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SIU_9SMd5q0

A capacitor can store electric energy when it is connected to its charging circuit. And when it is disconnected from its charging circuit, it can dissipate that stored energy, so it can be used like a temporary battery. Capacitors are commonly used in electronic devices to maintain power supply while batteries are being changed.

Where are capacitors used?

SIU_9SMd5q0

Hello Rose, Short answer: resistance. All physical devices (ignoring really cold things) have a resistance. The resistance of the wire and the internal resistance of the capacitor will limit the current. Consequently, there will be a time delay before the capacitor can completely discharge. If you are interested please search RC time constant. Regards, APD

Assuming, commonly, the electric potential energy stored between two surfaces of different potential is E=QV, In capacitors (which also has two plates of different potential) why doesn't all the charges get transfer at same time? and cause the voltage drop? Why one by one? Which of its property makes it unique for having the energy formula E=1/2QV?

SIU_9SMd5q0

No. When there is no current in the circuit, connected points have to be at the same voltage. Therefore voltage across plates is equal to battery voltage. The charges will adjust accordingly , depending on the capacitance.

Is there a case where a capacitor cannot maintain a voltage difference of a given battery? I don't know if this makes sense- but if the capacitor was too small and connected to a 9 volt battery only reached 8 volts, for example? I know I must be thinking about this wrong... Any help would be great!

SIU_9SMd5q0

You should watch the previous videos to learn the basic

Whats the difference in energy, voltage and charge Q if theres no battery in the circuit, verses if there was?

SIU_9SMd5q0

Hello Timur, Given enough time the battery voltage would drop. In both cases there is a finite amount of energy stored in the component. In this example the battery stores considerably more energy. The battery is able to power the light bulb for a longer period of time. Regards, APD

Why does capacitor's voltage drop and why battery's voltage do not drop? Thank you

SIU_9SMd5q0

When the current flowing through it is zero. The time depends on the resistance and capacitance of the circuit. Higher RC means longer charge time. To charge a capacitor to 95%, you need to wait 3RC (assuming you ve simplified the circuit to a resistor in series with a capacitor). Note that RC (Ohm-Farads) has units of seconds.

How do you know when a capacitor is fully charged up? How long do you have to wait?

SIU_9SMd5q0

Capacitance is a measure of charge that needs to be accumulated to produce a certain potential difference. Capacitor energy is the energy which is converted in the work done by the battery to move electrons from one plate to another. This energy is in the form of potential energy of the electric field between the plates.

what is the difference between capacitance and energy of a capacitor??

SIU_9SMd5q0

well if an electron goes from the negative plate to the positve plate it does not matter how it gets there... the same PE is lost

i thought in order to gain potential energy u needed to move through some conservative field like electric field. how can the charges gain or drop potential if they dont move across the plates but rather around it through the wire, or is it that moving through the wire is equivelant to moving acrosss the plates?

SIU_9SMd5q0

V stands for electric potential ; and is defined as work done in moving a unit +ve charge from infinity to a point in a electric field . V= Electric potential energy / Charge Electric potential energy = V . Q

How you can get the formula PE = Q . V ? Because in the previous video it was Electric Field times Charge. Thanks

SIU_9SMd5q0

Almost certainly not. In principle it depends on the size of the battery and the size of the capacitor, but the amount of charge most capacitors can hold for given voltage is much, much smaller than the amount of charge most batteries with that voltage can produce over time.

Does the battery go out when it is used to fully charge a capacitor?

SIU_9SMd5q0

When they are hooked together, there is no difference.

At 5:15, what is the difference btw the voltage of the battery and the voltage across the capacitor? I just can't seem to get the difference. An in-depth explanation with examples will be great. Thanks.

SIU_9SMd5q0

Of course. Otherwise charge would not flow and the capacitor would not charge up.

is there any voltage across the wire during this battery to capacitor exchange?

SIU_9SMd5q0

For most capacitors the plates will be equal, and opposite. However it is possible, to have two differently charged plates; and to calculate the capacitance. If the first plate has a charge of Q1, and the second plate has a charge of Q2, then there will still be a potential difference between them. Which we calculate as V=(Q1−Q2)/2C. The problem with this is that you have to deal with the self capacitance of the plates. Which opens up other stuff. Hope that helps.

will the charge on each plate of a capacitor be always the same ?

SIU_9SMd5q0

The reaction in a electrochemical cell creates a potential difference in its poles and, the way its build, does not allow current to flow from the high potential region to the low potential region inside the cell, so the current must flow through the external circuit.

