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mini-platypus-scienceqa-two

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### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Bella had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. They promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene. B: Bella had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene. ### Response:

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the operator. Bella had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Don't ever get a ride from Tisha. Her brother has been driving for only six months, and he's already gotten three speeding tickets. A: guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something B: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself ### Response:

The text argues that Tisha must be a reckless driver, because her brother is a reckless driver. However, even though Tisha's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Tisha is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: A lichen is composed of an alga and a fungus. They name lichens based on the species of fungus. B: A lichen is composed of an alga and a fungus. Biologists name lichens based on the species of fungus. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with biologists. A lichen is composed of an alga and a fungus. Biologists name lichens based on the species of fungus.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: After discussing the new research methods with Annie, Susan decided to try some of them out. B: After Susan discussed the new research methods with Annie, she decided to try some of them out. ### Response:

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Susan or Annie. After Susan discussed the new research methods with Annie, she decided to try some of them out. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. After discussing the new research methods with Annie, Susan decided to try some of them out.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: If Lila's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item. B: If Lila's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange it for another item. ### Response:

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to Lila's skirt or the blouse. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the blouse. If Lila's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: The Wright brothers successfully flew a plane for the first time in 1903. B: The airplane was the most exciting invention of the 20th century. ### Response:

The second sentence states a fact. The Wright brothers successfully flew a plane for the first time in 1903. It can be proved by reading a biography of the Wright brothers. The first sentence states an opinion. The airplane was the most exciting invention of the 20 th century. Most exciting shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes an invention exciting.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: Though small, hummingbirds have the most remarkable feathers of any bird. B: Hummingbirds molt, or replace old feathers with new ones, once a year. ### Response:

The second sentence states a fact. Hummingbirds molt, or replace old feathers with new ones, once a year. It can be proved by reading a book about hummingbirds. The first sentence states an opinion. Though small, hummingbirds have the most remarkable feathers of any bird. Most remarkable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which birds have the most remarkable feathers.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? How could Janelle have anything insightful to say about foreign affairs? She grew up on a farm. A: ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself B: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good C: slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences ### Response:

The text argues that Janelle cannot be insightful about foreign affairs because she grew up on a farm. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether she knows about foreign affairs. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: In the directions for assembling the bookshelves, Step 8 says to tighten the screws with an Allen wrench. B: In the directions for assembling the bookshelves, it says to tighten the screws with an Allen wrench. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with Step 8. In the directions for assembling the bookshelves, Step 8 says to tighten the screws with an Allen wrench.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Calcium oxide is (). A: a compound B: an elementary substance ### Response:

You can tell whether calcium oxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters. The chemical formula for calcium oxide, CaO, contains two atomic symbols: Ca for calcium and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that calcium oxide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together. Since calcium oxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, calcium oxide is a compound.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Hydrazine is (). A: an elementary substance B: a compound ### Response:

You can tell whether hydrazine is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters. The chemical formula for hydrazine is N2 H4. This formula contains two symbols: N for nitrogen and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that hydrazine is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrazine is a compound.

### Instruction: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? A modern-day Icarus, Maddie launched into the first stretch of the marathon at a breakneck pace. A: Greek mythology B: Shakespeare ### Response:

The source of the allusion Icarus is Greek mythology. In Greek mythology, Icarus's father Daedalus built wings for his son but warned him not to fly too high. Too excited to heed his father's advice, Icarus flew so close to the sun that his wings melted and he fell from the sky. The allusion Icarus means an overconfident person who ignores his or her limitations.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Silver chloride is (). A: an elementary substance B: a compound ### Response:

You can tell whether silver chloride is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters. The chemical formula for silver chloride, AgCl, contains two atomic symbols: Ag for silver and Cl for chlorine. So, the formula tells you that silver chloride is composed of two chemical elements bonded together. Since silver chloride is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, silver chloride is a compound.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: The prettiest parts of the Rocky Mountains are in the state of Wyoming. B: In the United States, the Rocky Mountains stretch from New Mexico to Montana. ### Response:

The second sentence states a fact. In the United States, the Rocky Mountains stretch from New Mexico to Montana. It can be proved by checking a map of the United States. The first sentence states an opinion. The prettiest parts of the Rocky Mountains are in the state of Wyoming. Prettiest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about where the prettiest parts of the Rocky Mountains are.

