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<s> Cuban President : officeholder : Raúl Castro </s><s> Raúl Castro : position held : Cuban President </s><s> Major Developments in 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Guantanamo Bay : country : Cuba </s><s> Hurricane Paloma : point in time : November 8, 2008 </s><s> Hurricane Paloma : start time : November 8, 2008 </s><s> Santa Cruz el Sur : country : Cuba </s><s> House Foreign Affairs Committee : country : United States </s><s> Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight : country : United States </s><s> Gustav : end time : September 10, 2008 </s><s> Ike : end time : September 10, 2008 </s><s> Aftermath : country : Cuba </s><s> Aftermath of the hurricanes : country : Cuba </s><s> Aftermath : country : United States </s><s> 2008 Hurricanes and Tropical Storms : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Hurricanes and Tropical Storms : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2008 Hurricanes : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Department of State : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of State </s><s> USAID : parent organization : Department of State </s><s> Secretary of State : subsidiary : Department of State </s><s> International Broadcasting Bureau : country : Cuba </s><s> Office of Cuba Broadcasting : country : Cuba </s><s> Radio and TV : country : Cuba </s><s> GAO-08-764 : publisher : GAO </s><s> Financial Services and General Government Appropriations bill : legislated by : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> GAO-08-764 : publisher : Government Accountability Office </s><s> Agricultural Exports and Sanctions : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Felipe Perez Roque : position held : Cuban Foreign Minister </s><s> Agricultural Exports and Sanctions : follows : restrictions on Travel and Remittances </s><s> 2008 Trafficking in Persons Report : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2008 Trafficking in Persons Report : publication date : June 4, 2008 </s><s> Ministry of Foreign Affairs : country : Cuba </s><s> Bush : position held : President </s><s> trafficked : subclass of : commercial sexual exploitation </s><s> trafficked within the country : subclass of : commercial sexual exploitation </s><s> Santiago Alvarez : place of death : Miami </s><s> Santiago Alvarez : place of birth : Miami </s><s> Santiago Alvarez : residence : Miami </s><s> 2007 report on human rights practices in Cuba : point in time : 2007 </s><s> 2007 report on human rights practices in Cuba : publication date : March 11, 2008 </s><s> Economic Changes Under Raúl : point in time : March 2008 </s><s> permanently stepping down from power : country : Cuba </s><s> permanently stepping down from power : participant : Fidel Castro </s><s> Raúl Castro : position held : President of the Council of State </s><s> President of the Council of State : officeholder : Raúl Castro </s><s> José Ramón Machado Venture : position held : First Vice-President </s><s> Cuba : legislative body : National Assembly of People's Power </s><s> National Assembly of People's Power : country : Cuba </s><s> President of the Council of State : part of : Council of State </s><s> Council of State : has part : President of the Council of State </s><s> International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : instance of : international human rights agreements </s><s> International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights : instance of : international human rights agreements </s><s> International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : instance of : international human rights agreement </s><s> International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights : instance of : international human rights agreement </s><s> recent arrests of youths : location : Havana </s><s> recent arrests of youths in Havana : point in time : December 4, 2007 </s><s> raids : point in time : December 4, 2007 </s><s> Treasury Department : subsidiary : Office of Foreign Assets Control </s><s> Office of Foreign Assets Control : parent organization : Treasury Department </s><s> Miami International Airport : country : Cuba </s><s> Oscar Elias Biscet : award received : Presidential Medal of Freedom </s><s> Presidential Medal of Freedom : winner : Oscar Elias Biscet </s><s> 1976 bombing of a Cuban airliner : participant : Luis Posada Carriles </s><s> Freedom Fund for Cuba : inception : September 25, 2007 </s><s> Freedom Fund for Cuba : point in time : September 25, 2007 </s><s> President Bush : employer : U.N. General Assembly </s><s> Carlos Gutierrez : position held : Commerce Secretary </s><s> Cuba : member of : United Nations </s><s> free elections : facet of : free speech </s><s> 2007 farm bill : point in time : 2007 </s><s> farm bill : point in time : 2007 </s><s> House : opposite of : Senate </s><s> Senate : opposite of : House </s><s> Cuba's revolutionary anniversary : point in time : July 26, 2007 </s><s> revolutionary anniversary : point in time : July 26, 2007 </s><s> Raúl Castro : country of citizenship : Cuba </s><s> U.S. : diplomatic relation : Cuba </s><s> Cuba : diplomatic relation : U.S. </s><s> FY2008 Agriculture appropriations bill : point in time : July 19, 2007 </s><s> FY2008 Agriculture appropriations bill : publication date : July 19, 2007 </s><s> 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Cuba : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Cuba </s><s> Armando Betancourt Reina : date of death : July 3, 2007 </s><s> Azerbaijan : facet of : human rights </s><s> Azerbaijan : instance of : human rights </s><s> Moran : located in the administrative territorial entity : Kansas </s><s> International Emergency Economic Powers Act : legislated by : House </s><s> Kansas : contains administrative territorial entity : Moran </s><s> 2008 State, Foreign Operations, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Economic Support Funds : country : Cuba </s><s> Economic Support Fund : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuba broadcasting : country : Cuba </s><s> FY2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Cuba : member of : Economic Support Funds </s><s> 1997 bombings in Cuba : location : Havana </s><s> 1997 bombings in Cuba : participant : Luis Posada Carriles </s><s> Luis Posada Carriles : significant event : 1976 bombing of a Cuban airliner </s><s> Luis Posada Carriles : significant event : 1997 bombings in Cuba </s><s> Joseph Adjmi : country of citizenship : United States </s><s> Joseph Adjmi : date of birth : 1960 </s><s> Jorge Luis García Pérez : instance of : political prisoners </s><s> Luis Hernando Gómez Bustamante : member of : Colombia drug cartel </s><s> Colombia drug cartel : country : Colombia </s><s> Luis Hernando Gómez Bustamante : country of citizenship : Colombia </s><s> Defense Intelligence Agency : office held by head of the organization : Director </s><s> Raúl Castro : position held : acting president </s><s> acting president : officeholder : Raúl Castro </s><s> Raúl Castro : sibling : Fidel Castro </s><s> Fidel Castro : sibling : Raúl Castro </s><s> Raúl Castro : position held : President of the 31-member Council of State </s><s> President of the 31-member Council of State : country : Cuba </s><s> Fidel Castro : position held : President of the 31-member Council of State </s><s> Commander in Chief of the Revolutionary Armed Forces : conflict : Cuban Revolution </s><s> sixth congress : end time : April 2008 </s><s> sixth congress : point in time : April 2008 </s><s> José Ramón Machado Ventura : position held : First Vice President </s><s> 1997 : point in time : 1997 </s><s> First Vice President : officeholder : José Ramón Machado Ventura </s><s> 1959 Cuban revolution : point in time : 1959 </s><s> Cuban revolution : point in time : 1959 </s><s> Carlos Lage : position held : First Vice President </s><s> Julio Casas Regueiro : position held : Vice President on the Council of State </s><s> Julio Casas Regueiro : military rank : General </s><s> Vice President on the Council of State : officeholder : Julio Casas Regueiro </s><s> GAESA : instance of : holding company </s><s> GAESA : country : Cuba </s><s> Western army : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuban peso : part of : Cuban economy </s><s> Cuban peso : country : Cuban economy </s><s> Cuban peso : country : Cuba </s><s> Economic Changes Under Raúl : named after : Raúl Castro </s><s> Economic Changes Under Raúl : facet of : Raúl Castro </s><s> José Ramón Machado : position held : First Vice President </s><s> First Vice President : officeholder : José Ramón Machado </s><s> 1959 Cuban Revolution : point in time : 1959 </s><s> Fulgencio Batista : conflict : 1959 Cuban Revolution </s><s> head of government : different from : head of state </s><s> Fidel : member of political party : party's </s><s> Raúl Castro : member of political party : party's </s><s> local level elections : different from : municipal elections </s><s> municipal elections : different from : local level elections </s><s> President of the Council of State : part of : Council of Ministers </s><s> Council of Ministers : office held by head of the organization : President of the Council of State </s><s> National Assembly elections : point in time : January 20, 2008 </s><s> elections : point in time : January 20, 2008 </s><s> President of the Council of State : inception : February 24, 2008 </s><s> President : part of : Council of State </s><s> Fidel announced that he would not accept the position : point in time : February 19, 2008 </s><s> President of the Council of State : country : Cuba </s><s> President of the Council of State : applies to jurisdiction : Cuban government </s><s> government's security apparatus : inception : 1989 </s><s> Fidel : member of political party : FAR </s><s> communist government : inception : 1989 </s><s> freedom of expression : instance of : basic rights </s><s> association : instance of : basic rights </s><s> movement : instance of : basic rights </s><s> annual human rights report : facet of : Human Rights </s><s> freedom of expression : instance of : fundamental rights </s><s> death of two prisoners in 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> the death of two prisoners in 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> beatings and abuse of detainees and prisoners : facet of : prisoners </s><s> Jose Gabriel Ramón Castández : date of death : February 16, 2008 </s><s> group of 75 : end time : February 16, 2008 </s><s> Francisco Chaviano Gonzalez : country of citizenship : Spain </s><s> René Gómez Manzano : date of death : 2007 </s><s> René Gómez Manzano : country of citizenship : Spain </s><s> Lazaro Gonzalez Adan : member of : Cuban Civil Rights Council </s><s> 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Lazaro Gonzalez Adan : country of citizenship : Cuba's totalitarian regime </s><s> International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : instance of : human rights treaties </s><s> Elizardo Sánchez : member of : CCDHRN </s><s> International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : author : U.N. </s><s> Ladies in White : founded by : Damas de Blanco </s><s> Ladies in White : instance of : human rights group </s><s> Ladies in White (Damas de Blanco) : inception : March 2008 </s><s> Ladies in White : award received : Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought </s><s> Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought : conferred by : European Parliament </s><s> Cyber Dissident award : conferred by : Reporters Without Borders </s><s> Guillermo Fariñas Hernández : award received : Cyber Dissident award </s><s> Generación Y : owned by : Yoaní Sánchez </s><s> Yoaní Sánchez : notable work : Generación Y </s><s> Generación Y : author : Yoaní Sánchez </s><s> Héctor Maseda Gutiérrez : award received : international press freedom award </s><s> international press freedom award : conferred by : Committee for the Protection of Journalists </s><s> Committee for the Protection of Journalists : headquarters location : New York </s><s> Reporters Without Borders : headquarters location : Paris </s><s> Universal Declaration of Human Rights : inception : December 10, 2008 </s><s> Universal Declaration of Human Rights : publication date : December 10, 2008 </s><s> Cuban Five : named after : Felix Varela </s><s> Varela Project : named after : Felix Varela </s><s> National Assembly : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuba : legislative body : National Assembly </s><s> Oswaldo Payá : member of political party : Christian Liberation Movement </s><s> Christian Liberation Movement : chairperson : Oswaldo Payá </s><s> Christian Liberation Movement : founded by : Oswaldo Payá </s><s> Jimmy Carter : position held : President </s><s> own referendum : point in time : June 2002 </s><s> 2003 human rights crackdown : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Oswaldo Payá : member of : Varela Project </s><s> National Dialogue : founded by : Oswaldo Payá </s><s> Oswaldo Payá : movement : Varela Project </s><s> Marta Beatriz Roque : member of : Assembly to Promote Civil Society </s><s> Assembly to Promote Civil Society : inception : 2005 </s><s> René Gómez Manzano : member of : Assembly to Promote Civil Society </s><s> Felix Bone : member of : Assembly to Promote Civil Society </s><s> Cuban revolution : end time : 1959 </s><s> tourism : country : Cuba </s><s> Dennis : instance of : Hurricanes </s><s> Wilma : instance of : Hurricanes </s><s> declining price of nickel : point in time : 2008 </s><s> preferential oil agreement : country : Venezuela </s><s> Cienfuegos : country : Venezuela </s><s> Cuba's economic slide : start time : 1989 </s><s> life expectancy in Cuba : country : Cuba </s><s> Gustav : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Basic Units of Cooperative Production : inception : 1993 </s><s> Basic Units of Cooperative Production : subclass of : cooperative </s><s> Central Bank : inception : 1997 </s><s> Central Bank : instance of : banking system </s><s> new Central Bank : inception : 1997 </s><s> Fidel Castro : country of citizenship : Cuba </s><s> Cuba : head of state : Fidel Castro </s><s> 2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Economic Changes Under Raúl : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuban government : country : Cuba </s><s> Convertible peso : instance of : currency </s><s> assumed provisional power : facet of : Raúl Castro </s><s> assumed provisional power : participant : Raúl Castro </s><s> economic reform : country : Cuba </s><s> Raúl's July 2007 speech : point in time : July 2007 </s><s> Raúl's first year in power : end time : July 2007 </s><s> Raúl Castro : position held : presidency </s><s> presidency : officeholder : Raúl Castro </s><s> his first speech : author : Raúl Castro </s><s> Raúl Castro : position held : President </s><s> 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Raúl Castro : position held : President in February 2008 </s><s> rising food prices : country : Cuba </s><s> food prices : country : Cuba </s><s> rising food prices : location : Cuba </s><s> Cuban peso : instance of : currencies </s><s> Cuban convertible peso : replaced by : Cuban peso </s><s> Cuban peso : replaces : Cuban convertible peso </s><s> oil subsidies : country : Venezuela </s><s> Venezuela : product or material produced : oil </s><s> oil subsidies and investment : country : Venezuela </s><s> Cuba's revolutionary anniversary : point in time : July 26, 2008 </s><s> Cuba's revolutionary anniversary : participant : Raúl Castro </s><s> revolutionary anniversary : point in time : July 26, 2008 </s><s> Fidel Castro : conflict : build a repressive communist dictatorship </s><s> Cuba : diplomatic relation : Soviet </s><s> Soviet : diplomatic relation : Cuba </s><s> build a repressive communist dictatorship : head of state : Fidel Castro </s><s> missile crisis : participant : Soviet Union </s><s> Mariel boatlift : point in time : 1980 </s><s> October 1962 missile crisis : participant : Soviet Union </s><s> shootdown by Cuban fighter jets : participant : Brothers to the Rescue </s><s> shootdown : participant : Brothers to the Rescue </s><s> Cuban Assets Control Regulations : inception : July 1963 </s><s> Cuban Democracy Act : point in time : 1992 </s><s> Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Cuban embargo : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act : main subject : Cuban embargo </s><s> Cuba's shooting down : country : Cuba </s><s> Clinton : position held : President </s><s> economic embargo : country : Cuba </s><s> Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 : legislated by : 106 th Congress </s><s> January 1998 visit : participant : Pope </s><s> Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 : point in time : 1992 </s><s> February 1996 shootdown : part of : migration crisis with Cuba </s><s> migration crisis with Cuba : point in time : February 1996 </s><s> Los Angeles : twinned administrative body : Miami </s><s> New York : twinned administrative body : Los Angeles </s><s> Bush Administration Policy : named after : Bush </s><s> May 2004 Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Report : publication date : May 2004 </s><s> May 2004 Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Report : point in time : May 2004 </s><s> Colin Powell : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Colin Powell : position held : secretary of State </s><s> Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba : chairperson : Colin Powell </s><s> Condoleezza Rice : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Caleb McC : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Caleb McC McC : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Report : publication date : July 2006 </s><s> Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba : parent organization : State Department </s><s> information blockade : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuban government's information blockade : country : Cuba </s><s> Internet : country : Cuba </s><s> market-based economy : country : Cuba </s><s> free and fair elections : country : Cuba </s><s> international community : has part : Cuban community </s><s> Vladimiro Roca : member of political party : Dissident </s><s> Vladimiro Roca : member of political party : Dissident economist </s><s> Vladimiro Roca : member of political party : dissident </s><s> Ladies in White : founded by : Miriam Leiva </s><s> Miriam Leiva : member of : Ladies in White </s><s> Fidel Castro : sibling : Raúl </s><s> Raúl : sibling : Fidel Castro </s><s> Fidel Castro's : sibling : Raúl </s><s> Raúl : sibling : Fidel Castro's </s><s> Condoleezza Rice : position held : United States Secretary of State </s><s> Radio and TV Marti : country : Cuba </s><s> Rice : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Navy : has part : Coast Guard </s><s> Navy : has part : U.S. Coast Guard </s><s> Thomas Shannon : position held : Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs </s><s> Migration Issues : country : Cuba </s><s> Bush Administration : appointed by : Congress </s><s> United States : legislative body : Congress </s><s> Bush Administration : authority : Congress </s><s> attack on the Moncada military barracks : point in time : 1953 </s><s> 1953 attack on the Moncada military barracks : point in time : 1953 </s><s> 1953 attack : location : Moncada </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : parent organization : National Security Council </s><s> National Security Council : subsidiary : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : subsidiary : National Security Council </s><s> Cuba : diplomatic relation : Venezuela </s><s> Venezuela : diplomatic relation : Cuba </s><s> Venezuela : member of : United Nations </s><s> Latin America : part of : Americas </s><s> October 2007 Policy Speech : point in time : October 24, 2007 </s><s> October 2007 Policy Speech : publication date : October 24, 2007 </s><s> policy speech on Cuba : point in time : October 24, 2007 </s><s> Gutierrez : position held : Secretary of Commerce </s><s> freedom of press : has part : freedom of speech </s><s> freedom of speech : instance of : fundamental freedoms </s><s> freedom of association : instance of : fundamental freedoms </s><s> freedom of press : instance of : fundamental freedoms </s><s> Czech Republic : diplomatic relation : Poland </s><s> Czech Republic : diplomatic relation : Hungary </s><s> Hungary : diplomatic relation : Czech Republic </s><s> Hungary : diplomatic relation : Poland </s><s> Poland : diplomatic relation : Czech Republic </s><s> Poland : diplomatic relation : Hungary </s><s> Raúl Castro : position held : head of state </s><s> Cuba policy : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuba policy : facet of : Cuba </s><s> democratic : subclass of : human rights </s><s> Democracies : subclass of : human rights </s><s> schools of thought : facet of : policy </s><s> Fidel Castro : position held : head of government </s><s> reform : country : Cuba </s><s> provisional : head of state : Fidel Castro </s><s> Fidel Castro : sibling : Raul Castro </s><s> Raul Castro : sibling : Fidel Castro </s><s> Fidel Castro's : sibling : Raul Castro </s><s> Raul Castro : sibling : Fidel Castro's </s><s> Fidel Castro : conflict : civil war </s><s> civil war scenario : participant : United States </s><s> civil war : participant : United States </s><s> China : instance of : communist governments </s><s> Vietnam : instance of : communist governments </s><s> China : political ideology : communist </s><s> Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 : publication date : 1996 </s><s> Piñar del Río : instance of : province </s><s> Piñar del Río : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuba : contains administrative territorial entity : Holguin </s><s> Cuba : contains administrative territorial entity : Camaguey </s><s> Cuba : contains administrative territorial entity : Las Tunas </s><s> Holguin : located in the administrative territorial entity : Cuba </s><s> Camaguey : located in the administrative territorial entity : Cuba </s><s> Las Tunas : located in the administrative territorial entity : Cuba </s><s> Holguin : instance of : provinces </s><s> Camaguey : instance of : provinces </s><s> Las Tunas : instance of : provinces </s><s> Henrietta Fore : position held : USAID Administrator </s><s> Henrietta Fore : employer : USAID </s><s> Henrietta Fore : employer : USAID Administrator </s><s> NGOs : subclass of : non-governmental organization </s><s> non-governmental organization : subclass of : NGOs </s><s> NGOs : subclass of : non-governmental organizations </s><s> Members of Congress : country : United States </s><s> Cuban Interests Section : headquarters location : Washington </s><s> Cuban Interests Section : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington </s><s> Howard Berman : position held : Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee </s><s> Howard Berman : employer : House Foreign Affairs Committee </s><s> Howard Berman : member of : House Foreign Affairs Committee </s><s> Department of Defense authorization bill : publication date : September 15, 2008 </s><s> Department of Defense authorization bill : point in time : September 15, 2008 </s><s> authorization bill : main subject : Department of Defense </s><s> Humanitarian Relief to Cuba Act : publication date : September 16, 2008 </s><s> Humanitarian Relief to Cuba Act : point in time : September 16, 2008 </s><s> Humanitarian Relief to Cuba Act : inception : September 16, 2008 </s><s> Restrictions on travel and remittances to Cuba : part of : CACR </s><s> authoritarian : different from : communist </s><s> authoritarian : opposite of : communist </s><s> communist : subclass of : authoritarian </s><s> Bush Administration : inception : March 2003 </s><s> restrictions on travel : part of : Bush Administration </s><s> restrictions on travel : applies to jurisdiction : Bush Administration </s><s> Santería : subclass of : Afro-Cuban religion </s><s> Santería : part of : Afro-Cuban religion </s><s> Santería : part of : Afro-Cuban </s><s> Cash remittances : subclass of : remittances </s><s> Cash remittances : instance of : remittances </s><s> Cash remittances : different from : Quarterly remittances </s><s> Quarterly remittances : different from : Cash remittances </s><s> Cuban Communist Party : country : Cuba </s><s> State Department : country : Cuba </s><s> Havana : country : Cuba </s><s> secondary school : subclass of : educational activities </s><s> secondary schools : subclass of : educational activities </s><s> secondary school : subclass of : educational </s><s> Latin American School of Medicine : located in the administrative territorial entity : Havana </s><s> Latin American School of Medicine : headquarters location : Havana </s><s> Latin American School of Medicine : location : Havana </s><s> Senate Committee on Finance : part of : Congress </s><s> Senate Committee on Finance : part of : both houses of Congress </s><s> Senate : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : Senate </s><s> 110 th Congress : start time : 110 </s><s> Financial Services and General Government appropriations bill : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2009 : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2009 : point in time : March 6, 2009 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> Senate : has part : Appropriations Committee </s><s> Appropriations Committee : part of : Senate </s><s> family travel : country : Cuba </s><s> aunts : part of : family </s><s> tightening of restrictions related to visit relatives in Cuba : point in time : June 2004 </s><s> tightening of restrictions related to visit relatives in Cuba : start time : June 2004 </s><s> tightening of restrictions related to travel to visit relatives in Cuba : point in time : June 2004 </s><s> transactions incident : country : Cuba </s><s> transactions incident to travel : country : Cuba </s><s> transactions incident : participant : Cuba </s><s> marketing : facet of : sales </s><s> marketing : subclass of : sales </s><s> educational travel to Cuba : country : Cuba </s><s> Gustav : instance of : Hurricanes </s><s> Ike : instance of : Hurricanes </s><s> National Defense Authorization Act : has part : H. R. 2819 </s><s> Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act : legislated by : 106 th Congress </s><s> credit : subclass of : financing </s><s> commercial financing : subclass of : credit </s><s> Cuba embargo : country : Cuba </s><s> Robert Werner : employer : OFAC </s><s> Robert Werner : position held : OFAC Director </s><s> American Farm Bureau Federation : country : United States </s><s> 2001 : point in time : 2001 </s><s> hurricanes : subclass of : tropical storms </s><s> hurricanes and tropical storms : point in time : 2007 </s><s> health : facet of : nutrition </s><s> nutrition : facet of : health </s><s> Cuban Democracy Act : publication date : 1992 </s><s> State Department : country : United States </s><s> 110 th Congress : country : United States </s><s> United States : legislative body : 110 th Congress </s><s> tightening of policy requiring the payment of cash in advance : point in time : February 2005 </s><s> tightening of policy : facet of : Cuba sanctions </s><s> tightening of policy : point in time : February 2005 </s><s> Moran : capital of : Kansas </s><s> Kansas : capital : Moran </s><s> Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 : instance of : farm bill </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2009 : instance of : Financial Services and General Government Appropriations bill </s><s> 110 th Congress : end time : March 6, 2009 </s><s> Cuban embargo : start time : February 25, 2005 </s><s> Cuban embargo : point in time : February 25, 2005 </s><s> Cuban embargo : inception : February 25, 2005 </s><s> FY2009 Agriculture Appropriations bill : legislated by : Senate Appropriations Committee </s><s> Agriculture Appropriations bill : legislated by : Senate Appropriations Committee </s><s> FY2009 Agriculture Appropriations bill : main subject : Senate Appropriations Committee </s><s> marketing : part of : sales </s><s> TSRA : inception : 1026 </s><s> Rangel : position held : President </s><s> Baucus : position held : President </s><s> President : country : U.S. </s><s> economic sanctions on Cuba : country : Cuba </s><s> economic sanctions : country : Cuba </s><s> Economic sanctions on Cuba : country : Cuba </s><s> Omnibus appropriations measure : country : United States </s><s> FY1999 omnibus appropriations measure : country : United States </s><s> Omnibus appropriations measure : part of : FY1999 </s><s> Bacardi Ltd. : headquarters location : Bermuda </s><s> trade embargo : country : United States </s><s> European Union : member of : World Trade Organization </s><s> United States : member of : World Trade Organization </s><s> Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property : publisher : World Trade Organization </s><s> Havana Club : instance of : trademark </s><s> EU : member of : WTO </s><s> Havana Club trademark registration : instance of : trademark </s><s> Cuba : member of : WTO </s><s> United States : member of : WTO </s><s> Section 211 : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> Section 211 : part of : Inter-American Convention for Trademark and Commercial Protection </s><s> Section 211 : facet of : Inter-American Convention for Trademark and Commercial Protection </s><s> Gulf of Mexico : basin country : Cuba </s><s> Gulf of Mexico : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuba : located in or next to body of water : Gulf of Mexico </s><s> Cubapetroleo : country : Cuba </s><s> Cubapetroleo : country : Cuba's </s><s> Repsol : country : Spain </s><s> Norsk-Hydro : country : Norway </s><s> Sherritt International : country : Canada </s><s> United States : contains administrative territorial entity : Florida </s><s> Florida : located in the administrative territorial entity : United States </s><s> Florida : country : United States </s><s> China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation : country : China </s><s> Sinopec : country : China </s><s> Sinopec : owned by : China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation </s><s> 1977 Maritime Boundary Agreement : point in time : 1977 </s><s> Maritime Boundary Agreement : inception : 1977 </s><s> Continental Shelf : country : Cuba </s><s> United States : shares border with : Cuba </s><s> waters and airspace : country : Cuba </s><s> waters and airspace have been used by illicit narcotics traffickers : country : Cuba </s><s> Operation Hatchet : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Operation Popular Shield : part of : Operation Hatchet </s><s> Operation Hatchet : end time : 2006 </s><s> Miami : country : United States </s><s> Limerick : country : Honduras </s><s> Limerick : country : Honduran </s><s> International Narcotics Control Strategy Report : publisher : State Department </s><s> International Narcotics Control Strategy Report : author : State Department </s><s> Jesse James Bell : country of citizenship : United States </s><s> Jesse James Bell : date of death : January 2002 </s><s> Jesse James Bell : country of citizenship : U.S. </s><s> Anne Patterson : position held : Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs </s><s> Asa Hutchison : employer : Drug Enforcement Administration </s><s> John Walters : position held : Director of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy </s><s> John Walters : employer : Office of National Drug Control Policy </s><s> John Walters : employer : White House Office of National Drug Control Policy </s><s> FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act : instance of : State, Foreign Operations and Related Agencies Appropriations Act </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act : has part : State, Foreign Operations and Related Agencies </s><s> State, Foreign Operations and Related Agencies : part of : Consolidated Appropriations Act </s><s> drug trafficking : facet of : illegal drugs </s><s> drug trafficking : subclass of : illegal drugs </s><s> Secretary of State : part of : Department of State </s><s> Cuba : part of : Latin America </s><s> Latin America : has part : Cuba </s><s> Cuban Revolution : country : Cuba </s><s> Latin America : has part : Africa </s><s> Africa : part of : Latin America </s><s> Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia : country : Colombia </s><s> National Liberation Army : country : Colombia </s><s> Basque Homeland and Freedom : instance of : Foreign Terrorist Organizations </s><s> Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> 109 th Congress : has part : House </s><s> House : part of : 109 th Congress </s><s> House : country : United States </s><s> Latin America : continent : Africa </s><s> armed insurgencies : location : Latin America </s><s> a Cuban plane was bombed : location : Havana </s><s> bombings in the tourist sector in Havana : point in time : 1997 </s><s> bombings in the tourist sector : location : Havana </s><s> Mireya Moscoso : country of citizenship : Panama </s><s> 1976 Cuban airline bombing : participant : Luis Posada Carriles </s><s> Mireya Moscoso : position held : Panamanian President </s><s> bombing of the Cuban airliner : point in time : 1976 </s><s> bombing of the Cuban airliner : country : Venezuela </s><s> bombing of the Cuban airliner in 1976 : point in time : 1976 </s><s> string of bombings in Havana in 1997 : point in time : 1997 </s><s> string of bombings : location : Havana </s><s> string of bombings in Havana : point in time : 1997 </s><s> federal immigration facility : located in the administrative territorial entity : El Paso, Texas </s><s> federal immigration facility : located in the administrative territorial entity : El Paso </s><s> El Paso, Texas : country : United States </s><s> New Mexico : shares border with : Texas </s><s> Texas : shares border with : New Mexico </s><s> El Paso : located in the administrative territorial entity : Texas </s><s> federal judge : applies to jurisdiction : Texas </s><s> Texas : office held by head of government : federal judge </s><s> federal judge : located in the administrative territorial entity : Texas </s><s> Funding to Support Democracy and Human Rights : inception : 1996 </s><s> Assistance to Support Democracy and Human Rights : inception : 1996 </s><s> House Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight : country : United States </s><s> Committee on Foreign Affairs : country : United States </s><s> National Endowment for Democracy : instance of : non-governmental organization </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : National Endowment for Democracy </s><s> National Endowment for Democracy : instance of : non-governmental organizations </s><s> Commission to Provide Assistance for a Free Cuba : country : Cuba </s><s> Commission to Provide Assistance for a Free Cuba : facet of : Cuba democracy </s><s> Commission to Provide Assistance for a Free Cuba : part of : President's Commission for President's </s><s> human rights : facet of : democracy </s><s> human rights : part of : democracy </s><s> USAID : field of work : humanitarian assistance </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2008 : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2008 : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2008 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba : publication date : July 2006 </s><s> Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba : inception : July 2006 </s><s> transition to democracy : country : Cuba </s><s> State, Foreign Operations, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act : point in time : FY2008 </s><s> State, Foreign Operations, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act : legislated by : House </s><s> Senate Appropriations Committee : part of : Senate </s><s> 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Senate : has part : Senate Appropriations Committee </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : USAID </s><s> USAID : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Commerce, Justice, and State : replaced by : State Department, Foreign Operations and Related Agencies </s><s> State Department, Foreign Operations and Related Agencies : replaces : Commerce, Justice, and State </s><s> Government Accountability Office : country : U.S. </s><s> State Department ESF : parent organization : State Department </s><s> State Department ESF : part of : State Department </s><s> William Delahunt : employer : House Foreign Affairs Committee </s><s> Bush : residence : White House </s><s> William Delahunt : member of : House Foreign Affairs Committee </s><s> Center for a Free Cuba : country : Cuba </s><s> Center for a Free Cuba : parent organization : USAID </s><s> Grupo de Apoyo a la Democracia : country : Cuba </s><s> 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Cuba democracy program : inception : 2006 </s><s> internal control : facet of : financial management </s><s> internal control : part of : financial management </s><s> internal control : facet of : procurement </s><s> Cuban American National Foundation : country : Cuba </s><s> civil society : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuban American National Foundation : member of : USAID </s><s> Radio and TV Martí : inception : 1985 </s><s> Voice of America : parent organization : Broadcasting Board of Governors </s><s> Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty : parent organization : Broadcasting Board of Governors </s><s> Radio Liberty : parent organization : Broadcasting Board of Governors </s><s> United States Information Agency : replaced by : Department of State </s><s> Department of State : replaces : United States Information Agency </s><s> Department of State : subsidiary : Broadcasting Board of Governors </s><s> Broadcasting Board of Governors : parent organization : Department of State </s><s> Radio Martí : headquarters location : Miami, Florida </s><s> Radio Martí : headquarters location : Miami </s><s> Radio Martí : owned by : International Broadcasting Bureau </s><s> Hispasat : instance of : satellite </s><s> TV Martí : headquarters location : Cudjoe Key, Florida </s><s> TV Martí : headquarters location : Cudjoe Key Florida </s><s> Commando Solo : operator : Department of Defense </s><s> Commando Solo : instance of : C-130 </s><s> Commando Solo : subclass of : C-130 </s><s> WPMF : headquarters location : Miami </s><s> WPMF : located in the administrative territorial entity : Miami </s><s> TV Azteca : headquarters location : Miami </s><s> TV Martí : original broadcaster : Channel 38 </s><s> OCB : parent organization : DirecTV </s><s> Cuban jamming efforts : facet of : TV Martí </s><s> Cuban jamming efforts : has part : TV Martí </s><s> Cuban jamming : has part : TV Martí </s><s> Advisory Panel on Radio and TV Martí : inception : 1994 </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : Office Inspector General </s><s> Office Inspector General : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Office Inspector General : inception : 1994 </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : BBG </s><s> BBG : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Office of Inspector General : chairperson : Pedro Roig </s><s> BBG : subsidiary : International Broadcasting Bureau </s><s> International Broadcasting Bureau : parent organization : BBG </s><s> International Broadcasting Bureau : part of : BBG </s><s> Spanish Radio Productions : industry : commercial broadcasters </s><s> Spanish Radio Productions : owner of : TV Martí </s><s> Spanish Radio Productions : notable work : TV Martí </s><s> Miami Dade College : country : Cuba </s><s> Radio and TV Martí : country of origin : Cuba </s><s> Radio and TV Martí : country : Cuba </s><s> John Nichols : employer : Pennsylvania State University </s><s> John Nichols : educated at : Pennsylvania State University </s><s> John Nichols : employer : Center for International Policy </s><s> Radio Martí : owned by : BBG </s><s> BBG : owner of : Radio Martí </s><s> Radio : different from : TV Martí </s><s> TV Martí : different from : Radio </s><s> Radio versus TV Martí : country : Cuba </s><s> Radio : country : Cuba </s><s> TV Martí : country : Cuba </s><s> TV Marti : country : Cuba </s><s> TV Marti : owned by : Broadcasting Board of Governors </s><s> FY2005 : followed by : FY2006 </s><s> TV Martí : instance of : aerostat </s><s> 109 th Congress : followed by : 110 th Congress </s><s> 110 th Congress : follows : 109 th Congress </s><s> Radio and TV Martí : headquarters location : Miami </s><s> Radio and TV Martí program production : headquarters location : Miami </s><s> FY2007 : followed by : FY2009 </s><s> State Department, Foreign Operations, and Related Program Appropriations bill : point in time : FY2008 </s><s> FY2008 State Department, Foreign Operations, and Related Program Appropriations bill : followed by : FY2009 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2009 : legislated by : Senate Appropriations Committee </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2009 : instance of : State Department, Foreign Operations, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act </s><s> Mariel boatlift : instance of : mass exodus </s><s> Mariel boatlift : instance of : exodus </s><s> 1984 migration agreement : point in time : 1984 </s><s> a 1984 migration agreement : point in time : 1984 </s><s> 1984 migration agreement : inception : 1984 </s><s> Department of Defense : country : United States </s><s> Department of Defense : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 : point in time : 1966 </s><s> Guantanamo : country : United States </s><s> 2002 : point in time : 2002 </s><s> United States : shares border with : Mexico </s><s> Mexico : shares border with : United States </s><s> Fidel Castro : sibling : his brother </s><s> his brother : sibling : Fidel Castro </s><s> temporarily ceding political power : participant : Fidel Castro </s><s> temporarily ceding political power to his brother : participant : Fidel Castro </s><s> alien smuggling : subclass of : attempt to enter the United States illegally </s><s> alien smuggling : subclass of : illegally </s><s> alien smuggling : said to be the same as : attempt to enter the United States illegally </s><s> Operation Vigilant Sentry : located in the administrative territorial entity : Florida </s><s> Operation Vigilant Sentry : point in time : March 2007 </s><s> Operation Vigilant Sentry : location : Florida </s><s> 1994 bilateral migration accord : point in time : 1994 </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : country : United States </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Cuban Family Reunification Parole : inception : November 21, 2007 </s><s> Cuban Family Reunification Parole : country : United States </s><s> 1994 : point in time : 1994 </s><s> 1994 migration accord : point in time : 1994 </s><s> Guantanamo Naval Base : country : United States </s><s> Guantánamo Naval Base : country : United States </s><s> Guantánamo Naval Base : country : Cuba </s><s> Fidel Castro : conflict : 1959 Cuban revolution </s><s> Fidel Castro : conflict : Cuban revolution </s><s> 1959 Cuban revolution : participant : Fidel Castro </s><s> Cold War : participant : Soviet </s><s> Soviet : significant event : Cold War </s><s> September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks : participant : Al Qaeda </s><s> September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States : participant : Al Qaeda </s><s> denounced what it described as atrocities committed at the Guantanamo base : publication date : January 2005 </s><s> denounced : publication date : January 2005 </s><s> Moran : located in the administrative territorial entity : Virginia </s><s> Virginia : contains administrative territorial entity : Moran </s><s> H.R. 2764 : legislated by : 110th Congress </s><s> 110th Congress : start time : June 18, 2007 </s><s> Foreign Operations : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act : point in time : December 17, 2007 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act : publication date : December 17, 2007 </s><s> Alzados : country : Cuba </s><s> Alzados : inception : 1960 </s><s> Alzados : political ideology : anti-Castro guerrilla </s><s> House committee : part of : House </s><s> committee : part of : House </s><s> House : has part : House committee </s><s> Radio and TV Marti : country of origin : Cuba </s><s> Radio and TV Marti : operating area : Cuba </s><s> FY2007 : followed by : 2009 </s><s> FY2007 : followed by : 2008 </s><s> criminal penalty : subclass of : civil penalty </s><s> civil penalty : opposite of : criminal penalty </s><s> criminal penalty : opposite of : civil penalty </s><s> 1996 shooting down : country : Cuban regimes </s><s> 1996 shooting down : country : Cuba </s><s> 1996 shooting down : participant : Cuban regimes </s><s> Pursuit of International Education (PIE) Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Baseball Diplomacy Act : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Committees on Foreign Affairs : has part : House Committee on Foreign Affairs </s><s> trade embargo : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 : country : United States </s><s> Department of Commerce and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999 : point in time : 1999 </s><s> Ways and Means : country : United States </s><s> Energy and Commerce : country : United States </s><s> Judiciary : country : United States </s><s> Financial Services : country : United States </s><s> Oversight and Government Reform : country : United States </s><s> Agriculture : country : United States </s><s> Free Trade With Cuba Act : country : United States </s><s> Department of Commerce and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999 : country : United States </s><s> Cuban-American Family Restoration Act : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Agricultural Export Facilitation Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Export Freedom to Cuba Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 : point in time : 2000 </s><s> trade name : subclass of : marks </s><s> trade name : subclass of : mark </s><s> trade name : subclass of : commercial name </s><s> Caribbean Coral Reef Protection Act : country : United States </s><s> President : country : United States </s><s> Caribbean Coral Reef Protection Act : legislated by : House Committee on the Judiciary </s><s> Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 : point in time : July 27, 2007 </s><s> Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 : legislated by : Senate </s><s> human rights situation in Cuba : country : Cuba </s><s> human rights conditions in Cuba : country : Cuba </s><s> human rights situation in Cuba : facet of : Cuba </s><s> Promoting American Agricultural and Medical Exports to Cuba Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Promoting American Agricultural and Medical Exports to Cuba Act : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Promoting American Agricultural and Medical Exports to Cuba Act of 2007 : publication date : 2007 </s><s> Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act : has part : H.R. 2829 </s><s> H.R. 2829 : part of : Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act </s><s> Section 211 : part of : Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act </s><s> Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2008 Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act : point in time : June 28, 2007 </s><s> Agricultural, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act : instance of : H.R. </s><s> H.R. 3161 : legislated by : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> H.R. 3161 : point in time : August 2, 2007 </s><s> SAFE Energy Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> SAFE Energy Act of 2007 : part of : Consolidated Appropriations Act </s><s> SAFE Energy Act of 2007 : instance of : Consolidated Appropriations Act </s><s> exclusive economic zone of the United States : instance of : exclusive economic zone </s><s> Committee on Energy and Commerce : country : United States </s><s> Oscar Elias Biscet : award received : congressional gold medal </s><s> Oscar Elias Biscet : award received : gold medal </s><s> Oscar Elias Biscet : award received : Congressional gold medal </s><s> Humanitarian Relief to Cuba Act : legislated by : House Committee on Foreign Affairs </s><s> Humanitarian Relief to Cuba Act : main subject : Department of Commerce </s><s> Cuba sanctions : instance of : Cuban embargo </s><s> Office of Foreign Assets Control : parent organization : Treasury Department's </s><s> Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2009 : start time : March 6, 2009 </s><s> Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act of 2007 : country : United States </s><s> Cuba embargo : applies to jurisdiction : Cuba </s><s> Cuba embargo : country : Cuba's </s><s> Department of Commerce and Related Agencies Appropriations Act : point in time : FY1999 </s><s> Domestic Offshore Energy Security Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Domestic Offshore Energy Security Act : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Domestic Offshore Energy Security Act of 2008 : country : United States </s><s> Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act : point in time : FY2009 </s><s> FY2009 National Defense Authorization Act : author : Dodd </s><s> Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act. : point in time : FY2009 </s><s> Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2009 : part of : Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2009 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2009 : legislated by : 109th Congress </s><s> 109th Congress : end time : March 6, 2009 </s><s> Appropriations Act, 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> human rights resolution : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> human rights resolution : subclass of : legislative initiatives </s><s> CRS Report RL32730, Cuba: Issues for the 109th Congress : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> ESF : country : Cuba </s><s> 109 th : point in time : 109 </s><s> 109 th : instance of : Appropriations bill </s><s> House Appropriations Committee : part of : House </s><s> House : has part : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> House : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : House </s><s> House Appropriations Committee : part of : Congress </s><s> International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement : field of work : counternarcotics </s><s> USAID : subsidiary : Cuba program </s><s> Cuba program : parent organization : USAID </s><s> drug trafficking : product or material produced : illegal drugs </s><s> Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, the District of Columbia, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act : point in time : June 9, 2006 </s><s> Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, the District of Columbia, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act : inception : June 9, 2006 </s><s> Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, the District of Columbia, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act : publication date : June 9, 2006 </s><s> House Committee on International Relations : part of : Congress </s><s> extreme repression : point in time : July 2005 </s><s> extreme repression : start time : July 2005 </s><s> extreme repression against members of Cuba's pro-democracy movement : point in time : July 2005 </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : United Nations </s><s> United Nations : instance of : international organization </s><s> United Nations : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> Martha Beatriz Roque : date of death : April 25, 2006 </s><s> beating and intimidation : point in time : April 25, 2006 </s><s> beating and intimidation of Cuban dissident Martha Beatriz Roque : point in time : April 25, 2006 </s><s> Fidel : sibling : Raul Castro </s><s> Raul Castro : sibling : Fidel </s><s> Fidel : child : Raul Castro </s><s> Raul Castro : father : Fidel </s><s> The Case of Elian Gonzalez: Legal Basics : publisher : CRS </s><s> The Case of Elian Gonzalez: Legal Basics : published in : CRS Report </s><s> 109 th Congress : followed by : 108 th Congress </s><s> 108 th Congress : follows : 109 th Congress </s>

