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mini-platypus-scienceqa-two

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### Instruction: Choose the poem that has a regular rhythm, or a pattern of sound like a beat. A: I saw you toss the kites on high And blow the birds about the sky; And all around I heard you pass, Like ladies' skirts across the grass. B: You know what it is to be born alone, Baby tortoise! The first day to heave your feet little by little from the shell. ### Response:

This poem has a regular rhythm, or a pattern of sound like a beat. The parts in bold show the strong syllables. The pattern is a weak syllable followed by a strong syllable. It sounds like da-DUM da-DUM. Like ladies' skirts across the grass.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Our study looked at people who were successful, as defined by their level of income. Our findings show that successful people consistently make more money than unsuccessful people. A: false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other B: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself C: ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself ### Response:

The text argues that successful people make more money than unsuccessful people. However, the study defines success by income level. So, the "evidence" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? The French family I stayed with over the summer had read all the British romantic poets. It's amazing how cosmopolitan and well educated French people are. A: slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences B: hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations C: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself ### Response:

The text argues that one well-read French family is evidence that all French people are well educated. However, the reading habits of one French family do not necessarily reflect the reading habits of all French people. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization.

### Instruction: Select the invertebrate. A: comet moth B: European green toad C: sparrow D: panda ### Response:

A comet moth is an insect. Like other insects, a comet moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. A sparrow is a bird. Like other birds, a sparrow is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A European green toad is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a European green toad is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A panda is a mammal. Like other mammals, a panda is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Dichloromethane is (). A: an elementary substance B: a compound ### Response:

You can tell whether dichloromethane is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters. The chemical formula for dichloromethane, CH2 Cl2, contains three atomic symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and Cl for chlorine. So, the formula tells you that dichloromethane is composed of three chemical elements bonded together. Since dichloromethane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, dichloromethane is a compound.

### Instruction: Is there a sentence fragment? When it comes to seafood, Americans aren't always eating what they think they are. According to an FDA report based on DNA analysis of fish that are frequently misidentified. A: no B: yes ### Response:

There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought. When it comes to seafood, Americans aren't always eating what they think they are. According to an FDA report based on DNA analysis of fish that are frequently misidentified. Here is one way to fix the sentence fragment: When it comes to seafood, Americans aren't always eating what they think they are. According to an FDA report based on DNA analysis, an average of fifteen percent of fish are misidentified.

### Instruction: Is this a run-on sentence? Ms. Todd, an interior designer, asks her clients to fill out a design questionnaire she uses it to get a sense of their personalities and style preferences. A: yes B: no ### Response:

This is a run-on sentence. It is formed from two sentences run together, joined without punctuation. Ms. Todd, an interior designer, asks her clients to fill out a design questionnaire she uses it to get a sense of their personalities and style preferences. Here is one way to fix the run-on sentence: Ms. Todd, an interior designer, asks her clients to fill out a design questionnaire; she uses it to get a sense of their personalities and style preferences.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: The Hardings make delicious pies; Julia was delighted to find them at the farmers' market. B: Julia was delighted to find the Hardings' delicious pies at the farmers' market. ### Response:

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the Hardings or delicious pies. The Hardings make delicious pies; Julia was delighted to find them at the farmers' market. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. Julia was delighted to find the Hardings' delicious pies at the farmers' market.

### Instruction: Is this a run-on sentence? Coconut crabs are the largest terrestrial arthropods on the planet they can weigh up to nine pounds and grow to be up to three feet across. A: yes B: no ### Response:

This is a run-on sentence. It is formed from two sentences run together, joined without punctuation. Coconut crabs are the largest terrestrial arthropods on the planet they can weigh up to nine pounds and grow to be up to three feet across. Here is one way to fix the run-on sentence: Coconut crabs are the largest terrestrial arthropods on the planet; they can weigh up to nine pounds and grow to be up to three feet across.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Mark sent them the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101. B: Mark sent the registrar's office the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101. ### Response:

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the registrar's office. Mark sent the registrar's office the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101.

### Instruction: Is there a sentence fragment? When scientists sequenced the DNA of domestic cats, they made a startling discovery. A remarkable similarity between the genomes of house cats and those of their feline relatives in the wild. A: yes B: no ### Response:

There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought. When scientists sequenced the DNA of domestic cats, they made a startling discovery. A remarkable similarity between the genomes of house cats and those of their feline relatives in the wild. Here is one way to fix the sentence fragment: When scientists sequenced the DNA of domestic cats, they made a startling discovery: a remarkable similarity between the genomes of house cats and those of their feline relatives in the wild.

