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One of the most common research mistakes that family historians make when building their tree (especially for the first time) is also one of the most limiting and potentially detrimental. We like to call it the Direct-Line Mistake, and its influence on your research outcomes is pretty huge.
The direct-line mistake can be defined as the act of researching and adding to your tree only those people who you descend from directly (ie grandparents, great-grandparents etc and nobody else). Family historians do it to save time, to keep the size of their tree more manageable, and to stay focused on specific research goals.
On the surface, this kind of research makes some sense…focus your efforts on the people who matter most to you and you will be able to move back through the generations much more quickly. Sounds good, right?
Unfortunately, it’s not that simple.
What some researchers fail to see is that limiting yourself to only direct ancestors in your tree is equivalent to reading only 1 out of every 10 pages in a history book. Not only are you missing out on a huge amount of information, but the data you do collect can easily be taken out of context.
If you want to develop a full picture of your ancestors’ lives, and ensure (to the best of your ability) that the picture is accurate, then you need more than just the records and facts surrounding your direct lines.
Researching a Wider Circle of People in Your Tree Means:
1. You will inevitably end up discovering more facts and records about your grandparents: when we take the time to research the lives of their close relations we discover details and documents that we may have previously overlooked.
2. You will be able to break down brick walls more easily: if you’re stuck trying to go back another generation, or are unable to find an important fact, researching close relatives may give you the break you need. For every relative you research your chances of locating this information increases dramatically. For more help with using this proven strategy and others to break down brick walls in your family tree, please see our online genealogy course.
3. You will develop a deeper story about your family: family history research is more than just a collection of names and dates. When we take the time to research our ancestors’ family members we begin to form a more detailed picture of their lives — one that can help us understand our ancestors’ struggles, triumphs, relationships, commitments and goals.
4. You will be able to differentiate one person from another: There is no better way to ensure that the ancestors you are adding to your tree are, in fact,, the correct ancestors than by making sure that their siblings, children or neighbors match up correctly. When we do not have this information available to us it is much, much easier to make big mistakes.
In addition to your grandparents, you should also be researching and including the following individual:
- Their biological, adoptive and half siblings (in detail)
- Their adoptive, step or foster parents (in detail)
- Their siblings’ spouses (basic)
- Their siblings’ children (basic)
- Additional spouses of your grandparents (in detail)
- Their children from any marriage (in detail). Of course, the siblings of one grandparent are the children of another — but looking at this relationship more than one way helps us see the importance.
- Neighbors (basic). Look especially for neighbors that lived next door for a long time. These people may be your key to breaking down a brick wall in the future (or finding your relatives in a future census when names were misspelled)
- People who lived with your grandparents. Long term boarders, friends, distant relatives, servants. (basic)
- Other individuals who you see popping up in your records often.
We’ve marked those people whose details are usually the most beneficial, but each case is unique. You may find that your grandparents’ neighbors were deeply involved in their lives and that time spent researching them is the most beneficial. Obviously, most of us do not have the time to research every connected person in detail, but even adding some basic information to your tree can be very helpful.
How far you want to go is up to you but, the larger your circle, the greater the chance you have of creating an exciting picture of the past filled with depth and accuracy.
We suggest that you start by going through your tree and adding the siblings of your ancestors. Try to fill out birth, marriage and death information – this is often where you will strike gold when it comes to locating missing information in your tree. If you do not care to add them to your main tree you can create a copy for this purpose – or simply add them to your notes.
If the job feels overwhelming, choose an area of your tree that you have been struggling with and start there, or take out an hour or two each week to add the siblings for one person. Take it slow if you need to, but do it if you can. Who knows what you might discover!
Other Articles You Might Enjoy:
- Another Person’s Family Tree is Not a Valid Source
- Are You Sure They’re Your Ancestors? This Genealogy Blunder is More Common Than Ever
- The 13 Reasons You Can’t Break Down Your Brick Walls
By Melanie Mayo-Laakso, Family History Daily Editor |
Flow measurement is a fundamental and crucial control parameter in many industries. Some critical processes require an accurate quantity of water to ensure the quality of output, hence such industries need to monitor flows and keep them within safe limits. Further, with depleting water resources, it is also essential to keep a track of water consumption. To ensure the above conditions, industries need to install flow meters to accurately measure the water flow. Flowmeters can also assist in other applications such as storage management, plant-wide process management, leak detection, and estimation, pump and pump-efficiency management, etc. Precise measurements in the industry are vital in conserving water that fulfills the goals of sustainable development. Sustainable development is a path that can be continued indefinitely due to its social, economic, and environmental benefits. Economically feasible is the summit of the pyramid since it is vital in an industrial setting. Sustainable development in an industry works only if the company can still make a profit.
Having different types of flowmeters available in the market, before installing a water flow meter into a pipe, it is essential to understand the differences between these flowmeters and the benefits they provide. Based on the physical quantities of volume and mass, flow meters used in closed conduit flow are classified as volumetric flow meters and mass flowmeters. Volumetric flow meters are used to determine the volume of fluid flowing through a conduit at a specific point in time. Some examples include Electromagnetic flowmeters, Ultrasonic flowmeters, Turbine flow meters, vortex flow meters, and Positive displacement meters. Mass flow meters, on the other hand, calculate the rate of fluid mass flow through a conduit per unit of time. A Coriolis mass flowmeter and a Thermal mass flowmeter are two examples. The mentioned flowmeters, performance efficiency, and maintenance cost depend on the adoption of invasive and intrusive technology.
Electromagnetic flowmeters are sometimes known as magnetic flowmeters. It is based on Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction. According to Faraday's Law, when a liquid flows through a magnetic field, it generates voltage. As the fluid flows faster, more voltage is generated. The voltage generated is proportional to the movement of the water, and electronics transform the voltage signal into the volumetric flow rate. Magnetic flowmeters use a magnetic field to measure the speed of a fluid passing through a conduit to determine the volumetric flow.
Electromagnetic flow meters are nonintrusive because they do not obstruct the flow path and have no moving parts. Bidirectional flow can be measured using electromagnetics. Because of the wide range of lining materials available, the meter can be used for virtually any liquid, including corrosive fluids. The liner provides insulation as well as corrosion and abrasion protection. Electromagnetic flow meters are used in slurry applications due to the abrasion resistance of the liner. Density and viscosity do not affect the electromagnetic flow meter.
Electromagnetic flow meters are relatively heavy, particularly in larger sizes. Electromagnetic flow meters are a little pricey. To avoid the problem of entrapped air in horizontal installations, the electrodes should be located on the horizontal diameter at the point of greatest induction. It is not suitable for very low fluid velocity because accuracy suffers as a result. Electromagnetic flow meters have limitations in their use for fluids with magnetic properties (liquid with suspended metal).
Electromagnetic flow meters are ideal for practically any liquid with low conductivity. Except for gases and petroleum chemicals with limited electrical conductivity, they are acceptable for practically all industrial fluids. They're widely utilized in pulp and paper mills, wastewater treatment plants, and non-Newtonian fluid flow measurements. Electromagnetic flow meters cannot work on pure water because there are no ions to measure.
Vortex flowmeters work on the vortex shedding concept, which states that when a fluid, such as water, flows through a bluff (rather than a streamlined) body, oscillating vortexes form. The frequency at which vortexes are shed is determined by the body's size and shape.
Vortex flow meters have several characteristics that set them apart from other fluid flow measurement meters. Flow measurement of liquids, steam, and gases with high accuracy; Flow measurement of conductive and nonconductive fluids is possible. There are no moving parts, so there is less wear.
High-viscosity fluids are incompatible with vortex and swirl meters. Vortex/swirl meters cannot measure zero flow. Not suitable for batch processing or many other types of control applications; Not suitable for low-density fluid at low velocity. Only in a Reynolds number band is operation possible (for swirl meters this band is wider on the lower side).
These meters are used in almost every major industry. Utility/power plants, chemical plants, oil and gas, and pharmaceuticals are just a few examples.
An ultrasonic flow meter is a meter that uses ultrasound to assess liquid velocity to calculate the amount of liquid flow. An ultrasonic flow meter can be built by combining upstream and downstream transducers, a sensor pipe, and a reflector. The ultrasonic flow meter works by using sound waves to determine the velocity of a liquid within a pipe. Radar, Doppler velocity, ultrasonic clamp-on, and ultrasonic level ultrasonic flow meters are all available on the market.
Doppler velocity type meters use reproduced ultrasonic noise to calculate the liquid’s velocity. Radar meters use microwave technology to broadcast tiny pulses that reflect off a moving surface and back to the sensor to determine velocity. A clamp-on ultrasonic meter is suited for applications where access to the pipe is difficult or impossible. An ultrasonic level meter is suited for measuring fluid levels in both open and closed channels.
Because of its non-invasive nature and lack of moving parts, this type of flow meter has some unique characteristics, such as being relatively inexpensive for large pipe applications, having no pressure loss, and being simple to retrofit. Appropriate for large-diameter pipes. Large size is an advantage for USFMs because it takes longer to traverse the beam, resulting in better measurements. Furthermore, because of its non-invasive nature, it is less expensive as line sizes increase. Many other meters, such as mass flow meters, cannot do this; Clamped types are completely non-invasive and nonintrusive.
It, like a magnetic flow meter, can be used for almost any fluid, including corrosive fluids, because it is non-invasive. USFM can measure liquids in the absence of conductivity. USFM can measure steam, gas, and liquids in addition to transit time. Slurry flow can be measured using Doppler effect meters, which typically cover a wide range of velocities. Meters are generally highly repeatable and reliable, with good accuracy; unlike a vortex meter, the USFM has no lower limit for Reynolds number. As a result, low flow can be measured more accurately than with vortex meters. Furthermore, with a sufficient number of transducer pairs, the issue of transitioning from a laminar to a turbulent profile can be resolved. Ultrasonic gas flow meters are not affected by pressure, flow strokes or vibration dirt in gas. As a result, they find use in situations where other methods fail to measure.
The fluid in transit type meters must be clean and free of foreign matter. If other materials are present and their densities differ, measurement errors may occur. Lower limits for solid concentration and size, as well as fluid velocity, are set in Doppler effect flow meters. The fluid must be acoustically transparent. The presence of dirt or gas in the fluid may impair measurement accuracy. Acoustic noise, even above the level of human perception, can have an impact on measurement accuracy.
Because USFMs require less maintenance, they will continue to provide a constant reading for as long as the transducers are operational. Even if they fail, they may be simply changed with new ones without interrupting the process.
Turbine flow meters:
A turbine Flow Meter is a form of volumetric measuring turbine. The flowing fluid engages the rotor, forcing it to revolve at an angular velocity proportionate to the rate of fluid flow. The angular motion of the rotor causes an electrical signal (AC sine wave type) to be generated in the pickup. The sum of the pulsating electrical signal is closely connected to total flow. The frequency of the signal is proportional to the flow rate. The flow meter's only moving component is the vaned rotor.
Turbine flow meters are less accurate at low flow rates due to rotor/bearing drag, which causes the rotor to slow down. Turbine flow meters should not be operated at high speeds because they can cause premature bearing wear and/or damage. Application in unclean fluids should be avoided in general to limit the risk of flowmeter wear and bearing damage. Turbine flow meters have moving parts that degrade through time and use.
Turbine flow meters have a high level of precision at a cheap cost. These are easy to install and have less maintenance. Turbine meters may function across a wide temperature and pressure range. In Turbine flow meters, constant back pressure is required to prevent cavitation. The presence of bubbles in liquids harms accuracy.
Turbine meters may only be used with clean liquids and gases, not suitable for measuring corrosive fluids. It requires a turbulent flow profile (constant fluid velocity across the pipe diameter) for accuracy. Require a straight pipe run before and after the turbine meter to allow swirl patterns in the flow stream to disperse. It may not function effectively with high viscosity fluids where the flow profile is laminar
Positive displacement meters:
Positive displacement meters are also called mechanical flow meters. They take the fluid amount, transport it quickly, and then refill it. The amount of fluid that has been transported has been computed. Various flow meters measure other factors and convert them to a flow rate, whereas positive displacement flow meters monitor the actual flow of fluid. The output of these flow meters is proportional to the volume of fluid passing through the flow meter. A Positive displacement flow meter can be compared to a stopwatch and a bucket. When the flow starts, the stopwatch starts. It comes to a halt when the buckets are full. Divide the volume by the time to get the flow rate. To acquire a continuous PD measurement, a system must fill and empty buckets regularly, then divide the flow without allowing it to depart the pipe. Pistons responding in cylinders or gear teeth coupling against the interior wall of the meter reflect these constantly forming and subsiding volumetric displacements.
Oval gear meters, piston meters, rotary vane meters, spinning disc meters, and other positive displacement meters are examples.
Positive displacement flow meters have a high level of precision. Viscous liquids are also measured with positive displacement flow meters. They're commonly utilized to transfer fluids or oils such as hydraulic fluids, gasoline, water, and a variety of gas applications.
Coriolis mass flowmeter:
Coriolis meters, more generally referred to as mass meters, are distinguished from other meter types by their ability to measure mass flow rather than volume flow. Additionally, these meters have a novel method of measuring flow rate based on the Coriolis principle. A Coriolis meter is called after the Coriolis Effect. When a mass passes through a vibrating pipe, bending or twisting the pipe, Coriolis forces exist. These minute deviations in the meter tube are monitored and assessed electrically using strategically placed sensors. The mass flow rate through the Coriolis mass flowmeter may be directly calculated since the phase shift between the sensor signals detected is proportional to the mass flow rate.
Density, temperature, viscosity, pressure, and conductivity do not affect this method of measuring. The meter tubes vibrate at the same frequency indefinitely. These flowmeters affect the resonance frequency. These provide exact information about the density of the medium under investigation. To summarise, the Coriolis mass flowmeter can be used to simultaneously measure the mass flow rate, density, and temperature of a measuring medium.
Coriolis mass flowmeter is extremely precise. It gives accurate density measurements. It is insensitive to pressure, temperature, and viscosity. It can be operated over a broad variety of flow rates. It is compatible with a wide variety of fluids. Calibration is simple in the field. Its initial investment is quite high.
Thermal mass flowmeter:
Thermal mass flow meters are precision instruments that measure gas mass flow directly for industrial gases, compressed gases, and other gases. This necessitates extra pressure and temperature observations to calculate the mass flow rate. These remedial actions increase the cost and complexity of the measurements, as well as the accuracy of the measuring equipment. In contrast, the thermal mass flow measurement for gases directly delivers the mass flow rate in kg/h without any extra observations or calculations.
Hot film anemometers and calorimetric or capillary meters are the two industrial technologies for measuring thermal gas mass flow rate.
The pressure drop is very low in this flow meter. Measurement accuracy is high. No moving parts in this flowmeter.
Choosing the Best Water Flow Meter for You:
When attempting to choose the best water flow meter, there are numerous aspects to consider, which include: The meter's accuracy; How long the meter is expected to survive; The operational and maintenance requirements; The flow rate range that the meter can handle.
If accuracy in a flow meter is critical for your application, you'll almost certainly need to invest in a more expensive water flow meter. The device's lifespan is likewise proportional to its entire cost. Regardless of which water flow meter you select, being able to identify the flow rate of your water could prevent significant problems with the plumbing in your facility.
- F. Frenzel, H. Grothey, C. Habersetzer, M. Hiatt, W. Hogrefe, M. Kirchner, G. Lütkepohl, W. Marchewka, U. Mecke, M. Ohm, F. Otto, K.-H. Rackebrandt, D. Sievert, A. Thöne, H.-J. Wegener, F. Buhl, C. Koch, L. Deppe, E. Horlebein, A. Schüssler, U. Pohl, B. Jung, H. Lawrence, F. Lohrengel, G. Rasche, S. Pagano, A. Kaiser, T. Mutongo, Industrial Flow Measurement Basics and Practice, ABB Automation Products GmbH, 2011. http://nfogm.no/wpcontent/uploads/2015/04/Industrial-Flow-Measurement_Basics-and-Practice.pdf.
- General Specifications; Model DY Vortex Flowmeter Model DYA Vortex Flow Converter; YEL; GS 01F06A00e01EN; Digital YEWFLO. http://web-material3.yokogawa.com/ GS01F06A00-01EN.pdf.
- Process Master FEP300, Electromagnetic Flow Meter, ABB limited, Data sheet DS/FEP300-EN Rev. F. http://www.navitrend.com.tw/images/FEP%20300%20Data%20Sheet.pdf. |
Flowers, beyond their ornamental beauty, possess an innate ability to communicate emotions and offer profound solace. Their impact on mental health extends far beyond aesthetics, influencing our emotions, moods, and overall well-being.
The Psychological Connection Between Flowers and Mental Health
For centuries, flowers have symbolised various emotions and played a pivotal role in cultural practices worldwide. From expressing love with red roses to conveying sympathy with lilies, flowers carry significant emotional weight. Scientific studies reinforce this connection, demonstrating that exposure to flowers triggers positive emotions, reduces stress, and even alleviates symptoms of anxiety and depression. The sight and scent of flowers stimulate the brain to release endorphins, the body’s natural mood elevators, fostering feelings of happiness and relaxation.
The Therapeutic Role of Flowers
Our innate connection with nature, known as biophilia, underscores the therapeutic impact of flowers on mental health. Incorporating floral elements into indoor spaces brings a slice of the natural world indoors, creating serene and calming environments. Testimonials and research attest to the profound effects of floral arrangements in reducing stress, promoting tranquillity, and improving overall mental well-being. Hospitals, for instance, have integrated flowers into patient care due to their proven ability to reduce anxiety and promote healing.
Flowers as a Source of Comfort: Sympathy and Funeral Flowers
During times of loss and mourning, flowers serve as powerful messengers of sympathy and support. Sympathy flowers, carefully chosen to convey empathy and solidarity, offer a tangible expression of comfort to grieving individuals. In Sydney, the tradition of sending sympathy flowers holds deep cultural significance, extending heartfelt condolences and emotional support to those facing loss. Funeral flowers, selected for their symbolism and grace, honour the departed and offer solace to the bereaved, providing a visual tribute to celebrate a life lived.
The Impact of Floral Scents on Mental Health
Beyond their visual appeal, floral scents wield a unique power in influencing mood and mental health. Aromatherapy, harnessing the essence of flowers, has been practised for centuries for its therapeutic benefits. Research indicates that certain floral fragrances, such as lavender and jasmine, have a direct impact on reducing stress, promoting relaxation, and improving sleep quality. These scents create a calming atmosphere, aiding in stress reduction and enhancing emotional well-being.
Choosing the Right Flowers for Mental Health Benefits
The selection of flowers plays a crucial role in maximising their therapeutic effects. Vibrant blooms like sunflowers and tulips evoke feelings of joy and optimism, while calming flowers like lavender and chamomile offer relaxation and tranquillity. In Sydney, the availability of sympathy flowers, tailored to convey empathy and support, holds a significant place in consoling grieving hearts during difficult times.
