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796322 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria%20F.C. | Vitória F.C. | Vitoria Futebol Clube is a Portuguese sports club from the city of Setubal. Popularly known as Vitoria de Setubal (), the club was born under the original name Sport Victoria from the ashes of the small Bonfim Foot-Ball Club.
References
20th-century establishments in Portugal
1910 establishments in Europe
Portuguese football clubs |
464811 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope%20Shenouda%20III%20of%20Alexandria | Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria | Pope Shenouda III (3 August 1923 - 17 March 2012) was the 117th Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. His papacy lasted for forty years, four months, and four days from 14 November 1971 until his death on 17 March 2012.
Pope Shenouda III died on 17 March 2012 in Cairo, Egypt from respiratory and kidney failure, aged 88.
References
Other websites
Official website
Pope Shenouda III - Coptic Orthodox Church Network: Biography, Online Books, and Audio Sermons
Some Articles by Pope Shenouda III in English
More information about the life of Pope Shenouda III - from Saint Takla Haymanout the Ethiopian Church, Alexandria, Egypt
Common declaration of Pope Shenouda III and Pope Paul VI (1973)
Pope Shenouda III's story and life in Arabic and English
Pope Shenouda III's Life
1923 births
2012 deaths
Copts
Deaths from renal failure
Deaths from respiratory failure
Patriarchs |
401963 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Steele | Bob Steele | Bob Steele (Robert Adrian Bradbury; January 23, 1907 - December 21, 1988) was an American actor. He was known for his roles in Carson City Kid, Island in the Sky, Rio Bravo, Hang 'Em High, Rio Lobo, and in the television sitcom F Troop.
Steele was born on January 23, 1907 in Portland, Oregon. He was raised in Hollywood, California. Steele was married to Louise A. Chessman from 1931 until they divorced in 1933. Then he was married to Alice Petty Hackley from 1935 until they divorced in 1938. Then he was married to Virginia Nash Tatem from 1939 until his death in 1988. He had no children. Steele died on December 21, 1988 in Burbank, California from emphysema, aged 81.
References
Other websites
Bob Steele - A Biography on (re)Search my Trash
1907 births
1988 deaths
Deaths from emphysema
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Portland, Oregon |
1031226 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt%20in%20Cheshire | Salt in Cheshire | Cheshire is a county in the north west part of England. A long time ago, about 220 million years ago, there was rock salt that was put down in this area. This happened during the Triassic period. Long ago, water from the big ocean came into the land and made a line of marshes with salty water in a place now called the Cheshire Basin. When the water in the marshes went away, it left behind big layers of salt that turned into hard rocks over time.
References
Calvert, A F (1915), Salt in Cheshire, London: E and F N Spon
Hewitson, C (2015), The Open Pan: The Archaeology and History of the Lion Salt Works, Lion Salt Works Trust Research Report 6
Lightfoot, Tom (2000), Open Pan Salt Making in Cheshire: An Illustrated Description, Lion Salt Works Trust Research Report 1
Other websites
Weaver Hall Museum and Workhouse, Northwich
Romans Salt Manufacturers' Association
Anglo Saxons Salt Manufacturers' Association
Normans Salt Manufacturers' Association
Winsford Rock Salt Mine
Cheshire |
810526 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%2C%20Maid%20of%20Norway | Margaret, Maid of Norway | Margaret ( ; March/April 1283 - September 1290), was Queen of Scots from 1286 to 1290 after the death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286.
Margaret was born in Norway. Her father was King Eric II of Norway and her mother was a Scottish princess, also named Margaret. Margaret's mother's father was Alexander III, the king of Scotland. When Alexander died, the Scottish lords decided his granddaughter Margaret should be their queen. At that time, Margaret was three years old.
The Scottish lords and King Erik agreed that Margaret would marry Edward, an English prince. Then, Scotland and England would be one kingdom.
In 1290, Margaret got on a ship to go from Norway to Scotland. On the way, she became sick. The ship stopped in Orkney, where Margaret died. She was buried in Bergen, Norway.
References
Norwegian people
Kings and Queens of Scotland
1283 births
1290 deaths
13th century in Scotland |
296594 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhar | Abhar | Abhar is a city in northwestern Iran. In the year 2006 there were 55,266 people living there.
References
Cities in Iran |
131763 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Stock%20Exchange%20of%20Pakistan | National Stock Exchange of Pakistan | The Karachi Stock Exchange or KSE (founded 1947) is a stock exchange in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It is Pakistan's largest and oldest stock exchange and also South Asia's second oldest stock exchange.
References
Stock exchanges in Asia
Economy of Pakistan
Karachi
Organizations based in Pakistan |
373721 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har%20HaMenuchot | Har HaMenuchot | Har HaMenuchot (), also known as Givat Shaul Cemetery is the second largest cemetery in Jerusalem. It is located on the western edge of Jerusalem. It opened in 1951 after the Mount of Olives cemetery was captured by Jordan in 1948. The mountain is 750 meters above the sea level and next to Jerusalem Forest.
Other websites
Burial in Jerusalem: The Har Menuchos Cemetery
Mountains of Jerusalem
Cemeteries in Israel |
100172 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade%20%28district%29 | Stade (district) | Stade is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. The district's seat is Stade.
Cities and municipalities
References
Districts of Lower Saxony |
750059 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston%20County%2C%20Michigan | Livingston County, Michigan | Livingston County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the population was 193,866. It is part of the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The county seat and most populous city is Howell.
References
1836 establishments in Michigan Territory
Michigan counties |
792476 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberin | Aberin | Aberin is a municipality found in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, in Spain.
Municipalities in Navarre |
823017 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futaba%20Kioka | Futaba Kioka | is a former Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Kioka was born in Shizuoka Prefecture on 22 November 1965. She played for her local club Shimizudaihachi SC until 1988. In 1989, she moved to Shimizu FC Ladies (later Suzuyo Shimizu FC Lovely Ladies). In 1989, the club won the championship in Nadeshiko League first season. And from next season, won the 2nd place for 4 years in a row until 1993 season. She was selected Best Eleven 3 times (1989, 1990 and 1995).
In June 1981, when Kioka was 16 years old, she was selected the Japan national team for 1981 AFC Championship. At this competition, on 7 June, she debuted against Chinese Taipei. This match is Japan team first match in "International A Match". She also played at 1986, 1989, 1993, 1995 AFC Championship, 1990, 1994 Asian Games. She was a member of Japan for 1991, 1995 World Cup and 1996 Summer Olympics. She played 75 games and scored 30 goals for Japan until 1996.
Statistics
References
Other websites
1965 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japan women's international footballers
Nadeshiko League players
Shimizudaihachi Pleiades players
Suzuyo Shimizu FC Lovely Ladies players
Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
1991 FIFA Women's World Cup players
1995 FIFA Women's World Cup players
1981 AFC Women's Championship players
1986 AFC Women's Championship players
1989 AFC Women's Championship players
1993 AFC Women's Championship players
1995 AFC Women's Championship players
Footballers at the 1990 Asian Games
Footballers at the 1994 Asian Games
Asian Games medalists in football
Asian Games silver medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games |
129832 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPresenter | KPresenter | KPresenter is a free presentation program that is part of KOffice, an office suite for the KDE Desktop Environment.
KPresenter's native format is XML, compressed with ZIP. KPresenter is also able to load presentations from Microsoft PowerPoint, MagicPoint and OpenOffice.org Impress documents.
Related pages
KOffice
References
Other websites
KPresenter homepage
KOffice
Presentation software |
284660 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Carson | Ben Carson | Benjamin S. "Ben" Carson, Sr (born September 18, 1951) is an American neurosurgeon and politician. A member of the Republican Party, he was the 17th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from 2017 to 2021. After graduating from Yale University, Carson went to University of Michigan Medical School, and was later accepted to Johns Hopkins University.
In 2008, Carson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom from George W. Bush. He was the Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. He is known for, among other accomplishments, being the first doctor to separate twins that were joined together at the head.
Early life
Carson was born in Detroit, Michigan to Sonya Copeland and Robert Carson. He studied at Yale University and at the University of Michigan.
Medical career
Carson was a professor of neurosurgery, oncology, plastic surgery, and pediatrics, and he was the director of pediatric neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. At 33, he became the youngest major division director in the hospital's history as director of pediatric neurosurgery. He was also a co-director of the Johns Hopkins Craniofacial Center.
He was the first surgeon to successfully separate conjoined twins joined at the head. In 2008 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush. After delivering a widely publicized speech at the 2013 National Prayer Breakfast, he became a popular conservative figure in political media for his views on social and political issues.
In March 2013, Carson announced he would retire as a surgeon, stating "I'd much rather quit when I'm at the top of my game". His retirement became official on July 1, 2013.
2016 presidential campaign
Carson ran for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 election.
On March 2 following the 2016 Super Tuesday primaries, Carson announced that while he was not suspending his campaign he "did not see a 'path forward'" and would not attend the next Republican debate in Detroit. On March 4, 2016, Carson suspended his presidential campaign. He later endorsed Donald Trump.
United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (2017-2021)
On December 5, 2016, Donald Trump nominated Carson for the job of United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
On March 2, 2017, Carson was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 58-41 vote.
Personal life
Carson married Candy Carson in 1975. They have three children. He is a member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.
References
Other websites
Carson for President campaign website
In Depth interview with Carson, August 4, 2013
1951 births
Living people
African American politicians
American surgeons
American Protestants
Politicians from Detroit
Politicians from Florida
Politicians from Baltimore
Politicians from Michigan
Scientists from Detroit
Scientists from Maryland
Seventh-day Adventists
2016 United States presidential candidates
United States Secretaries of Housing and Urban Development
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Yale University alumni |
170 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian | Christian | A Christian () is a person who believes in Christianity, a monotheistic religion. Christianity is mostly about the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, in the New Testament and interpreted or prophesied in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. Christianity is the world's largest religion, with 2.1 billion followers around the world.
Views of the Bible
Christians consider the Holy Bible to be a sacred book, inspired by God. The Holy Bible is a combination of the Hebrew Bible, or Torah, and a collection of writings called the New Testament. Views on the importance of these writings vary. Some Christian groups prefer to favor the New Testament, while others believe the entire Bible is equally important. Also, while many Christians prefer to consider the Bible as fully true, not all Christian groups believe that it is completely accurate.
Who is a Christian?
The question of "Who is a Christian?" can be very difficult. Christians often disagree over this due to their differences in opinion on spiritual matters. In countries where most persons were baptized in the state church or the majority Christian church, the term "Christian" is a default label for citizenship or for "people like us".
In this context, religious or ethnic minorities can use "Christians" or "you Christians" as a term for majority members of society who do not belong to their group - even in a very secular (though formally Christian) society.
Persons who are more devoted the their Christian faith prefer not to use the word so broadly, but only use it to refer to those who are active in their Christian religion and really believe the teachings of Jesus and their church. In some Christian movements (especially Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism), to be a born-again Christian is to undergo a "spiritual rebirth" by believing in the Bible's teachings about Jesus and choosing to follow him.
Church life
Many Christians choose to go to church. Most Christians believe this to be a sign of their religious devotion to God and an act of worship. However, some Christian groups think that one can be a Christian without ever going to a church. Though there are many different viewpoints on the issue, most Protestants believe all Christians are part of the spiritual church of Christ, whether or not those Christians go to an actual church each week. On the other hand, Catholics in the past have believed that the Holy Catholic Church is the only true church.
Related pages
Christianity
Religion
Salvation
Meitei Christians
References
Christians |
711855 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20Liberties%20Act%20of%201988 | Civil Liberties Act of 1988 | The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 (, title I, August 10, 1988, , et seq.) is a United States federal law that granted reparations to Japanese Americans who had been interned by the United States government during World War II.
The act was sponsored by California's Democratic Congressman Norman Mineta, an internee as a child, and Wyoming's Republican Senator Alan K. Simpson, who had met Mineta while visiting an internment camp.
The third co-sponsor was California Senator Pete Wilson. The bill was supported by the majority of Democrats in Congress, while the majority of Republicans voted against it. The act was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan.
Other websites
Campaign for Justice of Japanese Latin-Americans
Text
1988 in the United States |
26052 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20French%20institutions | List of French institutions | This is a list of French institutions.
Executive power
President of the French Republic
Government of France
Ministers of France
Legislative power
French Congress of Parliament
French National Assembly
French Senate
Judicial power
Constitutional Council of France
Council of magistrature
French institutions
Government of France |
470546 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto%20symbols | Esperanto symbols | Esperanto, the most used constructed language, has got some traditional symbols during its history.
Green star
The basic symbol of Esperanto is the green five-pointed star. Its five corners represents five continents (according to traditional meaning - Europe, America, Asia, Oceania, Africa), the green color is the symbol of hope. In cases when they use the star outside the flag, they add a letter "E" to it. In Esperanto they call it verda stelo (green star).
Esperanto flag
The esperanto flag has a green background with a white square in the upper lefthand corner, which in turn contains a green star. Esperantists use the flag for representing their language and culture. Swedish esperantist G. Jonson has iniciated use of the green color and the green star. C. Rjabinis and P. Deullin has created final suggestion of the flag in 1893. The green color represents hope and the white color represents peace. In Esperanto they call it Esperanto-flago (Esperanto flag).
Jubilee symbol
During the hundredth (100th) anniversary of Esperanto in 1987, World Esperanto Association has made this special logo. The two (2) inverse rounded letters "E" creates the form representating the Earth. In Esperanto they call it Jubilea simbolo (Jubilee symbol).
Anthem
Esperantists consider the poem La Espero (the hope) by L. L. Zamenhof with music by Felicien Menu de Menil to be an anthem of Esperanto.
Esperanto
Symbols |
244964 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie%20McKay | Nellie McKay | Nellie McKay (born April 3, 1982) is an American singer-songwriter, actress and comedian. She was born in England.
Her songs have many genres including; jazz, rap, disco and funk. Her songs sometimes are feminist and political.
References
American pop musicians
American jazz musicians
Singers from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
Comedians from New York City
1982 births
Living people |
285785 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ%20Hero | DJ Hero | DJ Hero is a music video game, released on October 27, 2009 in North America, October 28, 2009 in Australia and on October 29, 2009 in Europe. The game was released for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Wii video game consoles. The game uses a turntable-shaped controller that allows players to simulate the motions of a DJ. The game is a spin-off of the Guitar Hero video game series. It was well-received by journalists. GameSpot gave the game a 8.0 for both the 360 and PS3 and IGN gave the game a 9.0 for both the 360 and PS3. The game had such good sales that it produced a sequel called DJ Hero 2.
References
Other websites
DJ Hero's official website
2009 video games
Music video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox 360 games
Wii games |
477224 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish%20Academy%20for%20Children%27s%20Books | Swedish Academy for Children's Books | The Swedish Academy for Children's Books () is a nonprofit society. It was established on 26 May 1989 at the Skarholmen Library in Stockholm in Sweden. It is based on the Swedish Academy. Its ambitions is to promote children's and youth literature.
Since 1990, the society awards the Eldsjalen Award.