### Instruction: Is this a run-on sentence? The first car that Mr. Hickman bought is still the most precious in his collection it's a 1971 Chevrolet Chevelle. A: yes B: no ### Response:

This is a run-on sentence. It is formed from two sentences run together, joined without punctuation. The first car that Mr. Hickman bought is still the most precious in his collection it's a 1971 Chevrolet Chevelle. Here is one way to fix the run-on sentence: The first car that Mr. Hickman bought is still the most precious in his collection; it's a 1971 Chevrolet Chevelle.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? In this election, we've seen the highest voter turnout ever recorded. If you have any doubts about Eric Hong's qualifications, just look at how many people have come out to vote for him. A: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct B: false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other ### Response:

The text argues that Eric Hong is the most qualified candidate, because so many voters turned out to vote. However, even though many people voted for him, that doesn't necessarily mean that Eric Hong is the most qualified candidate. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy.

### Instruction: Select the one substance that is not a mineral. A: Malachite is a solid. It is formed in nature. B: Shampoo is a liquid. It is made in a factory. C: Quartz is a pure substance. It is formed in nature. ### Response:

Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals. Malachite is a mineral. Shampoo is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature. Shampoo is a liquid. But all minerals are solids. So, shampoo is not a mineral. Quartz is a mineral.

### Instruction: Select the one substance that is not a mineral. A: Chalcopyrite is formed in nature. It is a pure substance. B: Paint is not a pure substance. It is made in a factory. C: Graphite is not made by living things. It is formed in nature. ### Response:

Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals. Graphite is a mineral. Paint is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature. Paint is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances. So, paint is not a mineral. Chalcopyrite is a mineral.

### Instruction: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? Mrs. Randolph decided not to argue with the name her daughter had chosen for their new kitten, figuring it was a matter of a rose by any other name. A: Shakespeare B: a poem ### Response:

The source of the allusion a rose by any other name is Shakespeare. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the two central characters are denied their love because they belong to warring families, the Montagues and Capulets. Juliet wonders how a mere family name can make someone an enemy, observing that a rose would smell sweet no matter what its name. The allusion a rose by any other name means something so special that what it's called seems unimportant.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Norma wants to play a guitar solo on our next recording. Her father is a horrible musician, though, so I doubt that Norma's any good either. A: guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something B: straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against ### Response:

The text argues that Norma must be a bad guitar player, because her father is a horrible musician. However, even though Norma's father is a horrible musician, that doesn't necessarily mean that Norma is as well. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.

### Instruction: Complete the sentences. According to the Tenth Amendment, the Constitution lists all of the powers given to the United States government. Any power not listed in the Constitution belongs to either the American people or (). A: the state governments B: private businesses C: the king or queen of Great Britain D: the Canadian government ### Response:

According to the Tenth Amendment, the Constitution lists all of the powers given to the United States government. Any power not listed in the Constitution belongs to either the American people or the state governments. The full text of the Tenth Amendment is below. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

### Instruction: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? Janice entered the bustling, aromatic spice market in Istanbul and said to her travel companion, "We're not in Kansas anymore." A: a movie B: a fable ### Response:

The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a movie. In the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy, a young farm girl from Kansas, finds herself in Oz, an unusual place that looks nothing like her home. She says to her dog, "Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore." The allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means we're in an unfamiliar place.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? In January, we opened a new prison in town. By May, criminal activity had dropped. So, the new prison must have been the reason for the drop in crime. A: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good B: false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other C: hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations ### Response:

The text argues that the new prison led to less criminal activity. However, that's not necessarily true. For instance, there might have been other factors that affected criminal activity, which were unrelated to the opening of the new prison. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Bromomethane is (). A: an elementary substance B: a compound ### Response:

You can tell whether bromomethane is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters. The chemical formula for bromomethane, CH3 Br, contains three atomic symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and Br for bromine. So, the formula tells you that bromomethane is composed of three chemical elements bonded together. Since bromomethane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, bromomethane is a compound.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Sodium hydroxide is (). A: an elementary substance B: a compound ### Response:

You can tell whether sodium hydroxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters. The chemical formula for sodium hydroxide, NaOH, contains three atomic symbols: Na for sodium, O for oxygen, and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that sodium hydroxide is composed of three chemical elements bonded together. Since sodium hydroxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, sodium hydroxide is a compound.

### Instruction: Select the invertebrate. A: green sea turtle B: sparrow C: koala D: locust ### Response:

A green sea turtle is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a green sea turtle is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A sparrow is a bird. Like other birds, a sparrow is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A locust is an insect. Like other insects, a locust is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. A koala is a mammal. Like other mammals, a koala is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.

### Instruction: Which figure of speech is used in this text? His guardians were extremely old-fashioned people and did not realize that we live in an age when unnecessary things are our only necessities. —Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray A: euphemism B: paradox ### Response:

The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. We live in an age when unnecessary things are our only necessities at first appears to be contradictory, as a necessity is something that is necessary. However, it contains some truth: when we have everything necessary for survival, we begin to feel we "need" frivolous or superfluous material goods.