### Instruction: Assume all other forces on Martin are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Martin? A: The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Martin. B: The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Martin. ### Response:

To determine if there is a net force on Martin, look at the forces: Earth's gravity is pulling Martin down with a force of 400 N. The diving board is pushing Martin up with a force of 400 N. The forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Martin.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Mrs. Harper informed her assistant that she had to book a flight to Seoul immediately. B: Mrs. Harper told her assistant to book a flight to Cedarburg immediately. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Harper or her assistant. Mrs. Harper informed her assistant that she had to book a flight to Seoul immediately. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. Mrs. Harper told her assistant to book a flight to Cedarburg immediately.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Senator Tyler announced today that she plans to cut funding to early childhood education programs. The last thing we need is a government official who hates children! A: straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against B: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good ### Response:

The text argues that Senator Tyler hates children, because she wants to cut education funding. However, the fact that Senator Tyler wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man.

### Instruction: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? From the look on her face, Josie is carrying an albatross around her neck. A: the Bible B: a poem ### Response:

The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem. In Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," a sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an action that curses the ship and crew. As his crew members die, the Ancient Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck. The allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Last year, the city of Greenpoint allocated more money to public parks. This year, however, littering increased, so the increase in park funding must have been responsible. A: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good B: false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other ### Response:

The text argues that increased park funding was responsible for an increase in littering. However, even though littering increased after funding to parks was increased, that doesn't necessarily mean that the funding was responsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation.

### Instruction: Assume all other forces on Oscar are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Oscar? A: The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Oscar. B: The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Oscar. ### Response:

To determine if there is a net force on Oscar, look at the forces: Earth's gravity is pulling Oscar down with a force of 400 N. The diving board is pushing Oscar up with a force of 400 N. The forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Oscar.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Our competitors use unhealthy sugar substitutes and artificial sweeteners. But Rev-Up Energy Drink contains one hundred percent real cane sugar to fuel your body better. A: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good B: ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent ### Response:

The text argues that Rev-Up is healthier than other energy drinks. However, even though Rev-Up contains cane sugar instead of artificial sweeteners, that doesn't necessarily mean that it's better for you. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Officer, I was only driving as fast as everyone around me. I'm sure I wasn't speeding. A: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good B: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct ### Response:

The text argues that the speaker wasn't driving over the speed limit, because she was driving at the same speed as those around her. However, even though everyone was driving the same speed, that doesn't necessarily mean that they weren't driving over the speed limit. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy.

### Instruction: Is this a run-on sentence? If you have a hankering for a delicious bowl of soup, you should try Mr. Montoya's smoked French onion soup made with Vidalia onions, smoked Gruyère cheese, and fresh thyme. A: no B: yes ### Response:

This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation. If you have a hankering for a delicious bowl of soup, you should try Mr. Montoya's smoked French onion soup made with Vidalia onions, smoked Gruyère cheese, and fresh thyme.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Phosphine is (). A: a compound B: an elementary substance ### Response:

You can tell whether phosphine is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters. The chemical formula for phosphine is PH3. This formula contains two symbols: P for phosphorus and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that phosphine is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, phosphine is a compound.

### Instruction: Select the invertebrate. A: human B: puffin C: golden orb-weaver D: cardinalfish ### Response:

Like other spiders, a golden orb-weaver is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. A human is a mammal. Like other mammals, a human is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A puffin is a bird. Like other birds, a puffin is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A cardinalfish is a fish. Like other fish, a cardinalfish is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? All of my friends are coming to my birthday party. If Miranda doesn't, she might as well tell me that she doesn't like me. A: false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist B: red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea ### Response:

The text argues that if Miranda doesn't go to the speaker's birthday party, it means that she hates the speaker. However, there may be a number of reasons why Miranda wouldn't go to the party. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.

### Instruction: Select the one substance that is not a mineral. A: An antler is made by a living thing. It is a solid. B: Chrysotile is a solid. It is a pure substance. C: Pyrite is not made by living things. It is formed in nature. ### Response:

Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals. An antler is made by a living thing. But minerals are not made by living things. So, an antler is not a mineral. Pyrite is a mineral. Chrysotile is a mineral.

