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How the brain handles the complexity of chewing RSS How the Brain Handles the Complexity of Chewing Chewing is a complex process that involves the coordination of various muscles and sensory feedback. The brain plays a crucial role in ensuring that this process is carried out efficiently and effectively. The Role of the Brain in Chewing The brain controls the muscles involved in chewing, such as the jaw muscles, tongue, and facial muscles. It receives sensory information from the mouth, including the texture and taste of food, and uses this information to guide the chewing process. Motor Control and Coordination The brain sends signals to the muscles involved in chewing, instructing them to contract and relax in a coordinated manner. This motor control allows for the precise movements required to break down food into smaller, more manageable pieces. The brain also receives sensory feedback from the mouth during chewing. This feedback includes information about the texture, temperature, and taste of food. The brain uses this feedback to adjust the chewing process, ensuring that the food is properly broken down and mixed with saliva for easier swallowing. Integration with Other Brain Functions Chewing is not an isolated process; it is closely connected to other brain functions. For example, the brain integrates information from the taste buds with the chewing process, allowing us to savor and enjoy the flavors of food. Additionally, the brain coordinates chewing with the process of swallowing, ensuring that food is safely transported from the mouth to the esophagus. The brain plays a vital role in the complexity of chewing. It controls the muscles involved, receives sensory feedback, and integrates chewing with other brain functions. Understanding how the brain handles the complexity of chewing can help us appreciate the remarkable coordination and efficiency of this everyday process. Explore Related News Articles Explore the following recently published news article headlines related to How the brain handles the complexity of chewing which have been curated by Doctor Manhattan, our proprietary artificial intelligence and predictive analytics powered news headlines aggregator. Please note that whilst all of the aggregated news headlines republished at Life Technology™ are generated by Doctor Manhattan, all of the medical, science, and technology news articles published at Life Technology™ are 100% organic human generated. If you would like to advertise here and on all 100,000+ pages of www.lifetechnology.com visit Advertise At Life Technology™. To publish an article at Life Technology™ visit Publish An Article At Life Technology™. To publish an article at Google News visit Publish An Article At Google News. To sponsor an article at Life Technology™ visit Sponsor An Article At Life Technology™. For our article writing service visit Life Technology™ Article Writing Service. For corporate sponsorship visit Corporate Sponsorship At Life Technology™. To republish the content of this or any other article from Life Technology™ for non commercial purposes visit Copyright And Royalty Free RSS Feeds For Commercial And Non Commercial Use. To republish the content of this or any other article from Life Technology™ for commercial purposes visit Life Technology™ News Content Syndication Licence. Since 1999 Life Technology™ has published news content entirely free of charge. Because we do not charge a subscription fee we would kindly request that you Make A Donation To Life Technology™ and please, do share this article with your coworkers, friends, family and favorite social media platform.

While it is now generally accepted that we all have different learning styles, some of these differences can create significant challenges in the classroom. Dr. Lowenstein has spent years working with a team to evaluate learning differences and disabilities of children in public schools throughout the Portland Metropolitan area. This experience provides him with unique qualifications to help students of all ages better understand and optimize their own learning style to build successful learning experiences. “If they can’t learn the way we teach, we teach the way they learn.“ ~O. Ivar Lovaas - The Oregon Department of Education’s policy on The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Provides updated regulations, state reporting, and state resources. - The Oregon Education Association (OEA) is a union that represents about 47,000 educators working in pre-kindergarten through grade 12 public schools and community colleges - A website where parents, educators, advocates, and attorneys can find accurate, reliable information about special education law, education law, and advocacy for children with disabilities. - The Oregon r.i.s.e. Center is a statewide organization that encourages, educates, and empowers children and young adult with disabilities, their parents, family members, and professionals to collaboratively achieve unlimited success. - University of Michigan’s resource page for non-verbal learning disability (NLD or NVLD)? - Ohio State University’s Extension program offers a free fact sheet titled “Autism, Asperger’s Syndrome, and Nonverbal Learning Disorder: When Does Your Child Need Professional Help?” - Association on Higher Education and Disability is a professional membership organization for individuals involved in the development of policy and in the provision of quality services to meet the needs of persons with disabilities involved in all areas of higher education - The Council for Learning Disabilities (CLD) is an international organization that promotes evidence-based teaching, collaboration, research, leadership, and advocacy. - Learning Disabilities Association of America is the largest non-profit volunteer organization advocating for individuals with learning disabilities. - The National Center for Learning Disabilities (NCLD) works to ensure that the nation’s 15 million children, adolescents, and adults with learning disabilities have every opportunity to succeed in school, work, and life.

