and analyse how responsibilities for climate adaptation manifest and are (re)negotiated. The results show that adaptation planners rarely consider collaborations with citizens, despite positive adaptation outcomes from related local processes. Structures and mechanisms for systematic monitoring and learning are also lacking. We argue that fostering collaborations with citizens – to support long-term adaptation and reduce the adaptation burden of those most at risk – requires consideration of four strategic issues: proactive engagement; equity and ‘responsibilisation’; nature-based approaches; and systematic adaptation mainstreaming. Finally, we discuss how our analytical framework can contribute to further theorising municipalities' engagement with citizens on climate risk. (Less) | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/00027e833457ec35b57b745c097b45f5ee717c5e | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/eet.1795 | [
"Political Science"
] | [
{
"category": "Political Science",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Political Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Sociology",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 113 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | collaborative governance for climate change adaptation : mapping citizen–municipality interactions | increasing climate change impacts are a major threat to sustainable urban development, and challenge current governance structures, including actors' responsibilities for dealing with climate variability and extremes. the need for distributed risk governance and citizen engagement is increasingly recognised; however, few empirical studies systematically assess interactions between citizens and municipalities in climate risk management and adaptation. here, we develop an explorative framework, applied to three swedish municipalities, to map existing ‘adaptation interactions’ and analyse how responsibilities for climate adaptation manifest and are (re)negotiated. the results show that adaptation planners rarely consider collaborations with citizens, despite positive adaptation outcomes from related local processes. structures and mechanisms for systematic monitoring and learning are also lacking. we argue that fostering collaborations with citizens – to support long-term adaptation and reduce the adaptation burden of those most at risk – requires consideration of four strategic issues: proactive engagement; equity and ‘responsibilisation’; nature-based approaches; and systematic adaptation mainstreaming. finally, we discuss how our analytical framework can contribute to further theorising municipalities' engagement with citizens on climate risk. (less) | 3 |
00028b0ac79f1c61046d887fddd665c2bebfdb43 | https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030329 | Comparing Surface and Stratospheric Impacts of Geoengineering With Different SO2 Injection Strategies | Geoengineering with stratospheric sulfate aerosols can, to some extent, be designed to achieve different climate objectives. Here we use the state‐of‐the‐art Community Earth System Model, version 1, with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model as its atmospheric component (CESM1(WACCM)), to compare surface climate and stratospheric effects of two geoengineering strategies. In one, SO2 is injected into the tropical lower stratosphere at the equator to keep global mean temperature nearly constant under an RCP8.5 scenario, as has been commonly simulated in previous studies. In another, the Geoengineering Large Ensemble (GLENS), SO2 is injected into the lower stratosphere at four different locations (30°N/S and 15°N/S) to keep global mean temperature, the interhemispheric temperature gradient, and the equator‐to‐pole temperature gradient nearly unchanged. Both simulations are effective at offsetting changes in global mean temperature and the interhemispheric temperature gradient that result from increased greenhouse gases, but only GLENS fully offsets changes in the equator‐to‐pole temperature gradient. GLENS results in a more even aerosol distribution, whereas equatorial injection tends to result in an aerosol peak in the tropics. Moreover, GLENS requires less total injection than in the equatorial case due to different spatial distributions of the aerosols. Many other aspects of surface climate changes, including precipitation and sea ice coverage, also show reduced changes in GLENS as compared to equatorial injection. Stratospheric changes, including heating, circulation, and effects on the quasi‐biennial oscillation are greatly reduced in GLENS as compared to equatorial injection. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/00028b0ac79f1c61046d887fddd665c2bebfdb43 | https://iu.tind.io/record/2928/files/5756_Comparing-Surface-and-Stratospheric-Impacts.pdf | [
"Geology",
"Environmental Science"
] | [
{
"category": "Geology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 65 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | comparing surface and stratospheric impacts of geoengineering with different so2 injection strategies | geoengineering with stratospheric sulfate aerosols can, to some extent, be designed to achieve different climate objectives. here we use the state‐of‐the‐art community earth system model, version 1, with the whole atmosphere community climate model as its atmospheric component (cesm1(waccm)), to compare surface climate and stratospheric effects of two geoengineering strategies. in one, so2 is injected into the tropical lower stratosphere at the equator to keep global mean temperature nearly constant under an rcp8.5 scenario, as has been commonly simulated in previous studies. in another, the geoengineering large ensemble (glens), so2 is injected into the lower stratosphere at four different locations (30°n/s and 15°n/s) to keep global mean temperature, the interhemispheric temperature gradient, and the equator‐to‐pole temperature gradient nearly unchanged. both simulations are effective at offsetting changes in global mean temperature and the interhemispheric temperature gradient that result from increased greenhouse gases, but only glens fully offsets changes in the equator‐to‐pole temperature gradient. glens results in a more even aerosol distribution, whereas equatorial injection tends to result in an aerosol peak in the tropics. moreover, glens requires less total injection than in the equatorial case due to different spatial distributions of the aerosols. many other aspects of surface climate changes, including precipitation and sea ice coverage, also show reduced changes in glens as compared to equatorial injection. stratospheric changes, including heating, circulation, and effects on the quasi‐biennial oscillation are greatly reduced in glens as compared to equatorial injection. | 4 |
0002b5525aba5d043aa37d5816f7e6be52150808 | https://doi.org/10.2172/1050836 | Business Case for Energy Efficiency in Support of Climate Change Mitigation, Economic and Societal Benefits in China | E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY Business Case for Energy Efficiency in Support of Climate Change Mitigation, Economic and Societal Benefits in China Michael A. McNeil, Nicholas Bojda, Jing Ke, Yining Qin, Stephane de la Rue du Can, David Fridley, Virginie E. Letschert and James E. McMahon Environmental Energy Technologies Division August 18, 2011 This work was supported by the International Copper Association through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0002b5525aba5d043aa37d5816f7e6be52150808 | https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc834767/m2/1/high_res_d/1050836.pdf | [
"Economics"
] | [
{
"category": "Economics",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Business",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Economics",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 18 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | business case for energy efficiency in support of climate change mitigation, economic and societal benefits in china | e rnest o rlando l awrence b erkeley n ational l aboratory business case for energy efficiency in support of climate change mitigation, economic and societal benefits in china michael a. mcneil, nicholas bojda, jing ke, yining qin, stephane de la rue du can, david fridley, virginie e. letschert and james e. mcmahon environmental energy technologies division august 18, 2011 this work was supported by the international copper association through the u.s. department of energy under contract no. de-ac02-05ch11231. | 5 |
0002ca36b8204bb30c545cb9638c8072646932cb | https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.0400168101 | Drought stress and carbon uptake in an Amazon forest measured with spaceborne imaging spectroscopy. | Amazônia contains vast stores of carbon in high-diversity ecosystems, yet this region undergoes major changes in precipitation affecting land use, carbon dynamics, and climate. The extent and structural complexity of Amazon forests impedes ground studies of ecosystem functions such as net primary production (NPP), water cycling, and carbon sequestration. Traditional modeling and remote-sensing approaches are not well suited to tropical forest studies, because (i) biophysical mechanisms determining drought effects on canopy water and carbon dynamics are poorly known, and (ii) remote-sensing metrics of canopy greenness may be insensitive to small changes in leaf area accompanying drought. New spaceborne imaging spectroscopy may detect drought stress in tropical forests, helping to monitor forest physiology and constrain carbon models. We combined a forest drought experiment in Amazônia with spaceborne imaging spectrometer measurements of this area. With field data on rainfall, soil water, and leaf and canopy responses, we tested whether spaceborne hyperspectral observations quantify differences in canopy water and NPP resulting from drought stress. We found that hyperspectral metrics of canopy water content and light-use efficiency are highly sensitive to drought. Using these observations, forest NPP was estimated with greater sensitivity to drought conditions than with traditional combinations of modeling, remote-sensing, and field measurements. Spaceborne imaging spectroscopy will increase the accuracy of ecological studies in humid tropical forests. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0002ca36b8204bb30c545cb9638c8072646932cb | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc395919?pdf=render | [
"Environmental Science",
"Medicine"
] | [
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Medicine",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 280 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | drought stress and carbon uptake in an amazon forest measured with spaceborne imaging spectroscopy. | amazônia contains vast stores of carbon in high-diversity ecosystems, yet this region undergoes major changes in precipitation affecting land use, carbon dynamics, and climate. the extent and structural complexity of amazon forests impedes ground studies of ecosystem functions such as net primary production (npp), water cycling, and carbon sequestration. traditional modeling and remote-sensing approaches are not well suited to tropical forest studies, because (i) biophysical mechanisms determining drought effects on canopy water and carbon dynamics are poorly known, and (ii) remote-sensing metrics of canopy greenness may be insensitive to small changes in leaf area accompanying drought. new spaceborne imaging spectroscopy may detect drought stress in tropical forests, helping to monitor forest physiology and constrain carbon models. we combined a forest drought experiment in amazônia with spaceborne imaging spectrometer measurements of this area. with field data on rainfall, soil water, and leaf and canopy responses, we tested whether spaceborne hyperspectral observations quantify differences in canopy water and npp resulting from drought stress. we found that hyperspectral metrics of canopy water content and light-use efficiency are highly sensitive to drought. using these observations, forest npp was estimated with greater sensitivity to drought conditions than with traditional combinations of modeling, remote-sensing, and field measurements. spaceborne imaging spectroscopy will increase the accuracy of ecological studies in humid tropical forests. | 6 |
0003110060d3fd4fcfb7b51d03c41d9594ff22f8 | https://doi.org/10.1093/BIOSCI/BIV127 | The Right Seed in the Right Place at the Right Time | North American native plant seed is a valuable commodity and one that is in short supply. Current production may not always meet the growing demand, which is primarily for restoration of degraded landscapes. In response to this shortage, a strong and diverse coalition of federal and other agencies, as well as nonprofit organizations and private sector businesses, has developed the ambitious National Seed Strategy. The mission of the strategy is to ensure the availability of genetically appropriate seed reserves to restore viable, productive plant communities and sustainable ecosystems. Seed production in natural ecosystems ensures the regeneration of locally adapted plant species, which provide habitat for wildlife, stabilize soils, control surface-water flow, and contribute to ecological integrity and resilience. The United States has a native flora of over 18,000 species. In the western states, which have more diverse ecosystems and higher levels of plant endemism, there are around 14,600 native plant taxa. A recent assessment identified only 1949 of these as commercially available for use in restoration, the majority of species being sold by only one producer (White et al. 2015). This affects the restoration potential for degraded natural areas affected by human or natural events. Efforts to diversify and scale up native seed production depend to a large extent on adequate and reliable funding for development and ultimately on the market. Federal agencies are major buyers of native seed for land rehabilitation and restoration. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the largest federal land manager, alone purchases an average of 1.4 million kilograms of seed per year and often needs much more. The US government has been aware of the critical shortage of native plant materials for over a decade. The extensive wildfires of 1999 and 2000 led Congress to direct the BLM and the United States Forest Service (USFS) to develop a stable and economical supply of native plant materials for restoration and rehabilitation efforts on public lands (http://io.aibs. org/106914). The BLM and USFS responded by establishing the Native Plant Materials Development Program and the Native Plant Restoration Program, respectively. The immediate focus was to increase the availability of diverse native plant materials and to foster more efficient management of that supply. The two programs, mandated at the turn of the century, have achieved considerable success, but action needs to be scaled up to address growing ecological challenges. The causes of land degradation in the western states are now exacerbated by climate change. The resulting impacts on native plant populations and communities present urgent land-management challenges. The National Fish, Wildlife, and Plants Climate Adaptation Strategy, mandated by Congress in 2009, recognizes that “management plans in this new era of climate change must take into account the differing capacities of individual species and ecosystems to adapt to changing conditions and sustain cultural, recreational, and commercial uses.” | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0003110060d3fd4fcfb7b51d03c41d9594ff22f8 | https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-pdf/65/10/955/5885301/biv127.pdf | [
"Geography"
] | [
{
"category": "Geography",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 44 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | the right seed in the right place at the right time | north american native plant seed is a valuable commodity and one that is in short supply. current production may not always meet the growing demand, which is primarily for restoration of degraded landscapes. in response to this shortage, a strong and diverse coalition of federal and other agencies, as well as nonprofit organizations and private sector businesses, has developed the ambitious national seed strategy. the mission of the strategy is to ensure the availability of genetically appropriate seed reserves to restore viable, productive plant communities and sustainable ecosystems. seed production in natural ecosystems ensures the regeneration of locally adapted plant species, which provide habitat for wildlife, stabilize soils, control surface-water flow, and contribute to ecological integrity and resilience. the united states has a native flora of over 18,000 species. in the western states, which have more diverse ecosystems and higher levels of plant endemism, there are around 14,600 native plant taxa. a recent assessment identified only 1949 of these as commercially available for use in restoration, the majority of species being sold by only one producer (white et al. 2015). this affects the restoration potential for degraded natural areas affected by human or natural events. efforts to diversify and scale up native seed production depend to a large extent on adequate and reliable funding for development and ultimately on the market. federal agencies are major buyers of native seed for land rehabilitation and restoration. the bureau of land management (blm), the largest federal land manager, alone purchases an average of 1.4 million kilograms of seed per year and often needs much more. the us government has been aware of the critical shortage of native plant materials for over a decade. the extensive wildfires of 1999 and 2000 led congress to direct the blm and the united states forest service (usfs) to develop a stable and economical supply of native plant materials for restoration and rehabilitation efforts on public lands (http://io.aibs. org/106914). the blm and usfs responded by establishing the native plant materials development program and the native plant restoration program, respectively. the immediate focus was to increase the availability of diverse native plant materials and to foster more efficient management of that supply. the two programs, mandated at the turn of the century, have achieved considerable success, but action needs to be scaled up to address growing ecological challenges. the causes of land degradation in the western states are now exacerbated by climate change. the resulting impacts on native plant populations and communities present urgent land-management challenges. the national fish, wildlife, and plants climate adaptation strategy, mandated by congress in 2009, recognizes that “management plans in this new era of climate change must take into account the differing capacities of individual species and ecosystems to adapt to changing conditions and sustain cultural, recreational, and commercial uses.” | 7 |
0004c928392120eb81e488aade8ed9746f5a8c6a | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078444 | Correlated Biogeographic Variation of Magnesium across Trophic Levels in a Terrestrial Food Chain | Using samples from eastern China (c. 25 – 41° N and 99 – 123° E) and from a common garden experiment, we investigate how Mg concentration varies with climate across multiple trophic levels. In soils, plant tissue (Oriental oak leaves and acorns), and a specialist acorn predator (the weevil Curculio davidi), Mg concentration increased significantly with different slopes from south to north, and generally decreased with both mean annual temperature (MAT) and precipitation (MAP). In addition, soil, leaf, acorn and weevil Mg showed different strengths of association and sensitivity with climatic factors, suggesting that distinct mechanisms may drive patterns of Mg variation at different trophic levels. Our findings provide a first step toward determining whether anticipated changes in temperature and precipitation due to climate change will have important consequences for the bioavailability and distribution of Mg in food chain. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0004c928392120eb81e488aade8ed9746f5a8c6a | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0078444&type=printable | [
"Biology",
"Medicine"
] | [
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Medicine",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 18 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | correlated biogeographic variation of magnesium across trophic levels in a terrestrial food chain | using samples from eastern china (c. 25 – 41° n and 99 – 123° e) and from a common garden experiment, we investigate how mg concentration varies with climate across multiple trophic levels. in soils, plant tissue (oriental oak leaves and acorns), and a specialist acorn predator (the weevil curculio davidi), mg concentration increased significantly with different slopes from south to north, and generally decreased with both mean annual temperature (mat) and precipitation (map). in addition, soil, leaf, acorn and weevil mg showed different strengths of association and sensitivity with climatic factors, suggesting that distinct mechanisms may drive patterns of mg variation at different trophic levels. our findings provide a first step toward determining whether anticipated changes in temperature and precipitation due to climate change will have important consequences for the bioavailability and distribution of mg in food chain. | 8 |