The voltage of a capacitor reduces as electrons flow from one end to the other. Why isn't it the same case with an electrochemical cell?

SIU_9SMd5q0

That is correct.

The voltage across the capacitor is E*d, where E= electric field of both the plates, right?

AxaWXWd2pw4

Yes, the bacteria will die too. But I guess the big deal is, The oxygen is depleted by respiration of the bacteria, which causes aquatic plants and fish to die, which causes even more oxygen to be consumed, and so on. So there is this bad positive feedback going on. Yes. Everything dies. It is literally, dead zone

4:43, will the bacteria still survive once all the oxygen is depleted? Since they require oxygen to perform cellular respiration, won't they also die off, meaning EVERYTHING is dead now in a dead zone?

AxaWXWd2pw4

Its more of a biochemical thing. More nutrients => more growth of algae and microbes => more competition with other species for resources (oxygen) => algae win, larger organisms (fish) die

How does chemistry apply to eutrophication?

x34OTtDE5q8

yes .... KE= 0.5 x m x v x v l here mass is different for both elements .

does:1 mole Nitrogen and 1 mole hydrogen have different KE

x34OTtDE5q8

Ideal gas law is PV = NkT Thermal kinetic energy of a monatomic gas is E = 3/2*kT So you can see that PV would indeed be directly proportional to the KE of the gas.

When did he say PV is proportional to KE? Last video, he just said PV was equal a constant, k?

x34OTtDE5q8

Because that s what it means to have higher temperature. Temperature BY DEFINITION is a measure of the average random kinetic energy of the particles.

Why higher temeperature objects have more energy? What if the summ of energy of all atoms is 0?

x34OTtDE5q8

They apply to ideal gases. Real gases approximiate ideal gas behavior under certain conditions.

Aren't (pv)/T = K and pv = K gas laws and only apply for gases? Or do they apply for mass in general?

x34OTtDE5q8

If k is just an arbitrary constant, then it makes no difference whether you call it k or 1/k.

how does 1/k become k? @7:08

x34OTtDE5q8

the energy in a system arising from the relative positions and interactions of its parts.

What is internal energy?

x34OTtDE5q8

Heat is described as a form of energy which can be converted into other forms. Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body, which means that temperature gives us the idea to what extent the body is heated or cooled

Whats the difference between temperature and heat ?

x34OTtDE5q8

If one were able to drill a hole down to the magma dome under Yellowstone and expose it to atmospheric pressure, this would reduce the pressure. HOWEVER, it would be very difficult to know the unintended consequences.

How can we "relieve" the pressure which will cause the next super volcano under Yellowstone ??

x34OTtDE5q8

he divides succesively by 10 and 2

At 3:37, why does he divide both sides by 10 and not 20?

x34OTtDE5q8

This is for different cases because different things can have a wide variety of pressure and volume combinations. Another way to think about it is P(initial) X V(initial) = P(final) X V(final).

Hey Sal, When you say PV=K, is K a constant that varies according to different cases, or is universal?

x34OTtDE5q8

I think he means that the total Kinetic Energy of a system is proportional to the number of moles (or molecules) in a system times the temperature. I know from physics that Kinetic energy (energy in motion) is equal to (1/2)mv^2 and I know from chemistry that temperature is the average kinetic energy per molecule in a system. This makes sense then because the average kinetic energy (by definition) is the total kinetic energy of a system divided by the number of molecules (or moles) in that system.

what is ke=N.t

x34OTtDE5q8

when we increase T there will be a corresponding increase in V if pressure is constant or P will increase if V is constant thus as k*n*T increases P.V will also increase.

If P.V is a constant then k*n*T must also be a constant?So if in a system we increase 'T' THEN WHAT OTHER reduces in order to make the value for K*n*T constant?

x34OTtDE5q8

yes you are right .work =force times displacement

When I work it out, PxV has units N/m^2 times m^3, which turns out to be N.m = J (which is the unit of work). Is work really done or are my calculations wrong??

x34OTtDE5q8

In a constant temperature chamber

I read that Boyle found this relationship of P*V = k when T is constant, but how does one keep temperature constant experimentally?

x34OTtDE5q8

That is given by him .you can have your own certain volume as well . If willing ,you can change it , and then the problem becomes more difficult.