### Instruction: What does Día de los Muertos mean? A: Labor Day B: Mother's Day C: Day of the Dead D: Festival of Lights ### Response:

Día de los Muertos is Spanish for Day of the Dead. It is a celebration of friends and family members who have died. Día de los Muertos is a happy holiday. People believe that the souls of the dead come back to visit on Día de los Muertos. To welcome the spirits, people make altars with food, candles, and flowers. An altar is a special platform or table where people place offerings. People also clean and decorate the graves of their loved ones.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: When Eva returned to the apartment that evening, she greeted Mary with a hug. B: Eva greeted Mary with a hug when she returned to the apartment that evening. ### Response:

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Eva or Mary. Eva greeted Mary with a hug when she returned to the apartment that evening. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. When Eva returned to the apartment that evening, she greeted Mary with a hug.

### Instruction: Which figure of speech is used in this text? My mother always told me that "you can't afford cheap shoes." After having spent so much money repairing these boots, I'm beginning to believe her. A: paradox B: oxymoron ### Response:

The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. You can't afford cheap shoes at first appears to be contradictory, as cheap shoes should by definition not be expensive. However, cheap shoes may need to be replaced or repaired more often than expensive shoes, and so may end up being more expensive over time.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Molly looks almost identical to her twin sister Julia, but she has pierced ears. B: Molly has pierced ears, but otherwise she looks almost identical to her twin sister Julia. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Molly or Julia. Molly looks almost identical to her twin sister Julia, but she has pierced ears. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. Molly has pierced ears, but otherwise she looks almost identical to her twin sister Julia.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Since Westford College receives more applications for admission than Newton University, Westford College is evidently a better school. A: false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist B: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct C: false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other ### Response:

The text argues that Westford College is better than Newton University because Westford College receives more applications. However, the popularity of a school does not necessarily indicate its quality. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy.

### Instruction: Is this a run-on sentence? In the 1970s, Asian carp were imported to clean ponds on aquaculture farms in the South; they are believed to have escaped and spread, negatively affecting fish populations as far north as the Great Lakes. A: yes B: no ### Response:

This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation. In the 1970 s, Asian carp were imported to clean ponds on aquaculture farms in the South; they are believed to have escaped and spread, negatively affecting fish populations as far north as the Great Lakes.

### Instruction: Select the one substance that is not a mineral. A: Muscovite is not made by living things. It is a solid. B: Sterling silver is not a pure substance. It is a solid. C: Native copper is not made by living things. It is a solid. ### Response:

Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals. Sterling silver is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances. So, sterling silver is not a mineral. Muscovite is a mineral. Native copper is a mineral.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? That teenager just ran a stop sign! That settles it: teenagers are bad drivers. A: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good B: ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself C: hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations ### Response:

The text argues that a single teenager running a stop sign indicates that all young people are bad drivers. However, a single observation is usually not enough to draw a conclusion about a much bigger group of people. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization.

### Instruction: Compare the motion of three cars. Which car was moving at the lowest speed? A: a car that moved 140miles west in 10hours B: a car that moved 640miles east in 10hours C: a car that moved 355miles east in 10hours ### Response:

Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed. Notice that each car moved for 10 hours. The car that moved 140 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the lowest speed.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: "This morning, it said that Rachel Navarro won the mayoral election in Fairfax," Jack remarked to his sister. B: "This morning, the newspaper said that Rachel Navarro won the mayoral election in Fairfax," Jack remarked to his sister. ### Response:

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the newspaper. "This morning, the newspaper said that Rachel Navarro won the mayoral election in Fairfax," Jack remarked to his sister.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Benzene is (). A: an elementary substance B: a compound ### Response:

You can tell whether benzene is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters. The chemical formula for benzene is C6 H6. This formula contains two symbols: C for carbon and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that benzene is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, benzene is a compound.

### Instruction: Complete the sentences. The American people have the rights listed in the Constitution. The Ninth Amendment says that if the Constitution doesn't list a right, that right (). A: might still exist B: does not exist ### Response:

The American people have the rights listed in the Constitution. The Ninth Amendment says that if the Constitution doesn't list a right, that right might still exist. The Bill of Rights lists some rights. But it is not meant to be a complete list of all rights. The full text of the Ninth Amendment is below. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

### Instruction: Compare the motion of three ships. Which ship was moving at the highest speed? A: a ship that moved 325kilometers north in 5hours B: a ship that moved 85kilometers north in 5hours C: a ship that moved 335kilometers south in 5hours ### Response:

Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed. Notice that each ship moved for 5 hours. The ship that moved 335 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the highest speed.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: Our five-cent coin is called a nickel, but it is not made out of nickel. B: In today's economy, a nickel is almost worthless. ### Response:

The first sentence states a fact. Our five-cent coin is called a nickel, but it is not made out of nickel. It can be proved by looking up information about U.S. coins. The second sentence states an opinion. In today's economy, a nickel is almost worthless. Almost worthless shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is worthless.