The status of towns in Sweden was formerly granted by a royal charter, comparable to the United Kingdom's status of borough or burgh before the 1970s or city status today. Unless given such town privileges, a municipality could not call itself stad. To receive the privileges, there were several requirements a municipality needed to fulfill, like being of a certain size, and to have certain facilities.[clarification needed] The criteria varied over time as they were at the discretion of the Riksdag or the monarch, but they could include a permanent town council hall and a prison. In the majority of cases, before a town received its charter, it would have previously been given the status of köping or "merchant town". Exceptions to this would be when a town was founded under Royal supervision, in which case it would often bear the name of the monarch, such as Kristianstad or Karlskrona (named after kings Christian IV of Denmark and Karl XI of Sweden). In the Late Middle Ages, c. 1450, Sweden (excluding Finland) had 41 chartered towns. By 1680 there were 83. The only town founded and chartered during the 18th century was Östersund (1786). In 1863 the first local government acts were implemented in Sweden. Of the around 2,500 municipalities that were created, 88 were chartered towns. The main difference between these and other municipalities was that a stad had its own jurisdiction, i.e. independent town courts. There were also laws on urban planning and building (Byggnadstadgan 1874), fire prevention (Brandstadgan 1874), public order (Ordningsstadgan 1868) and public health (Hälsovårdsstadgan 1874) which were compulsory applicable to towns. Prior to 1900, the two minor towns of Borgholm and Haparanda lost their courts, but retained the title of stad. Of the new towns chartered between 1901 and 1951 (44, making the total number of towns 133), not a single one was given its own jurisdiction, but remained under what was called landsrätt ("rural jurisdiction"). 20th century reforms edit In the middle of the 20th century many administrative reforms were carried out that continued to diminish the difference between rural and urban areas. Police forces and district courts, as well as taxation, were centralized under state agencies, making the administration uniform all over Sweden. The amalgamations of municipalities reduced the number of local government units from a maximum of 2,532 in 1930 to less than 300 today. Consequently, by 1970 most municipalities contained both rural and urban areas. Since the urban and rural municipalities also with time got the same duties towards citizens, it became unnecessary to differentiate between towns and other municipalities, as all had the same powers. Since 1 January 1971, all municipalities are designated as kommun, regardless of their former status. Modern use edit Most of the urban areas of Sweden which once were chartered towns are today still usually referred to as stad. The majority of them are also house the seat of their respective municipalities though the term is no longer an administrative term. In some municipalities there can be more than one former town, e.g. Eskilstuna and Torshälla in Eskilstuna Municipality, Kungälv and Marstrand in Kungälv Municipality, or Jönköping, Huskvarna and Gränna, which all three now are part of Jönköping Municipality. The town of Visby is the seat of Gotland Municipality, but is no political entity of its own. Some former towns have also grown together, forming one urban area. A few municipalities which used to be towns still style themselves as stad, e.g. Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. There are also municipalities with considerable rural areas that market themselves with the term. Urban population edit Largest urban areas in 1850: - Stockholm (93,000 inhabitants) - Gothenburg (26,000) - Norrköping (17,000) - Karlskrona (14,000) - Malmö (13,000) Largest urban areas in 1900: See also edit - This article contains content from the Owl Edition of Nordisk familjebok, a Swedish encyclopedia published between 1904 and 1926, now in the public domain.

How News Was Reported in 1920 – “League of Nations: Message from Geneva” From the Archives – Before mobile phones, the internet, and 24/7 news – learn how news stories from the League of Nations in Geneva were distributed worldwide. Produced in 1920 by BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION – BBC and THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS This video has been digitized as part of a selective Mass Digitization Project of the Audiovisual Library of the United Nations, Department of Public Information. The AV Library holds over 6,330 hours of historical content on film formats, 49,400 hours of video, over 18,000 hours of audio in a wide variety of formats are available in our off-site archives. They are digitized, they will be made available for a worldwide community of users. To find out more about the rich historic UN Audiovisual archives please go to http://www.unmultimedia.org/avlibrary/content/About-Us/ For professional uses and licensing UN footage please contact us: https://www.unmultimedia.org/accounts/contact_us.html?app=30&lang=en

What is ADHD? ADHD- short for Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder does not mean a child is lacking attention as most people tend to believe. Rather it implies that the child has a hard time regulating their attention. A few examples include but not limited to; - A child not paying attention when they are required to do so. Eg. classroom - A child being fixated on something when their attention is needed elsewhere. Eg. Video game fixation Additional behavioral challenges associated with ADHD include difficultly staying in one place for a long time, waiting their turn, sharing with their peers, temper tantrums and emotional outbursts. At first glance it can be difficult to distinguish between a child who has ADHD and a non ADHD child who is simply acting out. However, though the presentation may be similar the intention and source of the behavior is very different. A child who does not have ADHD – and decides to misbehave has more control over his mental faculties, emotions, and his behavior. A child who has ADHD has much more working against them- primarily executive functioning issues which include-difficulty paying attention, poor working memory, trouble managing emotions, and difficulty shifting focus from one task to another. With that said, parenting these 2 types of children should be very different. It’s not the same at all and unfortunately many parents are not aware of this. Traditional parenting programs fail to take into account the complexity of a child with ADHD. As a result, many parents who take generic parenting programs have very little success. Parenting in and of itself can be very challenging, and when ADHD is added to the mix, it can become outright discouraging. If you are a parent who’s been reading books on parenting, or talking to your friends about you little guy’s behaviour- STOP. First understand- you are not comparing oranges with oranges. It’s a whole different ballgame to parent a child with ADHD and you must be plugged into sources and informational outlets that make this distinction. STEPS TO TAKE If your child has been diagnosed with ADHD, and you are struggling with parenting, these are a few steps you can take: - Be informed about research on ADHD – If your child has been enrolled in a social-emotional program, make sure you faithfully attend these sessions to keep strategies current and relevant to your child’s life. If your child is taking medication- pay attention to any changes or differences in your child as a result of the medication. Remember, every child is different! Journal what your child does in the day and what triggers positive and negative behaviors. Having a journal will not only help you understand your child but it will also be helpful for any support professionals your child is working with like a counsellor or a teacher. - Set clear expectations – Work with your child by creating a space for mutual trust. Talk with them about your expectations and allow them to share their struggles. Help your child understand that ADHD does not have to be a thorn and that together you can learn ways to improve the issues and challenges it presents. Focus more energy on teaching your child what to do, rather than reacting to what not to do. - Teach your child one thing at a time – Do not try to teach or work on everything at the same time. Pick one thing to focus on for the month. Do not discount even minimal For instance, if your child manages to