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As hydronyms are generally ancient, the names of rivers (Salatsi, Latv.

Salaca; Koiva, Latv.

Gauja; Väina, Latv.

Daugava) proved to be the most interesting.

First, their distribution area is concrete and expressive: The Salatsi is known in South-West Estonia, the Väina in South-East Estonia.

The Koiva is like a connecting link, as it appears as the parallel word of both the Salatsi and the Väina.

The names of these three rivers have been used in clearly mythical songs where they denote dangerous places connected with the otherworld.

Abstract.

Aldur Vunk: The relationship between the Enlightenment and the survival of the Livonian language in Salaca Parish.

Abstract.

Patrick O’Rourke: Livonian social networks and language shift.

This article presents a study of Livonian social networks in the beginning of the 20th century during a time of language shift.

The study focuses on the Livonian villages of Vaid and Sīkrõg and social factors relevant to the mapping of the social network are taken from Edgar Vaalgamaa’s survey in 1935–1937.

The results indicate that generational differences played a more important role than centrality in the social network in determining Latvian influence.

Abstract.

Uldis Balodis: Non-modal phonation associated with stød vowels in Livonian.

Spectral tilt is the degree to which intensity decreases as frequency increases (Gordon and Ladefoged 2001).

Earlier researchers (e.g., Vihman 1971) have noted that stød vowels tend to be laryngealised, therefore, creaky voice is a likely candidate for non-modal phonation associated with stød.

The method in this study is based on that used by Esposito (2004) in her similar study of Santa Ana del Valle Zapotec.

The study used data from archival recordings of Pētõr Damberg, a speaker of the East Dialect of Courland Livonian from the village of Sīkrõg, and focused on measurement of CVV syllables containing either [ǭ] or [ō] (IPA: [o̞ː] and [oː]).

Abstract.

Tuuli Tuisk: Observations on affricates in Livonian.

The aim of the current article is to observe affricates in Livonian.

Studies on the Finnic languages have described affricates in South Estonian, Veps, Votic, and Karelian, while Livonian affricates are poorly studied.

The phonetic data used in this article show that the voiceless alveolar affricate /ts/ [͡ts], voiceless palatal alveolar affricate / tš/ [͡tʃ], and their voiced counterparts /dz/ [d͡ z] and /dž/ [d͡ ʒ] are found in the Livonian phonological system.

Also, the occurrence of a palatalised /ḑš/ [d͡ jʃ] was detected.

The words containing affricates are primarily Latvian loanwords as well as descriptive and onomatopoeic words.

For instance, the duration of affricates is quite short, being sometimes even shorter than that of single fricatives.

The transition from the stop to the following fricative in Livonian affricates is not as sharp as in the case of similar consonant clusters.

Also, the existence of the broken tone or stød must not be ignored in Livonian, as it can cause changes in the location of the syllable boundary.

Abstract.

Miina Norvik, Helle Metslang, Karl Pajusalu: The supine inessive construction in Salaca Livonian.

The supine inessive form in Salaca Livonian appears in a copular construction or as a sole predicate, and is usually associated with progressive and futurate readings.

The linguistic data analysed in this study consist of example sentences in Salaca Livonian that are provided with Latvian, German, and/or Swedish translations.

The data originate from the 19th century when Livonian was still spoken by Livonian-Latvian bilingual speakers in the northern part of Latvia.

The study takes a functional-typological and usage-based approach.

We suggest that the usages of the supine inessive form reveal both language-internal development as well as instances of contact-induced development, more precisely reanalysis of Latvian forms with a similar function and/or form.

Abstract.

Marili Tomingas: Demonstrative proadjectives in Livonian – morphosyntactic use and semantic functions.

en

Have the strength to flow, sun,

Here, where even the water flows!

Clear up, clear up1, dear sun,

Like a white goose egg!

But this is not a goose egg,

This is the dear sun.

My bast2 shoes are worn out,

The end of my loaf of bread3 is finished.

Clear up, clear up, dear sun,

Like a white goose egg!

But this is not a goose egg,

This is the dear sun.

Our fathers and mothers cited songs and sang them.

When they left for the past,

they took the songs with them.

The few ones survived,

sounded quietly and rarely.

You brought them into the world,

waking them up from asleep.

Sound, you songs, from Riga to Koenigsberg!

Sound, you songs, from Riga to Koenigsberg!

Sound on the Livonian coast, sound across the sea in Saaremaa!

across the sea in Saaremaa!

Never go out like a bonfire

Never go out like a bonfire

Or lost is the warm thin the fight with the frost.

Our fathers and mothers cited songs and sang them.

Songs, never fade away!

Now it's frozen, now it's frozen,

Now it's quite frozen.

Now the sea is frozen over all the way to the bottom,

Now the sea is frozen over all the way to the bottom.

One father

Has nine sons

All of the them

Are craftsmen.

Three were drummers,

Three were playing flutes,

Three were pulling the net

Along the edge of the sea.

Morning

Snow

Wind

Earth

Mountain

Sun

Ocean

Star

Moon

Eye

Water

Stone

Mother

en

Best wishes to our dear colleague, researcher of Estonian, Latvian and also Livonian language contacts Lembit Vaba on the occasion of receiving the Latvian and Estonian Ministries of foreign affairs Language prize!

Greetings to the president elect of the Republic of Estonia Alar Karis – former rector of the University of Tartu, who being the director of the Estonian National museum is also a keeper of the Livonian heritage!

Laimonis Rudzitis – descendant of Riga Livonians – 115!

Monthly item – Livonian Summer University and the Lāži Oak

The tradition of the Livonian Summer University since the beginning in 2013 has been a photograph of its participants at the famous Lāžu Oak on the Livonian Coast.

From July 30 to August 8, 2021, the third Livonian Summer University took place in Košrags, organized by the UL Livonian Institute in cooperation with the University of Tartu.