Practical Tips for Incorporating Flowers for Mental Health
Integrating flowers into daily life can substantially enhance mental health. Simple practices like arranging fresh flowers in living spaces, cultivating indoor gardens, or diffusing floral scents through essential oils create a harmonious environment, promoting relaxation and emotional balance. Engaging in floral arrangement workshops or embracing gardening as a hobby can serve as therapeutic activities, fostering a deeper connection with nature and enhancing overall well-being.
Flowers, with their inherent beauty and profound symbolism, have an undeniable impact on mental health and emotional well-being. From their ability to evoke positive emotions to their role in offering comfort during times of grief, flowers stand as silent healers, influencing our emotions and mental states in profound ways.
In Sydney, the tradition of sending sympathy flowers embodies a heartfelt gesture, extending empathy and support to individuals navigating through loss and sorrow. Embracing the therapeutic essence of flowers by integrating them into our lives fosters a sense of calmness, positivity, and emotional wellness.
As we recognise and celebrate the remarkable role of flowers in nurturing mental health, let us embrace their beauty and harness their therapeutic potential to cultivate a more balanced and emotionally fulfilling life. |
A recent spell of rainfall has helped improve the quality of air through cleansing that may have a beneficial effect on public health particularly on the subject of controlling the incidences of respiratory tract infections and asthmatic complications but for children and infants, the case may be different because the fall in temperature below 10 degree centigrade may cause severe problems including pneumonia among them if proper preventive measures are not taken.
Health experts say that an extreme cold wave has hit the country and it is time for parents to opt for measures needed to safeguard their children from upper and lower respiratory infections including pneumonia that has killed hundreds of children particularly below five years of age in the northern part of the country this winter.
Studies reveal that every 30 seconds, a child somewhere in the world, dies of pneumonia while in Pakistan, an estimated seven million cases of pneumonia occur every year and out of these, over 100,000 children die before their fifth birthday due to the infection.
Children whose immune systems are compromised are at higher risk of developing pneumonia while infants and children below two years of age are at the greatest risk as their immune systems are still developing. Experts say that parents must take extraordinary measures for the children below five years of age to safeguard them from the infection.
Pneumonia is preventable and treatable with a host of proven interventions, including exclusive breastfeeding infants in their first six months of life and ensuring an environment free of indoor air pollution. Frequent hand washing and immunizing against leading causes can help reduce the cases of pneumonia.
A child’s immune system may be weakened by malnutrition or undernourishment, especially in infants who are not exclusively breastfed for the first six months of their life.
Acknowledgement: Published by The News on 06-02-2024 |
Global Affairs Lens: Focusing on International Stories
Explore the world through a “Global Affairs Lens: Focusing on International Stories.” Uncover diverse perspectives and gain insights into global issues that shape our interconnected world.
In an era marked by interconnectedness, understanding international stories is pivotal. The “Global Affairs Lens” offers a nuanced view, delving into geopolitical dynamics, cultural shifts, and global challenges. This article takes you on a journey through pivotal topics, combining depth, clarity, and a human touch.
1. Navigating Global Affairs
Embark on a journey through the intricate web of global affairs. From diplomatic nuances to socio-economic landscapes, this section unravels the layers that define our interconnected world.
Global Affairs Lens: Focusing on International Stories allows us to decipher the complexities, offering a profound understanding of how nations interact and influence each other.
2. Diplomacy Unveiled
Dive into the realm of international diplomacy, where nations dance in the delicate balance of cooperation and conflict. This section sheds light on diplomatic intricacies, showcasing how global decisions impact us all.
Global Affairs Lens: Focusing on International Stories accentuates the pivotal role diplomacy plays in shaping our collective future.
3. Cultural Threads Across Borders
Explore the rich tapestry of global cultures interwoven across borders. Uncover how cultural exchanges, traditions, and innovations create a vibrant mosaic that defines our shared human experience.
Global Affairs Lens: Focusing on International Stories celebrates the diversity that binds us together.
4. Trade and Economics on the Global Stage
Delve into the heartbeat of the global economy. Understand how trade agreements, economic policies, and financial shifts send ripples across continents, affecting businesses and individuals alike.
Global Affairs Lens: Focusing on International Stories provides insight into the economic forces that shape our world.
5. Environmental Imperatives
Navigate the environmental challenges that transcend borders. From climate change to conservation efforts, this section examines how global cooperation is essential for preserving our planet.
Global Affairs Lens: Focusing on International Stories underscores the urgency of collaborative action for a sustainable future.
How does the Global Affairs Lens impact individuals?
The lens offers a broader perspective, helping individuals understand the interconnectedness of global events and their personal implications.
Why is diplomacy crucial in international relations?
Diplomacy establishes channels for communication, conflict resolution, and cooperation, preventing conflicts and fostering global stability.
Can cultural exchanges bridge global divides?
Yes, cultural exchanges foster mutual understanding, breaking down stereotypes, and building bridges between nations.
How do economic shifts in one country affect the global economy?
Economic shifts in one country can create a domino effect, influencing trade, currencies, and global financial stability.
What role does the Global Affairs Lens play in addressing climate change?
The lens facilitates global collaboration and policy-making to address environmental challenges, promoting sustainable practices worldwide.
Is the Global Affairs Lens relevant for individuals not involved in politics or international business?
Absolutely. Understanding global affairs enhances overall awareness, fostering informed decision-making in various aspects of life.
In conclusion, embracing the Global Affairs Lens: Focusing on International Stories is a journey toward global literacy and interconnectedness. This article aimed to provide a comprehensive overview, unveiling the intricate tapestry that binds our world together. |
The surge protection relays protect installations and eliminate the effects of power surges. They offer the highest level of security in low voltage lines, continuous processes, domestic and tertiary facilities, etc.
They are suitable for manufacturers and system integrators of industrial equipment,photovoltaic applications, wind turbines,etc.
Devices connected to the mains are increasingly susceptible to electrical disturbances in the grid. Hence it is essential to provide adequate protection to avoid major economic and material losses.
The most visible and destructive power surges are often caused by atmospheric discharges (lightning strikes). However, this is not the most common source of such disturbances, as in most cases, the main sources of surges are within the facility installation itself, amongst others for the following reasons:
- Performance of circuit breakers and fuses.
- Connection and disconnection of inductive loads.
- Switching of motorsand machines.
- Electrostatic discharge.
- Capacitor’s power factor correction.
- Energy tansfers in generator sets. |
The principal amount or principal is the original amount of investment in an asset, separate from any earnings or interest accrued. If an investor is borrowing money, then the principal is the actual amount borrowed before interest begins to apply. The principal is therefore the foundation upon which everything else is built on and is crucial to understanding both lending and investing practices.
In the case of fixed income investing, a bonds face value is also known as the principal. This is the amount that a bond issuer owes the bondholder once the bond reaches maturity, separate from coupon payments or interest payments. Fluctuations in the bond market mean the purchase price of a bond may be greater or less than repayment of the principal amount at the established maturity date. For example, a $1,000 bond can sell for far more than this amount if it’s in high demand, but its principal would remain the same. |
By Ben Butera, FUJIFILM
Problem Analysis helps us to answer the question, “Why did it happen?” by addressing specific objects or groups of objects and specific deviations. Other modes of thinking also ask “why?” but go beyond objects and deviations. Disciplines like philosophy, theology and metaphysics also ask “why?” and attempt to tackle questions like, “Why are we here?” or the mother of all questions, “How do we know what’s true?”
Regardless of the thinking discipline, some things are universal to any thinking process. A book I am currently reading, describes ten universal principals * of life and for me, the first three principals immediately screamed Kepner-Tregoe Problem Analysis, underscoring the universality of the process and the thinking behind it. Here are the first three universal principals, drawn from the ancient Greek philosophers, and how they are embedded in solving problems with Problem Analysis.
1. The Principle of Complete Explanation (Socrates, Plato & Aristotle)
The best opinion or theory is the one that explains the most data.
Problem Analysis relies on this principle in Step Three of the process with “Evaluate Possible Causes.” When a number of possible causes have been identified, the problem solvers are challenged to identify the best opinion or theory as the most probable cause by looking at any assumptions that have been made. The most probable cause will have the fewest number of assumptions, the most reasonable assumptions and the overall simplest assumptions.
2. The Principle of Non-Contradiction (Plato & Aristotle)
Valid opinions or theories have no internal contradictions.
Problem Analysis integrates this principle into process Step Three with “Verbal Test for Possible Causes.” Problem solvers use IS and IS NOT data to focus their thinking. For example, if X is the cause of Y, then how does it explain both the IS and IS NOT data? If there is no way to explain it, an internal contradiction can help problem solvers to hone in on the potential causes without contradictions and move towards a valid solution.
3. The Principle of Objective Evidence (Plato & Aristotle)
Non-arbitrary opinions or theories are based upon publicly verifiable evidence.
Data accessible only to you is subjective. Data accessible to everyone is objective. This is not to say that data only accessible to you is not true; it’s just not good objective evidence. This concept is embodied in the problem specification, Step One: “Describe the Problem.” The problem specification is performed to document the specific facts and to make them “visible” to everyone.
In his book, the author, Robert J Spitzer recounts how, when he taught philosophy to university students, he would ask, “Are all opinions equally valid?” Most students would answer yes, in the spirit of fairness and equality. Then Spitzer would use principles, like the three listed above, to demonstrate how some opinions are more valid than others. Problem Analysis has the same ability. When faced with a problem, there are often many vying opinions or theories about the root cause of a deviation. With Problem Analysis, the process reveals how some are more valid than others— by using classic, rational thought. |
The world has a “once in a lifetime” chance to protect the high seas from exploitation, warned scientists and environmentalists, as negotiators meet at the UN headquarters in New York this week to hammer out a new treaty on the oceans.
Deep-sea mining in international waters is currently illegal, and environmental organizations, scientists, and many governments want to keep it that way. They argue that the practice could irreversibly harm one of the planet’s remotest ecosystems, one of the few places on Earth that has largely escaped human disruption.
An international group of marine scientists published an article in Science in which they outlined the desperate need for an international effort to regulate the ocean floor, in order to preserve the deep sea's unique and largely uncharted ecosystems. The article came in response to the growing threat to these ecosystems from commercial deep sea activities, particularly deep sea mining.
On Wednesday, the Center for Biological Diversity announced it has settled a federal court lawsuit against the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and its parent agency, the U.S. Department of Commerce, in a move that will compel federal officials to conduct in-depth assessments of the risks to wildlife and underwater ecosystems before issuing permits for the exploration of the ocean floor for rare-earth metals and minerals.
Pew Environment advocates for a precautionary approach to the emerging deep seabed mining industry, arguing that "[l]arge, ecologically important areas of the seabed should be closed to mineral extraction, and precautionary standards must be adopted by the ISA to minimize environmental damage where mining does occur."
With land-based mineral sources in decline, the move to mine seabeds is pushing scientists, regulators, and mining companies to collaborate on frameworks and strategies for mining the seabed responsibly.
The era of deep seabed mining appears to be dawning, fueled by technological advances in robotics and dwindling land-based deposits. Rising demand for copper, cobalt, gold and the rare earth elements vital in manufacturing smartphones and other high-tech products is causing a prospecting rush to the dark seafloor deep beneath the waves.
It is true that Articles 194 and Part XV, section 5 require states to take “all measures consistent with this Convention that are necessary to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment from any source” and “adopt laws and regulations to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment from” the land and atmosphere under their jurisdiction. Convention provisions also call for states to reduce pollution by “the best practicable means at their disposal and in accordance with their capabilities” and to “endeavor to establish global and regional rules” to prevent and control pollution. The majority opinion holds that these provisions of the convention only bind the United States to act in accordance with its own laws or appropriately ratified international agreements and cannot be used as a “back door” to compel enforcement of international agreements the Senate has not ratified.
Another sovereignty-related issue that the Convention addresses is conservation and pollution on the seas, a pressing concern given the widespread exploitation of the sea and its resources.43 Part XII of the Convention, entitled Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment, imposes upon states the “obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment.”44 The Convention also includes detailed provisions that explicitly require state parties to take measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution.45 States are required to cooperate with global and regional efforts in combating pollution by setting standards, rules, and recommended practices, many of these through appropriate international organizations.46 Furthermore, the Convention requires states to take the affirmative step of implementing systems for monitoring and reporting the risks and effects of pollution to their marine environments.47
Conservation and pollution provisions are included in the 1966 Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas, to which the United States is also a party.48 As mentioned previously, this convention permits high seas fishing while also requiring states take steps to conserve the seas’ living resources.49
Fundamental differences on environmental policy have also been raised as objections to UNCLOS. Opponents see UNCLOS as a 'back door' for environmental activists to circumvent the U.S. Congress on international environmental law.70 Alternatively, accession might encourage foreign governments to bring action against the United States for environmental transgressions under the treaty‘s mandatory dispute resolution protocol.71
Use of the outlined dispute resolution process against the United States seems unlikely, though, since the United States already complies with or exceeds the environmental standards set out in UNCLOS.72 Further, provisions meant to protect the sustainability of the world‘s oceans are of global concern73 and benefit U.S. ocean-based industries.74 Even while it complies with the substance of the environmental provisions, the United States may be seen as a block to global environmental action until it actually ratifies UNCLOS.75
The proponents of this bill know full well that it will empower their special interests to gain massive power over the economic hopes of peoples throughout the world. Development is unlikely under the clumsy management of the UN bureaucracy. Moreover, the treaty by empowering environmental elites to raise significant new legal objections against agriculture, manufacturing, transportation and even technology will gain new abilities to stop or slow economic development. Ratifying LOST would be to open not one but a myriad of Pandora’s boxes – exacerbating the problems of an already overly litigious society, an America that already finds it difficult to site and build anything. We do not build a better future by empowering the forces of stasis. The NIMBY problems that America now faces may fade as LOST moves us toward NOPE policies.
Burdensome Environmental Regulations. If the United States joins UNCLOS, U.S. companies engaging in seabed exploration will be subject to a rigorous environmental regime administered by the Authority. The Authority has the power to adopt “rules, regulations and procedures” for the protection of the marine environment, with “particular attention being paid” to harm caused by drilling, dredging, and excavation.46 One regulation requires companies to apply a “precautionary approach” in regard to the marine environment “as reflected in principle 15 of the Rio Declaration.”47 This is notable, given that neither UNCLOS nor the 1994 Agreement even mentions the controversial “precautionary approach”—a principle that requires absolute scientific certainty that an action will not cause environmental harm.
U.S. companies would be required to establish an environmental “baseline” at the outset of their contracts and continually monitor and report the impact of their activities on the marine environment.48 To establish a baseline, U.S. companies would be required to collect data “on the sea- floor communities specifically relat- ing to megafauna, macrofauna, meiofauna, microfauna, nodule fauna and demersal scavengers” (bottom feed- ers) and “record sightings of marine mammals, identifying the relevant species and behavior.”49 before engaging even in preliminary testing activities, companies would have to submit a site-specific environmental impact statement to the Authority, as well as a contingency plan to respond to environmental incidents.50
One particularly noteworthy issue is how the Advice and Consent Resolution treats the domestic enforceability of the Seabed Dispute Chamber's rulings. The text of the Convention explicitly provides for the domestic enforceability of Chamber decisions. According to Article 39 of Annex VI of the Convention, "decisions ofthe Chamber shall be enforceable in the territories of the States Parties in the same manner as judgments or orders of the highest court of the State Party in whose territory the enforcement is sought." Justice Stevens, who concurred with the majority in Medellin, cited Article 39 as an example of a treaty text that "necessarily incorporates international judgments into domestic law."85 Yet Article 39 is non-self-executing under the Senate's Advice and Consent Resolution, a position that is reinforced by another Resolution provision directed specifically at the decisions of this Chamber. This latter provision also calls for implementing legislation:
The United States declares, pursuant to [A]rticle 39 of Annex VI, that decisions of the Seabed Disputes Chamber shall be enforceable in the territory of the United States only in accordance with procedures established by implementing legislation and that such decisions shall be subject to such legal and factual review as is constitutionally required 86 and without precedential effect in any court of the United States.
Were an effort made to enforce a decision of the Seabed Disputes Chamber in U.S. court prior to implementing legislation, would the "clear" text of Article 39, which Justice Stevens believed points to its self-executing status, prevail? Or would a court defer to the Advice and Consent Resolution's call for implementing legislation? What obstacles might be posed by the "constitutionally required" reviews of Chamber decisions, to which the Resolution refers? U.S. courts regularly enforce the decisions of commercial arbitral tribunals, but in theory any international tribunal proceeding might lead to a result that presented constitutional due process problems and that hence could not be enforced in U.S. court.87 Those who dislike the prospect of domestic enforcement of Convention provisions also may, in light of Medellin, seek to add language to the Advice and Consent Resolution specifying that Chamber decisions do not create U.S. private rights or private causes of action. Thus, even if the "clear" language of the Convention text were to lead a court to conclude that Article 39 of Annex VI of the Convention was self-executing, such additional language in the Resolution might present another bar to the enforcement of chamber decisions in U.S. courts.
[ Page 47-48 ]
Noyes, John. "The United States and the Law of the Sea Convention: U.S. Views on the Settlement of International Law Disputes in International Tribunals and U.S. Courts." The Publicist. Vol. 1. (2009): 27-52. [ More (9 quotes) ]
Nations have already attempted to use the Law of the Sea Treaty's environmental provisions to affect the environmental policies of others. In 1999, Australia and New Zealand appealed to the International Tribunal of the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) to shut down Japan's experimental southern blue fin tuna fishing program, citing Articles 64 and 116-119. Although the Tribunal ultimately decided that it lacked jurisdiction in the case, Australia and New Zealand did gain a temporary injunction on the program.36 More recently, Ireland sought ITLOS's help in forcing the United Kingdom to abandon its planned opening of the Sellafield MOX plant, a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in northern eastern England, arguing that it would contribute to pollution of the North Sea. Although ITLOS did not rule in Ireland's favor, it ordered both Ireland and the United Kingdom to enter into consultations.37
But some, like Sen. James Risch (R-ID), have posited that ratification would compromise our sovereignty by forcing the United States to abide by other treaties and impose overly restrictive environmental regulations. Insinuating that ratification of Law of the Sea could force the United States to join other international agreements on climate change or other environmental protections, Sen. Risch told Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at a Foreign Relations Committee hearing last month that the Law of the Sea treaty had “Kyoto written all over it,” a reference to the Kyoto Protocol, the international agreement linked to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change. In response, Secretary Clinton cited the State Department legal team, saying, “there is nothing in the [Law of the Sea Convention] that commits the United States to implement any commitments on greenhouse gases under any regime, and it contains no obligation to implement any particular climate change policies.” While Sen. Risch and his allies would likely disagree with such claims, they cannot deny that diplomats such as Secretary Clinton are the very people who would establish the U.S. position. So whose opinion should carry more weight: protectionist fear mongers or actual diplomats and policymakers?
