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Racial intolerance. Bigotry. Gang violence. Death. Destruction of property. Terror. Hate. Virtually every nation in the world can lay claim to any or all of these social dilemmas. Nevertheless, when these problems are mentioned in the context of German reunification, there is always the fear that Germans will shun their democratic traditions and resort to an ultra-conservative, fascist government as they shunned the Weimar Republic and accepted National Socialist rule in 1936. Germany's racial problems are probably no worse than any other nation's, and the probability of a rebirth of national socialism is minute. Nevertheless, the world community focuses closely on the hatred and racial intolerance that Germany today experiences because of its troubled past.
Steven E. Grubb, Dealing With the Hate: The Changing Face of German Asylum Law, 12 Penn St. Int'l L. Rev. 497 (1994). |
Decoding Protein Presence in Urine: Understanding the Significance
Proteinuria refers to the presence of an excessive amount of protein in urine. This medical condition is a concerning sign as it can be an indication of an underlying health issue. If left untreated, proteinuria can lead to serious kidney problems. In this article, we will delve deep into proteinuria, understanding its types, causes, symptoms, and treatments.
What is proteinuria and how is it diagnosed?
Proteinuria is a medical condition characterized by the excessive presence of protein in urine. Normally, urine should contain only a minimal amount of protein. An excessive protein level in urine can indicate an underlying health problem. To diagnose proteinuria, doctors usually do a urine test called urinalysis. This test measures the protein level in urine and helps in determining the type of proteinuria present.
There are several types of proteinuria, including transient proteinuria, orthostatic proteinuria, and persistent proteinuria. Transient proteinuria is a temporary condition that can be caused by fever, strenuous exercise, or dehydration. Orthostatic proteinuria occurs when protein is present in urine only when a person is standing up, and disappears when they lie down. Persistent proteinuria, on the other hand, is a long-term condition that can be a sign of kidney disease or other serious health problems.
In addition to urinalysis, doctors may also perform other tests to diagnose proteinuria, such as blood tests, imaging tests, and kidney biopsies. Treatment for proteinuria depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, dialysis or kidney transplant.
Different types of proteinuria and their causes
There are several types of proteinuria, including transient, orthostatic, and persistent proteinuria. Transient proteinuria usually occurs due to a temporary health condition such as a viral infection or strenuous exercise. Orthostatic proteinuria occurs when protein levels increase only during standing or walking and decrease during rest. Persistent proteinuria is present when excessive protein levels persist in urine over a long period. This type of proteinuria is usually indicative of underlying kidney disease or other medical conditions such as hypertension or diabetes.
Another type of proteinuria is called overflow proteinuria, which occurs when the body produces an excess of certain proteins that the kidneys cannot filter out. This can be caused by conditions such as multiple myeloma or amyloidosis.
It is important to note that proteinuria can also be a side effect of certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and ACE inhibitors. If you are experiencing proteinuria, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment plan.
Common symptoms associated with proteinuria
Proteinuria may not always present with visible symptoms. However, some common symptoms associated with proteinuria include foamy or frothy urine, decreased urine output, swelling in legs, and pale skin. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is essential to seek medical attention without delay.
In addition to the aforementioned symptoms, proteinuria can also cause high blood pressure, fatigue, and loss of appetite. It is important to note that proteinuria can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, such as kidney disease or diabetes. Therefore, it is crucial to get a proper diagnosis and treatment plan from a healthcare professional if you suspect you have proteinuria.
Understanding the role of kidneys in filtering out protein from urine
The kidneys play a vital role in filtering out waste and excess fluids from the body, including excess protein. When the kidneys function correctly, they prevent protein from entering the urine. However, when the kidneys are damaged or not functioning properly, they may allow protein to leak into the urine, leading to proteinuria.
Proteinuria is a condition where the urine contains an abnormal amount of protein. It can be a sign of kidney disease or damage, and can also be caused by other health conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure. If left untreated, proteinuria can lead to further kidney damage and even kidney failure.
There are several tests that can be done to diagnose proteinuria, including a urine dipstick test and a 24-hour urine collection test. Treatment for proteinuria depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, lifestyle changes, or in severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplant.
Factors that can contribute to elevated protein levels in urine
Several factors can contribute to elevated protein levels in urine. Some of these include underlying medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, or autoimmune disorders. Certain medications, drugs, and toxins can also lead to proteinuria. Additionally, lifestyle factors such as a high protein diet, strenuous exercise, or excessive alcohol intake can contribute to proteinuria.
It is important to note that proteinuria can also be a result of a urinary tract infection or kidney disease. In these cases, prompt medical attention is necessary to prevent further complications. It is recommended to regularly monitor protein levels in urine, especially for individuals with a history of kidney disease or other related conditions.
How to prevent and manage proteinuria through lifestyle changes
To prevent and manage proteinuria, it is essential to make certain lifestyle changes. This includes maintaining a healthy and balanced diet, limiting alcohol intake, staying active, managing stress, and quitting smoking. Additionally, maintaining a healthy weight and managing underlying medical conditions such as hypertension and diabetes can also prevent or manage proteinuria.
Another important lifestyle change to prevent and manage proteinuria is to stay hydrated. Drinking plenty of water can help flush out toxins and waste products from the body, reducing the workload on the kidneys. It is recommended to drink at least 8-10 glasses of water per day.
In addition to lifestyle changes, certain medications may also be prescribed to manage proteinuria. These may include ACE inhibitors or ARBs, which can help lower blood pressure and reduce proteinuria. However, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new medication.
Medical treatments for proteinuria and their effectiveness
The choice of medical treatment for proteinuria depends on the underlying cause. Some medical treatments for proteinuria include angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). These medications help lower blood pressure, reduce proteinuria, and prevent further kidney damage. Additionally, corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs may be used to treat underlying autoimmune disorders. In severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplant may be necessary.
It is important to note that the effectiveness of medical treatments for proteinuria varies depending on the individual and the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, medication may not be enough to control proteinuria and prevent further kidney damage. Lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and quitting smoking may also be recommended to help manage proteinuria.
It is also important for individuals with proteinuria to regularly monitor their kidney function through blood and urine tests. This can help detect any changes in kidney function and allow for early intervention if necessary. Working closely with a healthcare provider and following their recommended treatment plan can help improve outcomes for individuals with proteinuria.
The link between proteinuria and kidney disease
Proteinuria is a critical marker for kidney disease, and persistent proteinuria can lead to serious kidney problems. Elevated protein levels in urine indicate damage to the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys responsible for filtering out waste products. Over time, this damage can lead to chronic kidney disease, kidney failure, or end-stage renal disease.
It is important to note that proteinuria can also be a symptom of other health conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the underlying cause of proteinuria to properly treat and manage kidney disease.
There are several ways to reduce proteinuria and prevent further kidney damage, including medication, lifestyle changes, and dietary modifications. For example, reducing salt intake, maintaining a healthy weight, and quitting smoking can all help improve kidney function and reduce proteinuria levels.
Long-term consequences of untreated proteinuria
If left untreated, proteinuria can lead to serious health complications, including kidney disease, kidney failure, and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, untreated proteinuria can lead to damage to other organs and tissues in the body, including the eyes, nerves, and bones.
One of the most significant long-term consequences of untreated proteinuria is the development of chronic kidney disease. This condition can cause a gradual loss of kidney function over time, leading to a buildup of waste products in the body and potentially requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Furthermore, untreated proteinuria can also increase the risk of developing hypertension, or high blood pressure. This can further damage the kidneys and increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.
Innovations in diagnostic techniques for detecting proteinuria
Innovations in diagnostic techniques for detecting proteinuria have significantly improved the accuracy of proteinuria detection. These innovations include the use of specialized urine tests, microalbuminuria tests, and new imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT).
One of the most promising innovations in proteinuria detection is the use of proteomics, which involves the analysis of proteins in urine samples. This technique can identify specific proteins that are associated with kidney damage and can help diagnose proteinuria at an early stage.
Another recent development in proteinuria detection is the use of smartphone apps that allow patients to monitor their urine protein levels at home. These apps use dipstick tests and can provide real-time results, allowing patients to track their condition and seek medical attention if necessary.
Latest research on managing and treating proteinuria
The latest research on managing and treating proteinuria has resulted in the development of new therapies, including novel medications and therapies such as stem cell therapy. Additionally, research is underway to develop new blood tests and imaging techniques for the early detection and management of proteinuria.
The importance of regular check-ups for early detection of kidney problems
Regular check-ups are essential for the early detection of kidney problems, including proteinuria. If you have risk factors for proteinuria, such as diabetes or hypertension, it is essential to get regular urine tests to detect proteinuria as early as possible and prevent further kidney damage.
Personal stories of individuals living with chronic proteinuria
The personal stories of individuals living with chronic proteinuria can be a source of inspiration and motivation for others. These stories highlight the challenges and hardships of living with proteinuria, as well as the importance of early detection and management of this condition.
Future directions in developing new therapies for treating kidney disease caused by proteinuria
Future directions in developing new therapies for treating kidney disease caused by proteinuria include the development of new medications, therapies, and diagnostic techniques. Additionally, research is underway to identify new targets for the prevention and management of proteinuria, including the use of gene therapies and molecular medicine.
In conclusion, proteinuria is a serious medical condition that can lead to kidney problems if left untreated. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatments can help individuals take proactive steps to prevent or manage proteinuria and maintain overall kidney health. |
Honoring John F. Kennedy on the 60th Anniversary of His Assassination
As the nation approaches the 60th anniversary of the assassination of John F. Kennedy, it’s a moment to pause and reflect on a presidency that, though brief, left an indelible mark on America’s heart and history. Kennedy, a figure of youthful vigor and hope, ascended to the presidency in 1961, bringing with him a vision of a new frontier—a term he coined to describe his ambitious agenda.
Kennedy’s presidency was a mosaic of triumphs and challenges. He faced a world bristling with Cold War tensions, witnessed in the Cuban Missile Crisis, a confrontation that brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. Yet, his steadfast resolve and skilled diplomacy navigated the country through these difficult waters.
Domestically, Kennedy’s call to “ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country” ignited a spirit of public service and ushered in progressive strides in civil rights, albeit in a nation still grappling with deep-rooted segregation. His vision extended beyond Earth, setting the United States on a path to the moon with a bold declaration that it would be done not because it was easy but because it was hard.
November 22, 1963, however, marked a tragic halt to this burgeoning legacy. On that fateful day in Dallas, Texas, Kennedy was assassinated, a moment that shook the world and left an unhealed wound in the American psyche. The shock and sorrow of his death were felt not just in the United States but around the world, reflecting the global impact of his presidency.
The legacy of John F. Kennedy transcends the tragedy of his untimely death. It lives on in space exploration, civil rights, and international diplomacy, where his vision laid foundational stones. The moon landing in 1969, a direct culmination of Kennedy’s space ambition, is a testament to his foresight and daring.
Kennedy’s influence extended into the cultural fabric of the nation as well. His presidency, often called “Camelot,” symbolized a period of optimism and renewal. His commitment to the arts, poise in the face of crisis, and ability to inspire with words left an indelible mark on the American ethos. Kennedy’s speeches continue to echo, reminding us of when the highest office was also a beacon of eloquence and inspiration.
Yet, perhaps the most enduring aspect of Kennedy’s legacy is the sense of what could have been—a potential unfulfilled. His assassination remains a subject of fascination and sorrow, a moment when the trajectory of a nation altered abruptly. The various initiatives and policies that Kennedy had championed, including deeper civil rights reforms, were left for his successors to realize in a nation forever changed by his loss.
Today, as we reflect on Kennedy’s legacy, we find its threads weaving through contemporary American politics. In a striking parallel to his uncle’s path, Robert Kennedy Jr. has emerged as an independent presidential candidate. His candidacy evokes memories of a bygone era and suggests a continuity of the Kennedy vision in American politics. Robert Kennedy Jr., though charting his course, carries with him the weight of a family legacy that has been both a beacon of hope and a symbol of unfulfilled promise.
In remembering John F. Kennedy, we do not just look back at a past president; we reflect on a chapter of American history that continues to influence our present and future. As Robert Kennedy Jr. steps onto the political stage, one can’t help but wonder if a new chapter in this storied legacy is about to be written. |
We conduct research to answer specific questions or to gain greater understanding of specific topics and phenomena. How do we go about it? There are many patterns or "research methods" to help us find the answers we seek. This guide will provide you a short introduction, point to resources on different types of research methods, and provide a few key texts that will assist you in conducting research for your particular discipline.
These efforts generally seek data that can be interpreted to help us understand ideas, concepts, and subjective experiences. Qualitative data typically comes to us in the form of words and is gathered via observation, interviews, focus groups, and questionnaires. Are you seeking to gain understanding of a concept or idea? The qualitative approach might be your best bet.
This kind of research is focused on the gathering and interpretation of numerical data such as statistics and percentages--things that can be quantified. Are you trying to test or confirm a hypothesis? If so, a quantitative approach might be your best bet. |
Controllers, be it for quadrotors or industrial manipulators or any electromechanical system for that matter, are implemented as hierarchies. Controllers that directly drive the hardware are low-level controllers whereas those that implement logical decision-making are high-level controllers. The terms "high" and "low" are relative. Nested controllers ensure abstraction and code modularity.
In the context of a quadrotor, the controller for the motor driver(s) that actually makes the rotors spin would be a low-level controller, whereas another controller that tells the quadrotor to move forward/backward etc. could be a high-level controller. The low-level controller has abstracted away all the details on how exactly to drive the rotors. All the high-level controller does is instruct the low-level controllers that a particular action is desired. It's now the low-level controllers' job to actually spin the rotors in such a way that the quadrotor executes the desired action.
"in the platform of the robot it has to be present a low level
Think of making your quadrotor execute actions like
translate_forward(distance). Great, you've called those functions and have passed the arguments. What then? If the control architecture is implemented as a hierarchy, then these functions would call low-level controllers to actuate the rotors:
# high-level controller
# another high-level controller
# low-level controller
# code that actually drives the motors
Note that the low-level controller can again call another lower-level controller which is even closer to the "metal". Likewise, the high level controllers can be called by an even higher level controller, for eg.
go_above_obstacles() which utilizes
translate_forward(). High-level controllers thus are for high-level logic and are generally not concerned with the low-level mechatronic actuation.
Here's another answer that might be useful. |
This is how we can double food production by 2050
It’s a collision course: We’ll need to feed another 2 billion people by mid-century, even as climate change threatens our ability to produce food. Georgia, Florida and other Southeastern states must play a central role if we’re to feed the world and simultaneously protect the planet.
If we fail to rise to this challenge, we risk a multitude of problems driven by hungry people. And a new report released from the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change only heightens the concern.
Our best chance to get off this collision course is through innovation. Scientists are developing technologies with the goal of doubling food production without clearing rainforests or increasing demand on dwindling water supplies.
The Southeast bears a special responsibility to lead the way in addressing this grand challenge. The climate in Southeastern states allows for two or three crops to be grown a year, and there is plenty of water. Florida’s tropical and subtropical climate, in particular, could make its agricultural advances more applicable in regions of the world that share similar climates and that are projected to be among the world’s fastest-growing regions in the next 30 years.
Europe’s focus on sustainability through organic agriculture will limit yields. Australia, China and India’s dearth of rainfall make an increase in food production more challenging. In North America, the northern climes’ short growing season caps food production, and we can see starkly in the “bathtub rings” on Lake Mead and Lake Powell how threatened the West’s water supply is. |
Parental support is a significant factor in a child’s academic success. A strong home environment can help children overcome obstacles and navigate the challenges involving school, social relationships, and personal development. In this article, we’ll explore four ways you can help your child succeed in school.
Establishing a Healthy Routine
One of the most effective ways to help your child excel in school is by establishing a healthy routine at home. This includes setting a regular bedtime that ensures your child receives adequate sleep for optimal focus and retention in class. A Tempurpedic mattress can help provide a comfortable night’s sleep, contributing to overall well-being and school performance. Additionally, maintaining a balanced diet and encouraging physical activity promotes good energy levels and reduces the risk of health-related issues that might affect their schoolwork.
Consistency is key when creating a routine. Consistent expectations and boundaries around homework time and the use of technology can foster an environment where your child feels supported and accountable. Set aside a quiet, well-lit space for studying, and encourage breaks as necessary to help prevent burnout. Communication plays an essential role in understanding your child’s needs and adjusting routines accordingly to support their unique requirements and interests.
Finally, make sure to celebrate your child’s achievements and milestones, big or small. Recognizing their hard work and dedication helps to build self-esteem, motivation, and a sense of accomplishment that inspires them to continue striving for success.
Promoting Organization and Time Management
Time management and organizational skills are essential in helping your child successfully balance academic demands, extracurricular activities, and personal commitments. Teach your child techniques such as using a planner or digital calendar, breaking tasks into manageable steps, and setting deadlines to keep track of assignments and responsibilities.
Implement study techniques such as the Pomodoro method, a time management technique divided into short periods of focused work followed by brief breaks, to maximize productivity while minimizing stress. Encourage your child to find an approach that works best for their learning style and adapt their strategies as needed.
Additionally, consider discussing concerns about the validity of some programs and opportunities they might encounter. For example, research and conversation can help clarify common questions like is the NSHSS a scam when exploring extracurricular and academic opportunities for your child.
Encouraging Academic Exploration
Every child has unique strengths, interests, and aptitudes. Encourage your child to explore multiple academic avenues to discover their passion and focus on building their skills in these areas. Provide opportunities for hands-on learning through workshops, afterschool programs, and educational excursions.
Identify resources and support services available at school or in the community to help your child succeed in areas they might struggle with. Seek tutoring, counseling, or specialized programs if needed to help your child overcome learning barriers or build confidence in their abilities. Remain involved in their academic progress by communicating with teachers and attending school events, as it demonstrates your commitment to their education.
Discuss future goals, career possibilities, and educational opportunities with your child to foster a sense of direction and motivation. Encourage research into college programs or vocational training that align with their interests, and guide them in planning for their future. Be supportive and emphasize the importance of resilience and adaptability in pursuing their chosen path, as they may encounter unforeseen challenges or changes to their initial plans along the way.
Overall, helping your child succeed in school involves providing a structured environment, building strong communication skills, encouraging academic exploration, and promoting organization and time management. Supporting your child in these areas will foster a positive attitude towards learning and contribute to their future success. |
Standard household electric power in the United States is 110 to 120 volts, with a 60-cycle alternating current, and most household washers can be plugged into wall outlets supplying this current. But washing-machine users risk dangerous electric shock if they plug their washers into an outlet that lacks adequate electrical safeguards.
Washing machines can be plugged into a standard three-wire grounded AC circuit that is equipped with circuit-breaker protection. The breaker cuts off current if there is a short or overload on the electrical circuit supplying power. The washer's circuit and its breaker must be able to handle at least 20 amps. The washer should be the only electrical device on the circuit, and the electric outlet should be a grounded three-prong.
Video of the Day
Installing a ground fault interrupting (GFI) outlet provides an extra level of protection against electric shock, but a GFI outlet is not required for washing machines under the National Electrical Code unless the washer outlet is located in an unfinished basement or within 6 feet of a sink. The GFI outlet instantly cuts off electricity to the washer if it detects faulty grounding in the washer or on the washer circuit. A washer may run with faulty grounding but the machine could deliver a strong or lethal shock to users. |
Additional middle-joint (a=440 or 415 Hz):
- without keys
- with B- and C- Keys
Our classic flute is modelled on a flute by August Grenser who was a famous flute-maker from Dresden. Constructed around 1790, the original can be found in a private collection in the north of Germany. It is made of ebony and has four interchangeable joints playing at the pitches of a=440 Hz to a=420 Hz. In addition, the original has a C foot joint and a D foot joint with a register.
We make several different versions of these flutes. We often build the single-keyed version as an instrument at the pitch of a=440 Hz or a=430 Hz; the more-keyed versions are almost exclusively built at the pitch a=430 Hz. We are very often asked for the full eight-keyed version with keys for D sharp, F, G sharp, B, long F, long C, and a C foot (C, C sharp). With these additional keys, the weak-sounding semitones, which otherwise have to be played crossfingered, can be played with a similar strength to the “normal”notes. Yet the other usual cross-fingered notes can also be played on this flute. The tonal character is brighter and richer in overtones compared to the baroque flute. |
A woman who is primarily attracted to other women.
A person who is attracted primarily to members of the same sex. Although it can be used for any sex (e.g. gay man, gay woman, gay person), "lesbian" is sometimes the preferred term for women who are attracted to women.
A term which refers to individuals or groups who "queer" or problematize the hegemonic notions of sex, gender and desire in a given society. Genderqueer people possess identities which fall outside of the widely accepted sexual binary (i.e. "men" and "women"). Genderqueer may also refer to people who identify as both transgendered AND queer, i.e. individuals who challenge both gender and sexuality regimes and see gender identity and sexual orientation as overlapping and interconnected.
A person who is attracted to both people of their own gender and another gender. Also called "bi".
A person who is sexually attracted to people only after a strong emotional bond has been formed.
This term has many definitions. It is frequently used as an umbrella term to refer to all people who do not identify with their assigned gender at birth or the binary gender system. This includes transsexuals, cross-dressers, genderqueer, drag kings, drag queens, two-spirit people, and others. Some transgender people feel they exist not within one of the two standard gender categories, but rather somewhere between, beyond, or outside of those two genders.
A person whose gender identity is different from their biological sex, who may undergo medical treatments to change their biological sex, often times to align it with their gender identity, or they may live their lives as another sex.
A person who adopts some combination of male and female gender identity, dress, and social roles, or who identifies as gay, lesbian, transgender, etc.
A person whose sexual anatomy or chromosomes do not fit with the traditional markers of "female" and "male." For example: people born with both "female" and "male" anatomy (penis, testicles, vagina, uterus); people born with XXY.
1) An umbrella term sometimes used by LGBTQA people to refer to the entire LGBT community. 2) An alternative that some people use to "queer" the idea of the labels and categories such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, etc. Similar to the concept of genderqueer. It is important to note that the word queer is an in-group term, and a word that can be considered offensive to some people, depending on their generation, geographic location, and relationship with the word.
For some, the process of exploring and discovering one’s own sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression.
A person who generally does not feel sexual attraction or desire to any group of people. Asexuality is not the same as celibacy.
Typically any non-LGBT persons who supports and stands up for the rights of LGBT people, though LGBT people can be allies, such as a lesbian who is an ally to a transgender person.
A person who experiences sexual, romantic, physical, and/or spiritual attraction for members of all gender identities/expressions, not just people who fit into the standard gender binary (i.e. men and women).
A person who participates simultaneously in more than one serious romantic or sexual relationship with the knowledge and consent of all partners. |
Timeline – Shakespeare’s Plays #
Niccolò Bernardo Machiavelli (1469–1527), author of: The Prince, the Discourses on Livy, and The Art of War.
Queen Elizabeth I (1533) ascended to the throne in 1558 – 1603. Elizabethan Era - AKA - The Golden Age of Literature. Elizabeth supported the theatre.
Shakespeare was baptised 26^(th) April, 1564 and buried on the 25^(th) April, 1616, fifty two year later.
John Donne - 1572 - 1631 Difficult to discover their inter-connection. The Sunne-Rising expresses similar sentiments as Shakespeare’s love sonnets and plays.
Sir Francis Bacon, (1561–1626) The English lawyer and philosopher discussed Machiavelli in his The Essayes or Counsels, Civill and Morall (1625), noting his boldness.
Shakespeare’s Plays 1580 - 1590 #
The Taming of the Shrew Set in Padua, Itlay. Considered to be one of Shakespeare’s earliest works, the play is generally believed to have been written before 1592 (28 yrs old) 1590 - 1600. It appears a farce on the gender wars.
Henry VI Part II Believed to have been written in 1591 and Shakespeare’s first play based on English history
Henry VI Part III Written immediately after Part II, a short version of the play was published in Octavo form in 1595
The Two Gentlemen of Verona Known to be written around the 1590s as it was mentioned by Francis Meres in his list of Shakespeare’s plays in 1598, no firm evidence for a particular year
Titus Andronicus Written in 1591/92, with its first performance possibly in January 1594 The Rape of Lucretia
Henry VI Part I Generally assumed to be the ‘harey the vi’ performed at the Rose Theatre in 1592
Richard III Could have been written in 1592, shortly before the plague struck, or in 1594 when the theatres reopened post-plague
The Comedy of Errors Was possibly written for Gray’s Inn Christmas festivities for the legal profession in December 1594
Love’s Labour’s Lost An edition of the play in 1598 refers to it being ‘presented before her Highness [Queen Elizabeth] this last Christmas’, and most scholars date it to 1595-96
A Midsummer Night’s Dream Often dated to 1595-96. Reference in Act 1 Scene 2 to courtiers being afraid of a strange lion may allude to an incident in Scotland in 1594
Romeo and Juliet Set in Verona. Astrological allusions and earthquake reference may suggest composition in 1595-96
Richard II Typically dated 1595-96. Described in 1601 as ‘old and long out of use’
King John Written between 1595 and 1597; an anonymous two-part King John was published in 1591 but Shakespeare’s version is stylistically close to later histories
The Merchant of Venice Registered for publication in 1598, reference to a ship Andrew suggests late 1596 or early 1597 as a Spanish ship of the name was captured around that time
Henry IV Part I Probably written and first performed 1596-97, registered for publication in 1598
Henry IV Part II Written around 1597-98 and registered for publication in 1600, both parts are based on Holinshed’s Chronicles
Much Ado About Nothing Late 1598, not mentioned in Francis Meres’s 1598 list of Shakespeare’s plays but included the role Dogberry for Will Kemp, a comic actor who left the company in early 1599
Henry V Written in 1599, mentions a ‘general… from Ireland coming’, could be referring to the Earl of Essex’s Irish expedition in 1599
As You Like It Typically dated late 1599. Not mentioned in Francis Meres’s 1598 list of Shakespeare’s plays, unless originally called Love’s Labour’s Won
Julius Caesar 1599. Not mentioned in Meres’s 1598 list of plays, seen at the Globe by Swiss visitor Thomas Platter in 1599
1600 – 1610 (36 yrs old) Considered his more serious dark plays.
Hamlet Set in Denmark. Dated around 1600, registered for publication in summer 1602. There are allusions to Julius Caesar, which was written in 1599
The Merry Wives of Windsor Estimated 1597 - 1601, though an allusion to the Order of the Garter might indicate that it was performed at the Garter Feast in 1597
Twelfth Night 1601. Not mentioned in Meres’s 1598 list of plays and alludes to a map first published in 1599
Troilus and Cressida Dated 1601-02, registered for publication early 1603 and alludes to the play Thomas Lord Cromwell, which was registered for publication in 1602
Othello Dated 1604 though some argue for a slightly earlier date. It is recorded to have been performed in court in November 1604
Measure for Measure Set in Venice. Performed at court for Christmas 1604, probably written earlier the same year
All’s Well That Ends Well No strong evidence for date written or first performed, but it is usually dated 1603-06 on stylistic grounds
Timon of Athens Estimated 1604-06 based on stylistic similarity to King Lear
King Lear Dated 1605-06. Performed at court December 1606 and seems to refer to eclipses of September and October 1605
Macbeth 1606. Certainly more Jacobean than Elizabethan based on the play’s several compliments to King James
Antony and Cleopatra Dated 1606-07, registered for publication in 1608 and perhaps performed at court in 1606 or 1607
Coriolanus Perhaps written in 1608. Allusion to ‘coal of fire upon ice’ in Act 1 could refer to the great frost of winter in 1607/08
Pericles 1608. Registered for publication in 1608; Wilkin’s novel The Painful Adventures of Pericles, cashing in on the success of the play, was published in 1608
Cymbeline 1610. A performance in 1611 is recorded. Theatres were reopened in spring 1610 after a long closure due to the plague
The Winter’s Tale 1611. Performed at the Globe May 1611; dance of satyrs apparently borrows from a court entertainment of January 1611
The Tempest 1611. Performed at court in November 1611; uses source material not available before autumn 1610
Henry VIII 1613. The first Globe theatre burnt down in a fire that started during a performance of the play on 29 June 1613
The Two Noble Kinsmen 1613-14; ‘our loss’ in the Prologue probably refers to the Globe fire of 1613
First Folio #
Seven years after his death, in November 1623 several fellow actors and playwrights gathered the plays of Shakespeare and published them in a Folio, a collection.
Ben Jonson described him as:
“not of an age, but for all time”.
‘Reade him, therefore; and againe, and againe’.
And if then you doe not like him,
surely you are in some manifest danger,
not to understand him.
Before this there were individual copies, known as quartos. circulating, some edited by Shakespeare himself. Quarto refers to a sheet of paper folded in two to make four pages.
There are significant differences between the quartos and the Folio. Hamlet’s last lines was changed by Shakespeare from:
Divinity that shapes our ends
Heaven receive my soul.
The rest is silence
In King Lear, Dr Christie Carson, Royal Holloway University of London, http://www.bl.uk/works/king-lear asserts that:
over time the text of King Lear has changed drastically owing to the work of editors and theatre artists. From the outset King Lear existed in two very different versions, the Quarto of 1608 and the Folio of 1623. While there are many hypotheses about the origins of the Quarto editions all that is certain is that they appeared in Shakespeare’s lifetime - but the playwright seems not to have been involved in their creation. The Folio, on the other hand, created after Shakespeare’s death, was published with the involvement of two members of his company with the expressed purpose of keeping his memory and work alive.
As a result, the Folio is often considered more authoritative.
David McInnis Associate Professor of Shakespeare and Early Modern Drama, The University of Melbourne writing for The Conversation:
The folio contains 36 Shakespeare plays – 18 of which had never been published before – along with two poems by Jonson that have significantly shaped Shakespeare’s reputation. The first published collection of Shakespeare’s plays, it was put together by his fellow actors John Heminge and Henry Condell, seven years after Shakespeare’s death. Plays published here for the first time included:
Macbeth, The Taming of the Shrew, Antony and Cleopatra, Coriolanus, The Tempest, Twelfth Night, Julius Caesar and As You Like It.
The pair are at pains to emphasise the lowly quality of their offering, likening the plays to the “leavened Cake” offered to the gods of many nations “that had not gummes & incense”.
English commercial plays didn’t typically use a five-act structure, because his company began performing at an indoor playhouse, where candles needed to be trimmed at regular intervals during performance, that it began to deliberately include the five act breaks.
Catherine Nicholson’s essay in The NYRB on the First Folio, “Theater for a New Audience,” traces the contingencies that have helped to shape our idea of Shakespeare through the big posthumous book of his plays, revealing among other things how our understanding of foundational texts can be enlarged by studying the history of their reception.
It seems clear that most plays written in Shakespeare’s lifetime lived exclusively in the theaters.
That environment must have shaped Shakespeare’s relationship to his work. No doubt he did sometimes find it frustrating to have his words altered without his say-so. Hamlet’s irritable injunction to the players—
“let those that play your clowns speak no more than is set down for them”
—gives us a glimpse of the sometimes fraught relations between writers and performers, especially those with the most license to improvise on stage.
But that speech itself runs quite a bit longer in the 1603 quarto (Q1) than it does in the 1623 folio: in 1603 Hamlet goes on to recite a string of random comic catchphrases exactly like the ones he doesn’t want forced into his own play.
As much as we think we know about Shakespeare, there is so much more that we don’t know. |
By 2050, 68% of the global population is expected to live in urban areas. Designing more sustainable cities will therefore be crucial over the decades to come. To respond to this global challenge, the “smart city” concept seeks to understand how digital technologies can help to optimize the environmental footprint of urban areas, including that of public services. In this article, we zoom in on the efforts of the Interreg MED Green Growth Community to develop green and smart public services in Euro-Mediterranean cities.
What is a smart city?
“A smart city is a place where traditional networks and services are made more efficient with the use of digital and telecommunication technologies for the benefit of its inhabitants and business. A smart city goes beyond the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for better resource use and less emissions. It means smarter urban transport networks, upgraded water supply and waste disposal facilities and more efficient ways to light and heat buildings. It also means a more interactive and responsive city administration, safer public spaces and meeting the needs of an ageing population.”
Smart cities strive to reduce resource inputs by harnessing digital technologies to develop intelligent solutions in terms of energy, housing, water management, waste and mobility. As innovation laboratories, they can also induce behavioral shifts towards more sustainable lifestyles and approaches among urban populations.
Alongside the EU Green Deal, numerous EU-wide efforts to boost smart cities are underway. For instance, the European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities (EIP-SCC) promotes integrated solutions for urban challenges related to energy, mobility, transport and ICT. Supported by the European Commission, it gathers cities, industry, small business (SMEs), banks, research and others, and is currently running the “Join, Boost, Sustain” Declaration and campaign for EU public administrations to support the emergence of a “European way of digital transformation in cities and communities”.
Within the Smart City concept, increasing the capacity of municipal authorities and other actors is a cornerstone of the provision of smart and green public services. This requires new competences, know-how and resources among public administrations. On the data side, disaggregated data is necessary to adequately portray local urban realities and link their opportunities and challenges to the targets set out by the EU Green Deal and SDGs. On the human side, this city-led approach is necessarily citizen-centric and citizen-driven. Indeed, the open innovation ecosystems that smart cities strive to create rely on the ethical and socially responsible access, use, sharing and management of data. For instance, digitalization can present new solutions for the remote monitoring of air and water pollution, or optimizing resource use in urban spaces. Expanding the reach of this concept in the European countries bordering the Mediterranean is also one of the objectives of the Interreg MED Green Growth Community.
Smart cities in the Euro-Mediterranean
The Interreg MED transnational European Cooperation Programme for the Mediterranean area drives regional cooperation in the EU states that border the Mediterranean Sea. Its Interreg MED Programme’s Green Growth Community (GGC) counts several projects that are applying the Smart City concept to specific sectors such as energy efficiency in public infrastructure and urban mobility.
The GGC focuses on green growth, the circular economy, the sound management of natural resources, enhancing cross-sectoral innovation and promoting green jobs and social justice through an integrated and territorially-based cooperation approach. It consists of 14 projects connecting 165 partners from 13 countries in the Mediterranean working on agrifood, eco-innovation, smart cities, waste management and green growth finance. The Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) labelled the Green Growth Community in October 2019, acknowledging its potential to advance cooperation in the transition to a green and circular economy and to deliver concrete benefits to the Mediterranean region. Through its Green Growth Capitalisation Platform, the GGC currently supports its projects in their communication and capitalization efforts to increase their impact at the policy level and ensure their potential transfer and replication into other territories.
One of the foci of the GGC is Smart Cities, in particular the provision of smart and green public services by public administrations. This involves capturing and analyzing data to inform the process of delivering smart and green public services coupled with increased resource efficiency, sustainability, social inclusiveness and citizen well-being. The following GGC projects are contributing to the design and implementation of smart and green public services in the Interreg MED Green Growth Community’s target countries.
ESMARTCITY: Enabling Smarter City in the MED Area through Networking
Countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina (East-Sarajevo), France (Lyon), Greece (Mesolongi, Patras, Pyrgos), Italy (Pescara, Milan), Portugal (Palmela, Setúbal, Sesimbra) and Spain (Huétor-Tájar, Agrón)
The ESMARTCITY project used digital, energy-saving technologies to increase the energy efficiency of urban infrastructure, specifically public lighting and public buildings. About 35 TWh of electricity is consumed by over 56 million streetlights in Europe. Due to their inefficiency, numerous municipal bills are devoted to covering the energy cost of public lighting alone. Public buildings are the second main energy consumer for European municipalities. Overall, buildings consume around 40% of European energy consumption and account for 36% of the EU’s CO2 emissions. To tackle these challenges, ESMARTCITY raised awareness among public authorities concerning solutions to increase the energy efficiency of their public infrastructure. This involved the adoption of open data practices to allow for energy consumption data analysis, while streamlining public procurement procedures for public administrations to adopt energy-efficient solutions more easily. ESMARTCITY recently shared policy recommendations for local and public administrations in its Green Paper for Innovation Policy Change. The project promotes innovation based on the Smart City concept in Mediterranean cities. The digital solutions that it promotes have the potential to improve the quality of public services delivered to citizens while reducing their environmental impacts and stimulating the creation of green jobs and more sustainable urban lifestyles.
GREEN MIND: Green and Smart Mobility Industry Innovation
Countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo), Croatia (Istria and Split-Dalmatia regions), France (Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur region), Greece (Thessaloniki), Italy (Ferrara), Spain (Andalusia region)
The Smart Cities concept is intimately linked to digital and product and service design innovation. In this regard, the GGC GREEN MIND project promoted the innovation capacities of public and private bodies in the green and smart mobility industry. GREEN MIND supported transnational clusters and agencies (composed of businesses, research organizations and public authorities) in improving the access to market opportunities of small and medium enterprises
(SMEs) within the expanding eco-mobility sector. GREEN MIND developed and tested three pilot services to strengthen SMEs’ competitiveness and innovation capacities. It reinforced their market positioning by helping them to identify business opportunities, supported them in accessing public funding and matched them with relevant partners to engage in regional and transnational cooperation between businesses, research bodies and authorities.
Developing smarter and green mobility is a core target of the EU Green Deal. Transport accounts for 25% of the EU’s greenhouse gas emissions, which should be reduced by 90% by 2050 according to the EU Green Deal. GREEN MIND contributed to the further expansion of eco-mobility by fostering economic competitiveness and innovation, thereby supporting the transition to a green economy in the EU. This sector is rapidly shifting due to continuous technological innovation and increasingly stringent environmental policies, leading to increased demand for green and smart mobility products and services provided both by public and private actors. This is a compelling market opportunity for SMEs, which nonetheless require the type of support provided by GREEN MIND in this complex, transversal industry that spans numerous sectors, including the ICT, transport, logistics, energy and automotive industries.
By providing market intelligence, public funding screening and B2B matchmaking to mobility SMEs within its transnational innovation network, GREEN MIND allowed new linkages to emerge between urban authorities and innovative SMEs in the Euro-Mediterranean region. The project’s tested services and knowledge were also transferred to other clusters, ensuring joint learning, knowledge sharing and capacity building processes. Finally, a policy support programme is disseminating GREEN MIND’s results based on the Smart Specialisation Strategies of the regions involved. This transfer and take up program increased the capacity of Mediterranean clusters participating in the project to deliver smart, eco-mobile solutions at the transnational level.
GRASPINNO: Transnational model, strategies & decision support for innovative clusters & business networks towards green growth
Target Countries: Bosnia Herzegovina, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Slovenia, Spain
From 2016 to 2019, GRASPINNO provided innovative green e-procurement solutions to support energy savings and the efficient refurbishment of public buildings. The project improved the capacity of public authorities to manage the energy efficiency of public buildings and to strengthen the capacity of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to enter the green energy market. Indeed, mainstreaming solutions for energy efficiency in the built environment is key to achieving the targets of the EU Green Deal and the EU Circular Economy Action Plan. 80% of the EU’s buildings in 2050 already exist now, which is why boosting their energy efficiency and supplying them through renewable energy sources is an essential step towards achieving the targets of these European frameworks.
GRASPINNO ensured the transfer of smart, low-cost and sustainable solutions to public authorities and SMEs in the entire MED region. Working together with public and private stakeholders, the project tested its methodology on 13 pilots within 28 public buildings located in 5 countries, achieving a total reduction in energy consumption of approximately 10%. It is noteworthy that GRASPINNO’S methodology is replicable to other kinds of buildings, and not only public ones. GRASPINNO also created an online platform to centralise the information needed by both public authorities when preparing a public procurement process and for SMEs to showcase their green energy products and solutions. It comprises three tools for green public procurement:
- A database that assists public authorities in setting green energy requirements within their procurements and allows SMEs to propose solutions to meet these targets;
- An electronic Green Public Procurement (eGPP) Support Tool that offers public authorities an easy way to collect green specifications that can inform the tender preparation process;
- A Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Calculating Tool, which attributes an economic value to products and services relevant to the circular economy in the public sector. The platform supports public authorities in planning and managing the green public procurement process, and in publishing and awarding calls for tenders according to the rules of each country. SMEs can also search for tenders and insert their green products and services into the eGPP platform.
The Green Growth Community supported a broad range of actors from the public and private sectors in working and innovating together for more energy-efficient and eco-mobile Mediterranean cities. Read more about the Interreg Green Growth working groups on eco-innovation and smart cities by delving into their White Papers:
- GGC White Paper 2 – Towards circular towns and cities: promoting green and smart public services within Mediterranean municipalities to move towards a circular economy
- GGC White Paper 4 – Fit for a circular future: promoting competitiveness and innovation of Mediterranean SMEs for a circular economy
Join the community
Learn more about the Interreg MED Green Growth project and join our Green Growth Capitalisation Community. |
Autumn is the season of shorter days, muddy walks and the chill of winter just around the corner. It also brings certain risks to our dogs.
Here is the Chudleys guide to help you know what to look out for.
Most dogs avoid conkers as they are bitter tasting but if eaten, they can be dangerous. Not only are they a choking hazard but they contain a toxin called aesculin. This toxin can cause upset stomachs and in rare cases can prove fatal.
Acorns contain a toxin called tannic acid which can cause upset stomachs and if eaten regularly, or in high amounts, the toxin can lead to kidney & liver failure. Green ones are more toxic than brown ones. Eating acorns can also lead to choking and gastrointestinal blockages.
The damp ground that Autumn brings is the perfect environment for a variety of toadstools and fungi to grow. Although some types of wild fungi are edible, it is difficult to distinguish these from toxic varieties. Some types may only cause a mild stomach upset, while others can be deadly.
Some seeds, pips and fruit stones contain toxins that can make your dog ill. Rotten fruit can also cause gastrointestinal issues.
If you are planting spring flowering bulbs in the autumn, keep the bulbs away from your dog. Daffodil, tulip and spring crocus bulbs can all be toxic and are usually the most poisonous part of the plant.
Rat & Mouse Poison
During the colder months, rodents look to keep warm. This can sometimes mean that they move into human spaces. Unfortunately, people often use commercial poisons to eliminate them. Mouse and rat poisons are designed to be attractive to rodents, but they often smell and taste good to your dogs too. There is also a risk your dog can pick up a poisoned rodent. These poisons are fatal to dogs so must be kept out of reach of them.
What to do if you think your dog has eaten something poisonous.
- Take them to your vet immediately. Make sure to call ahead first to let them know you're on your way.
- If possible, bring along a photo, or ideally a sample of what they have eaten taking care to keep it in a sealed container.
- In the case of fungi, make a note of where it was found. For example, was it growing in grass or on a tree stump? Knowing where it grew can help experts identify what type your dog has eaten should they become ill.
Alabama Rot is a rare but potentially life-threatening disease that affects dogs. It’s still unknown what causes Alabama Rot, but it’s believed to be related to walking in muddy and wet conditions. Alabama Rot causes problems with blood vessels in the skin and kidneys, and often first appears as unexplained marks, sores or ulcers, on dogs’ legs or paws. To prevent your dog from getting ill, experts recommend that you either keep dogs away from muddy areas or wash and dry them thoroughly after muddy or wet walks.
Seasonal Canine Illness
The cause of SCI is currently unknown. There are many theories about the cause of SCI, from allergic reactions to mushrooms, algae, agricultural chemicals and infection from harvest mites. The mushroom theory has now been discounted, however there are still concerns over harvest mites as some of the dogs that have contracted SCI have been infested with them.
Signs usually appear in dogs following a walk in a wooded area. The signs are non-specific so the condition may be missed. If your dog is vomiting or lethargic after recently being exercised in woodland, then contact your vet immediately. Symptoms to look out for include:
- Vomiting & diarrhoea
- Abdominal pain
- Muscle tremors
If you have recently walked your dog in woodland and they have any of these symptoms, contact your vet immediately.
These blood-sucking mites are more commonly found during the spring and autumn but can feed on dogs at any time of the year. Ticks can pick up diseases from one host and pass them onto another. One of which is Lyme disease, which can also affect humans.
After walks in the park or countryside, always check your dog for any strange lumps or bumps that could be a tick, particularly around their head, groin, armpits and feet.
These can be removed by a tick remover but be careful to remove the whole tick as you can easily leave the mouthparts behind which can infect the site. You can also purchase specialised tick-removing solutions. Do not use any solvents that may burn the skin.
As the evenings become darker earlier, it’s a good idea to help make you and your dog more visible. Make sure that your dog’s microchip details are up to date and that they’re wearing I.D tags in case they get lost after dark. |
History & Science FAQs
By Martin Cooper
Marty Cooper, father of the portable cellphone, has developed this extensive list of the most frequently asked questions he has encountered. We hope you find the answer you’re looking for.
Although many inventions are created accidentally, the cell phone was invented very deliberately and over a long period of time. The motivation for inventing the phone in 1973 was that the Bell System, which was the only provider of telephone service for most people (a monopoly) had invented a concept it called “cellular” communications. We at Motorola thought this was a very good idea, but then the Bell System suggested that what people needed was “car telephones”. We vigorously disputed that conclusion. We knew that people did not want to talk to cars, or to houses, or to offices; they want to talk to other people. To demonstrate this, we invented the first portable cellular telephone so that we could prove to the world that our idea of personal communications was correct and that personal communications was going to become even more important. We believed was that a telephone number should call a person rather than a location
Of course! There were many people involved in inventing that first telephone. It started with the people who created all the specialized parts that made the phone work. A crew of industrial design people at Motorola ran a contest to determine what the best design was for the appearance of the telephone. The engineers who put the parts together were very skilled and the best in the industry. There was a great deal of hard work by many people to make the invention of the cellular telephone a reality. I did have the idea and made it happen by pulling together all of Motorola’s wonderful people and technology.
From the time I had the idea to when we had a working cell phone took a little over three months. Before we even started, we had spent years inventing many of the parts of the phone that made it work. The dream of a portable phone had been in our minds for a long time before the first phone was invented. So, for example, when we needed a special antenna on the cell phone to meet the needs of the high frequencies that were involved, our people had been working on such an antenna for two years, and it was ready just when we needed it. The same is true for the integrated circuits and other parts that were needed for this telephone.
The design of the first cell phone was the result of a contest among 5 different industrial designers at Motorola (none of whom reported to me). I picked the simplest design (whose basic design survived for almost 15 years), the other designs were not unlike some of the most modern cell phone designs. The design I selected was tiny, but the engineers who built the electronics had to squeeze hundreds of parts into the phone so it grew 5 times bigger and much heavier.
It was a combination of the vision (people are mobile; communications for people must be wireless), the technology (integrated circuits, frequency synthesizers, antenna, packaging techniques, etc., all dedicated to making radios smaller, lighter, and with lower current drain), and the passion that drove us to go to battle with the Bell System, the largest company in the world.
They were amazed that anyone would have the temerity to challenge Bell Labs. They reluctantly admired our marketing ability in doing so, and pitied our little company, Motorola, who were bound to fail. The lesson for everyone: Don’t underestimated the little guy or girl.
The call that we made in New York City was the first public telephone call. We had tested the phone in the laboratory many, many times, and believed that it was going to work. Of course, we always have doubts when something very new is attempted, but the important thing is that we really believed in the basic idea. That idea is that people are fundamentally mobile and that communications has to happen without wires. It does not make sense for a person to be tied to a wall phone or to their desk if they want make a phone call. So the most important thing we did back in 1973 was to prove that a telephone number should not be a location like a house or a business but rather that telephone number should represent a person.
I was 44 years old.
There are over eight billion cellular telephones in the world today; more phones than people. Our vision back in 1973 was that someday everybody would have their own personal telephone. On the other hand, when the first portable cellular telephones were sold in 1983, they cost $4,000. Not many people could afford these phones. We never would have predicted that in only 20 years or so that phones would be provided free to people if they only pay their monthly bill, as is the case today. The first telephone weighed 2 ½ pounds (40 oz.). The smallest modern phones weigh a tenth of that and are much, much smaller. We always believed that cell phones would become very small but there is no way we could have predicted that a cell phone would include a powerful computer, a camera, an MP3 player, games, and access to the internet.
The concept of distance has disappeared. There is no longer any difference between a “long distance” telephone call and one to the house next store. Thirty years ago, it could cost $10 or more to call Japan; today I make that phone call for a few pennies. The second important thing is that when you call your friends who have cellular phones, you expect a specific person to answer, not merely a location. This is a huge difference. It’s unusual today for most people to even use a wired phone, the wired phone is starting to disappear. Video calls are now common and short message communications like Twitter, Instagram Facebook and others are connecting people almost continuously. Because of this, we do things more efficiently. There are fewer poor people now than ever and we can afford more services and things than ever before. We have a long way to go before we eliminate poverty in all countries, but that’s going to happen, and the cell phone will help that to happen.
For every advancement in technology that affects people, there are always some negative consequences. Of course, it can be annoying to be so readily accessible. That’s why every cell phone has an on/off switch. The choice of whether we want to be accessible or not is yours; no one forces you to answer a cellular telephone call. As is true with every advance in technology, people must learn how to use the advancements properly. Some people may allow new technologies like free communications to change their lives in adverse ways, but with time, people will learn to take advantage of all benefits of unhindered communications, and society will be much better off. Communications today improves our productivity, makes us safer, help us learn new things, and even entertains us by allowing us to play games and access information. It’s hard to imagine why any of those things are not good.
Cell phones are going to move in two major directions. For personal voice communications you can expect a cell phone to get so small that you will be able to put a cell phone in your ear; and perhaps, in the not too distant future, cell phone will be embedded under your skin so that it is with you always and is powered by energy from your body; you won’t have to remember to charge your battery – ever. After all, who needs to dial if you can verbally tell your telephone to whom you want to speak and your phone has the intelligence to find that person. The other directions in which cellular telephony is moving will give us much more bandwidth so that we can hook up our computers to the internet but without being leashed to a wall or a desk while we are doing it. In the future, we’ll be able to use our computer wherever we are, but also to play games, transfer pictures, listen to music and many, many other things – all through the wonders of wireless technology. The cell phone will be used for health care and for education. Nobody has to be alone anymore.
An important wireless technology that will make cell phone more available and less costly is the idea of smart antennas. Smart antennas are making radio signals stronger and communication a lot less expensive. I’m working hard to make sure that everyone has cell phone service and can afford it.
I was in the U.S. Navy for 4 years as a submarine officer, spent a year in one company and then 29 years working for Motorola. Since 1982, I have been starting and running companies, all in the wireless communications business. I also wrote a book called “Cutting the Cord: How the Cell Phone has Transformed Humanity” That tells the story of the creation of the cell phone and what the future holds for us as the cell phone changes our lives..