Since the early 1960s, U.S. policy toward Cuba has consisted largely of isolating the communist nation through economic sanctions, which the Bush Administration has tightened significantly. A second policy component has consisted of support measures for the Cuban people, including private humanitarian donations and U.S.-sponsored radio and television broadcasting to Cuba. As in past years, the main issue for U.S. policy toward Cuba in the 110th Congress was how to best support political and economic change in one of the world's remaining communist nations. Unlike past years, however, Congress examined policy toward Cuba in the context of Fidel Castro's departure from heading the government because of poor health. Raúl Castro, who had served as provision head of government since July 2006, was selected on February 24, 2008 by Cuba's legislature to continue in that role officially. In the first session of the 110th Congress, Congress fully funded the Administration's FY2008 request for $45.7 million for Cuba democracy programs in the Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2008 (P.L. 110-161). In other first session action, on July 27, 2007, the House rejected H.Amdt. 707 to H.R. 2419, the 2007 farm bill, that would have facilitated the export of U.S. agricultural exports to Cuba. In the second session, the Senate approved S.Res. 573 on May 21, 2008, which recognized the struggle of the Cuban people. In both sessions, there were Cuba provisions in several House and Senate appropriations measures (H.R. 2829, H.R. 3161, S. 1859, H.R. 7323, and S. 3260) that would have eased restrictions on travel and on U.S. agricultural sales to Cuba, but none of these provisions were included in enacted measures. Numerous other legislative initiatives on Cuba were introduced in the 110th Congress, but were not considered. Several of these initiatives would have eased sanctions: H.R. 177 (educational travel); H.R. 216 (Cuban baseball players); H.R. 217 and H.R. 624 (overall sanctions); H.R. 654, S. 554, and S. 721 (travel); H.R. 757 (family travel and remittances); H.R. 1026 (sale of U.S. agricultural products); H.R. 2819/S. 1673 (sale of U.S. agricultural and medical products and travel); and S. 1268, S. 2953, H.R. 3182, and H.R. 3435 (development of Cuba's offshore oil). S. 554 would have terminated U.S.-government sponsored television broadcasting to Cuba. Several initiatives would have tightened sanctions: H.R. 525 (related to U.S. fugitives in Cuba), and H.R. 1679/S. 876 and S. 2503 (related to Cuba's offshore oil development). Two initiatives, H.R. 1306 and S. 749, would have amended a provision of law restricting the registration or enforcement of certain Cuban trademarks; five initiatives—H.R. 217, H.R. 624, H.R. 2819, S. 1673, and S. 1806—would have repealed the trademark sanction. H.R. 5627 and S. 2777 would have awarded the congressional gold medal to Cuban political prisoner Dr. Oscar Elias Biscet. H.Res. 995 would have commemorated the 1996 shootdown of two U.S. civilian planes by Cuba. S. 3288 had a provision that would have funded U.S. work to establish anti-drug cooperation with Cuba. In the aftermath of Hurricanes Gustav and Ike, several initiatives would have temporarily eased some U.S. economic sanctions on Cuba: H.R. 6913, H.R. 6962, and S.Amdt. 5581 to S. 3001. This report reflects legislative developments through the 110th Congress, and will not be updated. For additional information on Cuba, see CRS Report RL31139, Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Remittances, and CRS Report RS22742, Cuba's Political Succession: From Fidel to Raul Castro