Although generally the United States exercises jurisdiction in accordance with UNCLOS provisions, the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) is one example of the U.S. exercising extraterritorial jurisdiction and exceeding the standards in UNCLOS.6 OPA requires all ships operating in U.S. waters to be constructed with a double-hulled design.7 Additionally foreign vessels lightering in the U.S. EEZ, including “those not intending to enter United States waters,” must maintain certificates of financial responsibility if some of the oil is destined for the United States. OPA also imposes a series of additional requirements for vessels transferring oil or hazardous materials in the marine environment. Passed in response to the devastating Exxon Valdez oil spill off the coast of Prince William Sound in Alaska, OPA is a clear example of the need to protect the United States’ ability to act in the absence of adequately protective international standards.
The Senate must therefore ensure in its advice and consent that the provisions in UNCLOS do not overly limit the current authority of the United States to regulate pollution from vessels by clarifying the phrase “generally accepted international standards.” The Senate should also specify that the U.S. believes it is free to act where necessary to protect its waters where the regulated activity is not addressed by a specific international rule or standard to prevent, reduce or control its pollution.
UNCLOS, however, fails to clearly address the problem of invasive species. If the treaty were interpreted such that invasive species were intended to be covered by the broad definition of “pollution” as defined in Article 1.1.3, then coastal states would be potentially constrained in their ability to prevent the spread of these invasive species from ships operating outside of the territorial sea. As the IMO has failed to prescribe international standards for the treatment of ballast water, more stringent measures by the U.S. could be interpreted as being “beyond generally accepted international rules or standards.”9 This would leave the United States reliant upon the remaining authority granted in 211 to require treatment and practices as a condition of entry into port.
We urge instead the better interpretation that alien species are not intended to be addressed by the definition of “pollution” by UNCLOS. This interpretation is supported by the fact that invasive species are addressed by Article 196, and not in Article 194, which addresses the regulation of various types of marine pollution generally. Moreover Article 196 distinguishes invasive species from pollution within the provision. We recommend that the Senate include an interpretive statement on this issue as part of its advice and consent to be included with the instrument of accession specifying that the United States does not view invasive species as “pollution” for purposes of UNCLOS.
By ratifying UNCLOS, the United States would be submitting itself to a much wider range of international controls than it has in the past and would give more power and legitimacy to misguided efforts to establish a supra-national government at the United Nations.
Opponents argue that UNCLOS's provisions calling for states to reduce pollution through "best practicable means" could be used as a "backdoor" to force environmental treaties on the U.S. However, legal scholars and State Department officials have concluded that the convention only binds the United States to act in accordance with its own laws or appropriately ratified international agreements and cannot be used as a “back door” to compel enforcement of international agreements the Senate has not ratified. |
15 Apr 2020 Nabin Baniya
Sagarmatha National Park is a protected area in northeast Nepal. This lies in the Himalayas. National Park Sagarmatha is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The National park covers 1,148 km2 of land in the Himalayas.
The word ‘Sagarmatha’ is the Nepali word used for Mount Everest. People also know Everest as Mount Sagarmatha as well as Sagarmatha Himal. The word Sagarmatha is imitative from two Nepali words Sagar and Matha. The meaning of Sagar and Matha is Sky and head respectively. The name Everest is the western name given to the mountain and the surrounding area is recognized as the Everest area or Everest region.
Sagarmatha National Park is dominated by the snowed capped mountains, Rivers, Valleys, and Trails and encompasses glaciers. The park is the highest national park in the world. The lowest point of the park is just over 2800m whereas the highest point is the top of Everest. The park was established in 1976 and listed as a World Heritage Site in 1979. At the beginning day, the number of visitors was around 3000 which drastically increased to over 30,000 every year. The park becomes the means of living for many locals as well as a few outsiders.
Sagarmatha National Park Landscapes
The altitude of the park ranges from 2800 meters. The landscapes of the area vary drastically from lush forests in the lower part of the park to barren lands in the southern parts. The area is made of many valleys. While on a trek people will notice about spending most of the time spending on barren land over 5000 meters.
In the west part of the park, you will able to find Dudh Koshi Valley which has Famous Gokyo Lakes. Gokyo Lake is the highest freshwater lake system in the world. Besides the lake, glaciers are very common in the park with the Ngozumpa Glacier. Ngozumpa is the biggest in the Himalayas as well as the largest body of ice in the whole world.
Everest, Lhotse, Cho Oyu, Thamserku, Nuptse Pumori, and Amadablam are the main attractions above 6000 meters.
Flora and Fauna in the National Park
The parks have 118 species of birds. Rare species of mammals such as Himalayan snow leopards, Red Pandas, and Himalayan Black bears are found here. Yaks are common and popular animals in this area. We can also see donkeys and camels as a means of transport.
Culture of Sagarmatha National Park
Tibetan Buddhist Sherpa has inhabited the Sagarmatha region for the past four centuries. Sherpa culture and religion still survive. The slaughtering of animals is not allowed so foods in Sagarmatha National Park are based on grains and vegetables. While visiting Monasteries we can still see Sherpa culture. We can also see the region’s culture on mani walls. Climbing Everest is also like the culture of the people living in the park. There are many famous Sherpa from the villages of Thame and Thamo.
Conditions of Tourism and the Park
After the successful summit of Everest, the number of tourists in the park increased. An increase in visitors had beneficial impacts on the local people’s lives and infrastructure of the region. Important work such as building Lukla airport and many schools took place. There is a steady flow of money and investment in the region.
Now, there are many Teahouses on Everest base camp treks followed by many hotels and guest houses. There is a 3G Mobile connection and Wi-Fi in the teahouse of the area. There are many other means of communication introduced. Due to over following of more than 30 thousand people every year, there is a demand for more teahouses and more facilities in the area. We have different kinds of packages which is why we can find different Everest base cmp treks and costs.
Overall Sagarmatha National Park is the must-visit part of Nepal to see the best mountains as well as the best culture of locals. We can see many helicopter flights enter the park. We can experience the park with an adventure of the Everest base camp Trek, Gokyo Valley Trek, and Everest three-pass trek as well as a Helicopter ride to the base camp.
Always remember magic Himalaya Treks for Everest base camp Helicopter tour price details and other cheap packages.
Nabin is a seasoned trekking and hiking guide, and the proud operator of Magic Himalaya Treks, Nepal’s premier company for Everest Base Camp trek, Annapurna Base Camp trek, and other thrilling adventures. With a wealth of experiences and valuable insights, Nabin’s website offers comprehensive information on trekking in Nepal. |
Nikola Tesla Articles
Tesla's Egg of Columbus
How Tesla Performed the Feat of Columbus Without Cracking the Egg
Probably one of the most far-reaching and revolutionary discoveries made by Mr. Tesla is the so-called rotating magnetic field. This is a new and wonderful manifestation of force — a magnetic cyclone — producing striking phenomena which amazed the world when they were first shown by him. It results from the joint action of two or more alternating currents definitely related to one another and creating magnetic fluxes, which, by their periodic rise and fall according to a mathematical law, cause a continuous shifting of the lines of force. There is a vast difference between an ordinary electro-magnet and that invented by Tesla. In the former the lines are stationary, in the latter they are made to whirl around at a furious rate. The first attracts a piece of iron and holds it fast; the second causes it to spin in any direction and with any speed desired. Long ago, when Tesla was still a student, he conceived the idea of the rotating magnetic field and this remarkable principle is embodied in his famous induction motor and system of transmission of power now in universal use.
In this issue of the Electrical Experimenter Mr. Tesla gives a remarkable account of his early efforts and trials as an inventor and of his final success. Unlike other technical advances arrived at thru the usual hit and miss methods and hap-hazard experimentation, the rotating field was purely the work of scientific imagination. Tesla developed and perfected, entirely in his mind, this great idea in all its details and applications without making one single experiment. Not even the usual first model was used. When the various forms of apparatus he had devised were tried for the first time they worked exactly as he had imagined and he took out some forty fundamental patents covering the whole vast region he had explored. He obtained the first rotations in the summer of 1883 after five years of constant and intense thought on the subject and the undertook the equally difficult task of finding believers in his discovery. The alternating current was but imperfectly understood and had no standing with engineers or electricians and for a long time Tesla talked to deaf ears. But, ultimately, his pains were rewarded and early in 1887 a company bearing his name was formed for the commercial introduction of the invention.
Dr. Tesla recently told the editors an amusing incident in this connection. He had approached a Wall Street capitalist — a prominent lawyer — with a view of getting financial support and this gentleman called in a friend of his, a well-known engineer at the head of one of the big corporations in New York, to pass upon the merits of the scheme. This man was a practical expert who knew of the failures in the industrial exploitation of alternating currents and was distinctly prejudiced to a point of not caring even to witness some tests. After several discouraging conferences Mr. Tesla had an inspiration. Everybody has heard of the “Egg of Columbus.” The saying goes that at a certain dinner the great explorer asked some scoffers of his project to balance an egg on its end. They tried it in vain. He then took it and cracking the shell slightly by a gentle blow, made it stand upright. This may be a myth but the fact is that he was granted an audience by Isabella, the Queen of Spain, and won her support. There is a suspicion that she was more imprest by his portly bearing than the prospect of his discovery. Whatever it might have been, the Queen pawned her jewels and three ships were equipt for him and so it happened that the Germans got all that was coming to them in this war. But to return to Tesla’s reminiscence. He said to these men, “Do you know the story of the Egg of Columbus?” Of course they did. “Well,” he continued, “what if I could make an egg stand on the pointed end without cracking the shell?” “If you could do this we would admit that you had gone Columbus one better.” “And would you be willing to go out of your way as much as Isabella?” “We have no crown jewels to pawn,” said the lawyer, who was a wit, “but there are a few ducats in our buckskins and we might help you to an extent.”
Mr. Tesla thus succeeded in capturing the attention and personal interest of these very busy men, extremely conservative and reluctant to go into any new enterprise, and the rest was easy. He arranged ror a demonstration the following day. A rotating field magnet was fastened under the top board of a wooden table and Mr. Tesla provided a copper-plated egg and several brass balls and pivoted iron discs for convincing his prospective associates. He placed the egg on the table and, to their astonishment, it stood on end, but when they found that it was rapidly spinning their stupefaction was complete. The brass balls and pivoted iron discs in turn were set spinning rapidly by the rotating field, to the amazement of the spectators. No sooner had they regained their composure than Tesla was delighted with the question: “Do you want any money?” “Columbus was never in a worse predicament,” said the great inventor, who had parted with his last portrait of George Washington in defraying the expenses of the preparation. Before the meeting adjourned he had a substantial check in his pocket, and it was given with the assurance that there was more to be had in the same bank. That started the ball rolling. Tens of millions of horsepower of Tesla’s induction motors are now in use all over the world and their production is rising like a flood.
In 1893 Mr. Albert Schmid, then Superintendent of the Westinghouse Electric and Mfg. Co. constructed a powerful rotating field ring with an egg made of copper, and larger than that of an ostrich, for Dr. Tesla’s personal collection at the Chicago World’s Fair. This piece of apparatus was one of the most attractive novelties ever publicly shown and drew enormous crowds every day. Subsequently it was taken to Mr. Tesla’s laboratory and served there permanently for demonstrating rotating field phenomena. In his experiments it was practicable to use as much as 200 horsepower for a short time, without overheating the wires and the effects of the magnetic forces were wonderfully fascinating to observe. This is the very ring indicated in the accompanying photograph (Fig. 1), giving a view of Mr. Tesla’s former laboratory at 46 E. Houston Street, New York. It is shown in detail in Fig. 2, and the mode of winding is illustrated in diagram (Fig. 3). Originally the two-phase arrangement was provided but Mr. Tesla transformed it to the three- and four-phase when desired. On top of the ring was fastened a thin circular board, slightly hollowed, and provided around its circumference with a guard to prevent the objects from flying off.
Even more interesting than the spinning egg was the exhibition of planetary motion. In this experiment one large, and several small brass balls were usually employed. When the field was energized all the balls would be set spinning, the large one remaining in the center while the small ones revolved around it, like moons about a planet, gradually receding until they reached the outer guard and raced along the same.
But the demonstration which most imprest the audiences was the simultaneous operation of numerous balls, pivoted discs and other devices placed in all sorts of positions and at considerable distances from the rotating field. When the currents were turned on and the whole animated with motion, it presented an unforgettable spectacle. Mr. Tesla had many vacuum bulbs in which small, light metal discs were pivotally arranged on jewels and these would spin anywhere in the hall when the iron ring was energized.
Rotating fields of 15,000 horsepower are now being turned out by the leading manufacturers and it is very likely that in the near future capacities of 50,000 horsepower will be employed in the steel and other industries and ship propulsion by Tesla’s electric drive which, according to Secretary of the Navy Daniels’ statement, has proved a great success.
But any student interested in these phenomena can repeat all the classical experiments of Tesla by inexpensive apparatus. For this purpose it is only necessary to make two slip ring connections on an ordinary small direct current motor or dynamo and to wind an iron ring with four coils as indicated in diagram Fig. 3. No particular rule need be given for the windings but it may be stated that he will get the best results if he will use an iron ring of comparatively small section and wind it with as many turns of stout wire as practicable. He can heavily copper plate an egg but he should bear in mind that Tesla’s egg is not as innocent as that of Columbus. The worst that can happen with the latter is that it might be, — er — over ripe! but the Tesla egg may explode with disastrous effect because the copper plating is apt to be brought to a high temperature thru the induced currents. The sensible experimenter will, therefore, first suck out the contents of the egg — thus satisfying both his appetite and thirst for knowledge.
Besides the rotating field apparatus Mr. Tesla had other surprises for his audiences, which were even more wonderful. So, for instance, the coil on three legs, visible in the foreground, was used to operate wireless motors, lamps and other devices, and the spiral coil in the background served to show extraordinary high potential phenomena, as streamers of great length. |
Septic Arthritis: The Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Septic arthritis is a special type of arthritis also known as infectious arthritis. It consists of the inflammation of a joint due to infection. This infection can be bacterial, viral, or fungal.
Infections can cause arthritis both directly and indirectly. When it occurs directly, the infectious agent is found in the joint. However, in most cases, the infection begins somewhere else in the body and then travels through the bloodstream to the joint.
Septic arthritis can lead to serious consequences in the joint. Discover more about this type of arthritis in the article below.
Causes of septic arthritis
Septic arthritis occurs when pathogenic organisms gain access to a joint. As we mentioned above, in most cases, the infection originates somewhere else in the body and travels through the blood to the joint. However, infections can also develop directly in the joints, as the result of a wound or injury, for example.
Below are a series of situations that increase a person’s risk of experiencing this type of arthritis:
- A bacterial infection in another part of the body.
- Bacteriemia, or the presence of bacteria in the blood.
- Surgery to the join, such as the implantation of a prosthesis.
- Chronic illnesses such as diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis. The same medications used for these illnesses may inhibit the immune system. As a result, these patients are more prone to infections.
- The abuse of intervenous drugs.
- Skin conditions. For example, psoriasis and eczema increase a person’s risk of developing septic arthritis.
It’s important to point out that most cases of septic arthritis are caused by bacteria, especially staphylococcus and streptococcus. While it can occur at any age, it occurs most frequently in infants. What’s more, it mainly affects the hip or knee.
You may also want to read: 5 Knee-Strengthening Exercises to Do at Home
The symptoms of septic arthritis vary according to the type of infection. Bacterial infections tend to affect just one joint – typically the knee or hip. In these cases, any movement of the affected joint is very painful. This pain, as well as other symptoms including fever and the chills, tends to develop quickly.
In the case of a viral infection, the symptoms come on more gradually. Viral infections cause generalized joining paint, rather can pain in just one joint. Finally, fungal infections are much less common and can include the following symptoms:
- In babies, moving the joint will cause crying
- The infection may also produce fever and irritability in babies
- Intense joint pain
- Redness and inflammation
- Lowgrade fever
Discover more: The Most Common Questions About Arthritis
For doctors to diagnose septic arthritis, it’s important to conduct a good clinical history. What’s more, they should also perform a complete physical examination. Specific symptoms can help orient medical professionals toward a diagnosis. For example, when gonococcus is to blame for the infection, then patients often experience genital secretion as well.
Furthermore, doctors will need to know if patients have recently suffered from another infection.
First, doctors will perform a blood exam. Also, they may take samples of liquid from the joints to analyze it through a microscope and perform a bacterial culture. This way, they can determine whether or not an infection exists, and identify whether or not the nature of the infection is bacterial.
Then, doctors may also conduct an X-ray of the affected joint. X-rays and other diagnostic imaging tools can help evaluate the damage.
The treatment of septic arthritis
To treat septic arthritis, draining of the joint is usually necessary. What’s more, in the case of a bacterial infection, doctors will also prescribe antibiotic mediations.
To choose the right antibiotic, it’s important to know exactly what bacteria is causing the infection. Then, doctors may prescribe oral antibiotics or administer them intravenously. It’s also important to take into account the patient’s age and clinical history. When it comes to a viral infection, doctors usually don’t administer specific treatments.
Furthermore, to obtain relief from the pain caused by septic arthritis, patients should rest. At the same time, cold compresses can proved extra relief. Doctors may also prescribe anti-inflammatory and analgesic medications.
The draining of the joint
To drain the joint, the specialist will insert a needle in the synovial space. He or she may do so via arthroscopy or using open surgery. If the hip is the affected joint, then it’s more difficult to perform the procedure with a needle. Therefore, doctors will usually resort to surgical intervention.
It’s important to know that septic arthritis most frequently affects babies and persons that are immunosuppressed. Therefore, being more alert to these conditions is fundamental.
In the case of pain or swelling of a joint, then you should consult a medical professional.
All cited sources were thoroughly reviewed by our team to ensure their quality, reliability, currency, and validity. The bibliography of this article was considered reliable and of academic or scientific accuracy.
- General, C. de S. (2009). Guía de Práctica Clínica Artritis Séptica. Gpc, IMSS-191-1, 1–57.
- Artritis séptica. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2019, from http://espanol.arthritis.org/espanol/disease-center/artritis-sptica/
- Artritis séptica: MedlinePlus enciclopedia médica. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2019, from https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/ency/article/000430.htm
- Orthopedics Center – Penn State Hershey Medical Center – Septic arthritis – Penn State Hershey Medical Center. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2019, from http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=115&pid=1&gid=000430 |
SQL Server is one of the most widely used database systems in the world, powering numerous applications and websites. With its powerful features and capabilities, it allows users to efficiently manage and manipulate data to meet their business needs. One such feature is the “DROP IF EXISTS” statement, which can be used to drop an object if it exists in the database. In this article, we will delve into the details of this statement and explore its uses, benefits, and potential pitfalls in SQL Server. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced SQL Server user, understanding how to effectively use “DROP IF EXISTS” can greatly enhance your database management skills.
Table of Contents
How To Use DROP IF EXISTS in SQL Server?
DROP IF EXISTS is a feature introduced in SQL Server 2016 that allows users to check if an object exists before dropping it. This can be helpful in cases where the user is not sure whether the object exists or not, and wants to avoid an error if it does not exist.
To use DROP IF EXISTS in SQL Server, the syntax is as follows:
DROP [OBJECT TYPE] IF EXISTS [Object_Name];
The object type can be any of the following:
– Table: to drop a table
– View: to drop a view
– Procedure: to drop a stored procedure
– Function: to drop a function
– Trigger: to drop a trigger
– Index: to drop an index
– User: to drop a user
– Login: to drop a login
Let’s look at some examples of using DROP IF EXISTS in SQL Server.