I was in the Korean conflict on a destroyer (U.S.S. Cony) where, among others, I received a presidential unit citation medal from president Singhman Rhee of Korea. I went to submarine school in New London, graduated high enough in my class that I was rewarded with service in Hawaii on the U.S.S. Tang, one of the most modern subs at that time.
I left Motorola in 1983 to start, with two partners (one of whom is my wife, Arlene Harris, who is known as “The First Lady of Wireless”), a new company that built software and billing systems for the new cellular industry that began in October of 1983. The company was very successful and was sold in 1986. At that time my wife and I started some other businesses and continue to do that today.
The university I attended is the Illinois Institute of Technology located in Chicago. I received a bachelor’s degree in 1950, a master’s degree in 1957, and was awarded an honorary doctorate in 2004. IIT is a fine engineering school that also has schools of architecture, design, and law. I serve on IIT’s Board of Trustees. I attended Lawson Elementary School and Crane Technical High school, both in Chicago.
I have been granted ten other patents besides the cellular phone. They are all in the wireless field, although one has to do with using fuel cells to operate a cellular phone. My wife, Arlene Harris, is also an inventor and a very successful entrepreneur.
Of course, my parents (whom I didn’t fully appreciate until I was in my twenties) were inspirational. Mother was a dynamo. Two high school teachers remain in my memory, Mr. Kinney (home room and wood shop) and Miss Corrigan (English). Mr. Kinney was demanding (a perfectionist) but was very kind beneath a tough veneer. Miss Corrigan appreciated and encouraged my voracious reading.
It’s good to let your mind run free, to think of new ideas, new ways of doing things, to daydream. But an inventor needs a foundation of science, of engineering, of education to make these dreams come true. An inventor needs imagination AND practical knowledge. An engineer or inventor NEVER stops learning. There is always a new idea, a new technology, a new way of doing things that becomes part of a persons tool kit and that makes life interesting.
Mother – Mary. Father – Arthur. Brother – Will. My daughter, Lias lives near Chicago and my son Scott leves near Washington D.C. I have four grandchildren (3 girls and 1 boy) and a great Granddaughter.
I was born in Chicago on December 26, 1928
I try to always have the latest cell phone and use several routinely. My primary desire used to be to own the smallest and lightest handset. Now I use an iPhone that is couple to my iWatch that I use to help me stay fit. My vision is that each person is different from every other person and should be able to have a phone that meets his or her needs. But I try every new and interesting phone that is introduced so, by the time you read this, I may have a different one. |
Halloween is a fun time for kids to dress up in costumes and go trick-or-treating. It’s also a great time to get creative with arts and crafts!
This Halloween, why not make a bat shape craft with your kids? It’s a great way for them to learn about shapes, and they’ll have a blast doing it!
Best of all, it’s super simple: just 3 supplies are needed! Download the template, break out the supplies, and get started today. Also, be sure to check out all of our Halloween crafts for kids for more ideas.
Printable Bat Craft
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- Colored cardstock or construction paper
- Bat template (enter your email in the form at the end of this post to have the link sent to you)
Download the bat template, print, and cut out the pieces you need.
Begin by gluing the eyes to the middle of the circle body.
Place the triangle teeth underneath the eyes and glue them in place.
Create the bat’s wings by gluing the largest triangle to the top right-hand corner of the rectangle.
Next, glue the other triangle to the left of the triangle you just glued down. Take the 2nd triangle and glue it to the left of the last one.
Repeat the last two directions with the other wing, starting in the top left-hand corner and gluing the other triangle to the right.
Take the completed wings and glue them to the back and middle of the bat’s body.
Finish up the bat by gluing the triangle ears to the back and top of the body.
Isn’t this such a cute little Halloween bat?!
Halloween Unit Study
October is here, which means it’s time to start planning for Halloween! This year, why not create a Halloween unit study that will help your kids have fun and learn at the same time?
With these ideas below, they’ll be able to practice fine motor skills, improve vocabulary, increase creativity, learn to follow directions, and so much more!
Kids’ Halloween Books
Reading aloud to your kids is a great way to start a Halloween unit study. Check out these popular Halloween books kids will love:
Below are some of the top-rated Halloween books for kids. Add them to your home collection or borrow them from your local library.
Room On The Broom: This has to be one of our favorite Halloween books of all time! The story follows a witch and her cat as they happen upon some animals who help the witch. There’s danger, mystery, and friendship in this adorable children’s story.
5 Minute Spooky Stories: We love Disney’s 5-minute storybooks and this one is perfect for Halloween! See how all your favorite Disney characters celebrate this spooky holiday.
Ten Timid Ghosts: This is a fun countdown book about a witch who moves into a haunted house where 10 ghosts already live. The witch scares the ghosts out one by one until they devise a scheme to get her out of their house. This Halloween children’s book is good for kids who love rhyming stories!
Halloween Kids’ Crafts
Crafts are a great way for young children to express themselves and develop their creativity. Through crafts, children can explore different materials and learn how to use them to create something unique. It’s also a great way for them to develop fine motor skills and learn how to follow instructions.
Try adding in some more of these spooky Halloween crafts:
Witch Gnome Craft – Our whimsical witch gnome will bring some extra magic this Halloween! This craft is perfect for encouraging imagination and creativity in children.
With just a few supplies, your kids can create a fun decoration to display at home or in the classroom!
Paper Plate Witch Craft For Kids – It’s that time of year again! Time to break out the spooky decorations and get ready for Halloween.
If you’re looking for a fun and easy craft to do with your kids, look no further than this paper plate witch. Kids will love to make their own unique witch.
Mickey Mouse Pumpkin Craft – If you’re looking for a fun, easy, and festive Halloween craft, look no further than the Mickey Mouse craft! This cute and simple project is perfect for Disney fans of all ages and will remind you of Main Street Disneyland.
Candy Corn Halloween Craft – This Frankenstein candy corn craft is the cutest, easiest Halloween craft for kids! All you need is some paper and a little bit of time, and you can make these adorable little monsters.
Kids’ Halloween Activities
Fine motor skills are essential for kids to develop, and these Halloween do a dot printables are a fun way to help them improve those skills.
These printables can help with letter and number recognition, counting, and more. And because they’re themed around Halloween, they’re an extra-spooky way to get kids into the holiday spirit!
For those little ones who prefer their Halloween fun to be on the cute side, we’ve rounded up these adorable and free Halloween coloring pages for kids that are both adorable and festive.
Looking for a sweet way to help your kids practice their handwriting, letter recognition, and fine motor skills? These free candy corn worksheets are perfect! Just print them out and let your kids get started. They’ll have so much fun they won’t even realize they’re learning!
These Frankenstein cutting worksheets are a great way to have some Halloween-themed fun. Your little monsters will love practicing their cutting skills with these adorable Frankenstein scissor activities!
Not only will they improve their fine motor skills, but they’ll also develop hand-eye coordination and concentration.
More Halloween Fun
- Dying over the cuteness of this little girl’s Halloween bracelet!
- Kids will love exploring this Halloween sensory bin.
- Grab the kids one of these custom Halloween baskets for trick or treating.
Share With Us
Did you make this craft with your kids or students? We’d love to feature them on our social media!
For a chance to have your child’s craft featured, simply snap a picture of the completed project and post it to our Facebook page, email it to us directly by clicking here, or use #simpleeverydaymom on your social media!
Spooky season is here and what better way to celebrate than with this delightful candy corn headband craft! This candy corn headband craft is a wonderful way for kids to improve their fine motor skills and follow instructions. The craft is simple, engaging, and easy to make!
More Halloween Ideas For Kids
- Colored cardstock or construction paper
- Bat template
- Download the bat template, print, and cut out the pieces you need.
- Begin by gluing the eyes to the middle of the circle body.
- Place the triangle teeth underneath the eyes and glue them in place.
- Create the bat's wings by gluing the largest triangle to the top right-hand corner of the rectangle.
- Next, glue the other triangle to the left of the triangle you just glued down. Take the 2nd triangle and glue it to the left of the last one.
- Repeat the last two directions with the other wing, starting in the top left-hand corner and gluing the other triangle to the right.
- Take the completed wings and glue them to the back and middle of the bat's body.
- Finish up the bat by gluing the triangle ears to the back and top of the body. |
Unearthing secrets of the gut microbiome
Once considered a community of unidentifiable species with unknown functions, technological advances mean that measuring exactly which microorganisms are living in a person’s gut, and how they influence overall health, is now a reality.
The gut microbiome – the community of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms living in a person’s gut – is currently a hot topic not only for those in health care, but also the general public. Scientists are amazed at the connections being made between this unique microbiome that resides in the human gut and our overall health and wellbeing. These bacteria and other microorganisms have been implicated in many diseases ranging from colorectal cancer and ulcerative colitis, through to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, anxiety and depression, and even Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.
The reason the gut microbiome is correlated with such a large number of diseases is that it is capable of producing thousands of different proteins and metabolites that can interact with our immune, nervous and metabolic systems. Until the last decade, this vast pool of bioactive substances derived from the bacteria that live within us, was largely unknown and ignored.
Dr Ken McGrath, Technology Liaison Manager at Brisbane-based leading biotech Microba, says that the significance of this finding has some in the medical community referring to the gut microbiome as a “forgotten organ” of the body.
“There is so much that your gut microbiome is doing for your body on a daily basis. Some of the microorganisms in your gut can produce beneficial compounds like short-chain fatty acids, which are used as energy for your intestinal cells to stay healthy and resist disease.”
“Other microorganisms produce detrimental compounds like trimethylamine and lipopolysaccharide which have been linked to heart disease, inflammation and type-2 diabetes. This forgotten organ in our gut is a metabolic powerhouse, and the exact influence that the gut microbiome has on someone’s health depends on the unique composition of that person’s gut.”
With all these microorganisms and functions going on inside a person’s gut, how can this be explored and better understood? With the advances in technology and research over the last two decades, the gut microbiome can now be measured through sequencing the DNA obtained in a tiny amount of a stool sample. One way to do this is through metagenomics to create a complete picture of the bacterial community in a person’s gut.
According to McGrath, through metagenomics, these sequenced DNA fragments samples can be computationally analysed and reconstructed to form a comprehensive snapshot of a person’s gut.
Who is Microba?
Microba was founded in 2017 and further developed the research of co-founders Professor Gene Tyson and Professor Philip Hugenholtz. As Microba CEO Blake Wills points out, “what came from that is the creation of the most detailed and accurate microbiome analysis accessible to both health care practitioners and the general public. The technology we are using is world-leading, an Australian-first in biotechnology and is crucial for understanding the role that the gut microbiome can play in treating disease and improving patient outcomes."
“We are confident that we can play a leading role in microbiome research in Australia and ultimately improve the wellbeing of individuals and families across the globe.”
How exactly is this technology exploring the “forgotten organ” and opening up a world of possibilities in gut health?
According to Microba co-founder Gene Tyson, the company uses modern scientific tools to help learn more about which species are in the gut and what those microorganisms are doing.
“We provide people with this information with the aim of guiding them toward ways of improving their health,” he explains. “While this is not a diagnostic tool, it allows an individual to explore their gut microbiome in more detail and gain an understanding about what is going on inside. The technology we are using is far more comprehensive and accurate than anything we’ve seen before. We use metagenomics, which sequences all of the genes from the microorganisms in the sample, whereas other services use 16S rRNA testing, which only sequences a small part of a single bacterial gene."
“We look at your microbiome, compare it against others and then provide dietary suggestions to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria that are at low levels in your gut.”
How exactly does metagenomics work?
A genome is the complete set of instructions for an individual organism to do the things it needs to do. In any one microbiome sample, there can be several hundreds of different genomes.
“The DNA sequencing tools that we use at Microba look at all of the genomes from all of the microorganisms by breaking them up into small fragments of DNA that can be analysed in the lab,” explains McGrath.
“Once these individual pieces of DNA are sequenced, they are able to be computationally reconstructed, like pieces of a puzzle that need to be fit back together to build the original picture.”
But there are challenges with metagenomics that make it harder than a normal jigsaw puzzle.
“Firstly, with metagenomics you don’t just have one puzzle like you would with a single organism – you actually have hundreds of different puzzles, and all of their pieces are jumbled together in the same pile.”
“It is up to the scientists to work out not just where a piece fits, but also which puzzle it belongs to. Secondly, the original boxes that the pieces came in don’t exist, so there’s no way that you can get a hint by looking at the picture on the lid to get an idea of where a piece might go and what the final result should be.
“Scientists need to go through each of the many millions of pieces one-by-one and see if any piece fits with the other existing pieces they have for each of the hundreds of puzzles there are – without knowing exactly how many puzzles there might in the pile!”
It sounds like a slow process, but the advancements in technology and computing means there are now computers powerful enough to speed things up. As some of these puzzles begin to be completed, a clearer indication of which microorganisms are present comes to the surface.
“Unfortunately, scientists are often left with some puzzles consisting of one piece, and others that are incomplete due to the process of breaking down the DNA into small pieces and losing some of these pieces,” Dr McGrath says.
A common approach is to just throw these pieces away, but companies such as Microba have completed many of these puzzles before and keep a record of the ‘pictures’ and the pieces that don’t fit. These pictures make matching new pieces up with previous data much easier, and their lab has created the Microba Genome Database to make the puzzle-solving faster and more accurate than other methods.
“This approach is different because when scientists find a piece that doesn’t seem to fit anywhere else, rather than simply throwing it away, it's put aside into a database that acts as our “leftover-pieces" box. As more and more puzzles are assembled, new pieces are found that fit with those leftover pieces and new puzzles can be completed.”
The method being used by Microba has been compared with other methods that are being used in this space and the Microba method consistently performs better in terms of identifying the correct organisms that are there, known as true positives, as well as not reporting things that aren’t there, known as false positives.
It is important to note that the metagenomics technology is still relatively new and has only been commercially available to the general public for a couple years. Other stool tests exist that look at the bacterial community in different ways but can’t achieve the same level of resolution and accuracy that metagenomics does. For example, some microbiome tests try to grow different organisms in petrie dishes to determine who is there, but these methods typically are only able to identify around 5%-10% of all of the microorganisms in a sample (although this number is improving as culture techniques improve).
Another method that has been used to look at the microbiome is called 16S rRNA gene PCR, which looks at a tiny region of the genomes of the bacteria and tries to guess what the species might be. Although this has been a very useful approach, it typically can only identify the genus of the organisms (a less accurate description of the groups of species that may be there). Neither culture or 16S rRNA-based methods can tell you about the metabolic functions of the microbial community and how they can influence health. Only a metagenomics-based approach is able to provide the complete picture.
Focus on the future
At the same time as analysing samples and helping everyday Australians to explore their gut microbiome, the research team at Microba are furthering their understanding of how the gut is contributing to various diseases through their Inflammatory Bowel Disease program and their Future Insights program.
Users of the Microba Insight™ test can give their permission to use dietary, lifestyle and health information anonymously and contribute to the Future Insights program to add to the growing research evidence from around the world. This allows researchers to look for patterns in the gut microbiome and overall health. When connections between the gut microbiome and health states are discovered, researchers will attempt to identify the mechanism behind those connections. Microba hopes to turn these discoveries into treatments and use their knowledge of the gut microbiome to improve health care options for those suffering from gut microbiome related health issues.
The gut microbiome still has many mysteries to explore, but each day researchers are unravelling more of these mysteries and making further connections between the gut and the rest of the body. As our understanding of how the gut microbiome interacts with the various systems of the human body advances, the future could see a microbiome screen becoming a normal part of your routine check-up with your local GP. |
People living on parts of the south coast of England face a serious problem. In 1993, the owners of a large hotel and of several houses discovered, to their horror, that their gardens had disappeared overnight. The sea had eaten into the soft limestone cliffs on which they had been built. While experts were studying the problem, the hotel and several houses disappeared altogether, sliding down the cliff and into the sea.
Erosion (侵蚀) of the white cliffs along the south coast of England has always been a problem but it has become more serious in recent years. Dozens of homes have had to be abandoned as the sea has crept farther and farther inland. Experts have studied the areas most affected and have drawn up a map for local people, forecasting the year in which their homes will be swallowed up by the hungry sea.
Angry owners have called on the Government to erect sea defenses to protect their homes. Government surveyors have pointed out that in most cases, this is impossible. New sea walls would cost hundreds of millions of pounds and would merely make the waves and currents go further along the coast, shifting the problem from one area to another. The danger is likely to continue, they say, until the waves reach an inland area of hard rock which will not be eaten as limestone is. Meanwhile, if you want to buy a cheap house with an uncertain future, apply to a house agent in one of the threatened areas on the south coast of England. You can get a house for a knockdown price but it may turn out to be a knockdown home.
1. What is the cause of the problem that people living on parts of the south coast of England face?
[A] The disappearance of hotels, houses and gardens.
[B] The experts’ lack of knowledge.
[C] The rising of the sea level.
[D] The washing-away of limestone cliffs.
2. The erosion of the white cliffs in the south of England ________.
[A] will soon become a problem for people living in central England
[B] has now become a threat to the local residents
[C] is quickly changing the map of England
[D] can be stopped if proper measures are taken
3. The experts’study on the problem of erosion can ________.
[A] lead to its eventual solution
[B] provide an effective way to slow it down
[C] help to prevent it from worsening
[D] warn people whose homes are in danger
4. It is not feasible to build sea defenses to protect against erosion because ________.
[A] it is too costly and will endanger neighbouring areas
[B] the government is too slow in taking action
[C] they will be easily knocked down by waves and currents
[D] house agents along the coast do not support the idea
5. According to the author, when buying a house along the south coast of England, people should ________.
[A] be aware of the potential danger involved
[B] guard against being cheated by the house agent
[C] take the quality of the house into consideration
[D] examine the house carefully before making a decision |
NIH spotlights research for rare eye diseases during Rare Disease Day
On the fifth annual Rare Disease Day, the National Eye Institute (NEI), a part of the National Institutes of Health, joins patients and organizations around the world to raise awareness of rare diseases, celebrate advances in treatment, and pledge continued support of rare disease research. In the United States, a disease is considered rare if it affects fewer than 200,000 Americans. Scientists have identified more than 7,000 rare diseases. Some rare diseases affect only a few hundred people. But considered together, rare diseases affect 25 million Americans, which means about 1 in every 10 people has a rare disease.
This page was last updated on Friday, January 21, 2022 |
Jazz pianists are the virtuosos of the music world, effortlessly blending technical skill with creative expression. Their fingers dance across the keys, weaving intricate melodies and harmonies that captivate audiences. With their improvisational prowess and deep understanding of jazz theory, these musicians bring a unique flavor to the genre, pushing boundaries and redefining what is possible on the piano.
From the early pioneers like Duke Ellington and Thelonious Monk to modern-day legends like Herbie Hancock and Chick Corea, jazz pianists have left an indelible mark on the music landscape. Their ability to infuse swing and syncopation into their playing creates a rhythmic energy that is infectious. Whether performing in small intimate clubs or commanding the stage of grand concert halls, jazz pianists command attention and leave their listeners in awe.
In this article, we will delve into the world of jazz pianists, exploring their techniques, influences, and contributions to the evolution of jazz music. Join us as we celebrate these extraordinary musicians and their remarkable ability to transport us to a world of musical brilliance and improvisational magic.
The Evolution of Jazz Pianists
Jazz pianists have played a crucial role in shaping and evolving the genre of jazz music. From the early pioneers to the modern-day legends, these talented individuals have pushed the boundaries of technical skill and creative expression, resulting in groundbreaking music that has captivated listeners for decades.
One of the key aspects of the evolution of jazz pianists is the fusion of different musical styles. In the early years of jazz, pianists were influenced by ragtime, blues, and stride piano. They incorporated these various styles into their playing, creating a unique blend of rhythms and harmonies that set jazz apart from other genres. This fusion of styles became a trademark of jazz pianists and contributed to the development of the genre as a whole.
Another significant development in the evolution of jazz pianists is their ability to improvise. Improvisation is a fundamental aspect of jazz music, allowing musicians to spontaneously create melodies and solos on the spot. Jazz pianists, with their technical dexterity and understanding of harmony, have mastered the art of improvisation. They can effortlessly navigate complex chord progressions, exploring different melodic possibilities and adding their own unique voice to the music.
Furthermore, jazz pianists have been at the forefront of rhythmic innovation in jazz music. With their intricate use of swing and syncopation, they create a rhythmic energy that is synonymous with jazz. The swinging rhythm draws listeners in, making them tap their feet and move to the music. Through their rhythmic mastery, jazz pianists provide the foundation for other musicians to build upon, creating a cohesive and dynamic ensemble sound.
The evolution of jazz pianists is a testament to their remarkable talent and their dedication to pushing the boundaries of music. Their fusion of different styles, mastery of improvisation, and innovative use of rhythm have contributed to the development and evolution of jazz music. It is thanks to these visionary individuals that jazz continues to thrive and captivate audiences around the world.
Early Pioneers and their Contributions
The early pioneers of jazz pianists played a crucial role in shaping the genre and establishing its distinctive sound. These talented musicians were instrumental in incorporating various musical elements into jazz and creating a foundation for future generations to build upon. Here are some notable pioneers and their contributions:
- Jelly Roll Morton – Widely regarded as one of the first jazz pianists, Jelly Roll Morton was a true innovator. He brought together ragtime, blues, and early jazz styles to create a unique blend that became known as “stride piano.” Morton’s playing was characterized by intricate melodies, complex harmonies, and a strong sense of rhythm. His compositions, such as “Black Bottom Stomp” and “The Pearls,” laid the groundwork for jazz pianists to explore new possibilities.
- Earl Hines – Known as “Fatha,” Earl Hines was a virtuoso pianist who revolutionized jazz with his technical mastery and creativity. He pioneered the use of elaborate solos and introduced improvisation techniques that challenged traditional notions of jazz piano. Hines’ recordings, including “Weather Bird” with Louis Armstrong, showcased his ability to create intricate melodies and harmonies, which influenced countless pianists in the years to come.
- Art Tatum – Renowned for his unparalleled technical skill and harmonic innovation, Art Tatum pushed the boundaries of jazz piano. His lightning-fast fingers and exceptional ability to navigate the keyboard effortlessly left audiences in awe. Tatum’s recordings, such as “Tiger Rag” and “Tea for Two,” demonstrated his unique approach to improvisation and his mastery of intricate chord voicings. His playing style continues to inspire and challenge pianists to this day.
- Thelonious Monk – Known for his distinctive, angular playing style, Thelonious Monk was a true iconoclast. His compositions, such as “Round Midnight” and “Straight No Chaser,” broke away from traditional harmonic structures and pushed the boundaries of jazz. Monk’s use of dissonance, rhythmic complexity, and unconventional phrasing gave birth to a new era in jazz piano. His influence can be felt in the works of countless musicians who followed in his footsteps.
These early pioneers of jazz piano laid the groundwork for future generations, and their contributions continue to shape the genre. Their innovative spirit, technical brilliance, and fearless exploration set the stage for the evolution of jazz piano.
Technical Brilliance and Creative Expression
When it comes to jazz pianists, their technical brilliance and creative expression are what truly set them apart. These musicians possess remarkable skills that enable them to navigate complex chord progressions, execute intricate melodies, and create captivating improvisations.
One of the defining features of jazz piano is the ability to play lightning-fast runs, dazzling listeners with virtuosic displays of technique. Jazz pianists like Art Tatum and Oscar Peterson were known for their incredible speed and agility, effortlessly gliding across the keys with precision and fluidity. Their technical prowess allowed them to push the boundaries of what was thought possible on the piano, inspiring generations of musicians to strive for greater technical proficiency.
But it’s not just about speed and dexterity. Jazz pianists also excel in their ability to express emotion and tell stories through their playing. They have an inherent sense of dynamics, knowing when to play softly and delicately, and when to unleash a torrent of sound. Through their use of touch and nuance, they can convey a wide range of emotions, from melancholy and introspection to joy and exuberance.
Improvisation is another cornerstone of jazz piano. These talented musicians possess the ability to spontaneously create melodies, harmonies, and solos on the spot, often in collaboration with other musicians. This improvisational skill allows them to engage in musical conversations, responding to each other’s ideas and creating a unique and ever-evolving musical landscape.
Furthermore, jazz pianists showcase their technical brilliance and creative expression through their innovative use of harmony and rhythm. They experiment with different chord voicings, adding rich colors and textures to their playing. They employ syncopation and swing, injecting a sense of energy and momentum into their performances. These rhythmic and harmonic innovations contribute to the distinctive sound of jazz piano and keep the genre fresh and exciting.
The technical brilliance and creative expression exhibited by jazz pianists are what make them true masters of their craft. Their virtuosic skills, ability to convey emotion, and mastery of improvisation set the stage for unforgettable performances. As the evolution of jazz piano continues, we can expect to see even more innovation and brilliance from the talented musicians who carry the torch forward.
Jazz Theory and Improvisational Prowess
Jazz pianists are known for their exceptional knowledge of music theory and their unparalleled improvisational abilities. They possess a deep understanding of chord progressions, scales, and harmonic structures, which allows them to navigate complex musical landscapes with ease. This expertise in jazz theory enables them to create intricate melodies, harmonies, and rhythms that captivate audiences and push the boundaries of musical expression.
One of the defining features of jazz piano is the ability to improvise. Improvisation is the art of spontaneously creating melodies, solos, and accompaniments on the spot. Jazz pianists excel in this art form, drawing inspiration from the rich history of jazz and infusing their own unique style into each performance. Through improvisation, they bring a fresh and personal element to their music, making each performance a truly one-of-a-kind experience.
In order to effectively improvise, jazz pianists must have a deep understanding of various musical techniques and concepts. They must be able to quickly recognize and respond to chord changes, seamlessly weave in melodic lines, and incorporate rhythmic variations. This requires not only technical skill but also a keen sense of musical intuition and creative expression.
Jazz pianists also rely on their intricate knowledge of harmony and rhythm to create captivating musical arrangements. They skillfully navigate through complex chord progressions, employing colorful and unexpected harmonies that add depth and character to their performances. Their use of syncopation, swing, and other rhythmic techniques adds a dynamic energy to the music, keeping listeners engaged and enthralled.
Through their mastery of jazz theory and improvisational prowess, jazz pianists continue to shape and evolve the genre of jazz music. They contribute to the ongoing exploration of new sounds, styles, and musical possibilities. Their ability to seamlessly blend technical brilliance with creative expression makes them true virtuosos of their craft and ensures that jazz piano remains at the forefront of musical innovation.
Jazz pianists possess a deep understanding of jazz theory, allowing them to navigate complex chord progressions and create intricate melodies and harmonies. Their improvisational abilities enable them to spontaneously create unique and personal musical expressions. Through their knowledge of harmony and rhythm, they push the boundaries of what is possible in jazz piano, contributing to the ongoing evolution of the genre.
Modern-Day Legends and Their Impact
In the realm of jazz piano, there are a number of modern-day legends who have made a significant impact on the genre. These virtuosic musicians continue to push the boundaries of jazz piano, showcasing their technical brilliance and creative expression in their performances and compositions.
One such legend is Chick Corea, whose versatile playing style has spanned multiple genres, including jazz fusion, Latin jazz, and classical music. Corea’s contributions to jazz piano are immense, as he has not only showcased his incredible technical abilities but also his innovative approach to composition. With albums like “Now He Sings, Now He Sobs” and “Return to Forever,” Corea has solidified his place as one of the greatest jazz pianists of our time.
Herbie Hancock is another modern-day jazz piano legend who has left an indelible mark on the genre. Known for his unique blend of jazz, funk, and electronic music, Hancock’s experimentation and boundary-pushing have earned him numerous accolades, including multiple Grammy Awards. His iconic compositions, such as “Watermelon Man” and “Cantaloupe Island,” continue to be celebrated and performed by jazz musicians worldwide.
The influence of Brad Mehldau on modern jazz piano cannot be overstated. Mehldau’s performances are characterized by their exquisite touch, melodic inventiveness, and harmonic explorations. His intimate interpretations of jazz standards and his original compositions have captivated audiences and inspired a new generation of pianists.
Another jazz piano virtuoso making waves in the modern jazz scene is Robert Glasper. With his unique blend of jazz, hip-hop, and R&B influences, Glasper has redefined the boundaries of jazz piano. His albums, such as “Black Radio” and “Covered,” showcase his ability to seamlessly blend diverse musical styles while maintaining the essence of jazz improvisation.
These modern-day legends have not only mastered the technical aspects of jazz piano but have also expanded the possibilities of what can be achieved on the instrument. Their innovative approach, creative expression, and willingness to explore new sounds and genres have had a profound impact on the evolution of jazz piano.
Jazz pianists have played a vital role in shaping the genre of jazz music through their technical brilliance and creative expression. By fusing various musical styles and incorporating elements of improvisation, swing, and syncopation, they have created a unique and captivating sound. Their ability to navigate complex chord progressions, execute intricate melodies, and create mesmerizing improvisations showcases their mastery of the piano.
Moreover, jazz pianists have pushed the boundaries of what is possible on the instrument, utilizing innovative harmonies and rhythms to expand the possibilities of jazz piano. Their contributions have not only influenced the evolution of jazz music but have also inspired future generations of musicians.
From the legends of the past to the modern-day pioneers, jazz pianists like Chick Corea, Herbie Hancock, Brad Mehldau, and Robert Glasper continue to make significant impacts on the genre. Their technical abilities, innovative compositions, and boundary-pushing experimentation have propelled jazz piano forward.
Jazz pianists are true masters of their craft, and their contributions continue to shape and redefine the world of jazz music. Their technical brilliance and creative expression ensure that the legacy of jazz piano will endure for generations to come.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What is the article about?
The article discusses the evolution of jazz pianists and their significant contributions to the genre of jazz music.
Q: What musical styles have jazz pianists fused together?
Jazz pianists have fused different musical styles such as ragtime, blues, and stride piano.
Q: What skills do jazz pianists possess?
Jazz pianists possess the mastery of improvisation, allowing them to spontaneously create melodies and solos.
Q: How do jazz pianists create captivating energy in the music?
Jazz pianists create captivating energy through their use of swing and syncopation, which adds rhythmic innovation.
Q: What technical abilities do jazz pianists showcase?
Jazz pianists showcase technical brilliance by navigating complex chord progressions, executing intricate melodies, and creating captivating improvisations.
Q: How do jazz pianists convey emotion and tell stories through their playing?
Jazz pianists convey emotion and tell stories through their use of speed, agility, and touch on the piano.
Q: How do jazz pianists push the boundaries of what is possible on the piano?
Jazz pianists push the boundaries by using innovative harmony and rhythm and experimenting with new techniques.
Q: Who are some modern-day legends in jazz piano?
Modern-day legends in jazz piano include Chick Corea, Herbie Hancock, Brad Mehldau, and Robert Glasper. |
The Increase in Road Verge Wilding and the Role of Native Flora
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By Joshua Styles, NWRPI Project Co-ordinator and Ecologist
Plants are the fundamental basis of most life on Earth. Aside from their undeniable ecological importance, they themselves are fascinating organisms, which are more than worthy of preservation. They can be devious, like the Broomrapes in the genus Orobanche, stealing nutriment from host plants, predatory, like our wonderful, insectivorous Great Sundew (Drosera anglica), and they can cooperate with other organisms, like Common Cow-wheat (Melampyrum pratense), in its production of sugary elaiosomes, attracting wood ants (Formica spp.) to disperse its fruits. Plants are extraordinarily exciting creatures that are just as alive and vivacious as any vertebrate!
Of the 1500 wonderful, native vascular plant species resident across the British Isles, around 700 of these have been recorded across our road verges, equating to 45% of our native flora. This includes some exceptionally rare and threatened species, such as the nationally rare Spiked Rampion (Phyteuma spicatum) (Figure 1), an Endangered species in England, whose largest extant population is sited on a road verge in Sussex. Indeed, of the 700 species recorded across road verges, figures by Plantlife indicate that 87 of these are threatened with extinction in the UK, which includes more widespread species (Plantlife, 2019).
Aside from the sheer quantity of plant species recorded across them, road verges are known to cover a stretch of 313,500 miles, totalling an area more than all of our semi-natural, unimproved meadows combined. They represent a significant biodiversity asset, however, poor management employed by local authorities, often going against their legal duty to biodiversity conservation (Natural England & DEFRA, 2014), has meant that our verges are often left in a poor state for wildlife, particularly for plants and invertebrates.
Although our verges may be poorly managed by and large, the tides are turning; local authorities across the UK are adopting a shift in management. Burnley, Denbighshire, Dorset, Hertfordshire, Nottinghamshire, and Sheffield councils to name a few, have all changed the way in which they manage their verges by relaxing cutting regimes, recognising the necessity for a shift from the norm. In addition to the improved wildlife value of relaxed mowing regimes, many councils have also reported significant savings; Dorset Council reports annual savings of £93k, whilst Burnley Council has previously reported annual savings of £63k.
Native vs Non-native
Many local authorities have adopted positive changes in management simply by mowing less, and mowing later, acting on sound ecological advice. However, other authorities, including Rotherham Council, have made less desirable changes, replacing grassy verges and central reservations with non-native displays, perversely repackaging these mixes as a form of ‘restoration’ (Figure 2).
Although the ecological drawbacks of such changes may not be immediately apparent, they are manifold. To maintain such colourful displays of annual plants year-on-year firstly requires regular herbicide treatment, eliminating all plants that were there in the first instance and displacing native flora. Further to the destructive initial and ongoing impacts that such displays demand, displays like these also have an ability to alter public perception of what a wildflower meadow is. A simple google search of ‘wildflower meadow’ demonstrates how perception has altered from grassy meadows filled with orchids and other native plants (Figure 3), to mixes of colourful non-native species including Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus), Corn Marigold (Glebionis segetum) and Common Poppy (Papaver rhoeas).
Further to the alteration of public perception and constant herbicide application, it should also be noted that between 0.0125 – 0.8% of all non-native plant species introduced to this country go to become notifiable invasive species (Manchester & Bullock, 2001). Invasive plants on the whole are estimated to cost the economy £1.7 billion annually (Shaw et al, 2014), as well as cause tremendous damage to ecosystems.
“But what about the ecological value of non-native displays?”
Non-native species mixes are often sown with pollinators in mind. However, this does not account for specialists, adapted to particular species of flowering plant, and typically favours generalists only. Furthermore, it does not consider the specific host plants required by many invertebrates. Table 1 compares the number of insect associates between a number of plants commonly found across grassy verges in Britain, compared to species commonly sown in non-native displays.
Whilst the desire to encourage biodiversity appears to be improving across local authorities and across the UK more widely, it is important that public open spaces are managed in light of the best science and guidance available, to ensure that both people and wildlife benefit from changes to management strategies. Although non-native species may produce visually appealing displays, they are of little benefit to the vast majority of our native invertebrates, which co-evolved with native plants; incorporation and enhancement of native plant diversity is paramount to dampening declines in plants and invertebrates.
For further information on good-practice verge and grassland management, see Plantlife’s Good Verge Guide here.
Find out more about Josh’s work at www.NWRPI.weebly.com
Biological Records Centre (BRC), 2020. Database of Insects and their Food Plants. Available from: http://www.brc.ac.uk/dbif/hosts.aspx
Manchester, S. J. & Bullock, J. M., 2001. ‘The impacts of non‐native species on UK biodiversity and the effectiveness of control.’ Journal of Ecology. Available from: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00538.x
Natural England & Defra., 2014. Biodiversity duty: public authority duty to have regard to conserving biodiversity. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/biodiversity-duty-public-authority-duty-to-have-regard-to-conserving-biodiversity
Plantlife., 2019. The good verge guide. Available from: https://www.plantlife.org.uk/application/files/4614/8232/2916/Road_verge_guide_17_6.pdf
Shaw, R., Parr, M., Pollard, K., Williams, F., 2014. Demonstrating the cost of invasive species to Great Britain. Available from: https://www.cabi.org/wp-content/uploads/CABI-Study-Brief-1.pdf
More from North West Rare Plant Initiative |
As global emissions continue to rise, the idea that the world will likely overshoot its climate targets is increasingly becoming a reality. In response, a growing contingent of companies have been looking to a technology known as “direct air capture,” or sucking carbon dioxide from the air, to help curb climate change. On Tuesday, this nascent industry got a boost when dozens of companies, nonprofits, foundations, and universities formed a coalition to organize the carbon removal industry and bring together people who have so far been thinking about and working on direct air capture in isolation.
Carbon removal technology is a growing but still controversial component of the global response to climate change. In April, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United Nations’ top climate body, said that keeping global warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius will require removing some carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. And despite opposition from some environmental advocates, groups like the DAC Coalition believe direct air capture is one way to meet those climate goals.
The new group, known as the Direct Air Capture Coalition, is registered in the U.S. as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization but will have a “global focus,” according to Axios. Members include for-profit companies such as Climeworks, which opened the world’s largest carbon-capture facility in Iceland last year, along with “partners and observers” like the nonprofit World Resources Institute and New York University’s Energy, Climate Justice, and Sustainability Lab. The goal, according to the group’s website, is to bring together leaders from the technology, business, finance, government, and civil society sectors to “educate, engage, and mobilize” the world toward carbon removal.
“There is no single nonprofit organization that is focused on accelerating deployment and doing so in a way that is effective, that is sustainable and that is equitable,” Jason Hochman, the coalition’s co-founder and senior director, told the news site Protocol. “So we’re trying to change that.”
Carbon dioxide removal, or CDR, is a broad category that encompasses both natural solutions and technology. Ecosystem-based strategies include creating “carbon sinks” by planting trees or restoring wetlands that pull carbon from the air and sequester it in biomass, water, or soil. Technologies like DAC are another component, using large fans to suck in air and a chemical reaction to filter out the pure carbon dioxide, which would then be piped to underground storage areas around the country or turned into products like concrete.
Direct air capture technologies have not yet been tested on a large scale, and can be prohibitively expensive, costing several hundred dollars to remove a metric ton of carbon dioxide. But local governments in states like Colorado and Arizona have already begun to move forward with carbon removal. And the federal government has supported the idea, too; last week, the Department of Energy announced that it intends to fund a $3.5 billion carbon capture and storage program as part of last year’s bipartisan infrastructure law.
The initiative would create four regional DAC hubs that would each capture and store at least 1 million metric tons of carbon dioxide each year. But according to the department, “CDR will need to be deployed at the gigaton scale” by the middle of the century — capturing 1 billion metric tons of CO2 annually, approximately the amount produced by 250 million vehicles.
The Department of Energy promised that it would “emphasize environmental justice, community engagement, consent-based siting, equity and workforce development” in developing CDR projects, and said that this strategy would need to go hand-in-hand with decarbonizing the economy. But environmental justice groups like the Climate Justice Alliance criticized the decision to promote carbon removal technologies, arguing that funding should instead support “real and proven” renewable energy projects in areas that are most affected by pollution.
“The mere promise of DAC technologies acts as cover for continuing fossil fuel extraction and use, resulting in continued harm to frontline communities,” Basav Sen, the Climate Justice Project Director for the Institute for Policy Studies, said in a press release. “It is also a dangerous gamble, since we are already in the midst of a severe climate crisis, and the promise of DAC may never materialize and only harm frontline communities in new, unacceptable ways.”
Instead, the alliance has called on President Joe Biden to ban new oil and gas leasing on federal lands, stop approving fossil fuel projects, and declare a climate emergency under the National Emergencies Act, which would allow the government to fast-track renewable energy development.
Hochman told Protocol that the DAC Coalition wants to play a role in getting these regional hubs off the ground, although the organization won’t be engaging in direct lobbying. The group’s next steps include holding a summit in the fall, with the goal of developing a strategy to guide the industry through 2030. |
According to primate research, the number of meaningful social relationships you can maintain at any one time is directly linked to the volume of your neocortex. This correlation has been observed in lower primates, such as monkeys and chimps, and indeed in us humans. But social networking sites such as Facebook.com and Twitter.com, which allow an individual to contact a potentially limitless number of people, could challenge this conclusion.
What is the Monkeysphere?
Referred to as “the monkeysphere” by David Wong in his Cracked.com article, “What is the monkeysphere?” it can be defined as the maximum number of social relationships an individual can maintain at any one time.
A more concise and accepted name for this number is “Dunbar’s number,” named after Robin Dunbar, the Liverpudlian evolutionary psychologist who discovered the relationship.
To find the relationship that now bears his name, Dunbar compiled diverse research about primate behaviour from several sources. He created models for individual species, which allowed him to define behavioral characteristics. Once he had his behavioral models, Dunbar started to compare behaviour and neocortex volume.
Dunbar chose to measure the volume of the neocortex for his study, since it is one of the more recent parts of the brain to evolve in primates and the part of the brain responsible for decision making, planning and complex thought. He found that there was a direct relationship between the size of the neocortex — relative to the size of the animal — and the size of their monkeysphere.
Dunbar also found that the size of the neocortex defined two kinds of relationships. Social relationships were described as “roughly the number of people you could ask a favour and expect to have it granted.” In humans, based on the volume of our neocortex, this number is about 150, and between 50 and 100 in lower primates. The other group described was what you could call “the inner circle,” or people with whom you have an intimate relationship, which Dunbar predicted, for humans, would be about 12.
Dunbar’s number in action
For humans, an individual’s Dunbar number might not have earth-shattering implications on one’s daily life. But Carol Berman, from the anthropology department at State University of New York, Buffalo, found that Dunbar’s number had a profound affect on the lives of large rhesus monkeys.
Berman observed that when the number of rhesus monkeys in a family group was small, say around 40 individuals, adult females in the group were calm, and encounters with “strangers” or other rhesus monkeys who were not familiar to the females, were infrequent. The adult females in this environment raised their young in a very free and easygoing manner.
As the number in the family group rose, the number of encounters with strange monkeys inevitably increased, and the adult females became more vigilant, defensive and aggressive. Naturally, this change in behaviour also had an impact on the young, whose upbringing became much more guarded, and on the adult males, who also became more aggressive and defensive.
Eventually, tensions in the family group would rise, and violence would become more common. Finally, relations within the family group would degrade to such a point that the group would split, returning the numbers in each individual family group to a more comfortable level.
From an evolutionary point of view, this might be a very advantageous behavioral adaptation, since keeping family group sizes small means that resources in a particular area are not depleted too quickly.
The monkeysphere and social media
While Dunbar made predictions about the size of the human monkeysphere, testing his hypothesis against humans was made difficult by the fact that human social interaction is rather difficult to document.
After several lackluster attempts to interview people on the size of their social network via questionnaires, Dunbar hit upon the idea of analyzing people’s Christmas card mailing habits. Through this survey Dunbar was able to conclude that the average size of a human social network, at least for the individuals responding to his survey, was 124.9 people per network.
“But,” you may be thinking right now, “I have twice that many friends on Facebook!” According to an interview done with Cameron Marlow, Facebook’s in-house sociologist — yes, Facebook employs a sociologist — by The Economist in February 2009, Facebook allows you to reach more people, but the average number of Facebook friends is still about 120. Furthermore, the number of people you interact with on a regular basis, regardless of how many “friends” you have is probably about seven to 17 if you’re a man and 10-26 if you’re a woman, according to Marlow.
Interestingly, these numbers are very close to Dunbar’s original predictions and to the results of his “Christmas card survey.”
So, does this mean that you are a slave to the size of your neocortex? According to Dunbar and Berman’s research, in terms of the number of meaningful connections you can maintain with people, probably, yes. However it’s not all bad; at least you don’t start picking fights and getting all moody when more than 120 or so people are crowding around you. |
Have you ever seen this funny little graph that looks like a mountain range pop up on the back of your camera when you are taking a photograph? You may have seen it while editing a picture in Photoshop or other picture editing programs. You may have even heard the word whispered in hushed tones, but don’t know what or how it relates to your photograph.
There’s no need to fear it as part of some secret photographic society or conspiracy theory. Like the Da Vinci code, there is a key to understanding it, and once you know, you’ll wonder what all the fuss was about in the first place!
So What is a Histogram?
The histogram is simply a distribution graph of the pixels and tones in each image.
Running left-to-right along the bottom of the graph is every tone from pure black through gray to pure white. Running up the side is a pixel count. The image is broken down into tones, and the pixels in each tone are counted. The results, presented as a graph, are known as the histogram.
A visual representation of the image is most helpful, as you can see at a glance if you have a problem – the peaks on the graph show that there are more pixels in that tone than the flatter lower troughs. In other words, it shows how well exposed your photograph is.
It’s All About Exposure
The extreme left of the scale is the pure black point (shadows), which is given a value of 0 because there is absolutely no light or color. The extreme right shows the pure white point (highlights). It is given a value of 255 when Red, Blue and Green (RGB) light combine in equal quantities at a certain brightness level. The middle section of the histogram shows the mid-tones of your image.
Although there are no values higher than 255 or lower than 0, if the brightness level is too high or too low, then you will see a large graph spike that ends above the horizontal line at one end or the other of the histogram.
This known as clipping. Clipping happens when there is too much or too little light for the camera sensor to record detail in a part of the image. If this happens, you may need to adjust your exposure.
Why You Should Use the Histogram
So why should you use the Histogram? After all, you can check the picture on the back of your camera right?
The truth is, review screens do not give a true representation of your photograph. It can make images appear lighter or darker, add extra contrast and color, so you can’t trust fully what you see there.
By viewing the histogram, you can tell whether the picture you are taking is under, over or well exposed.
A well exposed image has a balanced spread of tones all across the histogram, including some pure black and pure white tones. If the histogram doesn’t extend to both ends, then your photograph may be missing some contrast and your picture may look ‘flat’ – that is, a bit lifeless with no punch or visual impact.
The exception is high and low key photography. High key images have very bright, white backgrounds, while low key images have areas or backgrounds of dark tones or shadows. Using the Histogram, you can be sure you are getting the correct level of high or low key elements into your images. |
Politics is like playing a game, as in-game there are many players or teams but the winner is one. In the same way, different political parties contest in an election and the winning party is the ruling party. It is necessary for the formation of the Governing body in the nation and its working. The Indian political system functions according to the constitution. Corruption, greed, poverty, illiteracy has been deteriorating Indian Politics.
Short and Long Essay on Indian Politics in English
Brief information about Indian Politics is provided in the form of a long essay which will be helpful to the students of classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and university students.
Indian Politics Essay 10 Lines (100 – 150 Words)
1) Politics plays an important role in choosing the government.
2) The ruling, as well as the opposition party, forms Indian politics.
3) Indian politics plays a vital role in ensuring the smooth functioning of the government.
4) In India, different political parties are supporting different leaders.
5) The people involved in politics are termed, politicians.
6) Indian politics consists of state and central government bodies.
7) Corruption, greed, selfishness, etc reflects the black side of Indian politics.
8) Due to wrong practices, Indian politics is turning dirty.
9) Political parties make us aware of the policies and their achievements.
10) Indian National Congress, Bhartiya Janata Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, etc are some famous political parties in India.
Short Essay on Indian Politics (250 words)
Government, its formation, and smooth working are the most important things in democratic nations. It can only be possible by politics. Politics has a major role in the formation and smooth functioning of the government. Politics can be referred to as the system of governance that is essential for making people abide by the rules and laws in the nation.
India is stated as the largest democracy in the world. There is a parliamentary type of government in India where the powers are vested in the Prime minister and the President is the nominal head of the state. Indian politics comprises the ruling party as well as the opposition party. In other words, it can be said that Indian politics represents the people of India. The politicians representing the different political parties come from the common people of India. They are elected by the process of elections.
Polity System in India
There is a dual polity system in India. It consists of central government and state governments. They have to work according to the Indian constitution. The powers and limitations of the central and state government are well defined in the constitution of India. The Supreme Court is the supreme authority of the judicial system in India.
Weakening of Indian Politics
The excessive corruption, greed, injustice, and hatred have given a bad name to Indian politics. At present, there are more than 100 political parties in existence in India. Most of the politicians have forgotten their duty towards the nation and people and are involved in doing corrupt politics. They use power and wealth to win the elections. In this way, Indian politics and democracy is weakened and deteriorated.
There have been great leaders in Indian politics who have served the nation in past. The fate of Indian politics can only be changed if the people of the nation become aware of their powers and rights. The right decision of the people can help in bringing the revolution into Indian politics.
Long Essay on Indian Politics and Politicians (500 – 600 Words)
Indian politics is related to the attaining or transfer of power from one political party to another after elections. The successful formation of government is possible due to Indian politics. The government helps in the proper functioning and development of the country. Indian National Congress won the first general election in 1951 after Independence and ruled for many years. It was succeeded by different ruling parties till 2014 when Bhartiya Janta Party became the ruling party by majority after winning the elections of 2014 and 2019.
Parliamentary Form of Government in India
India is a secular democratic country. There is the existence of a parliamentary form of government in India. In this type of government, the real head of the country becomes Prime Minister with whom all the powers are vested. The president is called the nominal head of the country.
The people of the country are free to select the representative of their choice. Every citizen of the country above 18 years of age has the right to vote. The government is formed for a period of five years.
Political Parties in Indian Politics
India has become a democratic nation after its independence from British rule. Democracy is related to the concept of government to be formed by the choice of people. Political parties are groups that are formed by the different sections and regions. Numerous political parties were formed after independence. The parties are designated as National and State political parties.
It is essential for a political party either national or State to have a symbol as a sign of their party. Symbols for the political parties are necessary as people can easily recognize the party and can vote properly. The political parties need to be registered with the Election Commission of India. The different political parties make people aware of the different programs and policies. They also tell about the achievements made by their party in the ruling period by arranging rallies and campaigns in order to ask for votes.
The different political parties in the Indian Political system are Bharatiya Janata Party, Congress Party, Samajwadi Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, Aam Aadmi Party, etc.
Negative Phase of Indian Politics
There are a lot of problems existing in Indian politics. They need to be ended for the betterment and development of the nation.
- The most important factor which is weakening Indian politics is corruption. The process of paying bribes for the completion of wrong deeds but presented in the right manner. There is a lot of corruption in government jobs. Every year most of the recruitments are done on the basis of depositing excessive money to the politicians. This is darkening the future of bright students and the country too. The politicians also bribe people to get their votes.
- The politicians before the election are so polite and shower a bundle of promises and policies. The scenario changes after they win the election. They do not care about people and the problems faced by them. They are busy in money-making and exercising the power for their own benefit.
- The right person could never win the elections because of the already existing powerful politicians. They win the election by applying different tactics. They distribute money and alcohol to the public. The poor people are in need of money therefore they are easily trapped in fake promises of such politicians.
- The politicians of the ruling party never want to lose power and control. They continuously spread fake rumours, talk rubbish about them, and bribe media to spread false information. This way false information spread in the public, paving the way for the existing party to win again.