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<s> coal : subclass of : Fossil fuel </s><s> carbon dioxide : instance of : greenhouse gas </s><s> coal : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> biomass : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> sun : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> wind : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> renewable energy : subclass of : clean energy </s><s> energy efficiency : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> renewable energy : subclass of : Renewable energy technologies </s><s> energy independence : facet of : energy security </s><s> Sustainable energy : said to be the same as : green, renewable energy </s><s> green, renewable energy : said to be the same as : Sustainable energy </s><s> renewable energy : subclass of : renewable sources of energy </s><s> renewable energy technologies : subclass of : renewable sources of energy </s><s> renewable sources of energy : has part : renewable energy technologies </s><s> induced employment : subclass of : direct employment </s><s> renewable : subclass of : electricity </s><s> induced employment : subclass of : indirect </s><s> solar panel : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> solar panels : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> solar panel : subclass of : renewable energy sources </s><s> North American Industry Classification System : maintained by : Bureau of Economic Analysis </s><s> North American Industry Classification System : maintained by : Bureau of Labor Statistics </s><s> North American Industry Classification System : developer : Bureau of Economic Analysis </s><s> labor force statistics : maintained by : BLS </s><s> BLS : field of work : labor force statistics </s><s> labor force statistics : authority : BLS </s><s> low-carbon : subclass of : environmentally friendly </s><s> labor market : part of : economy </s><s> low-carbon : subclass of : environmentally friendly economy </s><s> hydroelectric power : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> photovoltaics : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> ethanol : subclass of : biomass </s><s> biomass power : subclass of : biomass </s><s> doughnut shop : subclass of : fast food restaurant </s><s> doughnut shop : product or material produced : fast food </s><s> business as usual : subclass of : base case </s><s> base case scenario : followed by : moderate scenario </s><s> base case scenario : instance of : base case </s><s> EIA : subsidiary : Energy Information Administration </s><s> Energy Information Administration : parent organization : EIA </s><s> unemployment rate : facet of : labor market conditions </s><s> unemployment rate : facet of : labor market </s><s> unemployment rate is low in 2030 : facet of : labor market conditions </s><s> Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory : parent organization : University of California-Berkeley </s><s> University of California-Berkeley : subsidiary : Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory </s><s> Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory : part of : University of California-Berkeley </s><s> photovoltaic : subclass of : solar </s><s> World Wide Fund : subsidiary : Tellus Institute </s><s> photovoltaic (PV) solar : subclass of : renewables </s><s> hydropower : subclass of : electricity generation </s><s> coal mining : subclass of : oil and gas extraction </s><s> coal mining : subclass of : energy </s><s> hydroelectric : subclass of : renewable power </s><s> hydroelectric : subclass of : renewable power generation </s><s> hydroelectric : subclass of : renewable </s><s> soy : use : transportation fuel </s><s> soy : subclass of : transportation fuel </s><s> soy : instance of : transportation fuel </s><s> solar : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> geothermal : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> incremental hydropower : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> ethanol : subclass of : renewable transportation fuels </s><s> biodiesel : subclass of : renewable transportation fuels </s><s> ethanol : subclass of : renewable transportation fuel </s><s> biodiesel : subclass of : renewable transportation fuel </s><s> renewable electric power generation : subclass of : electricity generation </s><s> renewable electric power : subclass of : electricity generation </s><s> renewable electric power generation : instance of : electricity generation </s><s> Gabriel Calzada : employer : King Juan Carlos University </s><s> Gabriel Calzada : educated at : King Juan Carlos University </s><s> Gabriel Calzada : country of citizenship : Spain </s><s> King Juan Carlos University : country : Spain </s><s> wind power : subclass of : renewable sources of electricity </s><s> PV solar : subclass of : renewable sources of electricity </s><s> mini-hydro : subclass of : renewable sources of electricity </s><s> capital destruction : facet of : capital </s><s> productivity of labor : subclass of : productivity </s><s> capital destruction : subclass of : net jobs </s><s> fossil fuel : subclass of : renewable sources of electricity </s><s> Spain's government : part of : Spain's economy </s><s> Spain's government : facet of : Spain's economy </s><s> Political Economy Research Institute : part of : University of Massachusetts </s><s> Robert Pollin : employer : University of Massachusetts </s><s> James Heintz : employer : University of Massachusetts </s><s> Heidi Garrett-Peltier : employer : University of Massachusetts </s><s> Robert Pollin : educated at : University of Massachusetts </s><s> James Heintz : educated at : University of Massachusetts </s><s> Heidi Garrett-Peltier : educated at : University of Massachusetts </s><s> on-grid : subclass of : renewable electricity </s><s> on-grid : facet of : renewable electricity </s><s> on-grid renewable electricity production and transmission : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> cellulosic biofuel : subclass of : motor fuel </s><s> solar panel : subclass of : renewable electricity </s><s> cellulosic biofuel : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> wind energy : subclass of : renewable resources of energy </s><s> oil and gas : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> wind energy : subclass of : renewable resources </s><s> American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> renewable : subclass of : clean energy </s><s> The Clean Energy Economy: Repowering Jobs, Businesses and Investments Across America : publisher : The Pew Charitable Trusts and Collaborative Economics </s><s> The Clean Energy Economy: Repowering Jobs, Businesses and Investments Across America : publisher : The Pew Charitable Trusts </s><s> National Establishment Time Series : publisher : Dun & Bradstreet </s><s> National Establishment Time Series : country : United States </s><s> National Establishment Time Series : maintained by : Dun & Bradstreet </s><s> wind turbines : part of : clean energy economy </s><s> wind turbine : use : clean energy </s><s> wind turbines : use : clean energy </s><s> wind : subclass of : energy generation </s><s> solar : subclass of : energy generation </s><s> biomass : subclass of : energy generation </s><s> biofuel : subclass of : renewable sources of energy </s><s> geothermal heating and cooling : subclass of : renewable sources of energy </s><s> renewable sources of energy : subclass of : energy generation </s><s> ethanol : subclass of : renewable sources of energy </s><s> ethanol : subclass of : alternative fuel </s><s> ethanol : subclass of : alternative fuels </s><s> energy efficiency activities : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> renewable energy industry : product or material produced : renewable energy </s><s> retrofit : subclass of : construction </s><s> energy efficiency : facet of : building </s><s> federal investment in renewable energy technologies in the United States : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> federal investment in renewable energy technologies in the United States : facet of : renewable energy technologies </s><s> federal investment in renewable energy technologies : country : United States </s><s> feed-in tariff : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> Feed-in tariff : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> research, development, and deployment : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> low carbon energy : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> climate change : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> climate change : facet of : low carbon energy </s><s> energy technologies : subclass of : technology </s><s> manufacturing : product or material produced : construction </s><s> energy technologies : subclass of : state of technology </s><s> federal government : country : United States </s><s> renewable energy : subclass of : electrical energy </s><s> electrical energy : has part : renewable energy </s><s> Annual Energy Outlook : publisher : Energy Information Administration </s><s> Energy Information Administration : parent organization : U.S. Department of Energy </s><s> Energy Information Administration : part of : U.S. Department of Energy </s><s> LW110 : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> LW110 case : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> AEO 2009 Reference Case : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Low Renewable Energy Cost scenario analysis of AEO 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> AEO 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Low Renewable Energy Cost scenario analysis of AEO 2009 : publisher : EIA </s><s> International Energy Outlook for 2009 : publisher : EIA </s><s> International Energy Outlook : publisher : EIA </s><s> International Energy Outlook for 2009 : author : EIA </s><s> Solar power : subclass of : renewable electricity </s><s> hydroelectric power : subclass of : renewable electricity </s><s> AEO 2009 projections : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Biomass : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> biofuel : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> co-firing : subclass of : Biomass combustion </s><s> co-firing : uses : Biomass combustion </s><s> combined heat and power : has part : Biomass combustion </s><s> Ethanol : instance of : Liquid biofuel </s><s> Ethanol : subclass of : Liquid biofuel </s><s> gasoline : instance of : Transportation fuel </s><s> methanol : instance of : biofuel </s><s> butanol : instance of : biofuel </s><s> DiMethyl Ether : instance of : Methanol </s><s> methanol : instance of : biofuels </s><s> butanol : instance of : biofuels </s><s> windmill : has part : rotor </s><s> rotor : part of : windmill </s><s> windmill : has parts of the class : rotor </s><s> batteries : use : Energy storage </s><s> batteries : subclass of : Energy storage </s><s> Energy storage : has part : batteries </s><s> Solar photovoview : uses : sunlight </s><s> Solar photovovoir : uses : sunlight </s><s> Solar photovoview : facet of : sunlight </s><s> cadmium telluride : subclass of : crystalline silicon </s><s> photovoltaic (PV) cells : uses : sunlight </s><s> cadmium telluride : instance of : crystalline silicon </s><s> Solar PV : has part : cells </s><s> cells : part of : Solar PV </s><s> Solar PV : has part : modules </s><s> cost of electricity : country : United States </s><s> cost of electricity in the United States today from solar PV : country : United States </s><s> cost of electricity in the United States today from solar PV : subclass of : electricity </s><s> Concentrating solar thermal technologies : uses : mirrors </s><s> Concentrating solar thermal technologies : subclass of : solar PV </s><s> Concentrating solar thermal technologies : uses : concentrate sunlight </s><s> condenser : uses : water </s><s> condenser : has part : water </s><s> condenser : subclass of : water </s><s> Solar hot water heaters : country : United States </s><s> Solar hot water heaters : country of origin : United States </s><s> solar thermal industry : country : United States </s><s> hot water : subclass of : thermal energy </s><s> EIA : country : United States </s><s> hot water : subclass of : steam </s><s> Enhanced Geothermal System : subclass of : geothermal reservoirs </s><s> Enhanced Geothermal System : use : geothermal </s><s> Enhanced Geothermal System : use : geothermal energy </s><s> dams : use : hydroelectric power plant </s><s> dams : use : hydroelectric </s><s> dam : use : hydroelectric power plant </s><s> dam : product or material produced : Electricity </s><s> dam : use : Electricity </s><s> dam : product or material produced : Water </s><s> Micro-hydropower : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> Pico-hydropower : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> pico-hydropower : subclass of : Micro-hydropower </s><s> green jobs from renewable energy : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> Demand Response : instance of : energy policy </s><s> Demand Response : instance of : domestic energy policy </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> coal : subclass of : fossil fuels </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : fossil fuels </s><s> hydroelectric : subclass of : renewable electricity </s><s> biomass : subclass of : renewable electricity </s><s> Solar PV : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> Wind : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> Solar PV : subclass of : renewable energy technologies </s><s> biomass generation : subclass of : renewable electricity </s><s> fuel cell : subclass of : energy storage </s><s> fuel cell : subclass of : batteries </s><s> wind power : subclass of : distributed generation </s><s> solar PV : subclass of : distributed generation </s><s> developed world : opposite of : developed world </s><s> developed world : has part : OECD </s><s> distributed : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> distributed applications : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> grid : facet of : electricity </s><s> Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Assistance : facet of : climate change </s><s> potentially detrimental effects of climate change : facet of : renewable-powered </s><s> renewable-powered village applications : subclass of : Energy-efficient appliance </s><s> Distributed generation : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> Distributed generation : subclass of : electricity </s><s> Distributed generation : subclass of : renewable sources of electricity </s><s> coal : subclass of : power generation </s><s> fossil fuel : subclass of : power generation </s><s> government involvement : country : United States </s><s> manufacturing : uses : supply chain </s><s> supply chain : used by : manufacturing </s><s> industries : part of : economy </s><s> Clusters : subclass of : industrial ecosystem </s><s> economy : has part : industries </s><s> service provider : subclass of : businesses </s><s> competitive : subclass of : businesses </s><s> service provider : part of : industry </s><s> research institution : subclass of : academic institution </s><s> research institutions : subclass of : academic institution </s><s> research institutions : subclass of : academic institutions </s><s> renewable electricity : subclass of : clean energy </s><s> renewable electricity industry : subclass of : clean energy </s><s> renewable electricity industry : product or material produced : renewable energy </s><s> power generation : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> renewable electricity technology : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> renewable electricity : subclass of : renewable energy technologies </s><s> wind turbine : use : renewable electricity </s><s> wind turbine : subclass of : renewable electricity </s><s> European-based companies : product or material produced : wind turbine </s><s> solar panels in the United States : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> manufacturing : product or material produced : equipment </s><s> equipment : use : manufacturing </s><s> manufacturing cluster : facet of : supply chain </s><s> supply chain : part of : manufacturing </s><s> supply chain : part of : manufacturing cluster </s><s> green jobs : country : United States </s><s> Incentives : subclass of : policy mechanisms </s><s> Incentives : subclass of : policy mechanisms and incentives </s><s> research : has part : R&D </s><s> R&D : subclass of : research </s><s> Renewable electricity : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> wind energy : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 : part of : ARRA </s><s> ARRA : has part : Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 </s><s> Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 : instance of : ARRA </s><s> nuclear energy : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> nuclear energy : subclass of : fossil fuels </s><s> levy a price on carbon emissions : facet of : climate change concerns </s>