Example 1: To Drop a Table IF EXISTS
Suppose we have a table named “Customer” in our database. To drop this table if it exists, we can use the following query:
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS Customer;
If the table “Customer” exists, it will be dropped. Otherwise, no error will be displayed.
Example 2: To drop a Stored Procedure IF EXISTS
Let’s say we have a stored procedure called “GetCustomerInfo” in our database. To drop this stored procedure if it exists, the query will be:
DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS GetCustomerInfo;
This will drop the “GetCustomerInfo” stored procedure if it exists. If not, no error will be displayed.
Example 3: To Drop a User IF EXISTS
Suppose we want to drop a user named “John” from our database. To do so, we can use the following query:
DROP USER IF EXISTS John;
If the user “John” exists, it will be dropped. Otherwise, no error will be displayed.
In SQL Server, there are certain objects that do not support the IF EXISTS clause, such as constraints, permissions, and rules. Also, the IF EXISTS clause is not supported in DROP DATABASE and ALTER DATABASE statements.
In conclusion, DROP IF EXISTS is a useful feature in SQL Server that allows users to check the existence of an object before dropping it. This can help prevent errors and make database management easier.
In conclusion, the DROP IF EXISTS statement in SQL Server is a powerful tool that saves time and effort in managing database objects. It allows for a more efficient and cleaner way to drop objects without the need to check for their existence manually. By using this statement, developers can easily avoid errors and streamline their database management processes. It is important to understand the correct syntax and usage of this statement to ensure its effectiveness in maintaining the integrity of the database. Overall, the DROP IF EXISTS statement is a valuable feature in SQL Server that enhances the productivity and performance of database administrators and developers. |
On November 6, 2022, most North Americans will mark the end of Daylight Saving Time (DST) by moving the clocks back an hour. The simple action will help shift daylight back into the morning during the shorter winter days. It will also add an extra 60 minutes to the weekend!
The German Empire was the first to manipulate the clocks in 1916. The army wanted to conserve the fuel needed to produce weapons and bombs for World War I. The US and Britain adopted the practice shortly after. All the countries reverted to Standard Time once the war ended, only to reinstate DST again during World War II. US officials repealed DST nationally when the war ended in 1945. But states and districts were allowed to continue the tradition and even select their own start and stop DST dates.
This resulted in what Time Magazine called a "chaos of clocks." By 1965, Iowa had 23 different pairs of DST start and end dates. St. Paul, Minnesota, began daylight saving two weeks earlier than its twin city, Minneapolis, Minnesota, just nine miles away. Meanwhile, passengers on a 35-mile bus ride from Steubenville, Ohio, to Moundsville, West Virginia, passed through seven-time changes!
The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ended the confusion by setting the same "spring forward" and "fall back" dates for the entire nation. But the law was not compulsory. Hawaii, most of Arizona, and the US territories — Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the US Virgin Islands — did not adopt DST.
The DST dates were initially set for the last Sundays in April and October. However, in 1986, US President Ronald Reagan changed the DST start date to the first Sunday in April. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 moved up the DST start date further to the second Sunday in March. It also extended out the "fall back" date to the first Sunday in November.
The DST dates were initially set for the last Sundays in April and October. However, in 1986, US president Ronald Reagan changed the DST start date to the first Sunday in April. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 moved up the DST start date further to the second Sunday in March. It also extended out the "fall back" date to the first Sunday in November.
Clock manipulation is not very popular. Many people believe the disruption in sleep patterns caused by the time change harms the elderly or those with serious illnesses. Studies have found a slight increase in heart attacks on the "spring forward" Sunday when we "lose" an hour. The time change is also believed to cause more driving and workplace accidents.
In 2019, the European Union voted to permanently remove the age-old custom of changing clocks. But the law has yet to be implemented. In March 2022, the US Senate passed the Sunshine Protection Act to make DST permanent. The House of Representatives is currently debating the bill. If passed, the last clock change in the US will occur with a "spring forward" in March 2023.
Happy "Fall Back!"
Resources: Wikipedia.org, History.com, Nationalgeographic.com |
Today's featured artifact is this electric lantern from the steamboat Mary Powell. The Mary Powell, built in 1861, underwent one of many overhauls during the winter of 1887-88. Several changes were made to the steamboat, including rearranging the interior accommodations. For instance, the main dining room was moved from the hull to the main deck, so passengers could see out the windows as they ate. The other major change was the installation of over one hundred electric lights, which made evening travel safer and more pleasant.
This particular lantern was likely meant for use by the crew. Designed to either plug in to direct current lines or unplugged for use powered by an internal battery, this was likely used in the engine room.
A similar lantern is held in the collections of the National Maritime Museum in London, UK, where it is listed as a "naval emergency lantern."
Electric improvements continued aboard the Mary Powell in subsequent seasons. In the winter of 1893-94, two new private parlors were constructed, with electric call bells - presumably to call the steward or other staff for assistance. In 1905, an electric fire alarm system was installed. On May 10, 1905, the Kingston Daily Freeman reported on the improvement:
An electric fire alarm, the idea of Captain Anderson, is being installed on the Mary Powell by H. B. Legg and H. H. Buckbee. Instead of sounding a large gong in case of fire, which would alarm the passengers, electric annunciators are placed throughout the boat notifying the crew where to report, thereby saving time. The inspectors who were here Tuesday say the system is perfect and the first to be installed on any vessel.
Although historical record of these electric systems is limited, we can presume that the electricity was produced by a dynamo powered by the steam engines.
If you would like to see the electric lantern in person, it is on display as part of the museum's "Mary Powell: Queen of the Hudson" exhibit.
If you enjoyed this post and would like to support more history blog content, please make a donation to the Hudson River Maritime Museum or become a member today!
This blog is written by Hudson River Maritime Museum staff, volunteers and guest contributors.
Hudson River Maritime Museum
50 Rondout Landing
Kingston, NY 12401
The Hudson River Maritime Museum is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of the maritime history of the Hudson River, its tributaries, and related industries.
Become a member and receive benefits like unlimited free museum admission, discounts on classes, programs, and in the museum store, plus invitations to members-only events.
The Hudson River Maritime Museum receives no federal, state, or municipal funding except through competitive, project-based grants. Your donation helps support our mission of education and preservation. |
Volleyball is one of the most popular sports in the world, and a key part of playing it well is mastering the block. Here’s what is a block in volleyball…
What is a Block in Volleyball?
A block in volleyball is an attempt to stop the opposing team from attacking. It is essentially a wall of defensive players jumping up at the net, trying to stop the ball from crossing into their own court.
The main purpose of blocking is to disrupt the timing and rhythm of the opposing team’s attack, as well as to prevent them from getting an easy point. This can be achieved through a variety of techniques, such as blocking from the net or jumping up to meet the ball in mid-air.
Here’s what you need to keep in mind while blocking;
In volleyball, there are a number of rules and regulations in place to ensure the safe execution of blocks.
- Only front-row players are allowed to block.
- A block can be performed by one player or a combination of players.
- The goal of a block is to prevent the ball from crossing the net.
- A block is considered successful if the ball is touched by a blocker and does not cross the net.
- A block assist is awarded to any player who touches the ball during a successful block.
What are the types of blocks in volleyball?
To become a great blocker in volleyball, it is important to know your different types of blocks. The following are the four main types of blocks in volleyball;
- Individual block
- Collective block
- Soft block
- Hard block
1. Individual block:
An individual block is when one player jumps up to the ball from their side of the court, attempting to stop it from crossing over into the opposing team’s court. This type of block requires good reflexes and timing, as the blocker must be able to time their jump perfectly so as not to interfere with any other players.
2. Collective block:
A collective block is when multiple players co-ordinate their jumps together in order to create a wall or barrier at the net that is difficult for the attacker to pass. This requires good communication and timing between all players involved in order to be effective.
3. Soft block:
A soft block is a more passive type of block that does not involve jumping, but rather using your body positioning and arms to create an obstacle for the attacker. This can be used as a way to disrupt the flow of an opposing team’s attack and give your own team time to get back into position.
4. Hard block:
A hard block is when multiple players jump up at the same time in order to create a wall that is almost impossible for the attacker to pass through. This type of block requires perfect timing, as well as good communication and coordination between all players involved.
Now that you know what a block is and the different types of blocks, it’s time to learn how to do them effectively.
Related Article: Volleyball Positions: The Beginner Guide
How to become an elite blocker in volleyball?
Volleyball blocking is an art form, and in order to be effective, you need to be able to time your jumps perfectly, communicate well with your team and stay light on your feet. The key to becoming an elite blocker in volleyball is practice, practice, and more practice.
Here are some tips that will help you become a great blocker;
Read the Hitter:
In order to anticipate the hitter’s move, it’s important to read their body language and arm movements before they hit the ball. Pay attention to the way they set their body and the angle of their arm; these small details can give you an indication of where the ball will go.
The key to a successful block is timing. If your jump is off by even a fraction of a second, it can make all the difference between blocking or not. This means that you should try to jump just before the ball is hit, in order to time it perfectly.
The way you position your arms while blocking can drastically affect how successful you are. Your arms should form an ‘X’ shape, with one hand above the net and the other below it. This will allow you to cover more area and make it harder for the attacker to get through your block.
How to improve your blocking technique?
No matter how experienced you are, there is always room for improvement when it comes to blocking. Improving your blocking technique is all about repetition and practice.
Here are some drills you can do to help you become a better blocker;
Shadow Blocking: Shadow blocking involves mimicking the motions of a block without actually jumping up or touching the ball. This drill is great for improving your timing and getting familiar with the motion of a block.
Wall Drills: This drill involves having a partner throw the ball at you from different angles, and then attempting to block it with your arms in an ‘X’ shape. This helps you practice your arm positioning and stay light on your feet while blocking.
Jump Drills: For this drill, have a partner toss the ball over the net, and then try to time your jump so you can block it on its way down. This helps you master the timing of a block and improve your reflexes.
Partner Blocking: In this drill, two players partner up and take turns attacking the other. This helps you practice your communication and coordination with a teammate, as well as get used to blocking in a game-like situation.
By practicing these drills regularly, you will become an elite blocker in no time!
Blocking is an essential skill in volleyball, and mastering the technique can greatly improve your game. Now that you know what a block is, the different types of blocks, and how to become an elite blocker – it’s time to start practicing! With enough practice and dedication, you will be able to take your blocking skills to the next level.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a block attempt?
A block attempt is a move that a player makes in an attempt to stop the ball from crossing over into their side of the court. The player must remain behind the attack line when attempting a block, and cannot reach over the net.
Is Block considered a touch?
In Indoor volleyball, a block is not considered a touch unless the ball bounces off of an arm of a blocker into the other arm and still falls on the side of the net. In beach volleyball, it counts as a touch and the team only has 2 more hits afterwards, no matter how many people are on the team.
Can 4 people block in volleyball?
No, only two or three players can block in volleyball at the same time. However, if two or three players happen to jump and block the ball at the same time, it is considered a collective block, and any player who touches the ball during the block will receive a block assist.
How many blocks are there in volleyball?
There are four types of blocks: individual, collective, soft and hard block. Each type requires different timing, coordination and skill in order to be effective. However, individual and collective blocks are the most common. |
Elm Zigzag Sawfly
The elm zigzag sawfly (Aproceros leucopoda) is a nonnative insect that originated in eastern Asia (Japan and certain regions of China). It is now invasive in Europe (2003) and North America. The elm zigzag sawfly has been found in Virginia (2021), Maryland, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, New York, and Vermont. In 2023, the elm zigzag sawfly was first detected in a small, forested area of Berkshire and Hampden Counties in Massachusetts: https://www.mass.gov/news/dcr-announces-that-elm-zigzag-sawfly-has-been-confirmed-in-massachusetts . Significant defoliation of elm host plants was seen at the impacted locations. It is currently unclear how widespread the elm zigzag sawfly is in Massachusetts, or how the infestation was introduced. If you suspect you have found elm zigzag sawfly in Massachusetts, please report it to Nicole Keleher (MA DCR Forest Health Program) here: Nicole.Keleher@mass.gov or the MA Department of Agricultural Resources, here: https://massnrc.org/pests/report.aspx .
As the common name suggests, the caterpillars of the elm zigzag sawfly feed on elm (Ulmus spp.). They may commonly feed on slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), winged elm (Ulmus alata), American elm (Ulmus americana), siberian elm (Ulmus pumila), English elm (Ulmus minor 'Atinia'), lacebark elm (Ulmus parvifolia), and hybrid elms (Ulmus spp.). (Hybrids found to be impacted in Virginia include: Ulmus ‘Cathedral’ Japanese x Siberian hybrid.) Elms in both natural/forested areas as well as managed landscapes are fed upon by this insect.
Elm zigzag sawfly caterpillars are pale green with a black stripe on their heads and dark T-shaped markings on their legs. The larvae are small and can easily blend into the leaf, it may require close inspection to find. While they resemble the caterpillars of butterflies and moths, they are not. Sawflies are more closely related to the ants, bees, and wasps and their adults resemble a wasp with a broad waist. Adults are 6-7 mm. long, shiny and black, with pale yellow legs and darkly colored wings. The adult sawflies do not sting humans. Once the caterpillar is fully mature (10-11 mm. long) and ready to pupate, they spin a silken, net-like case around themselves. Pupae may change in color as they mature, from pale green to dark. Pupal cases are often found on host plant leaves, on the ground below, or on nearby objects. Thus far, no adult male zigzag sawflies have been found. The entire population is female, and parthenogenetic - able to lay viable eggs without fertilization from a male. Two generations per year are known to occur in North Carolina and Virginia, however in Europe, 4-6 generations per year are possible.
Elm zigzag sawfly overwinters in the pupal life stage, and adult females emerge as temperatures warm in the spring. As host plant foliage becomes available, females lay unfertilized eggs in tiny notches on the edges of leaves. Each female lives for approximately 1-6 days and lays up to 60 eggs (a range of 7-49 eggs per female has been reported). Eggs are tiny, and approximately 0.8-1.0 mm. long when laid. Eggs are blue-green in color when first laid, but turn black just prior to hatching. Egg hatch can occur in approximately 4-8 days. Caterpillars feed for 15-18 days prior to pupation, and pass through 6 instars. Caterpillars possess 3 pairs of hardened thoracic legs and 6 pairs of fleshy abdominal prolegs. The dark, T-shaped markings occur on the second and third pair of the hardened thoracic legs. Pupae in the summer months (if there are multiple generations per year) are in loosely woven nets, often attached to leaves. If leaves are not available, they may be attached to other nearby objects, including fence posts. Pupae destined to overwinter are often formed in the leaf litter or soil nearby the host plant, and are denser with solid walls. Adults that emerge from non-overwintering pupae can do so in approximately 10 days. In Europe, it is estimated that a full generation of these sawflies can occur in less than 1 month.
Females cause a tiny amount of damage to the edges of host plant leaves as they lay their eggs. Tiny scars are formed as a result of female egg laying. Eggs hatch, and young sawfly caterpillars begin their characteristic zig-zag patterned feeding. These zig-zag shaped notches in the leaf can extend 5-10 mm into the leaf from the edge. Multiple caterpillars can feed on a single leaf. Entire leaves can be completely defoliated, leaving only veins behind. Heavily infested trees can suffer partial or complete defoliation. It is currently thought that elms can recover from periodic defoliation by this pest, however individual elm trees may be weakened and predisposed to other pests and stressors by elm zigzag sawfly feeding. If several years of complete defoliation occur in a row, tree mortality could possibly occur, however this has not yet been observed in the US. Death of individual branches on susceptible hosts has been observed. The impact of this new invasive insect in the United States is not currently fully understood. In Europe, it is common that the elm zigzag sawfly outbreaks regularly and defoliates urban trees and large tracts of natural forest, however mortality of entire trees has not been reported there. Some trees are known to create new foliage following defoliation in a single season.
Elm zigzag sawfly is new to the United States and management strategies are still being determined. Additionally, chemical management options including products that may be effective at managing sawflies are not yet specifically labeled for use against the elm zigzag sawfly. The most important and first management step at this time is to report elm zigzag sawfly, if found in Massachusetts, to the MA Department of Agricultural Resources, immediately: https://massnrc.org/pests/report.aspx or to the MA DCR Forest Health Program, here: Nicole.Keleher@mass.gov . Take photos and note your exact location. Do not move infested host plants from the area.
Small populations on individual trees may be managed by picking sawflies off by hand and dropping them into a bucket of soapy water or crushing them. Spraying the sawflies off individual trees with a strong stream of water from a hose may also interrupt their feeding. On larger trees or plantings, this may not be practical. Prevent spreading this insect in Massachusetts by avoiding accidental transport of the life stages of the insect or infested plant material. Pupae can be removed and destroyed if found.
Biological Control/Natural Enemies:
Biological control agents of the elm zigzag sawfly or potentially significant natural enemies of this insect in North America are currently not fully understood or available.
Potential natural enemies of the elm zigzag sawfly in Canada are unknown. In Romania, Itoplectis maculator and Pimpla turionellae are two ichneumonid parasitoid wasps that parasitize elm zigzag sawfly caterpillars, but whose adults emerge from the pupae of the sawfly (Constantineanu and Constantineanu, 2018). Also in Romania, an eulophid wasp egg parasitoid of the elm zigzag sawfly, Asecodes erxias, is also known. In eastern Asia, a tachinid parasitoid of the elm zigzag sawfly is known, Blondelia nigripes. In Serbia, the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis, which is also present in Massachusetts, is a known predator of the elm zigzag sawfly. It is unclear at this time what the impact of Harmonia axyridis feeding on elm zigzag sawfly in Massachusetts will be.
Chemical management of the elm zigzag sawfly should target young, feeding larvae as soon as they are present in the spring. In Europe, chemical management of this insect has proved difficult, due to the ability of subsequent multiple generations to reinvade treated trees. Research on the efficacy of chemical management of the elm zigzag sawfly in North America is limited.
With large ornamental plantings or thoroughly infested plants, chemical management options to treat elm zigzag sawfly may be practical. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies to reduce dependency on chemical insecticides and protect the health of the applicator and the environment are encouraged. When possible, choose the lowest risk active ingredient to manage any insect pest.
Homeowners in areas of Massachusetts where elm zigzag sawfly has become established may need to hire a professional, licensed pesticide applicator to help with chemical management. Elm zigzag sawfly is present in a small area of Massachusetts. Chemical management in areas of the state where this insect has not been confirmed to exist is unnecessary at this time.