- Most of the political parties are having insufficient youth participation. There are leaders of old age and they are still in power serving the public. The reality is that they could not walk properly neither could read nor see in an efficient manner. The parties are carrying these personalities because of their personal interest. These people must be replaced by young leaders with a lot of potentials.
Indian politics is a mixture of good, bad, and worst experiences. The people are granted power in a democratic country to form the government of their choice. This choice must be made in a rational way so that the development of the nation would be possible in a fair manner.
FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions
Ans. Politics is termed a set of activities that are necessary for governing the nation or state. It is the exercise of power.
Ans. India is a democratic nation with a parliamentary form of government. The president is the nominal head and real powers are vested in Prime Minister.
Ans. There are 545 seats in Lok Sabha and 250 seats in Rajya Sabha.
Ans. The Rajya Sabha consists of 250 members, 238 representing the states and union territories while 12 members are nominated by the President of India.
Ans. Politicians after winning the election misuse the power and make a lot of money and develop businesses instead of fulfilling the demands of people and solving their issues. |
A common theme for early 19th century board games was the virtue or morality game where a player set out to prove himself of good moral character while avoiding temptations placed along his path. In 1818 London, William Darton published the above image for The New Game of Virtue Rewarded and Vice Punished. The game started on the space, the House of Correction, and the winner was the first one to travel the spiral and reach the last space, Virtue.
Another one of these good vs evil games was the Mansion of Happiness, published in the United States in 1843. As you progress through the game, virtues are rewarded and vices punished with the winner receiving happiness as his/her reward for being virtuous.
The game of Snakes and Ladders is probably the most well known virtue game and can be traced back to ancient India. In this game, virtue is pictured as ladders and offer a quick way to bypass squares and rise to the top, while snakes punish you and send you back to the start. I've heard that the term, back to square one, refers to this game as there is always one snake that sends you back to the start if you happen to land on its head.
Kismet, meaning fate or destiny, is the name of a British version of this game. Designed in England and manufactured in Bavaria, the makers of Kismet wanted to show children that life would be rewarding if you were good and obedient, but if you were bad, you would be punished. The illustrations on this board depict a variety of wrong-doings as well as numerous snakes and ladders.
Although the snakes in the game of Snakes and Ladders represents the serpent who tempted Eve in the Garden of Eden, the image of a snake can be disturbing to some children and adults. That could explain why another version of this common game was produced under the name of Chutes and Ladders. Nowadays, we refer to a chute as a slide like you find in play areas.
Other versions of this popular game used a winter theme, such Canada Games versions Sleds and Toboggans and The Great Game of Ups and Downs.
In 1900, McLoughlin Bros of New York published The Game of Tobogganing at Christmas which showed children playing in the snow. With this theme, the challenge was to climb up the stairs and avoid the squares that would send the player back down again.
There are a myriad of versions that are based on virtue games. Have you played any, and if so, what version are you familiar with?
If you enjoy board games, you might like to check out my previous post Geographical Board Games.
Anita Mae Draper lives on the Canadian prairies where she uses her experience and love of history to enhance her stories of yesteryear's romance with realism and faith. Readers can enrich their story experience with visual references by checking Anita's Pinterest boards. All links are available on her website at www.anitamaedraper.com |
- Yazoo land fraud
(1795–1814) Scheme to sell land in Georgia.After legislators were bribed to sell Georgia's western land claims around the Yazoo River to four land companies for $500,000, public anger forced a newly elected Georgia legislature to rescind the act (1796) and return the money. Much of the land had meanwhile been resold to third parties, who refused the money and maintained their claim to the property. The state ceded its claim to the U.S. in 1802. In 1810 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the 1796 rescinding law was an unconstitutional infringement on a contract. By 1814 the U.S. government assumed possession of the territory and awarded the claimants over $4 million.
* * *▪ United States historyin U.S. history, scheme by which Georgia legislators were bribed in 1795 to sell most of the land now making up the state of Mississippi (then a part of Georgia's western claims) to four land companies for the sum of $500,000, far below its potential market value. News of the Yazoo Act and the dealing behind it aroused anger throughout the state and resulted in a large turnover of legislators in the 1796 election. The new legislature promptly rescinded the act and returned the money. By this time, however, much of the land had been resold to third parties, who refused the state's money and maintained their claim to the territory. The dispute between Georgia and the land companies continued into the 1800s. The state of Georgia ceded its claim to the region to the U.S. government in 1802. Finally the issue was reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court, and in 1810 Chief Justice John Marshall (Marshall, John) ruled in Peck that the rescinding law was an unconstitutional infringement on a legal contract. By 1814 the government had taken possession of the territory, and Congress awarded the claimants more than $4,000,000. The fraud was named for the Yazoo River, which runs through most of the region.
* * * |
Sports medicine is a subspecialty of orthopedics. So, to understand what sports medicine involves, it helps to have a broader understanding of what orthopedics as a whole encompasses. Orthopedics is a medical specialty that focuses on the various components of the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, tendons, and nerves.
Many orthopedists focus on subspecialties, one of them being sports medicine. These sports medicine doctors dedicate the majority of their practice to musculoskeletal injuries that typically occur while exercising or playing a sport. With that being said, many sports medicine physicians also treat conditions relating to sports that don’t necessarily affect the musculoskeletal system, such as asthma. What’s more, sports medicine doctors often provide advice to patients who haven’t injured themselves but are instead looking for tips on how to safely improve their performance. For example, a sports medicine physician might advise athletes—whether amateurs or professionals—on nutritional goals, supplements, or proper stretching techniques.
Common Sports Injuries
As was mentioned above, a sports medicine doctor has the orthopedics background necessary to treat almost any condition affecting the musculoskeletal system. However, some of the most common sports injuries include:
- Dislocations – When a bone is forced out of proper position, it can cause severe pain, as well as swelling, bruising, a visible deformity, and an inability to move the joint.
- Fractures – There are numerous types of fractures, ranging from hairline fractures (where the bone features tiny cracks) to compound fractures (where the bone tears through the nearby skin).
- Sprains – A sprain involves a stretched or torn ligament, which can cause pain, swelling, bruising, and difficulty moving the joint.
- Strains – Unlike a sprain, which affects a ligament, a strain involves a stretched or torn muscle or tendon. In addition to the symptoms caused by a sprain, a strain can lead to muscle spasms and weakness.
- Shin splints – Repetitive motion can cause the muscles, tendons, and bone tissue surrounding the shinbone (the tibia) to become inflamed, leading to swelling and either sharp or aching pain.
- Tendinitis – When a tendon becomes inflamed or otherwise irritated, it can cause pain (usually described as a dull, aching pain), swelling, tenderness, heat, redness, and a grating or crackling sensation.
It’s important to note that a sports medicine physician might treat someone who has sustained one of these sports-related injuries even if that person didn’t get injured while playing a sport. For example, a woman who sprained her ankle while walking down the sidewalk may end up being treated by a sports medicine doctor, simply because sprains are such a common sports injury.
Sports Medicine in Durham, NC & Surrounding Areas
If you’ve sustained a sports injury, or if you ’re in good health but are looking for tips on how to improve your performance, you can turn to the specialists at North Carolina Orthopaedic Clinic. We’ve been serving patients across the greater Durham, North Carolina, area since 2003, and our skilled team members focus on a variety of subspecialties, including sports medicine.
Contact North Carolina Orthopaedic Clinic today to schedule a consultation with one of our sports medicine doctors. Our office is open on weekdays from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., and we’d be happy to arrange an appointment at a time that fits into your schedule. |
Sorry, parents, but you might need to start enforcing bedtime. Or letting your kids sleep in.
While no one likes a bedtime battle, a new study shows that a good night’s sleep can translate to improved academic performance. Researchers at McGill University and the Douglas Mental Health University Institute in Montreal found that children who had a better quality sleep performed better in math and languages.
Specifically researchers found a link between academic performance and something called sleep efficiency, which is more or less how well you sleep at night. “Sleep efficiency is the proportion of the amount of time you slept to the amount of time you were in bed,” says clinical psychologist Reut Gruber, lead author of the study. “Simply put, you go to bed, you lie down and spend time in bed, but if you’re not able to sleep through the time in bed, that’s not efficient sleep.”
“Short or poor sleep is a significant risk factor for poor academic performance that is frequently ignored,” says Gruber, and while there are other studies out there that linked sleep and academic performance, she wanted to take a slightly different tack. “I wanted to look at specific subject areas, not to lump them together, knowing that different skills are needed for different subjects.”
When it comes to math and language skills specifically, Gruber says, it’s a question of brain anatomy. “For math and languages, we need to use the skills that are called ‘executive functions’—things like working memory, planning, not being distracted. The hardware that supports those skills is in the pre-frontal cortex of the brain, which is very sensitive to the effects of poor sleep or insufficient sleep.”
So Gruber’s team looked 75 healthy children between the ages of 7 and 11. The children were each given a wristwatch-like device called an “actigraph” that is used to evaluate sleep by monitoring their night time activity, averaged the data over five nights and correlated the data with the kids’ report-card grades.
They then controlled for variables already known to be associated with academic performance—socio-economic status of the parents and the age of the child and used the sleep variables to predict the report cards grades. “Math, English, French, each one separately,” said Gruber. “Then we looked at how much variability in the specific grade or subject was explained by the sleep variables after controlling for the other what we call ‘confounders.’”
What they found was a “significant” performance variable in math and languages that was related to a good night’s sleep. Especially math. “We found that 14% of the variability we found in math …was explained by sleep deficiency,” said Gruber. “It was 7% and 8% for English and French.”
While parents are on the hook for enforcing bedtime, Gruber thinks pediatricians should ask about the quality and quantity of sleep during routine checkups. “I think many kids might have some sleep issues that nobody is aware of,” she says. “Regular screening for possible sleep issues is particularly important for students who exhibit difficulties in math, languages or reading.”
The National Sleep Foundation recommends that children ages five to 12 get 10-11 hours of sleep a night. (Teenagers need about 9 hours, but studies suggest only 15% of them get it.) If your child currently clocks in less than that, it might be time for a bed time reevaluation. In previous studies, Gruber and her team looked at sleep extension—adding hours to sleep time—and while they didn’t look at math, they did study behavior and attention and saw an improvement in both areas.
To develop healthy sleep habits, the National Sleep Foundation suggest parents establish a consistent bedtime routine, emphasize the need for a regular sleep schedule, keep television and computers out of bedrooms and teach children about healthy sleep habits.
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Vetagro Journal Club, #8
It is common knowledge that human milk has several immediate and medium/long-term positive effects on the health of babies, but what about milk consumption in adulthood? Industrial milk production is often on trial, but recent findings can give us a new point of view about this wonderful food.
Milk is appreciated for its good organoleptic characteristics and is part of the diet of many people. It also contains several interesting macro- and micro-nutrients, important for human wellbeing: protein, fat, carbohydrates, calcium, vitamins, and mineral salts. Moreover, the vast majority of people can eat milk without any allergic phenomena or food intolerance. Nevertheless, milk is often substituted by vegetable-based drinks for personal life choices and ethics. These drinks are commonly called “vegetable milk”, but there are many differences between them and real milk.
To start off, there is a substantial difference in terms of nutrient composition, but mostly, the latest discovered “nutrient” in milk marks a significant difference compared to vegetable-based drinks. Milk contains microRNA (miRNA), noncoding RNA of about 18-25 nucleotides, contained in extracellular vesicles (EVs), and able to modulate the expression of several genes through post-transcriptional gene silencing. All species produce miRNA and secrete them into the milk, but the exciting feature is that more than 100 miRNA in milk are highly conserved among species.
miRNAs physiologically regulate the innate and adaptive immune activity that controls the inflammatory response of the organism. We all face inflammation in our everyday life. Even if it is the starting point to face infections, inflammation can also be a negative reaction if not correctly regulated. For this reason, milk could be a useful tool to protect us from severe diseases.
The EVs contained in the raw milk are not degraded by gastric or pancreatic digestion so that they can be absorbed by the host even though recent studies indicate that EVs can be partially destroyed by industrial ultraheat treatment (UHT). On the other hand, pasteurization or homogenization don’t reduce the number of EVs but alter their structure and content. Anyway, milk-derived miRNA can be detected in human tissues and bloodstream, even after heat treatments.
Based on all these findings, nutrimiromics was born: a new science that studies the influence of the diet on the modification of gene expression due to epigenetic processes related to miRNAs. The production and excretion of miRNA can be controlled by environmental and dietary factors. More research and experiments are mandatory to delineate the situation more accurately but in the future diet manipulation may become a therapeutic approach in modulating inflammation. If we must improve livestock sustainability and environmental impact by every means available, it is undeniable that milk is important to improve our health status and useful to have a balanced diet.
miRNA and industrial milk heat-processing. Kleinjan, et al. 2021. J. Nutr. 151(6):1416-1425. Full text here.
Bovine milk miRNAs and humans. Wang et al. 2018. J. Nutr. 148(1):153-159. Full text here.
miRNA and the immune system. Metha and Baltimore. 2016. Nat. Rev. Imm. 16:279-294. Full text here.For more information contact us at: firstname.lastname@example.org |
A thermal seal, also known as a “double-pane” or “insulated” window, is a window that has two panes of glass with a sealed air space between them. This air space is filled with an insulating gas, such as argon, which helps to reduce heat transfer and improve energy efficiency. When a thermal seal is broken, it means that the seal between the two panes of glass has failed and the insulating gas has escaped. Here are some potential consequences of a broken thermal seal: 1.Reduced energy efficiency: A broken thermal seal can significantly reduce the energy efficiency of a window. Without the insulating gas, heat can transfer more easily between the inside and outside of the home, leading to higher heating and cooling costs. 2.Condensation: When a thermal seal is broken, moisture can enter the space between the two panes of glass. This can lead to condensation forming on the inside of the window, which can obscure the view and potentially cause damage to the window frame or sill. 3. Mold growth: If condensation forms on the inside of the window, it can create a moist environment that is conducive to mold growth. This can be a health hazard and may require professional remediation. 4. Fogging: A broken thermal seal can cause the window to appear foggy or cloudy. This can be unsightly and can make it difficult to see through the window. 5. Damage to window frame: If moisture gets into the space between the panes of glass, it can cause damage to the window frame or sill. This can lead to further repairs or even window replacement. |
Table of Contents
What is the significance of Margashirsha month?
Hindu devotees are praising Lord Krishna in that month. One of the main significance of Margashirsha month is to please dead ancestors. Margashirsha month is auspicious for performing Tarpan and Pitr Puja to attain peace and salvation to their ancestors.
Which festival is celebrated in Margashirsha?
Some important festivals of Margashirsha Month are Kalabhairav Jayanti, Mokshada Ekadashi, Gita Jayanti.
Is Margashira month auspicious?
The month of Margashirsha is considered very auspicious in the traditional Hindu calendar. In the Hindu religious scriptures, this month is also referred as ‘Magsar’, ‘Agahan’ or ‘Agrahayan’. It is believed that young girls who take a holy dip in the River Yamuna on Margashirsha Purnima will get desired life partner.
What is the meaning of Margashirsha?
Margashirsha definition Filters. (Hinduism) Name of the ninth month in the Hindu lunar calendar. pronoun.
What month is MAGH?
Maagha (Hindi: माघ maagh) is a month of the Hindu calendar. In India’s national civil calendar, it’s the eleventh month of the year, corresponding to January/February in the Gregorian calendar. A night lit up on Makar Sankranti Uttarayana Festival with Kites and Lights.
What are the Marathi months?
- चैत्र – Chaitra – April to May.
- वैशाख – Vaishakh – May to June.
- ज्येष्ठ – Jeshta – June to July.
- आषाढ – Ashad – July to August.
- श्रावण – Shravan – August to September.
- भाद्रपद – Bhadrapad – September to October.
- आश्विन – Ashwin – October to November.
- कार्तिक – Kartik – November to December.
What is a Amavasya?
Amāvásyā (Sanskrit: अमावस्या) is the lunar phase of the new moon in Sanskrit. Indian calendars use 30 lunar phases, called tithi in India. The dark moon tithi is when the Moon is within 12 degrees of the angular distance between the Sun and Moon before conjunction (syzygy).
Is Magha month good for marriage?
Yet, Magh month is the best day to conduct marriages, sacred thread ceremony, house warming etc. Magh month festivals are representing different Gods with different rituals.
What is Magha called in English?
Definitions of Magha. the eleventh month of the Hindu calendar; corresponds to January in the Gregorian calendar. synonyms: Magh. type of: Hindu calendar month.
What is Marathi calendar called?
The Hindu calendar, also called Panchanga, is an ancient time reckoning system used for, among other things, determining the dates of Hindu festivals. It is a lunisolar calendar with many regional variations….Months in the Hindu Calendar.
|Solar (civil) Months
What is Margashirsha month?
Margashirsha month (Margasheersh, Margashira, Margasira masam), is the ninth month as per traditional North Indian Hindi Hindu calendar.
When is Margashira in 2021?
Margashira normally falls between the months of November and January. This year Margashira falls between 20 November 2021 to 19 December 2021. What is Margashirsha? What is Margashirsha Guruvar? How is the Margashirsha Guruvar Puja and Vrat celebrated? How to conduct the Margashirsha Guruvar Puja and Vrat? What is Margashirsha?
What is Margashirsha Maas?
Margashirsha Maas is the ninth month of the Hindu timetable and according to the Hindu sacred texts this month is thought to be the time of commitment. In South India especially, uncommon customs are held in a few sanctuaries devoted to Lord Dattatreya.
What is the significance of Margashirsha in Hinduism?
Margashirsha or Agrahayana is the Hindu month that holds immense religious and spiritual significance. As per Gregorian Calendar, this month falls in November -December. This religious month is named after the Nakshatra Mrigashirsha and is deeply dedicated to Lord Krishna. |
Astronomers have discovered an object in our solar system that is larger than Pluto. They are calling it the 10th planet, but already that claim is contested.
It is the first time an object so big has been found in our solar system since the discovery of Pluto 75 years ago.
The announcement came just hours after another newfound object, one slightly smaller than Pluto, was revealed. The new object, temporarily named 2003 UB313, is about three times as far from the Sun as is Pluto. |
National Haiku Poetry Day
Haiku poetry is a form of Japanese poetry that consists of three lines with five syllables in the first line, seven syllables in the second, and five syllables in the third. This poem structure was adopted from the hokku—the opening three lines of the poem tanka.
During the 17th century, haiku became its own poetry form, and as of 2012, it has been commemorated with a holiday known as National Haiku Poetry Day. This holiday is observed annually on April 17th and encourages everyone not only to read haiku poetry but also to try their hand at penning their own poems.
The History of National Haiku Poetry Day
The history of this holiday goes back to 2007 when the Haiku Foundation created it. Although this holiday didn’t gain much momentum at first, over the past few years, it has gained quite a bit of attention, and more people are beginning to observe it nowadays.
Fun Facts About Haiku Poetry
Because we’re having so much fun with haiku poetry, we thought that we’d take a few moments to list a couple of facts about the haiku form that we think people reading about National Haiku Poetry Day might be interested in.
Haiku Started in 17th Century Japan
We already covered this a bit, but we thought that we’d dig a little bit deeper. Poets such as Basho, Buson, and Shiki helped to popularize the haiku form during the 17th century, and the poet Shiki coined the term “haiku.”
The haiku evolved from the practice of Zen meditation as Basho practiced it while in isolation, and the poetry form allowed him to contemplate his spirituality and his isolation from the world.
Haiku Is an Efficient Poetry Form
Because the haiku is so short, it has to rely on simple phrases. This means that each of the words in the poem has to carry more emotional and intellectual “weight” than other forms of poetry. As a result, haiku poets choose their words very carefully.
Haiku Is a Very Visual Poetry Form
Another thing that people might want to know about haiku is that it’s a very visual poetry form. This is due to the fact that visual images carry more information more efficiently than other sensory forms, so haiku poetry focuses on images to maximize their effect. Haiku poets are especially fond of using images of nature in their poetry, but that’s not a prerequisite for writing a haiku.
A List of Some Famous Haiku Poets
We’d like to conclude this section by listing some of the famous haiku poets who’ve lived through history.
- Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694)
- Onitsura (1661–1738)
- Yosa Buson (1716–1783)
- Taneda Santoka (1882–1940)
- Iida Dakotsu (1885–1962)
- Nakamura Kusatao (1901–1983)
Observing National Haiku Poetry Day
The best way to observe this holiday is to take some time to read some haiku poetry and to learn the form. Haiku is a minimalistic poetry form that can convey a surprising amount of emotion, so it’s definitely worth trying out. While observing this holiday, be sure to use the hashtag #NationalHaikuPoetryDay to spread the word about it. |
Our housing must now adapt to the effects of spiraling energy costs and an intensifying climate change crisis. Our eco-armory includes better insulation, and sustainable energy sources including solar power, heat pumps, and biomass heating.
But how do they operate, how much do they cost, and is my property appropriate for a renewable energy option like a Vaillant air source heat pump?
Definition: An air source heat pump is one of the most popular kinds of heat pumps, utilizing technology similar to that found in a freezer. It transmits heat from one medium to another, in other words, by absorbing heat.
In essence, it draws heat energy from the air, regardless of the outside temperature, and uses it to supply your home’s demands for heating and hot water. Although some electricity is used, it only accounts for 25% of the total energy required. The remaining 75% comes from renewable resources.
There are two types of air-source heat pumps that can be installed outside of a house, with air-to-water systems being the most popular. Through the use of radiators or an underfloor heating system, this system warms the water that is subsequently distributed throughout the house.
Additionally, it can be used to warm water in a storage tank for the kitchen or bathroom. On the other hand, air-to-air systems cannot be used to heat water; instead, they commonly use fans to move warm air around the house. Since the air-to-air system has a reverse function, it may also be used as an air conditioner in the summer to provide cool air.
What is the price of an air source heat pump?
A home’s size, the size of the heat pump, and whether it is a newly constructed or existing building will all affect the price. They can cost between £900 and £1000, although homeowners may need to alter how heat is delivered throughout their residence.
It might be necessary to add underfloor heating or upgrade the radiators, and a well-insulated home is also a requirement.
How Does a Heat Pump’s Heating Effect Operate?
A heat pump, as you are probably aware, moves little amounts of thermal energy from the outside into your house. To deliver heating or cooling effects in your home, it draws on higher temperature warmth or natural cools in the surrounding environment.
The appliance will deliver the heat directly into your home after it has been absorbed, compressing it and enabling heat transfer through coils.
You might compare these gadgets to a refrigerator due to the effectiveness of this heating system. Here, the cooling of a liquid causes heat to evaporate, bringing the temperature down.
These four fundamental procedures make a heat pump function.
Ingestion: The system must first gather the heat before the process can start. It will either be absorbed from the air, the water, or the ground, depending on the type of heat pump you have in your house.
It employs a refrigerant that quickens absorption. This transition from a liquid to a gas takes place inside the evaporator.
Compression: As soon as the refrigerant transforms into a gas, it will begin to be compressed, which will exponentially raise the temperature. As a result, during the winter, hot air will be circulated.
With this heat, you can warm water, radiators, and other things. When the heat pump is set to heat, the entire procedure is reversed.
Condensation: The refrigerant will return to a liquid state after finishing its heating task. With these pumps, condensation develops in a different heat exchanger tube.
The efficiency will increase gradually as a result of this process. How come? Well, the temperature of the liquid refrigerant keeps getting absorbed by the heat from the central heating system.
The procedure goes on: After changing from a gas to a liquid, the refrigerant passes via an expansion valve. Only when the liquid has finished cooling down following the heating or cooling procedure does this phase take place.
The liquid lowers the pressure after it enters the valve. After the release, the liquid returns to the evaporator to start the process from scratch.
Ingestion, Compression, condensation, and absorption are used by all of the devices to make it operate. For instance, you’ll require less maintenance, pay less to operate, and be safer. Additionally, Vaillant Air Source Heat Pump offers appropriate cooling and heating effects over the course of its lifecycle. |
The Republic of Guinea has a diverse linguistic landscape. More than 40 languages are spoken across the country. A legacy of the French rule in Guinea, French is now the official language of Guinea. A number of indigenous languages enjoy the status of national languages in the country. These include the Malinké, Kissi, Toma, Fula, and Kpelle.
The Official Language of Guinea
French, the official language of colonial Guinea, continues to enjoy the official status in the independent country. The language serves as a medium of instruction in the educational institutions in the country. It is also the language of used by government, administration, and media.
National Languages of Guinea
The Fula language is a member of the Senegambian branch of the Niger–Congo languages. Fula is spoken as a first language by the Fula people of Guinea. It is spoken by about 40% of the population of the country, who reside mainly in Middle Guinea.
This language is spoken by the Mandinka, an ethnic group of West Africa. These people, descendants of the Mali Empire, ruled in the 13th century under Sundiata Keita, a powerful Maninka king. In Guinea, the Malinké language is spoken by about 30% of the country’s population, mostly residing in Middle Guinea.
The Susu language, a Mande language, is spoken by about 20% of the population of Guinea. The language is spoken by the Susu people living in the country. The language is spoken primarily in the country’s coastal areas. It acts as an important trade language in the country.
Around 3.5% of the population of Guinea speak the Mel language of Kissi. The two dialects of Kissi, the northern and the southern, are both tonal languages. The former dialect is spoken in Guinea and derives loanwords from the Mende languages and Malinke.
The Kpelle people in Guinea speak the Kpelle language, a member of the Mande family of languages. In Guinea, Kpelle is primarily spoken in the country’s forest regions by half a million people.
Toma is a dialect of the Mande language of Loma that is spoken by the Loma people of Guinea. Around 1.8% of the country’s population speak Toma which is designated as an official regional language. |
Nail fungus infections are caused when fungi infects the nail plate and the soft tissue beneath the nail.
Often called onychomycosis (on-i-ko-my-ko-sis), it is caused primarily by organisms called dermatophytes and is extraordinarily common. Yeasts and moulds also can be responsible.
Fungal nail infection has little to do with personal cleanliness. Something as simple as banging a toe or finger, trimming your nails too closely or wearing tight shoes is enough to weaken the nail and expose the underlying nail bed to infection.
Toenails are most vulnerable to infection, since they spend much of their day surrounded by dark, warm and often moist shoes and socks.
An infection may begin as a white or yellow spot under the tip of your toenail. As the nail fungus spreads, it may cause your nail to discolour, thicken and develop crumbling edges. You may feel pain in your toes and detect a slightly foul odour.
Thick toenails, in particular, may cause discomfort in shoes and may even make standing and walking uncomfortable for some people.
The infection can spread to other nails, and possibly to other people. That’s why it is important to seek treatment as soon as you think you have an infection. Your Podiatrist can diagnose and identify the fungus.
Aging is a common risk factor for nail fungus for several reasons, including:
- Diminished blood circulation
- More years of exposure to fungi
- Nails may grow more slowly and thicken with age, making them more susceptible to infection.
Other factors that can increase your risk of developing nail fungus include:
- Perspiring heavily
- Working in a humid or moist environment
- Wearing socks and shoes that hinder ventilation and don’t absorb perspiration
- Walking barefoot in damp public places, such as swimming pools, gyms and shower rooms
- Having athlete’s foot (tinea pedis)
- Having a minor skin or nail injury, a damaged nail, or another infection
- Having diabetes, circulation problems or a weakened immune system.
Prevention is better than cure!
- Keep your feet as clean and dry as possible. Regularly use an anti-fungal talcum foot powder
- Use shower shoes when walking in public swimming and shower areas
- Clip your toenails straight across so that your nail does not extend beyond the tip of your toe
- Wear comfortable shoes that fit properly.
When to see Foot Matters Podiatry
Fungal nail infection will not go away by itself. A Podiatrist will be able to advise on a correct treatment and management regime. This may include:
- Anti-fungal creams which can be very effective in the early stage when the fungus first starts to affect the toenails
- Oral medications that will help a new nail grow free of infection, slowly replacing the infected portion of your nail. During the period when the nail is re-growing, using an anti-fungal cream is advised to prevent further infection
- Your Podiatrist can thin down thickened toenails and make them easier to treat yourself at home with nail paints. Treatment can take a long time and takes perseverance
- A laser or photodynamic therapy – intense light, irradiates the nail after it’s been treated with an acid
- If your nail infection is severe or extremely painful, you may be advised to have the nail removed. A new nail will usually grow in its place, though it may take as long as a year to grow back completely.
Podiatrists have an important role to play in preventing and managing foot problems. Prompt action is important. Problems which are left without assessment or treatment may result in major health risks. |
More Than Just Trees - The American Kestrel
The American Kestrel is one of 18 raptor species that J.D. Irving (JDI) Woodlands looks out for and protects on the 5.5 million acres (2,023,000 hectares) of forest land that we manage across New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Maine.
The Kestrel (Falco Sparverius) is one of our most colourful avian carnivores, with the male having slate-blue wings and head coupled with a rusty-red back. It is about the size of a Blue Jay, and it has incredible eyesight that allows it to spot to its prey (mice, voles, crickets, and grasshoppers) from a high perch or while hovering.
Meeting the conservation needs of the Kestrel and other wildlife within a sustainable, working forest is a daily commitment at JDI. The company has full-time wildlife staff whose role includes the annual development and roll out of over 800 hours of training in the regions where JDI operates. This training includes continuing education on wildlife issues, including the identification and protection of cavity nests in old trees (snags) and stick nests.
Today close to 35,000 acres (14,160 hectares) of special bird habitat have been identified and are being protected by the company’s award-winning Unique Areas Program (examples include kestrels, herons, eagles, osprey, peregrine falcons, and goshawks). To date there are 192 unique areas set aside on JDI-managed forests for this specific purpose.
JDI's policy of maintaining biological diversity relies on environmental training for staff and contractors that includes the following:
• Rare plant habitat pre-screening
• Maintaining vertical structure (islands) and legacy trees
• Vernal pools
• Protection of raptor and heron stick nests
• Introduction to Forest Species of Concern
• Unique Areas Program
• GIS database and mapping of significant environmental sites
• Sustainable Forest Management report cards
• Company, Department of Natural Resources, and other third-party audit inspections
More than 20 percent of the JDI land base throughout New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Maine has a primary use that is non-timber. JDI recognizes ecologically significant sites across the lands the company manages, including over 1150 unique areas that it is conserving (about 214,000 acres or 86,600 hectares). Many of those sites are significant for birds, rare/uncommon plants, or invertebrates. “In all but a few of these sites, there is no legal requirement for their protection; but we do it because we’re committed to the maintenance of forest biodiversity,” said Kelly Honeyman, JDI Naturalist. |
Thermal bridges also known as a thermal bypass are locations on a building envelope that allow hot or cold conduction to occur. They allow a path of least resistance for this temperature to penetrate the building envelope and influence the efficiency of the building.
When building energy efficient buildings we go to great lengths to ensure we manage, control or eliminate the effect of thermal bridging.
On a micro level, think about how a metal screw, which is very good at conducting cold and hot temperatures, penetrates the exterior siding and travels through the sheathing and insulation. This can have big implications in how a building envelope and siding are designed and installed.
There are a number of techniques that can be used to eliminate thermal bridging. One is the creation of a thermal break, a barrier consisting of a low conducting material that helps insulate the surrounding material.
In the photo shown you can see how GREENGirt (think of it as strapping) is used as a thermal break between the exterior siding and the interior wall. You can see the waterproof membrane and stone wool insulation adding to the rain screen and insulation system. |
21 September 2018
Worldwide, 3 million deaths every year result from harmful use of alcohol, this represent 5.3 % of all deaths.
The harmful use of alcohol is a causal factor in more than 200 disease and injury conditions.
Overall 5.1 % of the global burden of disease and injury is attributable to alcohol, as measured in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).
Alcohol consumption causes death and disability relatively early in life. In the age group 20–39 years approximately 13.5 % of the total deaths are alcohol-attributable.
There is a causal relationship between harmful use of alcohol and a range of mental and behavioural disorders, other noncommunicable conditions as well as injuries.
The latest causal relationships have been established between harmful drinking and incidence of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis as well as the course of HIV/AIDS.
Beyond health consequences, the harmful use of alcohol brings significant social and economic losses to individuals and society at large.
Alcohol is a psychoactive substance with dependence-producing properties that has been widely used in many cultures for centuries. The harmful use of alcohol causes a large disease, social and economic burden in societies.
The harmful use of alcohol can also result in harm to other people, such as family members, friends, co-workers and strangers. Moreover, the harmful use of alcohol results in a significant health, social and economic burden on society at large.
Alcohol consumption is a causal factor in more than 200 disease and injury conditions. Drinking alcohol is associated with a risk of developing health problems such as mental and behavioural disorders, including alcohol dependence, major noncommunicable diseases such as liver cirrhosis, some cancers and cardiovascular diseases, as well as injuries resulting from violence and road clashes and collisions.
A significant proportion of the disease burden attributable to alcohol consumption arises from unintentional and intentional injuries, including those due to road traffic crashes, violence, and suicides, and fatal alcohol-related injuries tend to occur in relatively younger age groups.
The latest causal relationships are those between harmful drinking and incidence of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis as well as the incidence and course of HIV/AIDS. Alcohol consumption by an expectant mother may cause fetal alcohol syndrome and pre-term birth complications.
Factors affecting alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm
A variety of factors have been identified at the individual and the societal level, which affect the levels and patterns of alcohol consumption and the magnitude of alcohol-related problems in populations.
Environmental factors include economic development, culture, availability of alcohol, and the comprehensiveness and levels of implementation and enforcement of alcohol policies. For a given level or pattern of drinking, vulnerabilities within a society are likely to have similar differential effects as those between societies. Although there is no single risk factor that is dominant, the more vulnerabilities a person has, the more likely the person is to develop alcohol-related problems as a result of alcohol consumption.
Conceptual causal model of alcohol consumption and health outcomesC
The impact of alcohol consumption on chronic and acute health outcomes in populations is largely determined by 2 separate but related dimensions of drinking:the total volume of alcohol consumed, and the pattern of drinking.
The context of drinking plays an important role in occurrence of alcohol-related harm, particularly associated with health effects of alcohol intoxication, and, on rare occasions, also the quality of alcohol consumed. Alcohol consumption can have an impact not only on the incidence of diseases, injuries and other health conditions, but also on the course of disorders and their outcomes in individuals.
There are gender differences in alcohol-related mortality andmorbidity, as well as levels and patterns of alcohol consumption. The percentage of alcohol-attributable deaths among men amount to 7.7 % of all global deaths compared to 2.6 % of all deaths among women. Total alcohol per capita consumption in 2010 among male and female drinkers worldwide was on average 19.4 litres for males and 7.0 litres of pure alcohol for females.
Ways to reduce the burden from harmful use of alcohol
The health, safety and socioeconomic problems attributable to alcohol can be effectively reduced and requires actions on the levels, patterns and contexts of alcohol consumption and the wider social determinants of health.
Countries have a responsibility for formulating, implementing, monitoring and evaluating public policies to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. Substantial scientific knowledge exists for policy-makers on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the following strategies:
regulating the marketing of alcoholic beverages (in particular to younger people);
regulating and restricting the availability of alcohol;
enacting appropriate drink-driving policies;
reducing demand through taxation and pricing mechanisms;
raising awareness of public health problems caused by harmful use of alcohol and ensuring support for effective alcohol policies;
providing accessible and affordable treatment for people with alcohol-use disorders; and
implementing screening and brief interventions programmes for hazardous and harmful drinking in health services.
The harmful use of alcohol is one of the leading risk factors for population health worldwide and has a direct impact on many health-related targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including those for maternal and child health, infectious diseases (HIV, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis), noncommunicable diseases and mental health, injuries and poisonings. Alcohol is specifically mentioned under health target 3.5: "Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance use, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol" .
WHO aims to reduce the health burden caused by the harmful use of alcohol and, thereby, to save lives, prevent injuries and diseases and improve the well-being of individuals, communities and society at large.
WHO ( World Health Organization) emphasizes the development, implementation and evaluation of cost-effective interventions for harmful use of alcohol as well as creating, compiling and disseminating scientific information on alcohol use and dependence, and related health and social consequences.
The "Global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol", negotiated and agreed by WHO Member States in 2010, represents international consensus that reducing the harmful use of alcohol and its associated health and social burden is a public health priority. The strategy provides guidance for action at all levels, including 10 recommended target areas for policy options and interventions for national action to reduce the harmful use of alcohol and the main components for global action to support and complement activities at country level.
The update of the evidence on cost-effectiveness of policy options and interventions undertaken in the context of an update of Appendix 3 of the Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of n Noncommunicable Diseases 2013-2020 resulted in a new set of enabling and focused recommended actions to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. The most cost-effective actions, or "best buys", include increasing taxes on alcoholic beverages, enacting and enforcing bans or comprehensive restrictions on exposure to alcohol advertising across multiple types of media, and enacting and enforcing restrictions on the physical availability of retailed alcohol.
With growing awareness of the impact of alcohol consumption on global health and an increase in international frameworks for action, the demand for global information on alcohol consumption and alcohol-attributable and alcohol-related harm, as well as related policy responses, has increased significantly. The Global Information System on Alcohol and Health (GISAH) has been developed by WHO to dynamically present data on levels and patterns of alcohol consumption, alcohol-attributable health and social consequences and policy responses at all levels.
Achieving reduction in the harmful use of alcohol in line with the targets included in the SDG 2030 agenda and the WHO Global Monitoring Framework for Noncommunicable Diseases requires concerted action by countries, effective global governance and appropriate engagement of all relevant stakeholders. By effectively working together, the negative health and social consequences of alcohol can be reduced.
Based on the Global status report on alcohol and health 2018.
The Global strategy refers only to public-health effects of alcohol consumption, without prejudice to religious beliefs and cultural norms in any way. The concept of "harmful use of alcohol" in this context is different from "harmful use of alcohol" as a diagnostic category in the ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders (WHO, 1992).
The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) extends the concept of potential years of life lost due to premature death to include equivalent years of "healthy" life lost by virtue of being in states of poor health or disability. |
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In the vast expanses of our planet’s oceans, there exists a captivating world brimming with diverse and fascinating creatures. Among them, seals—magnificent marine mammals—gracefully traverse the seas, captivating our hearts with their adorable features and endearing antics. While seals often capture our attention as individuals, there is an equally enchanting aspect to explore—the captivating collective nouns that define groups of seals. In this exploration of the lexicon of seals, we embark on a linguistic journey to uncover the intriguing terminology that describes these gatherings of charismatic marine mammals.
I. A Glimpse into the Linguistic Ocean
1.1. The Rhythm of Language
Within the realm of language, the sheer variety of collective nouns conjures a symphony of expressions that resonate with our senses. As we delve into the lexicon of seals, we are immersed in a melodic rhythm, a language that paints vivid pictures in the minds of those who encounter these enchanting creatures.
1.2. The Evocative Tapestry of Seals
As the curtain rises on this linguistic journey, we are greeted by an evocative tapestry of collective nouns that adds depth to our understanding of seals’ social dynamics. These linguistic gems not only showcase the diversity of seals as a species but also reflect the human fascination with the animal kingdom.
II. A Parade of Collective Nouns: Unveiling the Lexicon of Seals
2.1. Harems: A Regal Affair
In the grand symphony of collective nouns, the term “harem” conjures images of intrigue and majesty. Just as the term suggests, a harem refers to a group of seals predominantly composed of females, presided over by a single dominant male. This arrangement is commonly observed in species such as elephant seals and harbor seals, where a dominant male maintains his territory and mates with multiple females.
Within the harem, a fascinating dynamic unfolds—a hierarchy governed by the dominant male. He fiercely defends his position, ensuring his reproductive success while warding off rival males. The females, in turn, find strength in their numbers, relying on one another for companionship, protection, and the nurturing of their young. Together, they create a bond that stands as a testament to the indomitable spirit of unity and survival.
2.2. Colonies: Strength in Numbers
As we venture deeper into the linguistic ocean, we encounter another captivating term—colonies. A colony represents a larger gathering of seals, comprising individuals of different ages, sexes, and social ranks. This term embraces the notion of strength in numbers, emphasizing the power of collective cooperation and communal living.
In colonies, seals find solace in the companionship of their peers, forming tight-knit social structures that foster cooperation, shared knowledge, and protection against common threats. These gatherings are particularly prevalent among species like harbor seals, grey seals, and fur seals. Within a colony, seals engage in a variety of social activities, from nurturing their young and seeking mates to embarking on foraging expeditions and engaging in playful interactions—a vibrant microcosm of life teeming with energy and interconnectedness.
III. The Enigmatic Lexicon Explored
3.1. Pods: The Song of the Seals
In the vast expanse of the ocean, where isolation meets harmony, we discover the enchanting term “pod.” Like a melodic refrain, this collective noun encapsulates the essence of unity and togetherness, as seals come together in cohesive groups, sharing both their physical space and their individual experiences.
While the term “pod” is often associated with marine mammals such as whales and dolphins, it also
weaves its way into the lexicon of seals. Pods are typically used to describe gatherings of harbor seals, common seals, and certain species of fur seals. These groups exhibit a unique sense of camaraderie, traversing the vast ocean currents in unison, united by a shared purpose and a mutual reliance on one another.
Within a pod, seals engage in various activities essential for their survival and social bonding. They communicate through a symphony of vocalizations, conveying messages and maintaining a strong connection. Pods also serve as a means of protection, as seals collectively watch out for potential dangers, such as predators lurking nearby. In this interconnected realm, the rhythm of their interactions harmonizes, creating a melodious composition that resonates throughout the ocean’s depths.
3.2. Rookeries: The Cradle of Life
As our linguistic exploration continues, we stumble upon a term that evokes images of tranquility and new beginnings—rookeries. These are the havens of life where seals congregate to give birth, nurture their young, and partake in the delicate dance of parenthood. Rookeries are primarily associated with species like elephant seals, northern fur seals, and Antarctic fur seals.
Within these bustling nurseries, a remarkable spectacle unfolds. Mothers carefully attend to their newborn pups, fostering a bond of unconditional love and protection. Rookeries become a bustling hub of activity, as the adorable fluffy pups frolic, play, and learn from one another under the watchful eyes of their mothers. It is within these cradles of life that the future generation of seals takes its first steps, symbolizing the unbroken cycle of nature’s wonders.
IV. The Tapestry Unraveled: Appreciating the Diversity
4.1. Unveiling the Mosaic
As we conclude our linguistic odyssey through the collective nouns of seals, we are left in awe of the diverse tapestry that embellishes the world of these remarkable marine mammals. From harems to colonies, pods to rookeries, each collective noun weaves a unique thread into the rich fabric of their social dynamics. Together, they paint a vivid picture of unity, cooperation, and the relentless pursuit of survival in the vast oceans they call home.
4.2. The Enduring Enchantment
In our quest to understand the collective nouns of seals, we come to realize that they transcend mere linguistic constructs. They are gateways to a deeper understanding of these captivating creatures—their social structures, their innate behaviors, and their unwavering bond with one another. As we gaze upon a gathering of seals, be it a harem, a colony, a pod, or a rookery, we witness nature’s symphony at its finest—a testament to the beauty and interconnectedness of all life on our remarkable planet.
In the realm of seals, language becomes a portal to unravel the secrets of their social intricacies. The collective nouns bestowed upon them form a poetic tapestry, imbuing their existence with a sense of wonder and fascination. Through harems, colonies, pods, and rookeries, seals navigate the vast oceans, leaving us captivated by their grace, unity, and enduring enchantment. |
What could be better than scurrying bunnies, cotton tails, and floppy ears? I’ve put together a list of fun rabbit activities for preschoolers that are full of whimsy and excitement about our beloved rabbits. Not only will your preschoolers have a blast playing with these activities, but they’ll also enjoy gaining new skills for the future.
If your kids loved this list of rabbit ideas, make sure to take a look at this list of fun animal activities for kids.
Your kids will explore counting, crafting, skill enhancement, and more through this curated list of rabbit-based educational projects. They’ll engage in interactive learning experiences where they can build their own hopping bunnies out of paper or create rabbit masks where they can have imaginative plays.
Plus there are plenty more ideas to spark the imagination!
This post may contain affiliate links meaning I get commissions for purchases made through links in this post. Read my disclosure policy here.
What is a rabbit’s natural habitat?
Have you ever wondered where rabbits call home in the wild?
Well, let me tell you – rabbits are adaptable creatures that can be found in a variety of habitats, but they prefer areas with dense vegetation like forests, meadows, and grasslands. These furry friends are also known to burrow underground for shelter and protection from predators.
So, the next time you catch a glimpse of a bunny hopping through the woods, you can rest easy knowing in its natural habitat.
Recommended Rabbit Books
I am a huge advocate of reading, and I say that the best source of knowledge are books! Grab one or two of these books and add them to your library for your kids to read and enjoy!
National Geographic Readers: Hop, Bunny!I Am a BunnyThe Rabbit ListenedHome for a BunnyBunnies: An introduction to the life cycle of rabbits. For children ages 4-9, preschool through 4th grade. (Wild Wonders Animal Education)White Rabbit’s Colors (Little Rabbit Books)
Recommended Rabbit Games
If you’re looking for ways to keep your kids entertained while keeping the rabbit theme going, grab one of these games for your kids to enjoy and enhance their cooperation skills, problem-solving, and more!
Help your preschoolers practice their colors and encourage their memory skills, fine motor skills, and social-emotional skills like taking turns, sharing, and cooperation.
Let your kids enjoy this cooperative game that can teach your kids about teamwork and counting.
We hope that this list of unique rabbit activities for preschoolers was enjoyable and engaging for the little ones! There are plenty more ideas out there to explore and craft creativity with, so don’t be shy about trying something new.
More Animal Activities
Tale of Peter Rabbit Unit Study by Tina’s Dynamic Homeschool Plus
Fluffy Bunny Tail Slime by STEAMsational |
Along with poor foot hygiene comes smelly feet. The main cause of smelly feet is a build up of bacteria which produce acid causing the odour.
Bacteria and other micro-organisms thrive in warm, dark and moist environments. If you remove these conditions, the micro-organisms will not survive.
Good foot hygiene practises
These measures will reduce bacteria to low levels:
- Bathe your feet daily in lukewarm water with a mild soap and dry thoroughly, especially between the toes
- Change your socks at least once a day (change your shoes as well if you do sweat a lot)
- Wear thick, soft socks to help absorb the moisture. Natural fibre socks such as wool or cotton and other absorbent materials are better
- Avoid the use of nylon socks or plastic shoes. Wear shoes that are made of leather, canvas, mesh or other materials that let the feet breathe
Its is best not to wear the same pair of shoes two days in a row because they need time to dry out. Remove the insoles from your shoes to help to dry them out. You may also want to spray the inside of your shoes with a odour-controlling product. |
Regenerative Medicine Certification Program Introduction
The Certified Regenerative Medicine Program is designed to educate Healthcare Professionals to understand the benefits of using regenerative medicine to treat their patients. The program dives into the basics of this technology, and the overall aspects needed to incorporate regenerative medicine as part of any medical practice.
What is regenerative medicine?
According to the Advancing Transfusion and Cellular Therapies Worldwide regenerative medicine stands for:
Regenerative medicine may be defined as the process of replacing or “regenerating” human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function. This field holds the promise of regenerating damaged tissues and organs in the body by replacing damaged tissue or by stimulating the body’s own repair mechanisms to heal tissues or organs. Regenerative medicine also may enable scientists to grow tissues and organs in the laboratory and safely implant them when the body is unable to heal itself. Current estimates indicate that approximately one in three Americans could potentially benefit from regenerative medicine.
Regenerative Medicine refers to a group of biomedical approaches to clinical therapies that may involve the use of stem cells. Examples include cell therapies (the injection of stem cells or progenitor cells); immunomodulation therapy (regeneration by biologically active molecules administered alone or as secretions by infused cells); and tissue engineering (transplantation of laboratory grown organs and tissues). While covering a broad range of applications, in practice the latter term is closely associated with applications that repair or replace portions of or whole tissues (i.e., bone, cartilage, blood vessels, bladder, skin). Often, the tissues involved require certain mechanical and structural properties for proper functioning. The term has also been applied to efforts to perform specific biochemical functions using cells within an artificially-created support system (e.g., artificial pancreas or liver).
Why is regenerative medicine important?
Based on the National Center for Biotechnology Information, Regenerative medicine: Current therapies and future directions article:
Organ and tissue loss through disease and injury motivate the development of therapies that can regenerate tissues and decrease reliance on transplantations. Regenerative medicine, an interdisciplinary field that applies engineering and life science principles to promote regeneration, can potentially restore diseased and injured tissues and whole organs. Since the inception of the field several decades ago, a number of regenerative medicine therapies, including those designed for wound healing and orthopedics applications, have received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and are now commercially available.
Regenerative Medicine FDA-Approved products
|Improving nasolabial fold appearance
|Cartilage defects from acute or repetitive trauma
|Allogeneic cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts in bovine collagen
|Topical mucogingival conditions, leg and diabetic foot ulcers
|Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
|Hematopoietic and immunological reconstitution after myeloablative treatment
|Cell-based medical devices
|Diabetic foot ulcer
|Transfer of autologous adipose stem cells
|PDGF-BB, tricalcium phosphate
|Lower extremity diabetic ulcers
|Infuse, Infuse bone graft, Inductos
|Tibia fracture and nonunion, and lower spine fusion
Regenerative Medicine Certified Operator (RMCO) Hyaluronan Acid Therapies for Osteoarthritis of The Knee
The Regenerative Medicine Certified Operator Hyaluronan Acid Therapies for Osteoarthritis of the knee is the first course tier of a three-level certification program. The RMCO is the basic level and the same has been designed to ensure that individuals that complete this program have a basic understanding of Regenerative Medicine, its benefits and the proper application as an alternative treatment.
This particular course work consists of 9 sessions and a short test after completion of these sessions. Once the previously mentioned work has been completed and the individual passes the RMCO test he/she will be awarded the Regenerative Medicine Certified Operator Hyaluronan Acid Therapies for Osteoarthritis of the Knee accreditation.
As the name implies the Hyaluronan Acid Therapies for Osteoarthritis of the knee certification refers to a series of course covering Osteoarthritis and the use of Viscosupplementation with intra-articular (IA) hyaluronic acid (HA) as a treatment option.
RMCO Hyaluronan Acid Therapies for Osteoarthritis of the Knee Certification Test
The RMCO Hyaluronan Acid Therapies for Osteoarthritis of the Knee certification test consists of approximately 45 questions covering the basics of Hyaluronan Acid Therapies for Osteoarthritis of the knee. The test is timed and candidates have approximately one hour to complete the same.