### Instruction: Compare the motion of two trains. Which train was moving at a higher speed? A: a train that moved 405kilometers in 5hours B: a train that moved 540kilometers in 5hours ### Response:

Look at the distance each train moved and the time it took to move that distance. One train moved 540 kilometers in 5 hours. The other train moved 405 kilometers in 5 hours. Notice that each train spent the same amount of time moving. The train that moved 540 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that train must have moved at a higher speed.

### Instruction: Is this a run-on sentence? Helsinki, Finland, is developing a "mobility on demand" system in which individual can use their smartphones to order trips with various mass transit options, including buses, bicycles, and driverless cars. A: no B: yes ### Response:

This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation. Helsinki, Finland, is developing a "mobility on demand" system in which individuals can use their smartphones to order trips with various mass transit options, including buses, bicycles, and driverless cars.

### Instruction: Compare the motion of two fish. Which fish was moving at a higher speed? A: a fish that moved 50kilometers in 10hours B: a fish that moved 85kilometers in 10hours ### Response:

Look at the distance each fish moved and the time it took to move that distance. One fish moved 85 kilometers in 10 hours. The other fish moved 50 kilometers in 10 hours. Notice that each fish spent the same amount of time moving. The fish that moved 85 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that fish must have moved at a higher speed.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Researchers have proven that African violets prefer an environment with a temperature that stays between 65 and 80°F. B: They have proven that African violets prefer an environment with a temperature that stays between 65 and 80°F. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with researchers. Researchers have proven that African violets prefer an environment with a temperature that stays between 65 and 80°F.

### Instruction: Compare the motion of two birds. Which bird was moving at a higher speed? A: a bird that moved 45kilometers in 10hours B: a bird that moved 25kilometers in 10hours ### Response:

Look at the distance each bird moved and the time it took to move that distance. One bird moved 45 kilometers in 10 hours. The other bird moved 25 kilometers in 10 hours. Notice that each bird spent the same amount of time moving. The bird that moved 45 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bird must have moved at a higher speed.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Nick waved goodbye to Tyler as his train pulled out of the station. B: As Tyler's train pulled out of the station, Nick waved goodbye to him. ### Response:

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Nick or Tyler. Nick waved goodbye to Tyler as his train pulled out of the station. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. As Tyler's train pulled out of the station, Nick waved goodbye to him.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: Chicago's Willis Tower is 1,450 feet tall. B: The Willis Tower ruins the beauty of Chicago's downtown. ### Response:

The first sentence states a fact. Chicago's Willis Tower is 1,450 feet tall. It can be proved by checking an accurate website about the Willis Tower. The second sentence states an opinion. The Willis Tower ruins the beauty of Chicago's downtown. Ruins the beauty shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether the Willis Tower makes Chicago less beautiful.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Bruce felt better about collaborating on the research project after Ted talked with him about it. B: After Ted talked with Bruce about the research project, he felt better about collaborating on it. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Ted or Bruce. After Ted talked with Bruce about the research project, he felt better about collaborating on it. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. Bruce felt better about collaborating on the research project after Ted talked with him about it.

### Instruction: Suppose Latrell decides to see the crocodiles. Which result would be a cost? A: Latrell will spend more time walking to the crocodiles. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the grizzly bears are close by. B: Latrell will enjoy seeing the crocodiles more than he would have enjoyed seeing the grizzly bears. ### Response:

This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Latrell wants or needs: Latrell will spend more time walking to the crocodiles. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the grizzly bears are close by.

### Instruction: Select the one substance that is not a mineral. A: Hematite is a solid. It is formed in nature. B: Fluorite is not made by living things. It is a pure substance. C: Soap is not a pure substance. It is a solid. ### Response:

Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals. Soap is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances. So, soap is not a mineral. Hematite is a mineral. Fluorite is a mineral.