0004f5b1d84f4412917e16209468742546f5bed5 | https://doi.org/10.3989/SCIMAR.03439.22C | New data on the distribution and size composition of the North Pacific spiny dogfish Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1854) | The results of long-term research on the spatial and vertical distribution of the North Pacific spiny dogfish Squalus suckleyi in the North Pacific Ocean and its size composition are presented. In total, data from 7059 catches of this species were analyzed (3178 with associated capture depth). The description of size composition is based on measurements of 413 specimens caught by driftnets, 328 by pelagic trawls and 722 by bottom trawls. This species was found to be most widely distributed in the North Pacific in the summer and autumn months during feeding migrations. Seasonal and long-term changes in the spatial distribution were observed. A wide distribution of S. suckleyi in the Bering Sea was recorded after the year 2000, which is likely associated with recent climate change. Occurrence of the species in the water column and near the bottom differed considerably. In the water column, the maximum number of captures was observed within the upper 25 m layer (about 90%). Near the bottom, this species was most abundant at depths less than 50 m (over 45%) and within a depth range of 101-200 m (about 50%). The catch of S. suckleyi during the daytime was considerably larger than in the night, possibly due to vertical diurnal migrations. This species was found at water temperatures ranging from 0 to 12.7°C, and maximum catches were observed at temperatures over 8°C. Size compositions of bottom and pelagic trawl catches were similar (mean length 69.1 and 68.6 cm respectively) while driftnet catches were composed of larger specimens (mean length 75.3 cm). | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0004f5b1d84f4412917e16209468742546f5bed5 | https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/download/1314/1396/1374 | [
"Biology"
] | [
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 12 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | new data on the distribution and size composition of the north pacific spiny dogfish squalus suckleyi (girard, 1854) | the results of long-term research on the spatial and vertical distribution of the north pacific spiny dogfish squalus suckleyi in the north pacific ocean and its size composition are presented. in total, data from 7059 catches of this species were analyzed (3178 with associated capture depth). the description of size composition is based on measurements of 413 specimens caught by driftnets, 328 by pelagic trawls and 722 by bottom trawls. this species was found to be most widely distributed in the north pacific in the summer and autumn months during feeding migrations. seasonal and long-term changes in the spatial distribution were observed. a wide distribution of s. suckleyi in the bering sea was recorded after the year 2000, which is likely associated with recent climate change. occurrence of the species in the water column and near the bottom differed considerably. in the water column, the maximum number of captures was observed within the upper 25 m layer (about 90%). near the bottom, this species was most abundant at depths less than 50 m (over 45%) and within a depth range of 101-200 m (about 50%). the catch of s. suckleyi during the daytime was considerably larger than in the night, possibly due to vertical diurnal migrations. this species was found at water temperatures ranging from 0 to 12.7°c, and maximum catches were observed at temperatures over 8°c. size compositions of bottom and pelagic trawl catches were similar (mean length 69.1 and 68.6 cm respectively) while driftnet catches were composed of larger specimens (mean length 75.3 cm). | 9 |
00067a04e069108d277706765b2751640c14655b | https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142266 | Estimation of Soil Moisture Applying Modified Dubois Model to Sentinel-1; A Regional Study from Central India | Surface soil moisture has a wide application in climate change, agronomy, water resources, and in many other domain of science and engineering. Measurement of soil moisture at high spatial and temporal resolution at regional and global scale is needed for the prediction of flood, drought, planning and management of agricultural productivity to ensure food security. Recent advancement in microwave remote sensing, especially after the launch of Sentinel operational satellites has enabled the scientific community to estimate soil moisture at higher spatial and temporal resolution with greater accuracy. This study evaluates the potential of Sentinel-1A satellite images to estimate soil moisture in a semi-arid region. Exactly at the time when satellite passes over the study area, we have collected soil samples at 37 different locations and measured the soil moisture from 5 cm below the ground surface using ML3 theta probe. We processed the soil samples in laboratory to obtain volumetric soil moisture using the oven dry method. We found soil moisture measured from calibrated theta probe and oven dry method are in good agreement with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) 0.025 m 3 /m 3 and coefficient of determination (R 2 ) 0.85. We then processed Sentinel-1A images and applied modified Dubois model to calculate relative permittivity of the soil from the backscatter values ( σ ∘ ). The volumetric soil moisture at each pixel is then calculated by applying the universal Topp’s model. Finally, we masked the pixels whose Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) value is greater than 0.4 to generate soil moisture map as per the Dubois NDVI criterion. Our modelled soil moisture accord with the measured values with RMSE = 0.035 and R 2 = 0.75. We found a small bias in the modelled soil moisture ( 0.02 m 3 / m 3 ). However, this has reduced significantly ( 0.001 m 3 / m 3 ) after applying a bias correction based on Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) matching. Our approach provides a first-order estimate of soil moisture from Sentinel-1A images in sparsely vegetated agricultural land. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/00067a04e069108d277706765b2751640c14655b | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/14/2266/pdf?version=1594816794 | [
"Computer Science",
"Environmental Science"
] | [
{
"category": "Computer Science",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Agricultural and Food Sciences",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 41 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | estimation of soil moisture applying modified dubois model to sentinel-1; a regional study from central india | surface soil moisture has a wide application in climate change, agronomy, water resources, and in many other domain of science and engineering. measurement of soil moisture at high spatial and temporal resolution at regional and global scale is needed for the prediction of flood, drought, planning and management of agricultural productivity to ensure food security. recent advancement in microwave remote sensing, especially after the launch of sentinel operational satellites has enabled the scientific community to estimate soil moisture at higher spatial and temporal resolution with greater accuracy. this study evaluates the potential of sentinel-1a satellite images to estimate soil moisture in a semi-arid region. exactly at the time when satellite passes over the study area, we have collected soil samples at 37 different locations and measured the soil moisture from 5 cm below the ground surface using ml3 theta probe. we processed the soil samples in laboratory to obtain volumetric soil moisture using the oven dry method. we found soil moisture measured from calibrated theta probe and oven dry method are in good agreement with root mean square error (rmse) 0.025 m 3 /m 3 and coefficient of determination (r 2 ) 0.85. we then processed sentinel-1a images and applied modified dubois model to calculate relative permittivity of the soil from the backscatter values ( σ ∘ ). the volumetric soil moisture at each pixel is then calculated by applying the universal topp’s model. finally, we masked the pixels whose normalised difference vegetation index (ndvi) value is greater than 0.4 to generate soil moisture map as per the dubois ndvi criterion. our modelled soil moisture accord with the measured values with rmse = 0.035 and r 2 = 0.75. we found a small bias in the modelled soil moisture ( 0.02 m 3 / m 3 ). however, this has reduced significantly ( 0.001 m 3 / m 3 ) after applying a bias correction based on cumulative distribution function (cdf) matching. our approach provides a first-order estimate of soil moisture from sentinel-1a images in sparsely vegetated agricultural land. | 10 |
0007e9ba6185e34d8dce2bd1dda04fd88b16d0ff | https://doi.org/10.1002/JOC.1793 | Decadal‐scale changes in the tails of probability distribution functions of climate variables in Switzerland | An analysis of several Swiss climatological sites reveals that a substantial change in the behaviour of pressure, minimum and maximum temperature extremes has occurred in the past two decades. Extreme cold tails defined by the 10% quantiles of temperature drop by a factor of 2 or 3, while the upper tails (beyond the 90% quantile) exhibit a four‐ or five‐fold increase in all seasons. Pressure shows contrasting behaviour, with increases in wintertime highs and summertime lows, while precipitation shows little change. On the basis of the observed datasets, temperature biases related to extremes of pressure or precipitation have been computed, as well as for joint combinations of precipitation and pressure extremes. The most dominant bias is associated with periods without rainfall, during which temperatures are at least 1 °C warmer than otherwise. Changes in the behaviour of joint combinations of extreme pressure and precipitation regimes also have a discernible influence on temperatures. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0007e9ba6185e34d8dce2bd1dda04fd88b16d0ff | https://access.archive-ouverte.unige.ch/access/metadata/72a1f2bd-a5bd-48a9-9144-4a98743fa13e/download | [
"Environmental Science"
] | [
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Geography",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 28 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | decadal‐scale changes in the tails of probability distribution functions of climate variables in switzerland | an analysis of several swiss climatological sites reveals that a substantial change in the behaviour of pressure, minimum and maximum temperature extremes has occurred in the past two decades. extreme cold tails defined by the 10% quantiles of temperature drop by a factor of 2 or 3, while the upper tails (beyond the 90% quantile) exhibit a four‐ or five‐fold increase in all seasons. pressure shows contrasting behaviour, with increases in wintertime highs and summertime lows, while precipitation shows little change. on the basis of the observed datasets, temperature biases related to extremes of pressure or precipitation have been computed, as well as for joint combinations of precipitation and pressure extremes. the most dominant bias is associated with periods without rainfall, during which temperatures are at least 1 °c warmer than otherwise. changes in the behaviour of joint combinations of extreme pressure and precipitation regimes also have a discernible influence on temperatures. copyright © 2008 royal meteorological society | 11 |
0008eee6714ba64984c44d566d6b3cb48be51800 | https://doi.org/10.3197/096327115X14384223590177 | ‘It Helped Me Sort of Face the End of the World’: The Role of Emotions for Third Sector Climate Change Engagement Initiatives | This paper examines the role that attention to emotions around climate change can play for third sector climate change engagement initiatives, an area to which the literature on such initiatives has paid little attention. It focuses on Carbon Conversations, a programme that explicitly acknowledges the role of difficult emotions and underlying values in people's engagement with climate change. While there are limitations to this approach, results show that it can help certain audiences engage more deeply with issues around climate change and carbon reduction. Important lessons can be drawn for other initiatives that aim to engage the public on climate change. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0008eee6714ba64984c44d566d6b3cb48be51800 | https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366978/1/EVBuchs.pdf | [
"Political Science"
] | [
{
"category": "Political Science",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Sociology",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 26 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | ‘it helped me sort of face the end of the world’: the role of emotions for third sector climate change engagement initiatives | this paper examines the role that attention to emotions around climate change can play for third sector climate change engagement initiatives, an area to which the literature on such initiatives has paid little attention. it focuses on carbon conversations, a programme that explicitly acknowledges the role of difficult emotions and underlying values in people's engagement with climate change. while there are limitations to this approach, results show that it can help certain audiences engage more deeply with issues around climate change and carbon reduction. important lessons can be drawn for other initiatives that aim to engage the public on climate change. | 12 |
000903f5c83107569b88649beaa758553f74e6c5 | https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13061108 | Relative Sea-Level Rise Scenario for 2100 along the Coast of South Eastern Sicily (Italy) by InSAR Data, Satellite Images and High-Resolution Topography | The global sea-level rise (SLR) projections for the next few decades are the basis for developing flooding maps that depict the expected hazard scenarios. However, the spatially variable land subsidence has generally not been considered in the current projections. In this study, we use geodetic data from global navigation satellite system (GNSS), synthetic aperture radar interferometric measurements (InSAR) and sea-level data from tidal stations to show the combined effects of land subsidence and SLR along the coast between Catania and Marzamemi, in south-eastern Sicily (southern Italy). This is one of the most active tectonic areas of the Mediterranean basin, which drives accelerated SLR, continuous coastal retreat and increasing effects of flooding and storms surges. We focus on six selected areas, which show valuable coastal infrastructures and natural reserves where the expected SLR in the next few years could be a potential cause of significant land flooding and morphological changes of the coastal strip. Through a multidisciplinary study, the multi-temporal flooding scenarios until 2100, have been estimated. Results are based on the spatially variable rates of vertical land movements (VLM), the topographic features of the area provided by airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projections of SLR in the Representative Concentration Pathways RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 emission scenarios. In addition, from the analysis of the time series of optical satellite images, a coastal retreat up to 70 m has been observed at the Ciane river mouth (Siracusa) in the time span 2001–2019. Our results show a diffuse land subsidence locally exceeding 10 ± 2.5 mm/year in some areas, due to compacting artificial landfill, salt marshes and Holocene soft deposits. Given ongoing land subsidence, a high end of RSLR in the RCP 8.5 at 0.52 ± 0.05 m and 1.52 ± 0.13 m is expected for 2050 AD and 2100 AD, respectively, with an exposed area of about 9.7 km2 that will be vulnerable to inundation in the next 80 years. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/000903f5c83107569b88649beaa758553f74e6c5 | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/6/1108/pdf?version=1615800657 | [
"Computer Science"
] | [
{
"category": "Computer Science",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Geography",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Geology",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 34 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | relative sea-level rise scenario for 2100 along the coast of south eastern sicily (italy) by insar data, satellite images and high-resolution topography | the global sea-level rise (slr) projections for the next few decades are the basis for developing flooding maps that depict the expected hazard scenarios. however, the spatially variable land subsidence has generally not been considered in the current projections. in this study, we use geodetic data from global navigation satellite system (gnss), synthetic aperture radar interferometric measurements (insar) and sea-level data from tidal stations to show the combined effects of land subsidence and slr along the coast between catania and marzamemi, in south-eastern sicily (southern italy). this is one of the most active tectonic areas of the mediterranean basin, which drives accelerated slr, continuous coastal retreat and increasing effects of flooding and storms surges. we focus on six selected areas, which show valuable coastal infrastructures and natural reserves where the expected slr in the next few years could be a potential cause of significant land flooding and morphological changes of the coastal strip. through a multidisciplinary study, the multi-temporal flooding scenarios until 2100, have been estimated. results are based on the spatially variable rates of vertical land movements (vlm), the topographic features of the area provided by airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) data and the intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc) projections of slr in the representative concentration pathways rcp 2.6 and rcp 8.5 emission scenarios. in addition, from the analysis of the time series of optical satellite images, a coastal retreat up to 70 m has been observed at the ciane river mouth (siracusa) in the time span 2001–2019. our results show a diffuse land subsidence locally exceeding 10 ± 2.5 mm/year in some areas, due to compacting artificial landfill, salt marshes and holocene soft deposits. given ongoing land subsidence, a high end of rslr in the rcp 8.5 at 0.52 ± 0.05 m and 1.52 ± 0.13 m is expected for 2050 ad and 2100 ad, respectively, with an exposed area of about 9.7 km2 that will be vulnerable to inundation in the next 80 years. | 13 |
0009648706389e59cbd0d85dbda4f210ab08226d | https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024560 | Late Quaternary aeolian activity in the Mu Us and Otindag dune fields (north China) and lagged response to insolation forcing | Dune fields in parts of northern China contain important stratigraphic records of late Quaternary change in the East Asian monsoon. In this study, 33 new optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages and other measurements from aeolian sediment sections are used to reconstruct the timing of wet‐dry climate variation in the Mu Us and Otindag dune fields of north China. The results indicate dune activity and dry climate in the last few hundred years, 14 ka to about 7–8 ka, and 50 ka to 60 ka. The dunes were mainly stable, implying a wetter climate, between about 7–8 ka and 2.4 ka. These results imply a lag of several thousand years between peak summer insolation at 10–11 ka and high summer monsoon rainfall after 7–8 ka. In the investigated regions, the monsoon climate may not respond directly to orbital forcing over millennial time scales. Land surface feedbacks may account for lagged dune field response. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0009648706389e59cbd0d85dbda4f210ab08226d | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2005GL024560 | [
"Geology"
] | [
{
"category": "Geology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Geology",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 172 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | late quaternary aeolian activity in the mu us and otindag dune fields (north china) and lagged response to insolation forcing | dune fields in parts of northern china contain important stratigraphic records of late quaternary change in the east asian monsoon. in this study, 33 new optically stimulated luminescence (osl) ages and other measurements from aeolian sediment sections are used to reconstruct the timing of wet‐dry climate variation in the mu us and otindag dune fields of north china. the results indicate dune activity and dry climate in the last few hundred years, 14 ka to about 7–8 ka, and 50 ka to 60 ka. the dunes were mainly stable, implying a wetter climate, between about 7–8 ka and 2.4 ka. these results imply a lag of several thousand years between peak summer insolation at 10–11 ka and high summer monsoon rainfall after 7–8 ka. in the investigated regions, the monsoon climate may not respond directly to orbital forcing over millennial time scales. land surface feedbacks may account for lagged dune field response. | 14 |