### Instruction: Which figure of speech is used in this text? Rebecca's Bistro used to be a great place to go for a delicious and carefully prepared dinner, but nobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded. A: apostrophe B: paradox ### Response:

The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Nobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: John gave Fred a beautifully bound copy of One Hundred Years of Solitude, which is his favorite book. B: John gave a beautifully bound copy of his favorite book, One Hundred Years of Solitude, to Fred. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to John or Fred. John gave Fred a beautifully bound copy of One Hundred Years of Solitude, which is his favorite book. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. John gave a beautifully bound copy of his favorite book, One Hundred Years of Solitude, to Fred.

### Instruction: Choose the poem that has a regular rhythm, or a pattern of sound like a beat. A: To the dust cave— he loves dust, he hoards it, gathers it in mountains, blows it into clouds, blue clouds, green clouds, yellow clouds, gold— B: How does the little crocodile Improve his shining tail, And pour the waters of the Nile On every golden scale! ### Response:

This poem has a regular rhythm, or a pattern of sound like a beat. The parts in bold show the strong syllables. The pattern is a weak syllable followed by a strong syllable. It sounds like da-DUM da-DUM. On every golden scale!

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Did you hear? A bunch of Kamal's friends were at that protest that got out of hand. I had no idea that Kamal was such a troublemaker. A: guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something B: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself C: false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist ### Response:

The text argues that Kamal must be a troublemaker because his friends were at an unruly protest. However, the behavior of Kamal's friends doesn't necessarily determine his own behavior. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Free speech is good not just for the individual, but for all of society. After all, it's in the interest of the community that everyone should be at liberty to express his or her beliefs. A: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good B: ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself C: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself ### Response:

The text argues that free speech is good for society because society is better off when people have free speech. However, the "evidence" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? You argue that vegetarianism can have a positive impact on the environment, but why should we believe you? I've seen you eat bacon! A: slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences B: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good C: ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself ### Response:

The text argues that a person who eats bacon cannot offer a believable argument on vegetarianism. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether the argument is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem.

### Instruction: What does the hyperbole in this text suggest? [Pinocchio's] tears had dried and only hard, dry sobs shook his wooden frame. But these [sobs] could be heard by the faraway hills . . . —Carlo Collodi, Pinocchio A: Pinocchio's sobs were very loud. B: Pinocchio's sobs could be heard from several miles away. ### Response:

The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. The hyperbole could be heard by the faraway hills suggests that Pinocchio's sobs were very loud. It's unlikely that he was sobbing loud enough to be heard from very far away.

### Instruction: Complete the sentence. In this chemical reaction, glucose is a (). A: reactant B: product ### Response:

Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to glucose in this chemical reaction. Plants make glucose, a sugar they can use for food, through a process called photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants use energy from sunlight to make glucose from water and carbon dioxide. In the process of making glucose, plants also create most of the oxygen in the air we breathe. The underlined text tells you that glucose forms when water combines with carbon dioxide. Because glucose is produced by this chemical reaction, glucose is a product.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Eating meat can't be wrong. After all, a majority of people in the United States eat meat. A: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct B: straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against C: false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other ### Response:

The text argues that eating meat must not be wrong because many people eat meat. However, the fact that a practice is widespread does not necessarily make it morally or ethically correct. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy.

### Instruction: Compare the motion of two speed walkers. Which speed walker was moving at a higher speed? A: a speed walker who moved 50miles in 10hours B: a speed walker who moved 25miles in 10hours ### Response:

Look at the distance each speed walker moved and the time it took to move that distance. One speed walker moved 50 miles in 10 hours. The other speed walker moved 25 miles in 10 hours. Notice that each speed walker spent the same amount of time moving. The speed walker who moved 50 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that speed walker must have moved at a higher speed.

### Instruction: Is this a sentence fragment? In the early 1800s, yellow fever, a viral disease spread by mosquitoes, not by unsanitary conditions as was believed at the time. A: no B: yes ### Response:

This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought. In the early 1800 s, yellow fever, a viral disease spread by mosquitoes, not by unsanitary conditions as was believed at the time. Here is one way to fix the sentence fragment: In the early 1800 s, yellow fever, a viral disease, was spread by mosquitoes, not by unsanitary conditions as was believed at the time.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Why should I listen to your thoughts about lowering my cholesterol? You eat terribly, so what do you know? A: ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself B: false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other C: hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations ### Response:

The text argues that an unhealthy eater isn't allowed to give advice on someone else's cholesterol. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether the advice is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Though Mr. Murphy loved the old house's charming kitchen, it was in serious need of repair. B: The old house was in serious need of repair, but Mr. Murphy loved its charming kitchen. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the house or the kitchen. Though Mr. Murphy loved the old house's charming kitchen, it was in serious need of repair. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. The old house was in serious need of repair, but Mr. Murphy loved its charming kitchen.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? How could you be disappointed in the show Paranormal Proms? Over a million people watch that show every single week! A: false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist B: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct C: hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations ### Response:

The text argues that a television show can't be disappointing to someone because over a million people watch it every week. However, this isn't necessarily true. How someone feels may not be affected by how popular the show is. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy.