In the United States, growing awareness of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the possible implications for global climate change have combined with recent high energy prices and economic uncertainty to rekindle interest in renewable energy. Renewable energy technologies generate electricity from resources such as the sun, wind, or biomass, with essentially no net GHG emissions. President Obama has declared a goal for the United States to become the world's leading exporter of renewable energy technologies, setting out policy objectives for the development of related "green jobs". Green jobs have often been defined to include (at a minimum) jobs that result directly from renewables for generating electricity and powering vehicles as well as jobs that result directly from achieving greater energy efficiency. Studies of green job creation in the renewable energy industry vary greatly as a result of differences in definitions, assumptions, and methodologies, with the resulting analyses producing wide-ranging estimates of the number of green jobs. Complicating the estimation of the number of green jobs is the absence of an authoritative data source. The North American Industry Classification System disaggregates firms into the categories of hydro, fossil fuel, nuclear and "other" sources. Renewables are part of the "other" category. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has requested funding for FY2010 to develop data on the number of green jobs and their characteristics (e.g., wages, training requirements) by industry and occupation. Most of the future growth in green jobs is generally envisioned as coming from the growth in deployment of renewable energy technologies. Renewable energy deployment programs from state governments have had a great influence on the existing deployment levels of renewable energy technologies and resultant jobs. Historically, the federal investment in renewable energy technologies in the United States has not been about creating jobs, but was focused on developing the technologies to a point where they are ready for commercialization. The timeframe under consideration is thus important in any discussion of the potential for renewable energy technologies to create jobs, for the technologies are at different stages in their development cycles. It is also important to recognize that as a specific renewable energy technology becomes more efficient, the number of jobs per Megawatt of output is likely to decrease. A key to maximizing green jobs growth in the United States from renewable energy is the domestic design and manufacture of equipment and components. Given the growing international competition for renewable energy markets and green jobs, policy mechanisms and incentives may be necessary to encourage manufacturers to locate production in the United States. Companies must be capable of competing in the domestic market for renewable energy first and foremost, as the potential growth of U.S. renewable markets already has attracted significant international participation. A renewable energy industry capable of serving the export market may create many more jobs than an industry which only serves domestic needs. Few doubt the potential of renewable energy to help address climate change concerns; the question is whether the desired benefits merit the investment. But developing the next generation of renewable energy technologies and building an internationally competitive industry may require a significant and sustained national investment. Without it, the majority of the solar panels, wind turbines, and components providing the clean energy of tomorrow may continue to be designed and built by workers overseas.

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<s> non-governmental organization : subclass of : international organization </s><s> non-governmental organizations : subclass of : international organization </s><s> non-governmental organization : subclass of : international organizations </s><s> United States : legislative body : Congress </s><s> State Department : country : United States </s><s> Congress : country : United States </s><s> light weapons : subclass of : small arms </s><s> civil conflict : subclass of : less developed nations and regions </s><s> civil conflict : has part : less developed nations and regions </s><s> small arms : subclass of : light weapons </s><s> light weapon : subclass of : small arms </s><s> black market : subclass of : illicit small arms trafficking </s><s> black market : has part : illicit small arms trafficking </s><s> black market : said to be the same as : illicit small arms trafficking </s><s> Donald J. McConnell : position held : U.S. Ambassador </s><s> United States Policy Goals : publisher : State Department </s><s> State Department : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> light weapons : subclass of : Small arms </s><s> light weapon : subclass of : Small arms </s><s> Small arms : subclass of : light weapons </s><s> Inter States : inception : November 15, 1997 </s><s> Inter States : point in time : November 15, 1997 </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> Statement of Common Principles on Small Arms : publication date : December 17, 1999 </s><s> Liberia : member of : United Nations </s><s> Haiti : member of : United Nations </s><s> Panama : member of : United Nations </s><s> Mali : member of : United Nations </s><s> light weapons and ammunition : subclass of : small arms </s><s> United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade of Small Arms and Light Weapons In All Its Aspects : point in time : 2001 </s><s> United Nations : headquarters location : United Nations Headquarters </s><s> United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade of Small Arms and Light Weapons In All Its Aspects : location : United Nations Headquarters </s><s> program of action : creator : United Nations </s><s> program of action to prevent, combat and possession of such weapons : creator : United Nations </s>

This report provides general background on U.S. policy regarding the international trade in small arms and light weapons (SA/LW). It outlines major questions associated with the international trade in these items, and reviews United States efforts to assist in controlling the illicit transfers of these items. This report will be revised as developments warrant.

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crs_R44161_0

<s> Veterans Access, Choice, and Accountability Act of 2014 : point in time : August 7, 2014 </s><s> Secretary of Veterans Affairs : part of : Department of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Department of Veterans Affairs : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Veterans Access, Choice, and Accountability Act of 2014 : point in time : 2014 </s><s> Senior Executive Service : instance of : executive </s><s> Senior Executive Service : subsidiary : Veterans Health Administration </s><s> Veterans Health Administration : parent organization : Senior Executive Service </s><s> Merit Systems Protection Board : inception : 7306 </s><s> 7306 : point in time : 7306 </s><s> 713(d)(2)(A) : follows : 7306(a) </s><s> administrative judge : part of : MSPB </s><s> administrative leave : subclass of : leave </s><s> administrative judge : subclass of : MSPB </s><s> bonuses : subclass of : pay </s><s> bonus : subclass of : pay </s><s> allowances : subclass of : pay </s><s> removing career members from the SES : subclass of : adverse action </s><s> adverse actions to remove them from federal service : subclass of : removing career members </s><s> adverse actions to remove them from federal service : subclass of : removing career members from the SES </s><s> appellate : subclass of : judicial review </s><s> appellate : subclass of : judicial </s><s> Merit Systems Protection Board : instance of : 5 U.S.C. </s><s> Title 5 : main subject : Merit Systems Protection Board </s><s> Title 5 of : main subject : Merit Systems Protection Board </s><s> Section 707(b) : main subject : Merit Systems Protection Board </s><s> interim final rule : followed by : final rule </s><s> final rule : follows : interim final rule </s><s> Section 707(c) : part of : Code of Federal Regulations </s><s> Senior Executive Service : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Secretary of Veterans Affairs : part of : Senior Executive Service </s><s> Senior Executive Service : has part : Secretary of Veterans Affairs </s><s> removal : subclass of : personnel action </s><s> removal, transfer, or other personnel action : facet of : SES </s><s> removal : instance of : personnel action </s><s> Fifth Amendment : instance of : constitutional question </s><s> Fifth Amendment : main subject : constitutional question </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : constitutional question </s><s> constitutional question : part of : Fifth Amendment </s><s> Board of Regents v. Roth : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Board of Regents v. Roth : main subject : due process of law </s><s> Amendment of the Constitution : has part : No person shall be... deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law;... </s><s> Office of Economic Opportunity : parent organization : federal </s><s> nonprobationary federal : subsidiary : Office of Economic Opportunity </s><s> Office of Economic Opportunity : parent organization : nonprobationary federal </s><s> nonprobationary : part of : federal </s><s> adverse action proceeding : part of : Lloyd-La Follette Act </s><s> adverse action : facet of : Due Process Clause </s><s> adverse action : has cause : Due Process Clause </s><s> Kennedy v. Sanchez : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Kennedy v. Sanchez : main subject : Due Process Clause </s><s> Goldberg v. Kelly : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Goldberg v. Kelly : main subject : Due Process Clause </s><s> Civil Service Commission : replaced by : Merit Systems Protection Board </s><s> Merit Systems Protection Board : replaces : Civil Service Commission </s><s> plurality opinion : opposite of : majority </s><s> plurality : opposite of : majority </s><s> such cause : facet of : due process </s><s> Lloyd-LaFollette Act : instance of : legislative compromise </s><s> federal employees : subclass of : governmental employees </s><s> Lloyd-LaFollette Act : instance of : compromise </s><s> Roth supra : main subject : Due Process Clause </s><s> Due Process Clause : part of : constitutionally </s><s> constitutionally : has part : Due Process Clause </s><s> Sinderman, supra : main subject : Due Process Clause </s><s> concurred : part of : opinion </s><s> concurring : part of : opinion </s><s> concurred : subclass of : opinion </s><s> opinion : author : Justice White </s><s> Justice White : position held : opinion </s><s> opinion : court : Supreme Court of the United States </s><s> due process : part of : Constitution </s><s> Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill : main subject : due process </s><s> due process : part of : constitutional </s><s> life : instance of : substantive rights </s><s> liberty : instance of : substantive rights </s><s> property : instance of : substantive rights </s><s> Arnett concurrence : author : Justice Powell </s><s> Arnett : position held : concurrence </s><s> Mathews v. Eldridge : main subject : due process </s><s> Loudermill case : follows : Mathews v. Eldridge </s><s> Mathews v. Eldridge : followed by : Loudermill case </s><s> Cafeteria Workers v. McElroy : publication date : 367 U.S. </s><s> Cafeteria Workers v. McElroy : court : 367 U.S. </s><s> Cafeteria Workers v. McElroy : publication date : 367 </s><s> evidentiary hearing : part of : Due Process Clause </s><s> evidentiary hearing : facet of : Due Process Clause </s><s> earlier : main subject : Due Process Clause </s><s> Veterans Access, Choice, and Accountability Act : point in time : 2014 </s><s> Veterans Access, Choice, and Accountability Act of 2014 : has part : Title 38 </s><s> Due Process Clause : part of : Fifth Amendment </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : Due Process Clause </s><s> Loudermill case : main subject : Due Process Clause </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : due process </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : constitutionally protected right </s><s> Section 713(d)(2)(A) : part of : 38 U.S.C. </s><s> Merit Systems Protection Board : instance of : administrative judge </s><s> final : subclass of : decision </s><s> Merit Systems Protection Board : subclass of : administrative judge </s><s> Gilbert : main subject : due process </s><s> Manzo case : main subject : due process </s><s> Gilbert : follows : Manzo case </s><s> Manzo case : followed by : Gilbert </s><s> affidavits : subclass of : documentary evidence </s><s> affidavits : subclass of : evidence </s><s> adverse action : part of : Senior Executive Service </s><s> Helman v. Department of Veterans Affairs : has part : MSPB Removal Appeals </s><s> Helman v. Department of Veterans Affairs : court : MSPB </s><s> Helman v. Department of Veterans Affairs : has effect : MSPB Removal Appeals </s><s> Central Alabama Veterans Administration Health Care System : parent organization : Department of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Talton v. Department of Veterans Affairs : court : administrative judge </s><s> Central Alabama Veterans Administration Health Care System : part of : Department of Veterans Affairs </s><s> New York Stratton Veterans Administration Medical Center : parent organization : Department of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Department of Veterans Affairs : subsidiary : New York Stratton Veterans Administration Medical Center </s><s> Weiss v. Department of Veterans Affairs : court : administrative judge </s><s> nursing assistant : field of this occupation : direct patient care </s><s> direct patient care : practiced by : nursing assistant </s><s> nursing assistant : subclass of : direct patient care </s><s> Graves v. Department of Veterans Affairs : main subject : Veterans Benefits Administration </s><s> Graves v. Department of Veterans Affairs : applies to jurisdiction : Department of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Graves v. Department of Veterans Affairs : instance of : Appeals </s><s> Senior Executive Service : instance of : General Schedule </s><s> Senior Executive Service : part of : General Schedule </s><s> General Schedule : has part : Senior Executive Service </s><s> General Schedule : part of : Senior Executive Service </s><s> Philadelphia : twinned administrative body : Los Angeles </s><s> Los Angeles : twinned administrative body : Philadelphia </s><s> Graves : facet of : due process </s><s> Senior Executive Service : followed by : General Schedule </s><s> General Schedule : follows : Senior Executive Service </s><s> Senior Executive Service : replaced by : General Schedule </s><s> General Schedule : replaces : Senior Executive Service </s><s> Title 38 : part of : U.S. Code </s><s> U.S. Code : has part : Title 38 </s><s> Section 713(e)(2) : part of : Title 38 </s><s> Phoenix VA Health Care System : parent organization : Department of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Department of Veterans Affairs : subsidiary : Phoenix VA Health Care System </s><s> final decision : subclass of : administrative judge </s><s> expedited removal : part of : 28 U.S.C. </s><s> Appointments Clause, Article II : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Appointments Clause, Article II </s><s> Appointments Clause : part of : Article II </s><s> Article II : has part : Appointments Clause </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : due process right </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : due process rights </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : self-incrimination </s><s> Appointments Clause : part of : Article III of the Constitution </s><s> Article III of the Constitution : has part : Appointments Clause </s><s> Appointments Clause : part of : Article III </s><s> Article III : has part : Appointments Clause </s><s> Article III : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Article III </s><s> Appointments Clause : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Appointments Clause </s><s> Appointments Clause of the Constitution : country : United States </s><s> administrative judge : subclass of : judicial review </s><s> administrative judge : different from : judicial review </s><s> judicial review : different from : administrative judge </s><s> Supreme Court : has part : Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia </s><s> Supreme Court : has part : Court of Appeals </s><s> Court of Appeals : part of : Supreme Court </s><s> Supreme Court : has part : Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit </s><s> Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit : part of : Supreme Court </s><s> Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution : followed by : Article III, Section 2 </s><s> Article III, Section 1 : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Article III, Section 1 </s><s> E x parte McCardle : time period : Reconstruction era </s><s> E x parte McCardle : main subject : Reconstruction era </s><s> Felker v. Tur : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 : point in time : 1978 </s><s> Civil Service Reform Act : point in time : 1978 </s><s> Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 : publication date : 1978 </s><s> Webster v. Doe : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Webster v. Doe : applies to jurisdiction : Supreme Court </s><s> Webster v. Doe : court : U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit </s><s> National Security Act of 1947 : point in time : 1947 </s><s> Act of August 24, 1912 : point in time : August 24, 1912 </s><s> National Security Act : point in time : 1947 </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : due process of law </s><s> Johnson v. Robison : publication date : 415 </s><s> Johnson v. Robison : court : 415 U.S. </s><s> equal protection : part of : Fifth Amendment </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : equal protection </s><s> Bowen v. Michigan Academy of Family Physicians : court : 476 U.S. </s><s> Johnson case : has part : Bowen v. Michigan Academy of Family Physicians </s><s> federal question jurisdictional statute : part of : 28 U.S.C. </s><s> Veterans Administration : country : United States </s><s> federal question jurisdictional statute : instance of : 28 U.S.C. </s><s> Social Security Act : has part : Medicare </s><s> Weinberger v. Salfi : main subject : Social Security Act </s><s> Medicare : part of : Social Security Act </s><s> Johnson : main subject : constitutional challenge </s><s> Johnson : author : Salfi </s><s> Michigan Academy case : court : Court in Michigan Academy </s><s> Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 : point in time : 1986 </s><s> Immigration Reform and Control Act : point in time : 1986 </s><s> Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 : main subject : Immigration and Naturalization Service </s><s> Lindahl v. Office of Personnel Management : court : Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit </s><s> Lindahl v. Office of Personnel Management : main subject : Due Process Clause </s><s> Lindahl v. Office of Personnel Management : has cause : Due Process Clause </s><s> section 8347(c) : part of : 5 U.S.C. </s><s> section 8347(c) : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Section 8347(c) : part of : 5 U.S.C. </s><s> Elgin v. Department of the Treasury : main subject : mandamus </s><s> Elgin v. Department of the Treasury : has cause : mandamus </s><s> Elgin v. Department of the Treasury : main subject : expedited removal authority </s><s> Military Service Act : has effect : Selective Service </s><s> Military Service Act : has part : Selective Service </s><s> Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit : instance of : district court </s><s> federal question : instance of : jurisdictional statute </s><s> federal question : subclass of : statute </s><s> Webster v. Doe : court : Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit </s><s> Webster case : court : district court </s><s> Civil Service Reform Act : has part : 5 U.S.C. </s><s> 5 U.S.C. : part of : Civil Service Reform Act </s><s> Civil Service Reform Act : has part : 5 U.S.C. §7703 </s><s> 5 U.S.C. §7703 : part of : Civil Service Reform Act </s><s> judicial forum : facet of : judicial review </s><s> judicial forum : subclass of : judicial review </s><s> judicial review : uses : judicial forum </s><s> judicial forum : used by : judicial review </s><s> Back Pay Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Back Pay Act : legislated by : Congress's </s><s> United States v. Fausto : main subject : statutory construction </s><s> Civil Service Reform Act : legislated by : congressional </s><s> Civil Service Reform Act : instance of : Act </s><s> competitive service : instance of : excepted service </s><s> administrative appeal : subclass of : judicial review </s><s> Board : parent organization : MSPB </s><s> excepted service : subclass of : competitive service </s><s> Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit : instance of : regional courts of appeals </s><s> lower federal courts : has part : regional courts of appeals </s><s> regional courts of appeals : part of : lower federal courts </s><s> lower federal courts : different from : regional courts of appeals </s><s> regional courts of appeals : different from : lower federal courts </s><s> Johnson case : participant : Administrator of the Veterans Administration </s><s> Johnson case : court : Administrator of the Veterans Administration </s><s> Johnson case : applies to jurisdiction : Administrator of the Veterans Administration </s><s> Johnson : main subject : Fifth Amendment </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : colorable constitutional claims </s><s> Elgin case : main subject : due process of law </s><s> federal statute : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Elgin case : facet of : due process of law </s><s> Section 713(e)(2) : instance of : finality clause </s><s> administrative judge : part of : Merit Systems Protection Board </s><s> Section 713(e)(2) : part of : finality clause </s><s> administrative judge : subclass of : judge </s><s> administrative judge : field of this occupation : adjudicate </s><s> final : part of : law </s><s> section 7703 : part of : 5 U.S.C. §7703 </s><s> 5 U.S.C. §7703 : part of : title 5 </s><s> title 5 : has part : 5 U.S.C. §7703 </s><s> S.R. 1082 : point in time : 1994 </s><s> H.R. 1082 : point in time : 1994 </s><s> S.R. 1082 : publication date : 1994 </s><s> Department of Veterans Affairs Accountability Act of 2015 : legislated by : 114 th Congress </s><s> Department of Veterans Affairs : office held by head of the organization : Secretary </s><s> Department of Veterans Affairs Accountability Act : legislated by : 114 th Congress </s>