000c19f7f1ebedf20e703d00fa3d56ca5e9161b3 | https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105936 | An Analysis of Land-Use Conflict Potential Based on the Perspective of Production–Living–Ecological Function | Under the influence of human activities, natural climate change and other factors, the function-folding phenomenon of land use has appeared in China. The conflict levels of different land-use functions has intensified. Based on the perspective of production–living–ecological function, we constructed a land-use function evaluation model by using a multi-criteria evaluation analysis (MCE) method. According to the different arrangement and combination of each function intensity of land units, we constructed an intensity diagnosis model of land-use function conflicts (LUFCs) and divided LUFCs into eight types and four stages. The LUFCs potential was calculated and divided into four ranks, represented by four types of LUFC potential zones. We selected western Jilin Province, a typical, ecologically fragile area in Northeast China, as an empirical analysis area. Empirical research showed that the production, living and ecological functions in western Jilin Province were at low, high and medium intensity levels, respectively, in 2020. The proportions of different LUFCs stages were 54.90%, 24.99%, 19.06% and 1.05%, respectively. The entire study area was basically at risk of potential conflicts, with the area’s proportions accounting for 17.50%, 40.75%, 24.55% and 17.20% from zones of low potential to extreme potential. The hot spots for LUFC potential were concentrated in the east and south of the central area, which were basically consistent with the hot spots’ aggregation areas of LUFCs. The models and indicators established in this research can better reflect the conflict associated with regional land use, which can provide reference for land space planning and management. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/000c19f7f1ebedf20e703d00fa3d56ca5e9161b3 | https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/10/5936/pdf?version=1652691820 | null | [
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Geography",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 21 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | an analysis of land-use conflict potential based on the perspective of production–living–ecological function | under the influence of human activities, natural climate change and other factors, the function-folding phenomenon of land use has appeared in china. the conflict levels of different land-use functions has intensified. based on the perspective of production–living–ecological function, we constructed a land-use function evaluation model by using a multi-criteria evaluation analysis (mce) method. according to the different arrangement and combination of each function intensity of land units, we constructed an intensity diagnosis model of land-use function conflicts (lufcs) and divided lufcs into eight types and four stages. the lufcs potential was calculated and divided into four ranks, represented by four types of lufc potential zones. we selected western jilin province, a typical, ecologically fragile area in northeast china, as an empirical analysis area. empirical research showed that the production, living and ecological functions in western jilin province were at low, high and medium intensity levels, respectively, in 2020. the proportions of different lufcs stages were 54.90%, 24.99%, 19.06% and 1.05%, respectively. the entire study area was basically at risk of potential conflicts, with the area’s proportions accounting for 17.50%, 40.75%, 24.55% and 17.20% from zones of low potential to extreme potential. the hot spots for lufc potential were concentrated in the east and south of the central area, which were basically consistent with the hot spots’ aggregation areas of lufcs. the models and indicators established in this research can better reflect the conflict associated with regional land use, which can provide reference for land space planning and management. | 15 |
000c692328ab3ee5ad8d2b2db3774aebc01e62b8 | https://doi.org/10.1002/2014MS000380 | An LES model study of the influence of the free tropospheric thermodynamic conditions on the stratocumulus response to a climate perturbation | Twenty‐five large‐eddy simulations are performed to study how free tropospheric thermodynamic conditions control equilibrium state solutions of stratocumulus‐topped marine boundary layers. In particular, we systematically vary the lower tropospheric stability (LTS) and a similar measure for the bulk humidity difference between the 700 hPa level and the surface, ΔQ . For all simulations, a completely overcast boundary layer is obtained in which the turbulence is mainly driven by cloud top radiative cooling. The steady state liquid water path (LWP) is rather insensitive to the LTS, but increases significantly and almost linearly with the free tropospheric humidity. In a second suite of runs, the response of the stratocumulus layer to an idealized global warming scenario is assessed by applying a uniform warming of 2 K to the initial temperature profile including the sea surface while the initial relative humidity profile is kept identical to the control case. The warming of the sea surface acts to increase the latent heat flux, which invigorates turbulence in the boundary layer. The steady state inversion height therefore increases, despite the competing effect of a more humid free troposphere that increases the downwelling radiative flux and hence tends to decrease the entrainment rate. The stratocumulus layer nevertheless thins for all free tropospheric conditions as cloud base rises more than cloud top. This implies a positive stratocumulus cloud‐climate feedback for this scenario as thinner clouds reflect less shortwave radiation back to space. The cloud thinning response to the climate perturbation is found to be mostly controlled by the change of ΔQ . | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/000c692328ab3ee5ad8d2b2db3774aebc01e62b8 | https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/2014MS000380 | [
"Physics"
] | [
{
"category": "Physics",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 61 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | an les model study of the influence of the free tropospheric thermodynamic conditions on the stratocumulus response to a climate perturbation | twenty‐five large‐eddy simulations are performed to study how free tropospheric thermodynamic conditions control equilibrium state solutions of stratocumulus‐topped marine boundary layers. in particular, we systematically vary the lower tropospheric stability (lts) and a similar measure for the bulk humidity difference between the 700 hpa level and the surface, δq . for all simulations, a completely overcast boundary layer is obtained in which the turbulence is mainly driven by cloud top radiative cooling. the steady state liquid water path (lwp) is rather insensitive to the lts, but increases significantly and almost linearly with the free tropospheric humidity. in a second suite of runs, the response of the stratocumulus layer to an idealized global warming scenario is assessed by applying a uniform warming of 2 k to the initial temperature profile including the sea surface while the initial relative humidity profile is kept identical to the control case. the warming of the sea surface acts to increase the latent heat flux, which invigorates turbulence in the boundary layer. the steady state inversion height therefore increases, despite the competing effect of a more humid free troposphere that increases the downwelling radiative flux and hence tends to decrease the entrainment rate. the stratocumulus layer nevertheless thins for all free tropospheric conditions as cloud base rises more than cloud top. this implies a positive stratocumulus cloud‐climate feedback for this scenario as thinner clouds reflect less shortwave radiation back to space. the cloud thinning response to the climate perturbation is found to be mostly controlled by the change of δq . | 16 |
000ef19bc4cbb91ed4d3529c0c75fb3b35ca85a9 | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00627.x | Background Matching and Color-Change Plasticity in Colonizing Freshwater Sculpin Populations Following Rapid Deglaciation | Anthropogenic-induced change is forcing organisms to shift their distributions and colonize novel habitats at an increasing rate, which leads to complex interactions among evolutionary processes. Coastrange sculpin (Cottus aleuticus) have colonized recently deglaciated streams of Glacier Bay in Alaska within the last 220 years. We examined divergence among populations in background matching coloration and tested the hypothesis that observed variation is due to morphological color plasticity. To examine how color-change plasticity has interacted with other evolutionary processes, we also determined the influence of colonization on neutral genetic diversity. We observed clinal variation in substrate-matching fish color along the chronological continuum of streams. Microsatellites provided little evidence of genetic subdivision among sculpin populations. Fish color was significantly correlated to substrate color, but was not correlated to neutral population genetic structure. Furthermore, a laboratory experiment revealed that morphological color plasticity could explain much, but not all, of the observed fish color divergence. Our study demonstrates that sculpin in Glacier Bay have colonized and adapted to recently deglaciated habitat and suggests that color change plasticity has aided in this process. This research, therefore, highlights the important role phenotypic plasticity may play in the adaptation of species to rapid climate change. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/000ef19bc4cbb91ed4d3529c0c75fb3b35ca85a9 | https://academic.oup.com/evolut/article-pdf/63/6/1519/49897785/evolut1519.pdf | [
"Biology",
"Medicine"
] | [
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Medicine",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 49 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | background matching and color-change plasticity in colonizing freshwater sculpin populations following rapid deglaciation | anthropogenic-induced change is forcing organisms to shift their distributions and colonize novel habitats at an increasing rate, which leads to complex interactions among evolutionary processes. coastrange sculpin (cottus aleuticus) have colonized recently deglaciated streams of glacier bay in alaska within the last 220 years. we examined divergence among populations in background matching coloration and tested the hypothesis that observed variation is due to morphological color plasticity. to examine how color-change plasticity has interacted with other evolutionary processes, we also determined the influence of colonization on neutral genetic diversity. we observed clinal variation in substrate-matching fish color along the chronological continuum of streams. microsatellites provided little evidence of genetic subdivision among sculpin populations. fish color was significantly correlated to substrate color, but was not correlated to neutral population genetic structure. furthermore, a laboratory experiment revealed that morphological color plasticity could explain much, but not all, of the observed fish color divergence. our study demonstrates that sculpin in glacier bay have colonized and adapted to recently deglaciated habitat and suggests that color change plasticity has aided in this process. this research, therefore, highlights the important role phenotypic plasticity may play in the adaptation of species to rapid climate change. | 17 |
000f10eb8c81b1c557f8c64e3c2f1509edefccfa | https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051137 | Climate Change Projections for Bioclimatic Distribution of Castanea sativa in Portugal | The chestnut tree is an important forestry species worldwide, as well as a valuable food resource. Over recent years, Portugal has shown an increasing trend in chestnut tree area, as well as increases in production, hinting at the socioeconomic relevance of this agro-forestry species. In this study, bioclimatic indices are applied to analyse the spatial distribution of chestnut trees in mainland Portugal, namely growing degree days (GDD; 1900–2400 °C), annual mean temperature (AMT; 8–15 °C), summer days with maximum temperature below 32 °C (NTX), and annual precipitation (PRE; 600–1600 mm). These indices are assessed for the baseline (IBERIA01, 1989–2005) and future climates (EURO-CORDEX: 2021–2040, 2041–2060, and 2061–2080) under two forcing pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), also taking into account the chestnut tree land cover. For the baseline, the GDD showed only 10% suitability for chestnut tree cultivation in southern Portugal, whereas much higher values are found in the north of the country, and at higher altitudes (50–90%). For the AMT, higher elevation areas in northern Portugal show almost 100% suitability. Concerning NTX, the suitability reduces from the west (100–90%) to the east (40%). Regarding PRE, the suitability is heterogeneous throughout the territory, with areas under 50%. A new Chestnut Suitability Index (CSI) was then computed, which incorporates information from the four previous indices. The CSI reveals a suitability ranging from 100 to 75% in the north, while central and southern Portugal show values from 25 to 50%. For future climates, a progressive reduction in CSI was found, particularly for RCP8.5 and in the long-term period. Changes in bioclimatic conditions may restrict the 100% suitability to a narrow area in the north of the country. These reductions in chestnut bioclimatic suitability may have socio-economic and ecological implications for the management of the important agro-forestry species. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/000f10eb8c81b1c557f8c64e3c2f1509edefccfa | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/5/1137/pdf?version=1652165278 | null | [
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 12 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | climate change projections for bioclimatic distribution of castanea sativa in portugal | the chestnut tree is an important forestry species worldwide, as well as a valuable food resource. over recent years, portugal has shown an increasing trend in chestnut tree area, as well as increases in production, hinting at the socioeconomic relevance of this agro-forestry species. in this study, bioclimatic indices are applied to analyse the spatial distribution of chestnut trees in mainland portugal, namely growing degree days (gdd; 1900–2400 °c), annual mean temperature (amt; 8–15 °c), summer days with maximum temperature below 32 °c (ntx), and annual precipitation (pre; 600–1600 mm). these indices are assessed for the baseline (iberia01, 1989–2005) and future climates (euro-cordex: 2021–2040, 2041–2060, and 2061–2080) under two forcing pathways (rcp4.5 and rcp8.5), also taking into account the chestnut tree land cover. for the baseline, the gdd showed only 10% suitability for chestnut tree cultivation in southern portugal, whereas much higher values are found in the north of the country, and at higher altitudes (50–90%). for the amt, higher elevation areas in northern portugal show almost 100% suitability. concerning ntx, the suitability reduces from the west (100–90%) to the east (40%). regarding pre, the suitability is heterogeneous throughout the territory, with areas under 50%. a new chestnut suitability index (csi) was then computed, which incorporates information from the four previous indices. the csi reveals a suitability ranging from 100 to 75% in the north, while central and southern portugal show values from 25 to 50%. for future climates, a progressive reduction in csi was found, particularly for rcp8.5 and in the long-term period. changes in bioclimatic conditions may restrict the 100% suitability to a narrow area in the north of the country. these reductions in chestnut bioclimatic suitability may have socio-economic and ecological implications for the management of the important agro-forestry species. | 18 |
000fc68d78ba704c8cc32e41e38739f84b1f46e8 | https://doi.org/10.3354/CR017045 | Nature of observed temperature changes across the United States during the 20th century | The annual temperature history of the United States during the 20th century shows 3 distinct periods of change: warming from 1900 until about 1940, cooling from 1940 to 1969, and warming from 1970 to the present. The characteristics of daily temperature change during these 3 periods are very different. The first 2 periods are marked by a tendency toward more temperature extremes —higher extreme maxima during the first period, and lower extreme minima during the second. In contrast, the warming during the most recent period, often used as evidence of human- induced climate change, is characterized by temperature moderation—the pattern of temperature rise exhibits a strong, preferential warming of the coldest days of the year. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/000fc68d78ba704c8cc32e41e38739f84b1f46e8 | https://www.int-res.com/articles/cr/17/c017p045.pdf | [
"Geography"
] | [
{
"category": "Geography",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 42 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | nature of observed temperature changes across the united states during the 20th century | the annual temperature history of the united states during the 20th century shows 3 distinct periods of change: warming from 1900 until about 1940, cooling from 1940 to 1969, and warming from 1970 to the present. the characteristics of daily temperature change during these 3 periods are very different. the first 2 periods are marked by a tendency toward more temperature extremes —higher extreme maxima during the first period, and lower extreme minima during the second. in contrast, the warming during the most recent period, often used as evidence of human- induced climate change, is characterized by temperature moderation—the pattern of temperature rise exhibits a strong, preferential warming of the coldest days of the year. | 19 |
000fe71b9d4d1dc00d39b56d6d68c262b21571a4 | https://doi.org/10.1130/G46274.1 | Moderate levels of Eocene pCO2 indicated by Southern Hemisphere fossil plant stomata |
Reducing the uncertainty in predictions of future climate change is one of today’s greatest scientific challenges, with many significant problems unsolved, including the relationship between pCO2 and global temperature. To better constrain these forecasts, it is meaningful to study past time intervals of global warmth, such as the Eocene (56.0–33.9 Ma), serving as climatic analogues for the future. Here we reconstructed pCO2 using the stomatal densities of a large fossil Lauraceae (laurel) leaf database from ten sites across the Eocene of Australia and New Zealand. We show that mostly moderate pCO2 levels of ∼450–600 ppm prevailed throughout the Eocene, levels that are considerably lower than the pCO2 forcing currently needed to recreate Eocene temperatures in climate models. Our data record significantly lower pCO2 than inferred from marine isotopes, but concur with previously published Northern Hemisphere Eocene stomatal proxy pCO2. We argue that the now globally consistent stomatal proxy pCO2 record for the Eocene is robust and that climate sensitivity was elevated and/or that additional climate forcings operated more powerfully than previously assumed. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/000fe71b9d4d1dc00d39b56d6d68c262b21571a4 | https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-pdf/47/10/914/4834399/914.pdf | [
"Geology"
] | [
{
"category": "Geology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 20 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | moderate levels of eocene pco2 indicated by southern hemisphere fossil plant stomata |
reducing the uncertainty in predictions of future climate change is one of today’s greatest scientific challenges, with many significant problems unsolved, including the relationship between pco2 and global temperature. to better constrain these forecasts, it is meaningful to study past time intervals of global warmth, such as the eocene (56.0–33.9 ma), serving as climatic analogues for the future. here we reconstructed pco2 using the stomatal densities of a large fossil lauraceae (laurel) leaf database from ten sites across the eocene of australia and new zealand. we show that mostly moderate pco2 levels of ∼450–600 ppm prevailed throughout the eocene, levels that are considerably lower than the pco2 forcing currently needed to recreate eocene temperatures in climate models. our data record significantly lower pco2 than inferred from marine isotopes, but concur with previously published northern hemisphere eocene stomatal proxy pco2. we argue that the now globally consistent stomatal proxy pco2 record for the eocene is robust and that climate sensitivity was elevated and/or that additional climate forcings operated more powerfully than previously assumed. | 20 |