### Instruction: Is this a sentence fragment? With more than sixty percent of the popular vote, incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson defeating Republican Barry Goldwater, Sr., in the 1964 presidential election. A: no B: yes ### Response:

This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought. With more than sixty percent of the popular vote, incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson defeating Republican Barry Goldwater, Sr., in the 1964 presidential election. Here is one way to fix the sentence fragment: With more than sixty percent of the popular vote, incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson defeated Republican Barry Goldwater, Sr., in the 1964 presidential election.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? I get my drinking water from a well in my backyard. I don't trust tap water, because it has been treated with chemicals. A: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good B: slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences C: straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against ### Response:

The text argues that tap water isn't safe because it has been chemically treated. However, something isn't necessarily more dangerous just because it has been chemically treated. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature.

### Instruction: What does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work? Jain, Nikhil. "The Ten Most Important Young Artists of the Year." Message to Zachary Gorski. 11 Feb. 2015. E-mail. A: It is a web page. B: It is an email. C: It is a magazine article. ### Response:

Look closely at the Works Cited entry: Jain, Nikhil. "The Ten Most Important Young Artists of the Year." Message to Zachary Gorski. 11 Feb. 2015. E-mail. You can tell that the cited work is an email because "E-mail" is listed as the medium of publication.

### Instruction: Select the invertebrate. A: jumping spider B: asp viper C: sheep D: harbor seal ### Response:

Like other spiders, a jumping spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. A sheep is a mammal. Like other mammals, a sheep is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. An asp viper is a reptile. Like other reptiles, an asp viper is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A harbor seal is a mammal. Like other mammals, a harbor seal is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.

### Instruction: What does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work? Mark, Philip. "Thursday's Meeting." Message to Luiz Rodriguez. 3 May 2014. E-mail. A: Mark is the sender's first name. B: Philip is the sender's first name. C: Luiz is the sender's first name. ### Response:

Look closely at the Works Cited entry: Mark, Philip. "Thursday's Meeting." Message to Luiz Rodriguez. 3 May 2014. E-mail. You can tell that Philip is the sender's first name because the sender's name appears last name first at the beginning of the entry.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: Most Australians live in cities on the southeast coast, such as Sydney and Melbourne. B: The cities on the southeast and southwest coasts of Australia are too crowded. ### Response:

The first sentence states a fact. Most Australians live in cities on the southeast coast, such as Sydney and Melbourne. It can be proved by checking a population density map, or a map showing the populations in different areas, of Australia. The second sentence states an opinion. The cities on the southeast and southwest coasts of Australia are too crowded. Too crowded shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how crowded is too crowded.

### Instruction: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? The candidate's fixation on his opponent's failure to wear a flag pin on flag day seemed at times to border on McCarthyism. A: British history B: U.S. history ### Response:

The source of the allusion McCarthyism is U.S. history. In the 1950 s, U.S. senator Joseph McCarthy led a ruthless investigation of Americans whom he accused of being Communist sympathizers. Based on flimsy or nonexistent evidence, the accusations created a climate of suspicion and fear. The allusion McCarthyism means aggressive questioning of a person's patriotism.

### Instruction: Select the animal. A: Fig trees have many leaves. B: Oak trees can have thick branches. C: Manta rays swim underwater. D: Fir trees have green leaves. ### Response:

A fir tree is a plant. It has green leaves. The leaves of fir trees are called needles. A fig tree is a plant. It has many leaves. Fig trees grow in dry, sunny places. An oak tree is a plant. It can have thick branches. Acorns grow on oak trees. Acorns are small nuts with a seed inside. A manta ray is an animal. It swims underwater. Manta rays are fish. They have triangle-shaped fins.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: The jeweler carefully polished the ring once he had removed the precious gemstone from it. B: After the jeweler removed the precious gemstone from the ring, he carefully polished it. ### Response:

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the precious gemstone or the ring. After the jeweler removed the precious gemstone from the ring, he carefully polished it. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. The jeweler carefully polished the ring once he had removed the precious gemstone from it.

### Instruction: Compare the motion of three geese. Which goose was moving at the highest speed? A: a goose that moved 675miles north in 10hours B: a goose that moved 575miles west in 10hours C: a goose that moved 765miles north in 10hours ### Response:

Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed. Notice that each goose moved for 10 hours. The goose that moved 765 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the highest speed.