This report discusses selected legal issues relating to the authority for summary removal of individuals in senior executive positions at the Department of Veterans Affairs. Section 707 of the Veterans Access, Choice, and Accountability Act, P.L. 113-146, enacted on August 7, 2014, created this authority by adding Section 713 to Title 38 of the United States Code. It authorizes the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to remove an individual in a senior executive position from federal service or transfer him or her to a position in the General Schedule if the Secretary determines that the individual's performance or misconduct warrants removal. This report addresses whether this authority raises a constitutional question under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment as a deprivation of a property right to continued federal employment and whether a court would have jurisdiction to hear a case brought by a senior executive who had been removed pursuant to it. The Supreme Court has held that a nonprobationary government employee who is removable for cause, as distinguished from at-will, has a property right in continued employment. The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution states that property may not be deprived without due process of law. According to the Court, an agency may not remove such an employee from government employment without due process rights of notice and an opportunity to respond to charges. The employee also is entitled to a hearing either before or after removal. A hearing must be provided at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. Section 713 of Title 38 does not expressly provide for notice and an opportunity to respond, but the Department of Veterans Affairs has issued guidelines that grant advance notice of five days and an opportunity to respond to charges in writing. Section 713 provides for a hearing after removal by an administrative judge of the Merit Systems Protection Board if a decision can be issued in 21 days and that this decision is not subject to further appeal. If an administrative judge does not issue a decision in that period, the Secretary's removal or transfer is final. A senior executive whose removal from federal service pursuant to this authority was upheld by an administrative judge has filed an appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. This appeal alleges that these limited time periods for notice and an opportunity to respond to charges, as well as for an appeal to an administrative judge, do not provide meaningful due process. The court is considering whether to accept jurisdiction of this case because the Department of Veterans Affairs, citing the finality clause in Section 713, asserts that an administrative judge's decision is not subject to judicial review. In challenging the constitutionality of Section 713, the removed senior executive also maintains that granting an administrative judge of the Merit Systems Protection Board authority conclusively to determine whether or not to uphold a removal contravenes the Appointments Clause of the Constitution. She asserts that to comply with the Clause, an administrative judge's decision should be supervised or be subject to review by members of the Merit Systems Protection Board or another officer or officers who are principal officers of the United States whom the President appoints and the Senate confirms. An administrative judge is an employee who is not appointed in the manner that the Appointments Clause prescribes, she contends. This report will be updated to reflect later developments.

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<s> The State of the World's Children 2008: Child Survival, UNICEF : publisher : United Nations Children's Fund </s><s> United Nations Children's Fund : field of work : global health </s><s> The State of the World's Children 2008: Child Survival, UNICEF : author : United Nations Children's Fund </s><s> Ann Veneman : employer : ICEF </s><s> Ann Veneman : position held : ICEF Executive Director </s><s> malaria : subclass of : infectious diseases </s><s> HIV : has effect : AIDS </s><s> malaria : has cause : infectious diseases </s><s> measles : has cause : infectious diseases </s><s> child and maternal health : subclass of : health </s><s> undernourished : subclass of : impoverished </s><s> child and maternal health : facet of : health </s><s> AIDS : has cause : HIV </s><s> eclampsia : subclass of : hypertensive disorders </s><s> developing countries : opposite of : industrialized nations </s><s> maternal mortality : subclass of : morbidity </s><s> toxemia : subclass of : pregnancy and delivery complications </s><s> premature delivery : subclass of : pregnancy and delivery complications </s><s> Latin America : has part : Caribbean </s><s> Caribbean : part of : Latin America </s><s> Mali : continent : Africa </s><s> south Asia : member of : United Nations </s><s> South Asia : member of : United Nations </s><s> sub-Saharan Africa : member of : United Nations </s><s> South Africa : part of : sub-Saharan Africa </s><s> Swaziland : part of : sub-Saharan Africa </s><s> sub-Saharan Africa : has part : South Africa </s><s> sub-Saharan Africa : has part : Swaziland </s><s> Bangladesh : part of : southeast Asia </s><s> India : part of : southeast Asia </s><s> Indonesia : part of : southeast Asia </s><s> USAID's Efforts to Improve Child Survival : parent organization : U.S. Agency for International Development </s><s> USAID's Efforts to Improve Child Survival : parent organization : USAID </s><s> U.S. Agency for International Development : subsidiary : USAID's Efforts to Improve Child Survival </s><s> United Nations : subsidiary : Food and Agriculture Organization </s><s> Food and Agriculture Organization : parent organization : United Nations </s><s> Food and Agriculture Organization : part of : United Nations </s><s> infectious diseases : has cause : immune systems </s><s> measles : instance of : infectious diseases </s><s> Good nutrition : opposite of : undernutrition </s><s> undernutrition : opposite of : Good nutrition </s><s> tuberculosis : subclass of : infectious diseases </s><s> rice : has part : micronutrient </s><s> rice : subject has role : micronutrient </s><s> sugar : has part : micronutrient </s><s> nutritionally inadequate : subclass of : unsafe </s><s> nutritionally inadequate : said to be the same as : unsafe </s><s> nutritionally inadequate : opposite of : unsafe </s><s> mother-to-child HIV transmission : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> HIV/AIDS : has effect : mother-to-child HIV transmission </s><s> Haemophilus influenzae type b : instance of : immunizations </s><s> pertussis : instance of : immunizations </s><s> Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) : instance of : immunizations </s><s> Integrated Management of Childhood Illness : inception : 2002 </s><s> Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) : inception : 2002 </s><s> Integrated Management of Childhood Illness : start time : 2002 </s><s> Middle East : part of : Asia </s><s> President's Malaria Initiative : inception : 2005 </s><s> Middle East : continent : Africa </s><s> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : parent organization : Department of Health and Human Services </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services : subsidiary : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </s><s> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : parent organization : Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) : subsidiary : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </s><s> malaria : drug used for treatment : anti-malarial tablets </s><s> anti-malarial tablets : medical condition treated : malaria </s><s> anti-malarial tablets : facet of : malaria </s><s> Nevirapine : subject has role : preventable and treatable </s><s> Nevirapine : medical condition treated : HIV/AIDS </s><s> Nevirapine : subject has role : treatable </s><s> antiretroviral therapy : facet of : HIV </s><s> antiretroviral therapy : facet of : HIV infection </s><s> antiretroviral therapy : facet of : HIV transmission </s><s> drug : part of : pharmaceutical companies </s><s> drug : studied by : pharmaceutical companies </s><s> Fixed-dosed treatment : subclass of : drug </s><s> Cotrimoxazole : medical condition treated : pneumonia </s><s> pneumonia : drug used for treatment : Cotrimoxazole </s><s> President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief : inception : 1986 </s><s> President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) : inception : 1986 </s><s> President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> treatment : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> treatment, care, and support services : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> ART : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> child diarrhea : subclass of : diarrhea </s><s> child diarrhea : subclass of : diarrheal disease </s><s> diarrheal disease : subclass of : diarrhea </s><s> marketing : subclass of : communication </s><s> hygiene : subclass of : communication </s><s> marketing : facet of : communication </s><s> Lucknow : country : India </s><s> hygiene : subclass of : hygienic </s><s> India : capital : Lucknow </s><s> rubella and/or mumps vaccines : has cause : rubella </s><s> rubella and/or mumps vaccine : has cause : rubella </s><s> rubella and/or mumps vaccines : has effect : mumps </s><s> MMR : instance of : supplementary immunization </s><s> MMR : instance of : supplementary immunization activities </s><s> Immunization coverage rates for measles vaccination : facet of : supplementary immunization activities </s><s> Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immun Immunization : parent organization : USAID </s><s> Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immun Immunization : has part : USAID </s><s> Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation : subsidiary : Vaccine Fund </s><s> Bill : spouse : Melinda Gates Foundation </s><s> Melinda Gates Foundation : spouse : Bill </s><s> tetanus toxoid immunizations : subclass of : vaccines </s><s> birth asphyxia : subclass of : birth complications </s><s> birth asphyxia : instance of : birth complications </s><s> resuscitating : has cause : birth asphyxia </s><s> postpartum hemorrhage : subclass of : maternal mortality </s><s> key causes of maternal mortality : has part : postpartum hemorrhage </s><s> postpartum hemorrhage deaths : subclass of : maternal mortality </s><s> sepsis : subclass of : infections </s><s> sepsis : subclass of : infection </s><s> sepsis : has cause : infection </s><s> vagina : use : delivery </s><s> delivering : uses : umbilical cord </s><s> delivery : uses : umbilical cord </s><s> pre-eclampsia : subclass of : hypertension </s><s> pre-eclampsia : subclass of : Hypertensive disorders </s><s> Kenya : instance of : low-resource settings </s><s> Kenya : part of : low-resource settings </s><s> Kenya : instance of : low-resource </s><s> caesarean surgery : medical condition treated : prolonged labor </s><s> caesarean surgery : part of : emergency obstetric care </s><s> caesarean surgery : use : emergency obstetric care </s><s> Latin America : has part : the Caribbean </s><s> family planning : part of : international </s><s> President's International Mother and Child HIV Prevention Initiative : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> International Mother and Child HIV Prevention Initiative : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> malaria : has cause : HIV/AIDS </s><s> President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> George W. Bush : position held : Administration of President </s><s> child survival and maternal health : facet of : family planning and reproductive health </s><s> PEPFAR : subsidiary : President's Malaria Initiative </s><s> PEPFAR : has part : President's Malaria Initiative </s><s> PEPFAR : part of : President's Malaria Initiative </s><s> sub-Saharan : continent : Africa </s><s> condoms : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> condom : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> male : subclass of : condoms </s><s> caesarean surgery : medical condition treated : obstetric fistula </s><s> caesarean surgery : medical condition treated : Obstetric fistula </s><s> delaying pregnancy : subclass of : caesarean surgery </s><s> maternal and child health services : facet of : maternal and child mortality </s><s> nutritional : subclass of : health status </s><s> nutritional : facet of : health status </s><s> International Health Partnership and related Initiatives : founded by : WHO </s><s> International Health Partnership and related Initiatives : parent organization : WHO </s><s> MDGs : creator : WHO </s><s> International Monetary Fund : part of : international community </s><s> International Monetary Fund : parent organization : international community </s><s> international community : subsidiary : International Monetary Fund </s><s> Africa : instance of : continent </s><s> African leaders : continent : Africa </s><s> World Bank : subsidiary : IMF </s><s> African Union : diplomatic relation : Organization of African Unity </s><s> Organization of African Unity : diplomatic relation : African Union </s><s> Abuja Declaration on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Other Infectious Diseases : point in time : 2001 </s><s> health care : facet of : public health </s><s> health care : part of : health systems </s><s> health care : part of : health system </s><s> vaccine : subclass of : medicine </s><s> vaccine : instance of : medicine </s><s> hypodermic needle : subclass of : medicine </s><s> Appropriations Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Legislation Introduced in the 110th Congress Related to Maternal and Child Health : part of : 110 th Congress </s><s> 110th Congress Related to Maternal and Child Health : part of : 110 th Congress </s><s> United States Global Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Reauthorization Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Global Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Reauthorization Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> extreme global poverty : subclass of : global poverty </s><s> elimination of extreme global poverty : part of : Millennium Development Goal </s><s> elimination of extreme global poverty : instance of : Millennium Development Goal </s><s> maternal : facet of : child health </s><s> maternal and child health : subclass of : health </s><s> maternal and child health : facet of : health </s><s> Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 : point in time : 1961 </s><s> Foreign Assistance Act : point in time : 1961 </s><s> Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 : legislated by : House Foreign Affairs Committee </s><s> United Nations Population Fund Women's Health and Dignity Act : main subject : United Nations Population Fund </s><s> International Child Marriage Prevention Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> United Nations Population Fund Women's Health and Dignity Act : legislated by : House Foreign Affairs Committee </s><s> United Nations Population Fund Restoration Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> United Nations Population Fund Restoration Act of 2008 : main subject : United Nations Population Fund </s><s> United Nations Population Fund Restoration Act of 2008 : legislated by : Senate Foreign Relations Committee </s><s> universal education : facet of : child survival </s><s> child survival : facet of : maternal health </s><s> maternal health : facet of : well-being </s>

Appropriations for child survival and maternal health programs (CS/MH) have grown by about 22% during the tenure of President George W. Bush. Most of that growth occurred in FY2008, when Congress provided $521.9 million for CS/MH programs, up from $361.1 million in FY2001. Although Congress provided support during this time for other global health initiatives that affect CS/MH, such as some $19.7 billion for international programs that prevent and treat human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), tuberculosis (TB), and malaria, other global health interventions are discussed only as they relate to USAID's CS/MH programs. According to latest estimates, 9.7 million children under the age of five died in 2006; some 26,000 each day. The majority of those deaths occurred in developing countries, and almost half of them in Africa. On average, nearly 90% of all child deaths are caused by neonatal infections and five other diseases: acute respiratory infections (primarily pneumonia), diarrhea, malaria, measles, and HIV/AIDS. Undernutrition contributes to more than half of these deaths. More than 500,000 women die each year due to pregnancy-related causes, and many more suffer debilitating long-term effects, such as obstetric fistula. Most of these deaths occur in developing countries. About 20% of global maternal deaths are linked to undernutrition, and about 75% result from obstetric complications, most often hemorrhage, sepsis, eclampsia, and prolonged or obstructed labor. While most health experts applaud the recent increase in U.S. commitment to global health, many remain concerned that funding is largely aimed at specific diseases, such as HIV/AIDS and malaria. Other health programs that offer life-saving interventions for women and children are overlooked and underfunded, they contend, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to proposing an increase in funding for CS/MH programs, some observers urge Congress to boost support for health systems so that countries can better address a wide range of health issues that affect child survival and maternal health. This report will be updated at the end of the 110th Congress.

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<s> 2011 Mississippi River floods : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : point in time : August 2005 </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Project : instance of : federally authorized </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Project : instance of : floodwalls </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Project : instance of : levees </s><s> 2011 Mississippi River flooding : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Flood Control Act of 1928 : point in time : 1928 </s><s> 2011 Mississippi River flooding : instance of : flood </s><s> activate floodways along the Mississippi River in 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> activate floodways along the Mississippi River : point in time : 2011 </s><s> activate floodways : facet of : Mississippi River </s><s> loss of property : subclass of : personal injury </s><s> loss of property : subclass of : liability </s><s> negligent : has effect : harm </s><s> federal agency : country : United States </s><s> negligent : subclass of : sued </s><s> federal agency : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Dalehite v. United States : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United States v. Gaubert : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United States v. Varig : court : Supreme Court </s><s> public policy : subclass of : judgment </s><s> government : part of : Congress </s><s> discretionary function exception : part of : FTCA </s><s> New Orleans Hurricane Protection System : instance of : flood control </s><s> New Orleans Hurricane Protection System : country : United States </s><s> New Orleans Hurricane Protection System : use : flood control </s><s> project plan : subclass of : design </s><s> project plan : subclass of : planning </s><s> project plan design : subclass of : design </s><s> United States v. Ure : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> United States v. Ure : country : United States </s><s> burst and flooded : part of : United States v. Ure </s><s> National Union : country : United States </s><s> National Union : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Valley Cattle Co. v. United States : court : court </s><s> Union Fire Insurance : country : United States </s><s> Union Fire Insurance v. United States : applies to jurisdiction : E. U. Ritter & Co. </s><s> Union Fire Insurance v. United States : applies to jurisdiction : E. Ritter & Co. v. U.S. </s><s> second prong : part of : Gaubert test </s><s> Gaubert test : has part : second prong </s><s> Gaubert test : facet of : public policy </s><s> National Park Service : instance of : agencies </s><s> NPS trail maintenance : operator : National Park Service </s><s> trail maintenance : operator : National Park Service </s><s> Flood Control Act of 1928 : publication date : 1928 </s><s> Bureau of Reclamation : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : Bureau of Reclamation </s><s> Bureau of Reclamation : part of : Department of the Interior </s><s> United States v. James : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United States v. James: Immunity for Flood Project Waters : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United States v. James : main subject : wrongful death claims </s><s> James decision : instance of : dicta </s><s> James decision : has part : dicta </s><s> James decision : main subject : federal liability for flood control projects </s><s> Hiersche v. United States : court : U.S. Supreme Court </s><s> Hiersche v. United States : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Hiersche v. United States : point in time : 1992 </s><s> Federal Government : has part : Congress </s><s> Federal Government : legislative body : Congress </s><s> Section 702c : instance of : immunity </s><s> statutory : subclass of : legislatively </s><s> statutory provisions of immunity : subclass of : legislatively </s><s> statutory provisions of immunity : part of : legislatively </s><s> Central Green Company v. United States : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Central Green Company v. United States : publication date : 2001 </s><s> Central Green Company v. United States : main subject : Section 702 immunity </s><s> negligent : subclass of : wrongful death </s><s> discretionary function exception : has part : Section 702c immunity </s><s> negligent : has effect : wrongful death </s><s> Fort Loudoun Dam : inception : 2003 </s><s> Fort Loudoun Dam : service entry : 2003 </s><s> Fort Loudoun Dam : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2003 </s><s> storm surge : has effect : flood </s><s> Levee Failure : use : flood control </s><s> Levee Failure : facet of : flood control </s><s> flooding of New Orleans : part of : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> flooding of New Orleans : part of : Hurricane Katrina's </s><s> New Orleans floodwall breaches : has cause : Hurricane Katrina's flooding of New Orleans </s><s> New Orleans : located in or next to body of water : Lake Pontchartrain </s><s> New Orleans : located in or next to body of water : Mississippi River </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain : inflows : Mississippi River </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Hurricane Protection Project : located in the administrative territorial entity : New Orleans </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Hurricane Protection Project : instance of : levee </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain Act : point in time : 1965 </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain Act : publication date : 1965 </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain Act : inception : 1965 </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain : located in the administrative territorial entity : New Orleans </s><s> Lake Borgne : located in the administrative territorial entity : New Orleans </s><s> levees : different from : floodwalls </s><s> floodwalls : different from : levees </s><s> Hurricane Protection System : has part : levees/floodwalls </s><s> levees/floodwalls : part of : Hurricane Protection System </s><s> Hurricane Protection System : instance of : levees/floodwalls </s><s> 17 th Street : instance of : levees </s><s> London Avenue : instance of : levees </s><s> 17 th Street : connects with : London Avenue </s><s> London Avenue : connects with : 17 th Street </s><s> Mississippi River Gulf Outlet : mouth of the watercourse : Gulf of Mexico </s><s> Gulf of Mexico : tributary : Mississippi River Gulf Outlet </s><s> Mississippi River Gulf Outlet : part of : Gulf of Mexico </s><s> Lake Borgne : part of : Lake Pontchartrain </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain : inflows : Lake Borgne </s><s> negligence : different from : fault </s><s> fault : different from : negligence </s><s> Gaubert test : uses : discretionary function exception </s><s> Flood Control Act of 1965 : point in time : 1965 </s><s> Flood Control Act of 1965 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> levee : different from : floodwall </s><s> floodwall : different from : levee </s><s> Hurricane Protection System : instance of : levee </s><s> Hurricane Protection System : instance of : levees </s><s> 17 th Street Canal : instance of : dredging </s><s> dredging : location : 17 th Street Canal </s><s> negligence : subclass of : fault </s><s> National Environmental Policy : uses : Gaubert test </s><s> mandatory duty : part of : National Environmental Policy </s><s> National Environmental Policy : has part : mandatory duty </s><s> Section 702c : part of : FCA </s><s> FCA : has part : Section 702c </s><s> levee breaches : located in the administrative territorial entity : New Orleans </s><s> levee breaches of various canals : located in the administrative territorial entity : New Orleans </s><s> Hurricane Protection System : use : flood control </s><s> Central Green : publication date : 1971 </s><s> Central Green : point in time : 1971 </s><s> Graci v. United States : publication date : 1971 </s><s> In re Katrina Canal Breaches : court : district court </s><s> In re Katrina Canal Breaches : court : circuit court </s><s> In re Katrina Canal Breaches : has part : In Graci </s><s> flood control : facet of : floodwaters </s><s> flood control : uses : floodwaters </s><s> floodwaters : use : flood control </s><s> floodwall : subclass of : levee </s><s> floodwall : subclass of : levees </s><s> hurricane : has effect : storm surge </s><s> levees : subclass of : floodwalls </s><s> levee : subclass of : floodwall </s><s> Floodway Activation and Mississippi River Basin Flooding of 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Floodway Activation and Mississippi River Basin Flooding of 2011 : instance of : flooding </s><s> Mississippi River Basin Flooding of 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Mississippi : tributary : Ohio River </s><s> Ohio River : mouth of the watercourse : Mississippi </s><s> Mississippi : tributary : Ohio </s><s> Ohio : mouth of the watercourse : Mississippi </s><s> Birds Point-New Madrid Floodway : part of : Mississippi River and Tributaries Project </s><s> flood that devastated the Mississippi River Basin in 1927 : point in time : 1927 </s><s> flood : point in time : 1927 </s><s> a flood that devastated the Mississippi River Basin in 1927 : point in time : 1927 </s><s> Mississippi : tributary : Ohio rivers </s><s> Ohio rivers : mouth of the watercourse : Mississippi </s><s> Baton Rouge : shares border with : New Orleans </s><s> New Orleans : shares border with : Baton Rouge </s><s> Bonnet-Carre floodway : inception : 1932 </s><s> Bird's-Point-New Madrid : located in the administrative territorial entity : Missouri </s><s> Illinois : shares border with : Missouri </s><s> Missouri : shares border with : Illinois </s><s> 1984 case : court : U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit </s><s> 1984 case : point in time : 1984 </s><s> case : court : U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit </s><s> 2011 floods : point in time : 2011 </s><s> MRTP : instance of : floodway </s><s> MRTP floodway system : inception : 2011 </s><s> MRTP : located in or next to body of water : Mississippi River </s><s> right-of-way : instance of : legal methods </s><s> right-of-way : subclass of : acquisition </s><s> Flowage easements : subclass of : property right </s><s> Flowage easement : subclass of : property right </s><s> Flowage easements : instance of : property right </s><s> Bird's Point : shares border with : New Madrid </s><s> New Madrid : shares border with : Bird's Point </s><s> Bird's Point-New Madrid floodway : instance of : floodway </s><s> compensation : subclass of : legal remedies </s><s> compensation : subclass of : legal remedy </s><s> compensating : subclass of : legal remedies </s><s> 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> 2011 flood : point in time : 2011 </s><s> 2011 : instance of : flood </s><s> 2011 Mississippi floods : point in time : 2011 </s><s> 2011 Mississippi floods : has cause : floodway easements </s><s> 2011 Mississippi floods : instance of : floodway easements </s><s> 2011 floods : instance of : flood </s><s> 2011 floods : instance of : floods </s>