After viewing what you explained at 10:31 Can you work a problem or explain a case where the temp increases as the pressure decreases and the volume is constant?

x34OTtDE5q8

Nitrogen behaves like an ideal gas as long as the pressure it not too high and the temperature is not too low.

is the product of volumn and pressure constant for a paticular gas say nitrogen

x34OTtDE5q8

Practically squeezing the box counts as a work but we have to assume that no work has been done. Or it can be taken as the particles were shifted from a larger box to a smaller box without changing the kinetic energy.

At 2:20, Sal said P1V1=P2V2 assuming no work was done, but doesn't squeezing the box count as work?

x34OTtDE5q8

No, pressure is force per unit area. It is not newton/meter^3 it is newton/meter^2

Is pressure per unit volume??if not why its given pressure = newton/metre^3

x34OTtDE5q8

What is the difference between the average mass of a person and the mass of all the people on the planet?

What's the difference between KEaverage and KEsystem

x34OTtDE5q8

By experiment.

how can we know constant in P.V=K

x34OTtDE5q8

I think, he must already assume that we have an idea of what it is. he is going through the formulas which explain what the thermodynamics are... from the video we know that the thermodynamics is the amount of energy in an object.

why sal is not telling about general concepts of thermodynamics?

x34OTtDE5q8

The temperature is the same, 100 degrees. Why do you think the small volume has more energy if it is the same temperature? Which one can burn you more: a boiling cup of tea or a boiling barrel of tea? Which one has to be on the stove longer to boil: the cup or the barrel? If the energy from the stove goes into the tea, then which one has more energy when it reaches boiling, the cup or the barrel?

Hey, what has more energy? a cup of tea of 100 degree celsius or a barrel of tea of 100 degree celsius? Because I think something that has small volume like the cup, has more energy, and the barrel is large and that same temperature wouldn't heat the molecules in barrel as much as it heats the cup of tea. Explain please?

x34OTtDE5q8

K is just a constant. Do your equation. make a new constant, call it M, and definite it as the reciprocal of your K, so M =1/K. Now you have KE = nMT, right? But M is still just some constant, we can call it whatever we want. So let s rename it to K. KE = nKT. Ultimately if you have a constant, you can call it whatever you want. If you want to call it K, you can. If you want to call it 1/K, you can, because if K is a constant then 1/K is also a constant.

@6:20. Why is it KE=nKT instead of KE=nT/K. Here's my reasoning T=K*KE/n, then nT=K*KE nT/K=KE, right What am I doing wrong?

x34OTtDE5q8

Yes it is. Collisions between gas particles do not affect pressure on a surface.

Is pressure of a gas just the collisions of the gas particles on the sides of the container? Can pressure additionally be caused by collisions between 2 gas particles (what would happen in that scenario)?

x34OTtDE5q8

Pressure times volume is proportional to temperature right? AND temperature is proportional to the Average Kinetic Energy thus, P.V is proportional to KE

why is pressure times volume proportional to kinetic energy of the system? plzzzzzzzzz help!!

x34OTtDE5q8

yeah .... i feel he made a mistake ... it should be m^2

At 0 : 59 Sal wrote 500 Pa = 500 N / m^3 is he correct i think it is 500 N / m ^ 2

x34OTtDE5q8

it turns out that k= nRT, where n= #of moles of gas, R= the ideal gas constant and T= temperature of gas (in Kelvin).

What exactly is k? I mean what does it represent?

x34OTtDE5q8

I think you are confused. Pressure is force/area. it is also work/volume.

I have seen a lot of sites and books say Pressure = Force/Area and a lot of sites and books say that Pressure = Force/Volume. Would water pressure be an example of P = F/V since 1 volume is pushing on another volume?

x34OTtDE5q8

It was a mistake, it is N/m^2. They flash that mistake in a small box if you didn t notice :)

a Pascal = N/m^2 ... why do you use m^3?

x34OTtDE5q8

Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of molecules. So if we have PV = nRT and we hold the number of particles constant, then we have PV = k * KE

how is p .v = k. k.e

x34OTtDE5q8

PV = nrT. If PV is going to change, that means T has to change. To change T requires energy. Energy requires work.

At 2:25, Sal said that the relationship between pressure and volume is constant unless work is done by the system. How does the amount of work done by the system affect this relationship, exactly?

x34OTtDE5q8

If temperature is constant, you can use the first one. Otherwise you need the second one.

I don't understand when to use P1V1=P2V2 and when to use P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2?

x34OTtDE5q8

I wondered the same the math works however.