References
Other websites
official website
1989 establishments in Sweden
Children's literature
Organizations based in Stockholm |
143811 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee | Tuskegee | Tuskegee may mean
United States of America;
Tuskegee, Alabama
Tuskegee, Tennessee, home of Cherokee Indian Sequoyah
Other;
Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male a clinical study, conducted around Tuskegee, Alabama, where 399 (plus 200 control group without syphilis) poor -- and mostly illiterate -- African American sharecroppers became part of a study on the treatment and natural history of syphilis.
Tuskegee Airmen the training of a group of African American pilots who flew with distinction during World War II as the 332d Fighter Group of the US Army Air Corps.
Tuskegee University, formerly known as the Tuskegee Institute |
6548 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Photographic film | Photographic film is a sheet of plastic for recording visual scenes. The plastic has been specially treated to be sensitive to light. The image is recorded on the plastic when the plastic is exposed to light. Film is kept in small canisters (boxes) which protect it from the light. A normal photographic film may hold up to 40 pictures.
Once all pictures have been recorded, the film has to undergo a special chemical treatment. This is called developing a film or film processing. That treatment makes the pictures visible (you can see them), and the exposed film is no longer sensitive to light.
Different kinds of films exist. Some require more light to be exposed than others. Some are black and white only; they record no colors. There are also special films which can record infrared light. Photographic film was invented in the 1880s and replaced the earlier dry plate system.
Films also come in different sizes. 35 millimeter film, the most used size, comes in metal cans or canisters, but there are other camera films that come in paper wrappings or in single sheets.
Uses
Film can only be used once. After that, it cannot be used again (if it is accidentally used again, this results in an artifact called a multiple exposure). When not in use, film needs to be covered from light, otherwise it will record any lights that shine on it. This will make it useless to record a picture. Film comes in a can called a canister to cover it from light rays.
Film needs the right amount of light to make a picture. If the picture is too bright or too dark, it will not record correctly. The longer that the film keeps recording, the more light it will get. If what is being photographed is bright, it will be recorded faster. If it is darker, the film will need more time to record.
Films that need less time to record the picture are known as "faster" films. Different speeds of films are marked with an ISO number. The higher the number, the faster the films. Films can only make a picture from focused lights. If there is no lens to focus light, the film will only turn white from receiving just the light. If a film with an ISO level of 200 instead of 100 is used, it will only need half as much time to record a picture of the same scene.
Examples of ISO numbers are ISO 50, ISO 100, IS0 200, ISO 400, ISO 800, and ISO 1600. The ISO number is sometimes called the ''ASA number'' or the ''film speed''. When the ISO number is low, for example ISO 50, the film takes a long time to record the picture. This is called a slow film. This means the shutter has to stay open for a long time. When the ISO number is high, for example ISO 800, the picture is made in a very short time. This is a fast film. This means the shutter has to open and close quickly.
Before photographic film was invented, photography used glass dry plates. In the 21st century, most cameras don't use film anymore.
References
Related pages
Advanced Photo System
Camera
Photography |
653969 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardsville%2C%20Alabama | Edwardsville, Alabama | Edwardsville is a town in the U.S. state of Alabama.
Towns in Alabama |
632648 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddon%20Donald | Haddon Donald | Haddon Vivian Donald (20 March 1917 - 23 April 2018) was a New Zealand soldier, businessman and politician. He was a member of the National Party. He was the oldest living former New Zealand Member of Parliament, and, prior to his death, the highest-ranking living New Zealand army officer of World War II. He served in Parliament from 1963 to 1969. He was born in Masterton, New Zealand.
Donald died on 23 April 2018 in Masterton at the age of 101.
References
Other websites
1917 births
2018 deaths
New Zealand businesspeople
New Zealand centenarians
Military personnel of World War II
Politicians from North Island |
392840 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork%20bomb | Fork bomb | A fork bomb is a way of stopping a computer from running by making many copies of a program. A fork bomb copies itself into more than two copies, which then copy themselves into four copies. Then both the original and the copy will keep making copies until the computer can no longer handle it and crash.
For example, a simple fork bomb using the bash shell script is :
:(){ :|:& };:
Here, a function is defined by the name " : ". Inside the curly braces, this function is called and its output is given again to the same function. The " & " is used to run the process in background. The semicolon (" ; ") marks end of the function. The last colon (" : ") calls the function for first time. After that the function keeps on calling itself until computer runs out of memory.
Computer security |
598674 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20districts%20of%20Delhi | List of districts of Delhi | Delhi is divided into eleven revenue districts. Each district is headed by a District Magistrate and has three subdivisions. A Subdivision Magistrate heads each subdivision.
The initial nine districts came into existence from January 1997. Prior to that, there used to be only one district for whole of Delhi with district headquarters at Tis-Hazari. In September 2012, two new districts, viz. South East and Shahdara were added to the city's map, taking the total count to 11.
The District Administration of Delhi is the enforcement department for all kinds of Government of Delhi and Central Government policies and exercises supervisory over numerous other functionaries of the Government. Below is the list of the districts and subdivisions of Delhi:
New List of Districts in National Capital Territory of Delhi
Old List of Districts in National Capital Territory of Delhi
References |
642514 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razan%20al-Najjar | Razan al-Najjar | Razan Ashraf Abdul Qadir al-Najjar (11 September 1997 - 1 June 2018) was a Palestinian nurse. She volunteered in the Gaza health ministry. She was a resident of Khuzaa, a village near the border with Israel. She was born in Khuza'a, Khan Yunis.
Her formal training after volunteering was as a paramedic in Khan Younis at Nasser Hospital and she became an active member of the Palestinian Medical Relief Society, a non-governmental health organization. She wore the white coat of the medics and a medics vest with bandages, and was attending those wounded during protests at the border fence between Gaza and Israel during Ramadan.
al-Najjar was fatally shot in the chest by an Israeli soldier as she, with her arms raised to show she was unarmed, tried to help evacuate the wounded near Israel's border fence with Gaza. She was 20 years old.
References
1997 births
2018 deaths
Murders by firearm
Palestinian activists |
583169 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea%2C%20Massachusetts | Chelsea, Massachusetts | Chelsea is a city in Suffolk County, Massachusetts. It is directly across the Mystic River from the city of Boston. As of July 1, 2016, the estimated population of Chelsea was 39,699.
Chelsea is a diverse working-class community. It has a lot of industrial activity. It is one of only three Massaschusetts cities in which most of the people are Hispanic or Latino. (The other two are Lawrence and Holyoke.)
Chelsea was named after a neighborhood in London, England.
References
Cities in Massachusetts |
212615 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanside%2C%20California | Oceanside, California | Oceanside is a beach city in the state of California. It is the third largest city in San Diego County, California and the 17th largest in Southern California. The city has a population of 174,068 as of 2020. The cities Oceanside, Vista and Carlsbad all form the Tri-City area. Oceanside is south of the Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton.
Climate
References
Cities in California
Settlements in San Diego County, California |
406164 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20de%20Bohun | Henry de Bohun | Sir Henry de Bohun (died 23 June 1314) was an English knight, the nephew of Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford. He was killed on the first day of the Battle of Bannockburn by King Robert the Bruce.
Riding in the vanguard of heavy cavalry, de Bohun caught sight of the Scottish king who was mounted on a small palfrey (ane gay palfray Li till and joly) armed only with a battle-axe. De Bohun lowered his lance and charged, but Bruce stood his ground. At the last moment Bruce manoeuvred his mount nimbly to one side, stood up in his stirrups and hit de Bohun so hard with his axe that he split his helmet and head in two. Despite the great risk the King had taken, he merely expressed regret that he had broken the shaft of his favorite axe.
References
1314 deaths
English knights |
415838 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Gunn | Tommy Gunn | Tommy Gunn (born May 13, 1967 in Cherry Hill, New Jersey) is an American pornographic actor. He began his career in pornographic movies in 2004.
Related pages
Rocco Siffredi
References
1967 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
American pornographic actors
AVN Award winners |
146905 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20IV%20of%20Spain | Philip IV of Spain | Philip IV (, ; 8 April 1605 - 17 September 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and 1665. He was also sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands and King of Portugal until 1640.
His daughter was Marie Therese of Austria, wife of Louis XIV. All but three of his children died in childhood.
Children
With Elisabeth of France (1603-1644, daughter of Henry IV of France) -- married 1615 at Burgos:
Archduchess Maria Margaret of Spain (14 August 1621 15 August 1621)
Archduchess Margaret Maria Catherine of Austria (25 November 1623 22 December 1623)
Archduchess Maria Eugenia of Austria (21 November 1625 21 August 1627)
Archduchess Isabella Maria Theresa of Austria (31 October 1627 1 November 1627)
Archduke Balthasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias (17 October 1629 9 October 1646), Prince of Asturias
Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria (12 March 1634)
Archduchess Maria Anna "Mariana" Antonia of Spain (17 January 1636 5 December 1636)
Archduchess Marie Therese (1638-1683), married Louis XIV of France and had children.
With Mariana of Austria (1634-1696) - his niece - 1649:
Margaret Theresa of Austria (1651-1673), first wife of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Archduchess Maria Ambrosia de la Concepcion of Austria (7 December 1655 21 December 1655)
Archduke Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias (28 November 1657 1 November 1661)
Archduke Ferdinand Thomas Charles of Austria (23 December 1658 22 October 1659)
Charles II of Spain (6 November 1661 1 November 1700)
Kings and Queens of Spain
1605 births
1665 deaths
Counts and countesses of Flanders
Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
Kings and Queens of Portugal |
302511 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit%20de%20Nevers%20Magny-Cours | Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours | Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours is a motor racing circuit in France, near the towns of Magny-Cours and Nevers. It is often called just Magny-Cours. It is most well known for hosting the Formula One French Grand Prix, which was held there between 1991 and 2008.
History
The circuit was built in 1960 by Jean Bernigaud. It was the home to the L'ecole de pilotage Winfield racing school. The school provided such drivers as Francois Cevert and Jacques Laffite. In the 1980s, the track condition was not very good. It needed a lot of repairs. The circuit was not used for international racing until it was purchased by the Regional Conseil de la Nievre.
In the 1990s the Ligier (later known as Prost) Formula One team was based at the circuit. They did a lot of their testing at Magny-Cours. It started hosting the F1 French Grand Prix in 1991, and the Bol d'Or motorcycle race in 2000. The circuit was re-designed in 2003 and used for a wide range of events include various sports and commercial use.
The circuit does not provide many overtaking opportunities. The races here are commonly regarded as quite uneventful.
For the 2003 event, the final corner and chicane were changed in an effort to increase overtaking. It did not help much. The change did make the pitlane much shorter. Because less time was lost making a pit stop, Michael Schumacher was able to win the 2004 French Grand Prix using a four-stop strategy.
In 2006, the circuit was the scene of more Formula One history. Michael Schumacher became the first driver to win a single Grand Prix 8 times at the same circuit.
The 2007 race was to mark the last French Grand Prix at Magny-Cours. The French Grand Prix had been indefinitely suspended from the Formula One calendar. Bernie Ecclestone originally said that F1 would not return to Magny-Cours in 2008. He wanted to move to another location, possibly in Paris.
When the official calendar on July 2007, the 2008 French Grand Prix was still in place at Magny-Cours.
In May 2008, Ecclestone confirmed that Magny-Cours would stop hosting the French Grand Prix after the 2008 race. He suggested he was looking into hosting the French Grand Prix on the streets of Paris.
In June 2008, the provisional calendar for the 2009 season was released. The French Grand Prix at Magny-Cours appeared on it, scheduled for 28 June. However, in October 2008 the 2009 French Grand Prix was canceled after the French Motorsports Federation (FFSA) withdrew financing for the event.
In 2009 the track hosted its first Superleague Formula event. It has also been confirmed it will host a second event in 2010.
The circuit
The current track is a modern, smooth circuit. It has good facilities for the teams and spectators. It is from Paris in central France. Many corners are modeled on famous turns from other circuits, and are named after those circuits. Examples include the fast Estoril corner and the Adelaide hairpin. It has a mix of slow hairpins and high-speed chicane sections. It includes a long fast straight into the first-gear Adelaide hairpin, the best overtaking opportunity on the circuit. The circuit is very flat with little change in elevation. It does not provide many overtaking opportunities, despite modifications in 2003.
References
Other websites
Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours
Google Maps satellite view of Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours
Nevers Magny-Cours History and Statistics
Track info from official F1 site
A lap of Magny-Cours with Honda's Alexander Wurz
Magny-Cours - the technical requirements
Formula One circuits
Nievre
Sport in France |
320226 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scute | Scute | A scute is a bony external plate or scale, as on the shell of a turtle, the skin of crocodiles or the feet of some birds.
Properties
Scutes are similar to scales and serve the same function. Unlike the scales of fish and snakes, which are formed from the epidermis, scutes are formed in the lower vascular layer of the skin and the epidermal element is only the top surface. Forming in the living dermis, the scutes produce a horny outer layer, that is superficially similar to that of scales.
The dermal base may contain bone and produce dermal armour. Scutes with a bony base are properly called osteoderms. Dermal scutes are also found in the feet of birds and tails of some mammals, and are believed to be the primitive form of dermal armour in reptiles.
The term is also used to describe the heavy armour of the armadillo and the extinct glyptodon, and is occasionally used as an alternative to scales in describing snakes or certain fish, such as sturgeon.
Animal anatomy
Vertebrates |
574364 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl%20iron | Carbonyl iron | Carbonyl iron is type of very pure iron. Less than 2.5% of the substance isn't iron. Carbonyl iron is a component of radar absorbing material, for stealth purposes. Carbonyl iron is used to treat iron deficiency.
Iron |
355648 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufonidae | Bufonidae | Bufonidae is a family of the "true toads". The family has 35 genus. The Bufonidae toads are found almost everywhere and are well known. True toads can be found on every continent except Australia and Antarctica. They can be found in rain forest. They lay their eggs in strings. They will hatch and become tadpoles. However, the genus Nectophrynoides, their young will not develop from a tadpole stage.
True toads do not have any tooth. Their skin looks like warts. They have a pair of parotoid glands on the back of their heads. These glands has alkaloid poison. They get this type of poison from stress. They have also other toxins such as Bufotoxin. Male toads has a Bidder's organ. The organ will become an active ovary if conditions are right. They will then become a female.
Taxonomy
Bufonidae has about 500 species among 37 genus.
References
Books
Stebbins, Robert. Western Reptiles & Amphibians (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Co., 2003.
Halliday, Tim R., and Kraig Adler (editors). The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians. Facts on File, New York, 2002.
Other websites
Amphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia - Family Bufonidae
FED.us
Bufonidae recordings from the British Library Sound Archive
Tolweb.org
Bufonidae.com
Toads |
926615 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin%20Oaks%20Community%2C%20Virginia | Twin Oaks Community, Virginia | Twin Oaks Community is a community in Virginia.
Settlements in Virginia
1967 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Virginia |
8457 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiter | Waiter | A waiter is a person who serves people often at a restaurant or at a cafe. They are usually called a waiter because they wait for the order. A female waiter is called a waitress. They will take orders and deliver food to customers. A good waiter can also help the customers by recommending the best food in the restaurant or cafe.
Many waiters and waitresses are required by their employers to wear a uniform. Most uniforms used are black and white or all black. Historically the term waiter was used to describe customs officers who waited on the tide for vessels to come in carrying goods to tax.