### Instruction: Choose the poem that has a regular rhythm, or a pattern of sound like a beat. A: Within a green and shady bed A modest violet grew; Its stalk was bent, it hung its head, As if to hide from view. B: It was all so dull— Except a few gray legs under shiny black umbrellas Running along the gray shiny sidewalks. ### Response:

This poem has a regular rhythm, or a pattern of sound like a beat. The parts in bold show the strong syllables. The pattern is a weak syllable followed by a strong syllable. It sounds like da-DUM da-DUM. As if to hide from view.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Chloroform is (). A: a compound B: an elementary substance ### Response:

You can tell whether chloroform is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters. The chemical formula for chloroform is CHCl3. This formula contains three symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and Cl for chlorine. So, the formula tells you that chloroform is made of three chemical elements bonded together. Substances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, chloroform is a compound.

### Instruction: Assume all other forces on Tamir are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Tamir? A: The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Tamir. B: The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Tamir. ### Response:

To determine if there is a net force on Tamir, look at the forces: Earth's gravity is pulling Tamir down with a force of 400 N. The diving board is pushing Tamir up with a force of 400 N. The forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Tamir.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Hydrogen chloride is (). A: a compound B: an elementary substance ### Response:

You can tell whether hydrogen chloride is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters. The chemical formula for hydrogen chloride, HCl, contains two atomic symbols: H for hydrogen and Cl for chlorine. So, the formula tells you that hydrogen chloride is composed of two chemical elements bonded together. Since hydrogen chloride is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, hydrogen chloride is a compound.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Jill told her sister that she couldn't go to the film festival because of final exams. B: Jill said that she couldn't go to the film festival with her sister because of final exams. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Jill or her sister. Jill told her sister that she couldn't go to the film festival because of final exams. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. Jill said that she couldn't go to the film festival with her sister because of final exams.

### Instruction: What does the allusion in this text suggest? With the gutters clogged and water rising in the streets, Ling, who was watching the storm from her window, commented, "We're going to need an ark to get out of here." A: Ling thinks the storm will cause major flooding. B: Ling plans to build a boat. ### Response:

The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known. The allusion to an ark suggests that Ling thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: The Venus flytrap's pink-and-green leaves make the plant look like an alien species. B: The Venus flytrap's two-lobed leaves snap shut when they come in contact with prey. ### Response:

The second sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up how the Venus flytrap captures its prey. The Venus flytrap's two-lobed leaves snap shut when they come in contact with prey. The first sentence states an opinion. Look like an alien species indicates a personal judgment. The Venus flytrap's pink-and-green leaves make the plant look like an alien species.

### Instruction: Assume all other forces on Owen are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Owen? A: The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Owen. B: The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Owen. ### Response:

To determine if there is a net force on Owen, look at the forces: Earth's gravity is pulling Owen down with a force of 400 N. The diving board is pushing Owen up with a force of 400 N. The forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Owen.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Emma placed the walnuts in a wooden bowl after she separated them from the shells. B: After Emma separated the walnuts from the shells, she placed them in a wooden bowl. ### Response:

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the walnuts or the shells. After Emma separated the walnuts from the shells, she placed them in a wooden bowl. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. Emma placed the walnuts in a wooden bowl after she separated them from the shells.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Sulfur dioxide is (). A: an elementary substance B: a compound ### Response:

You can tell whether sulfur dioxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2. This formula contains two symbols: S for sulfur and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that sulfur dioxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, sulfur dioxide is a compound.

### Instruction: Is this a run-on sentence? On average, office workers spend more than five hours sitting at their desks, researchers believe that extended periods of sitting can have a negative impact on overall health. A: no B: yes ### Response:

This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma. On average, office workers spend more than five hours sitting at their desks, researchers believe that extended periods of sitting can have a negative impact on overall health. Here is one way to fix the run-on sentence: On average, office workers spend more than five hours sitting at their desks. Researchers believe that extended periods of sitting can have a negative impact on overall health.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Did you really vote for Samir as class treasurer? Didn't you hear that his uncle was imprisoned for embezzling $1.5 million? A: guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something B: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good ### Response:

The text argues that Samir can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Samir can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? I can't believe you'd hire Mike Campbell to watch your dog! Did you know that his friend adopted a dog but then took it back to the shelter after just one week? A: guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something B: hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence ### Response:

The text argues that Mike must be an irresponsible dog owner, because his friend was an irresponsible dog owner. However, even though Mike's friend was irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Mike is also irresponsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? My grandfather eats candy all the time, and he's still got all of his teeth! Candy must not really rot people's teeth out. A: hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence B: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself ### Response:

The text argues that eating a lot of candy never causes a person's teeth to rot out. However, even though the speaker's grandfather eats a lot of candy and has healthy teeth, that doesn't necessarily mean that it's true for everyone. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization.