throw three tantrums a day instead of 4- praise them for it. Let them see that you are aware of the improvement in their behavior. Don’ t overpraise- but do recognize when your child is trying and making healthy changes. - Be affectionate to your child – Children with ADHD often feel they’re letting others down, doing things wrong, or not being “good enough”. This can dampen their self esteem and confidence over time. Protect your child’s self-esteem by being patient, compassionate, accepting. Please understand that they are not intentional in their behaviors. Be forgiving – so they can learn to forgive themselves when they get older. - Work with your child’s school – Communicate often with your child’s teacher to find out how your child is doing. Have clear lines of communication with your child’s teacher and principal. First, it lets them know- that you are aware and concerned to the same degree they are. Secondly, it allows you to capture even the most subtle of changes that your child might be experiencing- in order to praise or discipline accordingly. Thirdly, it allows you and the teacher to be on the same page so any attempt at manipulation by the child can be fouled. Fourthly, it shows the child that you care about their overall well-being. - Connect with others for support – Join parent groups or meetings that will help you support your child and bring more awareness to ADHD. There are many groups- in person and online that provide insight, support , tools and strategies for families who have a child with ADHD. Parenting a child with ADHD can be very lonely, thus meeting with people who are walking through the same journey can be very uplifting because you realize you’re not alone. What we do! Positive Kids offers parenting to families with children diagnosed with ADHD. There are clearly tools and strateiges that work and others that don’t work. If you would like to explore parenting with Positive Kids, please call us at 866-503-7454. GET TO KNOW MORE

#1 Breast milk adapts to your baby’s needs. Your body somehow knows whether your baby is full term or preterm, a boy or girl, and even what the temperature outside is like, and adapts your milk according to your baby’s needs. The milk produced by moms of preemies, for example, is quite different from what moms of full-term babies make. Researchers have found that “preemie milk” – which is higher in protein and fat, and lower in lactose – provides the best nutrition for preemies with very specific needs and is better suited for preemies than full-term breast milk. If your baby’s a boy, your body knows that too. Scientists have recently discovered that breast milk from moms of boys is higher in fat and protein than breast milk from moms of girls. Your body also knows what to do when it’s hot out. In hot weather, breast milk becomes more diluted so that baby gets plenty of fluids. # 2 Breast milk helps your baby to fight off infections Each tiny little drop of breast milk contains around a million macrophages. Macrophages seek out bacteria and viruses and literally devour them. In addition to this, moms pass along antibodies (from previous exposure to infections) to their babies through their breast milk. Even if you freeze breast milk, if the milk is stored properly, the macrophages and infection-fighters continue to do their job once thawed. The immunological components of breast milk help protect your baby from all kinds of illnesses and infections including ear infections, respiratory tract infections, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and urinary tract infections, just to name a few. Researchers think that breast milk may help your baby’s vaccinations to work better too. Babies that are breastfed have a stronger immune response, producing more antibodies when vaccinated, than formula fed babies. #3 Breast milk protects your baby from SIDS We aren’t sure exactly why breast milk protects babies from SIDS, but we think it has something to do with the immunological components of breast milk. Research has shown that formula fed babies are 2 to 3 times more likely to die from SIDS than babies who are breastfed. The longer a baby breastfeeds, the more protection she gets, and exclusive breastfeeding gives your baby the most protection. According to the most recent research on SIDS, infants who receive any amount of breast milk are 60% less likely to die from SIDS and babies who are exclusively breastfed are 73% less likely to die from SIDS. #4: Breast milk provides life-long health benefits Breast milk’s health benefits don’t stop once your baby stops breastfeeding. The impact breast milk has on your baby carries on long after she’s weaned. Numerous studies have shown that breastfed children are less likely to develop a number of diseases such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, heart disease, and childhood cancer (before the age of 15). Studies have also shown that breastfed children grow up to have lower blood pressure, lower cholesterol levels, and are less likely to become obese. #5 Breast milk makes teeth healthier Breastfeeding strengthens the jaw and facial muscles, and aids in jaw development, all of which makes breastfed children less likely to need orthodontic treatment. This, however, has more to do with the act of breastfeeding than breast milk itself. But, there’s another reason breastfeeding is better for baby’s teeth. Researchers believe that the antibacterial components of breast milk slow down bacterial growth and acid production. Bacteria and acid are what cause tooth decay. The bacteria that cause cavities thrives on sugar for energy. When this bacteria converts sugar into energy it produces acid, and this acid is what causes decay. Breast milk (alone) has a low potential for causing tooth decay, even though it contains sugar. This is not to say that breastfed babies won’t get cavities, but it may explain why infants who are breastfed longer have fewer cavities. Once food is introduced, the potential for decay goes up, but a simple wiping of the gums between feedings is all that is needed to keep your baby’s teeth and gums healthy. #6 Breast milk may make your baby smarter The debate is still out on this one. One study on breastfeeding and IQ found that breastfed babies have a slightly higher IQ than formula fed babies. The conclusions from this study could be explained by parental influence, rather than breastfeeding, however. Some argue that breastfeeding moms are more educated and better-off financially. They believe that this is the reason why breastfed babies tend to score higher on IQ tests. Still, others think that there are components in breast milk that improve brain development. #7 Breast milk is a natural healer Breast milk is a remarkable natural healer because of its antibiotic and anti-inflammatory components. Breast milk has been used to treat everything from blocked tear ducts and eye infections, to diaper rash, to bug bites and scratches. Apply a little breast milk to the affected area and watch the infection or irritation disappear. Breast milk shouldn’t be used for everything though. It should not be used to treat ear infections. Putting breast milk into your baby’s ear canal may make an ear infection worse. You should consult your doctor to make sure it’s okay to use in your particular situation.

Music Therapy with Children Shari loves co-creating with kids, enabling them to lead and find their voice and place in the music therapy room, seeking to develop playful, musical interactions that guide and gently encourage progress. For a child or young person working on physical development, action rhymes and making music on a range of instruments specifically chosen to address their needs is a fun, positive way to facilitate development of fine and gross motor skills, oral motor skills and coordination. For a child or young person who needs support with their social skills and communication, music-making opportunities can be used to encourage and develop skills such as eye contact, joint attention, and turn-taking. Playful but focused songs, behaviours and instrumental play can enhance speech and expressive language development. The 'Toot Toot' song in action - playing a wind instrument such as a slide whistle can support the development of oral muscle tone and breath control; capturing children's preferences and vocal activity in the content and structural aspects of playful but focused song i.e. repetition of the word "toot" or targeting a consonant, "t t t t toot", pausing for children to fill-in-the-gap; developing eye contact, waiting in anticipation of their role as well as turn-taking.