Food-related occupations |
13324 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency%20medicine | Emergency medicine | Emergency Medicine is a specialty of medicine. A specialty is a special part of medicine where a doctor may have more knowledge. Examples are Pediatrics (doctors who care for children), Geriatrics (doctors who care for elderly people), and Cardiology (doctors who know more about the heart.)
Emergency Medicine (abbreviation EM) is sometimes also called Accident and Emergency Medicine (AEM).
EM doctors specialize in treating diseases and injuries that need immediate care. These kind of diseases or injuries are called emergencies. If they are not helped quickly, the person may become more sick or even die.
Doctors that specialize in EM usually work in Emergency Departments. This is also called a casualty department or Emergency room. These are places in hospitals where people go if they have an emergency. They may have a red cross or red letters on the sign to show it is the Emergency Department. This way, even people who cannot read know where to go.
Doctors who specialize in EM must know some about all of the different specialties of medicine. They treat people of all ages. They treat both men and women. They must know how to treat any kind of emergency. But they may not know quite as much about the chronic treatments of diseases over years. However, many people come to the Emergency Department with problems that are not emergencies. So EM doctors must also know about how to treat non-emergencies.
Related pages
Emergency medical services
First aid
References |
766509 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%20Governorate | Béja Governorate | Beja Governorate ( ) is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the northern part of the country. It covers an area of 3,740 km2. As of the 2014 census, 303,032 people lived there. The capital is Beja.
References
Governorates of Tunisia
1956 establishments in Tunisia |
455419 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderkommando | Sonderkommando | Sonderkommandos were special work groups made up of prisoners in the Nazi concentration camps during World War II. (In German, "Sonderkommando" means "special unit".) They worked in and around the gas chambers, which the Nazis used to murder many people.
What did the Sonderkommando do?
The Sonderkommandos did not kill anybody. When the Nazi guards at the concentration camps killed people in their gas chambers, they made the Sonderkommandos do a few different jobs:
Take prisoners into the gas chambers
Take dead bodies out of the gas chambers after the Nazis had killed them
Take things the Nazis wanted from the dead bodies. For example, they had to take out gold teeth and tooth fillings; cut off the women's hair; and take jewelry and eyeglasses
Bury or burn the dead bodies
Clean the gas chambers and get them ready for the next group of people the Nazis wanted to kill
Life as a Sonderkommando
Usually, the Nazi camp guards chose people for the Sonderkommando groups right after those people got to the concentration camps. They almost always chose Jewish prisoners. These people were told they would be killed if they did not agree. They were not told what kind of work they would have to do. Sometimes, the new Sonderkommando would find the bodies of their own families in the gas chambers. They were not allowed to change jobs or refuse to work. The only way they could stop working as Sonderkommando would be to kill themselves.
Sometimes the groups of Sonderkommandos were very big. As the Nazis killed more and more people in the concentration camps, they wanted more Sonderkommandos. By 1943, at Birkenau concentration camp (also called "Auschwitz II"), the groups of Sonderkommando included 400 prisoners. But when many more Jews from Hungary were sent to the camp in 1944, the Nazis added 500 more Sonderkommando.
The Nazis needed the Sonderkommandos to stay strong enough to work. Because of this, they were treated a little better than the other prisoners. They were allowed to sleep in their own barracks. They were also allowed to keep things like food, medicines, and cigarettes that had belonged to people who were killed in the gas chambers. The Nazis allowed these things because they wanted to be able to kill people as quickly as possible in the gas chambers. Without the Sonderkommando to help with the dead bodies, the Nazis would not be able to use the gas chambers as much.
Death
Because they knew so much about how the Nazis were killing so many people, the Nazis thought of the Sonderkommando as Geheimnistrager -- people who knew secrets. Because of this, they were kept apart from other prisoners in the camps. The Nazis also did not want anyone outside the camps to know what they were doing. To make sure the Sonderkommando could never tell what they knew, the Nazis would regularly kill all of the Sonderkommando, usually about every 3 months. Then they would choose a new group out of new prisoners just getting to the camps. The new group's first job would be to burn the bodies of the old Sonderkommandos.
Sonderkommandos fight back
Some Sonderkommandos tried to revolt (fight back) against the Nazis. For example, in 1944, Sonderkommandos at Auschwitz partly destroyed one of the crematoria used for burning bodies. For months, young Jewish women had secretly been taking small amounts of gunpowder from a weapons factory in the Auschwitz camp. They had been sneaking that gunpowder to men and women in the camp's resistance movement. (The resistance movement was a group of prisoners at Auschwitz who decided to fight back against the Nazis, sometimes in secret ways.) Using this gunpowder, the leaders of the Sonderkommando planned to blow up the gas chambers and crematoria, and start a rebellion against the camp's guards.
However, before this plan was ready, people in the camp's resistance movement found out that the Nazi guards were going to murder the Sonderkommando on 7 October 1944. The resistance members warned the Sonderkommando, who attacked the guards with two machine guns, axes, knives and grenades. They killed about 3 guards and hurt about 12 others. A total of 451 Sonderkommandos were killed on this day. Some died fighting the camp's guards. Some did not, and were executed later that day by the Nazis.
There were also revolts in two other concentration camps, called Treblinka and Sobibor. At Treblinka, on 2 August 1943, around 100 prisoners were able to escape from the camp. At Sobibor, Sonderkommando in one part of the camp (Camp I) revolted on 14 October 1943. The Sonderkommando in another part of the camp (Camp III) did not revolt, but were murdered the next day.
Other Sonderkommandos fought back secretly. For example, at Auschwitz, in August 1944, members of the Sonderkommando were able to take pictures showing bodies being burned and people being sent to the gas chambers. They snuck these pictures out of the camp as proof of what the Nazis were doing.
Fewer than twenty out of several thousand members of the Sonderkommando are known to have survived and were able to testify to what happened. After World War II, at some camps, people found notes that members of the Sonderkommando had buried or hidden, hoping that someone would find the notes later and know what happened.
Testimonies
Between 1943 and 1944, some members of the Sonderkommando at Birkenau (Auschwitz II) were able to get pens and paper, and they wrote about the things they had seen at the camp. They buried the things they wrote near the crematoria. Their writings were found after the war ended.
For example, this note was found buried in the Auschwitz crematoria. It was written by Zalman Gradowski, a Sonderkommando who was killed in the revolt on 7 October 1944:"Dear finder of these notes, I have one request of you ... that my days of Hell, that my hopeless tomorrow will find a purpose in the future. I am transmitting [writing about] only a part of what happened in the Birkenau-Auschwitz Hell. You will realize what reality looked like ... From all this you will have a picture of how our people perished [died]."
Related pages
Sonderkommando photographs
The Holocaust
Auschwitz concentration camp
References |
638010 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss | Hiss | Hiss is a sound that a snake makes. It as such doesn't have a voice. This sound is created when it flickers it's tongues to taste. The fast movement of the tongue causes this sound.
Other animals like Cats also hiss when they are angry,
Animal communication
Snakes |
1006945 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20ODI%20cricketers | List of United States ODI cricketers | A One Day International (ODI) is an international cricket match between two representative teams. This is a list of cricketers from the United States that joined ODI matches.
Key
Player list
Statistics are correct as of 4 April 2023.
Notes
References
Lists of One Day International cricketers |
228189 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedication | Dedication | Dedication can mean: the act of consecrating (making holy) a religious building such as a temple or church.
Dedication can also mean the writing at the beginning of a book or piece of music in which the author or composer says that it was written for a particular person. For example: a composer may write a piece of music for a particular musician and dedicate it to them. An author may dedicate a book to someone they love or respect. A book or a piece of music may be dedicated to the person who has paid them to write it. This may be a rich person such as king.
Related pages
Consecration
Patronage
References
Books
Music
Religious behavior and experience |
940449 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boar%27s%20tusk%20helmet | Boar's tusk helmet | The boar's tusk helmet is a type of military headwear used in Mycenaean Greece. The helmet was made of ivory from a boar's tusks and attached in rows onto a leather base padded with felt.
Homeric epic
A description of a boar's tusk helmet appears in the tenth book of Homer's Iliad where Odysseus is armed for a night-raid against the Trojans.
The number of ivory plates needed to make a helmet ranges from 40 to 140. Also, around forty to fifty boars would have to be killed to make just one helmet.
Gallery
References
Citations
Sources
Further reading
Military of ancient Greece |
757593 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy%20%28movie%29 | Cowboy (movie) | Cowboy is a 1958 American western movie directed by Delmer Daves and based on the 1930 novel My Reminiscences of Cowboy by Frank Harris. It stars Glenn Ford, Jack Lemmon, Anna Kashfi, Dick York, Brian Donlevy and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1959.
Other websites
1958 movies
1950s Western (genre) movies
American Western (genre) movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Delmer Daves |
885406 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton%2C%20California | Stanton, California | Stanton is a city in Orange County, California, United States.
Cities in California
Settlements in Orange County, California |
149176 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormaison | Mormaison | Mormaison is a former commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendee department in the west of France. On 1 January 2016, it became a part of the new commune of Montreverd.
References
Former communes in Vendee |
651286 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba%2C%20Alabama | Cuba, Alabama | Cuba is a town in Sumter County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 346, down from 363 in 2000.
References
Towns in Alabama |
214474 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Antoine%20Charpentier | Marc-Antoine Charpentier | Marc-Antoine Charpentier (born near Paris, 1643; died Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 24 February 1704) was a French composer. He lived in the period known as the Baroque period. His most famous music is his Te Deum. This work begins with a prelude which today is extremely popular. It was the signature tune for the European Broadcasting Union where it was used to introduce programmes such as the Vienna New Year's Concert and the Eurovision Song Contest. It is often used as a voluntary for weddings.
Life
We do not know much for certain about his early life. He went to Italy where he learned a lot by studying the music of Italian composers. He studied with the composer Giacomo Carissimi for several years.
When he returned to France he got a job as musician to the Duchess of Guise who was a rich lady who employed several musicians. He worked for her for many years, both as a singer (he had a high tenor voice known in French as an "haute-contre"), and as a composer. When the great playwright Moliere stopped working with Lully he asked Charpentier to work with him. He wrote music for several plays by Moliere including Le malade imaginaire. After Moliere's died in 1673, Charpentier continued to write for other playwrights such as Thomas Corneille and Jean Donneau de Vise. He often used more musicians than he was allowed (only Lully, the king's composer, was allowed to use lots of musicians for his performances). In the end Charpentier stopped writing music for plays.
In 1679, Charpentier was invited to compose for the king's son, the Dauphin. The Dauphin had a private chapel and Charpentier wrote religious music for him. In 1683 he was given a royal pension. In April of that year he became very ill and could not work for a time.
From late 1687 to early 1698, Charpentier was maitre de musique to the Jesuits, Soon he stopped composing big works such as oratorios and concentrated on smaller works for church worship which were sometimes played by a large number of players. He also was music teacher to the Duke of Chartres.
In 1698 he was made maitre de musique at the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris. This was one of the top musical jobs in France (the only better job in sacred music in France was director of the royal chapel at Versailles). He kept this job until his death in 1704. After his death nearly all the works he wrote for the Chapel were destroyed. This was the usual procedure when a maitre de musique died. His famous Mass Assumpta Est Maria has survived. Perhaps that is because it was not composed for the Chapel.
His music
Charpentier's compositions include oratorios, masses, operas, and many smaller works. He also wrote a lot of music for plays. Many of his smaller works for one or two voices and instruments he called air serieux or air a boire if they are in French, but cantata if they are in Italian.
Bibliography
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;
1643 births
1704 deaths
17th-century French composers
Baroque composers |
186876 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Lopez%3A%20Feelin%27%20So%20Good | Jennifer Lopez: Feelin' So Good | Feelin' So Good is the first video album by American recording artist and actress Jennifer Lopez. It was first released in the United States on DVD and VHS on November 7, 2000 by SMV Enterprises, the home media division of Sony's music and entertainment label Sony Music Entertainment. Executively produced by Lopez alongside Cory Rooney and Benny Medina, Feelin' So Good provides a documentary-style look at the launch of Lopez's music career. With a run time of one hour, it contains a mixture of interviews, behind-the-scenes footage, music videos and live performances. The interview segments of Feelin' So Good were conducted by Lopez's sister Lynda, who interviews not only Lopez, but also her mother, Medina and her future husband Marc Anthony.
Feelin' So Good received generally favorable reviews from critics, although it was noted that it would be of no interest to those who were not fans of Lopez. It was additionally praised for showing Lopez's transition from her acting career to a music career. In the United States, Feelin' So Good was certified as a Gold Video Longform by the RIAA for shipments of 50,000 units.
Background
From a young age, Lopez's Puerto Rican parents stressed the importance of work ethic and being able to speak English. They encouraged their three daughters to put on performances at home, singing and dancing in front of each other and their friends so that they would stay "out of trouble". While attending her final year of high school, Lopez learned about a film casting that was seeking several teenage girls for small roles. She auditioned and was cast in My Little Girl (1986), an low-budget film co-written and directed by Connie Kaiserman. After she finished filming her role in the film, Lopez knew that she wanted to become a "famous movie star". She told her parents this, but they ensisted that it was a "really stupid" idea and that "no Latinos did that". Their disagreements led Lopez to move out of their family home and into an apartment in Manhattan. During this period, Lopez performed in regional productions of several musicals, before being hired for the chorus in a musical that toured Europe for five months. She was unhappy with the role, as she was the only member of the chorus not to have a solo. From there, she got a job on the show Synchronicity in Japan, where she acted as a dancer, singer and a choreographer. Lopez then gained her first regular high-profile job as a Fly Girl dancer on the television comedy program In Living Color. She moved to Los Angeles with then-boyfriend David Cruz to film the series and remained a regular cast member until 1993 when she decided to pursue an acting career.
After a series of co-starring film roles, Lopez received her big break came in 1996, when she was cast to play the title role in Selena, a biopic of the late American singer-songwriter Selena. In the film, Selena's real voice is used for the musical sequences in Selena, but Lopez would nonetheless sing the lyrics during the scenes instead of lip synching. When asked by an interview if Selena inspired her to launch a music career, Lopez stated: "I really, really became inspired, because I started my career in musical theater on stage. So doing the movie just reminded me of how much I missed singing, dancing, and the like..." After filming Selena, Lopez was "really feeling [her] Latin roots" and cut a demo in Spanish. Lopez's manager then sent the song, entitled "Vivir Sin Ti", to Sony Music Entertainment's Work Records, who showed an interest in signing Lopez. Tommy Mottola, the head of the label suggested to her that she sing in English instead. She complied and began recording her debut studio album On the 6.