Some active ingredients that may be used to manage sawfly caterpillars, such as the elm zigzag sawfly, include but are not limited to:
Acephate (NL) (systemic insecticide, injection)
Azadirachtin (larva only) (NL) (systemic insecticide, injection, soil drench)
Bifenthrin (NL) (contact insecticide)
Bifenthrin+imidacloprid (L) (contact insecticide)
Carbaryl (L) (contact insecticide)
*Chlorpyrifos (N) (contact insecticide)
Cyfluthrin (larva only) (NL) (contact insecticide)
Deltamethrin (larva only) (L) (contact insecticide)
Dinotefuran (larva only) (NL) (systemic insecticide, soil drench)
Emamectin benzoate (L) (systemic insecticide, injection)
Flonicamid+cyclaniliprole (N) (contact insecticide)
Gamma-cyhalothrin (L) (contact insecticide)
Horticultural oil (larva only) (L) (contact insecticide)
Imidacloprid (larva only) (L) (systemic insecticide, soil drench)
Insecticidal soap (larva only) (NL) (contact insecticide)
Lambda-cyhalothrin (L) (contact insecticide)
Pyrethrin+sulfur (larva only) (NL) (contact insecticide)
Spinetoram+sulfoxaflor (larva only) (N) (contact insecticide)
Spinosad (larva only) (NL) (contact insecticide)
*When used in nurseries, chlorpyrifos is for quarantine use only.
Read and follow all label instructions for safety and proper use. If this information contradicts language on the label, follow the most up-to-date instructions on the product label. Always confirm that the site you wish to treat and the pest you wish to manage are on the label before using any pesticide. Active ingredients labeled "L" indicate some products containing the active ingredient are labeled for landscape uses on trees or shrubs. Active ingredients labeled "N" indicate some products containing the active ingredient are labeled for use in nurseries. Always confirm allowable uses on product labels. This active ingredient list is based on what was registered for use in Massachusetts at the time of publication. This information changes rapidly and may not be up to date. If you are viewing this information from another state, check with your local Extension Service and State Pesticide Program for local uses and regulations.
Tawny Simisky, Entomologist, UMass Extension
Nicole Keleher, Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, Forest Health Program |
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Content, style, and mechanics all play an important role in writing a strong essay, story, report, or article.
When we communicate on paper:
- Our goal is to be thorough, accurate, concise, and concrete.
- Our writing needs to flow well and make sense.
- We have to guard against misspellings and sloppy grammar. These can distract the reader and water down our message.
Writers have dozens—even hundreds—of tips and tools at their disposal to make this process easier and improve chances for success. From time to time, I pick different ones to help you or your kids plan, write, or edit more effectively. Try these six ways to strengthen your writing:
1. Brainstorm Before Writing
The purpose of brainstorming is to plan ideas and jot down details to jumpstart your writing. Brainstorming can take many forms, including clustering, mind-mapping, lists, grids, and formal graphic organizers.
Instead of writing full sentences, it’s better to make lists of words and short phrases. Later, as you refer to your brainstorming sheet during writing time, your list of concrete words and other details will jog your memory and keep your writing from taking tangents. Brainstorming keeps you on track.
2. Use Different Kinds of Sentences
Try a combination of simple, compound, and complex sentences. This adds variety and improves the style of your writing. Here’s a helpful quiz on sentence types.
3. Choose Strong Words
Vivid, active, colorful words have the power to paint clear mental pictures and stir the reader’s emotions. When dull, vague, or overly used words clutter up your writing, replace them with stronger, more precise ones.
Dull: Isabella made a nice dessert.
Interesting: Isabella whipped up a rich chocolate mousse.
Watch out for boring words such as fine, nice, or good. Is it a good book, good friend, or good weather? Then express it more specifically.
riveting book, faithful friend, balmy weather
Avoid vague verbs such as cried, said, or went in favor of concrete ones:
The orphan sobbed, wailed, or wept.
Dr. Cooper ordered, whispered, or agreed.
The horse galloped, trotted, or raced.
Check that you haven’t repeated main words too many times. Use your thesaurus to find appropriate synonyms.
Finally, don’t choose words based on how long they are or how clever they make you sound. Otherwise, you run the risk of sounding arrogant. Long, fancy words aren’t always the best choice. Yes, it’s great to use a thesaurus! Just be wise. Pick the best words for saying what you mean.
4. Include Subordinating Conjunctions
Sentence variations can add interest and maturity to any piece of writing. Using subordinating conjunctions is just one way to vary sentence structure, often by combining sentences together:
I shop frugally.
I save several hundred dollars each month.
Example 1:When the subordinating conjunction begins the sentence, a comma follows the dependent clause.
Because I shop frugally, I save several hundred dollars each month.
Example 2: When a dependent clause beginning with a subordinating conjunction comes at the end of the sentence, don’t separate the two clauses with a comma.
I save several hundred dollars each month because I shop frugally.
Either way, see how using because to combine two short sentences creates a single but more interesting sentence.
If this concept is new to you or your students, print out a list of subordinating conjunctions.
5. Watch Out for Misplaced Modifiers
Avoid pesky misplaced modifiers—phrases or clauses placed near the wrong noun. To avoid confusion, position a modifier close to the word or phrase it should modify.
Incorrect: Hiking along the overgrown path, a tree stump tripped Fernie.
Why is this wrong? Because the sentence implies that the tree stump was hiking along the path!
Correct: Hiking along the overgrown path, Fernie tripped over a tree stump.
6. Let Your Paper Rest
Everyone’s writing improves with editing, so no matter how great you think your report or story is, let it breathe for a day. Stepping away helps you become more objective about your writing. Later, you can proofread it for clarity, conciseness, concreteness, and errors.
What’s your favorite writing tip? |
Influence student behavior by learning techniques to develop a compassionate classroom! In the Compassion course of the Teaching Life’s Essentials series, you will deepen your knowledge of how to enhance student awareness of the importance of becoming compassionate citizens.
Isn’t it true that great teachers are born not made? We say “not at all”. With the guidance of the courses in this series, you can take your teaching to a new level; one that brings the highest degree of satisfaction to yourself and your students. Great teachers are remembered not for the knowledge they impart but for the way they encourage and lift their students’ achievement, not just in a subject, but in the important skills of living a fulfilling life. These skills of happiness, of inspiration, compassion, curiosity and resilience are essential for both the learner and the teacher. This course will bring research to inform along with techniques and activities to imbue your delivery of required curriculum with the essence of greatness-both yours and your students’.
Through website resources and course assignments, teachers will be supported in the development of a compassionate classroom while at the same time making their students aware of the importance of becoming compassionate citizens.
In this course participants will have an opportunity to:
- Read and study given website resources.
- Recall the influence of compassion in their life.
- Strive to develop a compassion classroom that will influence student behavior.
- Develop a lesson plan in which compassion is the theme.
- Communicate with other class participants about the importance of compassion.
Course Relation to Professional Standards
This course aligns to the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards
TEACHERS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MANAGING AND MONITORING STUDENT LEARNING.
- Teachers Call on Multiple Methods to Meet Their Instructional Goals
- Teachers Value Student Engagement
- Teachers Engage Students in the Learning Process
TEACHERS ARE MEMBERS OF LEARNING COMMUNITIES
- Teachers Use Feedback and Research to Improve Their Practice and Positively Impact Student Learning
This course aligns with National Student Standards
NL-Eng-K12.1 READING FOR PERSPECTIVE
- Students read a wide range of print and non-print texts to build an understanding of texts, themselves, and of the cultures of the US and the world…
NL-ENG-K12.2 UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE
- Students read a wide range of literature from many periods in many genres to build an understanding of the many dimensions (e.g. philosophical, ethical, aesthetic) of the human experience.
38 years in K-12 and post-secondary education, AVID teacher, Path Specialist, Multicultural Specialist.
AVID staff developer, Equity trainer, REACH facilitator, Equity/TitleIX/Section 504 Compliance, Officer.
My goal is to support teachers as they strive to become more culturally responsive in order to meet the diverse needs of their students.
I enjoy writing, painting, ATV’ing, camping, fishing, and other outdoor activities. |
Bringing a life into the world is serious business. Both a mother and her baby need to be in optimal condition to avoid the possibility of life-threatening complications. For all women, sufficient iron intake is necessary from puberty onwards to avoid the possibility of developing anemia. For the health of a baby in utero, it becomes even more crucial. Adequate intake is essential to keep blood levels of the mineral stable. Developing anemia during pregnancy can harm not only the mother but have negative consequences for her baby as well.
Requirements for Pregnant Women
Approximately 50 percent of pregnant women do not consume the recommended daily allowance of this crucial mineral. In fact, pregnant women actually need twice as much as they did prior to conceiving. Experts recommend that pregnant women consume about 30 milligrams of the mineral per day for optimal health. Because developing babies can only get their nutrients from what their mothers consume, it is critical that pregnant women consume enough for both their bodies, as well as for their developing fetuses.
In order to achieve this, a variety of iron-rich foods or a mineral supplement should be included in the diet. Many foods contain substantial amounts of the mineral and include:
- Fortified cereal
- Beef and chicken liver
- Red meat
- Lima beans
- Dark green vegetables
There are two versions of the mineral: heme, which is readily absorbable, and non-heme. To consume adequate amounts of the mineral from food sources alone, it is best to focus on meat products since they contain the most easily absorbed version.
While these foods are readily available and easy to include on a daily basis, many women have an aversion to certain foods during their pregnancies. If adequate consumption from whole food sources is not possible, including low-dose supplementation of the mineral is recommended or making sure that your daily prenatal vitamin includes sufficient amounts.
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Benefits of Adequate Intake
Because the pregnant woman’s body is responsible for building and maintaining the delicate circulatory system of the fetus, sufficient intake is necessary. This mineral is crucial in body’s manufacture of hemoglobin. This blood-bound substance is responsible for the transport of oxygen and nutrients throughout the bodies of both the mother and her baby. Increased blood oxygenation results in improved mental capacity, immunity and physical performance during pregnancy and delivery. Deficiency of this critical mineral may result in the development of anemia that may have severe repercussions for both mother and fetus. In fact, research has shown that anemic pregnant women have a greater mortality risk than those who maintain adequate vitamin and mineral intake.
Role of Iron During Pregnancy
The mother’s body is responsible for providing blood, oxygen and nutrients to her fetus. Because this mineral is crucial in the production of oxygen-transporting hemoglobin, it is necessary to provide the fetus with adequate oxygen and blood supply. Additionally, a pregnant woman’s blood volume increases dramatically during gestation. On average, this increase is approximately 1,250 milliliters. This is about 50 percent more blood volume than the average non-pregnant woman. Due to this increase, intake of this critical mineral must rise to meet the increased demand for hemoglobin. Adequate intake during pregnancy ensures that your baby isn’t born suffering from a deficiency and decreases the chances of low birth weight. |
• clinch •
klinch • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Verb, transitive
Meaning: 1. To hammer back the end of a nail or bolt coming through a plank or slab so as to firmly secure it. 2. To secure, make final or definite, to 'sew up', as to clinch a game with a last-minute play. 3. To embrace or hug so tightly as to hinder movement (especially in boxing).
Notes: Today's Good Word is almost a synonym and homonym of clench. The one meaning that distinguishes clench from clinch is "to hold tightly closed", as to clench a fist or your teeth. Clinch distinguishes itself by having a noun, clincher. This word can refer to a person or tool that clinches nails or a final decisive factor, as a long pass that clinches a win in football—the game-clincher.
In Play: Today this word is used mostly in the second sense above, to secure, make definite: "Wiley Driver clinched the deal with Wobbly Widget Co. by allowing its president to win a game of golf." The third sense is probably the second most frequent use of this word: "Wiley clinched his wife so hard when he told her of his success that he cracked one of her ribs."
Word History: Today's Good Word has an interesting history. It began as clench with the first meaning above. This meaning expanded to simply "secure firmly, tightly" in any sense of the phrase: clench a test, clench a ball game, clench a fist. Now, in several dialects of English the sound represented by E is pronounced like I before N or M. In the southern US, Australia, New Zealand, as well as other English dialect regions, pen is pronounced pin and clench, clinch even today. Mary Jane Stoneburg, a Good Word editor from up north, reports her Southern roommate in college once asked her for a pin. Mary Jane replied, "A straight pin or safety pin?" "One to write with," was the reply. The two dialectal versions of clench, however, have begun to develop different meanings, making them different words. (Let's clinch today's Good Word by penning a note of thanks to Susan Walker for suggesting it.) |
Scientists have successfully extracted human DNA from a Paleolithic pendant for the first time using a nondestructive method.
The pendant, a pierced deer tooth measuring approximately 0.79 inches (2 centimeters) long, was discovered in 2019 inside Denisova Cave in southern Siberia, which is famous for housing Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans.
The pendant is further evidence of the cave’s human occupation.
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The researchers used a newly developed technique that involved submerging the artifact into a buffer bath of sodium phosphate to release the ancient DNA gradually without damaging the artifact’s integrity.
Teeth are highly porous, making them a good candidate for retaining traces of DNA, such as from skin cells or sweat.
The researchers were able to determine that both the woman and the deer, a species of elk known as wapiti, lived sometime between 19,000 and 25,000 years ago and that the woman was of Siberian heritage.
The researchers believe this new DNA extraction method could be used on other ancient artifacts, including tools and ornaments, and potentially extract DNA from all types of artifacts.
However, it’s important for archaeologists to wear proper equipment during excavations to avoid cross-contamination from their own DNA.
Study author Elena Essel thinks that the amount of human DNA recovered from this method was “mind-blowing” and exceeded her expectations.
Further examinations are needed to determine the source of the DNA.
Source Live Science |
Wondering how to make butter with kids? It is a simple science activity packed with big fun for children of all ages. You can make butter from heavy cream or fresh raw cream in a jar today!
Learning how to make butter is a fun natural science experiment for kids of all ages!
This is an activity that I have done with my school kids for years, from pre-school to high school. It’s a fascinating process to watch the cream suddenly form butter after just a few minutes of shaking!
Now I’m blessed to be working with my own son and we were able to enjoy this fun life science experiment with fresh raw cream from our local cows!
How to Make Butter With Kids
In order to make butter with kids, you’ll need a few things:
- Full fat cream, heavy whipping cream, or fresh cream from a cow (I haven’t tried it, but I don’t think goat milk works the same way)
- A Jar – we used a half pint mason jar
- 2 polished rocks- marbles also work well. Give them a scrub before they go in the jar. Also, make sure whatever you use in the jar doesn’t have chips in it that might flake off more during the butter making process.
Now the fun part where you make butter begins!
Fill the jar halfway full with cream (regardless of jar size). The cream will turn to butter faster if it’s at room temperature.
Put polished rocks or marbles in jar with the cream.
Start shaking! This part is 100% for the kids to do as long as they want- they might get tired though, ha! Shake for about 4-10 minutes (depending on the quality of the cream) until the butter fat separates from the buttermilk.
This was what my son looked into the jar and saw! He was so shocked and surprised that he had made BUTTER!!
Drain buttermilk away from butter, but don’t toss the buttermilk! Save it for biscuits!
Remove the rocks/marbles from the butter and set them aside to wash later.
Rinse butter in COLD water, pressing with the back of a metal spoon over and over to remove excess buttermilk. Change the water every few minutes until it’s clear.
This step is very important because the butter will go rancid very quickly if buttermilk is left in the mix!
Remove the butter from the water and press briefly to remove excess water. Add salt to taste (optional) and mix well.
Eat the butter your kids made however you all like it best! We like to have it on warm homemade bread!
NOTE:Buttermilk is great for drinking if you’re going to drink it right away, but after about a day it’s pretty sour and perfect for baking!
Science of Making Butter With Kids
The science of making butter with kids is simpler than it seems: the fat in cream is suspended within a thin membrane.
The shaking process along with the beating of the rocks/marbles breaks down the membrane and allows the fat cells to stick together. Together, those cells form butter!
You might also enjoy: |
The nexus of science, health, and technology is a dynamic landscape, continually evolving and shaping the way we perceive, understand, and interact with the world. In this article, we embark on a journey through the latest developments in these interconnected fields, exploring the breakthroughs that hold the promise of transforming our lives and propelling humanity into the future.
- HealthTech Revolution: The integration of technology into healthcare, often termed HealthTech, has witnessed a revolution. From wearable devices monitoring vital signs to telemedicine platforms providing remote healthcare access, technology is enhancing patient care, diagnosis, and treatment in unprecedented ways.
- Genomics and Precision Medicine: Genomic research is at the forefront of advancements in healthcare. The ability to sequence and analyze an individual’s genetic code is opening doors to personalized medicine, tailoring treatments to an individual’s unique genetic makeup for more effective and targeted healthcare solutions by Erick Mosteller.
- Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping the healthcare landscape by enhancing diagnostics, predicting disease trends, and even assisting in drug discovery. Machine learning algorithms are proving invaluable in analyzing vast datasets to identify patterns and insights that were once elusive.
- Neurotechnology Innovations: Advances in neurotechnology are unlocking the mysteries of the human brain. From brain-machine interfaces facilitating communication for individuals with paralysis to neurofeedback technologies improving mental health, these innovations are expanding our understanding of cognition and neurological disorders.
- Quantum Computing Breakthroughs: Quantum computing is poised to revolutionize the world of technology. Its unparalleled computational power has the potential to solve complex problems, optimize logistical challenges, and transform industries ranging from cryptography to drug discovery.
- Biotechnology Frontiers: Biotechnology continues to be a driving force in scientific innovation. Developments such as CRISPR gene editing technology are revolutionizing genetic engineering, offering unprecedented precision in modifying DNA and potentially curing genetic diseases.
- Nanotechnology Applications: At the microscopic level, nanotechnology is making significant strides. From targeted drug delivery systems to innovative materials with enhanced properties, the applications of nanotechnology are broadening the scope of possibilities in science and technology.
- 5G and the Internet of Things (IoT): The rollout of 5G networks is ushering in a new era of connectivity. The faster and more reliable internet speeds, coupled with the Internet of Things (IoT), are facilitating seamless communication between devices, transforming the way we interact with our surroundings and each other.
- Climate Technology Solutions: As concerns about climate change intensify, technological developments are focusing on sustainable solutions. Innovations such as renewable energy advancements, carbon capture technologies, and eco-friendly materials are at the forefront of addressing environmental challenges.
- Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR) in Healthcare and Education: AR and VR technologies are finding applications beyond entertainment. In healthcare, they are enhancing surgical training and patient education, while in education, they are providing immersive learning experiences that transcend traditional boundaries.
The developments in science, health, and technology are a testament to the human capacity for innovation and progress. As these frontiers continue to expand, they hold the promise of revolutionizing our daily lives, redefining healthcare practices, and shaping the future of technology. The journey through these interconnected realms is a thrilling exploration of the endless possibilities that lie at the intersection of science, health, and technology. |
Anemia is one of the most common blood disorders, affecting more than 3 million Americans and a third of the world's population. This medical condition is characterized by low levels of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. The primary function of hemoglobin is to carry oxygen and supply it to different body parts. So, low hemoglobin levels mean that vital organs in your body may not be getting enough oxygen to function well.¹
But don't worry — you can manage anemia with little effort, depending on its severity. We've put together some natural remedies for anemia that can help boost your iron and energy levels.
We make it easy for you to participate in a clinical trial for Anemia, and get access to the latest treatments not yet widely available - and be a part of finding a cure.
There are a lot of drugs and supplements used for treating anemia. But some home remedies have been found to create positive results for anemia patients. You may manage anemia naturally by having a healthy diet, exercising, and even reducing stress.
Let's dive into the specific foods you need and why they are good for people with anemia.