### Instruction: Next winter is expected to be colder and snowier than usual. Producers expect the demand for ski boots to be high. What will probably happen to the overall supply of ski boots? A: The supply will probably go up. B: The supply will probably go down. ### Response:

Producers expect a cold and snowy winter season. They know that people like to ski when there is a lot of snow. They also know that many of these skiers will need to buy ski boots. So, there is an expected change in demand for ski boots. Producers want to sell as many of the ski boots as they can. So, the supply of ski boots will probably go up.

### Instruction: Is this a run-on sentence? In 2004, the Cassini spacecraft arrived on Saturn and began photographing Saturn's moon Titan, revealing a number of lakes, rivers, and seas on the moon's frozen surface. A: no B: yes ### Response:

This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation. In 2004, the Cassini spacecraft arrived on Saturn and began photographing Saturn's moon Titan, revealing a number of lakes, rivers, and seas on the moon's frozen surface.

### Instruction: What does the metaphor in this text suggest? Laughter is sunshine; it chases winter from the human face. —Victor Hugo, Les Misérables A: Laughter can affect people in different ways. B: Laughter can brighten people's moods. ### Response:

The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The metaphor laughter is sunshine suggests that laughter can brighten people's moods. Sunshine can make a winter day brighter and warmer, and laughter has a similar effect on a bad mood.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: If Ron doesn't know how to make homemade waffles, he can find the recipe in the cookbook. B: If Ron doesn't know how to make homemade waffles, he can find it in the cookbook. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the recipe. If Ron doesn't know how to make homemade waffles, he can find the recipe in the cookbook.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: Five South American countries border Peru: Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador. B: Of the five South American countries that border Peru, Brazil is the most important. ### Response:

The second sentence states a fact. Five South American countries border Peru: Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador. It can be proved by checking a map of South America. The first sentence states an opinion. Of the five South American countries that border Peru, Brazil is the most important. Most important shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a country important.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? It's so sad that Chase's chose not to go to prom. He must not have any friends. A: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself B: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct C: false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist ### Response:

The text argues that either Chase is going to prom or he doesn't have any friends. However, Chase might have friends and just not want to go to prom. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: At lunchtime, Mike can often be found reading at his favorite café, where they provide unlimited coffee refills. B: At lunchtime, Mike can often be found reading at his favorite café, where the servers provide unlimited coffee refills. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the servers. At lunchtime, Mike can often be found reading at his favorite café, where the servers provide unlimited coffee refills.

### Instruction: What does the hyperbole in this text suggest? Our supervisor is very stressed right now; she has a mountain of paperwork on her desk that she needs to finish by tomorrow. A: The supervisor's paperwork is stacked precariously on her desk. B: The supervisor has a lot of paperwork to do. ### Response:

The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. The hyperbole mountain of paperwork suggests that the supervisor has a lot of paperwork to do. The stack of paperwork on the supervisor's desk is not literally as tall as a mountain.

### Instruction: Is this a sentence fragment? A new detective series by J. K. Rowling published under the pseudonym of Robert Galbraith after she completed her seven-volume Harry Potter series. A: yes B: no ### Response:

This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought. A new detective series by J. K. Rowling published under the pseudonym of Robert Galbraith after she completed her seven-volume Harry Potter series. Here is one way to fix the sentence fragment: Author J. K. Rowling released a new detective series published under the pseudonym of Robert Galbraith after she completed her seven-volume Harry Potter series.

### Instruction: Select the one substance that is not a rock. A: Gneiss is formed in nature. It is a solid. B: A turtle shell is made by a living thing. It is formed in nature. C: Trachyte is formed in nature. It is not made by living things. ### Response:

Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks. Trachyte is a rock. Gneiss is a rock. A turtle shell is made by a living thing. But rocks are not made by living things. So, a turtle shell is not a rock.

### Instruction: In 1940, scientists invented a new form of synthetic, or artificial, rubber. It was cheaper to work with than natural rubber. What happened to the overall supply of rubber tires after 1940? A: The supply went down. B: The supply went up. ### Response:

Rubber is a resource used to make tires. Synthetic rubber is cheaper to work with than natural rubber. When synthetic rubber was invented, rubber tires became cheaper to make. Producers could make more synthetic rubber tires for the same cost. So, the supply of rubber tires went up.