Transition from film to music
During production of the On the 6, Lopez was aware of the fact that she received her recording contract on the premise of her looks and having an already established name in the entertainment industry, and wanted to prove that she had musical talent. Prior to the debut of her music, critics wondered why she would take the risk of launching a music career. It was noted that: "If the album was a flop, not only would it embarrass Lopez, but it might even damage her career." Lopez's debut single "If You Had My Love" was serviced to radio in the United States on May 4, 1999. The song debuted at 72 on the US Billboard Hot 100 on the week of May 15, 1999, and entered the top ten two weeks later. A month after the single's release, it moved to number six, earning the "Greatest Gainer" title of the week, and reached the top spot on June 12, 1999. The song dethroned Ricky Martin's "Livin' La Vida Loca" as the number-one song in the country; this was the first time a Latin artist followed another Latin artist to the top of the chart since Gloria Estefan's "Coming Out Of The Dark" replaced Timmy T's "One More Try" in March 1991. Lopez also became the first artist to top the Billboard Hot 100 with their debut single since Britney Spears did with her single "...Baby One More Time" four months prior. "If You Had My Love" stayed atop the Billboard Hot 100 for a period of a month, and remained in the top ten until September of 1999. "If You Had My Love" was also a success internationally; topping the charts in countries including New Zealand, Australia, and Canada. The song also peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart and reached the top ten of seven other countries.
"No Me Ames", a duet with American recording artist Marc Anthony was released as a B-side to "If You Had My Love" and as the album's second single. The song was promoted by Sony Discos, who released a salsa and a ballad version of the song on their respective radio formats. The surprising success of both "If You Had My Love" and the album made the "popular actor even more popular". Both the music industry and the public became intrigued by "this woman who seemed to have so many different talents". Following the release of "If You Had My Love" and "No Me Ames", three additional singles were released. By the end of 1999, Lopez had successfully converted herself from a film star to a pop star.
Video contents
"Rather than the usual collection", Feelin' So Good provides a documentary-style look at the launch of Lopez's music career. It contains a mixture of interviews, behind-the-scenes footage, music videos and live performances. The interview footage in-between the performance segments has been described as "very slick and promotional". It was also noted that in the interview footage Lopez "comes through energetically" and without "much star-ego". The video album provides very basic information about the singer's career, rather than going too much into detail. The release has been compared to the DVD releases of Mariah Carey. Cory Rooney and Lopez acted as album executive producers of the DVD, while Lopez acted as a video executive producer, alongside Benny Medina. Jeffrey Norskog acted as a video associate producer.
Chapters overview
Feelin' So Good opens with a intertitle that features a behind-the-scenes look at Lopez during the artwork shoot for On the 6, artist's proof of said photoshoot and brief clips of the music videos to the album's five singles. In the second chapter, "Why Risk a Music Career?", Lopez is interviewed by her sister Lynda Lopez, who oversees each interview segment, about the risks of starting a music career after having an already thriving movie career. Critics believed that she was only launching a music career with an intent to expand her brand, while Lopez felt as if it was simply the "next natural step" in her career. Lopez's manager Benny Medina further discusses this, labeling her as the "ultimate" triple threat - "the actor, singer and dancer". Lopez then confers, in the chapter "Press Tours / Promotions", about the extensive promotional schedule she was on to promote the album. She examines the differences in promoting an album and a film, stating that promoting an album is more "personal" as it is something that is "closer to your heart" and something she "really believes in". According to Lopez, by the end of the promotional tour for the album she "lost" her voice from the amount of interviews she had. Following this, Lopez's performance of the Darkchild remix of "If You Had My Love" at the 1999 VH1 Fashion Awards is shown. In the fifth chapter, "Beginning of the Year", Lopez discusses her hectic schedule in the beginning of 1999; balancing film events and choosing the album's first single and shooting its music video. Lopez then goes into detail about the concept behind the music video of "If You Had My Love". Lopez's sister Lynda makes a formal introduction to the music video, as having a "special place" in her heart, and it is shown. Lopez then explains how her duet with Marc Anthony on "No Me Ames" came about and the concept of the video. Video footage is shown, as Lopez discusses her first ever live performance, with "No Me Ames", in April 1999 at Madison Square Garden alongside Marc Anthony. Following this, the official music video to "No Me Ames" is shown.
In the eleventh chapter of Feelin' So Good, appropriately entitled "First Number One Single", Lopez reveals the moment when she found out that "If You Had My Love" went number one in the United States. She then went on to discuss the events that occoured during the release week of On the 6 in "Record Release Week". Lopez then reveals how she came to record "Let's Get Loud" and her performance of the song at the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup is shown. In "Jennifer's Energy", Medina discusses Lopez's ability to work at late hours of the night. Her 1999 Billboard Music Awards performance of the Hex Hector remix of "Waiting for Tonight" is then shown. Lopez then speaks of filming the music video for "Waiting for Tonight" and behind the scenes footage on set of the video is shown. She also explains how the Hex Hector remix of the song came about and the alternative music video that was created for it. A megamix video of the original and Hex Hector remix follows. The twentieth chapter, "Jennifer's Mom", is an interview with Lopez's mother discussing what was like to see Lopez on television for the first time. Lopez then discusses her surprise to the amount of fans she had and their dedication in "Fan Support". In "Working on Record", the twenty-second chapter of Feelin' So Good, Lopez discusses the process of writing and recording the album. Lopez's sister Lynda interviews her choreographer Tina Landon on what it is like to work with her, before her 1999 Blockbuster Awards performance of "If You Had My Love" is shown. Footage is then shown of Lopez "goofing around" during a photoshoot, before the music video to her song "Baila" is shown, for the very first time. In "Film Energy vs. Music Energy" Lopez compares the difference between the fans of her movies and of her music. In the final interview footage of Feelin' So Good, Lopez explains the concept behind the music video of "Feelin' So Good" and why Big Pun and Fat Joe were chosen to be featured on the song. The music video is then shown and is faded out into the end credits.
DVD bonus features
Digitally remastered with Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Sound, the DVD edition of Feelin' So Good contains interactive menus and instant chapter access to songs. It also contains song lyrics and a biography of Lopez in both English and Spanish, as well as an exclusive photo gallery. Additionally, the video albums contains the music videos to Lopez's songs: "If You Had My Love", "Waiting for Tonight", "No Me Ames", "Feelin' So Good" and "Baila". It also contains four live televised performances by Lopez in 1999. First is her Blockbuster Movie Awards performance of "If You Had My Love", followed by her VH1 Fashion Awards performance of the Darkchild remix of "If You Had My Love". Then, her performance at the Billboard Music Awards of the Hex Hector remix of "Waiting for Tonight" and lastly her Woman's World Cup Finale performance of "Let's Get Loud".
Release and response
Release dates and formats
Feelin' So Good was released on DVD and VHS formats in the United States on November 7, 2000 by SMV Enterprises, the home media division of Sony Corporation's music and entertainment label Sony Music Entertainment. It was then released in Canada the following week by CBS Video on DVD and VHS. In the United Kingdom, the video album received a DVD release on January 30, 2001 and a VHS release on April 30, 2001 by SMV Enterprises. Jennifer Lopez: Feelin' So Good was released on DVD in Japan on June 20, 2001 by Sony Music Records, and on DVD and VHS in France on April 8, 2002 by Sony BMG. The Region 1 cover features a black and white photo of Lopez during the photoshoot of On the 6, while the Region 2 edition features a golden hue image also taken during the photoshoot of On the 6. Feelin' So Good and Let's Get Loud were released as a two disc DVD set in France on October 20, 2003. Jennifer Lopez: Feelin' So Good was re-released on DVD in Japan on November 21, 2007.
Critical reception
Feelin' So Good received generally favorable reviews from critics. Perry Seibert of Allmusic awarded the DVD three out of five stars, commenting that fans of Lopez will "greatly enjoy this disc", but it carries little interest to the average DVD consumer. Aaron Beierle of DVD Talk stated that: "It's interesting to watch this disc after watching Lopez in The Cell. I think it's been impressive to watch her mature as an actress; although much has been made of her supposedly demanding attitude, I think she's talented as not only a singer/dancer but as a dramatic actress - I'm sure a comedic role is right around the corner". The reviewer additionally stated that the most interesting segment of the release was the "Waiting for Tonight" music video. He concluded by stating that: "Although I'm not really a big fan of her music, I do appreciate it and found it enjoyable and entertaining to listen to throughout."
Certifications
References
Other websites
Jennifer Lopez albums
2000 albums
Compilation albums
Latin music albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums |
609722 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Mueller | Robert Mueller | Robert Swan Mueller III (; born August 7, 1944) is an American lawyer and civil servant. He was the sixth Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 2001 to 2013. He is a Republican. He was appointed by President George W. Bush and his original ten-year term was given a two-year extension by President Barack Obama.
Mueller is the longest-serving FBI director since J. Edgar Hoover. He is currently head of the Special Counsel investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.
References
Other websites
Profile at the Federal Bureau of Investigation and staff
Robert Mueller
1944 births
Living people
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
Lawyers from New York City
Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Politicians from New York City
Republican Party (United States) politicians |
625458 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina%20Haspel | Gina Haspel | Gina Cheri Haspel (born October 1, 1956) is an American intelligence officer. Haspel was the 7th Director of the Central Intelligence Agency from April 26, 2018 to January 20, 2021. She was appointed by President Donald Trump. Before, she was the 6th Deputy Director of the CIA, appointed by Trump in February 2017.
On March 13, 2018, Haspel was nominated by President Trump to become the CIA Director, replacing Mike Pompeo. She is the first woman to hold the position. She was approved for confirmation by the Senate Intelligence Committee on May 16 by a 10-5 vote, with two Democrats voting in favor. She was sworn-in on May 21.
Early life
Haspel was born Gina Cheri Walker on October 1, 1956 in Ashland, Kentucky.
Haspel was a student at the University of Kentucky for three years and transferred for her senior year to the University of Louisville, where she graduated in May 1978.
Early career
Haspel joined the CIA in January 1985 as a reports officer. She held many undercover overseas positions, for many of which she was station chief. Her first field assignment was from 1987-1989 in Ethiopia, Central Eurasia, Turkey, followed by several assignments in Europe and Central Eurasia from 1990 to 2001. From 1996 to 1998, Haspel was station chief in Baku, Azerbaijan.
Deputy Director of the CIA
On February 2, 2017, President Donald Trump appointed Haspel Deputy Director of the CIA. On February 8, 2017, many members of the Senate intelligence committee asked Trump to change his appointment of Haspel as Deputy Director.
Director of the CIA (2018-2021)
On March 13, 2018, President Donald Trump announced he would nominate Haspel to be the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, replacing Mike Pompeo who was set to become the new United States Secretary of State. Haspel became the first woman to become permanent Director of the CIA.
Many people were against her nomination because of her support of torture and water boarding.
Haspel was approved for confirmation by the Senate Intelligence Committee on May 16 by a 10-5 vote, with two Democrats voting in favor. The next day, Haspel was confirmed by the full Senate, on a mostly party-line, 54-45 vote.
Personal life
Haspel married Jeff Haspel in 1976. They were divorced by 1985. Haspel lives in Ashburn, Virginia.
References
1956 births
Living people
Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
Politicians from Virginia |
753477 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manica%20Province | Manica Province | Manica is a province of Mozambique. The capital city is Chimoio.
The Save River creates the southern border. There is also the Zambezi river in the northeast. The highest mountain in Mozambique, Mount Binga (2436 m), is in this province near the border with Zimbabwe.
Districts
Manica Province is divided into 12 districts:
Barue District
Chimoio District
Gondola District
Guro District
Macate District
Machaze District
Macossa District
Manica District
Mossurize District
Sussundenga District
Tambara District
Vanduzi District
References
Provinces of Mozambique |
971861 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash%20of%20the%20Titans%20%28tour%29 | Clash of the Titans (tour) | Clash of the Titans was a concert tour that happened in September to October 1990 and May to July 1991. The main musicians for the tour were American thrash metal bands Slayer and Megadeth. The tour was made to help sell copies of the two bands' new albums, Rust in Peace and Seasons in the Abyss. The tour happened at two different times. The first was in Europe (with Testament and Suicidal Tendencies) and the second was in the United States (with Anthrax and Alice in Chains). Clash of the Titans is one of the most successful heavy metal tours ever.
References
Concert tours |
989304 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocoa | Mocoa | Mocoa is a city in Colombia. It is the capital of Putumayo Department.
Cities in Colombia
Capitals of Colombian departments |
542024 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9 | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté | Bourgogne-Franche-Comte (meaning Burgundy-Free County) is one of the administrative regions of France. It is in eastern France and was formed in 2016 from two old regions: Bourgogne and Franche-Comte.
Its capital is Besancon.
Geography
The Bourgogne-Franche-Comte region is the sixth largest region of France with an area of . It is in northeastern France and borders to the north with the Grand Est region, to the west with Ile-de-France and Centre-Val de Loire regions, to the south with the Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes region, and to the east with Switzerland (the cantons of Vaud, Neuchatel and Jura).
The distances from Besancon, the capital of the region, to other cities are:
Paris, the national capital, ;
Bordeaux, ;
Toulouse, ;
Marseille, ;
Lyon, ;
Montpellier, ;
Nice, .
Rivers
The main rivers in the region are the Saone and its tributary the Doubs. The Loire river flows through the southwest of the region, at Nevers. The Seine river starts in the Cote-d'Or department.
Mountains
There are three main mountain ranges in the region:
The Vosges Mountains are in the northeast of the region and its highest point in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte is Ballon de Servance, high.
The Jura Mountains are along the eastern limits; here is Cret Pela, the highest point in Bourgogne-Franche-Comte with .
The Morvan mountains are in the centre of the western part; it highest point is Haut-Folin, high.
The Cret Pela (), at , is the highest mountain of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comte region. It is in the Jura mountain range.
The highest point of the different departments in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comte region are:
Departments
The Bourgogne-Franche-Comte region is formed by 8 departments:
Arr. = Arrondissements Cant. = Cantons Comm. = Communes
Demographics
The Bourgogne-Franche-Comte region had, in 2014, a population of 2,820,623, for a population density of inhabitants/km2. The department with more people living in it is Saone-et-Loire with 555,788 inhabitants.
After the Territoire de Belfort, the smallest department in the region, Doubs is the department with highest population density (102 inhabitants/km2). The density in the other departments is lower.
Gallery
Related pages
Burgundy
Franche-Comte
Regions of France
References
Other websites
Regional Council website
Prefecture of the region
2016 establishments in France |
184121 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20on%20Fire | High on Fire | High on Fire is an American heavy metal band. It was started by guitar player Matt Pike. He used to be in the band Asleep. The band has released 4 albums.
Discography
Studio albums
References
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from Oakland, California |
990206 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1.%20Favoritner%20FC%20Vorw%C3%A4rts%2006%20Wien | 1. Favoritner FC Vorwärts 06 Wien | 1. Favoritner FC Vorwarts 06 Wien was a Austrian football club from the Favoriten district of Vienna.
History
The club was founded on 4 December 1906 as the Sportclub Favoritner Vorwarts. The club colors were set with black and white. Role models were the district neighbors ASV Hertha Vienna and SpC Rudolfshugel. For the championship, the club was classified in the 2nd class. In the first official championship season in 1911/12, the club finished in good fifth place. With the outbreak of the First world war in 1914, they stopped because most of the players were drafted into military service.
Immediately after the end of the war, former players and officials got together in 1918 to reactivate the club. The club was also renamed 1. Favoritner FC Vorwarts 06 Vienna. In the 1919/20 season they came back into the 2nd Class, but only came last and were relegated to the Third Class North. After two seasons in this class they became champion and should be promoted to 2. Class A. Due to accusation that the club had used unauthorized players and that witnesses close to him had made false statements, 1. FFC Vorwarts 06 was excluded from the association. After clarification of this matter,Vorwarts was allowed to play again in the 2nd class south in the 1923/24 season.