At 3:41 to about 4:01 Mr. Khan divided both sides of the equation by 10 but he didn't divide 500 by 10, but 20 and 50, how come?

x34OTtDE5q8

which part are you referring to? Pressure x change in volume = work done = increase in kinetic energy (assuming ideal gas and no work being done by the gas) Not sure if thats your question though :-0

I don't understand why P.V=K.Ke ? Did I missed something?

x34OTtDE5q8

You are correct in saying that 1 dm^3 = 1 L. I think what Sal was getting at was that the units of volume on both sides of the equation must be the same. He probably should have added the words after converting m^3 to L or something similar.

At 3:30, Sal said meter cube is the same as L. I am not sure, but isn't L the same as decimeter cube not meter cube?

x34OTtDE5q8

If it is just an unknown constant, it does not matter whether you call it k or 1/k.

in 6:57, how could he just switch 1/k to k like that?

x34OTtDE5q8

the constant k = nRT where n is the number of moles of the gas R = gas constant (which is universal) T = the given temperature it is equal to P2.V2 if the temperature is same and if the number of moles of the gas remain the same

what is constant in the equation ... p.v = k(constant) and how its equal to P2.V2 ?

x34OTtDE5q8

Bumping less often implies fewer particles bumping on a certain area . It s really the same thing, said a different way.

So, if I get him right, he is saying that the Pressure is decreasing if the Volume increase, because the particles bump " a lesser number of times" on the sides of the container. Isn't it ALSO because fewer particles are bumping on a certain area? For example, if in the smaller container 5 particles bumped on an area of 2 sq cm, in the bigger container on that same area (2 sq cm) are now bumping just 2 particles (and so the Force applied is lesser). Or, in other words, the gas is less dense.

x34OTtDE5q8

Yes it should be N/m^2

At 1:07, Sal writes Pascal as N/m3, shouldn't it be N/m2?

x34OTtDE5q8

Temperature doesn t change during melting.

physical state changes , melting , vaporization , solidification and sublimation are isothermal transformation ? why?

x34OTtDE5q8

K is a constant which describes the average kinetic energy per particle. That s what the two containers have in common, they have the same KE per particle. So when you change one thing, like the volume, the pressure has to change as well to balance the equation (because average KE stays the same). So pressure up = volume down, volume up = pressure down.

then what is K?

x34OTtDE5q8

Temperature is defined both for a microscopic and for a macroscopic view. It is the average kinetic energy per molecule. Macroscopically that is a sufficient definition. Microscopically the word average becomes important as every molecule has its individual velocity, hence its individual kinetic energy. You could however argue that microscopically every single molecule has its own temperature and that would also be correct. In average, the molecules will have the same temperature regardless of the viewpoint.

Does Temperature a macroscopic or microscopic property??

x34OTtDE5q8

That s just how gases behave (ideal gases, at least). PV = constant if temperature is unchanged.

I still don't understand why initial pressure times initial volume is equal to final pressure times final volume... ?

x34OTtDE5q8

Because kelvins are units, like meters or kilograms or degrees. They are not the name of a scale like Celsius or Fahrenheit.

why do we don't use degree on kelvin scale?

x34OTtDE5q8

yes, temperature is a measure of the average random KE of the particles

If the temperature is constant in a system, does that mean that the average kinetic energy of that system is constant ?

x34OTtDE5q8

PV is constant when temperature is constant. And obviously, it varies with temperature. Now since Temperature is the measure of average Kinetic Energy, PV is proportional to kinetic energy. At least that s how i understand it. Hope it helped

pv is always a constant so how can it be proportional to kinetic energy?

x34OTtDE5q8

Not necessarily. Suppose we cool the gas while keeping the pressure constant. The volume will decrease and the temperature will decrease.

if we decrease the volume the temperature must increase. right ? because we exerted the force on the container in order to decrease the volume so this force turn in into the kinetic energy in gas am i right ? i appreciate it if you help me out !

x34OTtDE5q8

haha...no need to answer,, i myself got it ... :D :D :) silly me!!

i cant figure it out..why volume is increased, if you want more pressure...?? according to Boyle's law volume is inversely proportional to pressure... I Didn't GET IT FROM 9:34..?

x34OTtDE5q8

It s called the charles law. Charles law states: For a fixed mass of gas, at a constant pressure, the volume (V) is directly proportional to the absolute temperature (T). V/T = constant

What is the relationship between volume and temperature?

x34OTtDE5q8

This question was asked previously. He corrects himself in the next video

Doesn't 1 Pascal = 1 Newton per square meter? Your video states that 1 Pascal = 1 Newton per cubic meter.