### Instruction: Select the animal. A: Coconut trees have large, thin leaves. B: Basil has green leaves. C: Yaks eat plants. D: Orange trees can grow fruit. ### Response:

An orange tree is a plant. It can grow fruit. Orange trees grow in sunny, warm places. They can be damaged by cold weather. Basil is a plant. It has green leaves. Basil leaves are used in cooking. A yak is an animal. It eats plants. Yaks live in cold places. Their long hair helps keep them warm. A coconut tree is a plant. It has large, thin leaves. Coconut trees grow in warm, rainy places.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? I had to speak out against the proposed noise pollution ordinance. Citizens would obviously prefer a thriving city over a silent, stagnant one. A: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself B: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct C: false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist ### Response:

The text argues that either a city allows noise pollution or it is silent and stagnant. However, it is possible for a city to reduce noise pollution and still thrive. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.

### Instruction: What does the Ninth Amendment say about rights that are not listed in the Constitution? A: People have rights other than the ones listed in the Constitution. B: People do not have any rights except the ones listed in the Constitution. ### Response:

The Ninth Amendment says that people have rights other than the ones listed in the Constitution. The amendment says that even if the Constitution doesn't list a right, the right might still exist. The Bill of Rights lists some rights. But it is not meant to be a complete list of all rights. The full text of the Ninth Amendment is below. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: When Emily was researching the lives of famous scientists, it said that Albert Einstein had a speech impediment when he was a child. B: When Emily was researching the lives of famous scientists, one source said that Albert Einstein had a speech impediment when he was a child. ### Response:

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with one source. When Emily was researching the lives of famous scientists, one source said that Albert Einstein had a speech impediment when he was a child.

### Instruction: Compare the motion of two ducks. Which duck was moving at a lower speed? A: a duck that moved 550miles in 10hours B: a duck that moved 355miles in 10hours ### Response:

Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. One duck moved 355 miles in 10 hours. The other duck moved 550 miles in 10 hours. Notice that each duck spent the same amount of time moving. The duck that moved 355 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at a lower speed.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? You think Steve should be class president? I just can't see it. He reads romance novels for fun. A: ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself B: false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other C: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself ### Response:

The text argues that Steve shouldn't be class president because he reads romance novels for fun. This is a personal attack on Steve that isn't relevant to whether he would be a good class president. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: Mrs. Herman's phone rang just as she finished brewing Amy a cup of tea. B: Just as Mrs. Herman finished brewing Amy a cup of tea, her phone rang. ### Response:

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Mrs. Herman's or Amy's. Just as Mrs. Herman finished brewing Amy a cup of tea, her phone rang. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. Mrs. Herman's phone rang just as she finished brewing Amy a cup of tea.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: African American explorer Matthew Henson was the bravest explorer of the 1909 North Pole expedition. B: In 1909, African American explorer Matthew Henson became one of the first people to reach the North Pole. ### Response:

The second sentence states a fact. It can be verified by researching the life of Matthew Henson. In 1909, African American explorer Matthew Henson became one of the first people to reach the North Pole. The first sentence states an opinion. Bravest indicates a personal judgment. African American explorer Matthew Henson was the bravest explorer of the 1909 North Pole expedition.

### Instruction: Is this a run-on sentence? My favorite furniture company offers more than one hundred different fabrics to choose from you can order free fabric swatches to see what looks best with your decor. A: yes B: no ### Response:

This is a run-on sentence. It is formed from two sentences run together, joined without punctuation. My favorite furniture company offers more than one hundred different fabrics to choose from you can order free fabric swatches to see what looks best with your decor. Here is one way to fix the run-on sentence: My favorite furniture company offers more than one hundred different fabrics to choose from, and you can order free fabric swatches to see what looks best with your decor.

### Instruction: Complete the sentence. According to the Ninth Amendment, the Constitution lists () of the rights of the American people. A: none B: some C: all ### Response:

The Ninth Amendment says that the Constitution lists only some of the rights of the American people. In other words, people have rights other than the ones listed in the Constitution. Even if the Constitution doesn't list a right, the right might still exist. The Bill of Rights lists some rights. But it is not meant to be a complete list of all rights. The full text of the Ninth Amendment is below. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

### Instruction: Assume all other forces on the television are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on the television? A: The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the television. B: The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on the television. ### Response:

To determine if there is a net force on the television, look at the forces: Luke is pulling the television up with a force of 500 N. Earth's gravity is pulling the television down with a force of 500 N. The forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 500 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on the television.

### Instruction: Select the solid. A: rain B: coins C: apple juice ### Response:

Rain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you put rainwater into a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space. A coin is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. Many coins are made of solid metal. Apple juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour apple juice into a different container, the apple juice will take the shape of that container. But the apple juice will still take up the same amount of space.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: In a beehive, a worker bee's job is more important than the queen's job. B: In a beehive, the queen lays eggs while the workers guard the hive. ### Response:

The second sentence states a fact. In a beehive, the queen lays eggs while the workers guard the hive. It can be proved by reading a book about bees. The first sentence states an opinion. In a beehive, a worker bee's job is more important than the queen's job. More important shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which job is more important.