The next years became an integral part of the second class. In the 1941/42 season they came second behind the BSG Reichsbahn I. The next season they became champion but had to play two relegation matches versus SC Austria Donauarbeiter. With an score of 5:2 Vorwarts had qualified for the promotion round to the Gauliga. In the promotion round itself two victories against the Fussballgemeinschaft Salzburg and a draw against SK Amateure Steyr were only enough for second place behind Steyer.
In the 1945/46 season they qualified for the 1st class in Vienna, from which the Favoritner were relegated in the following season. After years in the lower classes the game operation was stopped in 2014.
References
Football clubs of Vienna |
648 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace | Peace | Peace is a time without any fights or wars. In a larger sense, peace (or peacefulness) can mean a state of harmony, quiet or calm that is not disturbed by anything at all, like a still pond with no ripples.
Many people and organizations want peace. One organization that was set up to bring peace among the nations and try to make war a thing of the past was the League of Nations after World War I. When it did not stop World War II, it was replaced by the United Nations which tries to make the world peaceful. This means that if any member is attacked or invaded by another country without attacking that country first, the other members will come to help the country that was attacked first. This idea was used by the United Nations to defend both South Korea and Kuwait when they were attacked.
Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote in a letter he sent from the Birmingham jail that, "True peace is not merely the absence of tension: it is the presence of justice." In other words, Real peace is more than just problems being gone: there must be fairness to have peace.
Alfred Nobel created an annual award, the Nobel Peace Prize, for the person who had done the most to bring peace to the world.
Religious beliefs and peace
Buddhists think that peace can be gotten once all suffering ends.To get rid of suffering and get this peace, many try to follow a set of teachings called the Four Noble Truths
Jews and Christians believe that true peace comes from a personal relationship with God. Jesus Christ (also called the "Prince of Peace" in the Book of Isaiah) said: "Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid." ()
Muslims follow Prophet Muhammad who teaches them that peace is the glue that holds communities together and sustains the world.
Inner peace
Inner peace (or peace of mind) refers to a state of being mentally and spiritually at peace, with enough knowledge and understanding to keep oneself strong in the face of stress. Being "at peace" is considered by many to be healthy and the opposite of being stressed or anxious. Peace of mind is generally associated with bliss and happiness.
Peace of mind, serenity, and calmness are descriptions of a disposition free from the effects of stress. In some cultures, inner peace is considered a state of consciousness or enlightenment that may be cultivated by various forms of training, such as prayer, meditation, Tai chi chuan or yoga, for example. Many spiritual practices refer to this peace as an experience of knowing oneself.
Movements and activism
Peace movement
A movement that seeks to get ideals such as the ending of a particular war, minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or type of situation, often linked to the goal of achieving world peace. Means to achieve these ends usually include advocacy of pacifism, non-violent resistance, conscientious objector, diplomacy, boycotts, moral purchasing, supporting anti-war political candidates, demonstrations, and lobbying to create legislation on human rights or of international law.
Theories on peace
Many different theories of "peace" exist in the world of peace studies, which involves the study of conflict transformation. The definition of "peace" can vary with religion, culture, or subject of study.
Peace is a state of balance and understanding in yourself and between others, where respect is gained by the acceptance of differences, tolerance persists, conflicts are resolved through dialog, people's rights are respected and their voices are heard, and everyone is at their highest point of serenity without social tension.
Related pages
Anti-war movement
Ceasefire
Pacifism
Peace makers
Peace treaty
World peace
Basic English 850 words
Society |
209540 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwak%20Kyung-keun | Gwak Kyung-keun | Gwak Kyung-Keun (born 10 October 1972) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1995||Urawa Red Diamonds||||||
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Fukushima FC||||||
|-
|1997||||||
|-
|1998||rowspan="5"|Bucheon SK||rowspan="5"|K-League||30||9
|-
|1999||36||13
|-
|2000||39||9
|-
|2001||29||2
|-
|2002||21||3
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Busan I'cons||rowspan="2"|K-League||27||0
|-
|2004||24||0
206||36
206||36
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1998||5||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
!Total||7||0
|}
References
1972 births
Living people
South Korean footballers |
275620 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-Triassic%20extinction%20event | End-Triassic extinction event | The End-Triassic extinction event marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, 201.3 million years ago. However, many of the extinctions occurred before then in the Upper Triassic.
Overall, this was one of the major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon. It profoundly affected life on land and in the oceans. At least half the species now known to have been living on Earth at that time became extinct. It was a series of extinctions when life was hit by volcanic events.
A whole class, the conodonts (extinct chordates); 20% of all marine families; all large crurotarsans (non-dinosaurian archosaurs); some remaining therapsids; and many of the large amphibians such as the temnospondyls were wiped out.
The event emptied many ecological niches, and allowed the dinosaurs to take over the dominant roles in the Jurassic period. This event happened in less than 10,000 years, and occurred just before Pangaea started to break apart.
Scientists have suggested several explanations for this event, but all have unanswered challenges:
Asteroid impact: no known impact crater has been dated to coincide with the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.
Gradual climate change or sea-level fluctuations during the Upper Triassic. Sea level was low at the end of the Triassic, and the climate on Pangaea was arid. However, this does not explain the suddenness of the extinctions.
Massive volcanic eruptions would release carbon dioxide, which would cause intense global warming, or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause severe cooling. The flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) occurred at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. This is the favoured explanation of several palaeontologists.
Recent evidence
A recent paper in PNAS shows fairly clearly that mass volcanism was involved. It was probably the primary cause of the extinction. Mercury is present in volcanic rocks found at the end-Triassic boundary.
Mercury is emitted in gaseous form during volcanism, and deposited in sediments. The paper says "Such episodic volcanism likely perturbed the global environment over a long time and strongly delayed ecological recovery".
References
Extinction events
Mesozoic |
478161 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Adams | Ryan Adams | David Ryan Adams (born November 5, 1974) is an American singer-songwriter, musician and producer. He was a member of the alternative country band Whiskeytown. His first solo album, Heartbreaker, was released in 2000.
Adams was born in Jacksonville, North Carolina.
Studio albums
Heartbreaker (2000)
Gold (2001)
Demolition (2002)
Rock n Roll (2003)
Love Is Hell (2004)
Cold Roses (2005)
Jacksonville City Nights (2005)
29 (2005)
Easy Tiger (2007)
Cardinology (2008)
Orion (2010)
III/IV (2010)
Ashes & Fire (2011)
Ryan Adams (2014)
1989 (2015)
Prisoner (2017)
Wednesdays (2020)
References
Country musicians from North Carolina
American singer-songwriters
1974 births
Living people |
302732 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Woodward | Robert Woodward | Robert Burns Woodward (April 10, 1917 - July 8, 1979) was an American organic chemist. He made many important discoveries in modern organic chemistry. He worked on the synthesis and structure of complex natural products. He worked closely with Roald Hoffmann on the theory of chemical reactions. Woodward won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1965.
Early life and education
Woodward was born in Boston, Massachusetts. When he was one year old, his father died in the influenza pandemic of 1918.
He was interested in chemistry at an early age. By the time he entered high school, he had already done most of the experiments in Ludwig Gattermann's textbook of experimental organic chemistry. In 1928, Woodward asked the Consul-General of the German consulate in Boston, to send him copies of a few original papers published in German journals. He was fascinated to read Otto Diels and Kurt Alder's original communication about the Diels-Alder reaction.
In 1933, he entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), but did not do well enough to continue. MIT readmitted him in 1935, and by 1936 he had received the Bachelor of Science degree. Only one year later, MIT awarded him the doctorate. This was very unusual at the time, because most MIT students earned only a Bachelor of Science degree after four years. Woodward's studies were about the synthesis of the female sex hormone estrone, a natural type of estrogen. He held a Junior Fellowship at Harvard University from 1937 to 1938, and stayed at Harvard for the rest of his life. In the 1960s, Woodward was named Donner Professor of Science, a post which allowed him to spend all his time on research.
Early work
In the early 1940s Wooward was using ultraviolet spectroscopy to discover the structure of natural products. Woodward collected a large amount of information, and then worked out a series of rules, later called the Woodward's rules. These rules could be used to find out the structures of new natural products, as well as non-natural synthesized molecules. Woodward was always quick to use newly developed techniques. Woodward's discovery saved chemists from spending a lot of time using chemical methods to work out the structures of compounds.
In 1944 Woodward and William von Eggers Doering reported the synthesis of the alkaloid quinine, used to treat malaria. The synthesis was a breakthrough, as quinine was hard to get from Japanese occupied southeast Asia. In fact, Woodward's method could not be used on a practical scale, but it was a landmark for chemical synthesis. Organic synthesis was still largely a matter of trial and error, and nobody thought such complex structures could actually be constructed. Woodward showed that organic synthesis could be made into a science. Woodward's synthesis of quinine was the first of many of his very complicated and elegant syntheses.
Later work and its impact
By the 1930s, the British chemists Christopher Ingold and Robert Robinson among others had studied the mechanisms of organic reactions. They had come up with rules which could predict reactivity of organic molecules. Woodward was probably the first synthetic organic chemist who used these rules to predict what steps would work in a synthesis.
Organic syntheses and Nobel Prize
During the late 1940s, Woodward synthesized many complex natural products including quinine, cholesterol, cortisone, strychnine, lysergic acid, reserpine, chlorophyll, cephalosporin, and colchicine. With these, Woodward opened up a new era of synthesis, sometimes called the 'Woodwardian era'. He showed that natural products could be synthesized by careful applications of the principles of physical organic chemistry, and by very careful planning.
Many of Woodward's syntheses were described as spectacular by his colleagues. Before he did them, some people thought it would be impossible to create these substances in the lab. Woodward's syntheses were also described as having an element of art in them, and since then, synthetic chemists have always looked for elegance as well as utility in synthesis. His work also involved the exhaustive use of the then newly developed techniques of infrared spectroscopy and later, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Another important feature of Woodward's syntheses was their attention to stereochemistry or the particular configuration of molecules in three dimensional space. Most natural products of medicinal importance are effective, for example as drugs, only when they possess a specific stereochemistry. This creates the demand for 'stereospecific synthesis', producing a compound with a defined stereochemistry. Woodward was a pioneer in showing how one could conduct reactions that were stereospecific. Many of his syntheses involved forcing a molecule into a certain configuration by installing rigid structural elements in it, another tactic that has become standard today. In this regard, especially his syntheses of reserpine and strychnine were landmarks.
During World War II, Woodward was an advisor to the War Production Board on the penicillin project.
Woodward also applied the technique of infrared spectroscopy and chemical degradation to determine the structures of complicated molecules. Notable among these structure determinations were santonic acid, strychnine, magnamycin and terramycin. About terramycin, Woodward's colleague and Nobel Laureate Derek Barton said:
"The most brilliant analysis ever done on a structural puzzle was surely the solution (1953) of the terramycin problem. It was a problem of great industrial importance, and hence many able chemists had performed an enormous amount of work trying to determine the structure. There seemed to be too much data to resolve the problem, because a significant number of observations, although experimentally correct, were very misleading. Woodward took a large piece of cardboard, wrote on it all the facts and, by thought alone, deduced the correct structure for terramycin. Nobody else could have done that at the time."
In each one of these cases, Woodward again showed how rational facts and chemical principles, combined with chemical intuition, could be used to achieve the task.
In the early 1950s, Woodward, and British chemist Geoffrey Wilkinson, proposed a structure for ferrocene, a compound consisting of a combination of an organic molecule with iron. This marked the beginning of the field of transition metal organometallic chemistry. The field later grew which grew to be important to the chemical industry. Wilkinson won the Nobel Prize for this work in 1973, with Ernst Otto Fischer. Some historians think that Woodward should have shared this prize along with Wilkinson. Woodward himself thought so, and voiced his thoughts in a letter sent to the Nobel Committee.
Woodward won the Nobel Prize in 1965 for his synthesis of complex organic molecules. In his Nobel lecture, he described the total synthesis of the antibiotic cephalosporin, and claimed that he had pushed the synthesis schedule so that it would be completed around the time of the Nobel ceremony.
B12 synthesis and Woodward-Hoffmann rules
In the early 1960s, Woodward began work on what was the most complex natural product synthesized to date- vitamin B12. In a remarkable collaboration with his colleague Albert Eschenmoser in Zurich, a team of almost one hundred students and postdoctoral workers worked for many years on the synthesis of this molecule. The work was finally published in 1973, and it marked a landmark in the history of organic chemistry. The synthesis included almost a hundred steps, and involved the rigorous planning and analyses that had always characterised Woodward's work. This work, more than any other, convinced organic chemists that the synthesis of any complex substance was possible, given enough time and planning. However, as of 2006, no other total synthesis of Vitamin B12 has been published.
That same year, based on observations that Woodward had made during the B12 synthesis, he and Roald Hoffmann devised rules (now called the Woodward-Hoffmann rules) for elucidating the stereochemistry of the products of organic reactions. Woodward based his ideas on his experiences as a synthetic organic chemist; he asked Hoffman to perform theoretical calculations to verify the ideas. This was done using Hoffmann's Extended Huckel method. The predictions of these rules were verified by many experiments. Hoffmann shared the 1981 Nobel Prize for this work along with Kenichi Fukui, a Japanese chemist who had done similar work using a different approach. Woodward had died two years before and so was not eligible to share this Prize.
A recent paper in the journal Nature describes how mechanical stress can be used to reshape chemical reaction pathways to lead to products that apparently violate Woodward-Hoffman rules.
Woodward Institute and later life
While at Harvard, Woodward took on the directorship of the
Woodward Research Institute, based at Basel, Switzerland in 1963. He also became a trustee of his alma mater, MIT, from 1966 to 1971, and of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel.
Woodward died in Cambridge, Massachusetts from a heart attack in his sleep. At the time, he was working on the synthesis of an antibiotic, erythromycin. A student of his said:
"I owe a lot to Woodward. He showed me that one could attack difficult problems without a clear idea of their outcome, but with confidence that intelligence and effort would solve them. He showed me the beauty of modern organic chemistry, and the relevance to the field of detailed careful reasoning. He showed me that one does not need to specialize. Woodward made great contributions to the strategy of synthesis, to the deduction of difficult structures, to the invention of new chemistry, and to theoretical aspects as well. He taught his students by example the satisfaction that comes from total immersion in our science. I treasure the memory of my association with this remarkable chemist."
Publications
During his lifetime, Woodward authored or coauthored almost 200 publications, of which 85 are full papers. The remainder comprising preliminary communications, the text of lectures, and reviews. The pace of his scientific activity soon outstripped his capacity to publish all experimental details, and much of the work in which he participated was not published until a few years after his death. Woodward trained more than two hundred Ph.D. students and postdoctoral workers, many of whom later went on to distinguished careers.