Over the past century, the federal government has undertaken a number of civil works projects to prevent widespread damage from flooding of various waterways. These flood control projects generally have been designed and constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps). Despite the existence of these flood control structures, floods have caused major damage to various regions of the country. Hurricane Katrina was the most costly natural disaster ever to hit the United States. Striking land in August 2005 as a Category 3 hurricane, Hurricane Katrina left 80% of New Orleans under water. Since Katrina, a number of major floods in the midwestern states have caused significant damage. In particular, heightened flows of the Mississippi River in 2011 have resulted in historic flooding and controversy over the use of floodways to redirect floodwaters. In the wake of these floods, the issue of federal liability for flood damage is receiving attention in the media and in Congress. The costly and unprecedented nature of recent flood damage has led to an upsurge in litigation over flood damage liability. Some lawsuits filed against the federal government, particularly after Katrina, assert government liability for damages resulting from the failure of levees and floodwalls designed and constructed by the Corps. Other lawsuits claim federal liability for damages resulting from the Corps' decision to activate floodways during the 2011 Mississippi River flooding. The Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) and the Flood Control Act of 1928 (FCA) may protect the government from liability for some flood-related claims. Under the FTCA, the federal government is exempt from liability for discretionary actions. Under the FCA, the government cannot be sued for damages resulting from federally supported damage reduction projects or floodwaters. This report examines federal liability for flood damage and analyzes legal defenses available to the federal government. Specifically, it provides an overview of the discretionary function exemption under the FTCA and immunity under the FCA as applied to Corps projects. The report also considers the Corps' potential liability for damages caused by levee failure during Hurricane Katrina and the activation of floodways during the 2011 Mississippi flooding.

crs_R43538

crs_R43538_0

<s> President : appointed by : Congress </s><s> Senate : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : Senate </s><s> Civil Rights Division : parent organization : Department of Justice </s><s> Department of Justice : subsidiary : Civil Rights Division </s><s> Civil Rights Division : part of : Department of Justice </s><s> Wisconsin Supreme Court : applies to jurisdiction : Wisconsin </s><s> Milwaukee County Circuit Court : located in the administrative territorial entity : Wisconsin </s><s> Milwaukee County Circuit Court : located in the administrative territorial entity : Milwaukee County </s><s> American Bar Association : instance of : professional organization </s><s> American Bar Association : instance of : professional organizations </s><s> Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary : part of : American Bar Association </s><s> career : instance of : professional </s><s> law : studied by : field of law </s><s> career experiences : instance of : professional or career </s><s> law professor : subclass of : attorney </s><s> government attorney : subclass of : law professor </s><s> government attorney : different from : law professor </s><s> law professor : different from : government attorney </s><s> private practice : practiced by : attorney </s><s> Internal Revenue Service : field of work : federal tax code </s><s> attorney : field of this occupation : private practice </s><s> career experiences : facet of : jurists </s><s> career : practiced by : jurists </s><s> jurists : field of this occupation : career </s><s> type of judicial experience : subclass of : judicial experience </s><s> type of judicial experience : facet of : judicial experience </s><s> private practice : subclass of : judicial experience </s><s> Most Common Types of Professional Experiences : part of : Figure 1 </s><s> Figure 1 : has part : Most Common Types of Professional Experiences </s><s> Most Common Types of Professional Experiences : published in : Figure 1 </s><s> attorney in private practice : subclass of : private practice </s><s> federal judge : different from : state judge </s><s> state judge : different from : federal judge </s><s> state judge : subclass of : federal judge </s><s> 9 years of experience : followed by : 10 years of experience </s><s> 9 years of experience : different from : 5 years of experience </s><s> 5 to 9 years of experience : instance of : 5 years of experience </s><s> Professional Position Immediately Prior to Appointment : instance of : position </s><s> Professional Position Immediately Prior to Appointment : instance of : position or occupation </s><s> attorneys : instance of : occupation </s><s> Theodore Roosevelt : position held : presidencies </s><s> Franklin Roosevelt : position held : presidencies </s><s> Franklin Roosevelt : father : Theodore Roosevelt </s><s> Theodore Roosevelt : position held : seven presidencies </s><s> Franklin Roosevelt : position held : seven presidencies </s><s> circuit court : subclass of : courts of appeals </s><s> Eisenhower : instance of : circuit court </s><s> Johnson : instance of : circuit court </s><s> federal courts of appeals bench : appointed by : president </s><s> private practice : practiced by : attorneys </s><s> Department of Justice : instance of : private practice </s><s> Department of Justice : country : U.S. </s><s> Department of Justice : applies to jurisdiction : U.S. </s><s> private practice : instance of : occupations </s><s> Attorney : subclass of : lawyer </s><s> law professors : subclass of : attorneys </s><s> law professor : instance of : occupation </s><s> private practice : instance of : occupation </s><s> federal government : office held by head of the organization : President </s><s> federal bench : appointed by : President </s>

This report provides an analysis of the professional qualifications and experiences of U.S. circuit court judges who are currently serving on the federal bench. Interest in the professional qualifications of those nominated to the federal judiciary has been demonstrated by Congress and others. Congressional interest in the professional experiences of those nominated by a President to the federal courts reflects, in part, the evaluative role of Congress in examining the qualifications of those who are nominated to life-tenure positions. Other organizations, such as the American Bar Association (ABA), also have an ongoing interest in the professional qualifications of those appointed to the federal judiciary. Additionally, scholars have demonstrated an interest in this topic by examining whether a relationship exists between the professional or career experiences of judges and judicial decision making. The analysis in this report focuses on the professional experiences of 163 active U.S. circuit court judges who were serving as of February 1, 2014. Active judges are those who have not taken senior status, retired, or resigned. Consequently, the statistics provided do not necessarily reflect all circuit court judges who are sitting on the bench (which include judges who have assumed senior status). Some of this report's findings include the following: A majority, 54.6%, of active circuit court judges had prior judicial experience at some point before being appointed as circuit court judges (and 45.4% had no such experience). Of the judges with prior judicial experience, 22.7% served solely as another type of federal judge (e.g., a U.S. district court judge), while 20.9% served solely as a state judge and another 11.0% had both prior federal and state judicial experience. A majority, 84.7%, of active circuit court judges had at least some prior experience as an attorney in private practice at some point prior to their appointment as a circuit judge. Of active circuit court judges with private practice experience, a plurality (26.4%) had 15 or more years of experience as an attorney in private practice. While 45.4% of active circuit judges do not have prior judicial experience, a much smaller percentage, 15.3%, have no prior experience in private practice. Circuit court judges without either prior judicial experience or experience as an attorney in private practice had other professional experiences such as working as an attorney for the federal government or as a law professor. Immediately prior to their appointment to the appellate bench, most circuit court judges were either serving as another type of judge or had been engaged in private practice for at least 10 years. Approximately half, 50.3%, of all active circuit judges were serving as another type of judge immediately prior to their appointment (i.e., serving as a district court judge, another type of federal judge such as a bankruptcy judge, or a state judge). Approximately one quarter, 25.8%, of active circuit court judges were working as attorneys in private practice immediately prior to being appointed as a circuit judge (with 22.1% having worked in private practice for 10 years or more).

crs_RL33586

crs_RL33586_0

<s> computer : has part : software </s><s> software : part of : computer </s><s> computers : has part : software </s><s> software : part of : computers </s><s> software : part of : information technology </s><s> High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 : point in time : 1991 </s><s> Networking and Information Technology Research and Development : inception : 1991 </s><s> High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 : publication date : 1991 </s><s> NITRD : inception : September 1992 </s><s> National Coordinating Office : inception : September 1992 </s><s> NITRD Program : inception : September 1992 </s><s> Office of Science and Technology Policy : parent organization : White House </s><s> White House Office of Science and Technology Policy : parent organization : National Science and Technology Council </s><s> White House Office of Science and Technology Policy : subsidiary : National Science and Technology Council </s><s> Office on Science and Technology Policy : parent organization : White House </s><s> White House Office on Science and Technology Policy : parent organization : National Science and Technology Council </s><s> National Science and Technology Council : subsidiary : White House Office on Science and Technology Policy </s><s> NITRD budget : instance of : budget </s><s> NITRD budget : facet of : NITRD Program </s><s> NITRD budget : facet of : NITRD </s><s> Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program Supplement to the President's Budget : publisher : OMB </s><s> Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program Supplement to the President's Budget : author : OMB </s><s> President's annual budget submission to Congress : subclass of : appropriations </s><s> High-Performance Computing Program Act of 1991 : point in time : 1991 </s><s> High-Performance Computing Program Act of 1991 : publication date : 1991 </s><s> Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory : instance of : research and development laboratories </s><s> Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory : instance of : research and development laboratory </s><s> NITRD Program : instance of : research and development laboratories </s><s> Computer Science and Telecommunications Board : parent organization : National Research Council </s><s> National Research Council : subsidiary : Computer Science and Telecommunications Board </s><s> Computer Science and Telecommunications Board : part of : National Research Council </s><s> 1960s : point in time : 1960 </s><s> (government-funded) research in the 1960s : point in time : 1960 </s><s> (government-funded) research : field of work : computing </s><s> open standard : opposite of : proprietary product </s><s> proprietary product : opposite of : open standard </s><s> open standard : opposite of : proprietary products </s><s> standards for instant messaging : instance of : common standard </s><s> standards for instant messaging : instance of : standard </s><s> standards for instant messaging : subclass of : common standard </s><s> NITRD Program : end time : 115 th Congress </s><s> NITRD Program : legislated by : 115 th Congress </s><s> grid computing : subclass of : high-performance computing </s><s> grid computing : subclass of : supercomputing </s><s> grid computing : instance of : supercomputing </s><s> High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 : main subject : NITRD Program </s><s> High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 : instance of : P.L. </s><s> hardware : used by : software </s><s> Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 : follows : Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 </s><s> Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 : followed by : Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 </s><s> Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 : has part : Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 </s><s> Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 : part of : Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 </s><s> America COMPETES Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> engineering : subclass of : science </s><s> National High-Performance Computing Program : parent organization : OSTP </s><s> National High-Performance Computing Program : inception : 2007 </s><s> networking : subclass of : systems </s><s> networking : subclass of : high-performance computing </s><s> networking systems : subclass of : high-performance computing </s><s> Federal Advisory Committee Act : main subject : congressional committees </s><s> Federal Advisory Committee Act : main subject : federal advisory committees </s><s> National High-Performance Computing Program : operator : DOE </s><s> Center for Communications Research : instance of : nonprofit </s><s> Centers for Communications Research : instance of : nonprofit </s><s> Centers for Communications Research : subclass of : nonprofit </s>

In the early 1990s, Congress recognized that several federal agencies had ongoing high-performance computing programs, but no central coordinating body existed to ensure long-term coordination and planning. To provide such a framework, Congress passed the High-Performance Computing and Communications Program Act of 1991 (P.L. 102-194) to enhance the effectiveness of the various programs. In conjunction with the passage of the act, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) released Grand Challenges: High-Performance Computing and Communications. That document outlined a research and development (R&D) strategy for high-performance computing and a framework for a multi-agency program, the High-Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) Program. The HPCC Program has evolved over time and is now called the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program to better reflect its expanded mission. Current concerns are the role of the federal government in supporting information technology (IT) R&D and the level of funding to allot to it. Proponents of federal support of IT R&D assert that it has produced positive outcomes for the country and played a crucial role in supporting long-term research into fundamental aspects of computing. Such fundamentals provide broad practical benefits but generally take years to realize. Additionally, the unanticipated results of research are often as important as the anticipated results. Another aspect of government-funded IT research is that it often leads to open standards, something that many perceive as beneficial, encouraging deployment and further investment. Industry, on the other hand, is more inclined to invest in proprietary products and will diverge from a common standard when there is a potential competitive or financial advantage to do so. Proponents of government support believe that the outcomes achieved through the various funding programs create a synergistic environment in which both fundamental and application-driven research are conducted, benefitting government, industry, academia, and the public. Supporters also believe that such outcomes justify government's role in funding IT R&D as well as the growing budget for the NITRD Program. Critics assert that the government, through its funding mechanisms, may be picking "winners and losers" in technological development, a role more properly residing with the private sector. For example, the size of the NITRD Program may encourage industry to follow the government's lead on research directions rather than selecting those directions itself. The President's FY2017 budget request for the NITRD Program was $4.54 billion and the FY2016 NITRD budget estimates totaled $4.49 billion. The FY2018 budget is not yet available. The NITRD budget is an aggregation of the IT R&D components of the individual budgets of NITRD participating agencies and is reported in the annual release of the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program Supplement to the President's Budget. The NITRD budget is not a single, centralized source of funds that is allocated to individual agencies. Rather, it is calculated by aggregating the IT R&D components of the appropriations provided by Congress to each federal agency. There has been no legislative activity related to the NITRD Program in the 115th Congress.