### Instruction: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? Ivan got off the mountain by the skin of his teeth. A: the Bible B: a movie ### Response:

The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible. In the Bible, Job complains to God about his hardships, saying that both strangers and those he loves have turned against him. He says, "My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth." Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he narrowly escaped death. The allusion by the skin of his teeth means just barely.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Reggie, the company you work for just filed for bankruptcy! How can I trust you with our money? A: straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against B: guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something ### Response:

The text argues that Reggie must be fiscally irresponsible, because he works for a company that went bankrupt. However, even though his company is perceived as fiscally irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Reggie is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Ferrous oxide is (). A: an elementary substance B: a compound ### Response:

You can tell whether ferrous oxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters. The chemical formula for ferrous oxide, FeO, contains two atomic symbols: Fe for iron and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that ferrous oxide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together. Since ferrous oxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, ferrous oxide is a compound.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: The region north of the Arctic Circle is the most miserable place on earth. B: North of the Arctic Circle, there are days each year when the sun does not completely rise or set. ### Response:

The second sentence states a fact. North of the Arctic Circle, there are days each year when the sun does not completely rise or set. It can be proved by looking up information about the Arctic Circle. The first sentence states an opinion. The region north of the Arctic Circle is the most miserable place on earth. Most miserable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a place miserable.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Did you ever notice that every successful CEO has an expensive car? I guess I should get one if I'm ever going to progress in my job. A: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good B: guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something C: false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other ### Response:

The text argues that having an expensive car leads to being a successful CEO. However, that's not necessarily true. For instance, a CEO might buy an expensive car after becoming successful. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation.

### Instruction: Complete the sentence. The Second Amendment says that people have the right to own (). A: weapons B: private roads C: enslaved people D: homes ### Response:

The Second Amendment says that the American people have the right to own weapons. In particular, it says that people can own "arms." The authors understood "arms" to include the type of weapons we now call guns. The complete text of the Second Amendment is below. According to the text, why is it important for Americans to have the right to own weapons? A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? This fast food chain claims that they've served five billion people, so they must have the best hamburger in town. Five billion people can't be wrong! A: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct B: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself ### Response:

The text argues that the fast food chain has the best hamburger, because they've served five billion people. However, even though they've served five billion people, that doesn't necessarily mean that they have the best hamburger. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: The fleece jacket that Amy saw on the bench looked like Katie's. B: Amy told Katie that the fleece jacket on the bench looked like hers. ### Response:

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun hers could refer to Amy's or Katie's. Amy told Katie that the fleece jacket on the bench looked like hers. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. The fleece jacket that Amy saw on the bench looked like Katie's.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: A honeybee can make one-twelfth of a teaspoon of honey in its lifetime. B: Bees are especially useful insects because they can make honey. ### Response:

The first sentence states a fact. A honeybee can make one-twelfth of a teaspoon of honey in its lifetime. It can be proved by looking up information about honeybees. The second sentence states an opinion. Bees are especially useful insects because they can make honey. Especially useful shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes bees especially useful.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: The Great Sphinx is the most interesting Egyptian landmark. B: The Great Sphinx was built more than 4,500 years ago and is located in Egypt. ### Response:

The second sentence states a fact. The Great Sphinx was built more than 4,500 years ago and is located in Egypt. It can be proved by reading a history book about the Great Sphinx. The first sentence states an opinion. The Great Sphinx is the most interesting Egyptian landmark. Most interesting shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes one landmark more interesting than others.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? This herbal supplement is made from a plant that grows in Zambia. It must be healthier than taking that medication, which is full of chemicals I can't pronounce. A: hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence B: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good ### Response:

The text argues that an herbal supplement is healthier than a medication, because the supplement is made from a plant. However, even though something is made from a plant, that doesn't necessarily mean that it is healthy. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Frankly, most science fiction is poorly written. I read a science fiction novel once, and it was garbage, so I've avoided the genre ever since. A: hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations B: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good C: slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences ### Response:

The text argues that science fiction is of poor quality because one science fiction novel was poorly written. However, one novel does not necessarily reflect the whole genre. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization.