Idiosyncracies
His lectures were legendary and frequently used to last for three or four hours. [His longest known lecture defined the unit of time known as the "Woodward", and thereafter his other lectures were deemed to be so many "milli-Woodwards" long!] In many of these, he eschewed the use of slides and used to draw beautiful structures by using multicolored chalk. As a result, it was always easy to take good notes at a Woodward lecture. Typically, to begin a lecture, Woodward would arrive and lay out two large white handkerchiefs on the countertop. Upon one would be four or five colors of chalk (new pieces), neatly sorted by color, in a long row. Upon the other handkerchief would be placed an equally impressive row of cigarettes. The previous cigarette would be used to light the next one. His famous Thursday seminars at Harvard often lasted well into the night. He had a fixation with blue, and all his suits, his car, and even his parking space were coloured in blue. In one of his laboratories, his students hung a large black and white photograph of the master from the ceiling, complete with a large blue "tie" appended. There it hung for some years (early 1970s), until scorched in a minor laboratory fire. He detested exercise, could get along with only a few hours of sleep every night, was a heavy smoker, and enjoyed Scotch whisky and a martini or two. Hoffmann would correspond with Woodward using blue paper.
References
Sources
Robert Burns Woodward: Architect and Artist in the World of Molecules; Otto Theodor Benfey, Peter J. T. Morris, Chemical Heritage Foundation, April 2001.
Robert Burns Woodward and the Art of Organic Synthesis: To Accompany an Exhibit by the Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry (Publication / Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry); Mary E. Bowden; Chemical Heritage Foundation, March 1992
Other websites
Robert Burns Woodward
Video podcast of Robert Burns Woodward talking about cephalosporin
1917 births
1979 deaths
Scientists from Boston
American chemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Deaths from myocardial infarction |
14535 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20status%20of%20Taiwan | Political status of Taiwan | The political status of Taiwan is a difficult situation that many people disagree about. There are two countries in the world that call themselves China. The People's Republic of China (PRC) is the country most people think of when they hear the name China. The Republic of China (ROC) also calls itself China. It is better known in most of the world as Taiwan.
Taiwan was a part of China for thousands of years. After the First Sino-Japanese War, Taiwan and Penghu was illegally taken by Japan. After World War II, the Japanese gave up any claim to Taiwan, but did not say who they were giving control to. At the time, the Republic of China governed all of China, and represented China in the United Nations. After losing a civil war in 1949, the ROC government fled to the island of Taiwan, leaving the PRC to control mainland China. The PRC says it owns the island of Taiwan (which is also known as Taiwan province) and the other islands. The ROC says that it was--and is--the rightful government of China, including mainland China, Taiwan, and Mongolia. In 1971, the ROC lost its United Nations seat as China. The seat was given to the PRC instead. This made the PRC the recognized government of China internationally. The major problems are about whether Taiwan is a part of the PRC or should be an independent country.
Current status
Today, the ROC (Taiwan) is a fully democratic society, with its own economy, currency, military, and elected officials. The Chinese mainland is ruled by the communist PRC government. Most countries have accepted the PRC as the leaders of China. Several countries, including the United States, have been careful to not say officially which parts of the original China are part of the PRC. 14 countries have official diplomatic relations with Taiwan. Those who don't usually have un-official de facto embassies and do business with Taiwan mostly as normal, aside from recognizing it as a country.
The current state of Taiwan and China is called the "status quo", which means neither side is trying to change the way things are. However, the PRC often threatens to use military force to change the situation and bring Taiwan under PRC control. Some people in Taiwan want Taiwan to formally become the Republic of Taiwan, an independent country. This would change the status quo also, and many Taiwanese prefer not to do this, in order to maintain peace. In opinion polls, only a very small percentage of Taiwanese people want to rejoin with the mainland.
Views by other countries
Today, most countries of the world see the PRC as China. Most countries however still have a very close economic and cultural relationship with Taiwan, even if they have major tensions with the PRC.
Problems
The relations between the PRC and Taiwan are tense. The PRC believes that Taiwan is a part of the PRC. The government of the PRC has said that if the people of Taiwan vote to become the Republic of Taiwan, that they will invade Taiwan and stop this from happening. In March 2004, they passed a law that will allow China to invade Taiwan if Taiwan tries to leave the PRC and become an independent country. This law has caused problems with the people in Taiwan. It has caused even more people in Taiwan not to want to be a part of PRC China.
Another issue is how a war for Taiwan would grow to include the United States, who has said it would help defend Taiwan, and Australia and Japan, who also hint at helping Taiwan in case of war.
Politics of China
Politics of Taiwan |
129118 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassay-les-Ch%C3%A2teaux | Lassay-les-Châteaux | Lassay-les-Chateaux is a commune of 2,532 people (1999). It is found in the Pays de la Loire region in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. There is also a 15th-century castle that you can visit.
Communes in Mayenne |
812909 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Hammel | Francis Hammel | Francis Hammel (11 December 1950 - 6 January 2021) was a French politician. From 1997 to 2002, he was a member of the National Assembly. Hammel was born in Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, France. He was a member of the Socialist Party.
Hammel died on 6 January 2021 at the age of 70.
References
1950 births
2021 deaths
French politicians |
391810 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Anders | Andrea Anders | Andrea Anders (May 10, 1975) is an American actress. She usually acts in television sitcoms. She was born in Madison, Wisconsin.
References
American television actors
1975 births
Living people
Actors from Madison, Wisconsin |
149950 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danville%2C%20Arkansas | Danville, Arkansas | Danville is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Cities in Arkansas
County seats in Arkansas |
741240 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Yuva%20Puraskar%20winners%20for%20Telugu | List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Telugu | Yuva Puraskar prize winning writers in the Telugu language given by India's National Academy of Letters, Sahitya Akademi.
Prize winners
References
Yuva Puraskar
Indian awards |
172662 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldur%20von%20Schirach | Baldur von Schirach | Baldur Benedikt von Schirach (9 May 1907 - 8 August 1974) was a Nazi youth leader. He was later convicted of being a war criminal. Schirach was the head of the Hitler-Jugend (HJ, Hitler Youth), Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter ("Reich Governor") of Vienna.
1907 births
1974 deaths
Gauleiters
German prisoners
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Nazi leaders
Politicians from Berlin
Politicians of the Nazi Party |
726909 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infernal%20Devices%20%28Reeve%20novel%29 | Infernal Devices (Reeve novel) | Infernal Devices is the third book of the Mortal Engines Quartet written by Philip Reeve and first published in 2005.
2005 books
Children's books
Fantasy books |
408451 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine%20Cornell | Katharine Cornell | Katharine Cornell (February 16, 1893 - June 9, 1974) was an American state actress, author and theatrical producer. She played English poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning in The Barretts of Wimpole Street in 1931. She also played Juliet in Romeo and Juliet in 1934. She wrote several biography books. The most notable one was I Always Wanted to be an Actress, published in 1939. She was married to Guthrie McClintic.
Cornell was born in Berlin to American parents. She was raised in Buffalo, New York. She died at age 81 in Tisbury, Massachusetts.
American stage actors
1893 births
1974 deaths
Actors from Buffalo, New York
Writers from Buffalo, New York |
351316 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Bradt | Hilary Bradt | Hilary Bradt MBE (born 17 July 1941) is a British writer. He founded Bradt Travel Guides, a publisher of travel guide books, in the mid-1970s.
Life
From 1972, Bradt spent 18 months in South America with her husband, and later they set up Bradt Travel Guides together. Their first book was Backpacking along Ancient Ways in Peru and Bolivia. The award-winning Bradt guides have always covered unusual destinations that do not attract large numbers of tourists. The company is based in Chalfont St Peter, England.
After running the company for 35 years, Bradt retired in 2007, but she is still chairman. She also still writes about travel, including a guide book to Devon and articles in travel magazines.
Bradt worked for many years as a tour leader, particularly in Madagascar, a country that she has written many books about. Bradt is a member of the British Guild of Travel Writers and she received their Lifetime Achievement Award in November 2009.
She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2008 Queen's Birthday Honours for services to the tourist industry and to charity. Bradt's charity work includes being patron of Money for Madagascar, which has been raising funds for projects in Madagascar since 1986.
References
Other websites
Bradt Travel Guides website
British writers
1941 births
Living people |
915466 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian%20Zembala | Marian Zembala | Marian Zembala (11 February 1950 - 19 March 2022) was a Polish cardiac surgeon, academic and politician. He was the Minister of Health in 2015. He was a deputy to the Sejm from 2015 until 2019. Zembala was born in Krzepice, Poland. He was a member of the Civic Platform.
Zembala died on 19 March 2022 in Zbroslawice, Poland at the age of 72.
References
1950 births
2022 deaths
Polish academics
Surgeons
Polish physicians
Polish politicians |
794355 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaghan%20Rath | Meaghan Rath | Meaghan Rath (born June 18, 1986) is a Canadian actress. She is known for her television roles on Being Human, 15/Love, The Assistants, and Hawaii Five-0.
References
1986 births
Living people
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Canadian stage actors
Actors from Montreal |
980015 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20James%20%28Michigan%20politician%29 | John James (Michigan politician) | John Edward James (born June 8, 1981) is an American businessman and politician who is the U.S. Representative for Michigan's 10th congressional district since 2023.
James ran as the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate elections in Michigan in 2018 and 2020, losing the elections to Democratic incumbents Debbie Stabenow and Gary Peters.
References
1981 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Michigan
Republican Party (United States) politicians
United States representatives from Michigan
African American politicians |
162955 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Evans | Bill Evans | William John "Bill" Evans (August 16, 1929 - September 15, 1980) was an American jazz piano player. His career lasted 25 years. He was known for playing close groups of chords in his left hand, while playing melodies with his right hand. He was also known for playing in groups that featured him, a bass player, and a drummer. The groups dealt more with interaction and group-improvisation than jazz bands before them.
American pianists
American jazz musicians
Musicians from New Jersey
1929 births
1980 deaths
People from Plainfield, New Jersey |
468174 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20de%20Beauvau%2C%20Prince%20of%20Beauvau | Charles de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau | Charles Juste Francois Victurnien, de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (1793-1864) was a French military man and senator under Napoleon III. He was a member of the House of Beauvau. He was known as the Prince of Beauvau. Because of his father's rank of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, he succeeded to those titles on his fathers death in 1849. He married twice. He had four children including the next Prince of Beauvau. Politically he was a member of the Bonaparte party which sought to restore the Bonaparte family to the French throne. Though legally the "Prince of Craon", he was known by his other title "Prince of Beauvau".
Charles was born on 7 March 1793 at Sunninghill in Berkshire. His parents, Marc Etienne de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau and Nathalie de Rochechouart, were in exile in England from the French revolution.
The family returned to France. In 1810, Charles entered the French Army during the Napoleonic Wars. He became an officer of carabiniers two years later, during the campaign against Russia. He was nominated senator. He was elected Councillor-General of the Meurthe in 1854.
Marriages and children
On 9 June 1815, Charles married Lucie Virginie de Choiseul (1794-1834). They had the following children:
Marc Rene Antoine Victurnien (1816-1883), next Prince of Beauvau
Etienne Guy Charles Victurnien (1818-1865)
On 2 April 1839, Charles married Eugenie Ludmille Alexandrine Josephine Komar (1820-1881). They had the following children:
Marie Delphine Elisabeth Stephanie (1842-1898), married Count Gaston Alexandre de Ludre
Beatrix Jeanne Marie Josephine (1844-1895), married Count Horace de Choiseul-Praslin
1793 births
1864 deaths
House of Beauvau
French politicians |
755779 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Carpetbaggers | The Carpetbaggers | The Carpetbaggers is a 1964 American drama movie directed by Edward Dmytryk and based on the novel of the same name by Harold Robbins. It stars George Peppard, Alan Ladd, Bob Cummings, Elizabeth Ashley, Lew Ayers, Leif Erickson, Carroll Baker, Martha Hyer and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. Steve McQueen appears in the 1966 prequel movie Nevada Smith.
Other websites
1964 drama movies
American drama movies
Movies directed by Edward Dmytryk |
758410 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Girl%20%281951%20movie%29 | Golden Girl (1951 movie) | Golden Girl is a 1951 American musical movie directed by Lloyd Bacon and starring Mitzi Gaynor, Dale Robertson, Dennis Day, Una Merkel. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1952.
Other websites
1951 musical movies
1950s American musical movies
Movies directed by Lloyd Bacon |
55235 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers%20Grimm | Brothers Grimm | The Brothers Grimm (German: Die Bruder Grimm, also Gebruder Grimm) were the brothers Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm. They were German academics and most famous for their collections of folktales and fairy tales, and for their work in linguistics.
The Grimm brothers both became linguists. They are the inventors of German philology. They also did other language-related work, like publishing one of the first grammar books for the German language.
They also wrote fairy tales, and collected the tales which people told them. They published a collection of fairy tales known as Grimms' Fairy Tales (Grimms Marchen).
Other websites
The Museum of the Brothers Grimm in Kassel, Germany
Texts and recordings
Household Tales by the Brothers Grimm, translated by Margaret Hunt (This site is the only one to feature all of the Grimms' notes translated in English along with the tales from Hunt's original edition. Andrew Lang's introduction is also included.)
. Translated by Margaret Hunt.
Brothers Grimm - Fairy Tales Audiobooks
Recording of 63 Fairy Tales by the Brothers Grimm at LibriVox.org
Fairy tales
People from Hanau
Writers from Hesse |
778183 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil%20Taha | Khalil Taha | Khalil Taha (13 July 1932 - 27 July 2020) was a Lebanese wrestler. At the 1951 Mediterranean Games in Alexandria Egypt, Taha won the silver medal in the 73 kg Greco-Roman wrestling.
At the 1952 Summer Olympics, he won the bronze medal in the men's Greco-Roman Welterweight category.
References
1932 births
2020 deaths
Lebanese sportspeople
Olympic bronze medalists
Wrestlers |
806190 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal%20stop | Glottal stop | The glottal stop (or glottal plosive) is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is . The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is <?> . In English, this sound is found in a few accents. One example is the break in "uh-oh".
Features
Features of the glottal stop:
It has no phonation. This means that it is not a voiced or voiceless sound. This is because there is no air flow through the glottis when the sound is being made.
Writing
When many languages, such as Arabic, are Romanized (which means they are written with the Latin alphabet instead of their usual writing system), the glottal stop is written with the apostrophe or the symbol `. This is where the IPA letter comes from. In many Polynesian languages that use the Latin alphabet, the glottal stop is written with a rotated apostrophe, . This letter is called 'okina in Hawaiian and Samoan. In Malay the glottal stop is written with the letter (at the end of words). In Voro and Maltese, it is written with .
Other writing systems also have letters for the glottal stop. For example, the Hebrew alphabet uses the letter aleph . Cyrillic has the letter palochka . This letter is used in several Caucasian languages. Modern Latin alphabets for some Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus use the letter heng (' '). In Tundra Nenets, it is written with the letters apostrophe and double apostrophe . In Japanese, glottal stops occur at the end of interjections of surprise or anger and are written with .