Gut health is vital for the absorption of nutrients. Probiotic-rich foods like yogurt contain good gut bacteria and can help improve digestion and gut function. People with anemia can enhance their low red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin levels by consuming probiotic foods.
Rich in iron, nitrates, potassium, sodium, and betalain, beets help red blood cells carry oxygen while lowering blood pressure. You can cook beetroot, eat it raw in a salad, or drink it as a juice.
Along with being a source of iron, pomegranates facilitate the easy absorption of iron in the body. It's considered a relatively accessible and effective means to treat and manage anemia.
This is a byproduct of refining sugarcane. Blackstrap molasses is low in sugar but rich in vitamin B, iron, magnesium, and other essential minerals that help make red blood cells. Consuming this natural ingredient on a daily basis can enhance your hemoglobin levels and RBC count so you can recover from anemia.
The high amounts of chlorophyll in leafy greens, especially the dark ones, are a great source of iron and folic acid. This includes spinach, celery, broccoli, kale, and mustard greens.
Note that some of these leafy greens (spinach and kale) are high in oxalates, which can bind with iron and prevent its absorption. Eating these greens with foods that contain vitamin C can help increase iron absorption. Foods like collard greens and Swiss chard are good sources of both iron and vitamin C.
Red meat, lamb, poultry, and chicken all contain heme iron. Combining these foods with leafy greens and fruits rich in vitamin C will increase iron absorption. This is the best diet for combating iron deficiency anemia.
Organ meats are excellent sources of iron. So, start including liver, heart, kidney, or beef tongue in your diet to help fight anemia.
Some foods are fortified with iron, making them great options for vegetarians or those who struggle to eat other sources of iron. If you fall into this category, add the following foods to your diet:
Fortified orange juice
Fortified white rice
Fortified ready-to-eat cereals
Foods made from fortified cornmeal
Foods made from fortified refined flour, like white bread
Some seafood, including oysters, clams, scallops, crabs, and shrimp, are good sources of iron. Most fish also contain iron, although some, like canned sardines, contain calcium, which may bind with iron, thus reducing its absorption.
Bananas are rich in vitamin C, folate, and potassium, which the body needs to improve RBCs and hemoglobin levels. Eating green or ripe bananas will go a long way toward treating anemia.
These dried fruits contain vitamin C and iron, especially raisins. Add a handful of these fruits for anemia to your breakfast or as a midday snack to boost your immune system and promote iron absorption.
Sesame seeds contain iron, vitamins, and minerals for improving hemoglobin and iron absorption. This makes it among the most powerful home remedies for anemia. Some people are allergic to sesame seeds. In that case, you can use pumpkin, sunflower, or pistachio seeds to increase the iron level.
Vitamin C has been shown to promote the absorption of nonheme iron. So, make it a habit of consuming vitamin C to help RBCs and hemoglobin. Fruits like oranges, apples, berries, lemon, grapefruit, and kiwi contain vitamin C.
Other good sources of vitamin C include Brussels sprouts, potatoes, broccoli, mustard spinach, and kale.
Consuming a lot of empty calories can contribute to deficiencies in essential nutrients. Some of them even negatively impair iron absorption. With iron deficiency being the most prevalent cause of anemia, you can prevent it by avoiding processed and junk foods, such as:
Bran is high in insoluble fiber that traps and removes iron during digestion.
Conventional dairy contains calcium, which can bind with iron and lead to poor absorption.
Excessive coffee and black tea intake may block iron absorption, so reduce it to one cup or less daily.
Dark chocolate is rich in iron but contains tannins, which may interfere with iron absorption. So, keep intake in moderation.
Some studies have addressed the effects of some herbs on anemia. Even though more well-designed studies, especially in humans, are needed, the effects of the following herbs are promissory:
Roselle (of the genus Hibiscus)
There are numerous ways to incorporate these herbs into your diet. You can have them as a tonic or tea or use them to prepare sauces and salads.
On top of consuming a healthy diet, there are a couple more things you can do to manage anemia:
Exercise regularly: Exercise can help improve cardiovascular function. This increases total hemoglobin and red cell mass, thus improving oxygen-carrying capacity. But be careful not to overexert yourself. Talk with your doctor about the proper exercise for you.
Avoid smoking: Smoking depletes important nutrients, like vitamin C, which lowers the body’s ability to absorb iron, leading to a higher risk of anemia.
Reduce stress: Are you constantly stressed, worried, or anxious? These things can affect vital organs, such as your spleen and liver. Studies have shown that stress can cause low levels of vitamin B12, vitamin C, magnesium, folate, and others. And some of these nutrients are vital for iron absorption, thus affecting the number of RBCs at any given time. Make sure you're creating time to relax and have fun. This, along with quality sleep, will help recharge your system, relieve stress, and overcome anemia.²
Anemia is a common problem. Feeling tired and exhausted all the time is no fun. The good news is that, in many cases, you can treat this condition with the things you already have at home. The foods and herbs mentioned above will help boost your iron levels. And a complete lifestyle change is necessary to improve your overall health.
Depending on the cause of your anemia and the treatments you try, it may take several months for your hemoglobin levels and RBC to reach a healthy range. Nevertheless, be aware that these remedies will not adequately manage some anemia types, which might need oral iron supplementation or even intravenous iron infusions. Thus, speak with your doctor if you do not see any improvement or want more personalized treatment for your needs.
Iron-deficiency anemia | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Iron | National Institute of Health
Diet and nutrition | Iron Disorders Institute |
When the brain senses that the body is deprived of oxygen, it will make your body gasp for air and take a stand, waking you up and breathing normally.
Some people may experience this condition only once or twice a night. This condition is known as sleep apnea (sleep apnea).
Others may share it so often that it causes them to be sleep-deprived and feel tired in the morning. It is called obstructive sleep apnea.
Obstructive sleep apnea deprives your organs of the oxygen they need, leading to complications such as an irregular heartbeat.
In adults, obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the tonsils enlarge and block the passage of breath.
Too much tissue at the back of the throat, such as the uvula and soft palate, can cause obstructive sleep apnea.
Other causes are a tongue larger than average or a deviated septum.
Although the cause of sleep apnea is known, several factors can put a person at a higher risk of having this problem, such as:
- Heredity – If a person inherits a narrow airway, the risk of having this problem is high
- Thick neck – If your neck is greater than 17 inches for men and 16 inches for women, you may have obstructive sleep apnea. A thick neck is usually synonymous with a narrow breath.
- Age – Although people of any age can develop obstructive sleep apnea, the problem is more common in those aged 18 to 60.
- Family History
- Nasal congestion
- Gender – Obstructive sleep apnea is more common in men than women.
If left unchecked, the chances of complications can increase. These include fatigue throughout the day, heart problems, difficulties with drugs and surgery requiring general anaesthesia, and eye problems.
Another common symptom is sleep deprivation, which results in excessive daytime sleepiness, morning headaches, mood swings, irritability, and even depression.
Many people don’t care about their condition, but they should care. Obstructive sleep apnea usually causes various health problems, some of which can be life-threatening.
If you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above, you should consult a general practitioner or family doctor.
Types of Treatments Available
Patients suspected of having obstructive sleep apnea should consult a family doctor or a doctor who can provide an examination or make a referral to a sleep specialist, depending on the severity of the condition.
A physical exam will be conducted, including assessing abnormalities and checking the patient’s blood pressure, weight and neck circumference.
After a physical exam, the doctor will focus on determining the severity of the condition by performing polysomnography. This test records heart and breathing rates, blood oxygen levels, brain and leg waves, and eye movements.
Once the patient’s condition is identified, the doctor will formulate a customized treatment plan or if there is a blockage in the throat or nose, refer the patient to an ENT specialist.
The most common forms of surgery are Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (removal of tissue at the back of the throat), jaw surgery (involves moving the jawbone forward), and Pillar surgery (which involves placing a small implant in the soft palate or making a surgical hole in the neck).
Pillar surgery will only be performed if other surgical procedures fail to treat the condition and obstructive sleep apnea has progressed to a life-threatening situation.
This surgery also called a tracheostomy, involves inserting a metal or plastic tube through an opening in the neck so air can pass through the blocked part of the throat. |
In the captivating realm of historical exploration, one never knows what secrets lie buried beneath the layers of time. Recently, a team of intrepid archaeologists embarked on an extraordinary journey that led to the unearthing of a treasure dating back to the year 714. This remarkable discovery has unveiled a trove of insights into a bygone era, offering a glimpse into the lives of those who walked the earth centuries ago.
## The Quest for the Past
Human history is a tapestry woven with the threads of countless stories, and the pursuit of uncovering these narratives drives passionate individuals to embark on quests of discovery. In a recent expedition, archaeologists set their sights on a site rich with historical significance. Little did they know that their efforts would soon lead to an astonishing find, a treasure chest of artifacts and relics from the year 714.
## The Archaeological Marvel
As the excavation unfolded, the team carefully unearthed relics that painted a vivid picture of life in the distant past. Intricately crafted pottery, ancient tools, and ornate jewelry emerged from the depths of time, each piece telling a unique tale of craftsmanship and cultural richness. The find not only showcased the artistic prowess of the civilization from 714 but also shed light on their daily rituals and societal norms.
## Deciphering the Clues
To truly understand the significance of this discovery, archaeologists delved into the meticulous process of deciphering the clues left behind by a civilization lost to the sands of time. The artifacts served as a Rosetta Stone, enabling researchers to unlock the mysteries of the past and piece together a narrative that had long been forgotten.
## The Importance of Preserving History
Unearthing treasures from the year 714 isn’t merely an academic pursuit—it’s a crucial endeavor in preserving the rich tapestry of human history. These artifacts provide a tangible connection to our ancestors, allowing us to appreciate the strides they made and the challenges they faced. By carefully preserving and studying these finds, we ensure that the legacy of ancient civilizations endures for future generations.
## Embracing the Legacy
In conclusion, the discovery of a treasure dating back to the year 714 is a testament to the resilience of human curiosity and the enduring allure of history. As we delve into the past, we unearth not only artifacts but also a profound understanding of the civilizations that came before us. This remarkable find serves as a reminder that the echoes of the past continue to reverberate through time, inviting us to embrace and learn from the legacy of those who walked the earth centuries ago. |
Similar to our southern Tanner crab long-term ocean acidification project, we are examining the effects of long-term exposure to acidified waters on snow crab embryonic development, hatching success, calcification, and larval condition and mortality.
Ovigerous females are being reared in one of three treatments: ambient pH (~8.1), pH 7.8, and pH 7.5 for 2 years. Embryonic developmental stages and morphometics are being examined monthly.
At the end of year 1 and year 2, hatching success is being estimated and larval starvation survival and condition experiments are being conducted. At the end of year 1 after larval hatching, mature males were introduced into the female holding tubs so mating could occur prior to extrusion of eggs used in year 2 of the experiment.
At the end of the project female calcification will be analyzed. Due to the design of this project we will be able to examine carryover effects between oogenesis, embryogenesis, and the first larval stage.
Effects of Ocean Acidification on King Crab Feeding and Respiration
Red and blue king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus and P. platypus) are both commercially important species in Alaska waters known to be sensitive to ocean acidification, or the reduction of pH in the ocean caused by human-released CO2. In acidified waters both have decreased growth and increased mortality.
To better understand why ocean acidification affects crab, we determined how ocean acidification would affect respiration and consumption in juvenile red and blue king crab. Both were measured immediately after exposure to acidified waters and again after 3 weeks of exposure to acidified waters.
Initially, red king crab showed an increase in respiration when exposed to ocean acidification which had disappeared after 3 weeks. On the other hand, in acidified conditions they decreased the amount they ate by nearly 66%. Blue king crab respiration was not affected by acidification but their feeding rate nearly doubled.
Decreased feeding in red king crab suggest that stress of ocean acidification may reduce feeding enough to stress, and finally kill, them, whereas the increased feeding by blue king crab may provide them the energy they need to cope with the stress.
Effects of Ocean Acidification on Juvenile Blue King Crab
Blue king crabs, Paralithodes platypus, have been an important fishery species in the Bering Sea. Blue king crab may be affected by decreases in ocean pH as a result of increasing atmospheric pCO2 levels, a process known as ocean acidification.
In this study, juvenile blue king crabs were exposed to three pH levels in a long-term experiment to determine the effects of ocean acidification. Juveniles were reared at ambient pH, pH 7.8, and pH 7.5 for about a year. After each molt the crabs were measured and weighed.
Reduced pH, particularly at the pH 7.5 level, caused a change in morphology, reduced growth, and increased mortality. However, the mortality rate at pH 7.5 started off high at the beginning of the experiment, but dropped quickly so that within 200 days it was the same as the other two treatments.
This suggests that blue king crab may be able to alter their physiology to adapt to low pH water. However, given the current low population levels in blue king crab, any reduced survival or growth at low pH could result in lower populations in the future. |
This is a question that many people ponder as they notice an increasing waistline even when their diet and exercise routine have not changed. There does appear to be a link between stress and belly fat, but it is a complex relationship influenced by many biological and lifestyle factors. Let's take a deeper look at the research on how stress may contribute to abdominal weight gain.
What is stress?
In simple terms, stress is the body's reaction to any challenge or demand whether physical, mental or emotional. When faced with a perceived threat or stressor, our ancient survival mechanism known as the "fight or flight" response kicks in. This initiates a complex series of hormonal and physiological changes including increased production of stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline.
This response was helpful for our ancestors facing real dangers like escaping a predator. But in today's world, we face constant psychological stress from traffic, deadlines, relationships etc without an immediate physical outlet. Our bodies remain in a heightened state of alert for long periods which over time can have implications for health. Chronic stress has been linked to high blood pressure, digestive issues, impaired immunity and weight gain among other problems.
How does stress affect belly fat specifically?
So how does stress affect belly fat specifically? Here are some of the key ways chronic stress may influence abdominal weight gain:
1. Increased cortisol levels
Cortisol, also known as the stress hormone, plays an important role in the stress response. Its level rises when we feel threatened to provide energy and help mobilize other defenses. Cortisol tips the hormonal balance towards fat storage in the abdominal region as this was helpful for survival in the past.
2. Changes in food cravings
Stress triggers the release of hormones like cortisol, ghrelin and insulin which influence appetite and food choices. This causes cravings for high calorie comfort foods rich in fat, sugar and salt.
3. Impaired digestion and metabolism
When the body is under constant pressure from stress, it diverts resources to focus on the perceived threat at hand rather than non-essential functions. Chronic stress disrupts the normal functioning of the digestive system by upsetting microbial balance, reducing nutrient absorption and impairing motility.
4. Lack of physical activity
Many people report decreased motivation to exercise when stressed. While physical activity in itself acts as a stress reliever, chronically tense individuals often avoid workouts as they feel drained both physically and mentally.
5. Poor sleep quality
Inadequate or disrupted sleep is commonly caused by psychological stressors. Studies show chronic sleep deprivation, even if mild, is linked to weight gain and abdominal obesity.
6. Cigarette/alcohol use
Smoking cigarettes and excess alcohol consumption are common coping mechanisms for stress relief. However, both tobacco and excess drinking directly promote abdominal weight gain in the long run.
How to manage stress induced belly fat?
Here are some effective strategies to relieve tension levels and counteract belly fat build up:
- Practice relaxation techniques daily.
- Prioritize quality sleep.
- Engage in regular cardiovascular exercise.
- Choose a nutritious diet.
- Limit alcohol and quit smoking.
- Develop a strong support system.
- Learn to say 'no'.
- Practice positive self-talk.
- Seek counseling or therapy if needed.
Make lifestyle changes sustainable - tackle stress management as a lifestyle rather than a temporary fix. Address both biological and behavioral drivers behind abdominal weight gain from chronic psychological pressure to see real results over time. Make reducing stress and caring for your body a sustainable priority for overall health and wellness goals.
In conclusion, there is clear scientific evidence linking stress to belly fat accumulation through complex metabolic and behavioral pathways. Adopting a holistic lifestyle approach focusing on managing tension levels, optimizing lifestyle factors and developing healthy coping styles can help stave off stress induced belly fat risks. |
For many years, China has been struggling to tackle high pollution levels that are crippling its major cities. Indeed, a recent study by researchers at Chinese Hong Kong University has found that air pollution in the country causes an average of 1.1 million premature deaths each year and costs its economy $38 billion.
Now researchers at MIT have discovered that air pollution in China’s cities may be contributing to low levels of happiness amongst the country’s urban population.
In a paper published today in the journal Nature Human Behaviour, a research team led by Siqi Zheng, the Samuel Tak Lee Associate Professor in MIT’s Department of Urban Studies and Planning and Center for Real Estate, and the Faculty Director of MIT China Future City Lab, reveals that higher levels of pollution are associated with a decrease in people’s happiness levels.
The paper also includes co-first author Jianghao Wang of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Matthew Kahn of the University of Southern California, Cong Sun of the Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, and Xiaonan Zhang of Tsinghua University in Beijing.
Despite an annual economic growth rate of 8 percent, satisfaction levels amongst China’s urban population have not risen as much as would be expected.
Alongside inadequate public services, soaring house prices, and concerns over food safety, air pollution — caused by the country’s industrialization, coal burning, and increasing use of cars — has had a significant impact on quality of life in urban areas.
Research has previously shown that air pollution is damaging to health, cognitive performance, labor productivity, and educational outcomes. But air pollution also has a broader impact on people’s social lives and behavior, according to Zheng.
To avoid high levels of air pollution, for example, people may move to cleaner cities or green buildings, buy protective equipment such as face masks and air purifiers, and spend less time outdoors.
“Pollution also has an emotional cost,” Zheng says. “People are unhappy, and that means they may make irrational decisions.”
On polluted days, people have been shown to be more likely to engage in impulsive and risky behavior that they may later regret, possibly as a result of short-term depression and anxiety, according to Zheng.
“So we wanted to explore a broader range of effects of air pollution on people’s daily lives in highly polluted Chinese cities,” she says.
To this end, the researchers used real-time data from social media to track how changing daily pollution levels impact people’s happiness in 144 Chinese cities.
In the past, happiness levels have typically been measured using questionnaires. However, such surveys provide only a single snapshot; people’s responses tend to reflect their overall feeling of well-being, rather than their happiness on particular days.
“Social media gives a real-time measure of people’s happiness levels and also provides a huge amount of data, across a lot of different cities,” Zheng says.
The researchers used information on urban levels of ultrafine particulate matter — PM 2.5 concentration — from the daily air quality readings released by China’s Ministry of Environmental Protection. Airborne particulate matter has become the primary air pollutant in Chinese cities in recent years, and PM 2.5 particles, which measure less than 2.5 microns in diameter, are particularly dangerous to people’s lungs.
To measure daily happiness levels for each city, the team applied a machine-learning algorithm to analyze the 210 million geotagged tweets from China’s largest microblogging platform, Sina Weibo.
The tweets cover a period from March to November 2014. For each tweet, the researchers applied the machine-trained sentiment analysis algorithm to measure the sentiment of the post. They then calculated the median value for that city and day, the so-called expressed happiness index, ranging from 0 to 100, with 0 indicating a very negative mood, and 100 a very positive one.