Application:Roles and Responsibilities of Agencies and Officials in Disaster Response There is an old saying: “You can’t tell the players without a scorecard.” In any game, each player has a specific role as part of a team, with the overall goal of winning the game. The same is true for disaster response. There are many potential players at all levels—federal, state, and local. They must all cooperate and coordinate their efforts as a united team in order to effectively respond to disasters and hazards. The primary rule of the game—and therefore, the measure of effective disaster response—is adherence to the standardized Incident Command System (ICS) as prescribed in the National Incident Management System (NIMS). Success can be achieved outside the ICS model, but the ICS enhances the likelihood of an efficient, effective response, while reducing chaos and confusion among the players. To prepare for this assignment: Review the assigned pages in Chapter 9 of your course text, Introduction to Homeland Security. Focus on the roles and responsibilities of local, state, federal, and volunteer agencies and officials in disaster response operations. Review Chapters 1 and 4 of the online article, “A Governor’s Guide to Homeland Security.” Focus on the roles and responsibilities of governors, their staff, and other elected officials during disaster response. Also, consider the use of mutual aid agreements during disaster response operations. Review Chapters 5 and 6 of the online article, “A Governor’s Guide to Homeland Security.” Think about the roles and responsibilities of governors in the disaster declaration process. Also, consider the impact of the disaster declaration process on the degree to which federal military resources are used in disaster response. Review the assigned pages of the online article, “National Incident Management System.” Focus on the description of the standardized ICS and how it is intended to operate in emergency response. Select a hazard or a terrorist event that occurred in the United States within the past two decades. This could be one that occurred in your area or one that you heard about in the news. Note: Do not select a hazard or a terrorist event used as an example in your course text. Identify thegovernment agencies and officials—federal, state, and/or local—that responded to the hazard or the terrorist event you selected. Consider the roles and responsibilities of each agency and official in the response effort. Think about the effectiveness of the response to the hazard or the terrorist event you selected. Reflect on what worked and what did not work, especially with regard to implementation of the ICS. The assignment: (2–3 pages) Briefly describe a hazard or a terrorist event that occurred in the United States. Briefly describe the government agencies and officials—federal, state, and/or local—that responded to the hazard or the terrorist event. Explain the roles and responsibilities of each agency and official in the response effort. Explain the effectiveness of the response to the hazard or the terrorist event. Be sure to explain what worked and what did not work, especially with regard to implementation of the ICS. Be specific and use examples to illustrate your explanation. Two to three pages with at least FIVE references…. MULTIPLE USE OF INTEXT CITATION REQUIRED AND PAGE NUMBERS…… TRY TO USE THE ASSIGNMENT READINGS IF POSSIBLE. It is important that you cover all the topics identified in the assignment. Covering the topic does not mean mentioning the topic BUT presenting an explanation from the context of ethics and the readings for this class To get maximum points you need to follow the requirements listed for this assignments 1) look at the page limits 2) review and follow APA rules 3) create subheadings to identify the key sections you are presenting and 4) Free from typographical and sentence construction errors. REMEMBER IN APA FORMAT JOURNAL TITLES AND VOLUME NUMBERS ARE ITALICIZED. Course Text: Bullock, J. A. , Haddow, G. D. & Coppola, D. P. (2013).Introduction to homeland security(5th ed.). Waltham, MA: Elsevier Inc. Chapter 2, “Historic Overview of the Terrorist Threat” Online Article: NGA Center for Best Practices. (2007). A governor’s guide to homeland security. Retrieved from http://www.nga.org/files/live/sites/NGA/files/pdf/…Chapter 1, “Governors’ Powers, Roles, and Responsibilities” oChapter 4, “Mutual Aid” oChapter 5, “National Guard and Military Assistance” oChapter 6, “Major Disasters and Emergency Declarations” Online Article: Homeland Security. (2008). National incident management system. Retrieved from http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/NIMS_core.p… Note: You are only required to read pages 45–69 of this article. Video: Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2009). Current issues in homeland security: Government officials and agencies. Baltimore: Author.

An organ-on-a-chip is a microfluidic cell culture device created with microchip manufacturing methods that contains continuously perfused chambers inhabited by living cells arranged to simulate tissue- and organ-level physiology. By recapitulating the multicellular architectures, tissue-tissue interfaces, physicochemical microenvironments and vascular perfusion of the body, these devices produce levels of tissue and organ functionality not possible with conventional 2D or 3D culture systems. They also enable high-resolution, real-time imaging and in vitro analysis of biochemical, genetic and metabolic activities of living cells in a functional tissue and organ context. This technology has great potential to advance the study of tissue development, organ physiology and disease etiology. In the context of drug discovery and development, it should be especially valuable for the study of molecular mechanisms of action, prioritization of lead candidates, toxicity testing and biomarker identification. |Year of Publication P30 ES002109 / ES / NIEHS NIH HHS / United States

One of the most beautiful hallmarks of ECFE style programming is the chance for parents and their children to interact together, outside of the demands and distractions of the home environment. As staff, we can maximize this opportunity by preparing intentional ways for parents and children to interact. During typical ECFE programming there are two main windows of time to create opportunities for this interaction. Circle Time and Parent/Child interaction time (or centers, depending on what your program calls this time of exploration) are the two times well explore in this post. Interactive songs, fingerplays, and books such as: Row, row, row your boat Pete’s a Pizza Activities for the parent & child to explore together: I Love You Rituals, by Becky Bailey, used as a part of Conscious Discipline Mirror Feelings (see Circle Time Activity for Feelings lesson, page 195, Connecting to Learn, Volume One) Colorful Fish (see Circle Time Activity for Fish, page 208, Connecting to Learn, Volume One) Parent/Child Interaction Time: Projects that involve both parent and child: Any projects that use a box, golf ball/marble, and paint (see “Roller Zebras,” page 180, Connecting to Learn, Volume One) Projects that involve parent and children’s hands/handprints OR fingerprints (see “Family Garden,” page 184, Connecting to Learn, Volume One) Marshmallow Building (see page 186, Connecting to Learn, Volume One) Making Ice Cream (see page 200, Connecting to Learn, Volume One) Play activities that both parents and children enjoy: Playdough (check out our awesome playdough recipe HERE) Using things that parent and children can easily recreate at home is such a wonderful bonus. When she wears the child educator hat, Beka’s all time favorite activity to model at circle, is the Guess What’s Missing (explained on page 179 in Connecting to Learn, Volume One - check out the QR code video for more explanation). Beka has even received videos (multiple!) of children replicating this activity at home. So precious. Remember, the parent is the hero. Give them a chance to shine. Give parents and children the opportunity to strengthen their bond through fun activities and projects that build their connection. Healthy attachment for children is one of our most beautiful goals for parent/child programming.