### Instruction: Is this a run-on sentence? Blood Falls in Antarctica's McMurdo Dry Valley gets its name from its famous crimson-colored water, which results from high concentrations of iron rusting as it comes into contact with the air. A: no B: yes ### Response:

This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation. Blood Falls in Antarctica's McMurdo Dry Valley gets its name from its famous crimson-colored water, which results from high concentrations of iron rusting as it comes into contact with the air.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? According to the commercial, four out of five people surveyed said that they use Twinkle Bright toothpaste, so it must be the best. A: red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea B: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct ### Response:

The text argues that Twinkle Bright is the best, because many people use it. However, even though lots of people use Twinkle Bright, that doesn't necessarily mean that it's the best. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: A plain omelet takes one or two minutes to cook on top of a stove. B: An omelet is worth the effort needed to make it. ### Response:

The first sentence states a fact. A plain omelet takes one or two minutes to cook on top of a stove. It can be proved by looking up instructions for making an omelet. The second sentence states an opinion. An omelet is worth the effort needed to make it. Worth the effort shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether an omelet is worth the effort.

### Instruction: Which figure of speech is used in this text? Reba, please stay away from the ocean. You shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim. A: euphemism B: paradox ### Response:

The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. You shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim at first appears to be contradictory, because it is impossible to learn how to swim without going in the water. However, it contains some truth: you should not go into deep or dangerous water without first knowing how to swim.

### Instruction: Select the one substance that is not a rock. A: Diorite is a solid. It is not made by living things. B: A peach pit is made by a living thing. It is not a pure substance. C: Granite is a solid. It is not a pure substance. ### Response:

Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks. Granite is a rock. A peach pit is made by a living thing. But rocks are not made by living things. So, a peach pit is not a rock. Diorite is a rock.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: The book Charlotte's Web has an unhappy ending. B: Written by E. B. White, Charlotte's Web was first printed in 1952. ### Response:

The second sentence states a fact. Written by E. B. White, Charlotte's Web was first printed in 1952. It can be proved by checking inside the book's front cover. The first sentence states an opinion. The book Charlotte's Web has an unhappy ending. Unhappy shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about the book's ending.

### Instruction: Select the one substance that is not a mineral. A: Celestine is a pure substance. It is not made by living things. B: A brick is made by humans. It is a solid. C: Halite is a solid. It is not made by living things. ### Response:

Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals. Halite is a mineral. Celestine is a mineral. A brick is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things. So, a brick is not a mineral.

### Instruction: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? Julie warned her youngest son not to cry wolf while wrestling with his older brother. A: U.S. history B: a fable ### Response:

The source of the allusion cry wolf is a fable. In the fable "The Boy Who Cried Wolf," a shepherd boy repeatedly tricks people in his village by falsely claiming that a wolf is coming to eat his flock. When a wolf actually comes and the boy cries for help, nobody believes him or comes to his aid. The allusion cry wolf means to raise a false alarm.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Mr. Stafford wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms. B: Mr. Stafford wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find them. ### Response:

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the new employees or their intake forms. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the forms. Mr. Stafford wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms.

### Instruction: Which figure of speech is used in this text? Men work together . . . whether they work together or apart. —Robert Frost, "A Tuft of Flowers" A: paradox B: euphemism ### Response:

The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Men work together . . . whether they work together or apart at first appears to be contradictory, as it seems impossible to work together and work apart at the same time. However, it contains some truth: people may feel a sense of unity and camaraderie with others even while on their own.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: The Vikings came from what are now the countries of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. B: The Vikings carried out their raids in a swift, vicious fashion. ### Response:

The second sentence states a fact. The Vikings came from what are now the countries of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. It can be proved by reading a history book about Vikings. The first sentence states an opinion. The Vikings carried out their raids in a swift, vicious fashion. Vicious shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a raid vicious.

### Instruction: Why do people form governments? A: to get rid of all rules B: to help keep people safe C: so that no one has to work ### Response:

People form governments for two main reasons. Governments come up with laws, or rules, for a community. Laws help keep people safe. For example, traffic laws make it safer to drive. Laws can tell people how to work together and settle disagreements. How? Think about a team sport like soccer. The rules tell the players how to play together. For example, rules say which team should get the ball when it goes out of bounds. Laws work the same way in a community.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Assume that the penny's mass did not change. The gravitational potential energy stored between the penny and Earth () as the penny fell toward the bottom of the well. A: decreased B: stayed the same C: increased ### Response:

Think about how the distance between the penny and the center of Earth changed. The bottom of the well is lower than the point where Sofia dropped the penny. As it fell toward the bottom of the well, the distance between the penny and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the penny and Earth decreased as the penny fell toward the bottom of the well.