x34OTtDE5q8

the laws of thermodynamics don t change, they can just be applied to both subjects, usually physics

is thermodynamics for physics and chemistry the same ? i study in class 11 so i have thermodynamic in chemistry .

x34OTtDE5q8

A constant is a number or expression that has a fixed value, regardless to whatever changes may happen to the equation. In thermodynamics the product p*v is a constant because pressure is always inversely proportional to volume, so no matter how much you increase/decrease one of those variables, the other will change inversely in the same rate, which causes p*v to be constant.

what is a constant?

x34OTtDE5q8

For two systems with n molecules each, the higher temperature system has higher energy. You can t compare a chickadee and an elephant, the sizes are too disparate. similarly, you can t compare a swimming pool to a teacup. you can compare two equal swimming pools - in which case the higher temperature one is at a higher energy state.

sal says in the above video that higher temperature object has more energy but a swimming pool at 30 degree and a cup of tea at 50 degree doesn't the swimming pool has more energy even though its temperature is less but it has more no of molecules plz help me i am really confused

x34OTtDE5q8

Yes, it is. That s how P*delta V can be a measure of the work done on or by a gas.

If Pressure is in Newton per meters squared and Volume is in meters cubed, Wouldn't that mean that Pressure * Volume is in Newton Meters or Joules which is the unit for work?

RrJY9dSbRtI

This will happen, but the dissociation HCl is a strong acid so they will just dissociate again

Also, why does it matter that Cl- is a weaker base? Isn't H30 synonymous with H+? Wouldn't they come together and form HCl? I get HCl is a strong acid so they will be dissociated, but I can't visualize it.

RrJY9dSbRtI

I can t see how a pH test would tell you anything about insoluble organic compounds. What did you have in mind?

Why don't you ph test for insoluble organics?

RrJY9dSbRtI

I would say it would decrease solubility of CaF2 (CaF2 <---> Ca2+ + 2F-). In solution F- ions react with water bay this reaction: F- + H2O <--> HF + OH- adding a base, this reaction is moved to the right, increasing the concentration of F- ions which moves upper reaction to right, favoring precipitate formation

How would the solubility of CaF be affected by adding a base to the solution? Would it's solubility decrease?

RrJY9dSbRtI

It s just F. Sal gets it wrong in a few videos and puts Fl

Isn't the formula for fluorine Fl?

RrJY9dSbRtI

Yes, the order of basicity is F⁻ ≫ Cl⁻ > Br⁻ > I⁻. The corresponding pKb values are 11, 21, 23, and 25. Yes, Cl is less electronegative than F, but Cl⁻ is a much larger ion than F⁻. The higher negative charge density on F⁻ outweighs its greater electronegativity, so F⁻ is the stronger base.

Is Cl- a much weaker base than F- because Cl is less electronegative than F?

gSzxeL64Cn0

The O does act as a nucleophile in competition with N, but it s a dead-end process. Reaction with O gives the reversible formation of a hemiketal. Reaction with N forms the oxime in an essentially irreversible process as the adduct dehydrates. As the ketone gets used up, the hemiketal decomposes in an attempt to maintain the concentration of the ketone (Le Châtelier s Principle)

In these reactions, why is the nitrogen acting as the nucleophile instead of the oxygen? The oxygen has more electron density, so why wouldn't it react with the partially positive carbon instead?

gSzxeL64Cn0

I think the N and the O are very similar in electronegativity, so the O can t pull out the electrons from the N. Hence, they stay stuck together.

In an intermediate step of forming an oxime: why doesn't the OH on the hydroxylamine form water and make a leaving group (as it already does with the double bonded O on the reactant)? approx @3:00

gSzxeL64Cn0

Yes, hydrazones have E and Z stereoisomers, but the energy barrier for interconversion is so low that it is difficult to isolate the isomers.

Does the hydrazone have sterioisomers like the oxime?

gSzxeL64Cn0

The lone pair on the NH₂ group in the hydrazone R₂C=N-NH₂ is delocalized by resonance with the C=N bond, so it isn t as nucleophilic as the lone pair in H₂N-NH₂ itself.

at 7:10 why doesn't the other nitrogen of the hydrozine react with another molecule of cyclohexanone resulting in R=N-N=R (where R=cyclohexane)?

gSzxeL64Cn0

No, they ain t enantiomers because there is not a chiral Carbon.

At 6:00 he says that these are stereoisomers of oximes.Are they enantiomers or other kind of stereoisomers?

gSzxeL64Cn0

It depends on the number of resonance structures formed by the compounds!