This article is about the life of Mother Teresa and her work with the poor. In 1949, she married an Indian man and had six children. She became a nun in 1950 and started working with the poor in India in 1960. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. Prayer for Peace Mother Teresa was a religious woman and for her, prayer was always important. Throughout her life she often asked for prayers for peace, and she has even said that “peace comes from within” – a statement which she put into practice throughout her life. Prayer is often the first step in finding peace. As we pray, we open ourselves up to receive help from ourHigher Power. When we ask for guidance and forgiveness, we can start to build tolerance and understanding toward others. Prayer can also help us find courage when we are facing difficult challenges. Mother Teresa believed that all people had the potential to be good, and that through prayer and kindness, we could make a difference in the world. Her words provide us with hope, and remind us that peace comes from within. The Life of Mother Teresa Mother Teresa was an amazing woman who showed us the importance of prayer and how to put our faith into action. She was known for her great work with the poor and sick, but she also preached peace and love. She died in 1997, but her example shows us that if we put our faith into action, we can achieve anything. Mother Teresa was an influential and beloved figure in the world, known for her work with the poor and homeless. She is also well-known for her powerful prayers for peace. Her legacy lives on through her work and prayers. We can all learn from her example of compassion and service to others. Her prayers for peace will continue to be a blessing to us all. Her Words on Prayer “Prayer is the very heart of the Christian life. It is the form in which we express our love for God. Prayer is an intimate contact with God.” – Mother Teresa There’s no question that Mother Teresa was a powerful advocate for prayer. Her words on the matter are clear and inspiring, and they’ve helped countless people find peace and solace in their lives. Here are some of her most famous quotes on prayer: “If you want to know how to find peace, go look for it in someone who is already peaceful. Just go and see how they live. If you want to know how to be happy, go look for it in someone who is already happy. Just go and see how they live.” – Mother Teresa “We must always remember that we are not alone; that there is a Power greater than ours which helps us, and will help us if we only trust Him.” – Mother Teresa “Prayer makes things possible, because it opens up the channels of communication between God and man.” – Mother Teresa Prayer for Peace: Origins Prayer for peace has a long and varied history. It can be traced back to the earliest days of human civilization, when people would pray for guidance, protection and strength. Prayer for peace is often seen as a spiritual practice, and it is believed that it can have a positive impact on both the individual and the community. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in prayer for peace, and there has been a growing movement to promote its use throughout the world. There are many different ways to pray for peace, and each person’s approach will be based on their own personal beliefs and convictions. However, some common themes include prayer for healing, prayer for courage and prayer for reconciliation. Prayer for peace can be powerful tool for promoting peaceful coexistence between people of different cultures and races. It can also help individuals find inner peace and strength during times of difficulty or turmoil. Prayer for peace is an important reminder that we all have the ability to bring hope and healing into our lives and into the lives of others. Prayer for Peace: How to do it Prayer is an important part of any spiritual journey. When we pray, we connect with our own soul and ask for guidance and forgiveness. Prayer can also be used to focus and calm the mind. There are many ways to pray, so find what works best for you. One way is to simply say a prayer out loud or silently to yourself. Another way is to pray with others. If you have a special prayer or meditation routine, keep it simple and easy to follow.Start by focusing on your breath, then move on to a specific prayer or mantra that speaks to you. Finally, thank God for all the blessings in your life- both large and small- and ask for peace and safety on your journey. Prayer can be done anywhere, at any time. It’s a great way to connect with your own spirituality and find peace in difficult times. Prayer for Peace: Effects Since her death over 40 years ago, Mother Teresa has remained one of the most beloved and respected figures in the world. Her legacy of love and peace continues to be felt by people everywhere she is remembered. Prayer for peace is one of the many things that Mother Teresa was known for. One of the most famous effects of prayer for peace is that it can change the way a person thinks and feels about themselves. It can also have a positive impact on relationships within a community or between different groups of people. Prayer for peace can even promote understanding and reconciliation between different groups of people who may have been at war with each other. Prayer for peace can also have psychological effects on individuals. These effects can include reducing anxiety levels, improving moods, and increasing coping skills. Prayer for peace also has a positive impact on physical health by providing relief from pain and stress. All of these effects underscore why prayer for peace is such an important tool in personal growth and global harmony. Anyone can benefit from praying for peace, whether they are just starting out or have been practicing prayer for years. Prayer for Peace: Conclusion Today, as we come to the conclusion of this series on prayer, it is important to take a moment and reflect on what this process can accomplish. Prayer has the ability to connect us with our deepest desire and guide us in making choices that will bring about peace in our lives and in the world. When we pray, we are tapping into a power that is greater than ourselves. Our words and thoughts can create change in the world if we use them thoughtfully and respectfully. We can come together as a community to share our hope and prayers for peace, and through these shared experiences, we can create a force of healing that affects everyone around us. A prayer for peace is not just something we do on special occasions; it is something that we keep within ourselves all the time. What matters most is whether or not we are sincerely asking for help in creating a peaceful world. Through reflection and ongoing prayer, let us work together to make this a reality.