### Instruction: What does the metaphor in this text suggest? Let us be grateful to people who make us happy; they are the charming gardeners who make our souls blossom. —Marcel Proust A: People who cultivate beautiful gardens make us happy. B: People nourish our souls when they make us happy. ### Response:

The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The metaphor they are the charming gardeners suggests that people nourish our souls when they make us happy. Like gardeners caring for flowers, our friends help our souls thrive and grow.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: When Trent's computer wasn't working properly, he replaced the battery. B: Trent replaced the battery in his computer when he noticed that it wasn't working properly. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the battery or the computer. Trent replaced the battery in his computer when he noticed that it wasn't working properly. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. When Trent's computer wasn't working properly, he replaced the battery.

### Instruction: Compare the motion of two bats. Which bat was moving at a lower speed? A: a bat that moved 140miles in 10hours B: a bat that moved 55miles in 10hours ### Response:

Look at the distance each bat moved and the time it took to move that distance. One bat moved 55 miles in 10 hours. The other bat moved 140 miles in 10 hours. Notice that each bat spent the same amount of time moving. The bat that moved 55 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bat must have moved at a lower speed.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Did Porter vote for Hazel for school president, or does he hate her for some reason? A: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself B: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct C: false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist ### Response:

The text argues that Porter either voted for Hazel or he hates her. However, Porter could have voted for someone he considers a better candidate while still liking Hazel. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Danny peeled the wrappers off of the blueberry muffins and then set them aside. B: Danny peeled the wrappers off of the blueberry muffins and then set the wrappers aside. ### Response:

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the wrappers or the blueberry muffins. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the wrappers. Danny peeled the wrappers off of the blueberry muffins and then set the wrappers aside.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Ron's brother wasn't feeling well, so Ron had to stay home with him. B: Ron had to stay home with his brother because he wasn't feeling well. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Ron or his brother. Ron had to stay home with his brother because he wasn't feeling well. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. Ron's brother wasn't feeling well, so Ron had to stay home with him.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Before Ken decided on a double major in history and Russian literature, he talked to them about the requirements for each major. B: Before Ken decided on a double major in history and Russian literature, he talked to academic advisers about the requirements for each major. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with academic advisers. Before Ken decided on a double major in history and Russian literature, he talked to academic advisers about the requirements for each major.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Assume that the athlete's mass did not change. The gravitational potential energy stored between the athlete and Earth () as she sped up around the track. A: increased B: stayed the same C: decreased ### Response:

Think about how the distance between the athlete and the center of Earth changed. Because the track was flat, each point on the track was the same distance from the center of Earth. As she sped up around the track, the distance between the athlete and the center of Earth stayed the same. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the athlete and Earth stayed the same as she sped up around the track.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Ariana's shoes are superior, because they're made from one hundred percent snakeskin, not synthetic materials. A: red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea B: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good ### Response:

The text argues that Ariana's shoes are the best, because they're made with snakeskin rather than synthetic materials. However, even though the shoes are made from snakes, that doesn't necessarily mean that they are better. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature.

### Instruction: Based on the information above, complete the sentence. When people say, "President Abraham Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address," they mean that President Lincoln (). A: wrote a book about an important Civil War battle B: is buried in a graveyard in a town in Pennsylvania C: made a speech after an important Civil War battle D: lived at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue ### Response:

Gettysburg is a place where an important Civil War battle was fought. An address is a public speech. So, when people say, "President Abraham Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address," they mean that President Lincoln made a speech after an important Civil War battle.

### Instruction: What does the verbal irony in this text suggest? He looked about as inconspicuous as a tarantula on a slice of angel food cake. —Raymond Chandler, Farewell, My Lovely A: He was well hidden. B: He stood out. ### Response:

The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different. As inconspicuous as a tarantula on a slice of angel food cake suggests that he stood out. A large spider on a piece of light-colored cake would not be inconspicuous at all; it would be very obvious.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? I can't understand why people are complaining that it's difficult to find a job in this job market. My daughter and I got jobs without any trouble. A: hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence B: guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something ### Response:

The text argues that it's not difficult to find a job in this job market. However, even though the speaker's family found jobs without trouble, that doesn't necessarily mean that everyone can. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization.