The RMCO Hyaluronan Acid Therapies for Osteoarthritis of the Knee test can only be taken at specified testing centers at specified designated dates. The RMCO Hyaluronan Acid Therapies for Osteoarthritis of the Knee test is normally scheduled as part of the EPI Compliance conference but additional dates and locations may be pre-arranged on a case by case basis.
There are no prerequisites for this level nor are there any other educational qualifications required.
The RMCO Hyaluronan Acid Therapies for Osteoarthritis of the Knee test is based on 5 sections. The actual distribution of questions and scores is as follows:
|Anatomy of the knee
|Osteoarthritis of the Knee
|Diagnosis and Treatments
|Regenerative Medicine for the knee
Obtaining the RMCO Hyaluronan Acid Therapies for Osteoarthritis of the Knee certification is based on candidates passing every section with a minimum score of 70%.
Exam retake policy
Individuals failing to pass the test may be scheduled for an online re-testing section or they can choose to retest at the next scheduled session.
Post Certification Requirements/Renewal
RMCO certification is valid for a period of three years. RMCO’s must complete at least three Regenerative Medicine certified courses within this period.
Regenerative Medicine Certification (level 2): Hyaluronan Acid Therapies for Osteoarthritis of the Knee
Anatomy of knee
Common Knee Pathology9:00
Osteoarthritis of the knee
Physical exam of knee10:30
Diagnostic imaging of knee1:00
Viscosupplementation for osteoarthritis of knee2:00
Medicare rules - "Super LCD"3:00
Regenerative medicine for knee osteoarthritis4:00
Questions and Answers4:30Friday Schedule
Intro to Regenerative Medicine
What is Regenerative Medicine?
What is platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and what are PRP injections?8:30 9:00 10:00
Aesthetics of Regenerative Medicine10:30 11:00
Lower Body and Peripheral Neuropathy3:00
Q&A: Panel Discussion3:30Saturday Schedule
Welcome and Registration - Dr. Jose Delgado8:30
Wound Care and Hyperbaric therapies Dr. Yesenia Justiniano9:00
Wound Care skin grafts and other alternatives - Dr. Rosana Roriguez10:00
Infrared uses in diagnostics - Dr. Dr Jorma Lahtela11:00
Legally Mine Luncheon12:00
"Managing Pain (Under the Microscope). “Electroanalgesia is a form of analgesia, or pain relief, that uses electricity to ease pain. Electrical devices can be internal or external, at the site of pain or delocalized throughout the whole body.” -Wikipedia. In this presentation, Peter Beltran, President/CEO of Neuromed, will explain the uses of electroanalgesia and the changes in the market which makes this option a perfect alternative for the treatment of chronic and acute pain."1:30
CBD as a tool for the Medical Practice - Dr. Lora Brown2:30
Introduction to Regenerative Medicine Part 1 - Dr. Rosana Rodriguez3:30
Closing and Awards Ceremony4:30 |
Dr. Seuss may have done most of his influential writing in the 40’s, 50’s, 60’s and 70’s – but even though his most popular titles are more than 50 years old, some of the life lessons they contained still ring true today.
Dr. Seuss didn’t always just write children’s books. He studied English literature and spent his early career working on various forms of writing, including political cartoons and war posters. He felt a great sense of pride in conveying important messages, which is likely why his popular children’s books offer such influential stories.
Here are 8 life lessons you can learn from the various works of Dr. Seuss.
1. You Can Make a Difference
There’s no greater influence you can have on someone than to show them how they can personally make a difference. It’s easy to push decisions aside thinking that they don’t matter in the grand scheme of things. After all, you’re just one person, right?
In The Lorax, Dr. Seuss teaches us that we can make a difference if we show that we care. He impresses on the reader that if people don’t care – people like you – nothing will ever change.
2. Be Yourself
This is a recurring theme you can find throughout his books, but nowhere is it more evident than in Happy Birthday to You!
“Today you are You, that is truer than true. There is no one alive who is Youer than You.”
You’ll find this message in many of his characters and books. He really tried to show young people that they’re original and that’s better than ok – it’s who you are, and the world needs someone just like you.
3. Look at the Brighter Side of Things
In One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish, Dr. Seuss explores the complex life topic of looking for the good in everything:
“From there to here, From here to there, Funny things are everywhere.”
“Today is gone. Today was fun. Tomorrow is another one.”
It’s about living in the present and really exploring the positive aspects of life. It’s really easy to get caught up in the negative things and think tomorrow will be bleaker than today. Dr. Seuss really tries to get us to think differently about today, tomorrow, and every day.
4. It’s Not All About You
It’s especially difficult to get children to understand that not everything is about them. However, you see this more in adults these days than ever before. Wallowing in your own sorrow will not get you anywhere. Dr. Seuss knew this better than anyone, and made it a central theme in Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are?
“You ought to be shouting how lucky am I. Some people are much more, Oh, ever so much more, Oh, muchly much-much more unlucky than you!”
Look outside your own bubble and you’ll see how much better you have it than a lot of people that are out there struggling. Understand what you have and be thankful for it.
5. Try New Things
If there was ever a writer that tried to push people into new and exciting ventures, it was Dr. Seuss. One read through Green Eggs and Ham and this becomes abundantly clear.
“Say! I like green eggs and ham! I do!! I like them, Sam-I-am!”
Trying new things isn’t always easy, but it’s important that you don’t dismiss them before trying them. You may even surprise yourself with the things you like. The worst part about never trying something is you may never know if you could be missing out on the best thing in the world.
6. Use Your Imagination
Creativity is abundant in the works of Dr. Seuss. He wanted children to use their imagination and know that they were capable of almost anything they can dream up.
“Think left and think right and think low and think high. Oh, the thinks you can think up if only you try!”
That excerpt from Oh, the Thinks You Can Think really gets to the heart of the matter, even though you can find this mentality in almost any book that Dr. Seuss penned.
7. Equality for Everyone
A rather large topic for a children’s book, but Dr. Seuss hits the nail on the head in Horton Hears a Who! Complex themes like racism and prejudice were very difficult to tackle in the ’50s. In 1954 this book tackled it head-on.
“Don’t give up! I believe in you all. A person’s a person, no matter how small!”
Probably one of the more powerful lessons you’ll find in his book is that everyone is equal. No one person is better than the other. He hammered this point home time and time again, while other leaders of the day were pushing for the opposite. This meant his work at the time was more important, and difficult, than ever.
8. There’s a Time for Work, and a Time for Play
There comes a time in everyone’s life where work begins. This is usually younger than most people would like. Usually beginning with chores and helping around the house, but continuing into adult life. In The King’s Stilts, Dr. Seuss expresses the importance of work and play.
“And when they played they really PLAYED. And when they worked they really WORKED.”
The important thing we’re taught here is how important play and relaxing is. In fact, it’s no accident that it comes first – before work – in the structure the doctor use here.
Writing is a very difficult career, and as this list shows, many people can’t do it all. This is why so much of what Dr. Seuss wrote is relevant today: not many can do what he did in the way he did it.
We can all learn something from the many works of Dr. Seuss. We just need to use our imagination, and revisit a book or two!
About the Author
Kerry Creaswood is a young and ambitious writer from Savannah, GA. She is fond of various forms of art and thinks that everything we can imagine is real. To find more about Kerry – check her Twitter. Image source: www.flickr.com
PS: Please comment at the end of this article and tell me what life lesson inspired you the most? And also, do you know another life lesson from Dr. Seuss? Access the list of positive words to brighten your day!
Take a look at Attitude, Presence, and Gratitude Quotes: The Importance of Being Present because everyone deserves to take a step back from everything going on in the world and live in the moment with the ones they love. |
Bees are one of the most fascinating creatures on the planet, and they play a critical role in our ecosystem. For those who keep bees, understanding how to care for them during cold weather is essential for the health and survival of the hive. Here are eight vital tips for beekeepers to know during cold weather.
1- Keep an Eye on the Temperature
During winter, bees cluster together to keep warm and will only fly when the temperature is above 55 degrees Fahrenheit. If the temperature outside is too cold for them to fly, they won’t be able to collect nectar and pollen, which they need to survive. Because of this, it’s essential to monitor the temperature inside and outside the hive.
2- Look for Signs of Frostbite
Bees are also susceptible to frostbite, so looking for signs of ice in the hive is essential. Frostbite occurs when the bees’ body temperature drops below freezing and ice forms on their bodies. Symptoms of frostbite include lethargy, weakness, and death.
To prevent frostbite, beekeepers should cover the hive with a blanket or tarp to insulate it. They can also place a heat source under the hive to keep it warm.
3- Make Sure the Hive is Well-Ventilated
Bees need fresh air to stay alive, so ensuring the hive is well-ventilated is important. If the hive is too airtight, the bees will suffocate. To ventilate the hive, beekeepers can open the entrance or add holes to the top of the hive.
4- Provide the Bees with Water
Water is essential for bees, and they will drink it even in cold weather. However, water can freeze so it’s essential to provide the bees with a water source that won’t freeze. You can use an electric bee waterer to keep the water warm and prevent it from freezing.
5- Check the Food Supply
Bees need a lot of food to survive, consuming up to 60 pounds of honey over the winter. To ensure the bees have enough food, beekeepers should check the hive periodically and add more honey if necessary. An easy way to do this is to place a frame of honey in the hive before winter starts.
6- Keep an Eye on the Queen
The Queen Bee is essential for the hive, and beekeepers should ensure she is healthy and safe during the winter. One way to do this is to check the hive periodically to see if she is laying eggs. If she isn’t, it may be necessary to introduce a new queen.
7- Avoid Pesticides
Pesticides can be harmful to bees, so it’s important to avoid using them near the hive. If you must use pesticides, you should first consult with a bee expert to determine which ones are safe.
8- Be Prepared for Emergencies
Even with the best care, bees can die in winter. Beekeepers should be prepared for this by having a plan in case the hive dies. One option is to have a backup hive ready to go so that you can quickly transfer the bees to it. Another option is to have a supply of bee larvae so that you can start a new hive if necessary.
By following these tips, beekeepers can help their hives survive the winter. Cold weather can be tough on bees, but they can make it through to spring with the right care. |
Social & Physical Imprisonment in Jane Eyre & Wide Sargasso Sea
by Lauren Fenner, Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania
Abstract: Through her novel Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontë uses the characters Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason to shine a light on the hardships of Victorian women and challenge gender inequality. The companion novel Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys does the same by giving a backstory to Bertha (Antoinette) Mason, a character Brontë gave very little page space. In addition, Rhys examines how women’s status was affected by race. Together these two novels present a better understanding of Bertha Mason. At first glance Jane Eyre and Bertha (Antoinette) Mason are completely different conveying separate pathways for Victorian women. However, upon further examination they are two sides of the same coin trying to survive in a patriarchal society. These two women must confront similar forms of confinement such as social, economic, and physical. Bertha’s story in both novels demonstrates that hurried marriages meant to secure women’s futures often lead to unhappy or even dangerous situations for women. Social and economic factors restricted the status of Victorian women whereas physical confinement was used to control women who did not conform to the behavioral rules. The century separating Brontë and Rhys produces the very different tellings of the mad woman in the attic, Bertha Mason.
The demonic savage laughter that haunts Thornfield Hall belongs to Bertha Mason, the madwoman in the attic who, for most of Jane Eyre, remains faceless and nameless. Who this woman is and how she became this way are questions that have plagued interested Charlotte Brontë readers since Jane Eyre’s publication in 1847. Through Wide Sargasso Sea, Jean Rhys, a twentieth century Dominican-born writer, provides the long-awaited answers to these critical questions. In her re-telling, Rhys introduces us to the real Bertha whose given name is Antoinette Mason. We also meet her new English husband--never named but obviously meant to be Rochester. In Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea, we see the consequences of marriage for Antoinette who is entrapped by society’s strict social norms and her greedy husband’s flawed expectations. Bertha Mason, though, is not the only woman confined by social norms and marriage. Jane Eyre is also entrapped by her social status and gender. Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason at first seem like polar opposites; however, after further analysis of Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë and Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys, it becomes evident that these two women are doing what they can to survive in a patriarchal society where they face entrapment from both their marriages and larger society.
According to Anna Klambaur, a literary editor and scholar, the nineteenth century was, in many ways, the century of the madwoman. Elaine Showalter states that “by the middle of the nineteenth century, records showed that women had become the majority of patients in public lunatic asylums” (qtd. In Klambaur 9). Historically, physicians have linked madness to the female anatomy in the form of hysteria (Klambauer 9). This link led to the connection between madness, female sexuality, and emotional excess viewed as undesirable by the strict Victorian sexual norms (Klambauer 10). This connection can be seen in both Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea when examining the stories of Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason. This connection between madness and emotional excess can be seen when, as a child, Jane is locked in the red room for being too passionate. During this century of the madwoman, many sane women were wrongfully confined and labelled mad because their husbands were unhappy with their wives or wanted their wives’ money (Klambauer 10). This concept is also seen in Bertha’s unfortunate story. We can see that men declared their wives mad as a means to control completely sane, but inconvenient, women (Klambauer 11).
Jane in Jane Eyre
From a young age, Jane Eyre saw the confinements placed upon women due to their gender and socioeconomic class. She was a very observant child and these inequalities-- personified in the differing treatment of young Jane from her cousin John Reed--can be seen in the scene where John flaunts his socioeconomic superiority, taunts Jane, and then violently assaults her. In the end, Jane is punished for defending herself rather than John who started this brutal assault (Brontë 13-14). This shows the double standard for men and women in Victorian times. It is unacceptable for a young girl to show action and resistance, but it is acceptable for a young boy to show brutality and violence. Jane is described as “a picture of passion” suggesting that passion is improper for a young woman and women in general. Jane, restricted by these social norms, should not fight back against the master of the house who in this patriarchal society has all the power. Not only is Jane trapped by her low status as a female and financial dependence, but she is also physically confined by being locked in the red room under the direction of Mrs. Reed (Brontë 14). Jane, like “a mad cat,” violently resists being locked away in the red room until Bessie threatens to tie her down (Brontë 15). During Jane’s punishment of isolation in the red room, we see what solitary confinement can do to a young child. She describes her mental and physical state as, “My heart beat thick, my head grew hot; a sound filled my ears, which I deemed the rushing of wings: something seemed near me; I was oppressed, suffocated: endurance broke down; I uttered a wild, involuntary cry; I rushed to the door and shook the lock in desperate effort” (Brontë 21). Jane is seriously mentally and physically affected by being confined for just one night. We could imagine what a prolonged stay in solitary confinement would do to a woman. However, thanks to Brontë we do not have to imagine; we can also read Bertha’s experience. Being locked in the red room will not be the last punishment Mrs. Reed inflicts on Jane for not adhering to proper Victorian social norms.
Mrs. Reed, Jane’s aunt, wanting no longer to be burdened with Jane as her dependent ships Jane off to Lowood--a charity school. She is well aware of the conditions of a school like Lowood and how Jane will be deprived of comforts such as adequate clothing and food. Sending Jane to this charity school can be seen as another punishment for Jane. At this school it is hoped that the rebellious, unladylike, and unchristian character will be starved and frozen out of Jane. Because Jane’s personality and situation do not fit the social norms of how an obedient and respectful young girl should act, Jane is punished and taught a lesson on where her perpetrator’s believe her proper place in society is. Similar to the institutionalization of unwanted women in mental asylums, shipping young girls off to boarding schools like asylums was just another way to “get rid” of inconvenient girls.
Throughout the novel, Jane is aware of the gender inequalities entrapping her and other women. Ever since childhood Jane was not content with the conditions of women. Jane defies the Victorian social norms for women with her thoughts and words. Jane not only has such an awareness of her own situation but also Mrs. Fairfax and Adèle of differing classes and ages. While examining the conditions of women at Thornfield Hall, Jane thinks, “it is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex” (Brontë 130). Jane sees how Victorian society is a disservice to its women by confining them to tasks that are below their abilities. In believing that women are equal to men, Jane sees the potential of women and how societal norms trap them in this inferior position. When Jane says, “I am no bird; and no net ensnares me; I am a free human being with an independent will” (Brontë 293), she is revolutionary in saying that she does not need a man telling her what to do. Jane is a woman with her own mind, and she knows it. Jane is very modern in her thinking and goes against the Victorian belief that women from all classes must be subservient to their father or husbands (Ayyildiz 147).
Jane further defies societal norms by not “giving into marriage” and quietly submitting to her role as the perfect Victorian angel of the house. Jane expresses this herself when in response to Rochester calling her an angel she says, “I am not an angel and I will not be one till I die: I will be myself” (Brontë 300). Jane does not need to be Rochester’s angel. She is capable of being her own person. Jane is unable of simply becoming the subservient wife who can “bear being dressed like a doll by Mr. Rochester” (Brontë 309). The normal Victorian marriage is not what Jane wants. She wants to be with Rochester but on her own terms. She wants her independence not slavery.
Again, during Jane’s stay at Moor House, she goes against Victorian social norms by refusing marriage altogether. When discussing Jane’s future Jane tells St. John “Nonsense, again! Marry! I don’t want to marry and never shall marry . . . I will not be regarded in the light of mere money speculation” (Brontë 447). Jane not only goes against the grain by proudly rejecting the possibility of ever marrying but also shows a great awareness and understanding regarding Victorian marriage practices. She is an intelligent woman and knows that because she is now an heiress, gold digging men will want to trap her in a loveless marriage. Jane knows that a loveless marriage with St. John would eat her from the inside out (Brontë 470). A marriage to St. John would be a life sentence of internal confined never being able to be her true self. Jane’s description of what a marriage to St. John would do to her is probably what marriage did to many Victorian women who were forced into ill-suited matches.
Bertha in Jane Eyre
Brontë gave very little page space to Bertha Mason but in the few pages she appears it is clear Bertha is confined on all sides by societal norms, marriage, and supposed madness. According to Rochester, Bertha is “intemperate and unchaste” (Brontë 353). Thus, in the eyes of Victorian society and Rochester Bertha fails to meet the expectations of a prim and proper English woman. Rochester describes Bertha not just as creole but also as a “party girl” who enjoyed dancing, flirting and attracting the attentions of all men (Brontë 352). Bertha does not look, act, or talk like a proper Victorian lady. Rochester said that “no professed harlot ever had a fouler vocabulary than she” (Brontë 355). Like Jane she is not submissive and does not fit the perfect model of an English angel of the house. Interestingly, Jane’s language was also discussed in Brontë’s novel when Jane rejects St. John’s proposal. Both Bertha and Jane used improper language for Victorian women while talking back to men attempting to cage them in.
It is clear that the only reason Rochester married Bertha was for her money. Like most Victorian marriages, this was just a financial transaction. Rochester’s father decided that Rochester “must be provided for by a wealthy marriage” (Brontë 352). From Rochester’s account it is obvious that he blames his father for “selling his soul” for thirty thousand pounds. Unfortunately, Rochester did not get the woman he expected to get for the money. Mr. Mason, Bertha’s stepfather, basically advertised her for this marriage. Rochester was told of Bertha’s beauty, but he did not get a perfect English flower. Instead, he got a lively woman who enjoyed dancing which, in Rochester’s eyes, was unacceptable. Rochester portrays himself as a victim tied to a violent, mad, animalistic woman but as we look closer into Bertha’s story, we see who the true victim is.
Looking through Rochester’s eyes Bertha is just an unchaste madwoman who needed to be locked in the attic for everyone’s safety, including her own. Rochester seems to portray himself as a man of honor who has locked Bertha in the attic for her own good and even says that he could put Bertha in a terrible asylum but did not because he could not stomach the treatment she would be subjected to in a horrid institution. However, Rochester’s actions towards his captive Bertha do not carry the same sentiment. During the scene after Jane and Rochester’s wedding has been foiled and Rochester takes everyone back to Thornfield to show them Bertha, Bertha charges at Rochester violently attacking him. Rochester wrestled her, violently pinned her arms behind her back and bound her to a chair with rope very reminiscent of when Bessie and Abbot forced Jane into the red room (Brontë 338).
Jane spent just one night in the red room in solitary confinement and suffered serious mental and physical reactions whereas Bertha spent ten years in a “goblin’s cell” (Brontë 356). It is not so shocking that Bertha would attack the man who has kept her imprisoned for ten years. It is logical that she would attack the man responsible for taking her from her home Jamaica and locking her away in a foreign country. The madwoman in the attic is the only version of Bertha we get in Jane Eyre. To get a more in depth look at the real Bertha Mason we must look at Wide Sargasso Sea to understand who Bertha was before Rochester--Antoinette Mason née Cosway.
Antoinette in Wide Sargasso Sea
Antoinette is creole and culturally different from Rochester thus occupying a liminal space in ways that he cannot accept. Rochester describes Antoinette as “creole of pure English descent she may be, but [she is] not English or European either” (Rhys 61). Like Antoinette’s blood, her words and actions are not up to the perfect English standards. In the beginning Rochester is physically attracted to Antoinette but, as time goes on, he begins to see Antoinette in a different light especially after Daniel, who claims to be Antoinette’s half-brother, poisons Rochester against her with slandering words. Antoinette is not the perfect pure English flower Rochester wants. At first Rochester is taken with Antoinette and enjoys the attention and sexual intercourse she gives him. However, her sexual appetite begins to be too much for Rochester, who comes from a background where a woman owning her sexuality is socially unacceptable. Rochester even begins to despise her saying, “above all I hated her, for she belonged to the magic and the loveliness. She left me thirsty and all my life would be thirst and longing for what I had lost before I found it” (Rhys 156). Rochester hates Antoinette because she provokes this sexual longing, which is unacceptable for an Englishman who is supposed to be in control of his emotions and wife.
As in Jane Eyre, marriage in Wide Sargasso Sea is also portrayed as a financial transaction, which is risky for women. We get a man’s perspective on marriage from Mr. Mason, Antoinette’s stepfather when Mason explains to Antoinette, “I want you to be happy, Antoinette, secure, I’ve tried to arrange, but we’ll have time to talk about that later” (Rhys 54). In Mason’s eyes, marriage is Antoinette’s pathway to security in life but in reality, Victorian marriage could lead women into unhappy or even dangerous situations. Often, men married women just for their money, which could put women into seriously dangerous situations. The women in this novel are also aware of marriage as a financial transaction, which typically only favored the husbands.
Christophine, Antoinette’s servant and close confidant, has a unique perspective on marriage, which she feels able to express because she is an outsider not confined by English rules and restrictions. When Antoinette’s marriage is going downhill, she asks Christophine, whom she knows and trusts, for advice on what to do. Christophine knows that English marriage is a financial transaction where the man gains and the woman loses, but she does not understand why a woman would submit herself to that system. She says, “All women, all colours, nothing but fools . . . no husband, I thank my God. I keep my money. I don’t give it to no worthless man” (Rhys 99). In a way Christophine is privileged by her outsider status. She is not confined by the restrictive Victorian social norms for women. Because of her position, Christophine thinks it’s ridiculous that English law dictates that everything Antoinette owned now belongs to her husband (Rhys 100). Marriage supposedly brought women security, but it took away Antoinette’s status and independence for as soon as she was married, she no longer possessed any of her own money.
Christophine is not the only woman to realize the disservice marriage does to Antoinette; her aunt Cora also realizes the damage that can be done. Aunt Cora confronts Mr. Mason, Antoinette’s stepbrother, over his arranging of Antoinette’s marriage. Aunt Cora points out that this marriage arrangement is not set up in Antoinette’s favor. She says, “it’s shameful. You are handing over everything the child owns to a perfect stranger . . . She should be protected, legally. A settlement can be arranged and it should be arranged” (Rhys 104). In response Mason says, “Why should I insist on a lawyer’s settlement when I trust him? I would trust him with my life” and Aunt Cora rightfully answers, “You are trusting him with her life, not yours” (Rhys 104). Perhaps women understand better than men the true risk of marriage for women. Both Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea, showcase women who are very aware of the realities for women confined by social norms and the risk of marriage.
The background to Bertha’s madness in Jane Eyre is explained in Wide Sargasso Sea. We see again that declaring women mad was a means to get rid of inconvenient or unsavory women, control them, and/or take their money. When confronting Rochester at the end of the novel as he makes arrangements to take Antionette away from all that she has ever known. Christophine, Antoinette’s servant and close confidant, gives us a good view on this saying, “it is in your mind to pretend she is mad. I know it. The doctors say what you tell them to say. . .You do that for money? But you wicked like Satan self” (Rhys 145). Again, it may be Christophine’s outsider position that allows her to confront Rochester with the ugly truth when other women confined by strict social norms may not have been able to show Christophine’s “unladylike” resolve. Rochester does not deny Christophine’s accusations. He knows that she is speaking the truth. Rochester may think that Antoinette’s behavior is unusual, but he knows she is not actually mad and he does not deny these accusations. He feels that Antoinette’s behavior is improper, but he knows she is not actually mad; he wants to have Antoinette declared mad because he selfishly and evilly wants to punish Antoinette, perhaps even crush “the sun” out of her, because he is afraid of her sexuality and jealous of Antoinette’s past love revealed by Daniel. Antoinette no longer loves Rochester or behaves like a proper wife and Rochester is vengeful and fixated on destroying her. Rochester is just another man using madness as a means to get rid of his inconvenient wife.
Both Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea deal with the theme of women’s confinement. Due to restrictive Victorian rules, social class determined the course of a woman’s life (Voicu 56). Victorian society did not given women much agency, thus their options were limited. Isabelle Nicole Voicu expertly states, “marriage could represent both an escape and a trap, because women married for social order to have a secure life, and yet they lost their independence once they married” (Voicu 65). We see how marriage was thought to be a pathway to security for women in Wide Sargasso Sea through Mr. Mason’s eyes. This loss of independence after marriage can also be seen in both Jane and Antoinette (Bertha).
In both novels all the women are aware of the cruel reality for Victorian women. Jane knows how marriage will affect her and is willing to stand up and fight for want she truly wants. She is not capable of submitting to Victorian standards and marrying St. John, where she will be suffocated by a loveless marriage. Antoinette’s money and freedom are stolen when she marries Rochester. Both Christophine and Aunt Cora are painfully aware of this dangerous situation for Antoinette. These novels also examine how madness affects women in the nineteenth century. The century separating Brontë and Rhys affects how these two female authors treat Antoinette (Bertha) Mason, the madwoman in the attic. Rhys, by giving Bertha Mason her background, makes her a more sympathetic character and empowers us to see Rochester in a truer light. In Jane Eyre, one may think Rochester is doing his best for Bertha, but in Wide Sargasso Sea, Rochester is revealed to be without a doubt the true villain who either drove Antoinette into insanity or falsely labelled her to take her money and physically entrapped Antoinette in the attic for ten years to punish her.
At first glance Jane Eyre and Bertha (Antoinette) Mason are completely different characters conveying alternate pathways for Victorian women. However, upon further examination these two women are two sides of the same coin trying to survive in a patriarchal society where Jane and Antoinette must confront similar forms of social, economic, and even physical confinement. Social and economic factors restricted the status of all Victorian women whereas physical confinement was used to control certain women who did not conform to the behavioral rules set by society and their controlling husbands.
Ayyildiz, Nilay Erdem. “From The Bottom To The Top: Class And Gender Struggle In Brontë’s Jane Eyre.” Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal, no. 37, Jan. 2017, p. 146. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edo&AN=123007524 &site=eds-live&scope=site.
Brontë, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. 1847. Penguin Classics. 2006.
Klambauer, Anna. “Chapter 1: Subversive Madness: Madwomen, Doubles, and Mad Resistance in Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea.” At the Interface / Probing the Boundaries, vol. 111, Oct. 2018, pp. 9–26. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1163/9789004382381_003.
Rhys, Jean. Wide Sargasso Sea. 1966. W.W. Norton & Company. 2016.
Voicu, Isabelle Nicole. “The Condition of Women in Emma and Jane Eyre.” East-West Cultural Passage, vol. 18, no. 1/2, Dec. 2018, pp. 56–72. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=136834322&site=eds -live&scope=site. |
What are crowns, bridges and veneers?
Crowns (sometimes referred to as caps) are used to improve the appearance of teeth or to restore badly broken down teeth when there is insufficient tooth to hold a filling. They can be made of cast gold, precious and non precious metals and different ceramics (metal free) or a combination of metal and ceramic depending upon the specific needs of the treatment.
A bridge is a false tooth (that looks similar to a crown) used to replace a missing tooth or teeth and is attached to a tooth or teeth adjacent to the gap, by using adhesive attachments, inlays or crowns.
Veneers look like a crown or bridge “unit” but are a facing bonded (glued) on the outside of teeth to give them an improved appearance. They are usually made of porcelain. They are less destructive to teeth than crowns.
Whilst a crown or veneer are strong restorations it is important to be aware that not all crowns and veneers can be provided without additional problems. The underlying tooth can still break or it may require root treatment. If the pulp in the tooth becomes unhealthy after treatment. If further treatment is required this may result in additional cost. It is important that you understand why you are having a veneer, crown or bridge treatment, the cost, the time scale and the appointments needed.
A veneer, crown or bridge is usually provided in two stages. After a tooth has been prepared, (usually under local anaesthetic) an impression is taken and a temporary veneer, crown or bridge is fitted whilst a dental laboratory manufactures the device.
Temporary veneers, crowns and bridges are usually custom made in tooth coloured plastic material but temporary crowns may be pre made in metal. They are designed to last for a short period of time (your dentist will advise you how long in your specific case; but it is usually for two weeks). Temporary veneers, crowns and bridges are designed to be easily removed. It is important to plan your treatment to take this into account. They can come off and need to be put back on during the temporary stage.
Can anyone have veneers, crowns or bridges?
Veneers, crowns and bridges are not usually provided for young patients until the teeth and jaws are fully developed. It is also important that the gums and supporting bone are healthy. Good tooth brushing and the use of interdental cleaning such as dental floss are therefore essential before and following treatment. Your dentist will advise you about this.
How long do veneers, crowns and bridges last?
As long as the teeth and gums are maintained by both patient and dentist, veneers, crowns and bridges can last for many years. However no absolute guarantee can ever be given and they may need to be replaced in time. Your dentist is best placed to advise if there are particular reasons that may shorten the normal lifespan of a veneer, crown or bridge.
Are there any alternatives to veneers, crowns or bridgework?
If the tooth is badly broken down, or in poor shape then there may be no alternative to a crown. Sometimes porcelain veneers can be used instead. Plastic composite veneers are an alternative to porcelain veneers. There are alternatives to bridgework which may include implants. Your dentist will advise you as to the most suitable alternatives. |
Both online and in person marketplaces are full of advertising. Most kids notice this advertising but don’t think of the bigger picture and how it affects them.
Advertising can encourage the purchase of both necessary as well as unnecessary and potentially unhealthy products. From the day your kids are born to the day they leave this Earth, advertising will be a predominant part of their life.
Since kids are especially susceptible to these messages, which will stay with them throughout their lives, it’s important to educate your kids on how advertising works.
Here are some tips on how you can educate your kids about advertising so that they can understand it better and make good decisions regardless of what advertising throws in their face.
Whenever you have a chance to discuss advertising with your kids, try to engage in a conversation with them. While seated down watching television together or walking through the mall, ask your kids what they think the brand is trying to market. Discuss if they think this is a good product and why or why not. Having open dialogue from a young age will help teach kids that advertising is simply a means to get consumers to purchase things so that the company can make more money.
Tell your kids what advertising is all about. They need to realize that advertising is a means for the brand to gain the interest of kids so that the kids will beg their parents to purchase the product. Not all advertisements are for good products. With the world full of food we have no idea what’s in it, it’s important your kids learn that advertisements don’t necessarily mean the product is good for the family or individual. Let them know that advertising is a clever way for a brand to gain more profit for their business.
Explain Your Purchases
Tell your kids why you purchase certain products over other products. Your kids may see advertising for a particular brand and be curious why you don’t opt for the product that has been on the TV commercials all week long. Explaining why you purchase certain brands or products for the home will help guide your kids forward in the future to learn how to avoid the marketing ploy of advertisements and in turn think for themselves. It’s important to walk the talk so that your kids grow up to realize they can purchase a brand that isn’t heavily advertised and it will be okay.
There you have it, a few ways to educate your kids on advertising so that they can grow up to be well-rounded adults who know that they have the freedom to make purchasing decisions based on what they think is best for their own household. Kids will get more advertisements thrown in their face over their lifetime because of the ads online, in the stores and on television but you can work to ensure you educate your kids enough so that they comprehend what advertising is all about and how to make the best decision for their own self. |
A landmark natural language program, completed in 1970, that integrates the previously independent functions of reasoning, syntax, and semantics. It performed remarkably well in its own small domain of children's books.
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On an exceptionally hot evening in early July a young man came out of the garret in which he lodged in S. Place and walked slowly, as though in hesitation, towards K. Bridge’. So begins Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881), one of nineteenth-century Russia's greatest novelists, spent four years in a convict prison in Siberia, after which he was obliged to enlist in the army. In later years his penchant for gambling sent him deeply into debt. Most of his important works were written after 1864.
Dostoyevsky's relentlessly bleak story is about poverty and hopelessness in pre-Revolutionary Russia . The central character Raskolnikov is a man unfortunate enough to have a conscience. Driven by poverty, greed, and a touch of madness, Raskolnikov murders two women for their money and spends the rest of the book trying to live with his crime. The famous novel goes a long way to helping listeners understand the root causes of the Russian Revolution. |
Why was my child born with an oral cleft? Will my future children have the same condition? These are all valid questions and, at the time being, there isn’t a lot of information to accurately answer them.
Dr. Lateefa Alkharafi
Diplomate of the American Board of Orthodontics
Ministry of Health – Kuwait
Why was my child born with an oral cleft? Will my future children have the same condition? What about my baby’s children? These are all valid questions and, at the time being, there isn't a lot of information to accurately answer them. This is where a registry becomes necessary.
A registry is a collection of information including (but not limited to) the patients’ diagnoses, the received treatment, the performed procedures, the devices that have been used, and/or the outcomes for patients who share a condition or certain characteristics (such as oral clefts in our case). This data is used to evaluate specific outcomes for clinical, scientific, or research purposes.
Registries are very important for the health sector; as they facilitate the advancement in knowledge. When a standardized set of data is collected, a registry enables health professionals and researchers to make systematic comparisons across data sets, such as geographic locations, consanguineous marriages, age of parents, and ethnic backgrounds. This data is used to help in looking for associated variables that increase the chance for this specific malformation to occur. Healthcare personnel can draw conclusions based on mass number of collected data. It can also show what the best practices are that will lead to the best outcomes, and allow researchers to estimate the prevalence, incidence, and severity of oral clefts.
Registries can facilitate research in a way that it can be used prospectively to quickly identify the patients’ eligibility for a new device to be used, or retrospectively to analyze the effectiveness of an intervention. In addition, it can identify the causing factors that could be specific to a certain ethnicity for example.
Kuwait’s oral clefts registry records information on the patients’ specific mutation, symptoms, previous treatments, ethnicity, lifestyle including the mother’s diet during the vital stages of pregnancy, and the quality of life. This will provide insight on the epidemiology or any genotype-phenotype correlations; and how the lifestyle affects the chances of giving birth to a baby with oral cleft; and how the quality of life is affected.
Understanding all the involved factors will lead us to better understand this condition, thus preventing it; in order to decrease both the toll it takes on the families with patients receiving treatment from the age of few days to the age of 20 years old or above, and the financial burden on the country.
International collaboration is also vital to get a sufficient amount of information; in order for the rare-disease patient registries to increase in size; thus giving more valid scientific results. This is especially important in our GCC region where many share the same ethnic background.
Our databank is maintained on a secure server, and only allowed authorized researchers and clinicians with approved ethical proposals will be able to access the anonymized dataset to ensure the privacy of registrants. |
Discover how indoor air quality can be affected by outdoor air quality, building characteristics and activities happening indoors. Learn how to improve the air you breathe in your space.
Most people spend the majority of their time indoors. The quality of the indoor air we breathe can affect our health. Read the sections below to learn about some of the most common indoor air pollutants and review the actions you can take to improve indoor air quality in your home. For questions about indoor air quality at your workplace, please refer to WorkSafeBC.
Radon is a possible silent threat in our homes
Radon, an invisible and odorless gas, is a potential health hazard found in our homes. It enters the air during the natural decay of uranium present in some rocks and soils. When released outdoors, radon poses little health risks because it dilutes with outdoor air. However, within our homes, it can build up to dangerous levels.
Understanding the risks
Long-term exposure to radon is linked to lung cancer. In Canada, over 3,000 lung cancer deaths each year are attributed to radon exposure. Radon is the number one cause of lung cancer among non-smokers. People exposed to both tobacco smoke and radon have the highest risk of developing lung cancer. While a lifelong smoker carries a one in 10 risk of lung cancer, this risk increases to one in three when also exposed to high levels of radon. In contrast, a non-smoker's lifetime lung cancer risk at the same high radon level is one in 20.
Protect yourself and your family
To safeguard your loved ones, consider these tips:
- Test your home for radon:
- Radon levels vary from one home to another, so it is crucial to test your home.
- Radon testing is simple. Kits are available from sources like the BC Lung Foundation, online or by calling 1-800-665-LUNG (5864), Health Canada (Take Action On Radon) and from most home hardware stores.
- Testing should span at least three months, including some winter months, for an accurate assessment.
- Some libraries offer short-term radon detectors free of charge, providing a preliminary glimpse of radon concentrations. If elevated levels are found, conduct a long-term test for confirmation.
- In the Fraser Health region, you can find short-term detector lending programs at Coquitlam and Fraser Valley Regional libraries and other libraries may also have similar programs.
- Additional resources for radon testing are available for renters, through the BC Lung Foundation.
- Mitigate high radon levels:
- Radon is measured in units of Becquerels per cubic metre (Bq/m3). Health Canada recommends that homes with levels above 200 Bq/m3 be mitigated.
- Radon enters buildings through cracks and openings in walls and foundations that are in contact with radon-containing soil. Therefore, mitigation typically involves the installation of a system to vent radon from beneath the home to the outdoors.
- Post-mitigation testing should be done to ensure radon levels have been lowered.
- Mitigation should be done by a professional. You can find a qualified radon professional at Take Action On Radon.
- The Canadian Lung Association offers a grant to help with radon mitigation.
- If you smoke, consider quitting:
- Lung cancer risks are significantly higher for people who smoke cigarettes and are exposed to radon.
- Connect with your primary care provider to discuss smoking cessation options. You can also access a free provincial program to help you quit or reduce smoking at quitnow.ca.
- Find more support options at fraserhealth.ca/health-topics-a-to-z/smoking.
Find out more
To learn more about radon and its risks, visit the following resources:
- Radon Map: This resource from the BC Centre for Disease Control features a map showing radon risk by area in British Columbia. While no areas are entirely free of radon, some regions are at higher risk of elevated radon levels in homes and buildings. You'll also find comprehensive information on testing and mitigation.
- Take Action on Radon: A national initiative, funded by Health Canada, to bring together radon stakeholders and raise awareness on radon across Canada.
- Test your home for radon:
Carbon monoxide: A silent household threat
Carbon monoxide is an invisible, odourless and tasteless gas that can pose a serious danger in the home.
It is produced whenever fuels such as natural gas, gasoline, oil and wood are burned. In homes, carbon monoxide can be released from malfunctioning or poorly vented fuel-burning appliances, such as furnaces and fireplaces. Using outdoor appliances like BBQs and camp stoves indoors during power outages can also increase carbon monoxide to dangerous levels.
Understanding the risks
Inhaling carbon monoxide can reduce the blood’s ability to carry oxygen, leading to carbon monoxide poisoning, a potentially life-threatening condition. Risk is higher in winter, when windows and doors tend to be closed and outdoor air vents are more likely to be blocked by debris, ice or snow, causing carbon monoxide concentrations to build up indoors.
Carbon monoxide poisoning can also occur in summer when exhaust fumes from boats and vehicles, as well as use of camp stoves and portable fuel-burning appliances in enclosed spaces like tents, become significant sources of carbon monoxide.
Know the signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning:
- Dull headache
- Nausea or vomiting
- Shortness of breath
- Blurred vision
- Loss of consciousness
If you suspect carbon monoxide poisoning, leave your home immediately and seek medical attention without delay.
Protect yourself and your family
Take action to prevent carbon monoxide exposure in your home:
- Install carbon monoxide detectors in your home. Because carbon monoxide is invisible, the only way to know if harmful levels are present is to install detectors. These detectors will sound an alarm if carbon monoxide concentrations reach dangerous levels. You can buy carbon monoxide detectors at most home hardware stores.
- Have your furnace and fireplace cleaned and inspected before each heating season.
- Only use fuel-burning space heaters in well-ventilated areas. Electrical space heaters pose no danger of CO poisoning, unlike those that burn fuels, such as kerosene.
- Do not start or leave vehicles running in a garage, even with the garage door open.
- When using a gas-powered generator for electricity, be sure to keep it a safe distance away from the home.
- Ensure heating vents are clear of snow, ice and debris.
- If your home loses power, do not use fuel-burning appliances meant for outdoors to warm your home or to cook. Instead, check with your local government to see if warming centres are available in your area.
- Do not use portable heaters or lanterns in enclosed areas, such as tents, campers and other vehicles. This is even more important at high altitudes, where the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning is increased.
- Overview of carbon monoxide poisoning and ways to prevent carbon monoxide exposure.
- Information on carbon monoxide sources, health effects and ways to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning.
- Information on carbon monoxide, including safety tips.
Office of the Fire Commissioner
Moulds are fungi naturally found both indoors and outdoors. Warm and moist conditions promote mould growth. Mould is often not dangerous; however, it can cause allergic reactions and illness in people with pre-existing conditions or weak immune systems. Some studies have found increases in common symptoms such as coughing, wheezing and headaches in people who live in homes with dampness and visible mould.
See HealthLink BC’s page on preventing mould.
Asbestos is a mineral used for its insulating properties. It is in certain vinyl floor tiles, soundproofing ceiling tiles, roof shingles, insulation, drywall and other materials. If inhaled, asbestos can cause cancer and other illnesses. You can be exposed to asbestos when a building is being renovated or demolished. You can also be exposed during car maintenance. Asbestos can cause cancer and other diseases. Always hire a professional to test for it if you are renovating or repairing a building.
Improving indoor air quality
Actions you can take to improve your air quality at home
- Get your home tested for radon (radon is low in most areas of the Fraser Health region, but some areas have higher levels).
- Get a carbon monoxide alarm.
- Use a hood fan when cooking and a fan when showering.
- Do not leave cars idling in your garage.
- Improve ventilation. You can do so by leaving indoor doors open, opening windows and keeping vents clear.
- Repair water leaks right away.
- See this Health Canada webpage for more information.
- See the York Region Clean air at home guide.
Cooking and heating
Poor indoor air quality from combustion
When we burn any fuel, such as wood, natural gas, propane, kerosene, charcoal or tobacco, it can make pollutants and particles that are harmful to our health.
We do not always think of the pollutants that are created when we cook or heat our homes, but wood stoves and gas appliances can create indoor air pollution. Natural gas and propane can also release carbon monoxide and other harmful chemicals into the air which can harm people and pets.
The best ways to improve air quality are to control sources and have proper ventilation.
To control sources:
- Follow the manufacturers’ instructions for all combustion appliances.
- Regularly service and clean appliances and vents such as chimneys.
- Use only fuels recommended for each appliance.
- Make sure that wood stoves are installed and maintained correctly. Doors should be tight fitting to prevent leakage.
- Use only aged or dried wood, not pressure treated or painted wood that may form more toxic compounds when burned.
- Inspect furnace and flues, and repair cracks and damaged parts. Open the flue when using your fireplace. Do not let a fire within a wood heater smolder, especially just before opening the firebox.
- Change your furnace and air conditioning filters every couple of months if using them often. Consider using a more effective furnace filter.
- Never allow smoking in or near the home.
- When you are cooking, cook on the back burners where possible.
- Use a stove hood and fan that vents outside when cooking with gas stoves and ranges.
- When you need to replace a space heater, buy a vented heater.
- Make sure enough fresh air gets into your home from the outdoors, especially when using combustion appliances.
- Make sure fresh air intake vents are not blocked or covered.
- Do not have air intake vents coming into your home from your garage. Never idle a vehicle in an attached garage.
More information is available from |
Choosing the Perfect Lens: A Beginner’s Guide to Understanding Camera Lenses
Understanding Lens Terminology: An Introduction
Welcome to the world of camera lenses! As a beginner, learning about lens terminology can feel overwhelming. But fear not, we’re here to break it down for you. In this article, we’ll explain key terms like focal length, aperture, and lens speed. By understanding these concepts, you’ll be better equipped to choose the perfect lens for your photography needs. So let’s dive in and demystify the world of lenses!
A. Focal Length and Field of View
When it comes to choosing the right lens for your photography needs, understanding focal length and field of view is crucial. The focal length determines how much of a scene you can capture, while field of view refers to the width of that scene. A shorter focal length results in a wider field of view, allowing you to capture more in your frame. On the other hand, a longer focal length narrows your field of view, giving you more zoom and magnification power. So if you want to photograph vast landscapes, go for a wide-angle lens with a shorter focal length. But if you’re looking to get close-up shots or capture distant subjects, opt for a telephoto lens with a longer focal length. Remember, your choice of focal length will greatly impact the perspective and composition of your photos!
B. Aperture and Depth of Field
When it comes to capturing the perfect shot, understanding aperture and depth of field is essential. Aperture refers to the size of the lens opening, which affects the amount of light that enters your camera. A wider aperture (smaller f-number) allows more light in, resulting in a shallower depth of field. This means that your subject will be in sharp focus while the background becomes beautifully blurred. On the other hand, a smaller aperture (larger f-number) creates a larger depth of field, resulting in both your subject and background being in focus. So depending on whether you want to isolate your subject or capture everything in sharp detail, adjusting your aperture settings can make all the difference.
Prime Lenses vs. Zoom Lenses
Now that you understand the different types of camera lenses, let’s dive into the debate of Prime Lenses vs. Zoom Lenses. Prime lenses have a fixed focal length, meaning they don’t zoom in or out. They offer excellent image quality and are known for their wide aperture capabilities, making them perfect for low-light situations and creating that beautiful background blur. On the other hand, Zoom lenses provide versatility by allowing you to zoom in and out, capturing a wide range of focal lengths with just one lens. They are great for travel and photojournalism, where quick composition changes are necessary.
Advantages of Prime Lenses:
- Superior image quality due to fewer internal glass elements
- Wide aperture capability for better low-light performance and shallow depth of field
- Lightweight and compact design
Disadvantages of Prime Lenses:
- Limited focal length options, requiring you to physically move closer or farther from your subject
- Less flexibility in framing shots compared to zoom lenses
Advantages of Zoom Lenses:
- Versatility with variable focal lengths, eliminating the need for multiple lenses
- Convenient for capturing a wide range of subjects without having to change lenses constantly
- Ability to frame shots quickly without repositioning yourself
The disadvantages of Zoom Lenses:
- Typically not able to achieve as wide of an aperture as prime lenses, resulting in diminished low-light performance and potentially less flattering bokeh
Ultimately, the choice between prime and zoom lenses depends on your specific needs and shooting style. If you prioritize image quality and low-light performance, a prime lens might be the way to go. But if versatility and convenience are more important to you, then a zoom lens is worth considering.
Remember, both prime and zoom lenses can produce stunning images in the hands of skilled photographers – it’s all about finding what suits your style and preferences best. Happy shooting!
A. Prime Lenses: Definition and Benefits
Prime lenses are lenses that have a fixed focal length and do not zoom in or out. They offer superior image quality and are known for their wide aperture capabilities, making them perfect for low-light situations and creating beautiful background blur. Prime lenses are lightweight and compact, making them convenient for travel. Their main advantage is their ability to produce sharp, high-quality images with minimal distortion.
B. Zoom Lenses: Definition and Benefits
A zoom lens is a type of lens that allows you to adjust the focal length, meaning you can zoom in and out to frame your subject without physically moving. This versatility makes them perfect for various photography genres, such as sports, wildlife, and event photography. With a zoom lens, you have the flexibility to capture different perspectives and compositions without changing lenses. They offer convenience and allow you to adapt quickly to different shooting situations.
Lens Mount Compatibility
When it comes to choosing the right lens for your camera, one essential factor to consider is lens mount compatibility. Every camera brand has its own unique lens mount system, which determines whether a particular lens can be attached to your camera body. Make sure to check that the lens you’re interested in is compatible with your specific camera model before making a purchase. This ensures a proper and secure attachment, allowing you to fully utilize the capabilities of both the lens and your camera. Happy shooting!
A. Different Lens Mount Types
When it comes to lens mount types, each camera brand has its own unique system. Canon uses the EF and EF-S mount, Nikon uses the F mount, and Sony uses the E and FE mount. Other brands like Fujifilm, Olympus, and Panasonic have their own specific mounts as well. It’s important to know the lens mount type of your camera so you can choose compatible lenses that will securely attach to your camera body. When selecting a new lens for your camera, it’s important to ensure that the lens mount is compatible with your camera body. Using a lens with the wrong mount can cause damage to both the lens and the camera. Additionally, using an adapter to make a lens fit onto a camera with a different mount type may affect the quality of the images produced.
If you’re unsure of your camera’s lens mount type, you can check the camera’s manual or visit the manufacturer’s website for more information. Additionally, many online retailers and camera stores also provide information on lens compatibility for specific camera models.
B. Ensuring Lens Compatibility with Your Camera
When selecting a lens for your camera, it’s crucial to ensure compatibility between the lens and your camera body. Different camera brands have their own unique lens mount types, such as Canon’s EF and EF-S mounts or Nikon’s F mount. Make sure to check the lens mount type of your camera before purchasing a lens to ensure it securely attaches to your camera. This will prevent any complications and allow you to fully utilize the capabilities of both your camera and lens.
Lens Speed and Maximum Aperture
When it comes to lens speed and maximum aperture, think of it like a race car. Lens speed refers to the ability of a lens to capture light quickly, just like a fast car zooming through the track. A larger maximum aperture allows more light to enter the lens, making it ideal for low-light conditions or creating that beautiful, blurry background effect. So, if you want to capture sharp and well-exposed images in challenging lighting situations, look for lenses with faster speeds and wider maximum apertures.
A. What is Lens Speed?
Lens Speed refers to how quickly a lens can capture light. It is determined by the maximum aperture of the lens, which controls the amount of light that enters the camera. A lens with a wider maximum aperture, such as f/1.8, is considered faster because it allows more light to reach the image sensor. This is beneficial in low-light situations or when you want to achieve a shallow depth of field for beautiful background blur.