Finally, the researchers merged this index with the daily PM2.5 concentration and weather data.
They found a significantly negative correlation between pollution and happiness levels. What’s more, women were more sensitive to higher pollution levels than men, as were those on higher incomes.
When the researchers looked at the type of cities that the tweets originated from, they found that people from the very cleanest and very dirtiest cities were the most severely affected by pollution levels.
This may be because those people who are particularly concerned about their health and air quality tend to move to clean cities, while those in very dirty cities are more aware of the damage to their health from long-term exposure to pollutants, Zheng says.
Through a creative use of social media data, the authors convincingly demonstrate a strong relationship between air quality and expressed happiness, a subjective measure of well-being, says Shanjun Li, a professor of environmental economics at Cornell University, who was not involved in the research.
“The study adds to the growing scientific knowledge on the social cost of air pollution by focusing on the cost borne by the ‘silent majority’ who do not typically show up in the studies based on morbidity and mortality outcomes,” Li says.
Zheng now hopes to continue her research into the impact of pollution on people’s behavior, and to investigate how China’s politicians will respond to the increasing public demand for cleaner air. |
An optical metafluid is essentially a colloidal suspension of nanostructures that exhibit optical magnetism. This phenomenon is primarily driven by the magnetic-type Mie resonances at optical frequencies in these nanostructures. A critical component of a metafluid is a dielectric nanosphere, typically made of materials with a high refractive index. When these nanospheres are subjected to the Kerker conditions, they fulfill the electromagnetic duality symmetry condition, thereby preserving the handedness of circularly polarized incident light. Understanding the electromagnetic duality symmetry is key to grasping the significance of these findings. A system with electromagnetic duality symmetry responds symmetrically to electric and magnetic fields. In a “dual” state, such a system preserves the helicity of the incident field, meaning that if right-handed circularly polarized light is scattered by a dual nanoparticle, the scattered field remains right-handed circularly polarized in all directions. Conversely, in an “anti-dual” state, the system flips the helicity of the incident field. Achieving this duality symmetry at optical frequencies is not common in natural materials, making the study of artificially engineered nanostructures like dielectric nanospheres vital.
In a new study published in the NanoLetters Journal led by Professor Minoru Fujii and conducted by Mr. Hidemasa Negoro and Dr. Hiroshi Sugimoto, from the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Kobe University, explored the unique properties of high-refractive index dielectric nanospheres and their ability to maintain the helicity of incident light, paves the way for advanced applications in fields like chiral molecular sensing and optical component design. The primary goal of the authors was to create a colloidal suspension of photonic nanostructures (optical metafluid) that can preserve the helicity of incident light. This was achieved using high-refractive index dielectric nanospheres that exhibit magnetic-type Mie resonances at optical frequencies. They chose silicon due to its high refractive index and low extinction coefficient, making it suitable for creating well-defined electric and magnetic Mie resonances. The researchers created solutions of crystalline silicon nanospheres. These solutions were used to study the electromagnetic duality symmetry of the nanospheres and their behavior under different conditions.
The authors first addressed the theoretical aspect of electromagnetic duality symmetry in single silicon nanospheres. This involved understanding how these nanospheres interact with electric and magnetic fields and their ability to preserve the helicity of incident light. They produced solutions with silicon nanospheres having narrow size distributions. The uniformity in size is crucial for maintaining consistent optical properties across the solution. The team experimentally demonstrated that these silicon nanosphere solutions could exhibit “dual” and “anti-dual” behaviors. In a “dual” state, the solution preserves the helicity of incident light, whereas in an “anti-dual” state, it reverses the helicity. The researchers discovered that a metafluid composed of such dielectric nanospheres preserves the helicity of incident light, confirming the theoretical predictions about electromagnetic duality symmetry. In the helicity-preserving metafluid, the local chiral fields around the nanospheres were found to be strongly enhanced. This has implications for improving the sensitivity in enantiomer-selective chiral molecular sensing.
The researchers also investigated into how the size of the nanospheres and the refractive index of the medium (water, in this case) affected the helicity preservation. They found that the quadrupole modes do not significantly alter the helicity density at the lowest-order Kerker conditions, but they can degrade the helicity preservation at higher-order conditions. The successful demonstration of helicity preservation in a colloidal suspension opens up possibilities for applications in fluidic lenses, liquid light guides, optical switches, interferometers, and enhanced chiral molecular sensing. The new study is notable for being one of the first to demonstrate a liquid capable of controlling the helicity of scattered light, marking a significant advancement in the field of nanophotonics and metamaterials. In summary, Professor Minoru Fujii and colleagues presented a comprehensive exploration of helicity-preserving optical metafluids, demonstrating both theoretical understanding and experimental validation of the unique properties of silicon nanosphere-based metafluids. Their findings open up new avenues in optical technology and molecular sensing, with potential for significant practical applications.
Negoro H, Sugimoto H, Fujii M. Helicity-Preserving Optical Metafluids. Nano Lett. 2023 ;23(11):5101-5107. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01026. |
A trail sign, a footbridge, a favorite campsite — points on a pathway remind us where we have been and help us figure out where to go next.
The Boy Scouts of America has historic landmarks, too. Here are 10 important events along the Scouting trail that made a difference.
As legend has it, American businessman William Boyce was walking the streets of London when he lost his way. A boy stepped up and guided him to his destination. Boyce offered him a tip, but the boy explained he was a Scout and that Scouts do not accept payment for doing Good Turns.
Intrigued, Boyce went to the local Scouting office to learn more. He guessed that boys in the United States would like the idea. When he got home, he encouraged supporters to help him incorporate the Boy Scouts of America. On Feb. 8, 1910, the organization was born.
The founders threw themselves into figuring out emblems and uniforms, setting up councils and troops, preparing the first handbook and meeting hundreds of other challenges. Within a year, the BSA was up and running.
The 1911 Handbook for Boys explained, “Any first-class Scout qualifying for twenty-one merit badges will be entitled to wear the highest Scout merit badge. This is an eagle’s head in silver, and represents the all-round perfect Scout.”
A year later, Arthur Rose Eldred of Troop 1 in Rockville Center, N.Y., became the first official Eagle Scout. The medal he received looked very much like the Eagle pin of today.
Other Scouts soon followed in his footsteps. Over time, Scouting formalized the path to Eagle by developing Star and Life ranks; adding requirements for troop leadership, service, specific merit badges and months of tenure at each rank; and setting an upper age of 18 for completion.
By 1982, 1 million Scouts had become Eagles. The tally passed 2 million in 2009, a testament to the value of the BSA’s advancement method. That number includes Arthur Eldred’s son, two grandsons and several great-grandsons.
More than 27,000 Scouts answered the call of President Franklin Roosevelt to join him in July 1937 in Washington, D.C., for the National Scout Jamboree. (The Jamboree was originally scheduled for 1935 to celebrate Scouting’s first 25 years, but the event was postponed because of a polio epidemic.)
A vast encampment of tents surrounded the Washington Monument. Scouts took part in parades, patriotic activities and demonstrations of skills. Newspaper, magazine and radio coverage helped spread the word that Scouting had come of age as a vital organization for American youth.
Over the past 80 years, more than 780,000 Scouts have attended 20 National Jamborees, held roughly every four years at sites in Pennsylvania, California, Colorado and Idaho — from 1981 through 2010 — at Virginia’s Fort A.P. Hill before moving to a permanent home in West Virginia in 2013.
This first gathering helped celebrate the opening of the Summit Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve. Building upon that experience this past July, thousands of Scouts joined together to celebrate how the same key principles from 1937 — character, citizenship and service — continue to enrich individual lives and communities through Scouting today.
Waite Phillips was never a Scout. Even so, when the oilman decided in 1938 to donate nearly 36,000 acres of his northern New Mexico ranch to the organization he believed was best suited to use the land to provide growth experiences for young people, he chose the Boy Scouts of America. His generous gifts included the Villa Philmonte, the Phillips family’s magnificent summer estate, and the Philtower Building in Tulsa, Okla.
Philturn Rocky Mountain Scout Camp swung open its gates in 1939 as 189 Scouts trekked into the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Upon seeing the camp’s success, Phillips donated additional land in 1941, bringing the total to more than 127,000 acres. The name was changed to Philmont Scout Ranch, and the property evolved and soon became one of the world’s premier destinations for backcountry adventure.
Each year, more than 22,000 Scouts enjoy the opportunities for growth that Waite Phillips envisioned. Philmont expanded its boundaries again in 1963 with the acquisition of the Baldy Country and in 2015 with the purchase of the Cimarroncita Ranch, bringing the total to just over 140,000 acres.
Surrounding the Villa Philmonte, the Philmont Training Center pulses with challenge, learning and inspiration for adult leaders and Scouts of all ages. In its history, the BSA has had six national high-adventure bases: Philmont Scout Ranch, Northern Tier National High Adventure Program, Florida National High Adventure Sea Base, Paul R. Christen National High Adventure Base at SBR and the now-defunct Maine High Adventure and Wisconsin Canoe bases. (Some also include the short-lived Land Between the Lakes Outdoor Adventure Center in Kentucky and western Tennessee.) Philmont was the first to be recognized and operated as a national-council base.
The early decades of the BSA saw the introduction of programs designed to keep older boys interested and involved. Sea Scouting, Senior Scouts, Rovers, Air Scouts and Explorers each had a specific focus beyond what many troops could provide.
In 1949, the BSA consolidated most of these into a new program called Exploring. (Sea Scouting continued to be a stand-alone program.)
Exploring became coed in 1971. A complete overhaul in 1998 transformed Exploring into Venturing, as crews did even more to challenge members and extend their range of activities and adventures.
Also in 1998, Exploring became associated with a career-training program delivered by Learning for Life, an affiliate of the BSA. Local organizations can initiate Explorer posts by matching people and resources to the needs of young people in their communities. The result is a program that helps youth develop and grow as they pursue career-related interests, including aviation, skilled trades, fire and rescue, law enforcement, business and more.
This specialty-training program is making a resurgence today, which Chief Scout Executive Mike Surbaugh calls the “Exploring Explosion.”
Imagine the excitement of Cub Scouts racing the first-ever Pinewood Derby cars. Organized by Donald Murphy, Cubmaster of Pack 280C in Manhattan Beach, Calif., the derby idea emerged from Murphy’s passion for carving model cars and interest in pairing each Cub Scout with an adult to build, decorate and race a car of their own.
Using Murphy’s original design, blueprints published in Boys’ Life magazine set the standard for all Pinewood Derby cars to come. And, boy, did they ever!
In the past six decades, more than 100 million model cars have sped down tracks at pack Pinewood Derby races. Parked nose to tail, that’s enough cars to stretch in an unbroken traffic jam from New York City to Los Angeles.
Cub Scouting continues to grow — along with the Pinewood Derby. Begun in 1930 to serve younger boys, Cub Scouting borrowed language from the Wolf Cub program established in England by Robert Baden-Powell and inspired by characters in Rudyard Kipling’s novel, The Jungle Book. Boy Scout den chiefs were the first leaders of Cub Scouts. Den mothers came along a few years later.
Tiger Scouts expanded the program to first-grade boys and their adult partners, usually parents or family members. Lions, a BSA pilot program for kindergarten boys, is introducing Scouting values to 5-year-olds in ways that expand imaginations, spark creativity and amplify fun. At the end of their Lion year, boys graduate to Tiger Scouts and then advance through Cub Scouting.
“The Eagle has landed!” Those were Neil Armstrong’s words as the first manned spacecraft touched down on the moon. He was referring to the name of the Apollo 11 lunar lander, but he could just as well have meant himself. Cmdr. Armstrong, who was about to become the first man to walk on the moon, was an Eagle Scout.
Of the 312 pilots and scientists selected as astronauts between 1959 and 2006, 180 were active in the BSA, with 40 of them holding the rank of Eagle. Of the 12 to walk on the moon, 11 were involved in Scouting.
Eagle Scouts have distinguished themselves in many other ways, too. Musicians, scientists, teachers and health care workers have all worn Eagle pins. They have climbed the highest mountains and explored the depths of the seas. They have helped guard the nation and move it forward. Most have done so without fanfare. Others, including Armstrong, became legends.
During America’s push to reach the moon, the BSA launched the Space Exploration merit badge. More than 360,000 have been earned. Scouts today are also deeply involved with BSA’s STEM/Nova program, building enthusiasm for science, technology, engineering and math.
Do a Good Turn Daily. This Scouting motto encourages every Scout to be of service to others. Harnessing the power of millions of Scouts has made national Good Turns terrific forces for achieving great things.
Scouting for Food is shining proof of what is possible when young people work together. Scouts distribute collection bags to homes throughout their neighborhoods, returning a week later to gather bags filled with donations of nonperishable food.
Pioneered by the Greater St. Louis Area Council, the program became a BSA National Good Turn in 1988. Scouts annually deliver millions of pounds of groceries to local food banks and families in need.
Other Good Turns have encouraged Scouts to sell bonds during World War I, collect items to recycle throughout the Great Depression, plant World War II victory gardens, distribute leaflets as part of “Get Out the Vote” efforts before elections and answer President Eisenhower’s call for a 1954 Conservation Good Turn.
From feeding the hungry to protecting the environment, Good Turns have done much to improve the lives of others and of the Scouts themselves.
With the theme Celebrating the Adventure, Continuing the Journey, the BSA’s centennial celebration featured a National Jamboree, a first-class stamp issued by the United States Postal Service and a huge parade in the nation’s capital.
Newly designed uniforms and centennial versions of embroidered patches gave Scouting an updated look. Vintage merit badges like Signaling, Tracking, Carpentry and Pathfinding were brought out of retirement for Scouts to earn. A new edition of The Boy Scout Handbook traced Scouting’s heritage.
A total of 110 million people had been registered as BSA members in its first 100 years. In 2010 alone, the numbers included 3 million registered youth and 1.1 million leaders.
Best of all, Scout units continue to do what they have always done best. Scouting began the BSA’s second century just as the movement began its first — by camping, hiking, completing service projects, practicing leadership skills, forming friendships and guiding lives with the Scout Oath and Law.
The BSA’s newest national property represents an investment in the present and an exciting vision of good things to come. The 10,000 rugged acres of West Virginia are loaded with opportunities for climbing and rappelling, skateboarding, riding BMX bikes, screaming down zip lines and
With a spectrum of leadership courses, serving as host to the National Jamboree every four years and offering the thrill of high adventure, SBR serves up something for everyone.
Best of all, sustainability and a deep commitment to conservation inform all that goes on at SBR, as in the entire Scouting organization.
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When you hear someone talk about “the market,” it’s not uncommon to immediately think of the stock market. But, in reality, the stock market (there are actually several “stock” markets) is just one of many different kinds of financial markets.
Other types include derivatives markets and commodities markets. One of the most important markets for both individual and institutional investors is the bond market.
What is the bond market?
The bond market, broadly speaking, is a term used to refer collectively to any activity related to the buying, selling, and trading of bonds. Because of their unique characteristics, high-quality bonds are often a core component of retirement accounts, pensions, and investment portfolios.
According to the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA), the United States bond market currently consists of $52.9 trillion worth of outstanding bonds as of April 2022. The global bond market, by comparison, is estimated by the International Capital Market Association (ICMA) to be roughly $128.3 trillion in size.
How do bonds work?
A bond is essentially a loan that you make to a borrower — typically the federal government, a government agency, a municipality or a corporation. In this scenario, the investor becomes a bondholder, while the recipient of the funds becomes the bond issuer. Bonds are also often called debt securities or debt instruments.
In exchange for your investment, you receive regular interest payments from the bond issuer (known as coupon payments). How much interest depends on the bond’s coupon rate, which is established at the time that the bond is issued. The period of time that the loan is in effect is called the term. When it reaches the end of the term it is referred to as when the bond matures. At that point, the bondholder can cash it in, at which point they can expect to receive back their initial investment. This is also known as the bond’s face value.
Of course, sometimes you may decide that you don’t want to hold a bond until it reaches maturity. In cases like these, you can turn to the bond market in order to sell your bond to others.
Types of Bonds
There are four primary types of bonds: Government bonds, agency bonds, municipal bonds, and corporate bonds. Each type of bond has its own pros and cons:
- Government bonds: Government bonds are offered by the U.S. federal government. They include Treasury bills, Treasury notes, Treasury bonds, Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS), and I-Bonds. Because these bonds come with the full backing of the United States Treasury, they are considered some of the least risky bonds. For that reason, they also tend to carry lower interest rates compared to other types of bonds.
- Agency bonds: Agency bonds are issued by federal government agencies, but not directly by the U.S. Treasury. These bonds can be less liquid than Treasury bonds — meaning they’re harder to sell — and tend to carry slightly higher interest rates than Treasuries. They are still considered some of the least risky bonds available.
- Municipal bonds: Municipal bonds are offered by individual municipalities, such as states, cities, and counties. Usually, municipal bonds are issued to raise capital to fund a specific project, such as the construction of a bridge or school. Municipal bonds are considered riskier than Treasury and agency bonds.
- Corporate bonds: Finally, corporate bonds are those issued by a company. Corporate bonds are typically considered to be riskier than the other types of bonds discussed above, because they are tied to the fates of individual companies which may or may not struggle to meet their obligations to bondholders. This increased risk often translates into increased yield. Generally speaking, the more established the company, the stronger its credit rating, and the longer its credit history, the less risky it will be considered.
How does the bond market work?
The bond market facilitates two key activities. First, it is through the bond market that governments, municipalities, agencies, and corporations issue most new debt in the form of bonds, which can be purchased by investors. Second, the bond market provides a venue for bondholders to sell or trade their bonds with other investors if they do not wish to hold the bond until it matures.
Technically, these activities take place in two different markets: The primary bond market and the secondary bond market.
Primary vs Secondary Bond Markets
New bonds are issued through the primary bond market. This means that in the primary bond market, transactions take place directly between the bond’s issuer (such as the federal government or agency, municipality, or corporation) and investors, who ultimately become bondholders. For this reason, the primary bond market is also sometimes called the new issues market.
In the secondary bond market, the bond’s issuer is no longer involved. Instead, the secondary market is where bondholders can sell their bonds to other investors. Bondholders who do not wish to hold their bonds until maturity will often turn to the secondary market to liquidate their holdings. Typically, these transactions go through a broker.
On the secondary market, it’s important to note that bond prices can be influenced by a number of factors. One of the most important factors is the Federal Funds Rate, which influences interest rates.
Generally speaking, interest rates and the price of existing bonds move in opposite directions. When interest rates rise, the price of existing bonds on the secondary market will fall. That’s because rising interest rates mean that newly issued bonds will offer investors a higher yield than existing bonds. Meanwhile, the opposite is also true. Falling interest rates tend to push the price of bonds on the secondary market higher. While bond prices do rise and fall, it’s important to point out that because of the way bonds work, as they approach maturity bonds will return to their original price (known as par). That’s because when a bond matures, the issuer is expected to pay the bond holder the face value of the bond.