0011d0bd87cfd240b74b69dbba042956c0e0d8db | https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA015234 | Comment on "A new aspect of ionospheric E region electron density morphology" by Yen-Hsyang Chu, Kong-Hong Wu, and Ching-Lun Su | [1] Chu et al. [2009] have recently reported a new aspect of ionospheric E region electron density morphology from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) radio occultation (RO) measurements. They claimed that “...there are three geomagnetic latitude regions where striking enhancements of the E region electron density occur...The off‐equator E region electron density enhancements are closely connected with the bottomside of the F region equatorial anomaly crests, where the component of the electron density parallel to the magnetic field line is maximum...” However, it has been long recognized that the variations of the E region electron density are dominated by the photochemical processes [Rishbeth and Garriott, 1969], and thus the changes of the E region electron density are mainly governed by the solar zenith angle rather than the magnetic field line. As discussed subsequently, the so‐called “new” phenomenon in the equatorial E region described by Chu et al. [2009], which shows the imprint of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) in the F region, is potentially associated with the retrieval error of RO. [2] Recently, Yue et al. [2010] carried out a simulation study to investigate the error distribution of RO electron density profiles retrieved from the Abel inversion. Occultation events observed by the COSMIC satellites are simulated during equinox by calculating the integrated total electron content (TEC) along the COSMIC occultation paths with the “true” electron density from an empirical model. The retrieval errors are then calculated by comparing the retrieved density profiles with the “true” profiles. The details about the simulation are given by Yue et al. [2010]. As shown in Figure 1, the retrieved electron density underestimates the true electron density in the region surrounding the EIA crest (±10°–30° latitude) while overestimating near the equator (±10°) and in the north and south of the EIA crests (±30°–50°). Two artificial plasma depletions are seen clearly underneath the EIA peaks in the retrieved electron | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0011d0bd87cfd240b74b69dbba042956c0e0d8db | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2009JA015234 | [
"Geology"
] | [
{
"category": "Geology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 14 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | comment on "a new aspect of ionospheric e region electron density morphology" by yen-hsyang chu, kong-hong wu, and ching-lun su | [1] chu et al. [2009] have recently reported a new aspect of ionospheric e region electron density morphology from the constellation observing system for meteorology, ionosphere and climate (cosmic) radio occultation (ro) measurements. they claimed that “...there are three geomagnetic latitude regions where striking enhancements of the e region electron density occur...the off‐equator e region electron density enhancements are closely connected with the bottomside of the f region equatorial anomaly crests, where the component of the electron density parallel to the magnetic field line is maximum...” however, it has been long recognized that the variations of the e region electron density are dominated by the photochemical processes [rishbeth and garriott, 1969], and thus the changes of the e region electron density are mainly governed by the solar zenith angle rather than the magnetic field line. as discussed subsequently, the so‐called “new” phenomenon in the equatorial e region described by chu et al. [2009], which shows the imprint of the equatorial ionization anomaly (eia) in the f region, is potentially associated with the retrieval error of ro. [2] recently, yue et al. [2010] carried out a simulation study to investigate the error distribution of ro electron density profiles retrieved from the abel inversion. occultation events observed by the cosmic satellites are simulated during equinox by calculating the integrated total electron content (tec) along the cosmic occultation paths with the “true” electron density from an empirical model. the retrieval errors are then calculated by comparing the retrieved density profiles with the “true” profiles. the details about the simulation are given by yue et al. [2010]. as shown in figure 1, the retrieved electron density underestimates the true electron density in the region surrounding the eia crest (±10°–30° latitude) while overestimating near the equator (±10°) and in the north and south of the eia crests (±30°–50°). two artificial plasma depletions are seen clearly underneath the eia peaks in the retrieved electron | 21 |
0014cef81ca172ea2c8dfd9977a35c42c21c492a | https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6621 | An assessment of potential climate impact during 1948–2010 using historical land use land cover change maps | Earlier studies of land use land cover change (LULCC) normally used only a specified LULCC map with no interannual variations. In this study, using an Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) coupled with a land surface model, biophysical impacts of LULCC on global and regional climate are investigated by using a LULCC map which covers 63 years from 1948 to 2010 with interannual variation. A methodology has been developed to convert a recently developed LULCC fraction map with 1° × 1° resolution to the AGCM grid points in which only one dominant type is allowed. Comprehensive evaluations are conducted to ensure consistency of the trend of the original LULCC fraction change and the trend of the fraction of grid point changes over different regions. The model was integrated with a potential vegetation map (CTL) and the map with LULCC, in which a set of surface parameters such as leaf area index, albedo and other soil and vegetation parameters were accordingly changed with interannual variation. The results indicate that the interannual LULCC map simulation is able to reproduce better interannual variability of surface temperature and rainfall when compared to the control simulation. LULCC causes negative effect on global precipitation, with the strongest significant signals over degraded regions such as East Asia, West Africa and South America, and some of these changes are consistent with observed regional anomalies for certain time periods. LULCC causes reduction in net radiation and evapotranspiration which leads to changes in monsoon circulation and variation in magnitude and pattern of moisture flux convergence and subsequent reduction in precipitation. Meanwhile, LULCC enhances surface warming during the summer in the LULCC regions due to greatly reduced evapotranspiration. In contradiction to the surface, upper troposphere temperatures are cool because of less latent heat released into the upper troposphere, which leads to weaker circulation in LULCC regions. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0014cef81ca172ea2c8dfd9977a35c42c21c492a | https://rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/am-pdf/10.1002/joc.6621 | [
"Environmental Science"
] | [
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Geography",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 10 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | an assessment of potential climate impact during 1948–2010 using historical land use land cover change maps | earlier studies of land use land cover change (lulcc) normally used only a specified lulcc map with no interannual variations. in this study, using an atmospheric general circulation model (agcm) coupled with a land surface model, biophysical impacts of lulcc on global and regional climate are investigated by using a lulcc map which covers 63 years from 1948 to 2010 with interannual variation. a methodology has been developed to convert a recently developed lulcc fraction map with 1° × 1° resolution to the agcm grid points in which only one dominant type is allowed. comprehensive evaluations are conducted to ensure consistency of the trend of the original lulcc fraction change and the trend of the fraction of grid point changes over different regions. the model was integrated with a potential vegetation map (ctl) and the map with lulcc, in which a set of surface parameters such as leaf area index, albedo and other soil and vegetation parameters were accordingly changed with interannual variation. the results indicate that the interannual lulcc map simulation is able to reproduce better interannual variability of surface temperature and rainfall when compared to the control simulation. lulcc causes negative effect on global precipitation, with the strongest significant signals over degraded regions such as east asia, west africa and south america, and some of these changes are consistent with observed regional anomalies for certain time periods. lulcc causes reduction in net radiation and evapotranspiration which leads to changes in monsoon circulation and variation in magnitude and pattern of moisture flux convergence and subsequent reduction in precipitation. meanwhile, lulcc enhances surface warming during the summer in the lulcc regions due to greatly reduced evapotranspiration. in contradiction to the surface, upper troposphere temperatures are cool because of less latent heat released into the upper troposphere, which leads to weaker circulation in lulcc regions. | 22 |
0014f952ad661367259ff97ee0edacf3e510991f | https://doi.org/10.3390/w12071885 | Urban Water Demand Prediction for a City That Suffers from Climate Change and Population Growth: Gauteng Province Case Study | The proper management of a municipal water system is essential to sustain cities and support the water security of societies. Urban water estimating has always been a challenging task for managers of water utilities and policymakers. This paper applies a novel methodology that includes data pre-processing and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) optimized with the Backtracking Search Algorithm (BSA-ANN) to estimate monthly water demand in relation to previous water consumption. Historical data of monthly water consumption in the Gauteng Province, South Africa, for the period 2007–2016, were selected for the creation and evaluation of the methodology. Data pre-processing techniques played a crucial role in the enhancing of the quality of the data before creating the prediction model. The BSA-ANN model yielded the best result with a root mean square error and a coefficient of efficiency of 0.0099 mega liters and 0.979, respectively. Moreover, it proved more efficient and reliable than the Crow Search Algorithm (CSA-ANN), based on the scale of error. Overall, this paper presents a new application for the hybrid model BSA-ANN that can be successfully used to predict water demand with high accuracy, in a city that heavily suffers from the impact of climate change and population growth. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0014f952ad661367259ff97ee0edacf3e510991f | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/7/1885/pdf?version=1593604355 | [
"Environmental Science"
] | [
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Engineering",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 141 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | urban water demand prediction for a city that suffers from climate change and population growth: gauteng province case study | the proper management of a municipal water system is essential to sustain cities and support the water security of societies. urban water estimating has always been a challenging task for managers of water utilities and policymakers. this paper applies a novel methodology that includes data pre-processing and an artificial neural network (ann) optimized with the backtracking search algorithm (bsa-ann) to estimate monthly water demand in relation to previous water consumption. historical data of monthly water consumption in the gauteng province, south africa, for the period 2007–2016, were selected for the creation and evaluation of the methodology. data pre-processing techniques played a crucial role in the enhancing of the quality of the data before creating the prediction model. the bsa-ann model yielded the best result with a root mean square error and a coefficient of efficiency of 0.0099 mega liters and 0.979, respectively. moreover, it proved more efficient and reliable than the crow search algorithm (csa-ann), based on the scale of error. overall, this paper presents a new application for the hybrid model bsa-ann that can be successfully used to predict water demand with high accuracy, in a city that heavily suffers from the impact of climate change and population growth. | 23 |
00150736c9538304d58b1bf48ce7d55150855611 | https://doi.org/10.5539/RES.V4N5P1 | Disentangling the Climate-conflict Nexus: Empirical and Theoretical Assessment of Vulnerabilities and Pathways | Recent research has provided new insights into the relationship between climate change and violent conflict. In this review we compare the results, methodologies, and data applied in the peer-reviewed literature to recap the current state of the debate. While long-term historical studies suggest a coincidence between climate variability and armed conflict, empirical findings are less conclusive for recent periods. Disentangling the climate-conflict nexus, we discuss causal pathways such as precipitation changes, freshwater scarcity, food insecurity, weather extremes, and environmental migration. A geographic differentiation indicates that countries with low human development are particularly vulnerable to the double exposure of natural disasters and armed conflict. Thus, effective institutional frameworks and governance mechanisms are important to prevent climate-induced conflicts and to strengthen cooperation. Applying an integrative framework connecting climate change, natural resources, human security, and societal stability, we pinpoint future research needs. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/00150736c9538304d58b1bf48ce7d55150855611 | https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/res/article/download/19277/13740 | [
"Political Science"
] | [
{
"category": "Political Science",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Political Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Geography",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 90 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | disentangling the climate-conflict nexus: empirical and theoretical assessment of vulnerabilities and pathways | recent research has provided new insights into the relationship between climate change and violent conflict. in this review we compare the results, methodologies, and data applied in the peer-reviewed literature to recap the current state of the debate. while long-term historical studies suggest a coincidence between climate variability and armed conflict, empirical findings are less conclusive for recent periods. disentangling the climate-conflict nexus, we discuss causal pathways such as precipitation changes, freshwater scarcity, food insecurity, weather extremes, and environmental migration. a geographic differentiation indicates that countries with low human development are particularly vulnerable to the double exposure of natural disasters and armed conflict. thus, effective institutional frameworks and governance mechanisms are important to prevent climate-induced conflicts and to strengthen cooperation. applying an integrative framework connecting climate change, natural resources, human security, and societal stability, we pinpoint future research needs. | 24 |
00154b81c5d09d53a83ce360118d86fd9a3d9d15 | https://doi.org/10.3390/SU8050412 | Scottish Passive House: Insights into Environmental Conditions in Monitored Passive Houses | Climate change and sustainability legislation in recent years has led to significant changes in construction approaches in the UK housing sector. This has resulted in the adoption of new building typologies, including the German Passivhaus (Passive House) standard. This standard aims to improve occupant comfort and energy efficiency, potentially changing the ways in which homes operate and how occupants interact with them. With increasing construction of low energy dwellings, there is an emerging gap in knowledge in relation to occupant health and wellbeing, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality (IAQ). Using data collected from a two year Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) study funded by Innovate UK, the environmental data (temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentrations) from five Certified Passive House homes in Scotland was compared. The results demonstrate problems with overheating with peak temperatures exceeding 30 °C. Imbalanced mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) systems were identified in 80% of the dwellings and inadequate IAQ was found due to poor ventilation. Only one of the Passive Houses studied exhibited thermal conditions and IAQ which were, on the whole within Passive House parameters. This paper outlines the insights and the main issues of Scottish Passive House in the broader context of sustainability. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/00154b81c5d09d53a83ce360118d86fd9a3d9d15 | https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/5/412/pdf?version=1461664721 | [
"Engineering"
] | [
{
"category": "Engineering",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Engineering",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 33 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | scottish passive house: insights into environmental conditions in monitored passive houses | climate change and sustainability legislation in recent years has led to significant changes in construction approaches in the uk housing sector. this has resulted in the adoption of new building typologies, including the german passivhaus (passive house) standard. this standard aims to improve occupant comfort and energy efficiency, potentially changing the ways in which homes operate and how occupants interact with them. with increasing construction of low energy dwellings, there is an emerging gap in knowledge in relation to occupant health and wellbeing, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality (iaq). using data collected from a two year building performance evaluation (bpe) study funded by innovate uk, the environmental data (temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentrations) from five certified passive house homes in scotland was compared. the results demonstrate problems with overheating with peak temperatures exceeding 30 °c. imbalanced mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (mvhr) systems were identified in 80% of the dwellings and inadequate iaq was found due to poor ventilation. only one of the passive houses studied exhibited thermal conditions and iaq which were, on the whole within passive house parameters. this paper outlines the insights and the main issues of scottish passive house in the broader context of sustainability. | 25 |
00159608f2789956f8b164d41651438d3038223e | https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.3.1188 | Photoprotection capacity differs among diatoms: Possible consequences on the spatial distribution of diatoms related to fluctuations in the underwater light climate | In this study, we show a fundamental difference between diatom species from different marine habitats in their ability to cope with changes in irradiance. Estuarine species show a higher and more flexible capacity for photoprotection than oceanic and coastal species, and when exposed to excess light, the impairment of their photosynthetic capacity because of photoinhibition was reduced. This resulted in maintenance of growth in a fluctuating light regime, conferring the estuarine species an adaptive advantage. The ability of diatoms, and to a larger extent other phytoplankton, to occupy a wide range of ecological niches depends critically on their capacity to exploit the differences in underwater light climate. These results might explain how diatoms adapt to the challenge of maintaining optimal photosynthetic production in turbulent waters, in which the rate of light change is high. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/00159608f2789956f8b164d41651438d3038223e | https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01094670/file/LO-ms06-158-Final.pdf | [