crs_RL32551

crs_RL32551_0

<s> September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks : country : United States </s><s> United States : legislative body : Congress </s><s> United States : significant event : September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks </s><s> executive branch <subj>legislative branch : opposite of <triplet>legislative branch : </s><s> executive branch <subj>legislative branch : opposite of : executive branch </s><s> executive branch : opposite of : legislative branch </s><s> legislative branch : opposite of : executive branch </s><s> Senate Governmental Affairs Committee : chairperson : Susan Collins </s><s> Susan Collins : member of : Senate Governmental Affairs Committee </s><s> Susan Collins : employer : Senate Governmental Affairs Committee </s><s> proposal : creator : 9/11 Commission </s><s> new presidential administration : participant : 9/11 Commission </s><s> proposal to institute a time-frame forSenate consideration of national security nominees : author : 9/11 Commission </s><s> Secretary of Defense : part of : ExecutiveSchedule </s><s> ExecutiveSchedule : has part : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Secretary of Defense : appointed by : President </s><s> Deputy Attorney General : part of : Executive Schedule </s><s> Deputy Attorney General : part of : Executive Schedule Level II </s><s> under secretary of State : part of : Executive Schedule </s><s> sense of the Senate : legislated by : Senate </s><s> Senate : opposite of : House </s><s> House : opposite of : Senate </s><s> George W. Bush : position held : President </s><s> Defense Department : subsidiary : Homeland Security </s><s> Homeland Security : parent organization : Defense Department </s><s> Clinton Administration : followed by : Bush Administration </s><s> Bush Administration : follows : Clinton Administration </s><s> Clinton Administration : replaced by : Bush Administration </s><s> Bush Administration : replaces : Clinton Administration </s><s> presidential election : country : United States </s><s> Presidential Appointment Initiative : country : United States </s><s> Presidential Appointment Initiative : facet of : presidential nominationsthrough the appointment process </s><s> Norman Ornstein : employer : Brookings Institution </s><s> Republicans : opposite of : Democrats </s><s> Democrats : opposite of : Republicans </s><s> Barack Obama : position held : President of the United States </s><s> Barack Obama : position held : President </s><s> President : part of : executive agencies </s><s> executive agencies : has part : President </s><s> Under Secretary for Policy : part of : Defense Department </s><s> Bush Administration <subj>Clinton Administration : follows : </s><s> Clinton Administration : followed by : BushAdministration </s><s> BushAdministration : follows : Clinton Administration </s><s> National Security Team : part of : Clinton Administration </s><s> National Security Team : part of : Clinton Administration's </s><s> Clinton Administration : follows : previous administration </s><s> previous administration : followed by : Clinton Administration </s><s> Bush Administration : followed by : Clinton Administration </s><s> Clinton Administration : follows : Bush Administration </s><s> advice and consent : part of : Constitution </s><s> Advice and Consent : instance of : providingadvice and consent </s><s> Advice and Consent : part of : Constitution </s><s> President : appointed by : Senate </s><s> executive control : opposite of : legislative </s><s> Philadelphia convention : office contested : President </s><s> Article II of theConstitution : part of : Constitution </s><s> Article II : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Article II </s><s> Article I : followed by : ArticleII </s><s> Article I : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Article I </s><s> President : appointed by : Congress </s><s> Senate : part of : Congress </s><s> lobbying : facet of : manipulation of the press </s><s> lobbying : subclass of : lobbying </s><s> lobbying : has part : manipulation of the press </s><s> Nolan McCarty : field of work : political scientists </s><s> Rose Razaghian : field of work : political scientists </s><s> Nolan McCarty : field of work : political scientist </s><s> National Security Team : appointed by : President </s><s> National Security Team : has cause : 9/11 Commission </s><s> National Security Team : creator : 9/11 Commission </s><s> sworn into office : participant : President </s><s> ratified : subclass of : treaties </s><s> President : part of : executive business of the Senate </s><s> markup : subclass of : hearing </s><s> Executive Calendar : instance of : calendar </s><s> markup : instance of : hearing </s><s> unanimous consent : subclass of : move </s><s> executive session : part of : Senate </s><s> majority leader : part of : Senate </s><s> filibuster : subclass of : extended debate </s><s> filibuster : uses : extended debate </s><s> filibuster : instance of : extended debate </s><s> President : facet of : separation-of-powers </s><s> government shutdown : number of participants : 9 </s><s> government shutdown : facet of : budget </s><s> motion to discharge : subclass of : nomination </s><s> 9/11 Commission's Recommendation : author : 9/11 Commission </s><s> Secretary of Defense : different from : Secretary of State </s><s> Committee of jurisdiction : subclass of : committee </s><s> Secretary of Defense : subclass of : Senate confirmation hearings </s><s> 1970 Legislative Reorganization Act : point in time : 1970 </s><s> Legislative Reorganization Act : point in time : 1970 </s><s> 1970 Legislative Reorganization Act : publication date : 1970 </s><s> Committee : part of : House </s><s> 9/11 Commission : has effect : 9/11 Commission's proposal </s><s> 9/11 Commission's proposal : part of : 9/11 Commission </s><s> filibuster : subclass of : delayed by a filibuster </s><s> Holds and filibusters : subclass of : filibuster </s><s> Holds and filibusters : subclass of : negative power </s><s> Hold and filibuster : subclass of : negative power </s><s> ratification : subclass of : passage of piece oflegislation </s><s> ratification : subclass of : ratification </s><s> ratification of a treaty : subclass of : passage of piece oflegislation </s><s> Christopher : field of work : Political scientist </s><s> Christopher H. Ornstein : field of work : Political scientist </s><s> Barbara Sinclair : field of work : political scientist </s><s> Barbara Sinclair has noted : field of work : political scientist </s><s> Barbara Sinclair : occupation : political scientist </s><s> filibuster : subclass of : unlimiteddebate </s><s> filibuster : facet of : unlimiteddebate </s><s> filibuster : uses : unlimiteddebate </s><s> cloture : use : end debate </s><s> cloture : part of : Senate </s><s> cloture : part of : procedure </s><s> Constitution : main subject : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : Senate </s><s> Constitution : country : our </s><s> Brannon P. Denning : field of work : Political scientist </s><s> Senate rules and procedures : instance of : raisond'etre </s><s> Brannon P. Denning : occupation : Political scientist </s><s> House : subclass of : parliamentary procedure </s><s> House : part of : parliamentary procedure </s><s> Senate : part of : parliamentary procedure </s><s> Senate : subclass of : parliamentary procedure </s><s> Trade Act of 1974 : point in time : 1974 </s><s> Defense Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990 : point in time : 1990 </s><s> Senate : instance of : full chamber </s><s> full chamber : has part : Senate </s><s> 9/11 Commission : notable work : 9/11Commission's recommendations </s><s> filibuster : subclass of : motion to do so </s><s> filibuster : subclass of : executive session </s><s> filibuster : uses : motion to do so </s><s> Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacyand Public Affairs : part of : Bush Administration </s><s> National Security Team : part of : Bush Administration </s><s> Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacyand Public Affairs : applies to jurisdiction : Bush Administration </s><s> National Security Team : has part : Secretary of Defense </s><s> National Security Team : has part : Secretary of State </s><s> National Security Team : has part : Attorney General </s><s> Secretary of Defense : part of : National Security Team </s><s> Secretary of State : part of : National Security Team </s><s> Attorney General : part of : National Security Team </s><s> up or down vote : subclass of : motion </s><s> National Security Team : founded by : 9/11 Commission </s><s> majority leader : part of : Senate as abody </s><s> Senate : office held by head of the organization : majority leader </s><s> unanimous consent agreement : opposite of : filibuster </s><s> unanimous consent agreement : different from : filibuster </s><s> filibuster : different from : unanimous consent agreement </s><s> cloture : part of : procedural </s><s> cloture : subclass of : procedural </s><s> specialconstitutional prerogatives : has part : Senate rules </s><s> cloture : opposite of : filibuster </s><s> filibuster : used by : invoke cloture </s><s> invoke cloture : uses : filibuster </s><s> filibuster : uses : invoke cloture </s><s> invoke cloture : used by : filibuster </s><s> Unanimous consent agreement : instance of : unanimous consentagreement </s><s> Unanimous consent agreement : subclass of : unanimous consentagreement </s><s> Unanimous consent agreement : different from : unanimous consentagreement </s><s> unanimous consentagreement : different from : Unanimous consent agreement </s><s> cloture : subclass of : rule </s><s> Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence : inception : 94th Congress </s><s> filibuster : subclass of : rule </s><s> executive branch : opposite of : legislative branches </s><s> legislative branches : opposite of : executive branch </s><s> public policy : subclass of : legislative policymaking </s><s> legislative policymaking : subclass of : public policy </s><s> public policy : part of : legislative policymaking </s><s> Roger Taney : position held : Secretary of the Treasury </s><s> Andrew Johnson : position held : President </s><s> separation of powers : facet of : Constitution </s><s> separation of powers : creator : framersof the Constitution </s><s> separation of powers : part of : Constitution </s><s> AbnerMikva : position held : Member of Congress </s><s> AbnerMikva : position held : judge </s><s> AbnerMikva : position held : Judge </s><s> Learned Hand : employer : Supreme Court </s><s> Learned Hand : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Learned Hand : member of : Supreme Court </s><s> President : part of : executive branch </s><s> executive branch : has part : President </s><s> extra-constitutional : part of : constitutional </s><s> extra-constitutional : subclass of : constitutional </s><s> executive : opposite of : legislativebranches </s><s> legislativebranches : opposite of : executive </s><s> branch : part of : executive </s><s> Burdett Loomis : field of work : Political scientist </s><s> Burdett Loomis : field of work : political scientist </s><s> Christopher J. Deering : field of work : Political scientist </s><s> Christopher J. Deering : field of work : political scientist </s><s> politics : studied by : Political scientist </s><s> policy-making : part of : politics </s><s> policy-making : facet of : politics </s><s> White House : part of : presidential administrations </s><s> White House aides : part of : presidential administrations </s><s> confirmation hearings : part of : appointment process </s><s> executive : instance of : branches ofgovernment </s><s> legislative : instance of : branches ofgovernment </s><s> legislative branch : instance of : branches ofgovernment </s><s> 9/11 Commission : chairperson : Arlen Specter </s><s> 9/11 Commission : participant : Arlen Specter </s><s> Bush Administration : follows : ClintonAdministration </s><s> Bill Frist : position held : Senate Majority Leader </s><s> Bill Frist : position held : President </s><s> cloture motion : legislated by : Senate </s><s> cloture motion : used by : majority ofthe chamber </s><s> majority ofthe chamber : uses : cloture motion </s><s> motion to proceed to consider a nomination : different from : motion to proceed to consider legislation </s><s> motion to proceed to consider legislation : different from : motion to proceed to consider a nomination </s><s> TwoSpeech Rule : different from : Two Speech Rule </s><s> Two Speech Rule : different from : TwoSpeech Rule </s><s> TwoSpeech Rule : instance of : procedure to limit debate </s><s> quorum call : subclass of : debate </s><s> Senate leaders : part of : Senate </s><s> quorum calls : subclass of : debate </s><s> time limit : facet of : presidential nomination </s><s> Executive business session : part of : Senate </s><s> Initial Appointments by President George W. Bush : part of : Table 1 </s><s> Initial Appointments by President George W. Bush to Top Positions at the Departments of Defense,Homeland Security, Justice, and State : part of : Table 1 </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : inception : 11/25/02 </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : inception : 12/02/02 </s><s> Homeland Security Act of 2002 : point in time : 11/25/02 </s><s> Inauguration Day : office contested : President </s><s> Inauguration Day : participant : President Bush </s><s> 901(a) : point in time : 12/02/02 </s><s> George W. Bush : position held : U.S. President </s><s> Departmentof Homeland Security : subsidiary : Office of the Deputy Secretary </s><s> Office of the Deputy Secretary : parent organization : Departmentof Homeland Security </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : subsidiary : Federal Emergency Management Agency </s><s> Federal Emergency Management Agency : parent organization : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Senate Rule XXXI : part of : Standing Rules of the Senate </s><s> Standing Rules of the Senate : has part : Senate Rule XXXI </s><s> John Gordon : employer : Office of Personnel Management </s><s> Stuart Eizenstat : employer : Office of Personnel Management </s><s> John M. Deutch : employer : Office of Personnel Management </s><s> Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for Community Management : inception : 10/11/96 </s><s> Deputy Director of Central Intelligence : subsidiary : Community Management </s><s> Community Management : parent organization : Deputy Director of Central Intelligence </s><s> Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for Community Management : parent organization : CIA </s><s> 105th Congress : start time : 01/27/98 </s><s> William J. Clinton : position held : President </s><s> 105th Congress : end time : 01/27/98 </s><s> Inauguration Day : point in time : 08/7/93 </s><s> Inauguration Day : point in time : 09/07/93 </s><s> William S. Sessions : significant event : Inauguration Day </s><s> Clinton : position held : President </s><s> John M. Wirth : position held : under secretaryof State for global affairs </s><s> John M. Wirth : position held : secretaryof State for global affairs </s><s> The Senate adjourn : point in time : 10/21/98 </s><s> The Senate adjourn : point in time : 10/11/96 </s><s> The Senate adjourn : end time : 10/21/98 </s>

On July 22, 2004, the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States,known as the 9/11 Commission, issued its final report, detailing the events up to and including theSeptember 11, 2001 terrorist attacks upon the United States. The report contained 41recommendations on ways to prevent future catastrophic assaults, including a series of proposalsdesigned to improve the presidential appointments process as it relates to the top national securityofficials at the beginning of a new administration. On October 6, the Senate passed legislation( S. 2845 ) to implement many of the changes recommended by the 9/11 Commission. The House on October 8 passed its version of the legislation ( H.R. 10 ). The Presidentsigned the final version of the bill on December 17, 2004 ( P.L. 108-458 ). Two other measuresdealing with the 9/11 Commission's recommendations ( S. 2774 and H.R. 5040 ) were introduced in early September. The 9/11 Commission recommended that the Senate adopt rules requiring hearings and votesto confirm or reject national security nominees within 30 days of their submission at the start of eachnew presidential administration. Implicit in the proposal is the assumption that there is a problemwith the process for nominating and confirming presidential appointees. Analysis of Senateconsideration of the initial nominations by Presidents William J. Clinton and George W. Bush to theposts covered by the recommendation shows that the commission's proposed timetable was not metin 14 of the 49 cases, suggesting this is an issue in a minority of cases. The Constitution gives the Senate a role in the presidential appointments process, but theparameters of that role have never been clearly defined. The current process is regulated by amixture of formal rules and informal customs, as well as by political interactions between thePresident and Senators. Implementing the commission's proposal would presumably requireinstituting procedures that guarantee committee consideration of each nomination, at least at ahearing, and a final vote on each by the full Senate. Changes of this kind would involve newrestrictions on both the power of committee chairs to control the agenda of their committees and therights of Senators to delay or block nominations through holds and extended debate. These changeswould likely also alter the relationship between the legislative and executive branches, weakeningthe negotiating posture of the Senate in relation to the President, particularly if they were to beextended to additional nominations. Procedures adequate to implement the commission's recommendation would resemble anexpedited procedure, such as those used in resolutions of approval and disapproval of executiveactions. Procedural changes of this kind could be achieved by amending the Standing Rules of theSenate, changing the Standing Orders of the Senate, passing a Constitutional Amendment enactingan expedited procedures statute, or reaching a unanimous consent agreement. This report will be updated as events warrant.

crs_R44939

crs_R44939_0

<s> electric grid : has part : transmission line </s><s> U.S. energy pipeline network : product or material produced : natural gas </s><s> electric grid : has part : transmission lines </s><s> cyber threats against energy infrastructure : subclass of : cyberattack </s><s> cyber threats against energy infrastructure : subclass of : cyber attack </s><s> power grid : subclass of : critical infrastructure </s><s> Department of Energy : subsidiary : Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability </s><s> Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> Energy and Natural Resources Act of 2017 : legislated by : 115 th Congress </s><s> Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2018 : legislated by : 115 th Congress </s><s> Defense, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Legislative Branch, and Energy and Water Development National Security Appropriations Act, 2018 : legislated by : 115 th Congress </s><s> Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability : parent organization : DOE </s><s> Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability : industry : energy sector </s><s> national laboratories : parent organization : DOE </s><s> DHS : country : United States </s><s> DHS : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Federal security officials : country : United States </s><s> cybersecurity : facet of : Cybersecurity </s><s> cybersecurity risks : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> terrorism : practiced by : terrorist organizations </s><s> terrorist organizations : field of this occupation : terrorism </s><s> Supervisory control and data acquisition : part of : Industrial Control System </s><s> Supervisory control and data acquisition : use : industrial control system </s><s> Supervisory control and data acquisition : subclass of : industrial control system </s><s> wireless communications : part of : Internet </s><s> satellite : subclass of : wireless communications </s><s> microwave : subclass of : wireless communications </s><s> computer network : subclass of : communications </s><s> Internet-based control system : subclass of : computer network </s><s> computer network : use : communications </s><s> vulnerabilities : has effect : cyberattack </s><s> vulnerabilities : use : cyberattack </s><s> malicious software : use : cyberattack </s><s> Trojan horse : subclass of : virus </s><s> worm : subclass of : virus </s><s> Trojan horse : subclass of : worm </s><s> CrashOverride : instance of : destructive malware </s><s> CrashOverride : instance of : malicious software </s><s> CrashOverride : instance of : harmful software (malware) </s><s> Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team : parent organization : DHS </s><s> DHS : subsidiary : Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team </s><s> Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team : part of : DHS </s><s> Stuxnet : instance of : computer worm </s><s> Stuxnet : subclass of : computer worm </s><s> Presidential Decision Directive 63 : author : Clinton Administration </s><s> Presidential Decision Directive 63 : publication date : 1998 </s><s> Presidential Decision Directive 63 : inception : 1998 </s><s> pipelines : part of : transportation </s><s> pipeline : part of : transportation </s><s> oil : subclass of : energy </s><s> vulnerability assessment : part of : risk management </s><s> vulnerability assessment : facet of : risk management </s><s> vulnerability assessment : subclass of : risk management </s><s> Electricity Modernization Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Natural Gas Act : has part : P.L.75-688 </s><s> Natural Gas Act : main subject : natural gas </s><s> P.L.75-688 : part of : Natural Gas Act </s><s> Presidential Policy Directive 21 : publication date : 2013 </s><s> Presidential Policy Directive 21 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> Presidential Policy Directive 21 : inception : 2013 </s><s> Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act : point in time : 2015 </s><s> Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act) : point in time : 2015 </s><s> Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Executive Order 13800 : inception : May 11, 2017 </s><s> Executive Order 13800 : publication date : May 11, 2017 </s><s> Executive Order 13800 : point in time : May 11, 2017 </s><s> FAST Act : instance of : legislation </s><s> DHS : parent organization : DOE </s><s> FAST Act directive : instance of : presidential directive </s><s> National Plan for Information Systems Protection : inception : 2000 </s><s> National Plan for Information Systems Protection : publication date : 2000 </s><s> energy delivery cybersecurity program : inception : 2000 </s><s> National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace : point in time : 2003 </s><s> National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace : publication date : 2003 </s><s> National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace : inception : 2003 </s><s> Roadmap to Secure Control Systems in the Energy Sector : publication date : 2006 </s><s> Roadmap to Secure Control Systems in the Energy Sector : inception : 2006 </s><s> Roadmap to Secure Control Systems in the Energy Sector : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Roadmap to Achieve Energy Delivery Systems Cybersecurity : publication date : 2011 </s><s> 2006 Roadmap : point in time : 2006 </s><s> 2006 report : point in time : 2006 </s><s> 2006 report : publication date : 2006 </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : energy </s><s> pipelines : part of : oil and natural gas </s><s> pipelines : part of : oil and natural gas sector </s><s> pipelines : product or material produced : oil </s><s> critical infrastructure : subclass of : infrastructure </s><s> nuclear power : subclass of : electric power </s><s> nuclear power : different from : nuclear power facilities </s><s> nuclear power facilities : different from : nuclear power </s><s> National Infrastructure Protection Plan : main subject : energy sector </s><s> National Infrastructure Protection Plan : author : Energy Government Coordinating Council </s><s> National Infrastructure Protection Plan : creator : Energy Government Coordinating Council </s><s> National Institute of Standards and Technology : field of work : cybersecurity </s><s> Transportation Security Administration : instance of : federal agencies </s><s> Cybersecurity Framework : developer : National Institute of Standards and Technology </s><s> North American Electric Reliability Corporation : member of : Electric Reliability Organization </s><s> North American Electric Reliability Corporation : instance of : ERO </s><s> North American Electric Reliability Corporation : instance of : Electric Reliability Organization </s><s> terror attacks of September 11, 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> terror attacks : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> terrorism : has part : September 11, 2001 </s><s> September 11, 2001 : has effect : terrorism </s><s> September 11, 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> Transportation Security Administration : inception : 2001 </s><s> Transportation Security Administration : parent organization : Homeland Security Act of 2002 </s><s> Homeland Security Act of 2002 : subsidiary : Transportation Security Administration </s><s> Homeland Security Act of 2002 : point in time : 2002 </s><s> Department of Transportation : country : United States </s><s> Department of Transportation : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> natural gas : country : United States </s><s> Department of Transportation : subsidiary : Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration </s><s> Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration : parent organization : Department of Transportation </s><s> Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability : parent organization : Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Energy </s><s> Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Energy : subsidiary : Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability </s><s> Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability : part of : Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Energy </s><s> Roadmap to Achieve Energy Delivery Systems Cybersecurity : inception : 2011 </s><s> Roadmap to Achieve Energy Delivery Systems Cybersecurity : point in time : 2011 </s><s> cybersecurity preparedness : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> detect risks : subclass of : risk analysis </s><s> cyber incident response and recovery : subclass of : cybersecurity preparedness </s><s> Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center : instance of : public-private partnership </s><s> Cybersecurity Risk Information Sharing Program : operator : Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center </s><s> natural gas : instance of : energy sector </s><s> oil and natural gas sector : instance of : energy sector </s><s> oil : instance of : energy sector </s><s> C2M2 : publication date : 2012 </s><s> NIST Cybersecurity Framework : part of : NIST Framework </s><s> C2M2 model : publication date : 2012 </s><s> Federal Bureau of Investigation : parent organization : federal government </s><s> Presidential Policy Directive 41 : main subject : cyber incident </s><s> federal government : subsidiary : Federal Bureau of Investigation </s><s> National Security Council : has part : Intelligence Community </s><s> National Security Council : subsidiary : Intelligence Community </s><s> National Response Framework : author : National Security Council </s><s> National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center : parent organization : DHS </s><s> National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center : parent organization : DHS's </s><s> National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC) : parent organization : DHS </s><s> 9/11 Commission Act of 2001 : point in time : 2001 </s><s> 9/11 Commission Act : point in time : 2001 </s><s> Act of 2001 : main subject : 9/11 Commission </s><s> research, development, and demonstration : subclass of : research </s><s> research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) : subclass of : research </s><s> research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) program : subclass of : research </s><s> Idaho National Laboratory : instance of : national laboratories </s><s> Sandia National Laboratories : instance of : national laboratories </s><s> National SCADA Test Bed : operator : Idaho National Laboratory </s><s> DHS : subsidiary : Science and Technology </s><s> Science and Technology : parent organization : DHS </s><s> cyber security : studies : cyber threats </s><s> cyber threats : studied by : cyber security </s><s> hardware : used by : software </s><s> Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power Grid : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power Grid : field of work : cybersecurity </s><s> cybersecurity : subclass of : cyber </s><s> cybersecurity : facet of : cyber </s><s> smart grid : facet of : electric power </s><s> Energy SSA : parent organization : DOE </s><s> Energy SSA : part of : DOE </s><s> Safe Active Scanning for Energy Delivery Systems : developer : Energy SSA </s><s> San Diego Gas & Electric : instance of : utility </s><s> San Diego Gas & Electric : instance of : utility company </s><s> oil and gas : has part : pipelines </s><s> cybersecurity : instance of : agencies </s><s> FERC : subsidiary : TSA </s><s> TSA : parent organization : FERC </s><s> Grid Ex III : organizer : North American Electric Reliability Corporation </s><s> Grid Ex III : participant : North American Electric Reliability Corporation </s><s> Grid Ex III : operator : North American Electric Reliability Corporation </s><s> 2010 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report : point in time : 2010 </s><s> 2010 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report : publication date : 2010 </s><s> DHS : field of work : cybersecurity </s><s> NSTB : subsidiary : NSTB </s><s> NSTB : parent organization : NSTB </s><s> NSTB : part of : NSTB </s><s> Defense, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Legislative Branch, and Energy and Water Development National Security Appropriations Act, 2018 : point in time : July 27, 2017 </s><s> Defense, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Legislative Branch, and Energy and Water Development National Security Appropriations Act, 2018 : publication date : July 27, 2017 </s><s> Defense, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Legislative Branch, and Energy and Water Development National Security Appropriations Act, 2018 : point in time : 2018 </s><s> Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2018 : legislated by : Senate </s><s> Energy and Natural Resources Act of 2017 : point in time : 2017 </s><s> Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2018 : instance of : Senate bill </s><s> cyber vulnerabilities : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> cyber vulnerabilities : facet of : security </s><s> critical infrastructure : subclass of : energy infrastructure </s><s> Electricity Sector Information Sharing and Analysis Center : parent organization : DOE </s><s> Electricity Sector Information Sharing and Analysis Center : part of : DOE </s><s> Electricity Sector Information Sharing and Analysis Center : industry : energy sector </s><s> cybersecurity threats to energy infrastructure : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> Security Planning and Emergency Preparedness Act of 2017 : instance of : H.R. 3050 </s><s> cybersecurity threats to energy infrastructure : subclass of : cybersecurity </s><s> Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems : parent organization : OE </s><s> Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems : part of : OE </s><s> cybersecurity : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> cybersecurity : studied by : cybersecurity </s><s> cybersecurity budget : subclass of : appropriations bill </s><s> cyber : subclass of : physical attacks </s><s> physical attacks : subclass of : cyber </s><s> Comptroller General : different from : Inspector General </s><s> Comptroller General : instance of : agency </s><s> Comptroller General : different from : IG </s><s> Quadrennial Energy Review : publisher : DOE </s><s> Quadrennial Energy Review : publisher : DOE's </s><s> Quadrennial Energy Review (QER) : publisher : DOE </s><s> Executive Order 13636 : author : DHS </s><s> cybersecurity protection : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> Executive Order 13636 : main subject : DHS </s><s> cyberattack : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> natural gas : different from : electric </s><s> cybersecurity : has cause : cyberattack </s><s> DHS : subsidiary : TSA </s><s> TSA : parent organization : DHS </s><s> pipelines : subclass of : energy infrastructure </s><s> oil : different from : natural gas </s><s> electricity : instance of : energy infrastructure </s><s> oil : instance of : energy infrastructure </s><s> natural gas : instance of : energy infrastructure </s>