B. Importance of Maximum Aperture in Low-Light Photography
When shooting in low-light conditions, the maximum aperture of a lens becomes crucial. A wider aperture, such as f/1.8, allows more light to enter the camera, resulting in brighter and clearer images. This is especially important when capturing photos at night or indoors without using a flash. So, if you often find yourself in dimly lit situations, investing in a lens with a wide maximum aperture is key to getting the best results.
Image Stabilization Techniques
When taking photos or videos, it can be challenging to keep your camera steady. That’s where image stabilization techniques come in handy. There are two main types: optical image stabilization (OIS) and electronic image stabilization (EIS).
- OIS uses built-in sensors to detect camera movement and adjusts the lens elements to counteract it, resulting in sharper images.
- EIS, on the other hand, uses software algorithms to digitally stabilize the footage by cropping and shifting frames.
Both techniques offer advantages and disadvantages, so choose the one that best suits your needs.
A. Optical Image Stabilization
Optical Image Stabilization (OIS) is a technique used in camera lenses to counteract the effects of camera shake. It employs built-in sensors that detect movement and adjust the lens elements to compensate for it. This results in sharper images, especially when shooting handheld or in low-light conditions. OIS is commonly found in both DSLR and mirrorless lenses, offering an advantage over electronic image stabilization. However, it can add weight and cost to the lens. Keep in mind that not all lenses come with optical image stabilization, so it’s important to check for this feature if stability is a priority for your photography needs.
B. Electronic Image Stabilization
Electronic Image Stabilization (EIS) is another technique used to counteract camera shake, but instead of adjusting the lens elements, it digitally processes the image to reduce blur. EIS works by cropping and shifting the frame in real-time to compensate for movement. While it can be effective for reducing minor shakes, it may result in a loss of image quality or a narrower field of view due to the cropping process. Overall, EIS is a convenient feature found in many modern cameras and smartphones that helps improve stability when shooting handheld.
Lens Coatings and Image Quality
When it comes to lens coatings, they play a crucial role in improving image quality. Lens coatings are thin layers applied to the surface of the lens elements to reduce reflections and glare, resulting in sharper and more contrasty images. These coatings enhance colour accuracy and minimize ghosting and flare, especially when shooting towards bright light sources. So, next time you’re looking for a lens, make sure to consider the quality of its coatings for better image results.
A. Anti-Reflective Coatings
When it comes to lens coatings, one important type to consider is anti-reflective coatings. These thin layers applied to the lens surface help minimize reflections and glare, resulting in sharper and more contrasty images. By reducing unwanted light bouncing off the lens, anti-reflective coatings enhance colour accuracy and prevent ghosting and flare, particularly when shooting towards bright light sources. So, when choosing a lens, make sure it has high-quality anti-reflective coatings for improved image quality.
B. Impact of Lens Coatings on Image Clarity
When it comes to lens coatings, they play a crucial role in enhancing image clarity. Coatings, particularly anti-reflective coatings, minimize reflections and glare, resulting in sharper and more contrasty images. By reducing unwanted light bouncing off the lens, these coatings improve colour accuracy and prevent ghosting and flare. So, choosing a lens with high-quality coatings is essential for maximizing image clarity in your photography.
Lens Construction and Build Quality
When it comes to lens construction and build quality, it’s important to invest in a lens that is well-made and durable. A high-quality lens will generally have a solid metal body and precision-engineered components that can withstand the rigors of professional photography. The build quality determines the longevity and reliability of the lens, making it an essential consideration when choosing your gear.
A. Types of Lens Elements
When it comes to lens construction, there are different types of lens elements that work together to create sharp and high-quality images. These lens elements include glass elements, aspherical elements, and ED (Extra-low Dispersion) elements. Each element has its own role in minimizing aberrations and maximizing image clarity. By understanding the different types of lens elements, you can make an informed decision when choosing a lens for your photography needs.
B. Durability and Weather Resistance
When choosing a lens, it’s important to consider its durability and weather resistance. A durable lens can withstand the rigors of regular use, ensuring that it lasts for years to come. Additionally, weather resistance is crucial if you plan on shooting in challenging environments. A weather-resistant lens is built to protect against dust, moisture, and even extreme temperatures. This feature gives you peace of mind when shooting outdoors, whether it’s raining or snowing. So, make sure to check for these features when selecting your lens.
Special Lens Features and Applications
When choosing a lens, it’s important to consider special features that can enhance your photography. For close-up shots, a macro lens allows you to capture intricate details. If you’re interested in perspective control, a tilt-shift lens is perfect for creating unique effects. These specialized lenses offer creative opportunities and can take your photography to the next level. Consider your specific needs and explore the possibilities! Happy shooting!
A. Macro Lenses for Close-Up Photography
Macro lenses are designed specifically for close-up photography, allowing you to capture intricate details of small subjects like flowers, insects, or jewellery. These lenses have a high magnification ratio and a short minimum focusing distance, enabling you to get up close and personal with your subject. With a macro lens, you can explore a hidden world of beauty and capture stunning shots that reveal the tiny nuances of your subject’s texture and form. So whether you’re a nature enthusiast or simply love exploring the world up close, a macro lens is an essential tool to have in your camera bag. Happy capturing!
B. Tilt-Shift Lenses for Perspective Control
Tilt-shift lenses are a powerful tool for controlling perspective in your photographs. They allow you to adjust the positioning of the lens elements, enabling you to correct converging lines and distortions, particularly when shooting architecture or landscapes. With tilt-shift lenses, you can achieve a more natural and balanced composition by straightening buildings and keeping everything in focus from foreground to background. These lenses may be pricier than standard lenses, but their unique capabilities make them worth considering for those wanting full control over their image perspective.
Choosing the Right Lens for Your Needs
When it comes to choosing the right lens for your needs, there are a few factors to consider. First, think about the type of photography you enjoy. For landscapes and architecture, tilt-shift lenses can help control perspective. Portrait photographers may prefer prime lenses for their sharpness and wide aperture options. Zoom lenses offer versatility for a range of shooting situations. Budget is also an important consideration, as investing in a quality lens system can make a big difference in your photography. So, take some time to research and find the lens that best suits your style and budget. Happy shooting!
A. Considerations for Different Photography Genres
When choosing the right lens for your needs, it’s important to consider the specific photography genre you enjoy. For portraits, a prime lens with a wide aperture can create a beautiful bokeh effect. Landscape photographers may benefit from a wide-angle lens to capture expansive scenes. Sports or wildlife photographers might opt for a telephoto lens to get close-up shots from a distance. Consider your preferred genre and its unique requirements when selecting a lens. Happy shooting!
B. Budget and Investment in Lens System
When it comes to choosing a lens, your budget is an important factor to consider. Photography can be an expensive hobby, so it’s essential to plan and invest wisely in your lens system. Opting for high-quality lenses may require a larger upfront investment, but they often deliver superior image quality and durability. However, if you’re on a tight budget, there are plenty of affordable options available that can still produce great results. Consider your financial situation and long-term goals before making a decision.
FAQ About How to Choose the Right Lens.
1. What is a Camera Lens and Why is it Important?
A camera lens, simply put, is the eye of your camera. It’s a precision-crafted tool designed to capture light and project it onto the camera sensor, creating an image. Here’s why it’s crucial:
- Light Manipulation: Lenses control how light enters the camera, affecting sharpness, depth, and focus.
- Image Quality: The lens determines the clarity, colour rendition, and overall quality of your photographs.
- Versatility: Different lenses offer varied perspectives, from wide scenic shots to close-up details.
- Artistic Expression: Lenses allow photographers to play with depth of field, bokeh, and other creative effects.
Understanding the basics of camera lenses is foundational for any photographer, whether you’re snapping pics with a high-end DSLR or a compact mirrorless camera.
2. How Do I Choose the Right Lens for My Photography?
Selecting the right lens is a key decision. Consider the following:
- Photography Style: Are you into portraits, landscapes, or macro photography? Each style has preferred lens types.
- Lens Aperture: Wider apertures (lower f-numbers) are great for low light and depth of field control.
- Focal Length: This affects the lens’ angle of view. Wide lenses are great for landscapes, while telephoto lenses suit wildlife and sports photography.
- Compatibility: Ensure the lens fits your camera body. DSLRs and mirrorless cameras have different mounts.
- Budget and Quality: Higher-priced lenses usually offer better image quality and durability, but there are affordable options with good performance too.
Your choice will heavily influence the final look of your photos, so take your time to research and even test different lenses if possible.
3. DSLR vs. Mirrorless Cameras: Does the Lens Choice Differ?
Yes, the choice of lens can differ between DSLR and mirrorless cameras, mainly due to the design and technology differences:
- Mount System: Each camera type often has a specific lens mount. Adapters are available, but native lenses usually perform best.
- Size and Weight: Mirrorless cameras are typically smaller and lighter, and their lenses are designed to match this portability.
- Viewfinder Differences: DSLRs use an optical viewfinder, while mirrorless cameras employ electronic viewfinders, which can impact how you perceive and use lenses.
- Autofocus Performance: Mirrorless cameras often have superior autofocus capabilities, especially in video, affecting the choice of lenses geared towards fast and silent focusing.
Both systems offer a wide range of lenses, but their characteristics and performance may vary, impacting your choice depending on your camera system.
4. What Are the Different Types of Camera Lenses?
There are several types of camera lenses, each serving different photographic needs:
- Wide-Angle Lens: Great for landscapes and architectural photography. They capture a wider field of view.
- Telephoto Lens: Ideal for sports and wildlife photography. They allow you to zoom in on distant subjects.
- Prime Lens: These have a fixed focal length, known for sharpness and wide apertures.
- Macro Lens: Designed for close-up photography, capturing fine details.
- Zoom Lens: Offer a range of focal lengths in one lens, versatile for various situations.
Each lens type opens new possibilities in photography, allowing you to explore different creative visions.
5. Can You Explain Lens Aperture and Its Impact on Photos?
Lens aperture refers to the opening within the lens through which light passes. It’s crucial for two reasons:
- Light Control: A wider aperture (smaller f-number) lets in more light, useful in low-light conditions.
- Depth of Field Control: Aperture affects how much of your image is in sharp focus. Wide apertures create a shallow depth of field, ideal for portraits with blurred backgrounds.
Understanding aperture is key to mastering photographic exposure and creative expression.
6. What Should I Know About Lens Focal Length?
The focal length of a lens, measured in millimetres (mm), is essentially about how ‘zoomed in’ your photos will appear. Here’s what you need to know:
- Angle of View: Short focal lengths (e.g., 24mm) offer a wide angle of view, great for landscapes. Longer focal lengths (e.g., 200mm) provide a narrow view, ideal for zooming in on distant subjects.
- Perspective Distortion: Wide-angle lenses can exaggerate depth, making objects look farther apart. Telephoto lenses compress distance, making objects appear closer together.
- Versatility: A ‘walk around lens’, typically around 35mm to 85mm, offers a balance suitable for various subjects, from street photography to portraits.
- Specialized Use: Ultra-wide or fish-eye lenses (below 24mm) and super-telephoto lenses (above 300mm) are for specific artistic or technical purposes.
Choosing the right focal length depends on your subject matter and the type of photography you’re interested in.
7. Is a 50mm Lens a Good Choice for Beginners?
A 50mm lens, often referred to as a ‘nifty fifty’, is widely regarded as an excellent choice for beginners, due to several reasons:
- Versatility: It’s suitable for a range of photography styles, from portraits to everyday snapshots.
- Image Quality: These lenses often provide sharp images with good colour and contrast.
- Low Light Performance: Most 50mm lenses have a wide maximum aperture, great for low-light situations.
- Affordability: They’re generally more affordable compared to other lenses, offering great value for their performance.
- Ease of Use: Its focal length is close to the natural perspective of the human eye, making compositions more intuitive.
For these reasons, a 50mm lens is often a go-to choice for photographers looking to explore beyond kit lenses.
8. How Does the Sensor Size Affect Lens Selection?
Sensor size in cameras significantly impacts lens selection:
- Crop Factor: Smaller sensors (APS-C, Micro Four Thirds) have a crop factor that effectively increases the focal length of lenses. For example, a 50mm lens on an APS-C sensor camera offers a field of view similar to an 80mm lens on a full-frame camera.
- Depth of Field: Larger sensors tend to provide a shallower depth of field at the same aperture, affecting the lens choice for achieving certain artistic effects.
- Wide-Angle Lenses: On smaller sensors, achieving a true wide-angle effect requires lenses with shorter focal lengths.
- Lens Availability: Some lenses are specifically designed for certain sensor sizes, offering optimized performance.
Understanding your camera’s sensor size helps in choosing lenses that will give you the results you’re looking for.
9. What is a ‘Kit Lens’ and Should I Use It?
A ‘kit lens’ is typically the entry-level zoom lens bundled with many camera bodies. Here’s what to consider:
- Versatility: Kit lenses usually have a focal range that covers wide to moderate telephoto (e.g., 18-55mm), making them versatile for beginners.
- Image Quality: While not as high-quality as more expensive lenses, they’re decent for starting out and understanding basic photography concepts.
- Cost-Effective: Being part of the camera bundle, they offer a cost-effective way to start shooting immediately without additional investment.
- Limitations: They usually have smaller maximum apertures and may not perform as well in low light or for achieving bokeh effects.
For beginners, a kit lens is a practical starting point to learn photography basics before investing in specialized lenses.
10. Telephoto vs. Wide-Angle Lenses: What’s the Difference?
Understanding the difference between telephoto and wide-angle lenses helps in choosing the right tool for your vision:
- Telephoto Lenses:
- Ideal for bringing distant subjects closer.
- Commonly used in sports, wildlife, and portrait photography.
- Longer focal lengths (typically 70mm and above).
- Can compress and flatten the scene.
- Wide-Angle Lenses:
- Capture more of the scene in a single shot.
- Great for landscapes, architecture, and interior photography.
- Shorter focal lengths (typically less than 35mm).
- Can exaggerate depth and distance between objects.
Each type has its unique characteristics and applications in photography.
11. How Do I Know if a Lens is Compatible with My Camera?
Ensuring lens compatibility with your camera is crucial. Here’s what to look out for:
- Lens Mount: Each camera brand has a specific lens mount. Check if the lens mount matches your camera body (e.g., Canon EF, Nikon F, Sony E).
- Sensor Size Compatibility: Some lenses are designed for full-frame cameras, while others are for crop sensors. Using a lens meant for a different sensor size might result in vignetting or poor image quality.
- Autofocus Compatibility: Older lenses might not support the autofocus capabilities of newer camera bodies.
- Electronics Compatibility: Modern lenses communicate with the camera body for functions like aperture control and image stabilization. Ensure this communication is supported.
Always verify the lens specifications against your camera’s requirements before purchasing.
12. What’s an All-Round Lens and How Do I Choose One?
An all-round lens is versatile enough to handle a variety of photography situations. Consider these factors when choosing one:
- Focal Length Range: Look for a lens with a wide focal length range, like 18-200mm, to cover everything from wide-angle to telephoto needs.
- Aperture Range: A lens with a decent aperture range (like f/3.5-5.6) offers flexibility in different lighting conditions.
- Image Stabilization: This feature is valuable for reducing blur in handheld shooting, especially in low light or at longer focal lengths.
- Weight and Size: Since it’s an all-round lens, ensure it’s comfortable for extended use and not too heavy or bulky.
An all-round lens is a great investment for photographers who prefer not to switch lenses frequently.
13. Are Prime Lenses Better Than Zoom Lenses for Beginners?
Prime lenses have a fixed focal length and are often lauded for their simplicity and image quality. Zoom lenses offer variable focal lengths, adding versatility. For beginners:
- Prime Lenses:
- Encourage learning composition and framing by moving around.
- Often have wider apertures, better for low light and achieving a shallow depth of field.
- Generally offer sharper images with less distortion.
- Zoom Lenses:
- More versatile, covering a range of focal lengths.
- Convenient for varied shooting conditions, especially when changing lenses frequently isn’t ideal.
- Great for learning different styles of photography.
Both have their advantages, and the choice depends on your learning style and photography interests.
14. What’s the Best Lens for Travel Photography?
The best lens for travel photography offers a balance of versatility, image quality, and portability:
- Versatile Focal Length: A lens with a range like 24-70mm or 18-135mm can cover most travel photography needs from landscapes to portraits.
- Aperture Range: A wider aperture (like f/2.8) is beneficial for low-light conditions and creating background blur.
- Size and Weight: Choose a lens that’s compact and light, making it easy to carry around all day.
- Durability: A lens with good build quality and weather-sealing is a plus for different travel conditions.
Consider your travel style and what you like to photograph when choosing the lens.
15. How to Use Your Lens Aperture for Creative Photography?
Lens aperture is not just for exposure; it’s a creative tool:
- Depth of Field: Play with apertures to control the depth of field. Use a wide aperture (like f/1.8) for a blurred background, or a small aperture (like f/16) for a sharp foreground and background.
- Bokeh: Larger apertures create a more pronounced bokeh effect, ideal for highlighting subjects against a soft background.
- Low Light: In dim conditions, a wider aperture allows more light, enabling faster shutter speeds to reduce motion blur.
- Creative Effects: Experiment with different apertures to see how they affect the mood and story of your photos.
Understanding and experimenting with aperture can significantly enhance the artistic quality of your photography. |
LONDON – Historically, the term “fair trade” has meant many things. The Fair Trade League was founded in Britain in 1881 to restrict imports from foreign countries. In the United States, businesses and labor unions use “fair trade” laws to construct what economist Joseph Stiglitz calls “barbed-wire barriers to imports.” These so called “anti-dumping” laws allow a company that suspects a foreign rival of selling a product below cost to request that the government impose special tariffs to protect it from “unfair” competition.
Such dark protectionist thoughts are far from the minds of the benevolent organizers of the United Kingdom’s annual “Fairtrade Fortnight,” during which I just bought two bars of fair-trade chocolate and a jar of fair-trade chunky peanut butter. Their worthy aim is to raise the price paid to developing-country farmers for their produce by excluding the inflated profits of the middlemen on whom they depend for getting their goods to distant markets. Fair-trade products like cocoa, coffee, tea, and bananas do not compete with domestic European production, and therefore do not have a protectionist motive.
This is how it works: In exchange for being paid a guaranteed price and meeting “agreed labor and environmental standards” (minimum wages, no pesticides), poor-country farming cooperatives receive a FAIRTRADE mark for their products, issued by the FAIRTRADE Labeling Organization. This certification enables supermarkets and other retailers to sell the products at a premium. Third-world farmers get a boost to their income, while first-world consumers get to feel virtuous: a marriage made in heaven.
The fair-trade movement, launched in the 1980’s, has been growing rapidly. In a notable breakthrough in 1997, the British House of Commons decided to serve only fair-trade coffee. By the end of 2007, more than 600 producers’ organizations, representing 1.4 million farmers in 58 countries, were selling fair-trade products. Today, a quarter of all bananas in UK supermarkets are sold under a FAIRTRADE mark. But FAIRTRADE-labeled products still represent a very small share – typically less than 1% – of global sales of cocoa, tea, coffee, etc.
The economic rationale for guaranteed prices is well known: stabilizing the prices of primary products, which are subject to sharp fluctuations, stabilizes their producers’ incomes. This argument inspired proposals – most famously by John Maynard Keynes in 1942 – to create “buffer stocks” for the main commodities, which would take supply off the market when prices fell, and add to supply when prices rose. Keynes’s proposal never made it into the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944, and, while buffer-stock schemes re-surfaced in the 1970’s, they, too, went nowhere.
Left-wing economists like Raúl Prebisch, moreover, later advanced the theory of “declining terms of trade” for primary products: their prices’ long-run tendency to fall relative to the prices of manufactured goods. This tendency seemed to be at work from the mid-1980’s, as commodity producers experienced a persistent decline in prices. In addition, price fluctuations throughout that decade were huge, with dire effects on sub-Saharan African and other developing countries that were largely dependent on commodities for export earnings.
Since then, however, the price decline has been reversed. Food commodity prices have increased by 150% since 2001. This has raised farm producers’ income independently of the fair-trade movement’s efforts. The “declining terms of trade” argument has collapsed.
But primary-product prices remain much more volatile than the prices of manufactured goods and services, causing large fluctuations in producers’ incomes. This exaggerates the effects of booms and busts. So the issue of price stabilization has not gone away.
It is difficult to see how the fair-trade movement can contribute much to solving this problem, because the only serious policy for stabilizing producers’ incomes is to control supply. But that is beyond the scope of fair trade.
The target of all versions of fair trade is “free trade,” and the most damaging attacks on FAIRTRADE have come from free traders. In Unfair Trade, a pamphlet published in 2008 by the Adam Smith Institute, Mark Sidwell argues that FAIRTRADE keeps uncompetitive farmers on the land, holding back diversification and mechanization. According to Sidwell, the FAIRTRADE scheme turns developing countries into low-profit, labor-intensive agrarian ghettos, denying future generations the chance of a better life.
This is without considering the effect that FAIRTRADE has on the poorest people in these countries – not farmers but casual laborers – who are excluded from the scheme by its expensive regulations and labor standards. In other words, FAIRTRADE protects farmers against their rivals and against agricultural laborers.
Consumers, Sidwell argues, are also being duped. Only a tiny proportion – as little as 1% – of the premium that we pay for a FAIRTRADE chocolate bar will ever make it to cocoa producers. Nor is FAIRTRADE necessarily a guarantee of quality: because producers get a minimum price for fair-trade goods, they sell the best of their crop on the open market.
But, despite its shaky economics, the fair-trade movement should not be despised. While cynics say that its only achievement is to make consumers feel better about their purchases – rather like buying indulgences in the old Catholic Church – this is to sell fair trade short. In fact, the movement represents a spark of protest against mindless consumerism, grass-roots resistance against an impersonal logic, and an expression of communal activism.
That justification will not convince economists, who prefer a dryer sort of reasoning. But it is not out of place to remind ourselves that economist and bureaucrats need not always have things their own way. |
China instituted the single child per household policy in 1980. Married couples were restricted to having a single kid to curb the growing number of people in the republic. The law was imposed mostly in crowded urban centers, but those in rural regions were permitted to have another child. Their culture, or so the world was made to presume, valued sons more than girls, permitting them to bear another child when their first was a girl. 35 years later, Kay Ann Johnson, a parent of an adopted Chinese daughter, confronts the inadequacies of this policy in her book entitled “China’s Hidden Children”. She narrates the story of the Chinese people, especially those who had to give up their children to avoid punishment from the government. Over 100,000 girls exited the country with 85% of them relocating to the United States.
Johnson spent a considerable amount of time interacting with affected families that had to give up on raising their daughters. She explains that most of them struggled with the decision and were only fearfully forced to do so due to the threat of facing penalties. Even though most literature painted the republic as having a cultural preference for sons, the majority of the parents wanted to raise their daughters. The writer grows compassionate towards their plight, seen in how she describes the desperate measures that the Chinese people went through to hide their children from government officers. They went from hiding and handing them up for adoption to sending them to live with other relatives in the rural areas. Others resorted to living them in public places or selected doorsteps. The strategy created a distasteful image, especially to the external world that could not comprehend the Chinese culture. Johnson discloses the misconceptions, secrecy, and the complex struggle of love and abandonment while addressing the negative impact that the family planning campaign had on the people of China.
Contrary to how the world perceives China, Johnson’s interaction with the locals proves otherwise. The author gives a descriptive narrative, providing emotive stories that contradict the myths about the Chines people and their “patriarchal” society. She highlights various events as will be reviewed in this section to bring clarity to the infamous one-child policy that left the country in a state of disarray, and whose effects are felt to the present day. She also attempts to comfort the girls who were aware of their plight that may be feeling rejected or abandoned. Some of these outstanding events are discussed below:
- a) Formulation versus execution of government policies: mandatory pregnancy test andabortions
The government authorized and appointed officials to conduct mandatory pregnancy tests to married women in various regions. The checks were conducted every three months and those whose results came out positive were forced to procure abortions. In another incident, Li Quilang fell victim to an oppressive rule when she was forcefully induced to give birth at seven months old, killing the infant and almost her life with it. Initially, the young lady had permission to keep her pregnancy, but the family planning officers ordered her to carry out an abortion in fear of a possibly uncontrolled birth rate in the coming year. The government had made exceptions for situations for example single parents, those who have disabilities, or those who have girls as their first child. Li was bearing her first baby, and even her mother-in-law’s pleas about her frail health did not hold weight. She was by law eligible to have the child because it was only her first pregnancy.
Words such as inhuman, gross, imprudent, and insensible can be used to describe this action. It is only an indication that most governments will go to any lengths, regardless of whom gets hurt along the way, to implement their policies. It brings about the discussion of formation versus implementation of rules. China appeared to be introducing a reasonable enough policy to control the high birth rate experienced. The deal looked good on paper, as it even had room for exceptions. It was passed off as a realistic approach to a nation’s concern about future resources but implemented as an inhuman war against giving birth. This seems to be an approach by most governments, depicting some of their rules as dutiful causes to the public and using hostile methods to carry out the rules.
- b) Democracy: the poor versus wealthy people of China
Governance should be about protecting the civilian’s interests but in this instance, it failed significantly. In politics, the poor people have no voice and democracy favors those willing to pay for it thus favoring the wealthy. The poor citizens constantly faced barriers in trying to save their daughters. Even though the exemptions did not specify any economic class, those targeted were the poor. The regime introduced an adoption fee for anyone willing to adopt children. The price was set so high that the art became an exclusive trade for international citizens. Johnson in her book states that the relatively wealthy people in Europe and Northern America were the ones able to afford child adoption. It is also a case of the highest purchaser winning, as seen in how they ended up taking youngsters already adopted by others and assigning them in orphanages to be sold to foreigners.
In another incident, the parents of Victory, a young girl taken from her parents at only nine months old was placed in an orphanage. The parents had successfully managed to hide their child but unfortunately got caught. They even attempted to adopt Victory by promising to pay any amount that was requested of them, and sent other relatives to try the process but also failed. This was an indication that the orphanage was aware of the benefits of waiting for foreigners who were the highest bidders, and true to the statement, Victory was adopted never to be seen by her parents again. The government also introduced fines for women who got pregnant or got their husbands fired from their employment places. Families that were already struggling did not wish to risk their source of livelihood and reluctantly performed abortions or resorted to other means of hiding their daughters.
- c) Societies fighting oppression: the alternative approaches used to counter the birth control rule.
The Chinese leaders used a totalitarian form of governance to enforce this law. The residents were unable to react to this system of dictatorship due to the brutality in implementing the law. While the rule was being passed, it was meant to work for the nation, but turned out to be a form of oppression. Unable to react, the citizens had to find an alternative way to defend themselves and their daughters. The poor people especially suffered a great deal in looking for alternative methods as they lacked money to pay the high adoption fees and fines imposed. They opted to send them to relatives in the countryside or carefully selected homes to place them in, by leaving them at the doorsteps of these homes.
In her book, Johnson speaks of a lady known as Gao, who was expectant again after having a male child. Her kin was unable to persuade her to get an abortion undoubtedly knowing the consequences she faced. After delivering a girl, she left her at the doorstep of a distant family member and alerted them using firecrackers. The distant couple was able to raise the child until the administrators discovered their plot. The officials knew of her after four years and insisted on getting the child removed from that area. Gao objected to getting back her child and sourced funds for the current custodians to pay a hefty fine. They were so afraid of the government taking action on them that the girl only got to know of her genetic dad in the hospital before passing away, and the mother attended her wedding from a distance. It is an indication of how powerless they were against the government, but nevertheless found alternative means to counter the repressive rule. Other people choosing to adopt stranger’s children was also an indication of how the community strived to help each other out in a situation which its members lacked the ability to react.
- d) The impact of international relations: human trafficking trade
According to Johnson’s book, the issue of birth control shifted from being a strategy to counter the rising population level to being a viable business opportunity with the west benefitting the most. It appeared as a win-win situation for both countries because the orphanages were run by the government while the foreigners felt as if they were relieving the daughters of China from a life of hardship. However, these countries contradicted their claim to preach the enforcement of human rights while they took part in violating the same laws they formulated. International politics play a significant role in influencing domestic governance in any state or country. The Western nations were the ones who first highlighted the issue of republics needing to manage their population to avoid resource depletion. Being superpowers, other countries had to oblige for the sake of maintaining diplomatic relations with the West, and because their population was growing out of control.
The major superpowers hold global domination over other nations and had China refused to comply with the rule, they would have possibly faced sanctions directly or indirectly. Some of the standard methods used by superpower nations to punish smaller countries include creating trade obstacles by introducing new trading laws, increasing international business tariffs, or choosing to form relations with other regions in the import and export business. They may also refuse to grant loans or donate funds for developments, and introduce travel advisories for their citizens complicate the entry process for citizens of defaulting countries. These international giants also appear to intervene in solving global issues when they only do so in situations that interest them or those they can benefit from. As much as China was responding to a social cause for alarm, they were also influenced by the authority exerted by Western nations on other countries at that moment. China itself grew into being a superpower country and is an equal playing field with the rest.
- e) Government public relation tactics: avoiding direct blame
Most governments, including the Chinese one, have devised strategies of detaching themselves from situations that make them look unpopular in the public eye. It is a public relations strategy meant to cover up the deeper issues nations face. One of the strategies that China’s administration uses is appointing other people, preferably local ones, to carry out their orders. In this book, Johnson narrates of officials appointed to enforce the law through inhuman acts such as forcing pregnant women to undergo abortions. One would assume that the government is entitled to taking care of these appointed officials due to the nature of their work, but, instead, they are threatened by salary reduction as one village elder lost half of his wage due to this. The government is careful not to get drugged in the mud because these officials are the ones recognized by locals and hated for their actions. Meanwhile, the government can easily detach themselves from these acts by stating that they did not ask officials to force women to dispose of their pregnancies but only instructed them to monitor the households and ensure the law is met.
Targeting females was also a strategy by the government. First of all, they made the country look like it preferred sons and quickly gave away their daughters. This policy also plays on the psychology of married couples who desired to raise families. Since the government only recognized boys as being essential to the country’s growth, they had no choice but to keep trying until they had male kids. This assured them of their children having a place in a society that were already struggling with social issues such as poverty and unemployment among the majority. Men were viewed as vehicles for economic growth and national development, and the woman’s place was traditionally at home. Johnson’s book was met with a lot of surprise at how people though all along that the Chines people had a cruel culture of abandoning its girl child when in the real sense they suffered the loss of their daughters just as any other parent would normally do.
China eventually lifted the ban in early 2016, but it did not come without adverse effect (Fong 7). There was not much to show positively as there was negatively about the country’s situation. First, there was a lot of brokenness between families and a feeling of rejection among young women. Such an effect leaves a permanent emotional mark in those girls without anyone to give them reassurance. These ladies grow up feeling worthless and questioning their role in society. Their parents were filled with eternal grief and hopelessness due to their inability to save their children, and others who were unfortunate enough to be forced to procure abortions had to deal with the trauma for the rest of their lives. Secondly, the law led to a gender inequality, and it is projected as a critical condition that the imbalanced ratio has resulted in the migration of men to other countries to seek partners. Researchers indicate that the law did not produce results to the extent that was estimated or hoped for.
The government acted out of the immediate need to find a solution to overpopulation, but they used the wrong strategy. I was surprised at the extent to which governing bodies go to in the implementation of their policies. I was among the people who believed that China had a cultural preference for sons, only to realize that it was a “development” strategy for the Chinese regime to keep the “superior” gender at that time to promote national development. I was also surprised to learn that superpowers like European countries and the United States actively participated in human trafficking and overlooked the human rights angle that they always campaign for. By reading this book, I understood that politics has little to do with governance and representing the needs of the majority, but the actions were taken and policies put by a few superior people in a state meant to protect their personal interests and align themselves with the right people.
Fong, Mei. One Child: The Story of China’s Most Radical Experiment. , 2016. Print. |
The Birth of Hip Hop
The Origins of Hip Hop
Hip hop originated in the South Bronx in the 1970s as a means of self-expression, a cultural statement, and a reflection of the ever-evolving nature of the culture. It emerged from a blend of African and African-American musical traditions, including funk, soul, and R&B. DJs played a crucial role in the early days, using turntables to create innovative beats and mix different tracks together. B-boys and graffiti artists were also integral to the scene, adding their own visual and physical elements to the culture. The origins of hip hop can be traced back to block parties and community gatherings, where people would come together to celebrate and showcase their talents.
The Pioneers of Hip Hop
In the early days of hip hop, artists like Grandmaster Flash and Afrika Bambaataa laid the foundation for the genre. They drew inspiration from the funk and soul music of the 1970s, blending it with their own unique style. These pioneers were known for their innovative DJ techniques and their ability to rock the crowd with their turntablism skills. They paved the way for future generations of hip hop artists and set the stage for the genre’s global success.
Hip Hop Goes Mainstream
Crossover Hits: Hip Hop on the Billboard Top 100
Frisky K-pop. Pissed-off protest country-folk. Sentimental duet country-folk. Molasses-slow hip-hop&B. Viral pop-rap. Songs from four years ago, seven years ago, 65 years ago. And those were just the No. 1s. It was pretty much chaos in the chart-pop world of 2023. With hip-hop no longer dominating the Hot 100 like it had in the late ’10s and earliest ’20s — we didn’t even get a rap No. 1 until September — there was more open real estate on the chart than there’d been in a long time for genres like pop-rock, country and R&B. Regional Mexican made its presence felt, as did songs from all over the musical spectrum.
Impact of Hip Hop on Popular Culture
Hip-hop has had a profound impact on popular culture, extending beyond just music history. It has become a powerful means of self-expression, a cultural statement, and a reflection of the ever-evolving nature of the culture. Since its origin in 1973, hip-hop has been synonymous with style, revolutionizing global fashion in a way no other genre has. Real hip-hop heads know this. Before Cardi B and other contemporary artists were making waves in the fashion world, legendary designer Dapper Dan was tailoring iconic looks for rappers in the 1980s. Hip-hop’s influence on fashion is undeniable.
Hip Hop Legends and Icons
The Evolution of Hip Hop Icons
Hip hop fashion has played a significant role in shaping the culture and leaving an indelible mark on the world. Artists have used clothing, jewelry, accessories, and personal style to express themselves and define the hip hop aesthetic. From Tupac walking the runways at Versace to Gucci’s knockoff of Dapper Dan, these iconic moments in hip hop fashion showcase the influence of artists on the industry. The cover art to Eric B and Rakim’s Paid in Full also exemplifies the fusion of luxury and high fashion in hip hop.
Influential Hip Hop Artists
In the world of hip hop, influential artists have shaped the industry trends and left a lasting impact. These artists have not only revolutionized the sound of hip hop but have also paved the way for future generations. From Jay-Z’s iconic albums to Kendrick Lamar’s thought-provoking lyrics, these artists have pushed boundaries and redefined the genre. Their contributions have not only influenced the music industry but have also sparked important conversations about social issues and cultural identity.
Welcome to the article section of The Great Reset Newsletter! In this section, we will explore the fascinating world of Hip Hop Legends and Icons. From the pioneers who laid the foundation to the modern-day superstars, we will delve into their stories, achievements, and impact on the music industry. Join us on this journey as we celebrate the cultural phenomenon that is hip hop. Visit our website to stay updated with the latest articles and insights on tech, money, and more. Get smarter about tech and money with The Great Reset Newsletter!
In conclusion, the evolution of hip hop on the Billboard Top 100 has been a remarkable journey. From its humble beginnings in the streets of New York City to becoming a global phenomenon, hip hop has had a profound impact on popular culture. The pioneers and legends of hip hop have paved the way for future generations of artists, and their influence can still be felt today. As we celebrate hip hop’s 50-year legacy, it is clear that this genre will continue to shape the music industry for years to come. So let’s continue to embrace the creativity, diversity, and innovation that hip hop brings to the world. |
When you think of diverse habitats for animals and plants, the coastal prairie may not come to mind. As Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge Acting Manager John Magera explains, however, it probably should.
“The wide range of animals – including more than 250 bird species – on the coastal prairie is really a function of the plant diversity. I think a lot of people are surprised to find out that, just here on the refuge, there are about 470 species of plants. We find new plants every year.
True native prairie is incredibly diverse. If you start to lose that plant diversity, the animal diversity will follow. Most people look out across a prairie and see primarily grass.
However, roughly 350 of the plant species here are annual flowering plants. If a prairie isn’t managed correctly via (prescribed burning) and grazing animals, robust perennial grasses will take over the prairie and choke out those annual flowering plants, as well as lesser grasses.
Visually, a prairie isn’t as stunning as an old-growth forest, for example, and it may take longer to understand. I’ve worked on this refuge for 10 years, and every year I see a wildflower species that I’ve never seen before. I have to go back to my office, look it up and try to figure out what it is.
The specific environmental conditions in the prior year were just right for that flower species to germinate. It may have been lying dormant for many years.
A lot of people come here specifically to try to see the Attwater’s (prairie chickens), but the more experienced birders know this is also a great place to see a lot of grassland birds they won’t see other places they go, such as dickcissels, upland sandpipers and Sprague’s pipits. They can find a lot of native prairie birds here.” |
Somaliland fulfills the basic Montevideo criteria of statehood, i.e. a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states. Its population mainly consists of members of the Isaaq clan. Sub-clans of the Daarood clan live in the eastern parts of the country and the Dir clan lives in the western parts. Clan membership is still an important factor which determines political processes in the country and the whole region inhabited by the Somalis.
The territory of Somaliland is defined on the basis of colonial frontiers demarcated by European powers and elected with 55 percent of the vote. At the time of our meeting, he’d already met leaders in neighboring Djibouti and Ethiopia at the end of the 19th century and it corresponds to the former British protectorate of Somaliland.
During the peace process at the beginning of the 1990s, state institutions were created and on the basis of the democratization process, which started in 2001 when the referendum on the Constitution was held, there is a two-chamber parliament, government, and president in Somaliland that are elected in democratic elections. Only the upper chamber has not been transformed; its representatives are still appointed on the basis of the clan lines.
Unlike some other de facto states (especially Abkhazia and South Ossetia), Somaliland is not surrounded by a wall of isolation and political and economic processes in the country are influenced by the Diaspora living in many countries around the world. Somaliland also tries to establish relations with states which could help it achieve international recognition. A key partner is particularly a trip to Ethiopia in 2013. Happily showing up at the Somaliland consulate in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia with which Somaliland has entered into numerous economic and political agreements, although Ethiopia is against recognition of Somaliland due to its geopolitical position.
Somaliland also established relations with some EU member states, in particular with its former colonial power of Great Britain, and the USA. The western states, however, see the problems of Somaliland recognition as an African issue and thus expect that the African states and the African Union will be the first that grant international recognition to Somaliland. In this context, the political representation of Somaliland has submitted its claims to the African Union and strives for cooperation with important African states, such as the Republic of South Africa.
To justify the declaration of independence in 2001 and to achieve international recognition, Somaliland’s political representation uses a wide range of legitimization strategies. They include emphasizing the historical continuity, where the government of this de facto state refers to a different colonial past, when Somaliland existed as a British protectorate, unlike southern Somalia which formed part of the Italian colonial domain. With regard to the fact that documents of the OAU and AU emphasize the inviolability of frontiers, the existence of demarcated frontiers is important to justify secessions in the African context.
Therefore, Somaliland uses the argument of the British protectorate colonial frontier demarcation in its legitimization strategies. The union with the UN Trust Territory of Somalia under the administration of Italy in 1960 is considered invalid by the current representation of Somaliland, because no agreement on the unification of both the parts, which would have been ratified by both the parliaments, was concluded.
After the unification into a united state, the inhabitants of northern Somalia felt marginalized when they obtained a low number of mandates in the new government as well as the parliament. During the rule of General Siyad Barre, the marginalization policy of the Somali government resulted in the violation of human rights of the northern Somalia inhabitants and in particular the Isaaq clan, against whom military campaigns were conducted and culminated later in the bombing of strategic cities in 1988.
The repressive policy of the Somali government resulted in the denial of northern Somalia inhabitants’ rights to internal self-determination, and therefore according to the Somaliland political representation, Somaliland has the remedial right to secession due to the violation of human rights within united Somalia.
In their legitimization strategies, the Somaliland government emphasizes success which has been achieved in the process of democratization and creation of institutions, and the fact that this process was initiated from the bottom, i.e. is supported by the inhabitants of Somaliland. In addition, the support for the independence of Somaliland was expressed in the referendum on the Constitution in 2001. After the attacks on the WTC in 2001, democratization is particularly considered as an important factor which should help convince the international community to grant international recognition moreover, Somaliland also joined the struggle against terrorism and piracy in the region in the effort of ensuring its own safety and obtaining support from foreign countries.
Despite this fact, the democratization process in Somaliland has encountered numerous problems, such as a partial lack of freedom of the media, a restriction on political party formation or disputes regarding the registration of voters during the preparation for the presidential election in 2008–2010.
As it follows from the analysis of Somaliland legitimization strategies, this de facto state tries to justify its claim for independence and international recognition by means of legal arguments about the existence of colonial frontiers, the remedial rights to secession, and the successful democratization process. The process of state recognition is not only influenced by their justification in international law but especially by the geopolitical interests of powers and international organizations.
To achieve international recognition, it will be very important for Somaliland to convince the international community that the project of a united Somalia is already dead and that the international recognition of Somaliland would not necessarily cause a domino effect in Africa and could help the stability in the region.
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A council house is a house that is owned by the local government. It is given to people who can’t afford to buy one. Council houses were built in the 20th century when there was an increase in the number of people moving from rural areas to cities and towns. The government wanted to provide these people with affordable housing.
The Council House is the most important building in the city. The council members meet here to discuss and vote on important matters that affect the entire city.
The council members are elected by the citizens of the city. Each citizen can only vote for one person, so they must choose wisely. The council members must be trustworthy and wise. They must be honest about their intentions and work hard to make sure that everything goes smoothly in the city.
The Council House will always be a place where people come together to help each other out, no matter what happens or who it affects.
Council houses are a great way to get the home you need without having to pay for it. They’re also an investment in your future, so you can look forward to the value of your property increases over time. But these houses aren’t free; they do have a price tag attached, and that price can vary depending on what kind of house you want and how much work needs to be done before it’s ready for inhabitation.
“Council” is a term used to describe local government, which is responsible for providing affordable housing.
In the UK, it’s estimated that around 1 in 6 households live in socially rented accommodation. This means that they have access to low rent and other benefits that can help improve their quality of life.
Council houses are usually owned by local authorities and rented out to people who need affordable housing. They can be accessed by those on low incomes or those with disabilities or families with young children.
To develop the site, groundworks need to be carried out and a contractor chosen to complete the necessary work.
The cost to develop the site is a significant one, with costs for this stage of development ranging between £100 and £300 per square meter.
The cost of choosing a contractor to complete the necessary work can be anywhere between £150 and £350 per hour, depending on how much you choose to pay.
The cost of getting your website live is another important factor to consider. For example, if you choose a web hosting plan that includes all the necessary features for your site, such as domain name registration and unlimited bandwidth, then this will be included in the price of your hosting package. However, if you want to change your existing web hosting company or move to another provider entirely, then there will be additional costs involved.
Architectural design is an important part of the overall cost. The design of your house determines what materials you will need to buy, and it can also be changed later on if necessary. However, these changes will cost more money. It’s best to have an architect involved in the process from the beginning as they can help you work out how much you need to spend on different elements such as foundations and drainage systems if there are any problems with accessing water or electricity supply lines close by. An architect will also be able to advise you on where best put windows so that they get maximum sunlight exposure during winter months while still protecting against excessive heat loss during summer months when temperatures rise above 20 degrees Celsius (68° Fahrenheit).
The collaborative process involves discussing ideas with builders before making decisions about specific plans such as room layouts; whether there should be separate bedrooms for children vs adults; what type of kitchen fittings would suit the best etcetera.”
Site preparation is the process of preparing the land for construction. This includes clearing all trees and other obstacles from the site, removing any previous house or other structure on the property, and laying foundations for your new house. In addition to getting rid of anything that might damage your new home or be unsafe for you and your family, site preparation also allows you to start building sooner.
The foundation is the most important part of your house. It will require a lot of work to be done correctly, which means it will cost more than you might expect.
The foundation will typically cost you around £1,000 per unit. This includes building the footings and putting foundations in place for your home’s structure.
The foundations will typically cost you around £1,000 per unit.
The foundations will typically cost you around £1,000 per unit. The first step in building a council house is the foundation, and it’s important to get this right. A solid foundation is crucial, if it isn’t strong and sturdy enough to support the weight of your house, you could end up with cracks or even complete structural failure later on.
To put this cost into perspective: if you were going to buy an average home in 2019 (which is 3 bedrooms), then the price tag would be around £270,000 without any land costs involved. But let’s say that instead of paying for everything yourself upfront as a private individual would do, you decide instead that working through traditional channels (i.e., through local government supply chains) will save money by reducing labor costs because labor unions won’t be involved during construction.
Well…it sounds like an easy win doesn’t it?
The structure of the house is usually built with timber and steel, but will also require bricks and blocks as well as insulation.
The structure of the house is usually built with timber and steel, but will also require bricks and blocks as well as insulation. Wooden frames are far cheaper than metal ones, so this is what you’ll see in most council houses.
While bricks are fairly cheap at around £20 per square meter (or $30), blocks can be much more expensive: around £60 per square meter (or $90). This may not seem like much when you consider how many rooms you get for your money, but it adds up.
Insulation is necessary to keep the house warm in winter and cool in summer. There are two main types of insulation used: rigid foam board or polystyrene panels typically costing around £10 per square meter (or $15) depending on thickness; while mineral wool batts are a cheaper option at only £5 per square meter (or $7).
A typical semi-detached property may cost £10,000 to build, while a standard detached property may cost £14,000 to build.
The cost to build a council house depends on the size of the property, location, and materials used. A typical semi-detached property may cost £10,000 to build, while a standard detached property may cost £14,000 to build.
The first-floor costs can vary depending on the type of room you choose to install.
The first-floor costs can vary depending on the type of room you choose to install. The most expensive rooms include en-suite and cloakroom suites, which each cost about £12,000 for a standard-size home. A standard bathroom costs around £7,500 and a wet room is around £10,000. For example:
If you decide not to install an en-suite or cloakroom suite in your first-floor conversion then the total cost will be less than if you did but may still vary depending on whether it’s built as part of a finished house or as part of an extension.
Rooms with en-suites or cloakrooms will cost more than those without.
A room with an en-suite will cost more than a regular room. The popularity of en-suites has increased in recent years and they’re now found in nearly a quarter of new builds. This is because most homeowners choose to have their bathrooms separated from the rest of their homes for privacy, or to save space on cleaning time. If you’re building your own house, it may be worth considering whether you want an en-suite or not.
If you live in southern England, there’s a chance that planners will insist on including an en-suite as part of your council house build – this can add £20,000 onto the price tag. In some cases, this might be worth it if you want to move into something spacious and modern, but if money is tight then consider using any extra funds toward other parts of your home instead such as insulation or double glazing.
The roofing for the council house needs to be strong enough to withstand the weather conditions in your area.
The roofing of the council house needs to be strong enough to withstand the weather conditions in your area. The type of material used will vary depending on what is available in your area and how you want your house to look. You can use wood, metal, or stone for your council house roofing.
The type of material used on a council house would depend on the climate where it is built. For example, if you live in an area with high winds or frequent floods then it would be best not to use lightweight materials like wood because these could easily be blown away during strong winds or destroyed by flooding after heavy rainfall.
Your roof will also require an additional layer of insulation which can add around £2,000 to your overall costs.
Your roof will also require an additional layer of insulation which can add around £2,000 to your overall costs. Roofing is one of the most expensive parts of a house and it’s important that you get it right as this will affect how much warmth you feel from your house.
We recommend using traditional slate tiles or clay tiles at a minimum, as they are more durable than other materials and are easy to maintain.
You may also have to pay for additional roof maintenance in high winds or if there are problems with water penetration through your roof due to poor drainage or blocked gutters. For example, if you live in an area where there is heavy snowfall each year then it’s worth checking whether your local authority has any specific requirements before choosing what type of material to use on top of these roofs
Plumbing costs can vary drastically depending on the size of your house and what kind of plumbing you want. The planning process is one that should be taken very seriously, as it will save you money in the long run. If you have an experienced plumber on hand, have them help with the design so that he or she can estimate how much piping will be needed for each area. This way, when it comes time to purchase materials, they’ll be able to put together a quote based on their first-hand knowledge of what needs to go where.
Plumbing supplies tend not to vary much from supplier to supplier—you’re probably not going to find a great deal by shopping around—but there are some things worth considering when buying them:
- Copper pipes are more expensive than PVC (polyvinyl chloride) but last longer in outdoor applications like garden hoses and outdoor faucets.
- Use brass fittings instead of plastic ones whenever possible; they’ll last longer and look better over time.
It is also important to factor in any plumbing requirements such as heating systems into your budget when working out how much it costs to build a council house.
It is also important to factor in any plumbing requirements such as heating systems into your budget when working out how much it costs to build a council house. You will need to consider whether you will need to install a new system, or if your current one can be maintained for less than the cost of replacing it.
You may decide that there is no point in installing a new system if you already have one in place.
If you have an old system in place, the cost of installing a new one may be more than the cost of repairing it. You may decide that there is no point in installing a new system if you already have one in place.
If you are still thinking about whether or not to install your own solar energy system, then consider these factors:
- The cost of installation – include this into your budget from the start
- The amount of power used by appliances and devices, will help determine how many panels are needed for the installation
Materials and tools
Materials and tools are needed to build a council house. Depending on the size and type of home, these materials can be expensive. Materials can also be bought at a hardware store or DIY store, which may have better prices than online sources.
Labor costs will be determined by the size of your house and the type of materials used. Labor costs can also vary depending on location, as well as the type of construction (for example, if you want a brick or wood-framed house).
Council houses are an affordable housing option for many people and can be cheaper than renting or buying a home outright
Council houses are an affordable housing option for many people and can be cheaper than renting or buying a home outright.
To build a council house, the government pays contractors to construct the building using materials they have purchased. The contractor is paid either by the hour or by a lump sum payment that is dependent upon how long it takes them to complete the job. The average cost of building a council house in Britain is approximately £20k ($28k USD).
How long does it take to Build A Council House?
While it’s hard to pinpoint how long it will take to build a council house, the process typically takes between 6 and 12 months. You can expect your new home to be built during this time, regardless of what materials you choose. However, if you have any plumbing needs or other special requirements for your property (such as an addition), this may add an extra few days to the project.
Cost to Build A Council House
To build a council house, you need to know how long it will take and how much it will cost. The average time for a council house to be built is about 10 years, with some houses being built in less than 5 years and others taking as long as 15 years.