Pros and Cons of the Bond Market
There are many reasons that you might choose to invest in bonds. On the one hand, bonds can be an excellent option for investors looking for income generation, and can help improve a portfolio’s diversification. Likewise, high-quality bonds are generally considered to be a more stable, less volatile, and less risky investment than stocks and many other assets. On the other hand, this reduced risk typically translates into reduced reward as well.
While bonds are considered to be less risky than stocks, they are not risk free. If the bond issuer defaults, it’s possible you will lose your principal. Additionally, as discussed above, bond prices on the secondary market can fluctuate when interest rates rise and fall.
Investing in the Bond Market
Whether or not you choose to incorporate bonds in your investment portfolio, as well as how much of your portfolio you allocate to bonds, will depend on a number of different factors. This includes your individual risk tolerance, your investment horizon, and your personal financial goals.
When it comes to actually investing in bonds, you’ve got a few options. If you’d like more control over the composition of your bond portfolio, you might choose to invest in individual bonds. Of course, if you go this route, it’s essential to ensure that you properly vet each bond before investing and diversify your holdings.
Alternatively, you can invest in one or multiple bond funds. Because bond funds invest in a variety of bonds, this option would immediately diversify your bond holdings. Of course, it’s important to consider any fees charged by the funds that you select.
If you’re unsure about the role that bonds can play in your financial plan, how much of your portfolio you should allocate to bonds, or the specific steps you should take to build a bond portfolio, working with a financial advisor can help.
All investments carry some level of risk including the potential loss of principal invested. Diversification and strategic asset allocation do not assure profit or protect against loss.
You should carefully consider risks with fixed income securities such as bonds, these include: Interest rate, Duration, Credit, Default, Liquidity and Inflation. Interest rates and bond prices tend to move in opposite directions, for example when interest rates fall, bond prices typically rise. This also holds true for bond mutual funds. A low interest rate environment may cause losses to bond prices and bond funds you own or in the market. High yield (Junk) bonds and bond funds that invest in high yield bonds present greater credit risk than investment grade bonds.
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In the world of education, finding interactive and engaging resources to teach grammar can be challenging. However, Teach Starter has come to the rescue with their innovative Parts of Speech Flip Book! This remarkable tool not only makes grammar lessons fun and exciting but also helps students grasp the concept of different parts of speech effortlessly.
The Flip Book’s Design:
The Parts of Speech Flip Book is intelligently designed, incorporating eye-catching visuals and user-friendly tabs. With its vibrant colors and attractive illustrations, students are instantly drawn to explore the various components. The organization of the flip book ensures easy navigation, allowing students to understand the distinctive features of each part of speech quickly.
Interactive Learning Experience:
Teach Starter has revolutionized grammar instruction by immersing students in an interactive learning experience. By incorporating hands-on activities and games, the Flip Book transforms what can often be perceived as a dull subject into an engaging and enjoyable journey. Students have the opportunity to physically manipulate the different parts of speech, enhancing their understanding and retention of the concepts.
The Parts of Speech Flip Book covers a wide range of grammar topics, including nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Each section of the flip book provides a concise explanation of the specific part of speech, accompanied by relevant examples and interactive exercises. The comprehensive content allows students to delve into each concept in depth, ensuring a solid understanding of grammar rules and usage.
Teach Starter understands the importance of supporting educators in their teaching endeavors. With the Flip Book, they have provided detailed lesson plans and teaching resources to accompany the tool. These resources assist teachers in effectively incorporating the Flip Book into their grammar lessons, ensuring systematic and structured instruction. Additionally, the Flip Book’s compatibility with digital devices allows for greater flexibility in classroom settings.
Benefits for Students:
The Parts of Speech Flip Book offers numerous benefits for students. By using this tool, they develop a strong foundation in grammar, which significantly improves their writing and communication skills. The interactive nature of the Flip Book fosters active student engagement, promoting a deeper understanding of the material. Furthermore, the visual appeal of the flip book appeals to various learning styles, making it accessible to all students.
In conclusion, Teach Starter’s Parts of Speech Flip Book is a game-changer in grammar instruction. Its interactive design, comprehensive content, and teacher support make it an invaluable resource for educators and students alike. By incorporating this innovative tool in the classroom, students will not only grasp the intricacies of grammar but also develop a lifelong love for language and communication. Check out the Flip Book at https://www.teachstarter.com/gb/blog/the-ultimate-parts-of-speech-flip-book/ and witness the transformation in your students’ grammar proficiency! |
Blind and Buried Via BoardsBlind and/or buried vias are similar to traditional, multi-layer PCBs with through-holes in that these via create connections between layers of the PCB. But one important difference is that blind and buried vias do not necessarily connect all layers of a board. This difference permits circuits of non-planar topography to be connected, which traditional multi-layer boards can’t do. This is an important advantage since it economizes the use of space on the board by permitting only the required layer be connected.
Bittele Electronics applies specific definitions to the various types of drilled interconnections. They are:
- Through-hole via: on that can be accessed from both external layers of the board
- Blind via: one that doesn’t go through the complete board yet can be accessed by one of the external layers of the board.
- Buried via: one that only makes connections with the inner layers of the board and is not accessible by any of the external layers
Stacked Micro-viaStacked micro-via is a type of compound design structure which stacks micro-via on top of each other. Stacked micro-via use space efficiently allowing you to achieve the highest possible circuit density and are easier to use than a staggered structure. Unfortunately, stacked micro-via are less reliable as the via experiences greater thermal stress during the solder reflow step. Consequently, they are considered to be less reliable even less compared to a though-via.
Staggered Micro-viaStaggered micro-via is a type of compound design made by placing micro-via with small offsets from each other between layers. This is the most reliable complex design structure but it requires slightly more space in the HDI PCB design.
Difference between Buried and Blind Vias:Blind Vias are such vias which connect an outer layer to one or multiple inner layers thus they have an opening on the outer layer whereas buried vias are the ones which are buried between the outer layers and they only interconnect the inner layers.
Purpose of Buried and Blind Vias:Space on the PCB board can be saved using buried and blind vias which allow the PCB tracks to be run over or under them without getting shorted. Most fine pitched BGA and flip chip IC footprints don’t support tracks to run under them or have vias. Here we can use buried or blind vias that avoid making connection to unwanted layers in a particular region thus saving precious space on the PCB.
Cost of Buried and Blind Vias:Since blind and buried vias must be drilled through only some layers, they must be drilled and plated before the board layers are completely combined. Thus, multiple lamination steps are required compared to one lamination for through holes. These extra steps add time and cost to your order. However, the benefits of this technology outweigh the extra cost in many cases.
See Design Limitations of Blind and Buried Vias for more information on PCB designs using these vias.
- Splitting Interconnect Blind Vias Into Stack-up Vias
- Design Limitations of Blind and Buried Vias
- Micro-VIA & Vertical Interconnect Access (VIA) on High Density Interconnector (HDI) Printed Circuit Boards (PCB)
- Via in Pad PCB
- Buried Capacitance |
Source of disease agent
The person, animal, or inanimate object (water, soil) from which an infectious agent passes or is disseminated to a hostInternet Def: The source of infection is defined as "the person, animal, object or substance from which an infectious agent passes or is disseminated to the host (immediate source).
Reservoir of a disease agent
+Any person, animal, anthropod, soil, plant or substance in which an infectious agent lives and multiplies; on which it primarily depends for survival; and where it reproduces itself in such manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host +Can be a living organism or nonliving sites (soil and water) + Typically harbors the agent without injury to itself and can serve as a source from which other individuals can be infectedInternet Def: The reservoir is defined as any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil, or substance, or a combination of these, in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies, on which it depends primarily for survival, and where it reproduces itself in such a manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host.
Carrier of Disease Agent
A person or organism that harbors an infectious agent capable of transmitting the disease to others. The carrier may or may not show signs/symptoms of the disease.
Life Cycle of Infection
Infectious Agent>>Reservoir>>Portal of Exit>>Mode of Transmission>>Portal of Entry>>Susceptible Host
Mode of Infectious Disease Transmission
Direct contactIndirect contact
Direct Contact Transmission
By direct or immediate transfer of the agent to an appropriate portal of entry by personal contact (eg, touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse, coughing)Requires close association between infected person and susceptible host and also includes droplet spread
Indirect Types of Transmission
(a) Vehicleborne transmit an infectious agent include food, water, biologic products (blood), and (inanimate objects such as handkerchiefs, bedding, doorknobs, or surgical scalpels) known scientifically as fomites(b) Vectorborne usually involves insects or arthropodsDetails from Internet on (b) above: "Examples of mechanical [vectorborne] transmission are flies carrying Shigella on their appendages and fleas carrying Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, in their gut. In contrast, in biologic [also vectorborne] transmission, the causative agent of malaria or guinea worm disease undergoes maturation in an intermediate host before it can be transmitted to humans
Emerging Infectious Diseases
Diseases that have not occurred in humans before; have occurred previously, but infected only small numbers of people in isolated places; or have occurred throughout human history, but have recently been recognized as diseases due to an infectious agent
Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
Diseases that have gone to such low levels that they were no longer considered public health problems and which are now showing upward incidence or prevalence globally
(a) Mostly occurs in places where there is unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene(b) The cholera baterium can live in brackish water (slightly salty, as is the mixture of river water and seawater in estuaries) and coastal waters(c) The cholera bacteria thrive in warm weather(d) The Cholera is often mild and without symptoms, but can sometime be severe.
Cholera Facts USA
(a) Was prevelant in the USA in the 1800s(b) It was eliminated due to access to modern water ans sewage treatment systems(c) Travelers sometimes bring contaminated seafood back to the US
First, 1817-1824 Originater in the Ganges River Delta and ended up in an outbreak in Calcutta in 1817Second, 1829-1848 [From Internet: Russia, Hungary, Germany]Third, 1852-1860 Considered most deadly- Hit Asia, Europe, North America, Africa with high fatality rates in 1852Fourth, 1863-1875Fifth, 1881-1896Sixth, 1899-1923Seventh, 1961-Present Spread throughout Asia and the Middle East until it reached Africa in 1971
(a) The bacteria is found in the feces of infected individuals (b) Leakages in the sewage system may contaminate the clean, potable water, making it unfit for drinking and use(c) This bacteria can be transferred onto food via dirty hands (d) Contaminated food or water serves as a means for transmitting the disease from one person to another
Concept of STI
(a)An infection that can be transferred from one person to another through oral-genital contact, the use of sexual toys, kissing, or sexual intercourse.(b)Are dangerous because they spread easily and cannot be detected by just looking at a person(c) People with STIs usually do not have symptoms(d) Most are transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Some can be transmitted non-sexually, like from mother-to-child during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Concept of STD
Infection that is passed from one person to another during sexual contact for which their are symptoms and consequential impairment or abnormalities(a) shows on the body or is discovered by a doctor during assessment(b) while all STDs begin with STIs not all STIs are STDs
STI causal agents
1. Bacteria- (STI caused) Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis2. Virus-(STI caused) HIV/AIDS, Human Papilloma Virus,Hepatitis B, Herpes 3. Parasite- (STI caused) Trichomoniasis
-The word "Malaria" is derived from the Italian word, "Mal'aria" meaning "bad air" associated with swamps and marshes-In 1898, the Italian zoologist, Giovanni Battista Grassi, discovered that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes-Malaria is a vector borne disease of the liver and the red blood cells-The female Anopheles mosquito is the vector and host-Humans are also hosts-The disease can be acute or chronic-Malaria has been eliminated from almost all of Europe and large parts of Central and South America
Plasmodium Parasite Species
-Malaria parasitesbelong to the plasmodium species/family-There are over 100 plasmodium species, which can infect, birds, monkeys, and humans-Four of the plasmodium parasite species affect humans:falciparum (Slide 12)vivax (Slide 13)ovale (Slide 14)malariae (Slide 15)-One of the plasmodium species affectsmonkeys and humans is called knowlesi (Slide 16)
What is TB?
-one of the world's deadliest diseases -Bacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis -TB usually affects the lungs (pulmonarytuberculosis), but can also affect:Ø BonesØ BrainØ KidneysØ Lymph NodesØ Spine
What happens when a person is exposed to TB?
-May develop active TB .(symptomatic and contagious)qTB may remain latent-Latent TB may become active TB ifthe immune system grows weaker-A person exposed to TB may never get active disease
How do TB germs spread?
TB spreads from person to person through the air by:-coughing-sneezing-singing-talking
Who is at risk for TB?
-HIV-Children £ 5 years with apositive TST-Underweight or malnourished-Substance abusers (smoking,alcohol, injection drug use)-TNF-α antagonists forrheumatoid arthritis or Crohn'sdisease-Medical conditions ( DM, CRFor on hemodialysis, cancer..Etc....-Incarcerated population
Source of Surveillance Data
=-vital records-directly from the persons in a population-laboratory, hospitals, doctors offices, insurance Companies-Surveys-environmental monitoring systems-animal Health data-Census data
Types of surveillance
=-active surveillance-passive surveillance-Syndromic surveillance-Sentinel surveillance
=-initiated by state/Local Health departments-active surveillance involves:a. visiting Health facilitiesb. talking to Health-care providers and reviewing medical recordsc. physical review of medical records and registers-expensive-used for limited period of time-Achieves more complete and accurate reporting than passive surveillance
-Regular reporting of disease data by all institutions-There is no active search for cases.-Relies on the cooperation of health-care providers —laboratories, hospitals, health facilities and private practitioners-involves the regular collection and reporting of surveillance data-Commonest method used to detect vaccine-preventable diseases-less expensive than other surveillance strategies-Diseases are reported by healthcare providers-Covers wide areas (whole country or state/provinces)-because it relies on an extensive network of health workers, it can be difficult to ensure completeness and timeliness of data
=-is used when high-quality data are needed about a particular disease that cannot be obtained through a passive system-data Collected in a well-designed Sentinel system-data Collected in selected Health facility (usually a general or infectious disease hospital) that serves large pop.-facility should be willing to participate-it has medical staff sufficiently specialized to diagnose, treat and Report cases of the disease under surveillance-it has a high-quality diagnostic laboratory-can be active or passive
=-focuses on one or more symptoms rather than a physician-diagnosed or laboratory-cOnfirmed disease-Constellation of signs and symptoms grouped into categories-Uses less Specific criteria. more LIKELY to identify persons without the disease of interest-provides AN earlier indication of AN unusual increase in illnesses than traditional surveillance
Why is surveillance important?
=-detection of emergence of disease pattern-detection of outbreak/epidemic-Resource allocation/setting priorities/planning-program Development and Implementation-evaluating Control and prevention activities-detection of changes in Health practice-detection of Demographic changes-Estimates of a Health problem-natural history of disease-prevention and intervention-hypothesis testing
Prerequisites for health
=-peace-Shelter-education-food-Income-stable eco-system-sustainable resources-social Justice/equality
Health promotion action
-Build healthy public policy-Create supportive environments-Strengthen community actions-Develop personal skills-Reorient health servicesExample of Zika: Slide 20
History of health promotion
-many scholars have accepted health promotion since the 1980's Has its roots in ancient civilization -BC Greeks broke from the concept that the super natural caused disease and developed idea that there was an interrelationship between health and the environment in which we live -aristotle offered the first definition for health promotion "a good life for humans is one in which they function well.
Mandala of Health
Mid-1980's Hancock's model of the human ecosystem; attempt to better understand the determinants of health.
CDC's Field Learning 2014 Ebola Epidemic: 11 Common Domains of Practice
•Campaigns•Communication counsel•Communication planning•Community/stakeholder engagement•Formative assessment•Media relations/public affairs•Measurement and evaluation•Message and materials development•Partner engagement•Risk communication•Training and education |
Genetically modified crops: the ethical and social issues
The Council set up a Working Party in 1998 to consider the ethical, social, and regulatory issues raised by the genetic modification of crops, several years before this became the topic of fierce public debate.
The final report, published in 1999, considers aspects of environmental protection, food safety and consumer choice. A follow-up discussion paper The use of GM crops in developing countries was published in 2003.
The introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops has become highly controversial in the UK and some other parts of the world. The principal objections concern possible harm to human health, damage to the environment and unease about the ‘unnatural’ status of the technology. The Working Party has therefore examined the ethical issues which are raised by the development and application of GM plant technology in world agriculture and food security.
Its perspective on GM crops has been guided by consideration of three main ethical principles: the principle of general human welfare, the maintenance of people’s rights and the principle of justice. Some of these considerations, such as the need to ensure food security for present and future generations, safety for consumers and care of the environment have been straightforward and broadly utilitarian. Others, stemming from the concern that GM crops are ‘unnatural’, have been more complex.The Working Party accepts that some genetic modifications are truly novel but concludes that there is no clear dividing line which could prescribe what types of genetic modification are unacceptable because they are considered by some to be ‘unnatural’. It takes the view that the genetic modification of plants does not differ to such an extent from conventional breeding that it is in itself morally objectionable. GM technology does, however, have the potential to lead to significant changes in farming practices in food production and in the environment.
The Working Party concludes that it is now necessary to maintain and develop further a powerful public policy framework to guide and regulate the way GM technology is applied in the UK. It recommends that an over-arching, independent biotechnology advisory committee is established to consider within a broad remit, the scientific and ethical issues together with the public values associated with GM crops.
Recommendations about the needs for improved risk assessment methods, post-release monitoring and the evaluation of cumulative and indirect environmental impacts are made. The Working Party does not believe that there is enough evidence of actual or potential harm to justify a moratorium on either GM crop research, field trials or limited release into the environment at this stage. Public concern about the introduction of GM crops has led to calls for bans on GM food and moratoria on plantings.
The Working Party concludes that all the GM food so far on the market in this country is safe for human consumption. A genuine choice of non-GM foods should remain available, with foods which contain identifiable GM material being appropriately labelled. The Working Party urges the Government and the scientific community to share their responsibilities in disseminating reliable information about the underlying science and to respond to public concerns.
The application of genetic modification to crops has the potential to bring about significant benefits, such as improved nutrition, enhanced pest resistance, increased yields and new products such as vaccines. The moral imperative for making GM crops readily and economically available to developing countries who want them is compelling.
The Working Party recommends a major increase in financial support for GM crop research directed at the employment-intensive production of food staples together with the implementation of international safeguards. |
Early Words Readers
An excellent classroom addition
The Early Words Readers are the perfect guided reading books to support your beginning readers.
The stories revolve around the everyday lives of four multicultural key characters – Pippa, Sefa, Ashok and Kiri – their friends, families, neighbourhood and school. Children love seeing the same characters again and again throughout the stories. This feature, plus the captivating illustrations and humorous stories, make them so appealing to the young reader.
A unique feature of the Early Words Readers is that each book builds on what has come before. There is an order to the books. So, if you learn a new word in one book, you will see it again in subsequent books. This helps reinforce the learning and book by book, builds confidence and skills.
The stories explore themes familiar to most five-year-olds such as family and school life, playing, imaginary adventures and animal friends. Kids love them!
• multicultural characters
• one new sight word introduced per book
• appealing character driven stories
• lots of decodable words
• discussion pointers and follow on activity suggestions included
• free downloadable posters and activity sheets
• a cohesive system of guided reading books for the Magenta and early Red (1-5) reading levels |
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