While physical threats to the U.S. power grid and pipelines have long worried policymakers, cyber threats to the computer systems that operate this critical infrastructure are an increasing concern. Cybersecurity risks against the power and pipeline sectors are similar, as both use similar control systems, and there appears to be a broad consensus that cyber threats to this infrastructure are on the rise. Furthermore, with ever-greater physical interdependency between electricity generators and the natural gas pipelines that supply their fuel, many in Congress recognize that grid and pipeline cybersecurity are intertwined. In 2015, the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (the FAST Act) provided the Secretary of Energy with new authority to protect or restore the power grid during a grid security emergency, including a cyber incident. Congress is considering additional legislation to fund and expand the Department of Energy's cybersecurity programs. The Department of Energy (DOE) is the lead agency for the protection of electric power, oil, and natural gas infrastructure—cooperating with the Department of Homeland Security, the lead agency for pipelines. DOE's cybersecurity activities are led by its Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) and structured around three areas: (1) cybersecurity preparedness, (2) cyber incident response and recovery, and (3) research, development, and demonstration. Although nominally applicable to energy delivery systems across the electric power, oil and natural gas, and pipeline sectors, OE's cybersecurity activities to date appear to have been focused primarily on the grid. Publicly available examples of DOE-supported activities specifically focused on pipeline cybersecurity are limited. Rather, pipeline cybersecurity efforts appear to be included as part of broader national cybersecurity efforts. Several bills potentially affecting DOE's cybersecurity activities for power grid and pipeline infrastructure have been introduced in the 115th Congress. These include the Defense, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Legislative Branch, and Energy and Water Development National Security Appropriations Act, 2018 (H.R. 3219) and the Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2018 (S. 1609), both of which would modestly increase funding for OE in FY2018. The Energy and Natural Resources Act of 2017 (S. 1460) would establish and fund a DOE program for energy sector cybersecurity research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) to be carried out for advanced applications to identify and mitigate cyber vulnerabilities. The Enhancing State Energy Security Planning and Emergency Preparedness Act of 2017 (H.R. 3050) would authorize DOE to provide financial and technical assistance to states for assessing cybersecurity threats to energy infrastructure. As federal cybersecurity oversight and legislative debate continue, Congress may focus on several key issues. Given the ever-changing cybersecurity environment in the energy sector, Congress may continue to examine OE's cybersecurity resources to ensure that they are adequate and being deployed appropriately to address the most important energy delivery risks. Congress may also seek a more-informed basis for considering whether to adjust the provisions of the FAST Act or clarify the authorizations it contains. How OE's programs and expertise could best be used to inform analysis of electric power and natural gas infrastructure interdependency from a cybersecurity perspective may also be of interest to Congress. Finally, Congress may examine how OE's cybersecurity activities fit in, and coordinate with, the other various roles in energy cybersecurity for electricity, oil and natural gas pipelines. In particular, Congress may examine how OE's RD&D programs and work with the National Labs in electric power sector cybersecurity supports federal and private sector efforts in pipeline cybersecurity.

crs_RL34269

crs_RL34269_0

<s> Federal Communications Commission : parent organization : U.S. Congress </s><s> diversity of viewpoint : facet of : Diversity of viewpoint </s><s> diversity of viewpoint : facet of : diversity of broadcast station ownership </s><s> broadcast : subclass of : telecommunications </s><s> Notice of Proposed Rulemaking : legislated by : FCC </s><s> Notice of Proposed Rulemaking : author : FCC </s><s> §1071 : part of : Internal Revenue Code </s><s> §1071 : part of : Internal Revenue Code (IRC) </s><s> 1978 : point in time : 1978 </s><s> 1995 : point in time : 1995 </s><s> Aleut : subclass of : American Indian </s><s> American Eskimo : subclass of : American Indian </s><s> Aleut : subclass of : Asiatic American </s><s> IRC : legislated by : Congress </s><s> IRC §1071 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> IRC §1071 : legislated by : FCC </s><s> Adarand Construction v. Peña : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Second Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking : publication date : August 1, 2007 </s><s> Adarand Construction v. Peña : applies to jurisdiction : Supreme Court </s><s> Small Business Administration : field of work : small business </s><s> new rules : publication date : December 18, 2007 </s><s> Socially Disadvantaged Businesses : subclass of : small business </s><s> Fourth Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking : point in time : May of 2009 </s><s> Fourth Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking : publication date : May of 2009 </s><s> Fourth : subclass of : Notice of Proposed Rulemaking </s><s> Adarand : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : has part : Fifth </s><s> Fourteenth Amendments : has part : Fifth </s><s> discrimination based on race : subclass of : discrimination </s><s> marketplace of ideas : has part : viewpoint diversity </s><s> marketplace of ideas : has part : viewpoints </s><s> Metro Broadcasting v. FCC : court : Supreme Court </s><s> intermediate scrutiny : opposite of : strict scrutiny </s><s> Metro Broadcasting v. FCC : main subject : intermediate scrutiny </s><s> electromagnetic spectrum : instance of : spectrum </s><s> electromagnetic spectrum : instance of : scarce </s><s> electromagnetic spectrum : instance of : scarcity </s><s> First Amendment : main subject : Congress </s><s> First Amendment : has part : diversity of viewpoints on the broadcast airwaves </s><s> First Amendment : has part : diversity of viewpoints </s><s> Adarand : main subject : strict scrutiny </s><s> Adarand : court : Court </s><s> Grutter v. Bollinger : main subject : Grutter </s><s> Grutter v. Bollinger : has effect : Grutter </s><s> Grutter : has effect : Grutter v. Bollinger </s><s> Regents of University of California v. Bakke : main subject : First Amendment </s><s> Regents of University of California v. Bakke : facet of : First Amendment </s><s> strict scrutiny : facet of : compelling interest </s><s> student body diversity : instance of : educational benefits </s><s> student body diversity : has effect : educational benefits </s><s> student body diversity : instance of : educational benefits that diversity provided </s><s> freedom of speech : has part : First Amendment </s><s> First Amendment : has part : freedom of speech </s><s> freedom of speech : part of : First Amendment </s><s> Metro Broadcasting : court : Supreme Court </s><s> race : different from : ethnic background </s><s> ethnic background : different from : race </s><s> Metro Broadcasting : instance of : ownership </s><s> underrepresented in broadcast viewpoint : facet of : diversity of broadcast viewpoint </s><s> underrepresented in broadcast viewpoint : subclass of : diversity of broadcast viewpoint </s><s> diversity of viewpoint : facet of : viewpoint </s><s> ownership policies : facet of : broadcast property </s><s> diversity of viewpoint : subclass of : viewpoint </s><s> diversity among broadcast property owners : facet of : diversity </s><s> diversity among broadcast property owners : facet of : diversity of broadcast programming </s><s> deference accorded to Congress's fact finding : facet of : Congress </s><s> Grutter : court : Court </s><s> Grutter : court : Supreme Court of the United States </s><s> Grutter : court : Supreme Court of Canada </s><s> higher education cases : has part : dissent in Metro Broadcasting </s><s> dissent in Metro Broadcasting : part of : higher education cases </s><s> struck down : court : Supreme Court </s><s> struck down by the Supreme Court : main subject : school admissions policy </s><s> minorities : instance of : racial group </s><s> Grutter : main subject : Equal Protection Clause </s><s> Grutter : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Grutter : facet of : Equal Protection Clause </s><s> student body diversity : facet of : diversity </s><s> student body diversity : subclass of : diversity </s><s> diversity of broadcast ownership : facet of : constitutional concerns </s><s> Grutter : main subject : admissions preferences </s><s> Grutter : main subject : admissions preference </s><s> Grutter : has effect : admissions preferences </s>

Amidst growing media ownership consolidation and a significant decline in minority ownership of telecommunications businesses, there has been renewed interest in programs that foster diversity among telecommunications business owners. One potential avenue under consideration is to revive, in revised fashion, a tax program that would allow current owners who sell their broadcast properties to eligible purchasers to defer taxes on gains from the sale. That program had been available for sales to minority-owned firms, defined as socially and economically disadvantaged businesses (SDBs). It was abolished by Congress in 1995 amidst allegations of abuse. In that same year, the Supreme Court held that all government race-based classifications must meet the most exacting standard of review applied by the Court, meaning that all racial classifications must be narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling government interest. To the extent that legislation or FCC programs seek to increase racial and ethnic minority ownership of broadcast stations, they are likely to be subjected to intense scrutiny if challenged in court. The analysis that may be conducted is discussed in detail in this report.

crs_R40498

crs_R40498_0

<s> Fannie Mae : instance of : government sponsored entities </s><s> Freddie Mac : instance of : government sponsored entities </s><s> Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation : instance of : government sponsored entities </s><s> Securities Act of 1933 : point in time : 1933 </s><s> Securities Exchange Act of 1934 : point in time : 1934 </s><s> Securities Act of 1933 : main subject : Securities and Exchange Commission </s><s> Securities Exchange Act of 1934 : main subject : Securities and Exchange Commission </s><s> Exchange Act of 1934 : point in time : 1934 </s><s> Securities Act : main subject : Securities and Exchange Commission </s><s> Exchange Act of 1934 : instance of : Securities Act </s><s> prospectus : use : offer to sell </s><s> prospectus : part of : Securities Act </s><s> prospectus : part of : offer to sell </s><s> prospectuses : subclass of : registration statements </s><s> prospectuses : subclass of : registration statement </s><s> prospectus : subclass of : registration statement </s><s> MBS : subclass of : securities </s><s> private label MBS : subclass of : securities </s><s> Form S-1 : instance of : registration statement </s><s> Section 15(d) : part of : Exchange Act </s><s> MBS registration statement : subclass of : registration </s><s> Section 12(b) : part of : Exchange Act </s><s> MBS : subclass of : non-convertible security </s><s> non-convertible security : subclass of : MBS </s><s> non-convertible security : subclass of : securities </s><s> Form S- : use : registration </s><s> Form S- : subclass of : registration </s><s> Form S- : instance of : registration </s><s> Shelf-registration : subclass of : registration statement </s><s> Form S-1 : subclass of : registration statement </s><s> Mortgage related securities : subclass of : securities </s><s> Mortgage related securities : subclass of : MBS </s><s> registration statement : authority : SEC </s><s> registration statement : author : SEC </s><s> post-effective amendment : subclass of : registration statement </s><s> securitized pool : subclass of : asset-backed securities </s><s> MBS : subclass of : asset-backed securities </s><s> securitized : subclass of : securities </s><s> asset-backed securities : subclass of : securities </s><s> credit enhancement : subclass of : asset-backed securities </s><s> credit enhancement : facet of : asset-backed securities </s><s> private placement offerings : opposite of : public offering </s><s> Regulation D : part of : Rules 501 </s><s> Rule 504 : legislated by : SEC </s><s> Regulation D : part of : SEC </s><s> Regulation D : legislated by : SEC </s><s> Rule 502 : instance of : exemption from registration </s><s> Rule 502 : instance of : exemption from registration for MBSs </s><s> Rule 502 : subclass of : registration </s><s> Rule 502 : part of : Securities Act </s><s> risks : subclass of : merits </s><s> Section 4(6) of the Securities Act : part of : Securities Act </s><s> Securities Act : has part : Section 4(6) of the Securities Act </s><s> Regulation D : part of : Securities Act </s><s> Regulation D : participant : Commission of the sale </s><s> Regulation D : has part : Commission of the sale </s><s> Rule 144A : instance of : QIBs </s><s> Rule 144A : instance of : QIB </s><s> Rule 144A : subclass of : QIBs </s><s> private right of action : subclass of : causes of action </s><s> Private Rights of Action Under the Securities Act : part of : Securities Act </s><s> effective registration statement : facet of : registration </s><s> effective registration statement : use : registration </s><s> effective registration statement : main subject : registration </s><s> Section 11 : facet of : lawsuits </s><s> Section 11 of the Section 11 of the MBSs : facet of : lawsuits </s><s> Section 11 of the Section 11 of the MBSs : main subject : MBS </s><s> underwriting standards : part of : offering documents </s><s> underwriting standards : facet of : offering documents </s><s> underwriting : part of : offering documents </s><s> Section 11 : main subject : liability </s><s> accounting : has part : auditing </s><s> auditing : part of : accounting </s><s> due diligence defense : facet of : due diligence </s><s> due diligence defense : uses : due investigation </s><s> due diligence defense : has part : due investigation </s><s> Section 12 : main subject : Civil Liability Arising in Connection with Prospectuses and Communications </s><s> Section 12 : facet of : Civil Liability Arising in Connection with Prospectuses and Communications </s><s> Section 12 Civil Liability Arising in Connection with Prospectuses and Communications : facet of : MBS </s><s> prospectus : facet of : selling securities </s><s> prospectus : main subject : selling securities </s><s> prospectus : part of : offering </s><s> public offerings : opposite of : private placements </s><s> public offering : opposite of : private placements </s><s> public offering : different from : private placements </s><s> private placements : different from : public offerings </s><s> stock ownership : subclass of : arrangement </s><s> stock ownership : instance of : arrangement </s><s> Stock ownership : subclass of : arrangement </s><s> Issuer : field of this occupation : offering </s><s> offering : practiced by : Issuer </s><s> Issuer : product or material produced : MBS </s><s> offer or sale : product or material produced : securities </s><s> Rule 10b- : part of : Securities Act </s><s> Rule 10b- : instance of : private right of action </s>

Mortgage-backed securities that are packaged and issued by private industry participants are required to comply with the Securities Act of 1933. Issuers of so-called private label mortgage-backed securities must either register these securities pursuant to the rules the Securities and Exchange Commission has set forth, or obtain an exemption from registration. Failure to register or fall under an exemption could result in liability for the issuer and other parties involved in the offering. Furthermore, material misstatements or omissions in the offering materials may also result in liability under the Securities Act. This report will provide an overview of the Securities Act of 1933 as it may be applied to mortgage-backed securities issued by private industry participants.