The cost of building a council house is quite variable depending on where you live because different councils have different ways of estimating costs, but it’s typically between £150k-£200k per unit (or around $180-$250 thousand USD).
Council houses are usually worth between £200k-£400k ($260-$480 thousand USD), but this depends on the location and size of your particular property. The value may also increase over time depending on factors such as inflation or economic growth in your area. |
Len Tantillo's painting of the de Forest / Montagne bouwrie based on documents describing the structure in detail.
Arrived in New Amsterdam 1636
Jean Mousnier de la Montagne (Johannes La Montagne) was born in France in 1596 and died in New Netherland in 1672. His family, being of the Protestant faith, moved to Holland to avoid persecution, where in 1619 La Montagne enrolled as a medical student at the University of Leiden.
On 25 September 1636, now a physician, Dr. Johannes de la Montagne sailed for New Netherland with his wife and three children on the ship the Rensselaerswyck, owned jointly by the patroon Kiliaen Van Rensselaer and by Gerard DeForest, a relative of his wife. La Montagne's medical education, ability to speak French, Dutch, and English, and family connections made him a leader in New Amsterdam, where he served as First Councilor to both Director Kieft and Director-General Stuyvesant. He was Commander of the troops on Manhattan Island (1640-1656), a member of the 1653 popular convention to demand governmental reform in New Amsterdam, and a commissioner of fortifications of the city in 1654. He played an important role in several commissions to negotiate peace with the Indians.
“The First Family of Central Park,” by Sara Cedar Miller from her forthcoming book (May, 2022) Before Central Park
In 1637, Walloon brothers Hendrick and Isaac de Forest, got permission from the Dutch West India Company to move far from the tiny downtown settlement of New Amsterdam to what would become a 200-acre (100 morgen) tobacco bouwerie, today located in the northern end of Central Park and central Harlem. Before Central Park explains why the de Forests chose to farm the unique this area and how the topography in Central Park still retains much of the family’s original site.
Soon after the de Forests begin planting, Dr. Johannes de la Montagne, a Leiden-trained medical doctor, arrived in New Amsterdam with his wife Rachel de Forest and their five children. When Hendrick dies, brother-in-law Montagne took over the farm and the homestead. For centuries many of the Harlem landscapes were named for him: Montagne’s Flats (today central Harlem), Montagne’s Point (today East Harlem) and Montagne’s Rivulet, a stream running through the northern end of Central Park.
Before Central Park tells the fascinating story of this important family and the fledgling settlement of Harlem. Montagne was appointed councilor to the powerful Willem Kieft and Peter Stuyvesant, and became embroiled in what became known as “Kieft’s War,” leading to the massacre of thousands of native Lenape and Dutch men, women and children in the 1640s.
Artist Len Tantillo has generously created a painting of the de Forest/Montagne bouwerie based on documents that describe the structure in detail. See above.
Sara Cedar Miller is the historian emerita of the Central Park Conservancy and has been a staff member since 1984. She holds an M.A. in art history and an M.F.A. in photography. She lives in New York.
See Emily J. de Forest, a "Walloon Family in America, Vol. 1 ", p. 80
Below is also a link for Volume II:
and Van Rensselaer Bowier MSS, pp. 323, 328, 360 |
Obtaining data is one thing, but ensuring that data is clean is another challenge altogether.
Dirty data can derail data science projects and affect many data-driven systems and technologies. Bad data skews analytics, leading to wrong decisions and poor insight. If bad data is used to build technologies and applications, those technologies might fail to reach their potential.
For machine learning and AI, dirty data can influence the performance and outcomes of models. Dirty data can even lead to non-compliance or legal and regulatory issues in some situations.
Collecting clean data at the outset of a data science project should always be a maximum priority. But, this isn’t always possible and dirty data is often uncovered sometime after data has already been collected.
As we can see below, data should be clean and ready to go at the very start of the data value chain.
Pretty much every aspect of the data value chain relies on clean, quality data – it’s absolutely fundamental.
As such, it’s essential to know how to clean data. This is a guide to cleaning data.
Table of Contents
Part 1: Four Characteristics of Quality Data
First and foremost, what does good quality data actually look like? Quality data should adhere to four main characteristics:
The accuracy of data is dependent on so many variables. For example, if data is collected from human inputs, accuracy relies on whether or not the individual has input the correct data. If data is collected from IoT sensors, accuracy relies on those sensors being calibrated properly.
Even then, data accuracy can be skewed by temporary or discrete changes that are hard to detect.
Where possible, it’s essential to cross-check data for feasibility and accuracy. For example, data ingested through IoT sensors should be checked against manual measurements taken on-site (aka. ground-truthing). Some readings will be so inaccurate that they’ll be unfeasible, e.g. when someone enters a distance of 150m rather than 150cm.
Data should be deemed ‘complete’ before using it in any serious way.
This is especially important in SEO or traffic in sales. When you’re first trying to rank a site or sell products and get traffic, you might only have a few bits and pieces of data to work with. So before investing heavily in marketing, tweaking customer personas, etc, it’s best to remain patient and wait until the data is ‘complete’.
Another example of when completeness is paramount is machine learning. When creating a training dataset, the dataset should be complete enough to cover the entire problem space. So, training an autonomous vehicle will require different datasets for driving on a clear day, a misty day, a rainy day, etc, as well as containing all the different features the vehicle will come across on the road.
Data should be recorded consistently. However, consistency is often an issue when there are many different ways to collect the same data. For example, if you’re recording the number of times a person passes a certain street advert, it’d be non-sensical to record passes per minute on one day and passes per hour another day.
Data should be checked for validity, ensuring the data being passed into a database or system complies with what that database or system expects.
There are many ways to ensure data validity at ingestion, such as setting field constraints (e.g. ensuring a date is written in a particular format), key constraints, where data is limited to pre-defined keys and data type constraints, where data is rejected if it doesn’t comply with a pre-determined datatype.
Part 2: What is Dirty or Bad Data?
There are many types or examples of dirty or bad data. Knowing how to spot dirty or bad data is a lifelong data science skill!
Here are the six most significant sources of dirty and bad data:
1: Duplicate Data
An extremely common form of dirty data. Duplicate data occurs from data exchanges, migrations, imports and data ingestion from 3rd party connectors.
If too many duplicates are ingested into, say, a CRM like Salesforce, this could skew analytics and metrics. If datasets with duplicates are used to train models or are used as a target for exploratory data analysis, the results will be false.
- Duplicate data pollutes datasets
- Marketing budget spent on duplicates is wasted
- Ruins the possibility of obtaining a single customer view
- Hinders personalisation and predictive analytics
2: Outdated Data
Outdated data is not always an issue unless its age negatively impacts its usefulness in the present day. However, it’s nonsensical to build data technologies that use data from the past for the present day.
Outdated data has resulted in biased outcomes for machine learning projects in some situations, as illustrated when Amazon decommissioned their recruitment AI for bias. In this example, Amazon’s training data was outdated and over-featured men in tech-based roles.
3: Non-Compliant Data
GDPR signified a paradigm shift in how businesses gain, use and maintain customer information. California’s Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and Maine’s Act to Protect the Privacy of Online Consumer Information are two other examples of privacy-affecting legislation.
Privacy law affects data integrity by regulating what data businesses can rightfully use with varying degrees of consent.
- Databases and data systems should be cleaned and consolidated for compliance
- Utilising non-compliant data could be a civil or even a criminal offence
4: Incomplete or Missing Data
It’s always the data you really need that turns out to be missing! Incomplete data is incredibly frustrating and ruins the integrity of other related data. For example, if a customer profile is missing contact details, what use is it for outbound marketing?
In machine learning, incomplete data makes it tricky to train an accurate model. For example, it’s nearly impossible to train an autonomous vehicle without training sets that cover everything the vehicle will encounter on the road – the dataset might feature many bicycles, but it is missing eScooters.
- Incomplete data renders related data useless
- Results in biased models
- Ruins the accuracy of analytics
Want to improve your data skills?
See the best data engineering & data science books
5: Inaccurate Data
Inaccurate data often results from poor manual entry and other human errors. For example, filling out the wrong field, or entering wrongly formatted data results in inaccuracies. The date is a prime example, as it can be written in multiple forms, e.g. MM/DD/YY or DD/MM/YY, etc.
Inaccurate data greatly impacts the success and quality of data science projects, and it’s often tricky to remedy. Data validation is important for reducing data inaccuracy, as are building robust data protocols and systems which reduce human error rates.
- Inaccurate data often results from human error and poor data validation
- Can be hard to nail down what data is right and wrong
- Crucial to build consistency and standardisation at ingestion to avoid fixing inaccurate data later on
6: Excessive Data
Despite Big Data being the norm, even amongst SMBs and smaller businesses, it’s still possible to collect too much data. Excessive data creates storage issues and makes it more arduous to generate quality insights.
In machine learning projects, it’s generally true that too much data is better than too little, but slimming down datasets and databases can be a shrewd economic choice.
- Excessive data makes multiple tasks tougher and more arduous
- There’s usually a cost:benefit trade-off when it comes to data quality
- For machine learning, data quality issues can’t be ironed out by simply adding more poor data to a bloated dataset
Part 3: Basic Data Cleaning Techniques
To handle dirty data, you’ll need to clean it. Here are seven basic data cleaning techniques for improving messy or dirty data. These techniques are by no means exhaustive – there are probably thousands of ways to go about cleaning data!
1: Remove Duplicates
Deduplication is the first port of call for handling dirty data. If you know you’re working with a database full of duplicates, this should be the first thing you do. There are various ways to check for duplicates, including sorting and filtering data by date, letter, etc, to see if the same data has been repeated (which is straightforward for customer data).
There are many ways to discover duplicates using SQL and many data products ranging from CRMs to CDPs have deduplication built-in.
Panda, a Python library for data manipulation, can also highlight and remove duplicates in practically any dataset.
To learn how to deduplicate keywords in Panda, check out this guide.
2: Remove Spaces and Syntax Errors
Removing spaces and syntax is another relatively simple data cleansing task required for strings.
In Excel, it’s as simple as using the trim function Syntax: =TRIM(Text). This is useful when preparing text for NLP. Removing spaces from a string using Python is also straightforward.
- Lower casing
- Removing punctuation
- Removing stop words
- Removing URLs
3: Remove Irrelevant Data
Not all data you have will be relevant to a specific project. For example, scraping data can return all sorts of useless HTML, which should be removed before further processing. BeautifulSoup is excellent for removing HTML.
In addition, it may be necessary to remove URLs, boilerplate text, tracking codes and personally identifiable information (PII) to make data compliant and usable.
4: Converting and Reformatting Invalid Data
Invalid data should be ideally rejected or during data validation. Invalid data which percolates into a database can be converted and reformatted into valid data.
A key example of potentially invalid data is dates, which can be written using both words and numbers (e.g. June 6th). This format isn’t easily readable by computers, and should be converted into a date (e.g. 06/06). Pandas contains the function to_datetime() for this purpose.
Another example is converting Boolean values. For example, it might be necessary to convert Yes to TRUE and No to FALSE.
Numerical data and strings should be standardised concerning format and case.
Strings rarely require capitalisation unless they’re being used to train NLP algorithms for named entity recognition or similar. Most of the time, strings should be in lower case only.
It’s also essential to standardise measurements, e.g. if a dataset contains durations written in both minutes and seconds (1m50s) or seconds (110s), different measurements (cm vs mm), etc.
Sometimes, scales should be converted into percentages (0 to 100). For example, if there are five evenly distributed grade boundaries for a class test, listed as A, B, C, D and E, these would be better expressed as percentages.
Part 4: Handling Missing Values
Handling missing data is somewhat of a different beast compared to cleaning data. While cleaning a significant dataset that can be trimmed liberally is fairly straightforward (albeit laborious), creating missing values to overcome sparse or incomplete data is more complex.
It’s worth taking every opportunity to avoid handling missing values, as most methods for creating new data are limited in some way. However, imputing values is often better than dropping data because it’s incomplete.
Missing values (as well as anomalies, errors and outliers) can be identified and explored using unsupervised learning, particularly clustering. One of the easiest ways to handle missing values is simply drop (delete) rows and columns.
Before making any changes to your dataset, make sure you analyse your data with attention to the following three types of missing data:
Three Types of Missing Data
Missing data is not all the same and assuming so could be a fatal error!
There are three types of missing data:
Missing completely at random (MCAR)
If missing data follows no discernible pattern within the missingness itself, it’s said to be MCAR. In this case, there’s nothing systematic about why that data is missing.
For example, if a weather dataset contains columns for rainfall, wind speed, etc, and a subset of values is missing completely randomly across all variables with absolutely no hint of a link between each missing value, they’re probably MCAR.
Missing at random (MAR)
Missing at random means the missing values are related to observed data, but not the missing data. So, there may be a hint of why the data is missing.
For example, if a person doesn’t attend an assessment because the person is ill, the attendance data may be predictable using other data about the person’s health.
Similarly, men may be less likely to respond to questions about their mental health than women due to being men. Therefore, maleness is a predictor of data that is MAR.
Missing not at random (MNAR)
Also called nonignorable data. This means the value of the missing variable is directly related to the reason why it’s missing. This differs from the above example in that, MNAR data would occur when the men who aren’t completing mental health surveys are doing so because of their mental health.
Another example would be when someone fails to disclose whether or not they took an illegal drug as they’re worried about legality. The ensuing missing value is not random.
Why Does This Matter?
Understanding why there is missing data in a dataset is implicit in exploring the relationships of data and any potential bias. Identifying why data is missing also enhances one’s own understanding of the data, and provides further avenues for data exploration, optimisation and research design.
Moreover, within reason, MCAR and MAR data can be interpolated and imputed from other values in the dataset. However, sometimes, determining the difference between MCAR and MAR is often only possible using substantive reasoning and not statistics. Therefore, caution must be exercised when identifying the cause of missing data where MAR and MNAR are possible explanations.
In some situations, imputing missing data is not suitable for the project/analysis. For example, when handling missing data in medical records, imputing data without analysing whether or not data is MCAR, MAR or MNAR can result in serious bias.
For example, imputing predicted male depression survey results because that data is deemed MCAR will neglect the fact this data is missing due to the individual’s mental health or related to some other observed data within the dataset.
To handle missing values, it might be best to impute new values. Imputation shouldn’t be done at random, but the time and precision you apply will obviously depend on the project.
Hot Decking and Cold Decking
Hot decking and cold decking involve replacing missing values with records retrieved from inside or outside of the dataset. Hotdecking involves selecting and replacing the value from a record which is maximally similar to the missing record from within the same set. Cold decking replaces records with data taken from a similar dataset, such as replacing missing survey results from that of a previous survey.
These imputation techniques are popular for datasets that contain a lot of easily comparable data. For example, if the temperature is missing from a sensor’s data, but there’s a record for a sensor placed just metres away from it where the temperature is included, temperature data can be sensibly donated from one sensor to the other to form a complete dataset. This is an example of hotdecking.
If, however, the only comparable record is from last year’s readings, this would be cold decking, which is certainly not as robust/inferior to several other imputation techniques.
Median, Mean or Mode
Missing data in a set of continuous variables is relatively easy to impute via calculating the median or mean of the other variables in the set. Median is more robust when calculating missing values from a likely skewed dataset.
Median, mean or mode imputations are pretty reliable when dealing with MCAR data in simple datasets. This is because they take into account some of the range of the dataset, as well as the average values, to produce a ‘safe bet’ without being maximally accurate.
Forward Filling/Back Filling
Two common methods; forward filling means filling missing values with previous data, and backward filling means filling missing values with the next data point. Forward Filling should only be used when a target has been achieved. So, if an individual is recording their weight each week until they reach a target weight, at which point they stop, their weight can be carried forward for the remainder of the column.
Backfilling is used when missing data is uncovered in the past. So, if you knew an employer didn’t give a raise to their employees as they weren’t at work (e.g. they were off work due to the COVID19 pandemic), then the previous year’s salary can be filled in with this year’s salary.
Use an Algorithm or Model: Expectation-Maximization and Regression or Classification Models
A classic algorithm for processing data, expectation-maximization does what it says on the tin. The algorithm uses variables to impute a value (Expectation), then checks whether that value is the value most likely (Maximization). This is repeated iteratively.
It’s also possible to use a regression or classification model to predict the missing value(s). This may be advantageous for complex high-dimensional, high-variance datasets where missing values are critical to the project’s overall success.
It’s worth bearing in mind that some algorithms function with a limited quantity of missing values if you’re trying to add missing values for machine learning. For example, k-NN algorithms can ignore a column when a value is missing, and Naive Bayes can miss values when making predictions.
Handling Missing Unstructured Data
While handling missing structured data is often possible at least, handling unstructured data can pose a different challenge.
For example, suppose you’re training an autonomous vehicle, but if you realise you don’t have enough footage of driving in the snow. Or, perhaps more realistically, suppose you’re training an object classification model but don’t have enough image data across certain classes.
In these situations, you’re better off enlarging your dataset using data augmentation. You can also simply collect more data manually, or could even generate data using a synthetic data generator like Nvidia’s Omniverse Replicator.
Data augmentation for images and video involves flipping, cropping, mirroring and otherwise manipulating data to multiply your data, as we can see from the cat example below. This gives computer vision (CV) models more data to learn from, thus improving their accuracy. Tensorflow is one of the go-to tools for data augmentation.
Summary: How To Clean And Process Data
Learning how to clean data is vital for all manner of data-centric and data-related fields and disciplines. Data quality should never be taken for granted – assuming that your data is ready to use without checking it is extremely risky!
Data cleaning and processing can be straightforward in the case of small, continuous value datasets or very complex in the case of high-dimension, high-variance datasets. Python libraries like Panda are excellent for structured data manipulation.
A step further than data cleaning is handling missing values. Missing values should be treated with caution if you don’t know exactly why they’re occurring – get the bottom of that first.
While quick and dirty techniques for imputing missing data like averaging, forward filling, backfilling, hot decking and cold decking are safe enough for many projects, these techniques should be exercised with care when dealing with sensitive or project-critical data. |
Are you ready to embark on a musical journey like no other? Prepare to be swept away by the enchanting realm of instrumental music, where melodies speak louder than words and emotions are conveyed through the power of sound. In this captivating article, we will delve into the mesmerizing world of instrumental tunes and explore the wonders of melodic abandon. But before we dive in, let’s unravel the intriguing question that often lingers: What is instrumental music called? Join me as we unravel the secrets behind this extraordinary genre, drawing upon my years of experience as a music journalist and my passion for all things musical.
What Is Instrumental Music Called
Instrumental music, often referred to as orchestral music, is a captivating genre that enchants listeners with its melodic abandon. It is a recording or composition that does not include vocals, allowing listeners to focus purely on the melodies, harmonies, and technical aspects of the music. So, what is instrumental music called? Synonyms for instrumental music include melody, opera, piece, rap, rock, and singing. However, it is important to note that instrumental music should not be confused with a cappella music, which involves vocals but lacks instruments.
Instrumental music can be found in various genres ranging from classical to jazz, hip hop, rock, and even marching band. In the world of classical music, instrumental music takes center stage. This formal genre places a strong emphasis on instrumental compositions and showcases the beauty and complexity of various musical instruments. Jazz, on the other hand, is known for its instrumental improvisation and reliance on the unique sounds produced by instruments.
Genres like instrumental rock and instrumental metal highlight the use of musical instruments and usually have little to no vocals. These genres allow the instruments to shine and take the lead in creating powerful and impactful music.
Marching band represents another form of instrumental music that brings together a group of instrumentalists to perform outdoors. This vibrant and energetic genre combines music and movement, creating a captivating experience for both performers and audiences alike.
Instrumental music offers a unique and diverse range of subgenres and styles. It can be performed live by a single instrumentalist or a musical ensemble. It can also be recorded using different musical instruments and may include inarticulate vocals or backup vocals. Whether it exists in music notation or in the mind of the composer, instrumental music holds its own significance within the music industry.
One of the remarkable aspects of instrumental music is its ability to evoke different emotions and moods without the use of lyrics. It allows listeners to connect with the melodies and harmonies on a deeper level, relying solely on the power of the music itself. As Jimi Hendrix once said, “Music doesn’t lie. If there is something to be changed in this world, then it can only happen through music.”
Instrumental music also finds its place in various settings as background music. It sets the tone, enhances the atmosphere, and adds a touch of artistry to a wide range of experiences, whether it’s in a café, a movie soundtrack, or a corporate event.
In conclusion, instrumental music, also known as orchestral music, melody, opera, piece, rap, rock, or singing, is a genre that delights listeners by exploring the wonders of melodic abandon. It allows us to appreciate the intricate melodies, harmonies, and technical aspects of music, without the distraction of lyrics. With a rich history, instrumental music has evolved and diversified, finding its place in genres like classical, jazz, hip hop, rock, and marching band. So, let us dive into this enchanting realm and allow ourselves to be captivated by the power of instrumental music. As Victor Hugo once said, “Music expresses that which cannot be put into words and that which cannot remain silent.”
What would music be without the ethereal touch of lyrics? We often think of songs as the perfect union of melodic tunes and heartfelt words. However, there is a certain magic in instrumental music – a beauty that transcends the barriers of language. Have you ever wondered: What is music without lyrics called? To have a glimpse into this fascinating world, click here and prepare to be swept away by the enchanting melodies that can truly speak to the depths of your soul.
Worship Guitar – Top 50 Hymns of All Time – Instrumental Gospel Music – 4k
Instrumental music has a rich history and holds its own significance within the music industry. It is a genre that focuses on the beauty and complexity of instruments, without vocals. Instrumental music can be found in various genres such as classical, jazz, hip hop, rock, and marching band.
Classical music is known for its strong emphasis on instrumental compositions. It showcases the skill and talent of instrumentalists and highlights the beauty of instruments. Jazz, on the other hand, is characterized by its instrumental improvisation and unique sounds produced by instruments.
Instrumental rock and metal genres are famous for their use of instruments and often have little to no vocals. This allows the instruments to take the spotlight and create a powerful and captivating musical experience. Marching band combines music and movement, creating a vibrant and energetic performance that showcases the instrumental prowess of the musicians.
Instrumental music can be performed live by a single instrumentalist or a musical ensemble. It can also be recorded using various instruments and may include inarticulate or backup vocals. Instrumental music has the ability to evoke different emotions and moods without the need for lyrics, making it a versatile form of expression.
In different settings, instrumental music is often used as background music to set the tone and enhance the atmosphere. Its ability to create a specific mood without the use of lyrics makes it suitable for various occasions and environments.
Overall, instrumental music is a genre that focuses on the power and beauty of instruments. It has the ability to evoke emotions, create a unique musical experience, and enhance the atmosphere in different settings.
“Instrumental music showcases the skill and talent of instrumentalists, creating a powerful and captivating musical experience.”
What are some synonyms for instrumental music?
Synonyms for instrumental music include orchestral music, melody, opera, piece, rap, rock, and singing.
How is instrumental music defined?
Instrumental music refers to a recording or composition that does not include vocals.
What types of music can be considered instrumental?
Instrumental music can be found in various genres, including classical, jazz, hip hop, rock, and marching band.
What is the opposite of instrumental music?
The opposite of instrumental music is a cappella music, which involves vocals but lacks instruments.
What makes instrumental music unique and significant?
Instrumental music allows listeners to focus on the melodies, harmonies, and technical aspects of the music. It can evoke different emotions and moods without the use of lyrics, and it has its own set of listeners and enthusiasts who appreciate its artistic and expressive qualities. |
We have all heard “the more the better” regarding eating “healthy food” - in this case, fruits and veggies. But just how much are we really supposed to eat? Let’s see!
According to a study done in 2017, 3 to 4 servings a day of vegetables and fruits reduce the risk of cancer, heart attack, stroke and early death. It is important to understand what “servings” mean. It used to be measured in grams, so, it was about 375 – 400 grams per day (of combined fruits and vegatables). Now, U.S. dietary guidelines use cups as a measure, because it is easier for everyone to follow. According to an article in Time magazine, they recommend between 1-1/2 to 2 cups of fruit, and between 2 to 2-1/2 cups of vegetables a day, depending on age and gender. Of course, the “how” we consume them is also important. The study also highlighted that the consumption of raw vegetables had greater benefits than cooked vegetables.
Overall, the study measured the reduction of death risk but, registered dietitian Cynthia Sass who is the author of the book Slim down now, also added an interesting take on the findings. While 4 servings is what is recommended, if you have the opportunity to add more, this will also translate in more benefits in terms of quality of life. As we have discussed in previous blog entries, every food group provide different health benefits, such as: more energy, positive mood, better sleep, etc.
I would also like to share the 1-2-3 approach from the Mayo Clinic:
1 serving with breakfast
2 with lunch
3 with dinner and snacks
They also recommend different ways to incorporate vegetables and fruits to each meal of the day. For example, for breakfast you can drink a smoothie with fruit and kale or spinach, or for lunch you could add more vegetables to your sandwich maybe also incorporating fruit as dessert. I mean, who can resist a good cup of strawberries or mango after lunch? And again, try to eat as many of this servings raw because that’s how you get most of the nutrients like fiber, vitamins and minerals. Although, some vegetables can increase some of their benefits when properly cooked according to this study.
Have you ever noticed how many fruits and vegetables you eat on a daily basis? Let me know in the comments! |
Dr Aloysius Ho, Medical Director of Singapore Cord Blood Bank (SCBB) and a Senior Consultant from the Department of Haematology at Singapore General Hospital (SGH), shares five key facts about cord blood.
Why is cord blood precious? What are the options for storing?
Clinical Associate Professor Aloysius Ho, Medical Director of the
Singapore Cord Blood Bank (SCBB) and Senior Consultant from the
Department of Haematology at Singapore General Hospital (SGH), a member of the
SingHealth group, explains.
1. What is cord blood?
Cord blood or umbilical cord blood is the blood that circulates through the umbilical cord between a baby and the placenta during pregnancy. It is rich in blood stem cells and can be used to treat certain blood cancers and disorders. Cord blood left in the umbilical cord and placenta can be collected and stored after the baby is born and the cord is cut.
2. Why is cord blood precious?
Cord blood is rich in haematopoietic (blood-forming) stem cells (HSCs), which have the ability to differentiate into different types of blood cells in the human body. HSCs may be used to treat certain blood cancers (e.g. leukaemia and lymphoma), immune deficiencies and even some genetic disorders. These HSCs can be obtained from three different sources: bone marrow, peripheral blood, or cord blood. A unique feature of cord blood is that it is a “naïve” cell, which can adapt to alternative environments more easily than adult stem cells.
3. What illnesses can be treated with cord blood?
The first cord blood transplant took place in 1988. Since then, cord blood has become a trusted alternative source of stem cells for various treatments:
Blood cancers and disorders (e.g. Leukaemia,
Immune deficiencies (e.g. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID), aka “Bubble Boy Disease”)
Genetic disorders (e.g. Hunter Syndrome, Osteopetrosis)
In recent years, there have been a number of trials conducted in the field of regenerative medicine¹. Clinical trials have been conducted regarding the use of one’s own cord blood for treatment of cerebral palsy, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, autism, etc². Although there have been some encouraging results in early stage clinical trials, the efficacy of these experimental treatments remains unproven³ ⁴.
4. Can any patient who needs a stem cell transplant find a match?
The probability of being able to use one’s own cord blood for treatment of blood cancers and diseases is extremely low. Reason being that genetic defects that caused the illness are often already present in the patient’s own cord blood. Within a family, a healthy baby’s cord blood has a 25% chance of being a match for a sibling in need of treatment.
Stem-cell matches are most likely to be found in donors of the same ethnicity. Finding a suitable stem cell match can be challenging for Singaporeans and Asians as most global registries are predominantly Caucasian. SCBB’s public inventory of cord blood units mirrors our multi-ethnic population, providing a unique resource for Singaporeans in need of a stem cell match. Data has shown a higher incidence of blood cancer among Malay and Indian communities in Singapore⁵. Public donation of cord blood is important to ensure that the needs of these communities can be met.
5. What are the options to conserve cord blood?
Cord blood can be donated to a public cord blood bank or stored at a private cord blood bank.
(a) Donate it
Donating cord blood to a public cord blood bank such as the SCBB increases the number of cord blood units available to all potential stem cell transplant patients. This therefore increases the chances of finding a suitable match for the patient.
To register for cord blood donation, call SCBB’s hotline at 6394-5011 (between 8.30am to 5.30pm, Mon to Fri) or email them at
(b) Store it for your family
With SCBB’s family cord blood banking offering, there is an option of initially storing cord blood units for the family, and later donating to the public inventory if it meets public donation criteria.
¹O’Connor MAC, Samuel G, Jordens CFC and Kerridge IH. Umbilical cord blood banking: Beyond the public-private divide. (2012) 19 Journal of Law and Medicine 512
²Roura S, Pujal JM, Galvez-Monton C and Bayes-Genis A (2015) The role and potential of umbilical cord blood in an era of new therapies: a review. Stem Cell Research & Therapy 2015, 6:123
³Sun J, Allison J, McLaughlin C et al. Differences in quality between privately and publicly banked umbilical cord blood units: A pilot study of autologous cord blood infusion in children with acquired neurologic disorders. Transfusion 2010;50:1980-1987.
⁴Ballen K. Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation: Challenges and Future Directions. Stem Cell Translational Medicine 2017;6:1312-1315
⁵National Registry of Diseases Office (NRDO), Singapore Cancer Registry Annual Registry Report 2015, released 19 June 2017
Check out other articles on cord blood:
Cord Blood Donation Myths Busted!
Every Drop Counts
Doing Good From Birth
Counting on Babies Cord Blood to Save Lives
Save Lives with a Cord Blood donation |
Brufau, G., J. Boatella, M. Rafecas, 2006. Nuts: source of energy and macronutrients. British Journal of Nutrition. 96, Suppl. 2, S24-S28.
On the basis of the high fat content of nuts, they are traditionally considered as foods that provide a high amount of energy. However, epidemiologic and clinical observations do not indicate an association between nut intake and increased BMI. There is a notorious variability in macronutrient composition among nuts, although they have some consistent patterns. Nuts contain all major macronutrients: protein, carbohydrate, and fat. The total protein content is relatively high, which makes them a good source of plant protein (especially for vegetarians). Although nuts contain low amounts of some essential amino acids, this is not a nutritional concern due to the complement of protein. In addition, nuts have a low lysine:arginine ratio, which is inversely associated with the risk of developing hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Carbohydrates are the second highest macronutrient in nuts in terms of total calories provided. The fat fraction is characterized by a high amount of unsaturated fatty acids and a low content of saturated fatty acids. In conclusion, the high content in unsaturated fatty acids, the low lysine:arginine ratio, and the presence of other bioactive molecules (such as fiber, phytosterols, vitamin and other antioxidants, and minerals) make the addition of nuts to healthy diets a useful tool for the prevention of cardiovascular heart diseases.
previous abstractAntioxidant polyphenols in almond and its coproducts |
Vegetable cultivation in the Antarctic for the Moon and Mars
by Staff Writers
Bremerhaven, Germany (SPX) Aug 27, 2019
Future food production in deserts and cold regions, as well as under the inhospitable conditions of future space missions to the Moon and Mars, is providing the stimulus for research in the Antarctic greenhouse project EDEN ISS, which is led by the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR). DLR researcher Paul Zabel spent one year on the perpetual ice cultivating vegetables under artificial light and without soil. He was there as a member of the overwintering crew at the Alfred Wegener Institute's Neumayer III Antarctic research station, in order to test cultivation processes under conditions that are hostile for plants and humans.
On 23 August 2019, the EDEN ISS team presented the results of the project. The researchers were surprised that they managed with much less energy than expected and yielded such a large harvest, which clearly strengthened the well-being and mood of the overwintering team. But the workload required to maintain and support the system must be reduced significantly in order to save valuable time for astronauts in the future.
The operation of the Antarctic greenhouse is currently ongoing and is open to research groups across the globe. From the results and experiences of the EDEN ISS project, a new greenhouse concept for the Moon and Mars has emerged - deployable, compact and suitable for launch using a Falcon 9 rocket.
"Future, long-term crewed space missions will require locally grown food. EDEN ISS has proven the feasibility of a space greenhouse in the Antarctic and thus demonstrated that this technology could also be used to produce food on the Moon and Mars," says Hansjorg Dittus, DLR Executive Board Member for Space Research and Technology. "The space greenhouse concept now being presented is a valuable foundation on which we wish to develop further research work."
Enough food for a crew of six
This is a sensible supplement to the staple foods that the spacecraft will have brought with it from Earth. "Overall, we have produced 268 kilograms of food in an area of only 12.5 square metres over 9.5 months, including 67 kilograms of cucumbers, 117 kilograms of lettuce and 50 kilograms of tomatoes," says Zabel.
"The taste and smell of fresh vegetables have left a lasting impression on the overwintering crew, and have clearly had a positive effect on the team's mood over the long period of isolation." This correlation is also being researched from a psychological perspective.
The frozen Antarctic continent is one of the world's most exciting regions for researchers. "The data we acquire there is primarily about global climate changes as well as the biodiversity of the Antarctic region. The greenhouse is an outstanding example of how we can also conduct research into other important forward-looking issues at the Neumayer III station. After all, the ability to explore regions that are hostile to human life brings us closer to human spaceflight. At the same time, the steady supply of fresh fruit and vegetables has once again had a very positive secondary effect on our overwintering crew," says Antje Boetius, Director of the Alfred Wegener Institute, who was able to enjoy a large, juicy radish grown in the greenhouse during her own stay at the station.
"The cultivation of vegetables is also of great interest for future missions of the 'Polarstern' research icebreaker," she adds.
The power consumption of the greenhouse during the Antarctic analogue mission averaged 0.8 kilowatts per square metre of cultivation area and was therefore less than half the previously assumed amount for space greenhouses - 2.1 kilowatts per square metre. "This is an important aspect for space operations and makes us confident about the future of this idea," Schubert says.
Zabel needed an average of three to four hours per day to grow the plants. "The operation and maintenance of the greenhouse technology occupied about two-thirds of the time. The remaining third was needed for sowing, harvesting and plant care. For a future space greenhouse, the workload must be significantly reduced to save the valuable time of the astronauts." In addition, about four to five hours per day were needed for experiments.
The aeroponic cultivation system - using artificial light, effective nutrient solutions and completely without soil - allowed the plants to thrive. Some pumps caused trouble intermittently and the biofilms in the nutrient tanks were unexpectedly strong, but this was corrected.
New greenhouse concept for the Moon and Mars
The concept can also be combined with a biofilter system (C.R.O.P.), whose purpose is to treat biodegradable waste and urine in order to produce a ready-to-use fertiliser solution for plant cultivation. This would make the greenhouse concept an almost completely bioregenerative life-support system for future habitats on the Moon. This concept is the basis for further research.
Awakened by remote control
"This step was used to test another spaceflight scenario in which a potential greenhouse arrives before the astronauts and operations are initiated by remote control," Schubert says.
"The test run was a complete success. Now, the current AWI overwintering crew is continuing the operation of the greenhouse, with strong support from the control centre in Bremen, where we monitor as much as possible from a distance. The procedures developed last year are currently proving their worth in minimising the crew's workload and keeping the processes as simple as possible."
NASA sends lettuce seeds
EDEN ISS - food supply of the future
For deserts and areas with low temperatures, as well as for missions to the Moon and Mars, a closed greenhouse enables harvests that are independent of weather, sun and season, as well as lower water consumption and eliminates the need for pesticides and insecticides. As part of the EDEN ISS project, such a greenhouse of the future is being subjected to long-term testing under the extreme conditions found in Antarctica.
Study identifies way to enhance the sustainability of manufactured soils
Plymouth UK (SPX) Aug 02, 2019
A combination of waste materials supplemented with a product of biomass could help in the search for high quality soils, a new study suggests. Soil degradation is posing a huge threat to global food security and every year, around 12 million hectares of cropland are lost to soil erosion. Scientists from the University of Plymouth have demonstrated that adding biochar - a solid, carbon-rich material derived from biomass - to soil constructed from waste materials, reduces the loss of essential ... read more
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This is part three of a four-part series on Father Adrien Rouquette, the poet-priest known as Chahta-Ima.
In 1845, Adrien Rouquette was ordained as a priest by Bishop Antoine Blanc. He quickly became known for his eloquence, delivering a sermon at St. Louis Cathedral that was widely praised. But being a priest in New Orleans did not satisfy him for long.
According to one account, he had a vision, while delivering a sermon, of himself in the woods of Bayou Lacombe, preaching from an outdoor altar. He had a long-standing affection for the Choctaw, and a love of the land, and eventually he asked Bishop Blanc if he could make it his mission to preach to the Indians, and to live among them.
His first dwelling was along Chat-lan-ha (the Indian name for Cane Bayou), close to an Indian burial site. The site was also known as the Nook. The dwelling was converted from an Indian cabin and built on stilts; the combination chapel and cabin was completed in 1847. According to one newspaper description, "the pilgrim saw at one end an altar of plain ornamentation, behind him through the open door was massed the cumulative green depths of the forest. There, he began ministering to the Choctaw and becoming known to them. Initially, they called him the 'Black Robe', for his formal dress".
His mission really took hold when he began to live in the largest Indian settlement in the parish, Buchuwa. Rouquette himself described the site as having "log houses, bark lodges, and shingle-built cabins, with yellow mud chimneys." When he first arrived at Buchuwa, the Choctaw took him to be a government agent, and they were wary of him. He gave them presents of jewelry and cloth, and, with time, they became used to him and accepted him, bringing him the fruits of their hunting, fishing, and farming efforts.
Individual members of the tribe helped him acclimate. Mont-ho-hee, for example, helped him to learn the Choctaw language, while Kan-Ho-Hee served as a translator. By 1859, he had been accepted enough to be invited to their Feast for the Dead. His account of this annual feast is in fact the only recorded description of the rite; it describes a ceremony of lamentations in the woods, followed by a dance and then a banquet at midnight. In reciprocation, Rouquette hosted a feast of his own, making a speech in the Choctaw language which asserted his brotherhood with the tribe. Rouquette was given a lodge in the settlement, and lived with the Choctaw, at times going back to the Nook for greater solitude. Members of the tribe began calling him Chahta-Ima: 'like a Choctaw'.
In 1862, during the Civil War, Buchuwa was burned and pillaged by deserters from both armies. Villagers fled, some of them to the Nook, where Rouquette did his best to take care of them. After the surrender of New Orleans, there was a federal blockade placed on Lake Pontchartrain, making it difficult to get supplies. Rouquette frequently wrote to officers of the Union Army for permission to cross the lake. At one point, he wrote to Admiral Farragut, who supplied him with a federal gunboat as an escort for his trip across the lake. In this way Rouquette was able to maintain a supply of medicine, food, and clothing for the Choctaw at the Nook.
Rouquette's final cabin-chapel was known as Kildara or the "Cabin in the Oak". It was originally a Choctaw long hut, on the bank of Chinchuba Creek. After the sale of the family land, on which the Nook was situated, Kildara became his residence, and his site for his mission work with the Choctaw.
Rouquette's health began to fail him in the 1880s, and he was forced to leave behind his cabin-chapel in the woods, and to live at the Hotel Dieu, in the French Quarter, where he was cared for by nuns. He received visitors there, including members of his Choctaw flock, for the length of his decline. He died on July 15, 1887.
In 1884, he had written "I have done for my Indians all that I could do; I have given them everything; I have eaten of their food; I have slept on the ground; I have lived their life; I have become a real Choctaw; and I wish to die and be buried in the midst of them". In fact, he was to die and be buried in New Orleans, in the clergy tomb in St. Louis No. 2. There wasn't enough time to inform the Choctaw living across the lake, so his funeral was attended by some of the Choctaw living in the city. A group of Choctaw women, barefoot out of respect, walked with the funeral cortege, and one older woman carried a cross made out of herbs.
His respect for and love of the Choctaw shone through in his writings and in letters to his peers. His approach was one of understanding, not cultural conversion; he spoke to them in their own language, even translating the bible into Choctaw for them. He had the highest admiration for them, as quoted in Chahta-Ihma and St. Tammany's Choctaws: "I have lived with them, studied their domestic manners, shared their unrestrained but orderly freedom, and I do say to their praise...they are the true Americans."
Kildara was the last surviving cabin-chapel of Rouquettes'. It was moved onto the grounds of the Chinchuba Deaf-Mute Institute, where it eventually burned. But, luckily, not before his vestments and other artifacts were removed from the cabin, and preserved for future study.
In the final blog post of this series, we will discuss the fate of the oak grove at Kildara, under which Rouquette preached the gospel to the Choctaw.
For more information on Pere Rouquette and his relationship with the Choctaw, Chahta-Ima and St. Tammany's Choctaws, opens a new window is essential reading. |
Criminal law is quite strict in the USA with severe penalties for the guilty. Although the original intent for the penalties was to punish the offender, the thought process behind the penalties has changed. Now there is an effort to reform the guilty individual.
However, the legal system of the US offers the accused a fair trial in the court to defend himself/herself. The accused is punished only if he/she is proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
Here are facts about criminal cases:
- A criminal case can be initiated only by the government in the US.
- Any allegation against an individual for criminal conduct must be reported to a law enforcement authority like the FBI or local police, etc.
- Before a court trial, there is a pretrial for the case wherein the judge assesses the arrest and post-arrest reports. Based on this data he determines whether there is reason to believe that the crime has been committed and that the accused is guilty of the crime. He then advises the accused about the charges against him/her.
- He also decides whether or not the accused should be held in jail until the trial. If the judge decides that the defendant need not be held in jail before the court trial, the defendant will be subject to electronic monitoring, drug testing, and will need to visit the pretrial officer regularly before the actual trial.
- The judge may appoint a defense lawyer in case the defendant cannot afford one.
- The prosecutor or the attorney appointed by the State. His role is to represent the State in criminal cases.
- A criminal defense attorney is a lawyer who represents the defendant. A criminal lawyer may be hired by the accused or the court may appoint one to defend the accused.
- The grand jury comprising 12 people who are citizens of the US. The jury decides whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty based on the evidence provided by the prosecution and defense.
- The court trial is held before a Judge. The Judge assesses the decision of the jury based on the legal aspects and decides the penalties.
- In the American legal system, the burden of proof lies on the shoulders of the prosecuting attorney. In other words, the defendant does not have to prove his innocence but the prosecution needs to prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The prosecuting attorney presents evidence and witnesses to prove the defendant guilty.
- During the court trial, the prosecution can use the pretrial data to support his case. However, he needs to ensure that he does not reveal the identity of the government sources that have shared the information.
- If the defendant is proved guilty he is given a punishment based on the severity of the crime. The punishment may be a jail sentence or a fine to be paid to the government or restitution paid to the victims of the crime.
- However, a not guilty verdict implies that he/she is released. However, the government cannot appeal in a higher court.
The key players in a criminal case are:
In case you find yourself in the shoes of the defendant in a criminal case, you can engage criminal lawyers from Autrey Law Firm! |
This month in Nursery we will be exploring the topic of 'Birds'! We will be learning to identify common birds that visit our gardens, parks and outdoor play area in nursery. We will learn about birds through our play; both indoors and outdoors, and also through our Community time learning. We will learn how we can look after birds by keeping our Nursery outdoors clean and free from litter and also make special bird food for the birds that come to visit.
Make sure you take a look in the Educational Visits section of our web page to see photos of our visit from Catherine from the RSPB! We loved this educational visit - a great way to end our topic of 'birds'!
We are enjoying making birds using special dough!
We are learning to take care of birds!
We made our very own special bird food so that we can feed the birds that come to visit our Nursery during the winter months! We used lard, seeds and raisins and worked together in groups to make the special bird food. We are looking forward to seeing which garden birds come to eat our bird food!
Making paper plate birds!
We made binoculars! We are looking forward to going bird watching!
We had fun painting with feathers!
Bird watching around King's Park!
We have had lots of fun being creative and learning more about birds through art activities!
As a very special treat, we made delicious chocolate nests! |
Platt-Pickering Debate the Nature of Blood Pressure
In the 1950s and after, Sir George Pickering, a towering figure in the history of blood pressure research, made the point often and emphatically: Until doctors learned to count beyond 2, they would remain incapable of understanding blood pressure as a population phenomenon.
His argument was that the clinician’s habit of dividing people into two classes, “normal” and “abnormal”, blinded them to the fundamental reality that blood pressure is a continuously distributed physiological trait. That is, in every population there occurs a distribution of blood pressure values, more frequent around the midpoint of the range and less so at the high and low extremes, with no “dividing line” to distinguish between abnormal and normal, or sick and well.
This issue prompted intense controversy early in the epidemiologic research on blood pressure, exemplified by the “Pickering-Platt debate”. Against Pickering’s view, Robert Platt argued that the highest blood pressure values in a population distinguished a discrete group who represented the disease, hypertension, and that this fact could potentially be explained by specific genetic characteristics of this group. This was no trivial point, since theory, research, and practice would all be strongly influenced by beliefs about this fundamental property of blood pressure.
Throughout the progress of epidemiologic research on blood pressure and hypertension, issues of definition and classification have persisted. The question of who is sick and who is well, with respect to blood pressure, is answered differently today than at mid-century as a result of that research. But this remains a fundamental question for policy and practice in heart attack and stroke prevention. (Darwin Labarthe) |
There are over 2000 species of native bees across Australia, most of these are solitary or semi social bees, with 11 known species of social stingless bees.
The solitary or semi social native bees generally build individual nests, many species build burrows in soil and some species in cavities above ground. They vary in size (6mm to 20mm) and colour – black, yellow, red, green and the blue banded bees are black with blue bands. With many common species in our area include the leaf cutter, teddy bear and the blue banded bees.
It is possible to create habitat for solitary/semi social in your garden by installing a a small bee hotel.
While the solitary/semi social bees are capable of a sting they are not usually aggressive, the social stingless bees do not sting but are capable of a small bite.
The social native bees common to our region include the tetragonula carbonaria and austroplebia austrais. Tetragonula carbonaria is the most commonly kept species.
Our social native bees are mostly black and around 2-4mm long.
A hive of tetragonula carbonaria is home to between 5,000 and 10,000 bees. Such a hive may produce up to 1Kg of honey depending of the local conditions and hive construction. Whereas a hive European honey bee (Apis mellifera) can easily produce 20-50kg of honey.
The honey from our native bees was referred to as sugarbag by Aboriginal people.
From time to time courses and talks are conducted in native bee keeping. Come along and learn about native bees; learn how to obtain a hive; find out about hazards, pests and diseases which might affect your hive; and discover how to have a native bee friendly garden.
To start keeping social native bees, you will need to purchase a hive with bees or arrange with someone to propagate by splitting or budding a hive.
Unlike keeping honey bees, you do NOT have to register your native stingless bee hives with the NSW Dept of Primary Industry.
The club also manages a number of Australian native bee hives located within the grounds of Hunter Region Gardens. |
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'Everything needs to change. And it has to start today'
In August 2018 a fifteen-year-old Swedish girl, Greta Thunberg, decided not to go to school one day. Her actions ended up sparking a global movement for action against the climate crisis, inspiring millions of pupils to go on strike for our planet, forcing governments to listen, and earning her a Nobel Peace Prize nomination.
This book brings you Greta in her own words. Collecting her speeches that have made history across Europe, from the UN to mass street protests, No One Is Too Small to Make A Difference is a rallying cry for why we must all wake up and fight to protect the living planet, no matter how powerless we feel. Our future depends upon it. |
Can you poke a hole in a bag full of water without losing even one drop? Once you learn the science behind this leak-proof bag experiment, you’ll be ready to poke holes in a bag full of water while holding it over somebody’s head!
It’s the perfect compliment to our 30 Science Experiments you can find in our shop!
Since this science activity involved water, we decided to do it outside, but it would have also been perfect for bath time.
Before heading out the door, we gathered a few simple supplies to perform our leak proof bag trick:
- Zipper storage bag
- Several sharpened pencils
We filled the zipper storage bag about 2/3 full of water. After squishing out the air, we made sure the zipper was sealed tight.
I asked my kids what they thought would happen if we stabbed a pencil through the bag. I always love to have them make a hypothesis and then see if it really happens. Sometimes the results can be surprising!
Using the sharp end of one pencil, I quickly pushed it through the bag. It went in one side and out the other – without spilling a drop!
To make it even more fun, I held the bag of water over my son’s head while I pushed more pencils through it. He was so scared he was going to get a shower at the park!
Once my kids saw that the bag wasn’t going to explode all over them, they were courageous enough to push some pencils through themselves. We added quite a few! We even squished the water gently around the bag and turned it upside down without spilling a single drop of water.
The Science Behind It
Plastic bags are made of a polymer called low-density polyethylene. Polymers are long chains of molecules. The tip of the pencil squeezes between the chains without breaking them but the chains’ flexible property helps to form a temporary seal against the edge of the pencil. This enables a pencil to pierce the bag without losing even one drop of water!
Want even more science kids will love? Head over to our shop and snag our 30 Science Experiments – complete with a no prep journal to record results! |
Do you know the level of resistance in the insulation on the outside of your extension cord? Understanding this is crucial for electrical safety.
In this article, we will explore the factors affecting the resistance of insulation on extension cords and the importance of properly insulated cords.
By the end, you will know how to choose the right extension cord with adequate insulation resistance.
Stay informed to ensure your safety.
Understanding the Purpose of Insulation on Extension Cords
You need to understand why insulation is important on extension cords.
Insulation on extension cords serves two main purposes – to provide protection and to prevent accidents. Using insulated extension cords has several benefits.
Firstly, it reduces the risk of electrical shocks. The insulation acts as a barrier, preventing direct contact with the electrical wires inside the cord.
Secondly, insulation helps to prevent overheating. When extension cords are overloaded or used improperly, they can generate excessive heat, which can lead to fires. The insulation provides a layer of protection, reducing the chances of fire hazards.
On the other hand, using extension cords without proper insulation can be extremely dangerous. Without insulation, there’s a higher risk of electrical shocks and fires, putting both you and your property at risk.
Factors Affecting the Resistance of Insulation on Extension Cords
When it comes to factors affecting the resistance of insulation on extension cords, one important consideration is the material used for the insulation. The material plays a significant role in determining how well the insulation can withstand the flow of electricity and protect against potential hazards. Different materials have varying levels of resistance, with some being more effective than others.
Testing is essential to ensure that the insulation meets safety standards and can withstand the electrical currents it will be exposed to. Factors such as thickness, flexibility, and durability also contribute to the overall resistance of the insulation.
It’s crucial to choose extension cords with high-quality insulation and regularly inspect them for any signs of wear or damage to ensure safety and prevent electrical accidents.