"Biology"
] | [
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 232 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | photoprotection capacity differs among diatoms: possible consequences on the spatial distribution of diatoms related to fluctuations in the underwater light climate | in this study, we show a fundamental difference between diatom species from different marine habitats in their ability to cope with changes in irradiance. estuarine species show a higher and more flexible capacity for photoprotection than oceanic and coastal species, and when exposed to excess light, the impairment of their photosynthetic capacity because of photoinhibition was reduced. this resulted in maintenance of growth in a fluctuating light regime, conferring the estuarine species an adaptive advantage. the ability of diatoms, and to a larger extent other phytoplankton, to occupy a wide range of ecological niches depends critically on their capacity to exploit the differences in underwater light climate. these results might explain how diatoms adapt to the challenge of maintaining optimal photosynthetic production in turbulent waters, in which the rate of light change is high. | 26 |
0016d13557e81e6c1010c40579da713fa9bc6977 | https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10789 | Additive response to multiple environmental stressors in the seagrass Zostera marina L. | Ongoing climate changes alter a broad range environmental variables in coastal ecosystems, which may lead to changes in species range distributions or collapse of populations. It is often assumed that changes in environmental parameters affect organisms in a nonadditive way and multifactorial experiments are therefore needed to obtain a better prediction of the effects of climate change. We studied experimentally how combinations of high temperature, low light and high nitrogen (HN) availability affect eelgrass (Zostera marina), which is an important foundation species on the northern hemisphere. Plants were cultured under optimal (15°C) and high (25°C) temperature, limiting and saturating light, and low and high ammonium availability in a 3‐factorial design. We found that individual exposure to heat and shade, respectively, had a negative effect on eelgrass while the effect of exposure to HN‐availability alone was less harmful. Exposure to combinations of two or three stressors simultaneously had a stronger (negative) effect on eelgrass than exposure to each stressor individually, but the combined effects of exposure to multiple stressors were largely similar to the expected additive responses. A synergetic effect was only found in case of mortality when eelgrass plants were exposed to all three stressors simultaneously. The effects of exposure to single or multiple stressors could largely be explained from alterations in the C‐budget of the plants: exposure to one or more stressors lowered the acquisition of C, drained the C‐reserves and sometimes allocated energy to defense or repair processes instead of growth resulting in reduced growth and higher mortality. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0016d13557e81e6c1010c40579da713fa9bc6977 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/lno.10789 | [
"Biology"
] | [
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 51 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | additive response to multiple environmental stressors in the seagrass zostera marina l. | ongoing climate changes alter a broad range environmental variables in coastal ecosystems, which may lead to changes in species range distributions or collapse of populations. it is often assumed that changes in environmental parameters affect organisms in a nonadditive way and multifactorial experiments are therefore needed to obtain a better prediction of the effects of climate change. we studied experimentally how combinations of high temperature, low light and high nitrogen (hn) availability affect eelgrass (zostera marina), which is an important foundation species on the northern hemisphere. plants were cultured under optimal (15°c) and high (25°c) temperature, limiting and saturating light, and low and high ammonium availability in a 3‐factorial design. we found that individual exposure to heat and shade, respectively, had a negative effect on eelgrass while the effect of exposure to hn‐availability alone was less harmful. exposure to combinations of two or three stressors simultaneously had a stronger (negative) effect on eelgrass than exposure to each stressor individually, but the combined effects of exposure to multiple stressors were largely similar to the expected additive responses. a synergetic effect was only found in case of mortality when eelgrass plants were exposed to all three stressors simultaneously. the effects of exposure to single or multiple stressors could largely be explained from alterations in the c‐budget of the plants: exposure to one or more stressors lowered the acquisition of c, drained the c‐reserves and sometimes allocated energy to defense or repair processes instead of growth resulting in reduced growth and higher mortality. | 27 |
0016d2f869fda0a40404330902d5f4a8c361bad8 | https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.0510397103 | Antarctic birds breed later in response to climate change. | In the northern hemisphere, there is compelling evidence for climate-related advances of spring events, but no such long-term biological time series exist for the southern hemisphere. We have studied a unique data set of dates of first arrival and laying of first eggs over a 55-year period for the entire community of Antarctic seabirds in East Antarctica. The records over this long period show a general unexpected tendency toward later arrival and laying, an inverse trend to those observed in the northern hemisphere. Overall, species now arrive at their colonies 9.1 days later, on average, and lay eggs an average of 2.1 days later than in the early 1950s. Furthermore, these delays are linked to a decrease in sea ice extent that has occurred in eastern Antarctica, which underlies the contrasted effects of global climate change on species in Antarctica. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0016d2f869fda0a40404330902d5f4a8c361bad8 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1458863?pdf=render | [
"Geography",
"Medicine"
] | [
{
"category": "Geography",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Medicine",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 188 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | antarctic birds breed later in response to climate change. | in the northern hemisphere, there is compelling evidence for climate-related advances of spring events, but no such long-term biological time series exist for the southern hemisphere. we have studied a unique data set of dates of first arrival and laying of first eggs over a 55-year period for the entire community of antarctic seabirds in east antarctica. the records over this long period show a general unexpected tendency toward later arrival and laying, an inverse trend to those observed in the northern hemisphere. overall, species now arrive at their colonies 9.1 days later, on average, and lay eggs an average of 2.1 days later than in the early 1950s. furthermore, these delays are linked to a decrease in sea ice extent that has occurred in eastern antarctica, which underlies the contrasted effects of global climate change on species in antarctica. | 28 |
0017550d33d943443d4d0b5538d98709a2ecee57 | https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985818806049 | Lesions and Cellular Tropism of Natural Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection in Adult Sheep | Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne disease that affects both ruminants and humans, with epidemics occurring more frequently in recent years in Africa and the Middle East, probably as a result of climate change and intensified livestock trade. Sheep necropsied during the 2010 RVF outbreak in South Africa were examined by histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). A total of 124 sheep were available for study, of which 99 cases were positive for RVF. Multifocal-random, necrotizing hepatitis was confirmed as the most distinctive lesion of RVF cases in adult sheep. Of cases where liver, spleen, and kidney tissues were available, 45 of 70 had foci of acute renal tubular epithelial injury in addition to necrosis in both the liver and spleen. In some cases, acute renal injury was the most significant RVF lesion. Immunolabeling for RVFV was most consistent and unequivocal in liver, followed by spleen, kidney, lung, and skin. RVFV antigen-positive cells included hepatocytes, adrenocortical epithelial cells, renal tubular epithelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils, epidermal keratinocytes, microvascular endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle. The minimum set of specimens to be submitted for histopathology and IHC to confirm or exclude a diagnosis of RVFV are liver, spleen, and kidney. Skin from areas with visible crusts and lung could be useful additional samples. In endemic areas, cases of acute renal tubular injury should be investigated further if other more common causes of renal lesions have already been excluded. RVFV can also cause an acute infection in the testis, which requires further investigation. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0017550d33d943443d4d0b5538d98709a2ecee57 | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0300985818806049 | [
"Biology",
"Medicine"
] | [
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Medicine",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Medicine",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
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{
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"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 32 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | lesions and cellular tropism of natural rift valley fever virus infection in adult sheep | rift valley fever (rvf) is a mosquito-borne disease that affects both ruminants and humans, with epidemics occurring more frequently in recent years in africa and the middle east, probably as a result of climate change and intensified livestock trade. sheep necropsied during the 2010 rvf outbreak in south africa were examined by histopathology and immunohistochemistry (ihc). a total of 124 sheep were available for study, of which 99 cases were positive for rvf. multifocal-random, necrotizing hepatitis was confirmed as the most distinctive lesion of rvf cases in adult sheep. of cases where liver, spleen, and kidney tissues were available, 45 of 70 had foci of acute renal tubular epithelial injury in addition to necrosis in both the liver and spleen. in some cases, acute renal injury was the most significant rvf lesion. immunolabeling for rvfv was most consistent and unequivocal in liver, followed by spleen, kidney, lung, and skin. rvfv antigen-positive cells included hepatocytes, adrenocortical epithelial cells, renal tubular epithelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils, epidermal keratinocytes, microvascular endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle. the minimum set of specimens to be submitted for histopathology and ihc to confirm or exclude a diagnosis of rvfv are liver, spleen, and kidney. skin from areas with visible crusts and lung could be useful additional samples. in endemic areas, cases of acute renal tubular injury should be investigated further if other more common causes of renal lesions have already been excluded. rvfv can also cause an acute infection in the testis, which requires further investigation. | 29 |
00180f6f6156a86971d4f58fcebc480c4fe13322 | https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-052721-090331 | Water Needs, Water Insecurity, and Human Biology | Water links the environment, culture, and biology. An integrative approach is needed to attain a complete picture of how water affects human biology due to its inherent interdisciplinary nature. First, this review describes advances in human water needs, thirst, and hydration strategies from a biocultural perspective. Second, it provides a critical appraisal of the literatures on water insecurity (WI) experiences and coping strategies used to mitigate WI to illustrate how they intersect to affect human biology through the embodiment framework. Deviations from water needs and heightened WI can alter hydration and coping strategies, which have implications for a suite of psychological and physiological outcomes. These disruptions are embodied in cellular damage, dehydration, nutrition, stress, mental health, cognitive impairment, aging-related effects, cardiometabolic health, and kidney function. Disrupting forces such as lifestyle changes and climate change have important implications for water needs, WI, coping and hydration strategies, and the embodiment of each. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 52 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/00180f6f6156a86971d4f58fcebc480c4fe13322 | https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-anthro-052721-090331 | null | [
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 12 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | water needs, water insecurity, and human biology | water links the environment, culture, and biology. an integrative approach is needed to attain a complete picture of how water affects human biology due to its inherent interdisciplinary nature. first, this review describes advances in human water needs, thirst, and hydration strategies from a biocultural perspective. second, it provides a critical appraisal of the literatures on water insecurity (wi) experiences and coping strategies used to mitigate wi to illustrate how they intersect to affect human biology through the embodiment framework. deviations from water needs and heightened wi can alter hydration and coping strategies, which have implications for a suite of psychological and physiological outcomes. these disruptions are embodied in cellular damage, dehydration, nutrition, stress, mental health, cognitive impairment, aging-related effects, cardiometabolic health, and kidney function. disrupting forces such as lifestyle changes and climate change have important implications for water needs, wi, coping and hydration strategies, and the embodiment of each. expected final online publication date for the annual review of anthropology, volume 52 is october 2023. please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates. | 30 |
0018dace90f5a5270840028a1af6b1bf3357cb31 | https://doi.org/10.5194/BG-6-1755-2009 | A dynamic climate and ecosystem state during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: inferences from dinoflagellate cyst assemblages on the New Jersey Shelf | Abstract. Late Paleocene and Early Eocene climates and ecosystems underwent significant change during several transient global warming phases, associated with rapidly increasing atmospheric carbon concentrations, of which the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ~55.5 Ma) is best studied. While biotic response to the PETM as a whole (~170 kyrs) has been relatively well documented, variations during the PETM have been neglected. Here we present organic dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) distribution patterns across two stratigraphically expanded PETM sections from the New Jersey Shelf, Bass River and Wilson Lake. Many previously studied sites show a uniform abundance of the thermophilic and presumably heterotrophic taxon Apectodinium that spans the entire carbon isotope excursion (CIE) of the PETM. In contrast, the New Jersey sections show large variations in abundances of many taxa during the PETM, including the new species Florentinia reichartii that we formally propose. We infer paleoecological preferences of taxa that show temporal abundance peaks, both qualitative and absolute quantitative, from empirical as well as statistical information, i.e., principle (PCA) and canonical correspondence analyses (CCA). In the CCAs, we combine the dinocyst data with previously published environmental proxy data from these locations, such as TEX86 paleothermometry, magnetic susceptibility and sedimentary size fraction. The combined information supports previous inferences that sea level rose during the PETM, but also indicates a (regional) increase in fresh-water runoff that started ~10 kyr after the onset of the CIE, and perhaps precession-paced cycles in sea surface productivity. The highly variable dinocyst assemblages of the PETM contrast with rather stable Upper Paleocene assemblages, which suggests that carbon input caused a dynamic climate state, at least regionally. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0018dace90f5a5270840028a1af6b1bf3357cb31 | https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/6/1755/2009/bg-6-1755-2009.pdf | [
"Geology"
] | [
{
"category": "Geology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 157 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | a dynamic climate and ecosystem state during the paleocene-eocene thermal maximum: inferences from dinoflagellate cyst assemblages on the new jersey shelf | abstract. late paleocene and early eocene climates and ecosystems underwent significant change during several transient global warming phases, associated with rapidly increasing atmospheric carbon concentrations, of which the paleocene-eocene thermal maximum (petm; ~55.5 ma) is best studied. while biotic response to the petm as a whole (~170 kyrs) has been relatively well documented, variations during the petm have been neglected. here we present organic dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) distribution patterns across two stratigraphically expanded petm sections from the new jersey shelf, bass river and wilson lake. many previously studied sites show a uniform abundance of the thermophilic and presumably heterotrophic taxon apectodinium that spans the entire carbon isotope excursion (cie) of the petm. in contrast, the new jersey sections show large variations in abundances of many taxa during the petm, including the new species florentinia reichartii that we formally propose. we infer paleoecological preferences of taxa that show temporal abundance peaks, both qualitative and absolute quantitative, from empirical as well as statistical information, i.e., principle (pca) and canonical correspondence analyses (cca). in the ccas, we combine the dinocyst data with previously published environmental proxy data from these locations, such as tex86 paleothermometry, magnetic susceptibility and sedimentary size fraction. the combined information supports previous inferences that sea level rose during the petm, but also indicates a (regional) increase in fresh-water runoff that started ~10 kyr after the onset of the cie, and perhaps precession-paced cycles in sea surface productivity. the highly variable dinocyst assemblages of the petm contrast with rather stable upper paleocene assemblages, which suggests that carbon input caused a dynamic climate state, at least regionally. | 31 |
0019068d0acfbb26db39f2557eb0edc69672980a | https://doi.org/10.3390/land10111205 | Assessing the Climate Resilience of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): A Metric-Based Approach | The impacts of climate change have resulted in the emergence of resilience as the de factor framework for countries seeking to capture the differential and uneven ability to prepare, react, respond and cope with volatile and rapid changes of climate-related stresses. Despite being considered by many researchers the most vulnerable region to the negative effects of climate change, the climate resilience of Sub-Saharan Africa has not been extensively studied. Using countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as a study area, this paper constructed a pragmatically based resilience metric called the composite national climate resilience index (CNCRI) that can be used as a tool for the policy word. The inherent variables used to construct the CNCRI were justified and used to measure the resilience of countries in SSA based on five different dimensions. The result indicates that the CNCRI score, 1.05 (least resilient) to 44.8 (most resilient), and the island countries of Mauritius, Seychelles, and Cape Verde are comparatively more resilient than the rest of the countries in the study area. Regionally, Southern Africa is more resilient compared to East, West, and Central Africa. The vulnerability and readiness metric suggested that Cape Verde is the only country in SSA to have low vulnerability and high readiness, while most countries have high vulnerability and low readiness, making them the least resilient countries needing urgent mitigation and adaptation actions. Lastly, finding from this study could provide the policy world with insight for improving the overall ability to prepare and respond to the negative impacts of climate in the study area. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0019068d0acfbb26db39f2557eb0edc69672980a | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/11/1205/pdf?version=1636281957 | null | [