In the Battle of Badr, in which Muslims dealt a crushing defeat to the Meccans, 70 prisoners of war were captured. Umar’s considered opinion was that since the Meccans were the worst enemies of Muslims who had treated them in the most barbaric manner, the prisoners of war deserved no mercy. He therefore suggested that they should be executed without any hesitation. Abu Bakr disagreed with Umar’s opinion and suggested that they should be set free on payment of ransom. He reckoned that the payment of ransom would weaken the economic position of the Meccans and strengthen that of Muslims who were badly in need of financial resources. The Prophet agreed with Abu Bakr’s suggestion. The equivalent of a hundred camels was fixed as ransom. A few of the prisoners paid the ransom and secured their freedom. In the case of prisoners who could not afford to pay the ransom, their relatives and friends collected the money and paid the ransom on their behalf. Some of the prisoners were too poor and had no relatives to help them, but they were literate. The Prophet told them that they could secure their release if each one of them taught ten Muslim children to read and write. They agreed to the offer. A few prisoners were neither literate nor had relatives who could come to their rescue. They were set free after they gave an assurance to the Prophet that they would not engage in any kind of aggression or hostility against Muslims in the future. Following the battle of Hunayn, about 6,000 men and women were held prisoner. The Prophet ordered them to be honourably released. Imam Bukhari, in his celebrated work Al-Sahih has narrated this incidence under the caption “Justification for appointing non-Muslims as teachers of Muslims.” A Chapter in the Historiography and Sociology of Islamic Science In his stimulating and deftly argued book The Theft of History (2006), Jack Goody uses an evocative metaphor -- the ‘theft of history’-- to describe a particularly iniquitous aspect of Eurocentrism. The theft of history, according to Goody, refers to the take-over or expropriation of history by the West. He says: “The past is conceptualized and presented according to what happened on the provincial scale of Europe, often Western Europe, and then imposed upon the rest of the world.” The theft of history, according to Goody, is reflected in the widely-held view among Western intellectuals and historians that some of the key institutions of modern times, such as science, democracy, mercantile capitalism and modernity, were invented in Europe. Goody argues that Europe has deliberately neglected or underplayed the history of the rest of the world, as a consequence of which it has misinterpreted much of its own history. He states that the claim that these institutions originated in Europe is historically untenable, and the fact of the matter is that they can be found over a much more widespread range of human societies (Goody 2006:125,215). Goody points out that the underlying assumption behind European uniqueness or exceptionalism, which is reflected in the Eurocentric view of the Renaissance and of much of the history of science in the West, is the clash of cultures, civilizations and religions, popularized by Samuel Huntington. This model of the clash of civilizations, Goody asserts, does not account for very much. I would like to carry Goody’s brilliant argument a little further and draw attention to what may be termed as the theft of the history of science in the Western context. I draw upon the researches of Fuat Sezgin to substantiate and elaborate this idea. The theft of the history of science and medicine is vividly reflected in the plagiarism and expropriation of the researches, discoveries, instruments and devices invented by Muslim scientists by European scientists and scholars in the medieval period, in the fraudulent claims of authorship of books and treatises written by Muslim scientists, and in claims of originality and precedence for European scientists over scientific and medical discoveries made by Muslim scientists and physicians in earlier times. Some of the highly important works in medicine that were written by Muslim physicians and were translated into Latin were wrongly attributed to Galen and other Greek physicians. Thus, Ishaq ibn Imran’s work Kitab al-Malaykhuliya and Ibn al-Jazzar’s book Kitan al-Bah were attributed to Galen (d. 200 CE) and Alexander of Tralles (d. 605 CE) for centuries. It was only in the first half of the 20th century that this theft of the history of science was brought to light. Ibn Sina’s book Kitab al-ahjar was wrongly attributed to Aristotle. Raymundus Lullus (d. 1315) resisted, without success, the dissemination of Islamic science in Europe. He fraudulently claimed the authorship of some books in chemistry and other branches of sciences which were actually written by Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Nafis (d. 1288) was the first scientist who discovered and described the coronary vessels and the pulmonary circulation. He contradicted Galen, who held that blood passes from one side of the heart to the other through septal pores. In one of his major works, Sharh tashrih al-Qanun, Ibn al-Nafis argued that there are no pores in the cardiac septum, and that blood flows from the right side of the heart via the pulmonary artery to the lung, where it is aerated and purified in the alveoli. It then returns via the pulmonary veins to the left part of the heart. Andreas Alpagus (1522), who was a professor at Padua University in Italy and was a great admirer of the contributions of Muslim scientists and physicians, learnt Arabic, undertook extensive travels to Islamic lands and stayed in Damascus for nearly 30 years. In the course of his stay in Damascus, he delved into the treasures of Arabic learning and translated many Arabic works on science and medicine into Latin. One of these translated works was Sharh tashrih al-Qanun of Ibn al-Nafis. This translation was printed in Venice in 1547. Shortly after the publication of the translation, half a dozen works written by European scientists described the pulmonary circulation exactly the way it was described by Ibn al-Nafis, but without acknowledging the source. In 1553, Michael Servitus described the pulmonary circulation in his book Christianismi Restitutu and claimed it as his own discovery. Similarly, the second edition of Vesalius’s book De Humani Corporis Fabrica described the pulmonary circulation, which was evidently lifted from the Latin translation of Ibn al-Nafis’s work. Interestingly, the first edition of Vesalius’s book, printed in 1542, did not mention this ‘discovery’. In the same way, the works of Valvarde (1554), Cesalpino (1554), Realdo Colombo (1558) and William Harvey (1628) described the pulmonary circulation, without revealing the source (Abdel-Halim 2008) Vesalius, who is credited with the discovery of the pulmonary circulation in Western accounts of the history of science, was quite familiar with the works of Muslim scientists and physicians, through Latin translations as well as the original Arabic works. He had a fairly good knowledge of Arabic and had even translated a part of Al-Razi’s celebrated work Kitab al-Mansuri in Latin. For nearly three centuries, the discovery of the pulmonary circulation was attributed to the English biologist William Harvey. In 1924, an Egyptian physician, who was studying medicine at Albert Ludwig University in Germany, discovered a manuscript of Ibn al-Nafis’s book Sharh tashrih al-Qanun. A close study of the manuscript revealed that Ibn