When most Philippine languages are written, the glottal stop is not written all the time. Usually, a word that begins with a vowel (for example, Tagalog , "dog") is always pronounced with a glottal stop before that vowel. (This also happens in Modern German and Hausa.) This glottal stop is not written. Some orthographies (or ways of writing words) use a hyphen instead of the reverse apostrophe if the glottal stop is in the middle of the word (e.g. Tagalog , "love"; or Visayan gabi-i, "night"). If it is at the end of a word, the last vowel is written with a circumflex accent (known as the pakupya) if the last vowel is stressed and there is a glottal stop in the final vowel (for example, basa, "wet"). If the stress is on the penultimate, or second-to-last, syllable, then a grave accent (known as the paiwa) is used (for example, bata, "child").
Some Canadian indigenous languages, especially some of the Salishan languages, use the letter ? itself as part of their writing systems. In some of them, there are uppercase and lowercase letters for the glottal stop: and . The number 7 or question mark is sometimes used instead of ?. Some languages, such as Squamish, use this instead of ?. SENCOTEN uses the comma to write the glottal stop. However, this is optional in SENCOTEN.
In 2015, two women challenged the government of the Northwest Territories. They wanted to use the ? character in their daughters' names: Sahai?a, a Chipewyan name, and Sakae?ah, a Slavey name. The government told them that the identity documents the government uses could not have the letter ? on them. Because of this, the women instead used hyphens in their daughters' names. After this, they continued to challenge the government.
In the Crow language, the glottal stop is written as a question mark: ?. The only time the glottal stop is used in Crow is as a question marker morpheme, at the end of a sentence. (A question marker makes a sentence into a question.)
Examples
References
Bibliography
Consonants |
504704 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20W.%20Buttz | Charles W. Buttz | Charles Wilson Buttz (November 16, 1837 - July 20, 1913) was a U.S. Representative for South Carolina.
He was born in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. He died in Lisbon, North Dakota.
References
1837 births
1913 deaths
Politicians from Pennsylvania
United States representatives from South Carolina |
240886 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Tokura | Ken Tokura | Ken Tokura (born 16 June 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe.
Club career statistics
|-
|2005||rowspan="4"|Kawasaki Frontale||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||3||0||0||0||1||0||4||0
|-
|2006||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2008||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Thespa Kusatsu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||14||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||15||3
|-
|2009||43||23||2||2||colspan="2"|-||45||25
|-
|2010||Vissel Kobe||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
63||26||3||2||1||0||67||28
63||26||3||2||1||0||67||28
|}
References
Vissel Kobe
1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture |
178716 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge%20to%20Terabithia%20%282007%20movie%29 | Bridge to Terabithia (2007 movie) | Bridge to Terabithia is a fantasy movie. It was released in 2007. The director of the movie was Gabor Csupo. It was adapted for a movie by David L. Paterson and Jeff Stockwell. The movie is based on the Katherine Paterson novel of the same name. Walt Disney Pictures distributed the movie in the U.S.A. Bridge to Terabithia tells the story of two 12-year-old neighbours, Jesse Aarons and Leslie Burke. They spend their free time in an abandoned tree house where they create a fantasy world called Terabithia.
David Paterson, who wrote the screenplay, is Katherine Paterson's son. The novel is based on parts of his childhood. When he asked his mother if he could write a screenplay of the novel, she agreed. This was because he could write plays well. Production of the movie began in February 2006. The movie was shot by November. It was shot mainly in Auckland, New Zealand within two months. It took ten weeks to edit the movie. Post-production, music mixing, and visual effects took many months.
Bridge to Terabithia was released in the US and Canada on February 16, 2007. The movie was successful in terms of earnings. With a budget of around $20 million, it collected US$137 million worldwide. The movie received positive reviews. Critics called it faithful to the children's novel. They said the visuals and performances made the movie imaginative. Bridge to Terabithia was nominated for seven awards. It won five of them at the Young Artist Awards.
Plot
Jesse "Jess" Aarons (Josh Hutcherson) is a fifth grader who wants to be an artist. He lives with his financially poor family in Lark Creek. He rides the bus to school with his little sister, May Belle (Bailee Madison). He avoids the school bully, Janice Avery (Lauren Clinton). In class, his classmates, Scott Hoager (Cameron Wakefield) and Gary Fulcher (Elliot Lawless) tease him. A new student his age named Leslie Burke (AnnaSophia Robb) comes to the school. At recess, Jess enters a running event, for which he had been training at home. Leslie also enters it. She manages to beat all the boys, including Jess. This irritates Jess. While going home, Jess and Leslie learn that they are next-door neighbors.
Later in the evening, Jess becomes angry to find his sister has drawn in his notebook. His strict father (Robert Patrick) sides with her. The next day at school, Leslie praises Jess' drawing ability. This is after she sees his notebook. They soon become best friends. After school, they go into the woods. There, they swing across a creek on a rope. Jess and Leslie find an abandoned tree house and a broken down truck on the other side of the creek. They invent a new world, which they call Terabithia. The fantasy world reflects their lives. It comes to life as they explore the area. For the next few days, Jess and Leslie spend their free time in the tree house and learn about one another.
Leslie gives Jess an art kit for his birthday. This pleases Jess very much. Later, he gives her a puppy. She names it Prince Terrien. Once in Terabithia, they fight with various creatures, including a troll that looks like Janice Avery, the school bully. At school, May Belle shows her friend Alexandra what she has for her snack, Twinkies. Jess tells her that she should not brag about them. At recess, May Belle tells Jess and Leslie that Janice stole her Twinkies. Leslie becomes frustrated by Janice's fee for entering the toilet. Jess and Leslie play a trick on Janice. Everyone laughs at her at the bus for this.
Once Leslie's parents finish writing their book, she and Jess help paint their house. Jess is impressed by her parents' happiness and watches the family. At school on Friday, Leslie hears Janice crying in the bathroom. After Leslie talks with her, she learns that the reason why Janice is a bully is because she is abused by her father. They become friends. Jess and Leslie take Prince Terrein to Terabithia. There they fight off several creatures that look like students at their school. They decide to go home when it starts raining. The creek gets higher than ever due to the rain.
The next morning, Ms. Edmunds (Zooey Deschanel), Jess' music teacher, invites him on a one-on-one field trip to an art museum. Jess tries to ask his mother's permission. As she is half-asleep, he takes her mumbling as approval. Jess does not ask Leslie to come with him. When he returns home, Jess finds that his father and mother are worried. This is because they did not know where he was. His father tells him that Leslie drowned in the river that morning. This happened when Jess went to the museum. Jess is very sad to hear this. He visits the Burke family home with his parents to pay their respects. Leslie's father, Bill Burke (Latham Gaines), tells Jess that she loved him. He thanks him for being a very good friend to her, since she could not make friends at her old school. Jess feels very guilty for Leslie's death. His father consoles him to keep their friendship alive for her sake. Jess decides to re-imagine Terabithia and builds a bridge across the river to welcome a new ruler. He invites his sister, May Belle to enter Terabithia. She is delighted because she was not allowed to enter before. She and Jess make Terabithia even better, with Jess as king and his sister as princess.
Production
Production for the movie began in February 2006, with a budget of around $20 million. The main photography for the movie was shot in Auckland, New Zealand in sixty days. movie editing took ten weeks. Post-production, music mixing, and visual effects took a few months. The movie was finished by November 2006. This was because the crew "had to rush" to finish it by February 16. The movie was directed by Gabor Csupo. Walden Media President Cary Granat first recommended him to direct the movie. Csupo had never done a live-action movie before. However, he said it "didn't worry Granat in the least". Csupo noted that he was interested in making the movie. He "had the ambition to do a live-action movie for a long time", but that he "didn't like anything until I read this book". He called the book "beautiful" and said that it "moved [him]". The cinematographer of Bridge to Terabithia was Michael Chapman. This was his final movie before he retired. Chapman mentioned in the film's DVD commentary that he retired after the movie because he wanted his last movie to be a good one. He said: "this is such a beautiful story, and it's exactly the kind of movie I want to do at this time in my life".
Casting
Director Csupo stated they had thought of no actors for the movie at first. The first actor cast was AnnaSophia Robb as Leslie Burke. Robb wrote Csupo "such a beautiful, heartwarming letter" that showed she loved the book and character. Csupo said Robb was cast for the movie because of "her letter, her enthusiasm, and her love of the material". Robb also talked with Lauren Levine, the producer of the movie, before casting even began. "[T]heir conversation convinced her that, without a doubt, AnnaSophia was meant for this role," Csupo stated. Levine said "it was just so clear in talking to her about all this fantasy that I was basically talking to Leslie, that she had that same kind of spark and magical presence. She might be physically different from Leslie in the book, but the spirit of Leslie and the spirit of AnnaSophia are nearly identical. It was a match made in heaven." With regard to the character, Robb said "[Leslie]'s one of those people who's just always lit up, who has this glow about her, and no one can bring her down. Leslie's such a lively and energetic character, it was really fun for me to become her."
Levine noted that "looking for Jess was a really tough hunt. We needed someone who could go from an introverted boy in an isolated world to someone who completely taps into his imagination and becomes a confident, brave leader in Terabithia. That's a heck of a range for such a young actor." Josh Hutcherson was not their first choice for the role of Jess Aarons. He was chosen as they "felt the chemistry between AnnaSophia Robb and him". Hutcherson said that he liked the project because of "the real life day-to-day drama as well as the arc of the character Jess".
The filmmakers cast Robert Patrick as Jess' father. He was chosen due to his experience in several movies in the past. Patrick explained that he could relate to the plot. He was "constantly creating imaginary worlds as a kid" himself, and that the movie reminded him of the place where he grew up. He also said that he agreed to act because it was a movie his children could watch.
Bailee Madison was cast as May Belle Aarons. Csupo said they searched for a long time for someone to play her role. She had "such a charm, even before the camera, she was just like a little sweetheart," he said. She was confident, shook hands with everybody and was "totally sweet and perky". Csupo was pleased by her attitude and cast her for the movie.
Design and effects
Csupo explained that "it was a very conscious decision from the very beginning that we're not going to overdo the visual effects because of the story's integrity and the book's integrity." There was only a small mention of Jess and Leslie fighting creatures in Terabithia in the book. For this reason, they "tried to do the absolute minimum, which would be required to put it into a movie version".
To design the creatures of Terabithia, Csupo wanted to use "little more artsy, imaginative, fantastical creatures than the typical rendered characters you see in other movies." He was inspired by Terry Gilliam and Ridley Scott. Dima Malanitchev drew the creatures. Csupo helped him in this. Csupo chose Weta Digital render the 3D animation. He "was impressed with their artistic integrity, the teamwork, the [fact that] people were really nice, and also they responded to our designs very positively." Weta modified some of the creature designs. However, they mainly used Csupo's original designs.
100 crew members from Weta worked for the movie. Weta was doing the animations when the movie was being shot. Weta crew members saw the shooting of all scenes involving these creatures. Weta's Matt Aitken said the process of animation was "split into two steps". First, natural-looking creatures were created based on pencil sketches by Csupo and Malanitchev. Photoshop pictures made by visual effects art director Michael Pangrazio was used for this. The second step was to use the best animation and motion style for the creatures.
Leslie's costumes in the movie were designed to look as if the character "might have made some of them herself". They were updated from those described in the book. This was because the descriptions in the book would appear odd now.
Writing
Producer and screenwriter David L. Paterson is the novel's author's son. His name was featured on its dedication page. The story was based on his real life best friend, Lisa Hill. Hill had been struck by lightning. She was killed when they were both eight years old. Paterson had asked his mother, Katherine Paterson, if he could write a screenplay of the novel. She agreed "not only because he's [her] son, but also because he's a very good playwright". Paterson found it difficult to market his screenplay. It was mainly because of Leslie's death. "[I]f you can believe this, I did meet with some companies that asked if I could just 'hurt' Leslie a little bit--put her in a light coma and then bring her out".
Paterson said it was very important for him to keep the spirit of the book alive. At the same time, he had to change it from "a novel that takes place mostly in the characters' heads to a dynamic visual medium". Paterson knew that the movie had to be about friendship and imagination. He focused "bringing out the emotions of the story." He said he found it difficult to write about Terabithia. This was "because it was too close". He credited fellow screenwriter Jeff Stockwell for recreating Terabithia for the movie. "What Jeff was able to do as an outsider who wasn't so attached to the story was to really let his imagination go free and make up this world in a wonderful way", David said. Csupo said that the two main characters are a little bit older in the movie. Csupo claims the movie "deals with so many issues including friendship, and maybe first innocent love, things like that", so it "made more sense" to make the characters older.
Music
The film's musical score was composed by Aaron Zigman. He was hired after Alison Krauss did not compose the music. Zigman said there are similarities between the music he made fro Bridge to Terabithia and the movie Flicka. He said: "[...]at times there's a bit of a Celtic influence but not much", but he also went on to say that there was a more modern feel to the music he composed for Bridge to Terabithia. The score he composed for the movie is described as "very large" compared to his other work, and Zigman commented that "Aside from the minimalist stuff and coloring that I love to do, I also like big orchestral stuff, and want to do more of that, and this movie enabled me to spread my wings out a bit." The official soundtrack for the movie was released by Hollywood Records on February 13, 2007.
Release
Promotion
Reviewers criticized the film's advertisement campaign. One critic said the movie was actually "grounded in reality far more than in fantasy." Another thought, "far from a computer generated [created] escapist fantasy, this movie is an unpretentious [not pretending] and touching tale of preteen companionship and loss".
Distribution
The movie premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on February 16, 2007. Paterson, who studied in The Catholic University of America, held a special advance screening of the movie for them. This was shown at the AFI Silver Theatre in Silver Spring, Maryland on February 1, 2007. The movie opened in the UK on May 4, 2007, and in New Zealand June 7, 2007. The movie grossed "a higher-than-expected" $28,536,717 from 2,284 screens. It earned an average of $9,885 per screen. The opening day had collections of $6.3 million. The movie has a worldwide gross of US$120 million. It grossed $80 million in the US and Canada.
The DVD and Blu-ray Disc were released on June 19, 2007 in the US. The DVD and Blu-ray version had "Digital Imagination: Bringing Terabithia to Life", "Behind the Book: The Themes of Bridge to Terabithia" It also had "Keep Your Mind Wide Open" music video by Robb, and two audio commentaries. The first was with director Csupo, writer Jeff Stockwell, and producer Hal Lieberman. The second was with producer Lauren Levine and actors Hutcherson and Robb.
Reception
Critical reception
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes said 85% of 137 collected reviews for Bridge to Terabithia were positive. The average score was 7.1/10. Critics said the movie was "a faithful adaptation of a beloved children's novel and a powerful portrayal of love, loss, and imagination through children's eyes. Dynamic visuals and natural performances further enhance the imaginative film". At Metacritic, the movie got 74 out of 100 from 25 reviews. This meant it received "generally favorable reviews".
James Berardinelli of ReelViews called Bridge to Terabithia "easily the best family feature of the early year". Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post praised the script. She said it was "utterly recognizable and authentic", and thought Robb and Hutcherson were "perfectly cast". Hornaday said the final five minutes showed "oversweet sentiment." Viewers would remember the film's "warmth and respect with which it pays homage [respect] to first love," she added. Jessica Grose of The Village Voice praised director Csupo for not showing "cutesy tween [neither a child, nor a teenager] stereotypes." She felt Jess' relationship with his father made Bridge to Terabithia from "a good kids movie to a classic contender". The New York Times Jeannette Catsoulis believed that the fantasy was kept in the background "to find magic in the everyday", and thought Csupo directed "like someone intimate with the pain of being different, allowing each personality more than a single characteristic". She particularly praised Deschanel and Madison. Catsoulis said the movie handled adult topics with "with nuance [cleverly] and sensitivity". Since it was smart and "delicate as a spider web", it was the kind of children's movie "rarely seen nowadays". Miriam di Nunzio of the Chicago Sun-Times praised Hutcherson and Robb's performances. "[T]he film's heart and soul rests on the abilities of its young lead characters to make us really see the world through children's eyes. The dynamic duo of Hutcherson and Robb do not disappoint," she noted.