Testing the Resistance of Insulation on Extension Cords
To test the resistance of insulation on your extension cord, you can use a multimeter to measure the flow of electricity. This allows you to determine the effectiveness of the insulation in preventing the flow of current.
The process is simple: first, ensure that the extension cord isn’t plugged into any power source. Then, set your multimeter to the resistance measurement mode.
Next, connect the multimeter leads to the two ends of the extension cord. The multimeter will display the resistance value, which indicates the level of insulation resistance.
Keep in mind that temperature can impact insulation resistance. As the temperature increases, the resistance may decrease, potentially compromising the safety of the extension cord.
Regularly testing the insulation resistance can help identify any potential issues and ensure the safety of your electrical equipment.
Importance of Properly Insulated Extension Cords for Electrical Safety
Properly insulated extension cords are essential for ensuring the safety of your electrical equipment. It’s important to understand the importance of regular maintenance for extension cords to avoid potential dangers.
Damaged extension cords can pose serious risks, such as electrical shocks, fires, and even electrocution. Regularly inspecting your extension cords for any signs of wear and tear, such as frayed wires or exposed insulation, is crucial.
Additionally, make sure to store your extension cords properly to prevent them from getting damaged. Avoid overloading the cords with too many devices, as this can cause overheating.
Choosing the Right Extension Cord With Adequate Insulation Resistance
Make sure you select an extension cord with sufficient insulation to protect against electrical hazards. When choosing an extension cord, it’s important to consider the insulation thickness and material composition. Here are three key factors to keep in mind:
Insulation thickness: A thicker insulation provides better protection against electrical shocks. Look for extension cords with a thick layer of insulation to ensure your safety.
Material composition: The material used for insulation can vary. PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is commonly used due to its durability and resistance to wear and tear. Rubber is another popular choice as it offers flexibility and excellent insulation properties.
Temperature resistance: Extension cords with insulation designed to withstand high temperatures are ideal for outdoor use or in areas where heat is a concern. Make sure to check the temperature rating of the insulation to ensure it meets your specific needs.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I Use an Extension Cord Without Insulation?
You shouldn’t use an extension cord without insulation, especially when using it outdoors. Damaged insulation can lead to electrical shocks and fires. It’s important to prioritize safety and replace damaged cords.
What Materials Are Commonly Used for Insulation on Extension Cords?
Common insulation materials for extension cords include rubber, vinyl, and thermoplastic. The insulation is important in preventing electrical hazards by providing a barrier between the conductors and the external environment.
How Does the Thickness of Insulation Affect the Resistance of an Extension Cord?
The thickness of the insulation on an extension cord affects its resistance. Thicker insulation reduces resistance, which can improve the cord’s performance. Higher quality insulation also contributes to better overall performance.
Can the Resistance of Insulation on an Extension Cord Change Over Time?
Over time, the resistance of insulation on an extension cord can decrease due to wear and tear or damage. Extreme temperatures or environmental conditions can also affect the insulation’s resistance.
Are There Any Regulations or Standards for the Level of Insulation Resistance Required in Extension Cords?
There are regulations and standards for the level of insulation resistance required in extension cords. Insulation is important in extension cords to prevent electric shocks and fires.
In conclusion, the insulation on the outside of an extension cord plays a crucial role in ensuring electrical safety. The resistance of the insulation is important in preventing electrical leaks or shocks.
Testing the resistance of insulation is necessary to ensure its effectiveness. It’s essential to choose extension cords with adequate insulation resistance to maintain a safe electrical environment. |
We school year round here and my youngest son’s current curriculum is coming to a close. His next history program will address United States History from Colonialism to the Underground Railroad. Unfortunately, this means slavery. While I’m careful to tread lightly, teaching what a typical 6 year old can handle, it’s impossible to teach this era and leave slavery out. Well you could, but it wouldn’t be history then, would it? I have no issues with teaching him the history of our nation; however before we begin we’re taking a 14 week virtual trip to Africa. Why, you ask? Well, for starters, chronologically it makes sense.
I recently viewed a TED Talk by Chimamanda Ngozi and she spoke about the concept of the “Single Story.” It was refreshing and powerful and right on time. I do not want my son to see anything one-sided, especially not something as deep and painful and real as American Slavery. It’s time to tell the whole story.
The United States, as we know it today, began first with Europe learning about the land, then some colonization, and later a trip across an ocean to Africa to purchase slaves. (There’s some events in between but this is gist.) So then, it is fair to say, that if I teach an American History course, at the beginning, the first knowledge of “Blacks” would be the ones we see chained and enslaved. In 1619, the first group of Africans were shipped over to settle near Jamestown, VA. In 1624, a couple from that group, Anthony and Isabell, gave birth to William Tucker. He is credited with beginning the African American people, as he was the first African born on “American” soil. So, teaching the early American History course would place my son’s introduction of Black people, at least in America, in slavery–something I do not want to do.
To spare my son the introduction of Blacks as slaves, I like to back up just a bit and teach him Africa. In fact, today I’m sharing a few reasons NOT to introduce children to early American History (also “Black” American History) as their first knowledge of this people group.
- Once you become aware of slavery, it stays with you. It was that horrific. Even the mildest definition, for the youngest of ears is not pretty. I do not want my son’s (or any other child for that matter) first introduction of Blacks to be about slavery.
- American slavery has hate to attached to it. If I teach my son that “we” looked liked this FIRST, he has a propensity to build a hate against Whites. Not because he may really feel that way, but because it’s hard to learn what happened and not have an emotional response to it. It is very easy to hate those you believed hurt you or your people.
- American slavery portrays Blacks (especially men) as powerless, inferior, and simple and I just can’t allow this to be his intro. I want him to see Africa first. The men were kings, rulers, leaders, fathers who were skilled, handy, and strategic. The women were queens, leaders, and mothers, who were sharp, intuitive, and strong. American slavery doesn’t do a great job of portraying this reality. I do not want him to believe slavery is where he came from. He did not come from slavery. Slavery happened to the African people but it is not who we are.
- Sometimes, when we begin American History (or the beginning of African American History) children have the tendency to think that the Black people began here on US soil. Well, we didn’t. I don’t want my son to indirectly believe this untruth.
- Once we begin American History, lots of inventions, events, and contributions take place as America begins to take root and grow. Lots of men and women become well-known and praised for their works. Many times, the works and ideas of Africans were taken from them and passed along to others. I cannot do anything about the “wrong man” being credited, but I can go back and show my son that long before so-and-so was known for this or that, this African, had it before. I want him to leave American History knowing that Blacks were valuable to this nation, and not just its slaves.
So before we dive into the year of 1565 or 1619, we’re studying Africa. It’s important that my son see Africans prior to American slavery. Then, we can examine slavery as an event and not as an identity, which is my true heart of the matter, that my sons do not grow up believing that American slavery is WHO they are. |
Through the Fundación madri+d, Álvaro Giménez, Javier Ventura-Traveset and J. Miguel Mas share a full article with OpenMind that reviews the last 50 years of Europe in space. What will the next challenge be?
On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union opened the path to Space by sending Sputnik 1 into orbit. A few months later, Explorer 1, the first artificial satellite launched by the United States, discovered the Van Allen radiation belts that surround the Earth. The space race had started. Space had become the final frontier for Humanity, and numerous scientists and engineers began to dream about the opportunities it offered. However, it would not be a simple task. Accessing Space requires very sophisticated and expensive technology, which can only be developed by great powers.
In that context, a Europe that was beginning to get over the disasters of war and that was growing at a good pace, was aware that we would only be able to reach Space by joining forces with other countries. And with that objective, on March 20, 1964, the European Organizations ESRO (European Space Research Organization) and ELDO (European Launch Development Organization) were born, which merged in 1975 to constitute the current European Space Agency (ESA), of which Spain is a founding member and the fifth most important country. Article II of the ESA Convention sums up its mission: “To provide for and promote, for exclusively peaceful purposes, cooperation among European States in space research and technology and their space applications”.
50 years have passed since the initiative of researchers such as Pierre Auger and Edoardo Amaldi became one of the most successful European initiatives. At present, there are 20 European countries that are members of the European Space Agency, together with Canada, which is an associate member. There are 18 countries in the European Union, alongside Switzerland and Norway. Over these 50 years of European cooperation, there have been successes, both scientific and technological, that have situated Europe as the leader in the international market of commercial launchers and on the spearhead of space research. Nowadays, Europe can boast about having established a coherent space policy, of having independent access to space with the most competitive rocket launchers on the market and of having created a space industry and scientific community of the highest standing. During this period, the ESA has developed more than 70 satellites and currently has 18 operational scientific satellites.
Why do scientists find it so necessary to go to Space?
We can list several reasons. The first, and most important, is because our atmosphere is opaque to high energy radiation, from ultraviolet to X-rays and gamma rays. While this characteristic has enabled the development of life on the surface of the Earth (high energy radiation would have sterilized any signs of life had it not been for the atmospheric protection), it has acted as a barrier, preventing astronomers from studying the hottest and most violent areas of the Universe, dominated by enormous black holes that determine the future of the galaxies. At the end of the 50s there was only proof of one object external to the Earth that emitted X-rays, our Sun. However, we now know of several million sources, the properties of which astronomers are trying to unravel by means of observations provided by telescopes located in Space. European contribution to this field has been essential, in particular the large space observatories, XMM-Newton and INTEGRAL, currently operational. But the atmosphere doesn’t just block high energy radiation, it also blocks emissions from the cold Universe, in the infrared range. Missions specialized in this range such as ISO, Herschel and Planck formed milestones in the European and world wide space research, and provided data that scientists took many years to study in depth.
The second reason that drives scientists to go to Space is the possibility of taking our instruments to the most interesting places in the Solar System for in situ studies. The landing of the Huygens European probe on the surface of Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, was a milestone in the history of space exploration because it was the furthest celestial object that a human artifact had landed on. The next big objective is Mars, a planet that once had large oceans and meets all the characteristics for having developed life in the first years of the Solar System. The Mars Express Probe has taken 3D photographs of the Martian surface in preparation for the ExoMars missions, which will touch down on the red planet in 2016 and 2018 in search of biological activity, present or past. The European ships have studied comets such as Haley in its Giotto mission and the 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, where a small probe from the Rosetta mission will land at the end of this year, another milestone of worldwide relevance. Other ships have studied the properties of planets such as Venus (Venus Express) and Mercury, which is where the Bebi-Colombo mission will reach at the beginning of the next decade following a 6 year journey due to begin in 2016. Observatories such as SOHO, Cluster, and from 2017, Solar Orbiter, continuously observe the Sun and its effects on the Earth’s magnetosphere, advising us about imminent solar storms that could effect telecommunications equipment.
Although space research has undoubtedly been the engine for technological development in this field, its maturity has enabled these technologies to be applied for the direct benefit of society, with the development of telecommunication, Earth observation and navigation satellites. The images of the Meteosat satellites have become our daily companions at the end of the news, substantially improving weather forecasts. More than 150 million homes in Europe have satellite television, and at present one in every three Telecommunications satellites made in the world are manufactured by the European space industry. In a very short time, the Galileo navigation system will be available for use on our cell phones and navigators, providing much more precise data than current GPSs used in the United States and they will be compatible with each other, which will benefit the hundreds of millions of people in the world who use this technology. Europe has also set up the Copernicus Earth observation program, possibly the most comprehensive and ambitious in the world.
Due to its nature, made up of 20 member countries, the international collaboration forms part of the DNA of the European Space Agency, a collaboration that goes further than European frontiers. One example is the Soyuz launcher, manufactured by Russia, which the European Space Agency has been operating from its spaceport in Kourou, or the multiple scientific missions that have been carried out over the last 30 years between the main agencies. This decade, for example, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), ExoMars and Bepi-Colombo have been made possible thanks to the cooperation between European scientists and engineers and their American, Russian and Japanese colleagues, respectively. The best example of world wide space cooperation is the International Space Station, the greatest structure ever sent into orbit and from where researchers from different continents carry out their research in unique microgravity conditions. Through the ESA, Europe contributes to the station with the Columbus laboratory, with more than a third of the pressurized models, the ATV cargo crafts and making its astronaut corps available, which includes our compatriot and great astronaut, Pedro Duque.
The overall objective of this long term international collaboration will be the manned journey to Mars, with in situ studies carried out by experienced astronauts that will enable us to understand how this planet lost its oceans and became the frozen dessert that it is today. A mission like this is only possible with the cooperation of all the space agencies, in a spirit of harmony and cooperation. But scientist’s dreams go further than that: it’s just a question of time until humans, Humanity, ends up visiting all the parts of the Solar System. And who knows when we will go even further, to the stars that shine in the sky. Together we could do it.
To access the original version of this article published in Madri+d, click here.
Álvaro Giménez, Javier Ventura-Traveset
European Space Agency
J. Miguel Mas
CSIC-INTA Astrobiology Center |
Animal Partnerships reports on symbiotic relationships between animals. In some relationships, both animals benefit; in others, one of the animals benefits, but the other is not affected; and in others still, one animal benefits and the other loses.
Science: Biological sciences
A symbiotic relationship is a partnership between two animals of different species that spend most or all of their lives living closely together.There are different types of symbiotic relationships.
Identifying how graphics complement or extend the written text
Lesson Plan - Animal Partnerships / Honey Hunters |
Understanding the Impact of Roe v Wade on Birth Control Access
Roe v Wade was a monumental Supreme Court decision that changed the landscape of birth control access in the United States. This ruling had far-reaching implications for women’s rights and health, as it made it much easier to obtain contraception and removed restrictions on abortion.
Since Roe v Wade, there have been numerous positive outcomes for women’s health. The number of organizations providing education about contraception and advocating for improved access has increased significantly, allowing more people to gain knowledge about their options. Moreover, health care providers are now able to offer contraception services without fear of legal repercussions, which has opened up access to birth control for many individuals who may have previously lacked it due to religious or cultural beliefs.
The long-term effect of Roe v Wade on birth control access has been profound. It has led to an overall increase in the availability of contraceptives and a decrease in unintended pregnancies and abortions across the nation. In addition, it has given women greater autonomy over their reproductive decisions and enabled them to take charge of their own health care needs.
What is the Significance of Roe v Wade for Contraceptive Rights?
Roe v Wade is a Supreme Court decision that has had far-reaching effects on birth control access and reproductive freedom. This 1973 ruling established the right to privacy for women, allowing them to make their own decisions about their bodies and pregnancies. It also declared that states could not impose an “undue burden” on a woman’s access to abortion services.
In subsequent cases, Roe v Wade has been interpreted as affording broader rights when it comes to contraceptive choices, including the ability to obtain contraception without interference from the state. Griswold v Connecticut (1965) and Planned Parenthood v Casey (1992) are two key court cases in which individuals have been granted a constitutional right to use contraceptives, regardless of state restrictions or undue burdens.
This makes Roe v Wade a major victory for contraceptive rights and reproductive freedom. Women now have greater autonomy over their own bodies and lives, with more control over their own reproductive health decisions. The result? Increased availability of contraceptives and decreased unintended pregnancies and abortions – all thanks to this landmark ruling!
Exploring the Implications of Roe v Wade for Birth Control
Roe v Wade (1973) was a landmark decision in the United States Supreme Court that established the right to privacy and legalized abortion. But what does this mean for birth control?
The ruling had far-reaching implications for access to contraception, as it recognized the right of individuals to make decisions about their reproductive health. This enabled states to pass laws providing access to contraception without requiring parental consent or spousal approval. Women could now obtain contraceptives without fear of prosecution or criminal penalties.
The decision also enabled insurance companies and employers to provide coverage for contraceptives, which is now mandated under the Affordable Care Act. This has been instrumental in improving access to contraception and empowering women with greater autonomy over their own reproductive health decisions.
Roe v Wade has paved the way for greater access and freedom when it comes to birth control:
• It established a precedent for protecting access to contraception
• It enabled states to pass laws providing access without parental/spousal consent
• It allowed women to obtain contraceptives without fear of prosecution or criminal penalties
• It enabled insurance companies and employers to provide coverage for contraceptives
How Does Roe v Wade Affect Contraceptive Rights?
Roe v Wade was a game-changer for reproductive rights in the United States. Not only did it legalize abortion, but it also had far-reaching implications for access to contraception.
The ruling expanded upon the 1965 Griswold v Connecticut decision which recognized the right to privacy in marital relationships and overturned state laws prohibiting the sale and use of contraceptives. This meant that women were now able to choose when it comes to contraception without fear of legal repercussions.
It also established the right for women to access birth control pills, intrauterine devices (IUDs), emergency contraception such as Plan B, and other forms of contraception without having to obtain a prescription from a doctor.
Roe v Wade has also played an important role in protecting reproductive health clinics from harassment and violence by anti-abortion activists. This has helped ensure that women can seek contraception without fear of intimidation or violence.
Roe v Wade has been instrumental in ensuring insurance coverage for contraceptive services, allowing women access to affordable birth control options regardless of their income level or insurance plan.
In short, Roe v Wade has been essential in providing women with greater control over their reproductive choices and ensuring they have access to safe and affordable contraception.
Supreme Court Reversal: Unpacking the Consequences for Birth Control
The consequences of this decision could be far-reaching for women’s reproductive health and rights. Firstly, it could make it harder for women to obtain the contraception they need, as more employers may deny them access. It could also lead to an increase in unintended pregnancies due to lack of insurance coverage, as well as higher costs for contraception.
Furthermore, this ruling could mean that some employers will be allowed to discriminate against women on religious grounds by refusing them coverage. it could set a dangerous precedent for other areas of law where religious beliefs are used to override civil rights and liberties.
These are just some of the potential impacts of the Supreme Court’s reversal on Roe v Wade – but only time will tell what the real consequences will be for birth control access in America.
The Impact of Roe v Wade on Women’s Rights to Contraception
Roe v Wade is a landmark Supreme Court decision that has had a profound impact on women’s reproductive rights. The ruling gave women the right to make their own decisions about pregnancy and contraception without interference from the government or other authorities. This paved the way for greater access to birth control, allowing women more control over their own bodies and reproductive health.
Today, there are a range of contraceptive options available, from hormonal methods like the pill to intrauterine devices (IUDs). These advancements have made it easier for women to plan when they want to become pregnant and prevent unwanted pregnancies. In addition, emergency contraception such as Plan B can help reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy if taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex.
Roe v Wade has also helped shape public policy related to contraception. Many states now require insurance companies to cover contraception at no cost to patients. This ensures that all women have access to affordable birth control regardless of income level or insurance coverage. Roe v Wade has enabled research into new forms of contraception that may be safer and more effective than existing methods.
The recent Supreme Court decision reversing a lower court ruling could have far-reaching consequences for women’s reproductive health and rights by allowing employers with religious objections to deny their employees access to birth control coverage. It is therefore more important than ever for us all to continue fighting for our reproductive rights and ensure that all women have access to safe and affordable contraception.
Examining the Effect of Roe v Wade on Contraceptive Access
The landmark Supreme Court case Roe v Wade has had a lasting impact on women’s reproductive rights and access to contraception in the United States. In the decades since Roe v Wade, access to contraception has become more widely available and more affordable. However, there are still barriers that prevent many women from accessing the birth control methods they need.
Despite these advances, there are still significant barriers that limit contraceptive access for many women. Cost is often a major factor, as many forms of birth control can be expensive and not all insurance plans cover them fully. There is also lack of awareness about available methods, which prevents some women from knowing what options are available to them. Additionally, some states have placed restrictions on minors’ ability to obtain contraception without parental consent, which can make it difficult for young people to get the protection they need.
It is clear that Roe v Wade has had a positive effect on contraceptive access in the United States but there is still more work to be done in order to ensure that all women have access to safe and effective birth control methods. Improving education about available options and removing cost barriers could help ensure that all women have equal access to contraception regardless of their financial situation or age.
What Will Happen if Roe v Wade is Overturned?
Roe v Wade is a landmark Supreme Court decision that has been instrumental in improving access to contraception for women across the country. It established a woman’s right to an abortion without interference from the government or other authorities. However, if Roe v Wade were to be overturned, the consequences would be far-reaching and devastating.
Overturning Roe v Wade would mean that states would have the power to decide whether or not abortion is legal within their borders. This could lead to a patchwork of laws across the country, with some states allowing abortion and others banning it entirely. Women’s access to safe and legal abortions could be drastically reduced due to restrictions on when and where abortions can take place, or even making them completely illegal.
Furthermore, overturning Roe v Wade could result in an increase in unsafe, illegal abortions performed by unlicensed providers. This could have serious health consequences for women, including increased risk of infection and complications from unsanitary conditions. The lack of access to safe and legal abortions could also have a negative impact on women’s economic security, as they may be unable to take time off work for medical appointments or childcare if they are unable to access abortion services.
It is clear that overturning Roe v Wade would have significant implications for women’s health and rights across the United States. It is essential that we do all we can to protect this important law so that women can continue to make decisions about their own bodies without fear of criminalization or punishment.
Roe v Wade is a landmark Supreme Court decision that has had an immense impact on women’s reproductive rights and access to contraception. Established in 1973, Roe v Wade declared that states could not impose an “undue burden” on a woman’s access to abortion services, thereby giving women the right to make their own decisions about pregnancy and contraception without interference from the government or other authorities. This ruling has been instrumental in improving access to contraception for women across the country, decreasing unintended pregnancies and abortions, and providing greater control over their reproductive choices.
Unfortunately, recent rulings by the Supreme Court have threatened to undermine this progress. In July 2020, the court reversed a lower court decision, ruling that employers with religious objections can deny their employees access to birth control coverage. This could have far-reaching consequences for women’s reproductive health and rights if it is allowed to stand.
Roe v Wade is essential in protecting a woman’s right to choose when it comes to her own body and reproductive health. If overturned or weakened, it would have devastating implications for women’s access to safe and legal abortions and would put them at risk of facing undue burdens when trying to exercise their right to make decisions about their own bodies. It is more important than ever that we continue fighting for these fundamental rights so that all women can have access to the care they need without fear of judgement or discrimination. |
- The grade 9-12 Economics course consists of the following content area strands: Economics and Geography. The primary content emphasis for this course pertains to the study of the concepts and processes of the national and international economic systems. Content should include, but is not limited to, currency, banking, and monetary policy, the fundamental concepts relevant to the major economic systems, the global market and economy, major economic theories and economists, the role and influence of the government and fiscal policies, economic measurements, tools, and methodology, financial and investment markets, and the business cycle. Mathematics Benchmark Guidance
- Social Studies instruction should include opportunities for students to interpret and create representations of historical events and concepts using mathematical tables, charts, and graphs. Special Notes:
Teaching from well-written, grade-level instructional materials enhances students' content area knowledge and also strengthens their ability to comprehend longer, complex reading passages on any topic for any reason. Using the following instructional practices also helps student learning:
- Reading assignments from longer text passages as well as shorter ones when text is extremely complex.
- Making close reading and rereading of texts central to lessons.
- Asking high-level, text-specific questions and requiring high-level, complex tasks and assignments.
- Requiring students to support answers with evidence from the text.
- Providing extensive text-based research and writing opportunities (claims and evidence).
Course Number: 2102335
Abbreviated Title: ECON FIN LIT
Course Length: Semester (S)
Course Status: Terminated
Grade Level(s): 9,10,11,12
Graduation Requirement: Economics |
Initiative & Program Impacts
The main purpose of the Initiative evaluation was to assess and support the Initiative’s effectiveness. We also wanted to learn how programs were benefiting from Initiative participation and how students were benefiting from participating in those programs. We hoped to find that programs were supporting students in school and beyond and to confirm that narrowing the out-of-school time opportunity gap was mitigating educational disparities.
To understand the impacts of the Initiative, we collected qualitative and quantitative data from multiple perspectives—including students, program staff and families—and examined educational data for participating students. This section includes all our findings and connects what we’ve learned to existing research on out-of-school time impacts, particularly for students.
Each of these impacts is interconnected and ultimately benefits participating students.
learn more about our evaluation design & methodology IN about the evaluation.
Our evaluation demonstrates that:
The Initiative is increasing access to high-quality out-of-school time programming for middle school students most likely to experience the opportunity gap.
By supporting more than 50 programs that provide a wide range of out-of-school time opportunities—serving over 15,000 middle school students of color, students from under-resourced rural communities and students from low-income families across Oregon since 2013—the Initiative is narrowing the opportunity gap these students typically face.
Due to underinvestment in out-of-school time programs and disparities in community resources and educational funding, many of these students have limited opportunities to participate in out-of-school time or similar enrichment programs. While the Initiative doesn’t require program expansion, many participants provide programming that was not previously available or serve larger numbers of middle school students than they did previously. All programs have made strides in improving program quality through the Initiative.
Read more about this in educational disparities & out-of-school time IN OREGON.
Out-of-school time programs benefit students in interrelated ways that are fundamental to their success in school and beyond.
- Students benefit academically through greater school attendance and engagement, as well as by developing academic mindsets like future orientation. Early evidence indicates that participating students may also be more likely to complete high school than are similar students. Students of color—particularly Latino/x students in culturally specific programming—are also more likely to report that their programs support them academically.
Programs promote a sense of belonging for students, which is particularly important for middle schoolers who are forging their identities through learning opportunities and social interactions. Our evaluation found that culturally specific programs build a sense of cultural identity and belonging in tandem, especially for Latino/x students.
- Programs help students build many social and emotional learning skills including confidence, leadership, self-reliance, critical thinking, empathy, social awareness, communication and collaboration. Confidence-building is a particularly prevalent theme across data sources and program types.
Families also benefit from student participation in out-of-school time programs.
Programs build a supportive community by collaborating with caregivers and connecting families to one another, decrease family stress and improve interactions at home, and help parents and caregivers navigate the educational system.
Programs and their staff benefit from the Initiative’s learning community.
By providing a safe and supportive environment for community-building, peer learning and professional development opportunities not easily found elsewhere, the learning community is a valuable resource for staff, who are critical to facilitating high-quality programs. Staff development through the learning community strengthens programs and builds broader organizational capacity.
The Initiative is contributing to development of the out-of-school time field in Oregon.
By reaching and bringing together a large, diverse group of programs from across the state, providing leadership regarding program quality improvement, and coordinating with other funders and networks, the Initiative is strengthening the broader out-of-school time field statewide. |
In this chapter, two important aspects of using CeO2 in the field of gas sensors are presented. Firstly, for CO2 detection in the range of 0–5000 ppm, a binary semiconductor oxides CeO2-Y2O3 was used. Secondly, as a dopants, in oxide semiconductor systems, used to detect the NO2. In this case, CeO2 is used as a dopant in hybride composite, consisting of reduced graphene oxide/ZnO, in order to increase the sensibility in NO2 detection at low concentration in the range of 0–10 ppm. The structural and morphological characterization of sensitive materials by X-ray diffraction, SEM, adsorption desorption isotherms, thermal analysis and RAMAN spectroscopy are presented. Also, the sensing element of the sensor that detects the NO2 is achieved by depositing the nanocomposite material on the interdigital grid. The electronic conditioning signal from the sensing element is achieved by using a Wheatstone bridge together with an instrumentation operational amplifier.
Part of the book: Cerium Oxide |
The United States of America and Australia have been operating under a Double Taxation Agreement for many years now. The agreement was signed in 1983 and is aimed at preventing double taxation for individuals and companies who earn income in both countries.
What is double taxation?
Double taxation occurs when two countries tax the same income. For example, if you are an American citizen working in Australia and you are taxed in both the United States and Australia on the same income, you are experiencing double taxation. This can be frustrating and costly, which is why the Double Taxation Agreement was put in place.
What does the agreement cover?
The agreement covers various types of income, including business profits, income from employment, pensions, and capital gains. The agreement also specifies the rules for determining residency status, which is important for individuals who may be considered residents of both countries.
How does the agreement work?
Under the agreement, individuals and companies can claim tax relief for income that has already been taxed in one country. For example, if you are an American resident working in Australia and you pay tax on your income in Australia, you can claim a credit for that tax when you file your US tax return. This ensures that you are not taxed twice on the same income.
The agreement also provides for the exchange of information between the two countries. This is important for ensuring that individuals and companies are paying the correct amount of tax. The exchange of information can also be used to prevent tax evasion and avoid situations where individuals and companies are claiming tax relief in both countries.
Why is the agreement important?
The Double Taxation Agreement is important for promoting trade and investment between the United States and Australia. It provides certainty and clarity for individuals and companies who are doing business in both countries, which can help to encourage cross-border trade and investment.
The agreement also provides a framework for resolving disputes between the two countries. This can help to avoid costly and time-consuming legal battles, which can be detrimental for individuals and companies involved in cross-border transactions.
In conclusion, the Double Taxation Agreement between the United States and Australia is an important tool for promoting cross-border trade and investment. It provides certainty and clarity for individuals and companies who earn income in both countries, and it helps to prevent double taxation. As such, individuals and companies operating in both countries should be aware of the rules and regulations outlined in the agreement to ensure they are paying the correct amount of tax in both countries. |
- With WHO declaring monkeypox as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), governments around the world are initiating steps towards developing or even sourcing a vaccine against monkeypox.
- There is no dedicated monkeypox vaccine, but vaccinations against smallpox are found to be 85% effective in preventing smallpox, a disease eradicated in 1980.
- In 2019, US Food and Drugs Administration (FDA), approved JYNNEOS vaccine for the prevention of smallpox, monkeypox and other diseases caused by orthopoxviruses, including vaccinia virus, in adults 18 years of age and older and categorised as having a “high risk of infection.”
- Developed by: Danish biotechnology company, Bavarian Nordic
- It contains a live vaccinia virus that does not replicate efficiently in human cells. |
Electronic devices, such as cell phones and tablets, which also utilize ear buds or headphones are very convenient, but can also be very dangerous if used while driving.
Other examples of distractions in the vehicle could be people talking too loud or screaming, eating while driving, or having the radio turned up too loud.
Tips for children
It is very important for children to always stay buckled in their booster seat or seat belt as it is the best defense against other unsafe drivers.
It is also important for children to talk quietly while in the vehicle and always speak up and let them know you don't feel safe if the driver starts becoming distracted, such as using a cell phone, grabbing for a snack, etc.
One thing a child can do for the driver is offer to make the call or send the text for the driver, if needed, so his or hers full attention stays on the driving task.
They could also ask the driver to pull the vehicle over in a safe spot to make the phone call or text.
Tips for parents/caregivers
Parents and caregivers can be a good role model for young riders by limiting the distractions while driving. They can turn off or silent their electronic devices and put them out of reach before starting to drive. They can also sign up with their phone company to install the app that will refuse texts or calls to come in while driving.
Parents and caregivers who are behind the wheel get distracted by many of the same things as other drivers. Yet, having children in the car can create additional distractions that can lead to dangerous crashes.
Distracted driving might occur with children in a vehicle as a result of the following scenarios:
- A parent trying to help children eat and drink in the vehicle including digging snacks and juice boxes out of a purse or tote bag, helping children open packaging, and dealing with potential spills while driving.
- A parent listening or mediating when children are fighting or whining.
- A parent running late because of children, so they brush hair, put on makeup, or tend to other personal grooming while driving.
- A parent reaches on the floor or in the back seat because a child dropped an item.
- A parent adjusts the radio or music for children while driving.
- A parent making a phone call, texting, or checking email while driving.
It is up to all of us to use safe driving practices and avoid distractions in order to keep us all safe on the roads. |
Good Friday is one of the most important events in the Christian calendar but what does it remember, how is it celebrated and why is it important?
Prayer provides many spiritual benefits for the believer but it can also offer social benefits as well. In this article I outline the social significance of Prayer for Muslims.
Prayer, or Salah, is one of the main five duties of a Muslim and is the second pillar of Islam. In this article I examine the spiritual and social importance of both ritual and personal prayer.
For many the Qur'an is the central miracle of Islam. How does the manner in which it was revealed support the Muslim belief that their holy book is indeed a miracle?
In Islam prayer five times a day is a ritual obligation and one of the Five Pillars. But what is actually involved in this important aspect of Muslim life and worship?
Why did Muhammad make the journey from Makkah to Madinah? What were the factors pushing out of the holy city and why was a new life in Madinah so appealing? |
Seattle Swaps Columbus Day For 'Indigenous Peoples' Day'
This year's Columbus Day holiday will have a slightly different, more Native flavor in the city of Seattle. Thanks to a unanimous vote this summer by the city council, the federal holiday will now be known by a different name: Indigenous Peoples' Day.
The name change comes after activists pushed for a day to honor indigenous people instead of Christopher Columbus, the most recognizable figure linked to European contact with the Americas.
"This is about taking a stand against racism and discrimination," Seattle City Council member Kshama Sawant told the Seattle Times. "Learning about the history of Columbus and transforming this day into a celebration of indigenous people and a celebration of social justice ... allows us to make a connection between this painful history and the ongoing marginalization, discrimination and poverty that indigenous communities face to this day."
On Monday, the streets of Seattle will likely be filled with drums, singing and the faces of citizens from the city's surrounding Native Nations: the Lummi, Nooksack, Tulalip, Sauk-Suiattle, Swinomish, Puyallup, Colville and 22 other Washington tribes, as well as citizens from other Indian Nations that call Seattle home.
Seattle isn't the first place to give the holiday a makeover. Earlier this year, the Minneapolis City Council also renamedColumbus Day Indigenous Peoples' Day. South Dakota celebrates Native American Day in "remembrance of the great Native American leaders who contributed so much to the history of our state." Hawaii observes Discoverers' Day, in which Polynesian explorers are honored.
Of course, not everybody is happy about these changes. The AP reports that some Italian-Americans in Seattle have been upset by the change because it comes "at the expense of what essentially is Italian Heritage Day." But for those who have a negative view of Columbus' impact, the new name honors a legacy of struggle and resistance.
In the past, anti-Columbus Day protesters have clashed with the holiday's supporters, most notably in Denver, where members of the American Indian Movement have taken to the streets almost yearly since the late 1980s. Those protests have quieted down in recent years, although those annual demonstrations frequently ended in arrests.
But anti-Columbus sentiment is hardly limited to the U.S. In Chile, Mapuche activists launched anti-Columbus demonstrations that turned violent last year. In 2002, indigenous people in Guatemala protested the day by shutting down highways across the country. Today, many countries in Latin America --including Mexico, El Salvador and Argentina — recognize Dia de la Raza, while in Venezuela, the holiday has been renamed the Day of Indigenous Resistance.
In the U.S., the bigger issue now is whether the holiday can survive as a growing number of cities and states decide to do away with it. According to the Pew Research Center, it's already "one of the most inconsistently celebrated U.S. holidays." Apart from federal employees, workers in only 23 states are given a paid day off to observe the holiday.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org. |
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Author: Nicolas Braun
7 Key Questions to Ask When Writing a Short Story
The structure of a short story is pretty similar to other forms but it makes you focus on one scene and situation instead of many. However, it does not mean that writing a short story is much easier: you should concentrate your attention on describing a short action and also ask yourself seven essential questions that will make a base for your paper.
Short Questions for a Short Story
Have you ever written anything except for the college essays? Before you start writing a short story, you should ask yourself the following questions:
- Who is your hero? Every story no matter how long it is should have a character whose journey the readers follow. When you are creating him/her, you should know everything about this person, their character, habits etc. Will it be male or female? What age are they? What strong and weak points do they have? What status in the relationship and what reputation? Your character will be making decisions so it should be thought out. It is also essential to think about the place your story happens: it will not be good without a great setting with every detail described in it.
- What does your hero want? The story is driven by a desire of the character, so do you know what he/she exactly wants? Even if the story is short, you would need to show a brief struggle in the life of your character so it should be something really important.
- What conflict does your hero face? What is the opposition of your character? Usually, it is another person or people who try to stop your hero from getting the desired thing. Conflict is essential for the story to be interesting.
- What does your hero need? This is the heart of your story where you should describe what causes your hero to do what they do. What does the character learn to overcome the opposition? He/she needs to grow and experience deep personal change.
- How does your hero overcome the opposition? Here you should identify what your character is going to do to overcome these people. You should focus on one event where he/she is struggling and stand their way.
- What is the thing achieved? After the hero achieves the final goal the conflict needs to be resolved. The journey is finished and something should happen.
- How to structure a short story? This is, probably, one of the most important questions. It is actually up to you but a standard flow is the following: you start with exposition and introduce your hero, then goes rising action where the hero fails to reach his goal. It is followed by climax – the highest point of conflict and a falling action (achieving the goal). And finally, there is a resolution when a hero is back to normal life.
The most important thing in your story and your main goal is that readers become engaged with the hero, understand and support him. |
July 29, 2022 – For Immediate Release
Contact: William Bevil, Communications Manager, (970) 482-1707 ext. 30
Bird Conservancy of the Rockies Promotes Importance of Grasslands
BRIGHTON, Colo., —The Central Grasslands span hundreds of millions of acres across Sovereign Indigenous Nation Lands, Canada, the United States and Mexico, and are one of North America’s largest and most vital ecosystems. Grasslands support critical environmental functions including water supply, soil health and biodiversity, and are also essential for agriculture, food security and supporting rural communities.
For example, healthy grasslands filter sediment, nutrients, and bacteria that end up in waterways, threatening fish and drinking water. Grasslands improve air quality and help mitigate the effects of climate change by sequestering carbon and increasing resilience against drought, fire and wind erosion. Healthy grasslands also provide vital habitat for wildlife including grazing animals like bison and pronghorn as well as livestock.
As grasslands disappear, so do many of the benefits they provide—and more than 50 million acres of grassland have been lost in the last 10 years. Many people are unaware of the benefits that grasslands provide or the implications of their declines and what it means to current and future generations.
Birds are good indicators of environmental health serving as seed dispersers, pollinators and providing pest control. Since 1970, grassland bird species have seen a 53-percent reduction in their populations — more than 720 million birds lost. This early warning sign reveals that our diminishing grasslands are being so severely impacted by human activities that they no longer support the same robust wildlife populations they once did.
Bird Conservancy of the Rockies and other partners from the Central Grasslands Roadmap are participating in an 8-week social media campaign (Aug. 1 – Sept 18) that enlists the collective, coordinated voices of organizations and individuals to help spread the word about the benefits of grasslands to people and wildlife. A key engagement area is urban and suburban audiences, groups that are more likely to be geographically disconnected from grasslands and less aware of their personal relevance.
The campaign features a collection of beautifully-designed graphics and accompanying messages, available in both Spanish and English, that were created to help inform and inspire connection and action. The assets are freely available at grasslandsroadmap.org/grasslandsandyou for others to download and share on their personal and organizational social media feeds.
Bird Conservancy of the Rockies is using the campaign as an engagement tool to spread the word to their supporters, followers and fans to raise awareness about grasslands and what they are doing to support grassland conservation. They will share calls-to-action and provide ways for people to get involved to help grasslands and grassland birds—from volunteering, to making donations in support of conservation initiatives, and more.
Small, everyday actions can help, such as making grasslands-friendly consumer choices. Examples include buying bird-friendly meat from locally-owned, conservation-focused ranches and purchasing organically-grown produce to reduce the use of pesticides that can harm grassland pollinators.
The Central Grasslands Roadmap aims guide and inform innovative and connected conservation and includes a cross-section of leaders and experts representing producers on working land, Indigenous/First Nations, federal, state and provincial agencies, foundations, industry, and nongovernmental organizations including; land trusts, conservation organizations, and academia.
About the Central Grasslands Roadmap
The Central Grasslands Roadmap aims to guide and inform innovative and connected conservation for the benefit of grassland birds, pollinators and mammals, as well as to ensure viable human communities across the landscape of one of North America’s most biogeographically unique areas. The Roadmap community includes a cross-section of leaders and experts that live and work in the Central Grasslands — including producers on working land, Sovereign First Nations and Indigenous Communities, federal, state and provincial agencies, foundations, industry, and nongovernmental organizations including; land trusts, conservation organizations, and academia. For more information: https://www.grasslandsroadmap.org/
About Bird Conservancy of the Rockies
Bird Conservancy of the Rockies is a Colorado-based nonprofit that works to conserve birds and their habitats through an integrated approach of science, education and land stewardship. Our work extends from the Rockies to the Great Plains, Mexico and beyond. Together, we are improving native bird populations, the land and the lives of people. We envision a world where birds are forever abundant, contributing to healthy landscapes and inspiring human curiosity and love of nature. For more information: https://www.birdconservancy.org/
Grasslands and You Campaign Information: grasslandsroadmap.org/grasslandsandyou
Central Grasslands Roadmap Official Press Release for the Campaign |
Interviewees featured in this episode:
Janine Korduan, senior program officer for circular economy with Friends of the Earth Germany
- "Product design is the key. We should stop producing packaging material that consists of seven different layers of plastic and paper."
Virginia Janssens, managing director of the trade federation Plastics Europe
- "Chemical recycling has an essential role to play because in many cases it's the only method available for recycling particular kinds of plastic waste."
Christian Schiller, co-founder and CEO of cirplus
- "The core underlying fundamental problem to solve in the plastic world is that we live in a world where virgin plastic is cheaper than high quality recycled plastics."
Tamara Galloway, professor of ecotoxicology at the University of Exeter, UK
- "Do you want to be the company whose plastic bottle we take out of the stomach of a seal? Do you want us to show that brand? Of course you don’t. So design things differently!"
Plastics are made from fossil fuels. They require energy, money, resources to produce. In theory, almost all plastic products could be recycled or turned into something new at the end of their life. But in most cases, this isn’t happening. Because the bulk of the plastic we use ends up in landfill, gets incinerated, or leaks into nature.
Since the production of plastic took off in the 1950s, there have been around 10 billions of tons of it produced worldwide – so more than one ton for every person alive on this earth today.
And the amount of plastic is only growing. Around 430 million tons is currently produced every year. By some estimates, that could triple by 2060-- with significant costs for the environment if we don’t change the way we deal with it once we’re done using it.
Recycling is seen as one way to get a handle on plastic pollution. But only 9% is recycled globally. Germany recycles a little over 40% of its plastic waste. In the US only 5 to 6% is recycled, according to Greenpeace. And in the UK, it’s around 12%.
So why are recycling rates so low?
Here’s the thing: It’s usually cheaper to make new plastic from scratch from oil, than it is to collect and sort used plastic and recycle it into another product. The reason many plastics are not recycled is that it often doesn’t make economic sense to do so. But it doesn't have to be this way. |
The beauty and lore of this avenue was captured over a century ago in a book by a Jefferson Park resident:
What Soho is to London this diagonal avenue is to the Garden City. By turns the Greek, Italian, German, Scandinavian, Russian, Lithuanian and Pole monopolize the street signs, the corner news-stands, the sidewalks and the cars, or proclaim to the passing nose one aspect of their national delicacies.
—Alfred Bull, amateur historian describing Milwaukee Avenue in 1911
In the first part of this series, we’ll look at the early history of Milwaukee Avenue, and follow it until the boom years of the 1920s. Next we’ll cover the Chicago School of architecture, and later, the transition to the Machine Age and Art Deco.
- A Road of Many Names
- Transit Brings Economic Growth
- Immigration Forms Neighborhood Identities
- “Dinner Pail Avenue”
- An Evolving Study of Housing Types
- Nickelodeons and Movie Palaces
- Milwaukee Avenue after Dinner Pail Avenue
The most obvious feature of this arterial road is its path, running diagonal to the city’s grid network of streets.
Though many believe the grid system came as a result of planning after the Great Fire, it actually dates to the original surveying of the city in 1830. This early date of the grid makes this conspicuous diagonal path (especially to pedestrians) even more puzzling.
The simplest answer to this minor riddle is the correct one–Milwaukee Avenue existed long before the City of Chicago did.
A Road of Many Names
Like street names all over the country, its namesake comes from another city: Milwaukee. Not specifically because it leads there, though it does via a circuitous route.
Before 1829: Indian Trail
Milwaukee Avenue originated as an indian trail, used for centuries by the original inhabitants of Illinois. The path may have been originally created by animals seeking the waters of Lake Michigan.
The 1829 Treaty of Prairie du Chien took the land away from Native Americans, opening up potential for land ownership and profit. After the treaty, European settlers arrived in droves to areas northwest of the city in the early 1830s.
1849: Northwestern Plank Road
With newly available land acquired from its original inhabitants, settlers headed northwest in search of opportunity. At best, the path was slow and difficult to navigate. At worst, travel was impossible.
Construction of the Northwestern Plank Road began in 1849, charging travelers for use.
1890: The End of Tolls: a Mob Destroys Toll House and Gate
In 1865, A.J. Snell purchased the old plank road and added gravel. For decades he operated a profitable system of exacting tolls from those passing through the Northwest Turnpike, but rarely invested in its upkeep or improvement.
By the late 1880s, it was referred to as Snell toll road. The system of tolls was despised by farmers and other residents who had no other option to reach their destination. Snell was murdered in an apparent robbery in 1889, and his heirs continued collect tolls despite the poor condition and legal challenges to its existence.
In 1890 (contradictory to the date in the above photo), a mob of 200 or so warned the gatekeeper to exit the building, and burned it down in glee and celebration.
A court later ruled against the Snell heirs. The court stated current residents had no choice in the selection process of choosing a company to maintain the road, as result of development growing rapidly around it.The mob action and court decree marked a decisive end of the thoroughfare as a toll road.
Transit Brings Economic Growth
1874: Downtown to North/Damen in 30 Minutes
Before the removal of the toll house, transit laid the foundation of rapid access to Downtown from the Northwest Side. The Steinhouse’s Citizen’s Omnibus Line (above) provided horse-drawn coaches in 1874, with a travel time of about 30 minutes from Downtown to North and Damen Avenues.
1895: The First Electric Elevated Road Comes to Logan Square
The removal of tolls, addition of streetcars, and the new Milwaukee Elevated Line transformed Milwaukee Avenue at the turn of the century into a bustling thoroughfare that provided quick access from suburban neighborhoods to downtown.
In 1895 the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad built the first electric elevated line in Chicago. This electric line had branches that left downtown for Garfield Park, Humboldt Park, Logan Square, and Douglas Park.
Several branches of the original Metropolitan Elevated operate today along the Blue and Pink Lines.The platform and station house of the California stop on the Blue Line looks a lot like the way it did when it opened in 1895. The California Station was extensively renovated in 2014. The platform, entrance, and station house were rehabbed as a part of the Your New Blue project with new materials, while retaining the same appearance.
Immigration Forms Neighborhood Identities
1860s-1910s: German Immigrants Arrive
The early ethnic makeup of Milwaukee Avenue’s settlement was largely German, after several waves of immigration to Chicago. New German immigrants established saloons, hardware stores, bakeries, and clothing stores.
Along Milwaukee Avenue closer to Downtown in the 1870s-1890s, the German population was so prevalent that real estate advertisements appeared in both German and English.
Many of the architectural artifacts of German culture were social halls, such as Aurora Turner Hall (above).
Oddfellows Halls, Masonic Halls, and Turner Halls (Turnverein) were forming as a place for leisure, organization, and support. For more on the Turnverein, see our recent article Chicago’s Forgotten Turner Halls: Turnverein Vorwaerts.As more immigrants from other countries arrived along Milwaukee Avenue, early German arrivals forged a path to the northwest toward suburban or rural areas. One destination on this path was Irving Park. The arrival of Germans (along with the Swedes) tripled the population between 1910 and 1920–from 14,748 to 42,467.
One of the remnants of this rapid expansion is the nationally landmarked Carl Schurz High School at Milwaukee and Addison.
An expanding population needed a larger school, and Carl Schurz would be the namesake for the new school. Schurz, a German immigrant, had no connection to Chicago but was a General in the Civil War, a Senator, and Secretary of the Interior, among other titles.
Designed by Dwight Perkins, this near-perfectly preserved structure represents a blending of the Chicago School and Prairie School styles of architecture. Today, roughly 1,200 students are enrolled.
The Chicago School is the next topic we’ll cover on this series of architecture history of Milwaukee Avenue.
1870s-1910s: Scandinavians Settle in Logan Square
Toward the end of the 19th century, Scandinavians arrived to neighborhoods along Milwaukee, in particular the Norwegians in Logan Square.The most visible artifact of early Scandinavian immigration is Minnikirken, a Norwegian Lutheran Church facing Logan Square. This grand and beautiful symbol of Norwegian immigrant history has a vibrant church membership, bringing visitors from outside the neighborhood for worship and social events.
Minnekirken holds services in both Norwegian and English during the same service. The art glass windows of the church were recently restored with help from Logan Square Preservation.
Though most of the Norwegian families and their descendants left Logan Square for suburban areas, there are still a few in the neighborhood.
1880s-1910s: Early Formation of the Polish Corridor
More [Polish] settlers came after the inaugurations of Bismarck’s anti-Polish policy during the 70s, which drove out some 30,000 Poles from Prussian Poland. After that, the numbers that came in gradually increased until there were 52,000 foreign-born Poles in 1890, and 250,000 in July, 1903! […] The 1930 census places the figure well over 400,000.
— Anthony C. Tomczak, Poles in Chicago (1933)
Milwaukee Avenue is perhaps best known for its large Polish population, from West Town to Jefferson Park and well into the suburbs. Some of the reasons for Milwaukee Avenue’s attraction to Polish immigrants was the growth of industry, as well as the ease of access to industrial jobs downtown.One of the earliest draws was also the location of its churches. St. Stanislaus Kostka Church, the first Polish parish in Chicago founded in 1867, is located several blocks northwest of Milwaukee Avenue in Pulaski Park. Holy Trinity Church (above) is about a block north of Milwaukee, at 1118 North Noble Street. Over the decades, earlier arrivals and their descendants continued moving northwest along Milwaukee Avenue, past Avondale, into Jefferson Park, and then the suburbs.
Grand houses of worship, businesses, and restaurants cater to a group that continues to arrive in Chicago today. Though immigration has slowed significantly, Poland remains the second highest country of origin for immigrants in Chicago and Illinois.
We’ll continue to study the legacy of Polish immigration to Chicago in the third part of this series.
Dinner Pail Avenue
The rapid arrival of so many immigrants to Milwaukee Avenue around the turn of the century led to an economic boom. The wealth created by immigrants attracted to transit and housing built upon itself, leading to Milwaukee Avenue becoming the second largest economic district in Chicago, outside of Loop (noted above).
With many of the area’s residents traveling during rush hour for destinations along Milwaukee Avenue and places downtown, it earned the nickname Dinner Pail Avenue.
Clerical, industrial, administrative, and other workers set off with a dinner pail in tow, leading to its one-time nickname:
The Dinner Pail avenue army is only one of a hundred battalions marching on the downtown section of Chicago at this moment from every part of the city. They pour out of modest homes, from brick and wood cottages, from back alleys and side streets, from modest workingmen’s flats, to swell the invasion. […] Nearly every unit in this Milwaukee avenue host carries its means of sustenance with it, and as we watch we see that the variety of the dinner pails alone is astonishing.