When comparing hydrazone and the oxime, which one is more stable? Is it oxime, since oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen?

gSzxeL64Cn0

He is displaying the resonance stabilization, the electrons are actually delocalized throughout the molecule, but it is displayed as if the oxygen made a double bond with the nitrogen.

At 3:37 why does oxygen all of a sudden give away its 2 electrons to nitrogen?

NYq2078_xqc

I wondered this too, but it would depend on the relative sizes of the predator and prey. Eg a wolf needs to eat a lot of mice, so a low population of mice would still be much higher than the wolf population. The lynx and hares in the video would be more equal, but one lynx still eats many hares over its lifetime. Plus of course lynx eat more than hares and hares have other predators.

will there be any point in time where predators are the same as prey? If so, what is that called?

NYq2078_xqc

Predator-prey relationships.

What are these relationships called?

L8NrBjd1aNo

Perhaps, it depends on the cushion material and what its covered with.

Would a small cushion, between the clear-plastic and the battery-pack, help the battery pack to move less (after tightening the zip-ties)? Perhaps some small packing bubbles or one "packing peanut."

L8NrBjd1aNo

it depends on how you set it up!

I wonder how hard it would be to use rechargeable batteries and use a connector to recharge them without removing them from the robot?

L8NrBjd1aNo

you can get more batteries...

What do you do if you need to replace the batteries in the battery pack.

L8NrBjd1aNo

buy them then!

I want to make a bit-zeebot but we don't have all the things to make it.

L8NrBjd1aNo

:-) You can get them at almost anywhere, including supermarkets, and gas stations.

Where are these batteries available in the market?

L8NrBjd1aNo

The four packs do need to be wired together in series to produce the same voltage by the way.

What is the thing he uses to hold the batery

hHteUIS0OFY

No - if remember correctly from my earth science book, the oceanic crust is mostly basaltic rock and the continental crust is mostly granite.

Is the composition of the Continental crust and Oceanic crust the same?

hHteUIS0OFY

It is like when the doctor takes an x-ray. He is not directly seeing the bone that is fractured but because we theory of how x-rays interact with things we can infer what condition the bone is in from x-ray. When vibration pass through differing materials it affects how it is transmitted. By understanding how different material transmit these vibrations we can infer what structures would produce the observations we have made.

How do we know about the structure of the earth if we dint dig till the core?

hHteUIS0OFY

Lets clear up one thing about the scientific method. A theory is not and can not be fact. A theory is an explanation of related phenomenon. Facts are observational information that are used to validate a theory by comparing them to what is predicted by the theory. So from a scientific perspective the facts are constant with this theory.

How do we know this information? Is it theory, or fact? How would we know?

hHteUIS0OFY

The Kola Superdeep Borehole on the Kola peninsula in Russia is the deepest hole ever dug by humans. It goes to a depth of 12,262 meters or 40,230 ft into the Earth. The purpose of this project was to determine if there would be any new discoveries by drilling this far (It found a few). The drilling was stopped in 1992 due to the ever increasing heat at the bottom of the hole.

What is the deepest we have drilled/dug? How far down have we quested? What keeps us from going down further?

hHteUIS0OFY

The pressure on different parts of the earth acts in the same way as a swimming pool. As you go deeper into the water, you feel more and more stuff pushing down on you and compressing you. The lithosphere feels downward pressure only from the atmosphere above it. The asthenosphere/mantle feels pressure from both the atmosphere and the lithosphere. This continues on until you reach the center of the earth.

What is the pressure of the lithosphere, athenosphere, mesosphere, outer and inner core?

hHteUIS0OFY

Heavy elements did sink to the bottom of large objects like planets but they remained scattered about smaller objects like asteroids. These asteroids crashed to Earth and put their elements on the surface.

Is the most central part of the core presumably really heavy stuff like gold, platinum, lead and such? And how did the heavy elements (those heavier the iron, end up on the surface of the crust? Thank you!

hHteUIS0OFY

So they don t have to say this layer and this layer and it gets kind of confusing if you don t have the names.

Hey Sal, why are the layers given their names?

hHteUIS0OFY

Adding to others answers, the caves are cool not because they re deep or something, but because infrared rays from the sun do not reach them.

Why does it get so hot down there? It seems like it would get colder as you go deeper (think caves).

hHteUIS0OFY

Convection happens in the upper mantle (asthenosphere). When these currents are strong enough, the move the lithospheric plates above causing plate tectonics.

8:45 Does that mean that convection only happens in the lithosphere and the asthenosphere?