### Instruction: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? Red velvet cupcakes were Alexandra's Achilles's heel when she was trying to eat more healthily. A: Greek mythology B: the Bible ### Response:

The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is Greek mythology. In Greek mythology, Achilles's mother dips him in a river that protects his body wherever it touches. His heel does not get wet, so it is the one part of his body left unprotected. During the Trojan War, an arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him. The allusion Achilles's heel means a sole weakness.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: Abraham Lincoln was one of the greatest American presidents. B: Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, was elected in 1860. ### Response:

The first sentence states a fact. Abraham Lincoln, the 16 th president of the United States, was elected in 1860. It can be proved by looking up the year that Abraham Lincoln was elected president. The second sentence states an opinion. Abraham Lincoln was one of the greatest American presidents. Greatest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a president great at his or her job.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: In 2015, more than 13% of the people in the United States lived in poverty. B: Growing poverty is a problem in the United States. ### Response:

The second sentence states a fact. In 2015, more than 13% of the people in the United States lived in poverty. It can be proved by researching the number of people who live in poverty. The first sentence states an opinion. Growing poverty is a problem in the United States. Problem shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether or not something is a problem.

### Instruction: Which sentence states a fact? A: Cheeses made from cow's milk taste better than cheeses made from sheep's milk. B: Cheese is often made from milk that comes from cows, sheep, or goats. ### Response:

The first sentence states a fact. Cheese is often made from milk that comes from cows, sheep, or goats. It can be proved by looking up information about cheese. The second sentence states an opinion. Cheeses made from cow's milk taste better than cheeses made from sheep's milk. Better shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which kind of cheeses tastes better.

### Instruction: What does "quartered" mean? A: imprisoned B: attacked C: paid a small amount D: given a place to stay ### Response:

In the Third Amendment, "quartered" means "given a place to stay." So, the Third Amendment says that Americans don't have to let soldiers stay in their houses during a time of peace. The complete text of the Third Amendment is below. Are there any times when an American might have to let a soldier stay in his or her house? No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

### Instruction: Is this a run-on sentence? Culture plays an important role for orcas they communicate with distinct calls and live in small, intimate groups led by older females that teach the younger orcas. A: no B: yes ### Response:

This is a run-on sentence. It is formed from two sentences run together, joined without punctuation. Culture plays an important role for orcas they communicate with distinct calls and live in small, intimate groups led by older females that teach the younger orcas. Here is one way to fix the run-on sentence: Culture plays an important role for orcas; they communicate with distinct calls and live in small, intimate groups led by older females that teach the younger orcas.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Brandon, you drive a beat-up car from the 1980s. For this reason, we can never allow you to be a lifeguard at the community pool. A: straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against B: ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent ### Response:

The text argues that people who drive old cars are likely to be poor lifeguards. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to someone's qualifications to be a lifeguard. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Tons of people still believe the Earth is flat! Maybe there's something to their argument? A: guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something B: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct C: straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against ### Response:

The text argues that the belief that the Earth is flat might be true because it is common. However, a belief isn't necessarily more reasonable just because many people hold it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy.

### Instruction: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? None of my grandparents know how to connect a printer to their computers. Why are older adults so bad with technology? A: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good B: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself C: hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations ### Response:

The text argues that all older adults are bad with technology because the speaker's grandparents are. However, just because a few older adults are bad with technology, it doesn't mean that all older adults are. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization.

### Instruction: Compare the motion of two buses. Which bus was moving at a higher speed? A: a bus that moved 450kilometers in 10hours B: a bus that moved 550kilometers in 10hours ### Response:

Look at the distance each bus moved and the time it took to move that distance. One bus moved 550 kilometers in 10 hours. The other bus moved 450 kilometers in 10 hours. Notice that each bus spent the same amount of time moving. The bus that moved 550 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bus must have moved at a higher speed.

### Instruction: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? A: The recipe says to mix the black beans with the chopped tomatoes, but Scott forgot to buy them. B: The recipe says to mix the black beans with the chopped tomatoes, but Scott forgot to buy the black beans. ### Response:

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the black beans or the chopped tomatoes. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the black beans. The recipe says to mix the black beans with the chopped tomatoes, but Scott forgot to buy the black beans.

### Instruction: Complete the statement. Assume that the scoop of ice cream's mass did not change. The gravitational potential energy stored between the scoop of ice cream and Earth () as the ice cream dropped toward the ground. A: stayed the same B: increased C: decreased ### Response:

Think about how the distance between the scoop of ice cream and the center of Earth changed. The ground was lower than the ice cream cone. As the scoop of ice cream fell toward the ground, the distance between the scoop and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the scoop of ice cream and Earth decreased as the ice cream dropped toward the ground.

### Instruction: Which figure of speech is used in this text? What thoughts I have of you tonight Walt Whitman, for I walked down the sidestreets under the trees with a headache self-conscious looking at the full moon. —Allen Ginsberg, "A Supermarket in California" A: antithesis B: apostrophe ### Response:

The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. What thoughts I have of you tonight Walt Whitman is a direct address to Walt Whitman, an absent person. (Walt Whitman was an American poet who died in 1892, over half a century before this poem was written.)