— Josiah Seymour Currey, Manufacturing and Wholesale Industries of Chicago, Volume 1 (1918)
The Legacy Industries Of Milwaukee Avenue: Clothing and Furniture
Along Milwaukee, many of the industries that arose were centered around clothing and furniture. Though a few are active today, they are becoming increasingly scarce as a result of rising land values.
The early growth of these industries flourished with the arrival of new immigrants, as described in a 1921 Economist article:
Milwaukee Avenue, notably the great centers created by the intersecting thoroughfares, is a stable investment because of the fact that it is an active business thoroughfare; because further it is backed up by an industrious and thrifty class of people who save their money and pay their bills; moreover there are so many of them and they are so dependable that the big merchants have made themselves big by supplying their wants in the way of substantial merchandise at low prices. This is what is making Milwaukee Avenue the substantial center it is for the transaction of general business.
—The Economist, describing a land transaction involving Continental Clothing at Milwaukee and Ashland, 1921
An Evolving Study of Housing Types
1870s-1890s: The Worker’s Cottage Offers a Solution for Deplorable Living Conditions
For many who worked in Chicago factories at the turn of the 20th century, housing conditions were deplorable, particularly near the center of the city. Tenement and boarding houses as documented by two reporters in 1893 for Vorbote, a Chicago-based German newspaper:
In the bedroom there was nothing to be seen save the nearby berths just below the ceiling. These were about two feet wide and were comprised of the plank base, a straw mattress, and a blanket. The bed things look as though they had been dragged around a stockyards and then washed in the Chicago River. Rodents also made their home here, something which could be quickly ascertained.
–Nocturnal Infernos, Vorbote, November 27, 1893 (describing tenement housing)
The Worker’s Cottage, a 1 and 1/2 story house with a gabled roof, was marketed as an affordable way to escape the living conditions in poorly maintained tenement houses. Many of these appeared on the streets connecting to Milwaukee Avenue, as workers left the center city in search of a better life.In areas along Milwaukee Avenue where they first appeared, these cottages are rapidly disappearing as larger single family homes take their place.
Unfortunately, the modest workers cottage receives barely any appreciation today. But during the time of its proliferation across Chicago, it was an almost palatial estate compared to the overnight hotels and boarding houses: 10 ft. ceilings, large rooms, and basements above ground level.
1870s-1880s: Early Multifamily in Italianate Row Homes
Appearing as a slightly taller variant of the Worker’s Cottage, multistory Italianate row homes appear along residential side streets of Milwaukee Avenue closer to the city center.
Many were separate units, allowing owner-occupied rentals. Similar to the Worker’s Cottage, older row homes are becoming more scarce as larger single family homes take their place.
1870s-1900s: Victorian Mansions for “New Money” Immigrants
Many new immigrants sought out their fortune in Chicago, and a few found it. They were considered “new money” by the established elite and wealthy residents of the South and West sides. This label barred them from building homes there, so they chose areas along boulevards and near parks for their grand homes.
1890s-1920s: The Staple of Style and Practicality: The Greystone Two/Three-Flat
There are few buildings which represent early housing in Chicago as much as the greystone two or three-flat. Living in a two/three-flat proved then as it does now to be a wise investment: friends, relatives, or tenants pay part or all of the mortgage.The multistory brick or greystone building with bay windows is likely the most common configuration, perhaps as a result of the 25×125 lot size. This shape allows the largest footprint possible. With a bay window, light fills front rooms from all angles.
1900s-1920s: The New Sign of “Making It” — The Bungalow
As you leave the center city and head past Avondale, the prevalence of two and three-flats starts to give way to single family housing, frequently in the form of the Chicago Bungalow.For many, the bungalow represented that a family had made it–leaving the crowded city and having space without sharing a wall with neighbors.
1900s-1930s: A Distinctly American Style: the American Four Square
The American Four Square, like its smaller sibling the Bungalow, features a symmetrical appearance and a sparsely decorated exterior. They could serve as a single family
home, or as in the plans above, a multi-unit building where each unit features two stories of living.
Nickelodeons, Theaters, and Movie Palaces
A Chicago Tribune article from Dec. 13, 1912, mentions that 635 theaters of all sizes and classes operated in the city. Many were on Milwaukee Avenue, and a few buildings remain today, serving as a link to the cinematic past of a century ago.
1900s-1910s: The Nickelodeon Era
Before the large movie palaces, nickelodeons gave neighborhoods a movie experience. Most were small rectangular rooms with few amenities. Also known as “loft theaters,” they were in neighborhood buildings and charged five cents for admission.
Nickelodeons burst on the scene rapidly, expanding into all neighborhoods and cities across the country. They disappeared rapidly as Hollywood integrated movie making and the places showing films. For more history of nickelodeons, see our previous post, Avondale’s Forgotten Nickelodeon: The Enterprise.The Enterprise
One surviving and interesting remnant of the Nickelodeon Era is The Enterprise (above) in Avondale. Originally a multistory and multi-use building, today all that remains is the first floor.Jefferson Theatre
According to Cinema Treasures, the Jefferson Theatre at Milwaukee and Lawrence opened in 1914 with a capacity of 294. It was renamed the Progress Theatre in 1917 before ultimately closing in 1923.Though barely visible today, the name of the nickelodeon is emblazoned on the facade in brick. Sadly, the name and glass block have been painted over several times, hiding a clue to this building’s past. Home Theater and the Engineering Disaster
The Home Theater (also known as Home 5 Cent Theater) at 1539 N. Milwaukee opened in 1912, and is a beautiful extant example of the transition between the storefront theater era and the age of the dedicated movie theater.
Most nickelodeons were storefronts converted with chairs and a projector, but the Home Theater was designed specifically for this purpose.
The Home Theater on Milwaukee became infamous for an engineering disaster which put the architect and engineer of the building in the hot seat after the roof collapsed. Newspaper accounts of the time called it “perilous” or a “deadly disaster,” but there isn’t mention of anyone actually losing their life in the accident.
The architect, David Saul Klafter, faced a lawsuit and public hearings were held over inspections and the design. He was eventually cleared of all wrongdoing, and the theater was renamed “Bell Theater” in 1914.
Today it is home to John Fluevog Shoes.
1910s to 1940s: The Movie Palace Era
The First World War and Hollywood’s integration of movie houses and film production marked a quick end to Nickelodeon era of movie theaters in 1915.
By the 1920s, the experience of watching a motion picture evolved from a makeshift storefront with chairs and a projector to a purpose-built structure that dazzled with exterior ornament and provided a comfortable movie watching experience.Chopin Theatre
While the Home Theater served as the close of the nickelodeon era, Chopin Theater represented an entry to the new era of movie palaces. Facing the intersection of Milwaukee, Division, and Ashland, Chopin Theatre is an important link to theatrical history:
The Logan Theatre
The building of the Chopin Theatre was designed in 1918 by M.F. Strunch Architects as a 987 seat theater at 1541-1543 W. Division. According to the Theatre Historical Society of America, the theatre’s name has changed several times over the years from Chopin Theatre to Harding Theatre, back to Chopin Theatre and then to the Pix Theatre from 1940-1948. During the next 40 years it went through a number of alternate uses: Security Federal Savings and Loan; thrift shop, discotheque, etc. In 1990 the vacant building was purchased by the Dyrkacz family and gradually restored. Today it houses a Main Stage (226), Cabaret Studio (50-100) with its Pregnant Buffalo Lounge, the Nelson Algren Café, East Wing Art Gallery and the office/residence of owners Zygmunt and Lela Dyrkacz.
The Logan Theatre is captured in the first article published here, in Introducing Chicago Patterns, outlining the meaning of the name and goals of this project.
The Congress Theater
In 1926, at the height of the movie palace era, the Congress Theatre opened to parades, a beauty contest, among other events.
Prior to closing in 2013, it served as a music and event venue. After a series of dramatic neighborhood debates and disputes, new owners announced a $55 million renovation plan. The new owners are currently seeking a National Register nomination.
The Portage Theater
Portage Theater, the outermost theater in this Milwaukee Avenue history tour, is also one of the oldest in the city.
It opened in 1920 with a Classical exterior and megaphone-shaped interior, before undergoing renovations in 1940 which added Art Deco styling to the interior lobby and entryway.
Milwaukee Avenue After “Dinner Pail Avenue”
The evolution of architecture styles and types, with the study of immigration patterns of Milwaukee Avenue tell a story of arrival and social advancement. The next two parts in this series will highlight its status as a living history book of organically-derived Chicago architecture and later, the arrival of Art Deco and the Machine Age.
Part 2: The Chicago School and Arrival of Sullivanesque
In the next article, we’ll explore architecture of the Chicago School along Milwaukee that arose around the turn of the century, as well as the later Sullivanesque style that bloomed along Milwaukee in the 1920s.
Part 3: Transition to Art Deco and the Machine Age
In part 3, we’ll look at how the built environment evolved from the heady days of the late 1920s, the Great Depression and the post-World War II era.
This era created a legacy modern design. The transition from classically inspired buildings to modern and futuristic design is unique in American history.
There is much more to come on Chicago Patterns with regard to this history of Milwaukee Avenue. If you have memories, photos, or information about Milwaukee Avenue, please let us know in the comment section.
- Chicago’s Forgotten Turner Halls: Turnverein Vorwaerts
- Avondale’s Forgotten Nickelodeon: The Enterprise
- Goodbye, Gray Buildings at Milwaukee/Grand/Halsted
References and Further Reading
- Paved or unpaved, Milwaukee Avenue always vital to northeast Illinois (Wheeling Historical Society)
- Milwaukee Elevated (chicago-l.org)
- National Register Landmark Nomination for Carl Schurz High School (Internet Archive)
- Norwegians of Chicago (Encyclopedia of Chicago)
- Poles in Chicago (Internet Archive)
- Jefferson Park (Northwest Chicago Historical Society)
- Milwaukee Avenue [PDF] (NW Chicago Historical Society Newsletter)
- 100 years of Chicago bungalows (WBEZ) |
Rationale and definition:
MSY is the largest average yield (catch) that can theoretically be taken from a species’ stock over an indefinite period under constant environmental conditions. It is usually measured in tons.1 This indicator provides information on the degree of exploitation of fishery resources and the progress towards sustainable management of fisheries. The UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, the UN Fish Stocks Agreement, the Plan of Implementation of the 2001 World Summit on Sustainable Development, and the CBD, among others, all refer to MSY-based reference points and targets.2
In the final declaration from Rio+20, states committed to take urgent measures to “maintain or restore all stocks at least to levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY).”
All UN Member states are asked to report their annual landings by fish species or species group to the FAO. Data quality varies from country to country with fishery landings data often reported by national governments in aggregated form rather than by fish species.
Comments and limitations:
One problematic aspect of the MSY is that it is calculated for a single species, ignoring the effects on or from other species. An alternative concept to the MSY is the Optimum Sustainable Yield (OSY) that also takes into account economic, social, and ecological factors such as job creation. The OSY can be either equal to or below the MSY. However, there is no agreement on a common definition of OSY.
Preliminary assessment of current data availability by Friends of the Chair:
Primary data source:
Administrative data from national production and international trade statistics.
Potential lead agency or agencies: |
Table of Contents
What is Myeloperoxidase staining (MPO Staining)?
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) staining is a vital technique in medical diagnostics, particularly in the field of hematology. MPO is an enzyme predominantly found in certain white blood cells, namely neutrophils, eosinophils, and to a lesser extent, monocytes. Notably absent in lymphocytes, the presence and activity of myeloperoxidase play a crucial role in differentiating between types of leukemia.
Primarily stored in azurophilic granules within neutrophils, myeloperoxidase is a lysosomal enzyme. Its primary function is to produce hypohalous acids, which are essential for the antimicrobial activities of these white blood cells. Among these acids, hypochlorous acid is particularly significant, as it is a powerful antimicrobial agent, similar in composition to household bleach. This antimicrobial function is vital for the body’s defense mechanism against pathogens.
The myeloperoxidase gene is located on chromosome 17 in humans. The enzyme’s presence is most pronounced in neutrophils, a type of white blood cell playing a key role in the immune response. During certain immune reactions, such as inflammation, neutrophils release MPO into the extracellular space, a process known as degranulation.
A unique characteristic of myeloperoxidase is its green coloration, which is due to the heme pigment in its structure. This green hue is often observable in secretions rich in neutrophils, like mucus and sputum, and was historically the reason behind its former name, verdoperoxidase.
In medical diagnostics, MPO staining is a crucial tool. It is particularly used to distinguish between acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The presence of MPO in cells is indicative of AML, as these cells are derived from myeloid lineage, where MPO is typically found. In contrast, its absence suggests ALL, where lymphoid cells (lacking MPO) are involved. This differentiation is critical for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning for leukemia patients.
In summary, myeloperoxidase staining is an essential diagnostic tool in hematology. It leverages the unique properties of the MPO enzyme, predominantly its presence in specific white blood cells and its antimicrobial function, to provide critical insights into various blood disorders, most notably in differentiating types of leukemia.
Purpose of Myeloperoxidase stain
- To differentiate the blasts of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) from those of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
- To diagnose congenital deficiency of neutrophil myeloperoxidase.
Principle of MPO stain (Myeloperoxidase stain)
The principle underlying the Myeloperoxidase (MPO) stain in pathology hinges on the specific biochemical properties of the myeloperoxidase enzyme found in certain leukocyte granules. This technique is employed to visualize and identify the presence of MPO in leukocytes, particularly useful in differentiating types of leukemia cells and understanding immune cell functions.
At its core, the MPO staining process involves a reaction where the myeloperoxidase enzyme, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), oxidizes certain substrates. These substrates, which are typically colorless in their original form, are transformed into insoluble blue or brown derivatives. This reaction occurs specifically at the site of MPO activity within the leukocyte granules, thereby marking the presence and location of the enzyme.
Commonly used substrates for this reaction include Benzidine, 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB), or p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride. When these substrates encounter the MPO-H2O2 complex, they undergo oxidation and precipitate at the site, forming stable, non-diffusible products. This localized precipitation ensures that the staining accurately reflects the presence and distribution of MPO within the cells.
Additionally, the staining intensity and clarity can be enhanced by the addition of agents such as copper sulfate or nitrate. These compounds facilitate the oxidation process, leading to a more pronounced and discernible color change, which is crucial for accurate visualization under a microscope.
Requirements for Myeloperoxidase staining (MPO Stain)
For conducting Myeloperoxidase (MPO) staining, a specific set of requirements must be met to ensure accurate and reliable results. This staining procedure is an essential tool in histopathology for identifying myeloperoxidase enzyme presence in leukocytes. The following are the key components required for MPO staining:
- Fixative: An appropriate fixative is crucial for preserving the tissue sample’s structure and enzymes. Commonly used fixatives for MPO staining include 10% formalin in ethanol or buffered formal acetone. These fixatives help to maintain the integrity of the leukocyte granules and ensure that the myeloperoxidase enzyme is retained in its active form.
- Substrate: The substrate is a vital component of the staining process, reacting with myeloperoxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Options for substrates include Benzidine, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB), or p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride. The choice of substrate determines the color and intensity of the stain, with each substrate offering specific properties that can be beneficial for different applications.
- Buffer: Sorensen’s phosphate buffer at pH 7.3 is used to maintain an optimal pH environment for the enzymatic reaction. The buffer helps in stabilizing the reaction conditions, ensuring that the MPO enzyme functions effectively during the staining process.
- Hydrogen Peroxide: A 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide is used as a reactant in the staining process. It works in conjunction with the substrate to facilitate the oxidation reaction, which leads to the formation of the colored stain.
- Working Substrate Solution: To prepare the working substrate solution, 30 mg of DAB is dissolved in 60 ml of the Sorensen’s phosphate buffer. Then, 120 µl of hydrogen peroxide is added and mixed thoroughly. This solution is used for the actual staining process, where it reacts with the MPO enzyme in the tissue sample.
- Counterstain: Hematoxylin is commonly used as a counterstain in MPO staining. It provides a contrasting color, typically staining nuclei blue. This contrast enhances the visibility of the MPO stain and allows for better differentiation of cellular structures within the tissue sample.
|10% formalin in ethanol or buffered formal acetone. Used for preserving tissue structure and enzyme integrity.
|Options include Benzidine, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB), or p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride. Key for the color development in the staining process.
|Sorensen’s phosphate buffer, pH 7.3. Maintains the optimal pH for the enzymatic reaction.
|3% solution. Reacts with the substrate to facilitate the oxidation reaction for stain development.
|Working Substrate Solution
|Prepared by dissolving 30 mg of DAB in 60 ml of buffer, then adding 120 µl of hydrogen peroxide. Used for the staining process.
|Hematoxylin. Provides contrasting color to enhance the visibility of the MPO stain and differentiate cellular structures.
Procedure of Myeloperoxidase staining (MPO Stain)
- Fixation of Smears: Begin by fixing air-dried smears in formalin ethanol or buffered formal acetone. This step should last for about 60 seconds. The fixation process is crucial as it preserves the cellular structure and enzymes within the smear.
- Rinsing: After fixation, the smears should be thoroughly rinsed in running tap water. A duration of 30 seconds is typically sufficient. This step helps to remove any residual fixative that might interfere with the staining process.
- Application of Working Substrate: Next, cover the smear with the working substrate solution and incubate it for 10 minutes. The working substrate contains the components necessary for the MPO enzyme to react and produce a visible color change in the smear.
- Washing: Following incubation, gently wash the smear with running tap water for another 30 seconds. This step removes excess substrate and prepares the smear for counterstaining.
- Counterstaining: Counterstain the smear with hematoxylin for 3-5 minutes. Hematoxylin will stain the nuclei within the cells, providing a contrast that enhances the visibility of the MPO stain.
- Final Rinse and Drying: After counterstaining, rinse the smear again in running tap water and then allow it to air dry. This step ensures that any excess counterstain is removed and that the smear is ready for microscopic examination.
- Microscopic Examination: Finally, examine the smear under a microscope. The MPO stain will highlight the presence of myeloperoxidase enzyme in the cells, aiding in the diagnosis and analysis of hematological conditions.
Myeloperoxidase staining Result and Interpretation
MPO Staining Results:
- Presence in Myeloid Cells: MPO is typically found in the primary granules of myeloid cells. However, early myeloblasts, which are immature myeloid cells, generally do not show MPO positivity. As these cells mature, granular positivity for MPO becomes more apparent.
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): In many cases of AML, including types M1 (without maturation), M2 (with maturation), and M3 (promyelocytic leukemia), over 80% of blasts exhibit MPO activity. Auer rods, which are needle-like inclusions found in some leukemia cells, are strongly positive for MPO.
- Monocytic Series: Cells of the monocytic lineage tend to show a less intense positive reaction for MPO. This reaction is characterized by fine granular deposits scattered throughout the cell.
- Lymphoblasts and Lymphoid Cells: These cells are typically negative for MPO, providing a clear differential marker from myeloid cells.
|MPO Staining Result
|Lack of MPO in early stages, with positivity in maturation.
|Mature Myeloid Cells
|Granular positivity increases with maturation.
|Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
|Positive in >80% of blasts
|Includes AML types M1, M2, M3. Auer rods are strongly positive.
|Less Intense Positive
|Characterized by fine granular deposits.
|Positive (except in blast forms)
|Mature forms show positivity.
|Consistently show MPO positivity.
|Positive (except in blast forms)
|Generally positive for MPO.
|Weakly Positive or Negative
|Typically show weak or no MPO activity.
|Lymphoblasts and Lymphoid Cells
|Important for differentiation from myeloid leukemias.
|Erythrocyte Cell Series
|Red blood cells and precursors do not show MPO activity.
Interpretation of MPO Staining:
- Positive MPO Reaction:
- Neutrophilic Granulocytes: Mature neutrophilic granulocytes display a positive MPO reaction, except in their blast forms.
- Eosinophils: These cells also show positive MPO staining.
- Monocytes: Mature monocytes, excluding their blast forms, are generally positive for MPO.
- Negative MPO Reaction:
- Basophils: These cells are weakly positive or negative for MPO.
- Lymphocytic Cell Series: Lymphoblasts and other lymphoid cells do not exhibit MPO activity, which is a critical diagnostic feature in distinguishing lymphocytic from myeloid leukemias.
- Erythrocyte Cell Series: Red blood cells and their precursors do not show MPO activity.
In summary, the results and interpretation of MPO staining are essential in the identification and classification of blood cells, particularly in the diagnosis of various forms of leukemia. The presence or absence of MPO in cells provides valuable information about their lineage and stage of maturation, which is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning in hematological disorders.
Uses of Myeloperoxidase Staining
- Diagnosis of Leukemia Types: MPO staining is crucial in differentiating between acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In AML, cells typically show positive MPO staining due to their myeloid origin, whereas ALL cells, being of lymphoid origin, do not.
- Determining Cell Lineage: MPO staining helps in identifying the lineage of immature white blood cells (blasts) in bone marrow or peripheral blood. This is important in diagnosing various forms of blood cancers and other hematological disorders.
- Identifying Myeloid Dysplasia: In conditions like myelodysplastic syndromes, MPO staining can help in assessing the maturation and differentiation patterns of myeloid cells.
- Assessment of Infectious Diseases: Since neutrophils are a primary defense against bacterial infections, MPO staining can be used to assess neutrophil activity and response in infectious diseases.
- Research in Immunology: In research settings, MPO staining is used to study neutrophil function and the role of myeloperoxidase in various immune responses and inflammatory processes.
- Detection of Auer Rods in Leukemia: Auer rods, which are indicative of certain types of leukemia, are strongly MPO positive. Their detection through MPO staining is significant for diagnostic purposes.
- Evaluation of Congenital Neutrophil Deficiencies: MPO staining is useful in diagnosing congenital deficiencies of neutrophil myeloperoxidase, which can be linked to increased susceptibility to infections. |
When the English language initially adopted the word, it referred to a plan of something, not to the act of actually carrying this plan out. Something performed in accordance with a project became known as an "object".
This use of "project" changed in the 1950s with the introduction of several techniques for project management. Use of the word "project" evolved slightly to cover both projects and objects. However, certain projects continue to include so-called objects
- Date: 15th century
- 1 : a specific plan or design : scheme
- 2 obsolete : idea
- 3 : a planned undertaking: as a : a definitely formulated piece of research
- b : a large usually government-supported undertaking
- c : a task or problem engaged in usually by a group of students to supplement and apply classroom studies
- 4 : a usually public housing development consisting of houses or apartments built and arranged according to a single plan
Contemporary Western business — characterized by a modern matrix organization and a cooperative culture — currently particularly favors project-based approaches. Authoritarian, bureaucratic organizations with rigid, hierarchical structures show less enthusiasm about project-based work, which may not operate as expected in their environment due to conflicts between different cultures. |
The theme of the 2017 World Elder Abuse Awareness Day (WEAAD) to be observed at the United Nations Headquarters is “Understand and End Financial Abuse of Older People: A Human Rights Issue.”
Virtually all countries are expected to see substantial growth in the number of older persons between 2015 and 2030, and that growth will be faster in developing regions.1 Because the numbers of older persons are growing, the amount of elder abuse can be expected to grow with it. While the taboo topic of elder abuse has started to gain visibility across the world, it remains one of the least investigated types of violence in national surveys, and one of the least addressed in national action plans.
Recent research findings draw specific attention to financial exploitation and material abuse of older persons as a common and serious problem. Based on available evidence, 5 to 10 per cent of older people globally may experience some kind of financial exploitation. However, such abuse often goes unreported, partly due to shame and embarrassment on the part of the victims or their inability to report it because of cognitive and other impairments, and most prevalence studies are based on self-reported surveys.
Financial exploitation takes many forms. In developed countries, the abuse often encompasses theft, forgery, misuse of property and power of attorney, as well as denying access to funds. The overwhelming majority of financial exploitation in less developed countries includes accusations of witchcraft that are used to justify property grabbing, ejection from homes of and denial of family inheritance to widows. Risk factors for falling victim to financial exploitation range from social isolation and cognitive impairment to emotional or physical dependence on the perpetrator, financial dependence of the abuser on the older person, certain living arrangements, poverty, widowhood and lack of support networks, in addition to ageism and other types of prejudice, discriminatory inheritance systems, as well as weak police and criminal justice systems. |
The origin of Bonsai
Although the word ‘Bon-sai’ is Japanese, the art it describes originated in the Chinese empire. By the year 700 AD the Chinese had started the art of ‘pun-sai’ using special techniques to grow dwarf trees in containers.
Originally only the elite of the society practiced pun-tsai with native-collected specimens and the trees where spread throughout China as luxurious gifts. During the Kamakura period, the period in which Japan adopted most of China’s cultural trademarks, the art of growing trees in containers was introduced into Japan. The Japanese developed Bonsai along certain lines due to the influence of Zen Buddhism and the fact that Japan is only 4% the size of mainland China. The range of landscape forms was thus much more limited. Many well-known techniques, styles and tools were developed in Japan from Chinese originals. Although known to a limited extent outside Asia for three centuries, only recently has Bonsai truly been spread outside its homelands.
History of Bonsai in China
Shallow basins or flattened bowls – “pen” or “pan” or “pun” – had been made out of earthenware in what we now call China since about 5,000 years ago. A thousand years later during the Chinese Bronze Age, these were among the chosen shapes to be recreated in bronze for religious and political ceremonial purposes. About 2,300 years ago, the Chinese Five Agents Theory (water, fire, wood, metal, and earth) spun off the idea of the potency of replicas in miniature. By recreating a mountain, for example, on a reduced scale, a student could focus on its magical properties and gain access to them. The further the reproduction was in size from the original, the more magically potent it was likely to be. Two hundred years later, importations of new aromatics and incenses took place under the Han Emperor because of newly opened trading with its neighbors. A new type of vessel was created, incense burners in the form of the mountain peaks which rose above the waves and symbolized the abodes of the Immortals, the then-popular idea of the mythic Islands of the Blessed. Primarily crafted out of bronze, ceramic or gilded bronze, some of these burners rested on small pen dishes to either catch hot embers or to hold a miniature symbolic ocean. The removable lids to these burners often were covered in stylized portrayals of legendary figures climbing the sides of forested hills. From the perforations in the lids the incense smoke arose out of the cave openings like the mystic vapors in the full-size mountains. It is thought that some later lids made out of stone may have been found with lichens or moss already attached – natural miniature landscapes.
The idea of the potency of replicas in miniature date back 2300 years in China
From about the year 706 AD comes the tomb paintings for Crown Prince Zhang Huai which included depictions of two ladies-in-waiting offering miniature rockery landscapes with small plants in shallow dishes. By this time there were the earliest written descriptions of these pun wan – tray playthings. As the creation and care of these was somewhat already advanced, the maturation of the art had taken place (but its documentation has not yet been discovered by us).
The earliest collected and then containerized trees are believed to have been peculiarly-shaped and twisted specimens from the wilds. These were “sacred” as opposed to “profane” because the trees could not be used for any practical, ordinary purposes such as lumber. Their grotesque forms were reminiscent of yoga-type postures which repeatedly bent-back on themselves, re-circulating vital fluids and said to be the cause of long-life.
Over the centuries, different regional styles would be developed throughout the large country with its many varied landscapes; earthenware and ceramic containers would replace the porcelain ones displayed on wooden stands; and attempts would be made to shape the trees with bamboo frameworks or brass wire or lead strips. Many poets and writers each made at least one description of tree and/or mountainous miniature landscapes, and many painters included a dwarfed potted tree as a symbol of a cultivated man's lifestyle. After the 16th century these were called pun tsai or “tray planting.” The term pun Ching ("tray landscape," now called Penjing) didn't actually come into usage until the 17th century.
Miniature landscape from Gothaer Penjing Album, Canton, c.1800, for export to Europe
History of Bonsai in Japan
It is believed that the first tray landscapes were brought from China to Japan at least twelve hundred years ago (as religious souvenirs). A thousand years ago, the first lengthy work of fiction in Japanese included this passage: “A [full-size] tree that is left growing in its natural state is a crude thing. It is only when it is kept close to human beings who fashion it with loving care that its shape and style acquire the ability to move one". Read the article about Bonsai tree meaning for more information.
The first graphic portrayals of these in Japan were not made until about eight hundred years ago. All things Chinese fascinated the Japanese, and at some point the Chinese Chan Buddhism (Indian meditative Dyhana Buddhism crossed with native Chinese Daoism) also was imported and became Zen Buddhism in Japan. Finding beauty in severe austerity, Zen monks – with less land forms as a model -- developed their tray landscapes along certain lines so that a single tree in a pot could represent the universe. The Japanese pots were generally deeper than those from the mainland, and the resulting gardening form was called hachi-no-ki, literally, the bowl's tree. A folktale from the late 1300s, about an impoverished samurai who sacrificed his last three dwarf potted trees to provide warmth for a traveling monk on a cold winter night, became a popular Noh theatre play, and images from the story would be depicted in a number of media forms, including woodblock prints, through the centuries.
Everyone from the military leader shoguns to ordinary peasant people grew some form of tree or azalea in a pot or abalone shell. By the late eighteenth century a show for traditional pine dwarf potted trees was begun to be held annually in the capital city of Kyoto. Connoisseurs from five provinces and the neighboring areas would bring one or two plants each to the show in order to submit them to the visitors for ranking or judging. The town of Takamatsu (home of Kinashi Bonsai village) was already growing fields of partly-shaped dwarf pines for a major source of income.
Around the year 1800, a group of scholars of the Chinese arts gathered near the city of Osaka to discuss recent styles in miniature trees. Their dwarf trees were renamed as “Bonsai” (the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese term pun-tsai) in order to differentiate them from the ordinary hachi-no-ki which many persons cared for. The bon or pen is shallower than the Hachi bowl. This shows that at least some growers had better success with the horticultural needs of dwarf potted trees in smaller containers. Bonsai was now seen as a matter of design, the craft approach replacing the religious/mythical approach of tradition.
Different sizes and styles were developed over the next century; catalogs and books about the trees, tools, and pots were published; some early formal shows were held. Copper and iron wire replaced hemp fibers for shaping the trees. Containers mass-produced in China were made to Japanese specifications and the number of hobbyists grew.
At the second Kokufu Bonsai Ten, December 1934
Following the Great Kanto Earthquake which devastated the Tokyo area in 1923, a group of thirty families of professional growers resettled twenty miles away in Omiya and set up what would become the center of Japanese Bonsai culture; Omiya Bonsai village. In the 1930s as formal displays of Bonsai became recognized, an official annual show was allowed at Tokyo's Metropolitan Museum of Art.
The long recovery from the Pacific War saw Bonsai become mature and cultivated as an important native art. Apprenticeship programs, greater numbers of shows, books and magazines, and classes for foreigners spread the word. The use of custom power tools matched with an intricate knowledge of plant physiology allowed a few masters to move from the craft approach to a truly artistic-designing phase of the art.
Recently, Bonsai – seen too often as just a tired pastime for the elderly – now even has a version becoming popular among the younger generation with easy-to-care-for mini-trees and landscapes, unwired and wilder-looking, using native plants.
Read more on Bonsai in Japan.
History of Bonsai in the West
In 1604, there was a description in Spanish of how Chinese immigrants in the tropical islands of the Philippines were growing small ficus trees onto hand-sized pieces of coral. The earliest-known English observation of dwarf potted trees (root-over-rock in a pan) in China/Macau was recorded in 1637. Subsequent reports during the next century also from Japan were root-over-rock specimens. Dozens of travelers included some mention of dwarf trees in their accounts from Japan or China. Many of these were repeated in book reviews and excerpted articles in widely distributed magazines. Japanese dwarf trees were in the Philadelphia Exposition in 1876, the Paris Expositions of 1878 and 1889, the Chicago Expo of 1893, the St. Louis World's Fair of 1904, the 1910 Japan-Britain Exhibition, and at the 1915 San Francisco Exposition.
The first European language book (French) entirely about Japanese dwarf trees was published in 1902, and the first in English in 1940. Yoshimura and Halford's Miniature Trees and Landscapes was published in 1957. It would become known as "Bible of Bonsai in the West," with Yuji Yoshimura being the direct link between Japanese classical Bonsai art and progressive Western approach which resulted in elegant, refined adaptation for the modern world. John Naka from California extended this sharing by teaching in person and in print first in America, and then around the world further emphasizing the use of native material.
It was by this time that the West was being introduced to landscapes from Japan known as saikei and a resurgence from China as Penjing. Compositions with more than a single type of tree became accepted and recognized as legitimate creations.
Bonsai spread to the West in the late 19th century
Over the years, slight innovations and improvements have been developed, primarily in the revered old Bonsai nurseries in Japan, and these have been brought over bit-by-bit to our countries by visiting teachers or returning traveler enthusiasts. Upon their return Japan, teachers would immediately try out a new technique or two in front of students at previously scheduled workshops. The new Japanese techniques could then be disseminated further and this living art form continued to be developed.
Most of the earlier books in European languages, for the most part, leaned more towards basic horticultural knowledge and techniques for keeping the trees alive. Western science has been increasing our awareness of the needs and processes of the living trees and other plants in our compositions. At the same time, published material has shifted towards explaining the aesthetics involved in styling and shaping. Large permanent collections began to be increasingly set up around the world, including Scotland, Hungary, Australia, and Korea, and numerous shows, exhibitions and conventions became annual events for enthusiasts and the general public.
The Karate Kid movies were released. In their own way they spurred many young people to investigate our art/hobby. Read more about Bonsai in the Karate Kid movie.
"Mica pots" originated by this time out of Korea and independent potters were trying their hands at making ceramic pots, including non-standard designs. In 1992 the first Internet Bonsai website was started with the alt.Bonsai newsgroup and the next year saw rec.arts.Bonsai, the forerunner of the Internet Bonsai Club. The first Bonsai club website came about less than three years later.
Read more about the definition and meaning of Bonsai.
There are over 1200 books in 26 languages about Bonsai and related arts. There have been over 50 print periodicals in various tongues, and five on-line magazines just in English. Hundreds of web sites, over a hundred each discussion forums, on-line club newsletters, and blogs can be studied. Constantly popping up are references on TV, in movies and commercials, and general fiction and non-fiction. This is truly a worldwide interest with an estimated thousand clubs meeting anywhere from once a year to two or three times per month, all with their share of politics, personalities and passions. Membership might be close to a hundred thousand in over a hundred counties and territories, with non-associated enthusiasts totaling perhaps ten million more.
So the next time you prune a branch, wire it or re-pot your tree, reflect that what you are doing is continuing a thousand plus year tradition. In your own way you are exploring and composing a miniature version of your universe. Author: Robert J. Baran (Bonsai researcher and historian). |
Dear Wikiwand AI, let's keep it short by simply answering these key questions:
Can you list the top facts and stats about Persian art?
Summarize this article for a 10 year old
Persian art or Iranian art (Persian: هنر ایرانی, romanized: Honar-è Irâni) has one of the richest art heritages in world history and has been strong in many media including architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and sculpture. At different times, influences from the art of neighbouring civilizations have been very important, and latterly Persian art gave and received major influences as part of the wider styles of Islamic art. This article covers the art of Persia up to 1925, and the end of the Qajar dynasty; for later art see Iranian modern and contemporary art, and for traditional crafts see arts of Iran. Rock art in Iran is its most ancient surviving art. Iranian architecture is covered at that article.
From the Achaemenid Empire of 550 BC–330 BC for most of the time a large Iranian-speaking state has ruled over areas similar to the modern boundaries of Iran, and often much wider areas, sometimes called Greater Iran, where a process of cultural Persianization left enduring results even when rulership separated. The courts of successive dynasties have generally led the style of Persian art, and court-sponsored art has left many of the most impressive survivals.
In ancient times the surviving monuments of Persian art are notable for a tradition concentrating on the human figure (mostly male, and often royal) and animals. Persian art continued to place larger emphasis on figures than Islamic art from other areas, though for religious reasons now generally avoiding large examples, especially in sculpture. The general Islamic style of dense decoration, geometrically laid out, developed in Persia into a supremely elegant and harmonious style combining motifs derived from plants with Chinese motifs such as the cloud-band, and often animals that are represented at a much smaller scale than the plant elements surrounding them. Under the Safavid dynasty in the 16th century this style was used across a wide variety of media, and diffused from the court artists of the shah, most being mainly painters.
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Feast Day: 31 August
After the Romans had left Britain and the Saxons invaded (pushing the native Britons to what we now know as Wales, Cornwall and Cumberland), most of England was pagan and worshiped the Saxon gods rather than the Christian understanding of God. England was divided into several kingdoms and while several rose and fell, the notable ones were Wessex (the south), Mercia (the midlands), Northumbria (the north) and East Anglia.
Before vast swathes of England were taken by the Saxons, however, St. Patrick had been captured by Irish pirates – an event which, in the long run, would result in Ireland’s conversion and, subsequently, the incredible missionaries who came over from Ireland to England to bring the Saxon kingdoms into the Christian world. This is the story of one such missionary.
A bit about Aidan
Saint Aidan was born in Ireland and joined the monastery at Iona, which was the first monastery built by the Irish missionaries when they came to Britain. By the time he was born, the spread of Christianity in what we now know as Scotland had been very effective. However, far less effective had been the attempts to convert the Anglo-Saxons in England. Several monks had tried to establish a foothold in the most northern kingdom of Northumbria; however, most reported a sceptical and closed-minded response by the locals and several claimed they were not worth the effort.
Aidan disagreed. Once he received permission to establish a mission, he took several monks with him and established a monastery called Lindisfarne. Lindisfarne would prove crucial to the conversion of the English and would later become known as the cradle of English Christianity. In its early years, however, it would have appeared rather unremarkable, yet it was from here that St. Aidan and his monks began to spread the faith.
He followed the early apostolic model of conversion, first befriending and understanding where the locals were coming from and then relating Church doctrine to their life in a way that was both understandable and practical. He described it as by offering “them first the milk of gentle doctrine, to bring them by degrees, while nourishing them with the Divine Word, to the true understanding and practice of the more advanced precepts.”
A lasting legacy
Aidan was responsible for the construction of churches, monasteries and schools throughout Northumbria. At the same time, he earned a tremendous reputation for his pious charity and dedication to the less fortunate. He would provide room, board and education to orphans, and would regularly use contributions to the Church to pay for the freedom of slaves. By the end of his life he had made a significant mark on the kingdom of Northumbria and converted vast swathes of people to the faith. He died on the 31 August 651 after becoming ill while on one of his incessant missionary tours, and died leaning against the wall of the local church.
Perhaps Aidan’s greatest legacy is that from Lindisfarne (know known as the holy island), missionaries would continue to go forth and the whole of England would become Christian from the seeds that he sew.
Why Saint Aidan inspires me
A reflection from someone in our young Catholic community
Saint Aidan is awesome because of his simplicity. He simply loved God and loved the people who he worked with and, through this deep love, he converted a kingdom. As a missionary his example and teaching is perfect. He shows the importance, effect and joy of converting the whole person and helping them to build faith into their whole life, rather than just having it as a Sunday obligation with no further commitment. Lastly, the mammoth task he had and how he overcame it simply through dedication and love of God is both encouraging and challenging as it shows how we too are able to have such an impact if we let God lead us.
Prayer of Saint Aidan
Leave me alone with God as much as may be.
As the tide draws the waters close in upon the shore,
Make me an island, set apart,
alone with you, God, holy to you.
Then with the turning of the tide
prepare me to carry your presence to the busy world beyond,
the world that rushes in on me
till the waters come again and fold me back to you. |
For hundreds of years, the Virgin Islands towns of Christiansted, Frederiksted and Charlotte Amalie have withstood earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, floods and military invasions, but by the end of this century they may all have slipped under the sea.
That’s one of the worst-case scenarios in the National Climate Assessment released late last week. But even the report’s most moderate predictions are gripping and perhaps most dramatic of all is the documentation of what has already happened.
The report immediately touched off political debate across the country, with President Trump’s critics charging his administration tried to downplay it by releasing it over the Thanksgiving holiday weekend when people aren’t focused on the news.
What may be more important to V.I. residents than the timing is their inclusion in the report findings.
The U.S. Global Change Research Program has been producing a climate change assessment every four years since 2006. This is the first time the report has contained a chapter devoted specifically to what it calls the “U.S. Caribbean.”
The report describes the area as consisting of seven inhabited islands – Puerto Rico and its adjunct islands of Mona to its west and Culebra and Vieques to its east, as well as the three main U.S. Virgin Islands of St. Thomas, St. John and St. Croix, and including almost 800 tiny islands and cays, most of them inhabited only by birds, donkeys and rodents. The human population for the region is listed as 3.4 million, with just 104,000 of that in the U.S. Virgin Islands. The area is marked by open ocean and nearshore marine areas, coastal wetlands, hills, plains, limestone, or karst hills and interior mountains.
As residents know, historically the area has enjoyed a rather stable climate in which even extreme weather events such as hurricanes are restricted to known seasons.
“However, these patterns are changing and are predicted to be increasingly variable as atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations increase,” the report authors warn.
Both the air and the ocean temperatures are rising and so is the water level.
Since 1950, average temperatures recorded for Puerto Rico have risen by1.5 degrees Farehneit. Global Climate models project an increase of another 1.5 degrees to four degrees by 2050 (little more than 30 years from now) and as high as nine degrees by the end of the century.
Meanwhile, from 2000 to 2017 scientists have measured a sea level rise for the U.S. Caribbean of 0.24 inches.
They expect the water to continue to rise at an accelerating rate, based on a variety of factors, including the rate of greenhouse emissions and the loss of glaciers and ice sheets. With many factors fluctuating, it’s impossible to be precise about exactly how much the water will rise. Some observers think the rise could be higher in the Caribbean region than the global average due to changes in the Earth’s gravitational field, rotation caused by melting land ice and ocean circulation. End-of-the-century projections range anywhere from one to two feet on the low end, to as much as nine to 11 feet on the high side.
But even under the intermediate projections of a 6.5-foot sea level rise, that means a drastic change to the landscape we know today.
Existing power plants for St. Croix and St. Thomas, pipelines for water and sewage, a number of schools and housing communities and the territory’s three largest towns all sit in the potential “inundation zone.” Already, two prehistoric archeological sites are threatened by the rising waters, at Sandy Point and at Great Pond on St. Croix.
In fact, if the 6.5-foot projection for sea level rise is correct, the Virgin Islands will lose 4.6 percent of its land base, all on the coast.
Erosion is not the only problem. Sea-level rise is likely to cause contamination of island fresh water sources and underground acquirers with salt water.
As the water is rising, it’s also warming on the surface. From 1955 to 2016, the waters of the northeast Caribbean warmed at an average rate of 0.23 degrees Fahrenheit per decade. That trend is also accelerating. Over the past two decades, the rate per decade was 0.43 degrees F.
As oceans absorb heat and CO2 from the atmosphere, they become more acidic, which can adversely affect all sorts of marine life.
In 2005 the ocean in the Caribbean region experienced 12 weeks of above normal temperatures, which resulted in a massive coral bleaching event and the loss of 40 percent to 80 percent of corals throughout the region. Recovery is still not complete 13 years later.
The worse case scenario in the Climate Change Assessment is that coral bleaching events will begin occurring twice a year within a decade and that by 2090, Puerto Rico could lose 95 percent of its coral.
Coral reefs are not only important as habitat and food for the fish that live in and around them; so-called fringing reefs, those near a shoreline, also provide wave action needed to sustain mangroves and seagrass beds, both of which act as nurseries for a host of marine life including spiny lobster, queen conch, snappers and groupers.
That has economic consequences. The report cites the following figures for the relatively small, but not insignificant, fishing industries in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands: an annual income of $9 million for Puerto Rico, $3 million for St. Croix and $2.4 million for St. Thomas-St. John (in 2014dollars.)
The report warns of larger potential losses, citing the income from “reef-related tourism” in the Virgin Islands as $108 million per year.
In the wider scope, the territory could suffer even greater losses, as its overall tourism industry grapples with the disappearance of its beaches to sea level rise. The report skirts dollar predictions, but it does note that 60 percent of the territory’s economy is devoted to service-related industries and that annually, in 2013 dollars, overnight visitors drop $851 million into the islands and cruise passengers add another $381 million. So any reduction is significant.
Rainfall in the region is highly variable and that complicates the analysis of trends, the report states. Nevertheless, its authors predict that in the near future the Caribbean will experience longer dry seasons and shorter, but wetter rainy seasons.
They also predict an increase in severe weather events. That trend seems to have started already. Since the mid-1990s, Puerto Rico has suffered more than 50 extreme events and since 2001, it has seen at least one disaster declaration per year.
The report makes note of the 2017 hurricane season in which two category five storms visited the Virgin Islands, 22 of the 29 SIDS (Small Island Developing States) of the Caribbean were impacted by at least one named storm and Puerto Rico was devastated by Hurricane Maria and the economic cost was upwards of $48 billion. The report does not directly attribute the storms to climate change, but it does suggest global warming contributes to the formation of disastrous storms.
And it says that the Caribbean is more susceptible to them than are coastal areas on the mainland U.S. Warm waters in both regions encourage the formation of hurricanes, but in the continental U.S. that same warm water discourages other factors needed for the development of cyclones. In the Caribbean, that effect is missing.
The report is not all gloom. It devotes considerable attention to mitigation efforts.
To address problems with drought, for instance, it recommends applying new technologies to manage sedimentation in reservoirs (a particular problem for Puerto Rico) and to limit water loss in distribution systems. It notes that the Puerto Rico Technical Scientific Drought Committee suggests the widespread use of cisterns and that the Virgin Islands already relies heavily on home cisterns. To protect agricultural concerns, it recommends reducing erosion, improving soil fertility and plant breeding to develop drought-resistant crops.
To protect corals and other sea life, the report notes that efforts are already underway to create and maintain protected watersheds, build the resilience of coral colonies by propagating strong organisms, and engage in partnerships with other Caribbean islands to promote international monitoring of marine species. |
What do you do with the child who does not fit in the box – think outside the box.
All teachers have taught children who just don’t fit into a school environment. They are the pupils who can’t sit still or stay in their seats, who do things on the spur of the moment without any idea of the possible consequences. They are usually bright but never demonstrate their full potential because of their lack of focus and their behaviour takes up your time, attention and frustrates you, while disrupting the other children’s learning.
If all of the above sounds familiar you are probably teaching some children with ADHD – whether they have been diagnosed by a health care professional or not. Schools are scary or tough places for these children. Just think about what we ask them to do on a daily basis: stay in their seat, keep still, stop fidgeting, pay attention, listen to my instructions, follow my instructions – the list of demands are endless and difficult to achieve if your brain makes it hard for you to comply.
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Stephen Covey identifies the natural laws with human principles. In his book “the 8th Habit” he states that principles are like natural laws. They are universal – they transcend culture and geography. They are timeless, and they never change – principles such as fairness, kindness, respect, honesty, integrity, service and contribution. Different cultures may translate into different practices, nevertheless, they are present. Like the law of gravity, they operate constantly. Another thing is that principles are inarguable, they are self-evident. For example, you can never have enduring trust without trustworthiness.
|Natural authority is the domination of natural laws. You cannot ignore natural laws
and you have no choice but to operate by them. If you jump off a ten-story building
you cannot change your mind at the fifth store. Gravity controls. It’s a natural law.
|Moral authority is the principled use of freedom and the power to choose. In other words
if we follow principles in our own relationships, we tap into the permission of nature. Natural laws like gravity and principles like respect, honesty, integrity, kindness, service, and fairness, control the consequences of our choices. Just as you get poor air quality (consequence) if you constantly violate the environment (action), you also get destroyed trust (consequence) when you are constantly unkind and dishonest (actions) to people. Moral authority requires the sacrifice of short term selfish interests and the exercise of courage in subordinating social values to principles.
Stephen Covey argues that values are social norms – they are personal, emotional, subjective and arguable. All of us have values. Even criminals have values. The question that is important to ask yourself is: Are your values based upon principles?
And now, read carefully:
Consequences are governed by principles, and behavior is governed by values;
therefore, value principles!
The key task is to determine which way “north” is (like on a compass) and then align everything towards it. People who are “celebrity-obsessed” are an example for people whose values may not be attached in principles. Popularity shapes its moral center. They do not know who they are and which way “north” is. They have based their lives on social values and don’t know which principles to follow.
- Civic engagement perspective
Being civically engaged is understood as ‘civic participation’ through initiatives aiming at making a change or a difference in, and for the community. It is also about empowering young people to take an active role in their society. Young people will engage in action if it is aligned with something important to them. And how do they perceive what is important to them? Their values determine their compass of importance. Therefore, the role of a trainer that clarifies the difference of values and principles to the learners is crucial for their civic engagement.
It is clear that our actions and decisions are based on our personal values (consciously or unconsciously we make decisions every day based on what we believe is important). As a trainer that works with young people, first, you need to reflect on your personal values. Think about the underlying principles. You can use the tool “personal values assessment” or you can have your own process. Are your values social norms? Are they related to something trendy now? Or are they timeless, universal, and transversal? Why? Think about it.
Second, as a trainer it is important that you understand the values learners (young people) hold and challenge their perspectives. Make a reflection and engage in discussion with them. Are their values based on the right principles? How young people see their values? Do they see them based on the social norms or do they hold everlasting principles? Make sure you clarify that difference to them.
It is also important to engage in reflection and discussion about the values of the European Union. Are the values based on the right principles?
The civic engagement competence area is based on the values listed in the Treaty of the European Union: values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of people belonging to minorities in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity, and equality between women and men.
We as trainers believe that the values of the European Union are based on the right principles, and they are going to bring positive consequences. Because, as we learned above, integrating values based on the right principles brings positive consequences and impact on society in the long run.
Why did I choose this tool?
This tool is important for understanding the difference between values and principles and for identifying if the values are based upon the right principles so a person can make a positive and productive change in the society. The tool relates to reflection on the values of the European Union and empowers trainers to use and promote those values in their process of empowering young people to make a positive change in society.
Suggested Reflection Questions:
Are your personal values related to the European Union values? How? In what way?
Are your personal values related to the values of the European Union? How? In which way?
Do you feel you have moral authority? When was the last time you sacrificed a short term selfish interest for a greater good? Which actions did I take last week to increase my moral authority?
- How do you relate to your personal moral authority?
- Are your values based on principles?
- Write down on a piece of paper the values you believe are most important to you. Use the other tool personal values assessment if needed and then reflect if they are principle-based and how?
Other Ways to Practice
This tool can be practiced individually or in a group. Since it is important for a meaningful discussion to appear, it is not suggested for the group to be more than 20 people. |