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Geography",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 13 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | assessing the climate resilience of sub-saharan africa (ssa): a metric-based approach | the impacts of climate change have resulted in the emergence of resilience as the de factor framework for countries seeking to capture the differential and uneven ability to prepare, react, respond and cope with volatile and rapid changes of climate-related stresses. despite being considered by many researchers the most vulnerable region to the negative effects of climate change, the climate resilience of sub-saharan africa has not been extensively studied. using countries in sub-saharan africa (ssa) as a study area, this paper constructed a pragmatically based resilience metric called the composite national climate resilience index (cncri) that can be used as a tool for the policy word. the inherent variables used to construct the cncri were justified and used to measure the resilience of countries in ssa based on five different dimensions. the result indicates that the cncri score, 1.05 (least resilient) to 44.8 (most resilient), and the island countries of mauritius, seychelles, and cape verde are comparatively more resilient than the rest of the countries in the study area. regionally, southern africa is more resilient compared to east, west, and central africa. the vulnerability and readiness metric suggested that cape verde is the only country in ssa to have low vulnerability and high readiness, while most countries have high vulnerability and low readiness, making them the least resilient countries needing urgent mitigation and adaptation actions. lastly, finding from this study could provide the policy world with insight for improving the overall ability to prepare and respond to the negative impacts of climate in the study area. | 32 |
001a3d6207f1002341515c12f31f6aa2619bad32 | https://doi.org/10.5194/CP-12-713-2016 | A distal 140 kyr sediment record of Nile discharge and East African monsoon variability | Abstract. Clay mineral assemblages in a sediment core from the distal Nile discharge plume off Israel have been used to reconstruct the late Quaternary Nile sediment discharge into the eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS). The record spans the last ca. 140 kyr. Smectite abundances indicate the influence of the Blue Nile and the Atbara River that have their headwaters in the volcanic rocks of the Ethiopian Highlands. Kaolinite abundances indicate the influence of wadis, which contribute periodically to the suspension load of the Nile. Due to the geographical position, the climate and the sedimentary framework of the EMS is controlled by two climate systems. The long-term climate regime was governed by the African monsoon that caused major African humid periods (AHPs) with enhanced sediment discharge at 132 to 2 kyr), S4 (3.5 kyr), and S3 (5 kyr). During the last glacial period (Marine Isotope Stages (MISs) 4–2), the long-term changes in the monsoonal system were superimposed by millennial-scale changes in an intensified midlatitude glacial system. This climate regime caused short but pronounced drought periods in the Nile catchment, which are linked to Heinrich events and alternate with more humid interstadials. The clay mineral record further implies that feedback mechanisms between vegetation cover and sediment discharge of the Nile are detectable but of minor importance for the sedimentary record in the southeastern Mediterranean Sea during the investigated African humid periods. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/001a3d6207f1002341515c12f31f6aa2619bad32 | https://www.clim-past.net/12/713/2016/cp-12-713-2016.pdf | [
"Geology"
] | [
{
"category": "Geology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Geology",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 29 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | a distal 140 kyr sediment record of nile discharge and east african monsoon variability | abstract. clay mineral assemblages in a sediment core from the distal nile discharge plume off israel have been used to reconstruct the late quaternary nile sediment discharge into the eastern mediterranean sea (ems). the record spans the last ca. 140 kyr. smectite abundances indicate the influence of the blue nile and the atbara river that have their headwaters in the volcanic rocks of the ethiopian highlands. kaolinite abundances indicate the influence of wadis, which contribute periodically to the suspension load of the nile. due to the geographical position, the climate and the sedimentary framework of the ems is controlled by two climate systems. the long-term climate regime was governed by the african monsoon that caused major african humid periods (ahps) with enhanced sediment discharge at 132 to 2 kyr), s4 (3.5 kyr), and s3 (5 kyr). during the last glacial period (marine isotope stages (miss) 4–2), the long-term changes in the monsoonal system were superimposed by millennial-scale changes in an intensified midlatitude glacial system. this climate regime caused short but pronounced drought periods in the nile catchment, which are linked to heinrich events and alternate with more humid interstadials. the clay mineral record further implies that feedback mechanisms between vegetation cover and sediment discharge of the nile are detectable but of minor importance for the sedimentary record in the southeastern mediterranean sea during the investigated african humid periods. | 33 |
001d39c5215456065b4fb07a7d07198c0950dae6 | https://doi.org/10.3390/F6093326 | Building on Two Decades of Ecosystem Management and Biodiversity Conservation under the Northwest Forest Plan, USA | The 1994 Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) shifted federal lands management from a focus on timber production to ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation. The plan established a network of conservation reserves and an ecosystem management strategy on ~10 million hectares from northern California to Washington State, USA, within the range of the federally threatened northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). Several subsequent assessments—and 20 years of data from monitoring programs established under the plan—have demonstrated the effectiveness of this reserve network and ecosystem management approach in making progress toward attaining many of the plan’s conservation and ecosystem management goals. This paper (1) showcases the fundamental conservation biology and ecosystem management principles underpinning the NWFP as a case study for managers interested in large-landscape conservation; and (2) recommends improvements to the plan’s strategy in response to unprecedented climate change and land-use threats. Twenty years into plan implementation, however, the U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management, under pressure for increased timber harvest, are retreating from conservation measures. We believe that federal agencies should instead build on the NWFP to ensure continuing success in the Pacific Northwest. We urge federal land managers to (1) protect all remaining late-successional/old-growth forests; (2) identify climate refugia for at-risk species; (3) maintain or increase stream buffers and landscape connectivity; (4) decommission and repair failing roads to improve water quality; (5) reduce fire risk in fire-prone tree plantations; and (6) prevent logging after fires in areas of high conservation value. In many respects, the NWFP is instructive for managers considering similar large-scale conservation efforts. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/001d39c5215456065b4fb07a7d07198c0950dae6 | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/6/9/3326/pdf?version=1456734357 | [
"Biology"
] | [
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 17 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | building on two decades of ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation under the northwest forest plan, usa | the 1994 northwest forest plan (nwfp) shifted federal lands management from a focus on timber production to ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation. the plan established a network of conservation reserves and an ecosystem management strategy on ~10 million hectares from northern california to washington state, usa, within the range of the federally threatened northern spotted owl (strix occidentalis caurina). several subsequent assessments—and 20 years of data from monitoring programs established under the plan—have demonstrated the effectiveness of this reserve network and ecosystem management approach in making progress toward attaining many of the plan’s conservation and ecosystem management goals. this paper (1) showcases the fundamental conservation biology and ecosystem management principles underpinning the nwfp as a case study for managers interested in large-landscape conservation; and (2) recommends improvements to the plan’s strategy in response to unprecedented climate change and land-use threats. twenty years into plan implementation, however, the u.s. forest service and bureau of land management, under pressure for increased timber harvest, are retreating from conservation measures. we believe that federal agencies should instead build on the nwfp to ensure continuing success in the pacific northwest. we urge federal land managers to (1) protect all remaining late-successional/old-growth forests; (2) identify climate refugia for at-risk species; (3) maintain or increase stream buffers and landscape connectivity; (4) decommission and repair failing roads to improve water quality; (5) reduce fire risk in fire-prone tree plantations; and (6) prevent logging after fires in areas of high conservation value. in many respects, the nwfp is instructive for managers considering similar large-scale conservation efforts. | 34 |
001f627d9b4cbca52f7c025a0dd2fbd5c830b851 | https://doi.org/10.1093/JMAMMAL/GYV089 | Complex History of Isolation and Gene Flow in Hoary, Olympic, and Endangered Vancouver Island Marmots | Climate change resulting in a reduction of alpine habitat is believed to pose a considerable risk to alpine-dependent species, including many marmots. Hoary marmots (Marmota caligata) range throughout much of the mountainous Pacific Northwest (PNW) and Rocky Mountains while the closely related Olympic and Vancouver Island marmots (M. olympus and M. vancouverensis, respectively) are restricted to small isolated regions of the PNW. The endemic Vancouver Island marmot is currently classified as Critically Endangered and the Olympic marmot has recently experienced dramatic population declines. Previous phylogenetic studies of PNW marmot species have had limited power as they focused on resolving interspecific relationships, implicitly assumed an absence of gene flow among currently recognized species, included relatively few individuals, and relied heavily or entirely on mitochondrial DNA. We sequenced 2 mitochondrial and 4 nuclear markers from 167 hoary, 4 Vancouver Island, and 5 Olympic marmots in order to investigate phylogenetic relationships and historic gene flow among these species. We recovered 2 monophyletic (and predominantly allopatric) mitochondrial clades of hoary marmots that are not sister groups. Instead, Vancouver Island marmots formed a monophyletic mitochondrial sister clade to 1 of the hoary marmot clades. Nuclear loci did not recover the 2 mitochondrial clades of hoary marmots and suggest that Vancouver Island marmots may have experienced mitochondrial introgression from coastal mainland hoary marmots. Additionally, our nuclear results suggest possible gene flow between hoary and Olympic marmots despite different chromosomal formulas. Rather than resolving what has previously been considered a straightforward 3-taxon phylogenetic question, our findings suggest a complicated history of rapid divergence of the 3 species followed by intermittent and possibly ongoing gene flow between hoary marmots and both Olympic and Vancouver Island marmots. These results therefore have significant implications for the conservation of the latter 2 species, both of which are conservation concerns. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/001f627d9b4cbca52f7c025a0dd2fbd5c830b851 | https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article-pdf/96/4/810/40902832/jmammal_96_4_810.pdf | [
"Geography"
] | [
{
"category": "Geography",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 20 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | complex history of isolation and gene flow in hoary, olympic, and endangered vancouver island marmots | climate change resulting in a reduction of alpine habitat is believed to pose a considerable risk to alpine-dependent species, including many marmots. hoary marmots (marmota caligata) range throughout much of the mountainous pacific northwest (pnw) and rocky mountains while the closely related olympic and vancouver island marmots (m. olympus and m. vancouverensis, respectively) are restricted to small isolated regions of the pnw. the endemic vancouver island marmot is currently classified as critically endangered and the olympic marmot has recently experienced dramatic population declines. previous phylogenetic studies of pnw marmot species have had limited power as they focused on resolving interspecific relationships, implicitly assumed an absence of gene flow among currently recognized species, included relatively few individuals, and relied heavily or entirely on mitochondrial dna. we sequenced 2 mitochondrial and 4 nuclear markers from 167 hoary, 4 vancouver island, and 5 olympic marmots in order to investigate phylogenetic relationships and historic gene flow among these species. we recovered 2 monophyletic (and predominantly allopatric) mitochondrial clades of hoary marmots that are not sister groups. instead, vancouver island marmots formed a monophyletic mitochondrial sister clade to 1 of the hoary marmot clades. nuclear loci did not recover the 2 mitochondrial clades of hoary marmots and suggest that vancouver island marmots may have experienced mitochondrial introgression from coastal mainland hoary marmots. additionally, our nuclear results suggest possible gene flow between hoary and olympic marmots despite different chromosomal formulas. rather than resolving what has previously been considered a straightforward 3-taxon phylogenetic question, our findings suggest a complicated history of rapid divergence of the 3 species followed by intermittent and possibly ongoing gene flow between hoary marmots and both olympic and vancouver island marmots. these results therefore have significant implications for the conservation of the latter 2 species, both of which are conservation concerns. | 35 |
00219e1e39d402c280322bd9603483df38e1527e | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.767150 | Adaptation Strategies to Improve the Resistance of Oilseed Crops to Heat Stress Under a Changing Climate: An Overview | Temperature is one of the decisive environmental factors that is projected to increase by 1. 5°C over the next two decades due to climate change that may affect various agronomic characteristics, such as biomass production, phenology and physiology, and yield-contributing traits in oilseed crops. Oilseed crops such as soybean, sunflower, canola, peanut, cottonseed, coconut, palm oil, sesame, safflower, olive etc., are widely grown. Specific importance is the vulnerability of oil synthesis in these crops against the rise in climatic temperature, threatening the stability of yield and quality. The natural defense system in these crops cannot withstand the harmful impacts of heat stress, thus causing a considerable loss in seed and oil yield. Therefore, a proper understanding of underlying mechanisms of genotype-environment interactions that could affect oil synthesis pathways is a prime requirement in developing stable cultivars. Heat stress tolerance is a complex quantitative trait controlled by many genes and is challenging to study and characterize. However, heat tolerance studies to date have pointed to several sophisticated mechanisms to deal with the stress of high temperatures, including hormonal signaling pathways for sensing heat stimuli and acquiring tolerance to heat stress, maintaining membrane integrity, production of heat shock proteins (HSPs), removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS), assembly of antioxidants, accumulation of compatible solutes, modified gene expression to enable changes, intelligent agricultural technologies, and several other agronomic techniques for thriving and surviving. Manipulation of multiple genes responsible for thermo-tolerance and exploring their high expressions greatly impacts their potential application using CRISPR/Cas genome editing and OMICS technology. This review highlights the latest outcomes on the response and tolerance to heat stress at the cellular, organelle, and whole plant levels describing numerous approaches applied to enhance thermos-tolerance in oilseed crops. We are attempting to critically analyze the scattered existing approaches to temperature tolerance used in oilseeds as a whole, work toward extending studies into the field, and provide researchers and related parties with useful information to streamline their breeding programs so that they can seek new avenues and develop guidelines that will greatly enhance ongoing efforts to establish heat stress tolerance in oilseeds. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/00219e1e39d402c280322bd9603483df38e1527e | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.767150/pdf | [
"Medicine"
] | [
{
"category": "Medicine",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Agricultural and Food Sciences",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 48 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | adaptation strategies to improve the resistance of oilseed crops to heat stress under a changing climate: an overview | temperature is one of the decisive environmental factors that is projected to increase by 1. 5°c over the next two decades due to climate change that may affect various agronomic characteristics, such as biomass production, phenology and physiology, and yield-contributing traits in oilseed crops. oilseed crops such as soybean, sunflower, canola, peanut, cottonseed, coconut, palm oil, sesame, safflower, olive etc., are widely grown. specific importance is the vulnerability of oil synthesis in these crops against the rise in climatic temperature, threatening the stability of yield and quality. the natural defense system in these crops cannot withstand the harmful impacts of heat stress, thus causing a considerable loss in seed and oil yield. therefore, a proper understanding of underlying mechanisms of genotype-environment interactions that could affect oil synthesis pathways is a prime requirement in developing stable cultivars. heat stress tolerance is a complex quantitative trait controlled by many genes and is challenging to study and characterize. however, heat tolerance studies to date have pointed to several sophisticated mechanisms to deal with the stress of high temperatures, including hormonal signaling pathways for sensing heat stimuli and acquiring tolerance to heat stress, maintaining membrane integrity, production of heat shock proteins (hsps), removal of reactive oxygen species (ros), assembly of antioxidants, accumulation of compatible solutes, modified gene expression to enable changes, intelligent agricultural technologies, and several other agronomic techniques for thriving and surviving. manipulation of multiple genes responsible for thermo-tolerance and exploring their high expressions greatly impacts their potential application using crispr/cas genome editing and omics technology. this review highlights the latest outcomes on the response and tolerance to heat stress at the cellular, organelle, and whole plant levels describing numerous approaches applied to enhance thermos-tolerance in oilseed crops. we are attempting to critically analyze the scattered existing approaches to temperature tolerance used in oilseeds as a whole, work toward extending studies into the field, and provide researchers and related parties with useful information to streamline their breeding programs so that they can seek new avenues and develop guidelines that will greatly enhance ongoing efforts to establish heat stress tolerance in oilseeds. | 36 |
