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Astronomer: Mount Shalko is the perfect site for the proposed astronomical observatory. The summit would accommodate the complex as currently designed, with some room left for expansion. There are no large cities near the mountain, so neither smog nor artificial light interferes with atmospheric transparency. Critics claim that Mount Shalko is a unique ecological site, but the observatory need not be a threat to endemic life-forms. In fact, since it would preclude recreational use of the mountain, it should be their salvation. It is estimated that 20, 000 recreational users visit the mountain every year, posing a threat to the wildlife. Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the astronomer's argument? A: More than a dozen insect and plant species endemic to Mount Shalko are found nowhere else on earth. B: The building of the observatory would not cause the small towns near Mount Shalko eventually to develop into a large city, complete with smog, bright lights, and an influx of recreation seekers. C: A survey conducted by a team of park rangers concluded that two other mountains in the same general area have more potential for recreational use than Mount Shalko. D: Having a complex that covers most of the summit, as well as having the necessary security fences and access road on the mountain, could involve just as much ecological disruption as does the current level of recreational use.

D

In rheumatoid arthritis, the body' s immune system misfunctions by attacking healthy cells in the joints causing the release of a hormone that in turn causes pain and swelling. This hormone is normally activated only in reaction to injury or infection. A new arthritis medication will contain a protein that inhibits the functioning of the hormone that causes pain and swelling in the joints. The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following conclusions? A: Unlike aspirin and other medications that reduce pain and swelling and that are currently available, the new medication would repair existing cell damage that had been caused by rheumatoid arthritis. B: A patient treated with the new medication for rheumatoid arthritis could sustain a joint injury without becoming aware of it. C: Joint diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis would not be affected by the new medication. D: The benefits to rheumatoid arthritis sufferers of the new medication would outweigh the medication's possible harmful side effects.

B

The body of anyone infected by virus X will, after a week, produce antibodies to fight the virus; the antibodies will increase in number for the next year or so. There is now a test that reliably indicates how many antibodies are present in a person' s body. If positive, this test can be used during the first year of infection to estimate to within a month how long that person has had the virus. Which one of the following conclusions is best supported by the statements above? A: If a person remains infected by virus X indefinitely, there is no limit to the number of antibodies that can be present in the person's body. B: Anyone infected by virus X will for a time fail to exhibit infection if tested by the antibody test. C: Antibodies are produced only for viral infections that cannot be fought by any other body defenses. D: Antibodies increase in number only until they have defeated the virus.

B

Political Analyst: "Although citizens of this state normally oppose any new taxes, they are overwhelmingly in favor of taxes that support the medical initiative. Candidate Johnson vowed to cut these taxes, and he was trounced in the primary elections. <b> Furthermore, in a poll that asked citizens, "Would you pay higher taxes if it meant having the benefit of the new medical initiative? ", an astonishing 82% replied "Yes. " </b> This is a pattern of support for taxes we have not seen before in this state. " In the political analyst's argument, the portion in boldface plays which of the following roles? A: It is an explanation that the argument concludes is correct. B: It is a finding that calls the main conclusion into question. C: It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument. D: It is the main conclusion of the argument.

C

Patient: Pharmacists maintain that doctors should not be permitted to sell the medicine that they prescribe because doctors would then be tempted to prescribe unnecessary medicines in order to earn extra income. But pharmacists have a financial interest in having a monopoly on the sale of prescription medicines, so their objection to the sale of medicines by doctors cannot be taken seriously. The patient's argument proceeds by A: attempting to discredit a position by questioning the motives of the proponents of that position B: rejecting a questionable position on the grounds that the general public does not support that position C: pointing out an unstated assumption on which the pharmacists' argument relies and then refuting it D: asserting that pharmacists lack the appropriate knowledge to have informed opinions on the subject under discussion

A

A certain moral system holds that performing good actions is praiseworthy only when one overcomes a powerful temptation in order to perform them. Yet this same moral system also holds that performing good actions out of habit is sometimes praiseworthy. Which one of the following, if true, does the most to reconcile the apparent conflict in the moral system described above? A: Most people face strong moral temptation from time to time but few people have to endure it regularly. B: It is far more common for people to perform good actions out of habit than for them to do so against strong temptation. C: People who perform good actions out of habit have often acquired this habit after years of having resisted temptation. D: People virtually always perform actions they think are good, regardless of what other people may think.

C

Any sale item that is purchased can be returned for store credit but not for a refund of the purchase price. Every home appliance and every piece of gardening equipment is on sale along with selected construction tools. If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true? A: Any item that is not on sale cannot be returned for store credit. B: Some construction tools are not returnable for store credit. C: No piece of gardening equipment is returnable for a refund. D: None of the things that are returnable for a refund are construction tools.

C