al-Nafis had accurately described the pulmonary circulation three hundred years before Harvey. Constantine the African (d. 1087) was a Christian Arab merchant of Algiers who had a keen interest in Arabic works in science and medicine. He travelled to Italy and brought from there many Arabic books written by Muslim scientists and translated some of them into Latin. He not only suppressed the names of the Muslim authors of the books he translated but also shamelessly attributed their authorship to Greek writers and even to himself. For nearly two centuries, Ali ibn Musa’s book Kamil al-sinaa al-tibbiyya was considered to be a work of Constantine the African. Michael Scott (d. 1235), who knew Arabic and was fascinated by the works of Muslim scientists, translated some Arabic works on science and medicine into Latin. These included the work of Nur al-Din al-Batruji on astronomy and Ibn Rushd’s commentaries on some of Aristotle’s works. He then rehashed the contents of some of these books into a new book and attributed its authorship to Nicolaus Damascenus, who lived in the first century CE. The discovery of camera obscura in optics, spherical triangles in mathematics and Jacob’s Staff in astronomy is attributed to the French mathematician and astronomer Levi Ben Gerson (d. 1344). In reality, these discoveries were made by Muslim mathematicians, scientists and astronomers centuries before Gerson. Strangely, people who perpetrated this scientific fraud did not care to reflect as to how a single person could have made such amazing discoveries in three distinct fields of science. The Arabic works on science and medicine that were translated into Latin in the medieval period included the commentaries of Muslim scientists and physicians on the works of the Greek botanist Dioscorides, who lived in the first century CE. The translators attributed the commentaries, which contained valuable botanical information, to Dioscorides, and not to Muslim scientists. Some fair-minded European historians of science, such as Cumston, have noted that many of the medicinal herbs and substances attributed to Dioscorides were in fact of Islamic origin. Albertus Magnus (d. 1280) is considered the father of several sciences, including botany, zoology, chemistry and meteorology. It was believed, until recently, that his scientific knowledge was derived from classical Greek sources. It has now come to light that he was ignorant of Greek and that he became familiar with Aristotle’s ideas through the commentaries of Ibn Rushd and Ibn Sina on Aristotle’s works. The Italian scholar Robertus Grosseteste (d. 1253) is considered the most influential defender and exponent of Aristotle in Europe. Historians of science have now discovered that he had no direct access to Aristotle’s original works and that his writings on Aristotle were almost entirely based on the commentaries of Arab scientists on Aristotle’s works. Western historians of science generally maintain that the foundations of trigonometry as an independent science were laid by the German mathematician and astronomer Regiomontanus (d. 1476). Fuat Sezgin has convincingly argued that the real credit for founding trigonometry goes to Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (d. 1274). It is generally believed that Roger Bacon (d. 1292) was the founder of the experimental method in science. In the 19th century, C. Prantil (d. 1893) took exception to this view and argued that Bacon was greatly influenced by the views of Muslim scientists, mathematicians and physicists, including Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Razi, Ibn Zuhr and Al-Zahrawi, who emphasized, centuries before Bacon, that the experimental method lay at the heart of scientific research. Prantil’s argument was supported by E. Wiedemann and M. Schramm, who pointed out that the credit for the invention of the experimental should indeed go to Muslim scientists. The most important factor in the theft of the history of science and medicine that has been outlined in the foregoing was a deeply entrenched feeling of prejudice, antipathy and hostility towards Islam. A set of ideological, political and cultural factors, including the legacy of the Crusades, confrontations with the Ottoman Empire, the ideology of white supremacy and European colonialism, have been responsible for this perception (Southern 1962; Daniel 1960; Rodinson 1987; Reeves 2000). Mercifully, from the late 19th century, a growing number of European scientists, historians of science and orientalists began to recognize and acknowledge the pivotal role of Muslim scientists in the advancement of science and medicine and the debt of the European Renaissance to their seminal and outstanding contributions. The names of Jean Jacques Sedillot (d. 1840), Joseph Reinaud (d. 1867), Franz Woepcke (d. 1864), Carl Kraus (d. 1946), Eilhard Wiedemann (d. 1925), George Sarton (d. 1956), Heinrich Suter (d. 1922), Carlo Alfonso allino (d. 1938), Ignatius J. Kratchkovsky (d. 1951), Heinrich Schipperges (d. 2003), Julius Hirschberg (d. 1925), M. Ullman and George Saliba are particularly note-worthy in this connection. George Sarton perceptively observed, “We shall not be able to understand our science of today if we do not succeed in penetrating its genesis and its evolution.” Sarton wrote a monumental work An Introduction to the History of Science (1927-48), in which he paid a glowing tribute to the original and wide-ranging contributions of Muslim scientists. In recent years, historians of science, scientific institutions, universities and publishing houses in the West have made admirable efforts at rectifying the injustice done to the monumental contributions of Muslim scientists, astronomers, mathematicians and physicians. The Wellcome Group published The Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Science in the Wellcome Historical Medical Library in 1967. The contributors in The Genius of Arab Civilization: Source of Renaissance (1983) have highlighted and documented the outstanding and wide-ranging contributions of Islamic civilization during the medieval period which were a forerunner of the European Renaissance and which exerted a profound and enduring influence on science, medicine, technology, architecture and art in Europe (Hayes 1983). The Dictionary of Scientific Biography (16 vols, 1970-80), edited by C. C. Gillispie, contains useful entries on Muslim scientists. Encyclopaedia of the History of Arabic Sciences (1996), edited by Rashed Roshdi and Regis Morelon, offers carefully analyzed and painstakingly documented information on the wide-ranging contributions of Muslim scientists. Jack Goody, Jack (2006) The Theft of history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Goody, Jack (2010) Renaissance: The One or the Many? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rabie, E. Abdel-Halim (2008) ‘Contributions of Ibn al-Nafis (1210-1288 AD) to the progress of medicine and urology’ Saudi Medical Journal, 29 (1), 2008 (www.smj.org.sa) Southern, R. W. (1962) Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Daniel, Norman (1960) Islam and the West: The Making of an Image. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Rodinson, Maxime (1987) Europe and the Mystique of Islam. (trans. by Roger Veinus) Seattle: University of Washington Press. Reeves, Minou (2000) Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Mythmaking. New York: New York University Press. Hayes, A. J. ed. (1983) The Genius of Arab Civilization: Source of Renaissance. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. Dallal, Ahmad (1999) ‘Science, Medicine and Technology’ In John L. Esposito, ed. The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. (Extracted from A.R. Momin, ed. Sociology in Islamic Perspective: Selected Readings, 2017, pp. 232-240)