0022f77f7e26f71e73c96fbfdccbfc6e4df05868 | https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.7.3761 | The Economic Impacts of Climate Change: Evidence from Agricultural Output and Random Fluctuations in Weather: Reply | Fisher et al. (2012) (hereafter, FHRS) have uncovered coding and data errors in our paper, Deschênes and Greenstone (2007) (hereafter, DG). We acknowledge and are embarrassed by these mistakes. We are grateful to FHRS for uncovering them. We hope that this Reply will also contribute to advancing the literature on the vital question of the impact of climate change on the US agricultural sector. FHRS’ main critiques of DG are as follows: (i) there are errors in the weather data and climate change projections used by DG; (ii) the climate change projections are based on the Hadley 2 model and scenarios, rather than the more recent Hadley 3 model and scenarios; (iii) standard errors are biased due to spatial correlation; (iv) the inclusion of state by year fixed effects does not leave enough weather variation to obtain meaningful estimates of the relationship between agriculture profits and weather; (v) storage and inventory adjustment in response to yield shocks invalidate the use of annual profit data; and (vi) FHRS argue that a better-specified hedonic model produces robust estimates, unlike the results reported in DG. Four of these critiques have little basis and we respond to them here in the introduction. Specifically, with respect to: | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0022f77f7e26f71e73c96fbfdccbfc6e4df05868 | https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/82641/2/Greenstone_The%20economic%20impacts.pdf | null | [
{
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"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Agricultural and Food Sciences",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
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] | 63 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | the economic impacts of climate change: evidence from agricultural output and random fluctuations in weather: reply | fisher et al. (2012) (hereafter, fhrs) have uncovered coding and data errors in our paper, deschênes and greenstone (2007) (hereafter, dg). we acknowledge and are embarrassed by these mistakes. we are grateful to fhrs for uncovering them. we hope that this reply will also contribute to advancing the literature on the vital question of the impact of climate change on the us agricultural sector. fhrs’ main critiques of dg are as follows: (i) there are errors in the weather data and climate change projections used by dg; (ii) the climate change projections are based on the hadley 2 model and scenarios, rather than the more recent hadley 3 model and scenarios; (iii) standard errors are biased due to spatial correlation; (iv) the inclusion of state by year fixed effects does not leave enough weather variation to obtain meaningful estimates of the relationship between agriculture profits and weather; (v) storage and inventory adjustment in response to yield shocks invalidate the use of annual profit data; and (vi) fhrs argue that a better-specified hedonic model produces robust estimates, unlike the results reported in dg. four of these critiques have little basis and we respond to them here in the introduction. specifically, with respect to: | 37 |
002320f57142edcb6d6794491eef28a358fb3954 | https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024998 | Temporal Variability of Atomic Hydrogen From the Mesopause to the Upper Thermosphere | We investigate atomic hydrogen (H) variability from the mesopause to the upper thermosphere, on time scales of solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal, using measurements made by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics satellite, and simulations by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model‐eXtended (WACCM‐X). In the mesopause region (85 to 95 km), the seasonal and solar cycle variations of H simulated by WACCM‐X are consistent with those from SABER observations: H density is higher in summer than in winter, and slightly higher at solar minimum than at solar maximum. However, mesopause region H density from the Mass‐Spectrometer‐Incoherent‐Scatter (National Research Laboratory Mass‐Spectrometer‐Incoherent‐Scatter 00 (NRLMSISE‐00)) empirical model has reversed seasonal variation compared to WACCM‐X and SABER. From the mesopause to the upper thermosphere, H density simulated by WACCM‐X switches its solar cycle variation twice, and seasonal dependence once, and these changes of solar cycle and seasonal variability occur in the lower thermosphere (~95 to 130 km), whereas H from NRLMSISE‐00 does not change solar cycle and seasonal dependence from the mesopause through the thermosphere. In the upper thermosphere (above 150 km), H density simulated by WACCM‐X is higher at solar minimum than at solar maximum, higher in winter than in summer, and also higher during nighttime than daytime. The amplitudes of these variations are on the order of factors of ~10, ~2, and ~2, respectively. This is consistent with NRLMSISE‐00. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/002320f57142edcb6d6794491eef28a358fb3954 | https://rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/am-pdf/10.1002/2017ja024998 | [
"Materials Science",
"Environmental Science"
] | [
{
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{
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{
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{
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] | 21 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | temporal variability of atomic hydrogen from the mesopause to the upper thermosphere | we investigate atomic hydrogen (h) variability from the mesopause to the upper thermosphere, on time scales of solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal, using measurements made by the sounding of the atmosphere using broadband emission radiometry (saber) instrument on the thermosphere ionosphere mesosphere energetics dynamics satellite, and simulations by the national center for atmospheric research whole atmosphere community climate model‐extended (waccm‐x). in the mesopause region (85 to 95 km), the seasonal and solar cycle variations of h simulated by waccm‐x are consistent with those from saber observations: h density is higher in summer than in winter, and slightly higher at solar minimum than at solar maximum. however, mesopause region h density from the mass‐spectrometer‐incoherent‐scatter (national research laboratory mass‐spectrometer‐incoherent‐scatter 00 (nrlmsise‐00)) empirical model has reversed seasonal variation compared to waccm‐x and saber. from the mesopause to the upper thermosphere, h density simulated by waccm‐x switches its solar cycle variation twice, and seasonal dependence once, and these changes of solar cycle and seasonal variability occur in the lower thermosphere (~95 to 130 km), whereas h from nrlmsise‐00 does not change solar cycle and seasonal dependence from the mesopause through the thermosphere. in the upper thermosphere (above 150 km), h density simulated by waccm‐x is higher at solar minimum than at solar maximum, higher in winter than in summer, and also higher during nighttime than daytime. the amplitudes of these variations are on the order of factors of ~10, ~2, and ~2, respectively. this is consistent with nrlmsise‐00. | 38 |
0023a99eb8f82c191194ae883ee30120309f6f6b | https://doi.org/10.2478/dcse-2021-0002 | How to Bring About Change – A Literature Review About Education and Learning Activities for Sustainable Development | Abstract Sustainable development and transformational change have become more critical than ever in the era of climate change. The aim of this literature review was to increase knowledge on education and learning activities (ELAs), along with the learning outcomes they address, in the context of higher education for sustainable development (SD) with UNESCO’s eight core competencies for SD as a starting point. The search was conducted in two educational databases, Education Research Complete and the Education Resource Information Center. 153 articles were identified, of which 16 remained after reviewing for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Education and learning activities in ESD were grounded in discussions, reflections and interdisciplinarity by using participatory teaching methods, such as problem-based or experiential learning. Commonly enhanced learning outcomes were knowledge, attitude and collaboration competencies, as well as critical and system thinking. Self-awareness and behavior change, however, were less frequently achieved and the studies addressing behavior frequently recognized inertia to behavior change, despite transferred attitudes and increased knowledge. Although UNESCO outlined behavioral learning objectives as particularly important for ESD, the present review revealed that these had hardly been reached by the used ELA. The paper discusses the complexity of behavior change and proposes an ethics-led and whole-institution approach to tackle some challenges for behavioral action and social activity. There is a need for new educational and learning activities, which have greater transformational potential, by acknowledging the complexity of behavior change. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0023a99eb8f82c191194ae883ee30120309f6f6b | https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/dcse-2021-0002 | null | [
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Education",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 16 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | how to bring about change – a literature review about education and learning activities for sustainable development | abstract sustainable development and transformational change have become more critical than ever in the era of climate change. the aim of this literature review was to increase knowledge on education and learning activities (elas), along with the learning outcomes they address, in the context of higher education for sustainable development (sd) with unesco’s eight core competencies for sd as a starting point. the search was conducted in two educational databases, education research complete and the education resource information center. 153 articles were identified, of which 16 remained after reviewing for inclusion and exclusion criteria. education and learning activities in esd were grounded in discussions, reflections and interdisciplinarity by using participatory teaching methods, such as problem-based or experiential learning. commonly enhanced learning outcomes were knowledge, attitude and collaboration competencies, as well as critical and system thinking. self-awareness and behavior change, however, were less frequently achieved and the studies addressing behavior frequently recognized inertia to behavior change, despite transferred attitudes and increased knowledge. although unesco outlined behavioral learning objectives as particularly important for esd, the present review revealed that these had hardly been reached by the used ela. the paper discusses the complexity of behavior change and proposes an ethics-led and whole-institution approach to tackle some challenges for behavioral action and social activity. there is a need for new educational and learning activities, which have greater transformational potential, by acknowledging the complexity of behavior change. | 39 |
002521bd490cbe42c7ddb79ab9735c2438a787ff | https://doi.org/10.1080/09557570802452920 | Environmental security and climate change: analysing the discourse | This article analyses the emerging discourse on ‘climate security’ and investigates whether and how attempts to consider environmental problems as security issues are transforming security practices. Attempts to broaden the security agenda have been deemed as spreading the confrontational logic of security—which, within international relations, is traditionally associated with the exceptional decision that brings into existence the logic of war—into sectors from which it had been excluded. This problematic development has been described as ‘securitization’. This article argues that this perspective does not consider whether and how by securitizing nontraditional sectors, alternative security logics are evoked and practices associated with securitization are challenged and transformed. The securitization of the environment, it is argued, is transforming existing security practices and provisions. This process is part of broader re-articulation of the spaces in which a logic of security based on emergency and contingency is legitimated and those in which a logic of prevention and management prevails. It implies new roles for security actors and different means to provide security. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/002521bd490cbe42c7ddb79ab9735c2438a787ff | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09557570802452920?needAccess=true | [
"Sociology"
] | [
{
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"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Political Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 275 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | environmental security and climate change: analysing the discourse | this article analyses the emerging discourse on ‘climate security’ and investigates whether and how attempts to consider environmental problems as security issues are transforming security practices. attempts to broaden the security agenda have been deemed as spreading the confrontational logic of security—which, within international relations, is traditionally associated with the exceptional decision that brings into existence the logic of war—into sectors from which it had been excluded. this problematic development has been described as ‘securitization’. this article argues that this perspective does not consider whether and how by securitizing nontraditional sectors, alternative security logics are evoked and practices associated with securitization are challenged and transformed. the securitization of the environment, it is argued, is transforming existing security practices and provisions. this process is part of broader re-articulation of the spaces in which a logic of security based on emergency and contingency is legitimated and those in which a logic of prevention and management prevails. it implies new roles for security actors and different means to provide security. | 40 |
00263da10e22ced54d8594fd363393e3abec4389 | https://doi.org/10.3390/F3010137 | Splitting the difference: a proposal for benefit sharing in reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) | The objective of REDD+ is to create incentives for the reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and for the increase of carbon stocks through the enhancement, conservation and sustainable management of forests in developing countries. As part of the international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), compensation would be estimated in relation to national performance but how these incentives will be channeled within countries has not been specified and there are concerns about how the benefits will be shared among different stakeholders. One central issue is that under the national approach good performance in one region can be offset by underperformance in other regions of the country thus preventing the generation of predictable local incentives. Other issues relate to the need to provide incentives to a wide range of stakeholders and to avoid perverse reactions. To address these and other issues we propose separating the accounting of reduced deforestation, reduced degradation and enhancement of forests. The local attribution of credits would be easier for carbon enhancement, and possibly reduced degradation, than for reduced deforestation, since carbon gains can, in principle, be measured locally in the first two cases, while estimating achievements in reduced deforestation requires a regional approach. This separation in attribution of rewards can help to create adequate incentives for the different stakeholders and overcome some of the problems associated with the design and implementation of national REDD+ programs. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/00263da10e22ced54d8594fd363393e3abec4389 | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/3/1/137/pdf?version=1332338342 | [
"Business"
] | [
{
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"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Economics",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
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{
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"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Political Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
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] | 38 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | splitting the difference: a proposal for benefit sharing in reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (redd+) | the objective of redd+ is to create incentives for the reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and for the increase of carbon stocks through the enhancement, conservation and sustainable management of forests in developing countries. as part of the international negotiations under the united nations framework convention on climate change (unfccc), compensation would be estimated in relation to national performance but how these incentives will be channeled within countries has not been specified and there are concerns about how the benefits will be shared among different stakeholders. one central issue is that under the national approach good performance in one region can be offset by underperformance in other regions of the country thus preventing the generation of predictable local incentives. other issues relate to the need to provide incentives to a wide range of stakeholders and to avoid perverse reactions. to address these and other issues we propose separating the accounting of reduced deforestation, reduced degradation and enhancement of forests. the local attribution of credits would be easier for carbon enhancement, and possibly reduced degradation, than for reduced deforestation, since carbon gains can, in principle, be measured locally in the first two cases, while estimating achievements in reduced deforestation requires a regional approach. this separation in attribution of rewards can help to create adequate incentives for the different stakeholders and overcome some of the problems associated with the design and implementation of national redd+ programs. | 41 |
0027828d09dcbc86c3f99e48d25c5721edbe44f2 | https://doi.org/10.1505/146554815817476468 | REDD+ at a Critical Juncture: Assessing the Limits of Polycentric Governance for Achieving Climate Change Mitigation | SUMMARY In 2007, REDD+ emerged as the leading option for early climate change mitigation. In 2010, after the failure of negotiations at the Copenhagen COP, observers cited REDD+ projects and other subnational initiatives as examples of the polycentric governance (based on multiple independent actors operating at multiple levels) necessary to move climate change mitigation forward in the absence of a binding international agreement. This paper examines the ways subnational initiatives can and cannot play this role, based on the experiences and opinions of 23 REDD+ proponent organizations in six countries. These proponents have tested various approaches to climate change mitigation, demonstrating the value of a polycentric approach for promoting innovation and learning. However, from our sample, six initiatives have closed, four no longer label themselves as REDD+, only four are selling carbon credits, and less than half view conditional incentives (initially the core innovation of REDD+) as their most important intervention. While polycentric governance in REDD+ has benefits, it will not enable implementation of REDD+ as originally conceived unless accompanied by a binding international agreement. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0027828d09dcbc86c3f99e48d25c5721edbe44f2 | https://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ASunderlin1501.pdf | [
"Political Science"
] | [
{
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"source": "external"
},
{
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"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Political Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 30 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | redd+ at a critical juncture: assessing the limits of polycentric governance for achieving climate change mitigation | summary in 2007, redd+ emerged as the leading option for early climate change mitigation. in 2010, after the failure of negotiations at the copenhagen cop, observers cited redd+ projects and other subnational initiatives as examples of the polycentric governance (based on multiple independent actors operating at multiple levels) necessary to move climate change mitigation forward in the absence of a binding international agreement. this paper examines the ways subnational initiatives can and cannot play this role, based on the experiences and opinions of 23 redd+ proponent organizations in six countries. these proponents have tested various approaches to climate change mitigation, demonstrating the value of a polycentric approach for promoting innovation and learning. however, from our sample, six initiatives have closed, four no longer label themselves as redd+, only four are selling carbon credits, and less than half view conditional incentives (initially the core innovation of redd+) as their most important intervention. while polycentric governance in redd+ has benefits, it will not enable implementation of redd+ as originally conceived unless accompanied by a binding international agreement. | 42 |