### Instruction: Which figure of speech is used in this text? Aaliyah swore she would never go back to Morristown, but I told her she should never say never. The city might be a very different place in ten years. A: oxymoron B: paradox ### Response:

The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Never say never at first appears to be contradictory: by saying the phrase itself, you have already said never. However, it contains some truth: people often change their minds as they age and so should not rule anything out by saying never.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Don't try to tell me that you only watch educational programming, Wanda! I know for a fact that your sister only watches reality television. A: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself B: guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something ### Response:

The text argues that Wanda must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Wanda's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Wanda does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Mike accidentally bumped into the waiter, and food splattered all over Mike's shirt. B: Mike accidentally bumped into the waiter, and food splattered all over his shirt. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Mike's or the waiter's. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. His has been replaced with Mike's. Mike accidentally bumped into the waiter, and food splattered all over Mike's shirt.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Assume that the ball's mass did not change. The gravitational potential energy stored between the ball and Earth () as the ball rolled along the lane. A: decreased B: increased C: stayed the same ### Response:

Think about how the distance between the ball and the center of Earth changed. Because the bowling lane was flat, each point on the lane was the same distance from the center of Earth. As the ball rolled along the lane, the distance between the ball and the center of Earth stayed the same. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the ball and Earth stayed the same as the ball rolled along the lane.

### Instruction: What does the allusion in this text suggest? A Good Samaritan identified only as Mr. Li captured the world's attention in May 2014 when he rushed across a street in China to catch a baby falling from a window. A: The man generously helped a stranger. B: The man was hoping for a reward. ### Response:

The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known. The allusion Good Samaritan suggests that the man generously helped a stranger. It refers to a biblical parable in which a Samaritan stops to help a stranger who has been beaten and left lying in the road.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: In the Middle Ages, knights rode horses and wore armor made of metal. B: Knights during the Middle Ages were really just bullies on horseback. ### Response:

The first sentence states a fact. In the Middle Ages, knights rode horses and wore armor made of metal. It can be proved by reading a book about knights. The second sentence states an opinion. Knights during the Middle Ages were really just bullies on horseback. Bully shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether knights were bullies.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Everyone I know is making fruit smoothies for quick, portable meals, so smoothies must be really good for you. A: hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence B: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct ### Response:

The text argues that fruit smoothies are good for you, because many people are drinking them. However, even though some people are drinking them, that doesn't necessarily mean that smoothies are necessarily healthful. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Assume that the water balloon's mass did not change. The gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth () as the water balloon fell toward Ben. A: increased B: decreased C: stayed the same ### Response:

Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed. Ben was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Ben, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Ben.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Jill roomed with Leah last year, but Leah's messiness became a point of contention. B: Jill roomed with Leah last year, but her messiness became a point of contention. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Jill's or Leah's. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Her has been replaced with Leah's. Jill roomed with Leah last year, but Leah's messiness became a point of contention.

### Instruction: Which figure of speech is used in this text? Everything in this room is eatable, even I'm eatable! But that is called cannibalism, my dear children, and is in fact frowned upon in most societies. —Willy Wonka in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory A: understatement B: apostrophe ### Response:

The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. Frowned upon in most societies is an understatement, since cannibalism—the eating of human flesh by another human being—is usually looked upon with horror.

### Instruction: What does the verbal irony in this text suggest? "This salsa could use a little more spice," Vijay said as he gulped down water and wiped tears from his eyes. A: The salsa was too spicy. B: The salsa was tasteless. ### Response:

The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different. Could use a little more spice ironically suggests that the salsa was too spicy. Vijay gulped down water and wiped tears from his eyes, indications that the salsa was indeed too spicy.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? All the popular guys at school are dyeing their hair purple, so you should, too! A: hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence B: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct ### Response:

The text argues that someone should dye his hair purple, because other people are dyeing their hair purple. However, even though some people are dyeing their hair purple, that doesn't necessarily mean that everyone else should. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Mr. King was reaching for the ladle in the gravy bowl when his wife took it away. B: Mr. King was reaching for the ladle in the gravy bowl when his wife took the ladle away. ### Response:

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the ladle or the gravy bowl. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the ladle. Mr. King was reaching for the ladle in the gravy bowl when his wife took the ladle away.