Not all reviews were positive. Claudia Puig of USA Today said "for a movie about the power of imagination, Bridge to Terabithia is not as clever as you would hope". Puig said it was an average translation of the novel. But the adult characters were too caricatured or exaggerated in the movie. The real-life portions of the movie were "derivative and simplistic", but Jess' emotional feelings seemed "powerfully authentic, and this is where the movie finds its truth and soul". The Wall Street Journal critic Joe Morgenstern felt the movie overused fantasy. The critic added that the "agreeable simplicity in between computer-generated monsters". The young members of the cast were "appealing but unpolished". Morgenstern thought Csupo lacked experience in direction. Although Deschanel was the best among the adults, she seemed self-directed.
Awards and nominations
Bridge to Terabithia was nominated for seven awards. It won five of these. Josh Hutcherson was nominated at the 2008 Saturn Awards for "Best Performance by a Younger Actor". AnnaSophia Robb was nominated for a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for "Best Young Actress". The film won five awards at the Young Artist Awards. This included "Best Family Feature Film (Fantasy or Musical)" and "Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actor" for Hutcherson. Robb won "Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actress", and Bailee Madison won "Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actress Age Ten or Younger". The cast also won the award for "Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Ensemble Cast". The cast included Hutcherson, Robb, Madison, Wakefield, Clinton, Lawless, Isabelle Rose Kircher, Carly Owen, Devon Wood, Emma Fenton and Grace Brannigan.
References
Other websites
Official Bridge to Terabithia website and trailer at Disney
Interview with Katherine Paterson
Bridge to Terabithia Blu-ray Disc Review
2007 movies
American family movies
2000s family movies
2000s American fantasy movies
Movies based on books
New Zealand movies
Movies set in forests
Movies set in museums
Movies about child death
Movies about bullying
Movies about families |
29009 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Boyd | Billy Boyd | Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968, in Glasgow) is a Scottish actor. He is best known for playing Peregrin Took in the Lord of the Rings movie trilogy (2001-2003) and Barrett Bonden in Peter Weir's movie Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003).
Talents
As well as being an actor, he can sing, and play the guitar, bass, and drums. He wrote and sang a song in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.
He worked as a book-binder for 6 years before becoming an actor. One of the books he bound was The Lord of the Rings.
He lives in a house in Lesmahagow with his girlfriend, Alison McKinnon. On 26 April 2006, he and McKinnon had their first child: Jack William Boyd.
Filmography
Stone of Destiny (2008)Ecstasy (2007) as WoodsyThe Flying Scotsman (2006) as MalkySave Angel Hope (2006) as VinceMidsummer Dream (2005) voice of PuckOn a Clear Day (2005) as DannyInstant Credit (2004) as FrankieSeed of Chucky (2004) as the voice of GlenThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) as Peregrin TookMaster and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) as Barrett BondenThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) as Peregrin TookSniper 470 (2002) as the SniperThe Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) as Peregrin TookJulie and the Cadillacs (1999) as Jimmy CampbellUrban Ghost Story (1998) as the loan sharkThe Soldier's Leap'' (1998) as the postman
Other websites
1968 births
Living people
Scottish movie actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish stage actors
Actors from Glasgow |
455151 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamou%2C%20Louisiana | Mamou, Louisiana | Mamou is a town in Evangeline Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 3,566 at the 2000 census.
Towns in Louisiana
Settlements in Evangeline Parish, Louisiana |
153248 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courbes | Courbes | Courbes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Communes in Aisne |
748492 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Al-Fayed | Mohamed Al-Fayed | Mohamed Al-Fayed (; born Mohamed Fayed; 27 January 1929) is an Egyptian businessman. Fayed's business interests include ownership of Hotel Ritz Paris and formerly Harrods. He sold Fulham Football Club to Shahid Khan in 2013. His son Dodi died in a car crash in Paris with Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997.
Fayed was born in Roshdy, Alexandria. Dodi was the child from his first marriage to Samira Khashoggi from 1954 to 1956. He later married Finnish socialite and former model Heini Wathen in 1985. The couple have four children, including Omar.
References
Other websites
Forbes profile
1929 births
Living people
Billionaires
Egyptian businesspeople
People from Alexandria |
55437 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcassonne | Carcassonne | Carcassonne () is a fortified French town, in the Aude departement, Occitanie region. It is separated into the fortified Cite de Carcassonne and the more expansive lower city, the ville basse.
This bastide, which was thoroughly restored from 1853 by the theorist and architect Eugene Viollet-le-Duc, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997.
History
Romans fortified the hilltop of Carcassonne around 100 BC and eventually made it the colonia of Julia Carsaco, later Carcasum. The main part of the lower courses of the northern ramparts dates from Gallo-Roman times.
In 462 the Romans officially left and the Visigothic king Theodoric II built more fortifications at Carcassonne, some of them still stand. In 760, Pippin was unable to take Carcassonne, although he was able to most of the south of France.
In 1067 Carcassonne became the property of Raimond Bernard Trencavel, viscount of Albi and Nimes. Carcassonne became famous in its role in the Albigensian Crusades, when the city was a stronghold of occitan cathars. In August 1209 the crusading army of Simon de Montfort forced its citizens to surrender. He added to the fortifications. Carcassonne became a border citadel between France and Aragon.
Geography
Carcassonne is at about southeast of Toulouse in the space between the Pyrenees and the Massif Central of France. It is at the crossing of two major traffic routes: the route leading from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean and that from the Massif Central to Spain, skirting the Pyrenees. Both routes exist since ancient history.
The commune is in the valley of the Aude river. Another river that flows through the city is the Fresquel river. The Canal du Midi also flows through the commune.
The commune of Carcassonne has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
The commune of Carcassonne is surrounded by the communes:
Climate
The climate of Carcassonne, in the Koppen climate classification, is Cfb - oceanic climate with warm summers.
Population
The inhabitants of Carcassonne are known, in French, as Carcassonnais (women: Carcassonnaises ).
With a population of 45,941, Carcassonne has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Evolution of the population in Carcassonne
Carcassonne forms, with other 2 communes, the urban area of Carcassonne with a population of 49,257 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Carcassonne, formed by 71 communes with a population of 98,318 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
Education
A campus of the Ecole nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation academy) is in Carcassonne.
Administration
Carcassonne is the prefecture of the Aude department, the capital of the arrondissement of Carcassonne and the administrative centre () of three cantons:
Carcassonne-1, with 15,128 inhabitants (2014).
Carcassonne-2, with 20,700 inhabitants (2014).
Carcassonne-3, with 21,479 inhabitants (2014).
It is part of the intercommunality Carcassonne Agglo ().
Twinned and partner towns
Carcassonne is twinned with:
Eggenfelden, Germany
Baeza, Spain
Hargesheim, Germany
The fortified city
The fortifications consist of a double ring of ramparts and 53 towers. In 1849, the architect Eugene Viollet-le-Duc took over restoration works.
At his death in 1879 his pupil Paul Boeswillwald, and later the architect Nodet continued the rehabilitation of Carcassonne. The restoration was strongly criticized during Viollet-le-Duc's lifetime because he made the error of using slates and restoring the roofs as pointed cones, where local practice was traditionally of tile roofing and low slopes, as in this region snow was very seldom. But today Viollet-le-Duc's work at Carcassonne is thought to be a work of genius, even if it is not exactly the same as it was.
Transports
Carcassonne Airport
Gallery
Related pages
Arrondissement of Carcassonne
Communes of the Aude department
References
Other websites
Official website of the city of Carcassonne
Office de tourisme de Carcassone
Online resource for the Aude & Pyrenees-Orientales , including tourist information for Carcassonne
Cite de Carcassonne, from the French Ministry of Culture
Photographs of Carcassonne and the Region
Many photos of Carcassonne
Tourist attractions in Carcassonne
Official website of Carcassonne Airport
Bastides
Communes in Aude
Departmental capitals in France
World Heritage Sites in France |
270196 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20National%20Grange%20of%20the%20Order%20of%20Patrons%20of%20Husbandry | The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry | The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, also known as the Grange, is an organization for farmers. It is in the United States. It is made for them to more easily buy expensive things. It also tried to make laws that supported farmers. It was the most popular in the 1870's. The most people it ever had was one million. Today, it has 300,000 people. Its name comes from the French for barn.
The Grange was fairly active in politics. In the 19th century, many members of the Grange were involved in the Greenback and Populist movements. The Grange endorsed politicians well into the 20th century. Often, the endorsement of the State Grange was an important endorsement .
Organizations in Washington, D.C.
History of the United States
Agriculture in the United States
Green politics
Agricultural organizations |
152617 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeland%2C%20Florida | Lakeland, Florida | Lakeland is a city of Florida in the United States.
Cities in Florida |
397694 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Mary%27s%20Peak | Queen Mary's Peak | Queen Mary's Peak is the summit of the island of Tristan da Cunha, in the South Atlantic Ocean. The top of it is 2,062 metres (6,765 feet) above sea level. It is named after Mary of Teck, the Queen consort of King George V. It is the highest point of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.
The mountain is the peak of the large shield volcano which forms the island. The crater at the top is wide, with a heart-shaped lake. This lake is normally frozen during the winter, and the upper slopes of the volcano are covered in snow.
The only recorded historical eruption occurred in 1961 from a small crater on the north shore of the island. The island community had to be evacuated.
Queen Mary's Peak was used by sailors on the route from Europe to the Indian Ocean and beyond as a navigational aid. In the 17th century the East India Company instructed captains to sail via Tristan.
Climbing the peak
The first known attempt to go up to the peak was in 1793 by the French naturalist Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars. He could not get to the top. However, he collected hundreds of plants. Today, Queen Mary's Peak makes a wonderful but steep climbing route. Climbing it can take 5 to 10 hours, depending on the ability of the walker. Visitors are required to use a local guide if they want to go to The Peak.
References
Other websites
Queen Mary's Peak in SummitPost.org
Queen Mary's Peak in Peakbagger.com
Volcanoes of Africa
Tristan da Cunha |
655 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman | Roman | Roman or Romans may refer to:
A thing or person of or from the city of Rome, Italy
History
Ancient Rome (8th century BC - 5th century AD)
Roman Kingdom (753 BC to 509 BC)
Roman Republic (509 BC to 27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC to 476/1453 AD)
Roman Britain, part of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and about 410
Roman alphabet, the standard alphabet of most of the languages of Western and Central Europe
Romanization
Roman army
Roman calendar
Roman law, the legal system of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire
Roman numerals, numeral system where certain letters are given a numeral value
Roman mythology
Byzantine Empire (330/476/629 to 1453), the Eastern Roman Empire
Romaioi (Romaioi), Greek-speaking, Orthodox population of the Eastern Roman Empire dating to Late Antiquity
Romaioi (Romioi), Greek-speaking, Orthodox population of the Rum-milet in the Ottoman Empire, or Greek-speaking Orthodox people today
Romanae or the Greco-Romans from Aetolia Acarnania that speak Romanesci
Holy Roman Empire (c. 900 to 1806), a medieval state in Central Europe
Roman, Bulgaria, a town and a municipality in Vratsa Province
Romans-sur-Isere, in the Drome departement of France
Roman, Romania, a city in Neamt county
Romans, Ain, a town in France
Roman, Eure, France
Romans, Deux-Sevres, France
Romans d'Isonzo, a town in Italy
Roman roads
Roman Valley, Nova Scotia
Saint Roman, Monaco
Christianity
Epistle to the Romans, a letter in the New Testament of the Christian Bible
The Roman Catholic Church
Literature
The word for Novel in many European languages.
Nouveau roman (lit. "new novel"), a type of French novel of the 1950s
Bildungsroman (lit. "formation novel"), German for a coming-of-age story
Kunstlerroman (lit. "artist's novel"), German for a story of an artist's growth to maturity
Romance (heroic literature), a genre of Medieval French literature
Ar-Rum, the 30th book in the Qu'ran, is sometimes translated as The Romans
Roman a clef, a novel about real life, overlaid with a facade of fiction |
944278 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father%20Sergius%20%281918%20movie%29 | Father Sergius (1918 movie) | Father Sergius () is a 1918 Russian silent drama movie directed by Yakov Protazanov. It stars Ivan Mosjoukine, Olga Kondorova, and V. Dzheneyeva.
Actors
Ivan Mosjoukine as Prince Kasatsky, later Father Sergius
Olga Kondorova as Countess Korotkova
V. Dzheneyeva as Maria - her daughter
Vladimir Gajdarov as Tsar Nicholas I
Nikolai Panov as Kasatsky's father
References
Other websites
Russian drama movies
Russian silent movies
1918 drama movies
Movies set in Russia
Movies set in palaces
Movies set in the 19th century
Movies directed by Yakov Protazanov |
789410 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musau | Musau | Musau is a municipality of the district Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
References
Other websites
Settlements in Tyrol (state) |
810064 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Craven%20Walker | Edward Craven Walker | Edward Craven Walker (4 July 1918 - 15 August 2000) was a British inventor, who invented the lava lamp. He is also known for being a naturist.
Work on the lava lamp
Walker got the idea of a lava lamp from seeing what is now called a "blob light", a mix of oil and water heated by a lightbulb at the bottom. He thought it would look more interesting if the oil was thick enough to form shapes, and spent 10 years trying to make it good.
Eventually, his product was launched in 1963, and Walker's factory soon began production of it as it grew in popularity.
Apparently, Walker once said, "If you buy my lamp, you won't need drugs."
Lava lamps were featured in the sitcom series "Absolutely Fabulous", which some people think helped the lava lamp's popularity, which was declining at the time.
Eventually, as it become less popular in the 1980s, Walker sold the company to Elizabeth Granger. Her company, Mathmos, was one of Britain's fastest growing companies, mostly from the lava lamp. Walker believed the lava lamp would be good for her company.
"I think it will always be popular." he once said. "It's like the cycle of life. It grows, breaks up, falls down, and starts all over again."
Naturism
Walker's interest in nudity began with a visit to the Isle du Levant in the 1950s. He liked the idea, and tried to make it popular. "Eves on Skies" was broadcast in 1958, and "Travelling Light" followed soon after in 1960.
The success of Travelling Light gave Walker the money to buy a nightclub in Bournemouth. He turned it into a nudist resort. He tried to ban overweight nudists from entering, but failed.
"We are all against these fat fogies, it's not what naturism is about," he said
Death
Walker was suffering from cancer in the mid and late 1990s, and he eventually died because of it. He died in Ringwood, Hampshire at the age of 82 on the 15th of August 2000.
References |
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simple wikipedia
the 'simple' split of Wikipedia, from Sept 1 2023. The train split contains about 65M tokens,
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)
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