0027d2ef6875e99d522423f803cff57b87f09271 | https://doi.org/10.1111/JZO.12395 | Population‐level variation in senescence suggests an important role for temperature in an endangered mollusc | Age-related declines in survival and function (senescence) were thought not to exist in wild populations, as organisms, and particularly in invertebrates, do not live long enough. While recent evidence has demonstrated that senescence is both common and measurable even in wild populations under field conditions, there are still organisms that are thought to exhibit ‘negligible senescence’. We explore variation in rates and patterns of senescence in the biogerontological model organism, the freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera, across five populations, which differ in their age profile. In particular, we tested the theory of negligible senescence using time-at-death records for 1091 specimens of M. margaritifera. There is clear evidence of senescence in all populations, as indicated by an increase in mortality with age, but the nature of the relationship varies subtly between populations. We find strong evidence of a mortality plateau at later ages in some populations, but this is unequivocally absent from others. We then demonstrate that the temporal scaling of the rates of senescence between five populations of M. margaritifera can be explained by the variation in the thermal environment of the population. Hence, climate change may pose a threat to the demography of this long-lived, endangered species, and a greater understanding of the relationship between river temperature and population structure will be essential to secure the species against global temperature increases. Our findings demonstrate that useful insights can be drawn from a non-invasive monitoring method to derive demographic data, and we suggest a wide-scale application of this method to monitor populations across the whole latitudinal (and, hence, thermal) range of the species. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0027d2ef6875e99d522423f803cff57b87f09271 | http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/103718/1/Hassall%20et%20al%20MS%20resubmission_accepted.pdf | [
"Biology"
] | [
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 10 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | population‐level variation in senescence suggests an important role for temperature in an endangered mollusc | age-related declines in survival and function (senescence) were thought not to exist in wild populations, as organisms, and particularly in invertebrates, do not live long enough. while recent evidence has demonstrated that senescence is both common and measurable even in wild populations under field conditions, there are still organisms that are thought to exhibit ‘negligible senescence’. we explore variation in rates and patterns of senescence in the biogerontological model organism, the freshwater pearl mussel margaritifera margaritifera, across five populations, which differ in their age profile. in particular, we tested the theory of negligible senescence using time-at-death records for 1091 specimens of m. margaritifera. there is clear evidence of senescence in all populations, as indicated by an increase in mortality with age, but the nature of the relationship varies subtly between populations. we find strong evidence of a mortality plateau at later ages in some populations, but this is unequivocally absent from others. we then demonstrate that the temporal scaling of the rates of senescence between five populations of m. margaritifera can be explained by the variation in the thermal environment of the population. hence, climate change may pose a threat to the demography of this long-lived, endangered species, and a greater understanding of the relationship between river temperature and population structure will be essential to secure the species against global temperature increases. our findings demonstrate that useful insights can be drawn from a non-invasive monitoring method to derive demographic data, and we suggest a wide-scale application of this method to monitor populations across the whole latitudinal (and, hence, thermal) range of the species. | 43 |
002ae36b33cf02d3608d893928ca730ce5e8bf92 | https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13029 | Contrasting impacts of continuous moderate drought and episodic severe droughts on the aboveground‐biomass increment and litterfall of three coexisting Mediterranean woody species | Climate change is predicted to increase the aridity in the Mediterranean Basin and severely affect forest productivity and composition. The responses of forests to different timescales of drought, however, are still poorly understood because extreme and persistent moderate droughts can produce nonlinear responses in plants. We conducted a rainfall‐manipulation experiment in a Mediterranean forest dominated by Quercus ilex, Phillyrea latifolia, and Arbutus unedo in the Prades Mountains in southern Catalonia from 1999 to 2014. The experimental drought significantly decreased forest aboveground‐biomass increment (ABI), tended to increase the litterfall, and decreased aboveground net primary production throughout the 15 years of the study. The responses to the experimental drought were highly species‐specific. A. unedo suffered a significant reduction in ABI, Q. ilex experienced a decrease during the early experiment (1999–2003) and in the extreme droughts of 2005–2006 and 2011–2012, and P. latifolia was unaffected by the treatment. The drought treatment significantly increased branch litterfall, especially in the extremely dry year of 2011, and also increased overall leaf litterfall. The drought treatment reduced the fruit production of Q. ilex, which affected seedling recruitment. The ABIs of all species were highly correlated with SPEI in early spring, whereas the branch litterfalls were better correlated with summer SPEIs and the leaf and fruit litterfalls were better correlated with autumn SPEIs. These species‐specific responses indicated that the dominant species (Q. ilex) could be partially replaced by the drought‐resistant species (P. latifolia). However, the results of this long‐term study also suggest that the effect of drought treatment has been dampened over time, probably due to a combination of demographic compensation, morphological and physiological acclimation, and epigenetic changes. However, the structure of community (e.g., species composition, dominance, and stand density) may be reordered when a certain drought threshold is reached. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/002ae36b33cf02d3608d893928ca730ce5e8bf92 | https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2015/143131/glochabio_a2015m11v21n11p4296.pdf | [
"Biology",
"Medicine"
] | [
{
"category": "Biology",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Medicine",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 71 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | contrasting impacts of continuous moderate drought and episodic severe droughts on the aboveground‐biomass increment and litterfall of three coexisting mediterranean woody species | climate change is predicted to increase the aridity in the mediterranean basin and severely affect forest productivity and composition. the responses of forests to different timescales of drought, however, are still poorly understood because extreme and persistent moderate droughts can produce nonlinear responses in plants. we conducted a rainfall‐manipulation experiment in a mediterranean forest dominated by quercus ilex, phillyrea latifolia, and arbutus unedo in the prades mountains in southern catalonia from 1999 to 2014. the experimental drought significantly decreased forest aboveground‐biomass increment (abi), tended to increase the litterfall, and decreased aboveground net primary production throughout the 15 years of the study. the responses to the experimental drought were highly species‐specific. a. unedo suffered a significant reduction in abi, q. ilex experienced a decrease during the early experiment (1999–2003) and in the extreme droughts of 2005–2006 and 2011–2012, and p. latifolia was unaffected by the treatment. the drought treatment significantly increased branch litterfall, especially in the extremely dry year of 2011, and also increased overall leaf litterfall. the drought treatment reduced the fruit production of q. ilex, which affected seedling recruitment. the abis of all species were highly correlated with spei in early spring, whereas the branch litterfalls were better correlated with summer speis and the leaf and fruit litterfalls were better correlated with autumn speis. these species‐specific responses indicated that the dominant species (q. ilex) could be partially replaced by the drought‐resistant species (p. latifolia). however, the results of this long‐term study also suggest that the effect of drought treatment has been dampened over time, probably due to a combination of demographic compensation, morphological and physiological acclimation, and epigenetic changes. however, the structure of community (e.g., species composition, dominance, and stand density) may be reordered when a certain drought threshold is reached. | 44 |
002d180fe060761f1d226c479212ffc6663c96a7 | https://doi.org/10.3390/AGRICULTURE8110171 | Miscanthus Biochar had Limited Effects on Soil Physical Properties, Microbial Biomass, and Grain Yield in a Four-Year Field Experiment in Norway | The application of biochar to soils is a promising technique for increasing soil organic C and offsetting GHG emissions. However, large-scale adoption by farmers will likely require the proof of its utility to improve plant growth and soil quality. In this context, we conducted a four-year field experiment between October 2010 to October 2014 on a fertile silty clay loam Albeluvisol in Norway to assess the impact of biochar on soil physical properties, soil microbial biomass, and oat and barley yield. The following treatments were included: Control (soil), miscanthus biochar 8 t C ha−1 (BC8), miscanthus straw feedstock 8 t C ha−1 (MC8), and miscanthus biochar 25 t C ha−1 (BC25). Average volumetric water content at field capacity was significantly higher in BC25 when compared to the control due to changes in BD and total porosity. The biochar amendment had no effect on soil aggregate (2–6 mm) stability, pore size distribution, penetration resistance, soil microbial biomass C and N, and basal respiration. Biochar did not alter crop yields of oat and barley during the four growing seasons. In order to realize biochar’s climate mitigation potential, we suggest future research and development efforts should focus on improving the agronomic utility of biochar in engineered fertilizer and soil amendment products. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/002d180fe060761f1d226c479212ffc6663c96a7 | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/8/11/171/pdf?version=1540631935 | [
"Biology"
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{
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"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 21 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | miscanthus biochar had limited effects on soil physical properties, microbial biomass, and grain yield in a four-year field experiment in norway | the application of biochar to soils is a promising technique for increasing soil organic c and offsetting ghg emissions. however, large-scale adoption by farmers will likely require the proof of its utility to improve plant growth and soil quality. in this context, we conducted a four-year field experiment between october 2010 to october 2014 on a fertile silty clay loam albeluvisol in norway to assess the impact of biochar on soil physical properties, soil microbial biomass, and oat and barley yield. the following treatments were included: control (soil), miscanthus biochar 8 t c ha−1 (bc8), miscanthus straw feedstock 8 t c ha−1 (mc8), and miscanthus biochar 25 t c ha−1 (bc25). average volumetric water content at field capacity was significantly higher in bc25 when compared to the control due to changes in bd and total porosity. the biochar amendment had no effect on soil aggregate (2–6 mm) stability, pore size distribution, penetration resistance, soil microbial biomass c and n, and basal respiration. biochar did not alter crop yields of oat and barley during the four growing seasons. in order to realize biochar’s climate mitigation potential, we suggest future research and development efforts should focus on improving the agronomic utility of biochar in engineered fertilizer and soil amendment products. | 45 |
002e5b56de93be7071bc49ba3ef8dbdb41d349b7 | https://doi.org/10.5194/AMT-11-2967-2018 | A novel method for calculating ambient aerosol liquid water content based on measurements of a humidified nephelometer system | Abstract. Water condensed on ambient aerosol particles plays significant
roles in atmospheric environment, atmospheric chemistry and climate. Before
now, no instruments were available for real-time monitoring of ambient
aerosol liquid water contents (ALWCs). In this paper, a novel method is
proposed to calculate ambient ALWC based on measurements of a
three-wavelength humidified nephelometer system, which measures aerosol light
scattering coefficients and backscattering coefficients at three wavelengths
under dry state and different relative humidity (RH) conditions, providing
measurements of light scattering enhancement factor f (RH). The proposed ALWC calculation method includes two steps: the first
step is the estimation of the dry state total volume concentration of ambient
aerosol particles, Va (dry), with a machine
learning method called random forest model based on measurements of the
“dry” nephelometer. The estimated Va (dry) agrees
well with the measured one. The second step is the estimation of the volume
growth factor Vg(RH) of ambient aerosol
particles due to water uptake, using f (RH) and the
Angstrom exponent. The ALWC is calculated from the
estimated Va (dry) and Vg(RH). To validate the new method, the ambient ALWC calculated
from measurements of the humidified nephelometer system during the Gucheng
campaign was compared with ambient ALWC calculated from ISORROPIA
thermodynamic model using aerosol chemistry data. A good agreement was
achieved, with a slope and intercept of 1.14 and − 8.6 µ m 3 cm −3 ( r2 = 0.92), respectively. The
advantage of this new method is that the ambient ALWC can be obtained solely
based on measurements of a three-wavelength humidified nephelometer system,
facilitating the real-time monitoring of the ambient ALWC and promoting the
study of aerosol liquid water and its role in atmospheric chemistry,
secondary aerosol formation and climate change. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/002e5b56de93be7071bc49ba3ef8dbdb41d349b7 | https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/11/2967/2018/amt-11-2967-2018.pdf | [
"Chemistry"
] | [
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 48 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | a novel method for calculating ambient aerosol liquid water content based on measurements of a humidified nephelometer system | abstract. water condensed on ambient aerosol particles plays significant
roles in atmospheric environment, atmospheric chemistry and climate. before
now, no instruments were available for real-time monitoring of ambient
aerosol liquid water contents (alwcs). in this paper, a novel method is
proposed to calculate ambient alwc based on measurements of a
three-wavelength humidified nephelometer system, which measures aerosol light
scattering coefficients and backscattering coefficients at three wavelengths
under dry state and different relative humidity (rh) conditions, providing
measurements of light scattering enhancement factor f (rh). the proposed alwc calculation method includes two steps: the first
step is the estimation of the dry state total volume concentration of ambient
aerosol particles, va (dry), with a machine
learning method called random forest model based on measurements of the
“dry” nephelometer. the estimated va (dry) agrees
well with the measured one. the second step is the estimation of the volume
growth factor vg(rh) of ambient aerosol
particles due to water uptake, using f (rh) and the
angstrom exponent. the alwc is calculated from the
estimated va (dry) and vg(rh). to validate the new method, the ambient alwc calculated
from measurements of the humidified nephelometer system during the gucheng
campaign was compared with ambient alwc calculated from isorropia
thermodynamic model using aerosol chemistry data. a good agreement was
achieved, with a slope and intercept of 1.14 and − 8.6 µ m 3 cm −3 ( r2 = 0.92), respectively. the
advantage of this new method is that the ambient alwc can be obtained solely
based on measurements of a three-wavelength humidified nephelometer system,
facilitating the real-time monitoring of the ambient alwc and promoting the
study of aerosol liquid water and its role in atmospheric chemistry,
secondary aerosol formation and climate change. | 46 |
002ee17ffe854790ca431ec9f478c6a7261d5c94 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6665945 | The Evolution and Determinants of Interorganizational Coinvention Networks in New Energy Vehicles: Evidence from Shenzhen, China | With the increasing attention to climate change, air pollution, and related public health issues, China’s new energy vehicles (NEVs) industry has developed rapidly. However, few studies investigated the evolution of interorganizational collaborative innovation networks in the sector domain of NEVs and the influence of different drivers on the establishment of innovation relationships. In this context, this paper uses the joint invention patent of Shenzhen, a low-carbon pilot city of China, to investigate the dynamics of network influencing factors. The social network analysis shows that the scale of coinvention network of NEVs is constantly increasing, which is featured with diversified cooperative entities, and collaboration depth (i.e., the intensity of the interactions with these partners) is also expanding. The empirical results from the Exponential Random Graph Model (ERGM) demonstrate that, with the deepening of collaborative innovation, technological upgrading caused by knowledge exchange makes organizations in the network more inclined to cognitive proximity and less dependent on geographical proximity. In addition, organizational proximity and triadic closure contribute positively to the collaborative network, with their relevance remaining nearly the same, while the impeding effect of cultural/language difference is slightly decreasing with time. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/002ee17ffe854790ca431ec9f478c6a7261d5c94 | https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/6665945.pdf | [
"Computer Science"
] | [
{
"category": "Computer Science",
"source": "external"
},
{
"category": "Environmental Science",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Business",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
},
{
"category": "Engineering",
"source": "s2-fos-model"
}
] | 10 | s2orc | null | null | null | null | null | the evolution and determinants of interorganizational coinvention networks in new energy vehicles: evidence from shenzhen, china | with the increasing attention to climate change, air pollution, and related public health issues, china’s new energy vehicles (nevs) industry has developed rapidly. however, few studies investigated the evolution of interorganizational collaborative innovation networks in the sector domain of nevs and the influence of different drivers on the establishment of innovation relationships. in this context, this paper uses the joint invention patent of shenzhen, a low-carbon pilot city of china, to investigate the dynamics of network influencing factors. the social network analysis shows that the scale of coinvention network of nevs is constantly increasing, which is featured with diversified cooperative entities, and collaboration depth (i.e., the intensity of the interactions with these partners) is also expanding. the empirical results from the exponential random graph model (ergm) demonstrate that, with the deepening of collaborative innovation, technological upgrading caused by knowledge exchange makes organizations in the network more inclined to cognitive proximity and less dependent on geographical proximity. in addition, organizational proximity and triadic closure contribute positively to the collaborative network, with their relevance remaining nearly the same, while the impeding effect of cultural/language difference is slightly decreasing with time. | 47 |
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