Today’s the day when the United Kingdom goes to the polls to elect its Government. It may be a new one, or it may be the old one back in again. If you don’t know how our system works, I’ll try and give you a brief overview. Once every five years or so we elect 650 Members of Parliament from every corner of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Should one of the parties end up with more than half of the MP’s then the are asked by the Queen to form the government. The leader of this party becomes Prime Minister. It is usually the case that one party or another will gain enough MP’s to form the government in its own right. Occasionally this doesn’t happen and we have what is called a ‘hung parliament’ with no party having an absolute majority. In this case (usually) the party with the largest number of seats will try to do a deal or deals with some of the other parties to enable it to have an overall majority. However, since the parties won’t be able to agree on all issues, this doesn’t usually create an arrangement that lasts for very long – so another election is the usual outcome of this. The last time this happened was was back in 1974 when in February the Labour Party won the most seats but not an absolute majority. A second election in October resulted in a Labour majority of just 3 seats. The system used in the UK is the first-past-the-post system and this means that the party with the most MP’s may not necessarily be the party with the greatest percentage share of the vote. Here is a simple explanation – it has to be simple as I have thought it up. In constituency A, party Z wins with a total of 40% of the vote. Party Y had 30%, party X 20% and various others shared the remaining 10%. In constituency B, party Y wins with 40%, party X got 30% and party Z had just 10% with the others sharing 20%. Already you can see that with just two seats, although parties Y and Z have one seat each, party X has an average of 25%, party Y 35% and party Z 25%. When this is multiplied over the whole 650 seats the effect is obviously more marked. When Labour won that October 1974 election, they had 319 seats (in a parliament of 635 MP’s) which represented a total of 50.24% of the seats (an overall majority) but just 39.2% of the total votes cast. Obviously it’s flawed, but it’s the system that we’ve got, so no use belly-aching. I’m gonna have some lunch and then probably take a wander down to the polling station to cast my vote and no, I’m not telling you for who I’m going to vote.

Blending Science & Culture gives us a comprehensive approach to Land Management, allowing us to Re-ignite Community to Country, Eco-Systems and Energy Cycles... Cultural Land Management Our understanding of how trees and forests influence water, energy and carbon cycles has important implications, both for the structure of planning, management and governance institutions, as well as for how trees and forests might be used to improve sustainability, adaptation and mitigation efforts. To research, investigate, record and collaborate with the original custodians of the land. There were 500+ Nation groups in Australia prior to colonisation by the English. Each had stewardship of their lands, each with their own dialects, history and knowledge of their country. This knowledge is the culmination of 10’s if not 100’s of thousands of years of living on and with the land, its flora and fauna. The continent now known as ‘Australia’ had been scoured, surveyed and mapped. It’s plants and animals named and identified, their uses, attributes, personalities and places/spaces marked and protected. From these millennia of interaction with the local environment, 500+ “land management” protocols had been developed. Our aim is to collaborate with as many Indigenous Nations to help establish Cultural-Historical documentation and land management protocol that encompasses these practices and knowledge and create documentation for future generations, to better understand what we can re-establish and in turn Care for Country. The Fxing of Country From our research we have found that the land management practices were highly sophisticated, well planned, timed and professionally executed. The land was mapped into flora and fauna types, each with its own ecosystem. Many of the practices have been labelled ‘Hunter Gatherer’ or ‘Nomadic’. However, the methodology used was that of high sophistication and the management styles and systems were passed down via initiations, not dissimilar to modern-day apprenticeships. Providing highly skilled, highly educated participants, ruling out any speculation of luck. To believe that these practices were just those of “primitive” peoples attempting to catch scared animals, who nomadically roamed just looking for food is empirically incorrect. It would appear that the short-sightedness, ignorance, mistreatment and destruction perpetrated through the history of people in power led to the vast amount of indigenous knowledge being almost lost. The mismanagement of Country for the past 200 years has led to devastating wildfires that have taken many lives, destroy habitats, homes, communities and cost billions of dollars in damages. The current system we have in place has clearly failed. The research would indicate that there is a necessary and compelling urgency to review the current land management models we operate under and allow for old knowledge practices to be blended into the national land management systems we currently have in place. NDRI has now been approached by more than 10 Native Title body holders, with the request to help re-establish, record, develop & implement their Cultural Heritage, by reviewing and recording these cultural histories, language, land management systems, ecosystem Lore’s and to create a true custodial management plan and overview based on the Nations protocols. We have been requested to help establish a legacy for peoples of the world to access and truly show how magnificent things were and could be.

A badger has led archaeologists to a hoard of more than 200 Roman coins that had been hidden in a cave in Spain for centuries. The animal had burrowed into a crack in the rock inside the La Cuesta cave in the Asturias region of northwest Spain, and dug out coins that were later discovered by a local man, Roberto García, according to a paper on the find published in December. García called in archaeologists, including dig director Alfonso Fanjul, who believes the badger was searching for food or digging itself a nest. “When we arrived we found the hole that led to the badger’s nest, and the ground around it full of coins,” Fanjul told CNN on Monday, adding that more than 90 coins had been dug up by the badger. The team then performed an archaeological excavation that recovered a total of 209 coins dating from 200 AD to 400 AD. This corresponds with the Late Roman period, when barbarians such as the Suebi arrived in the Iberian peninsula. Fanjul believes the coins were hidden by refugees sheltering in the area, saying: “We think it’s a reflection of the social and political instability which came along with the fall of Rome and the arrival of groups of barbarians to northern Spain.” The coins are currently being cleaned and will be put on display at the Archaeological Museum of Asturias, said Fanjul, who plans to carry out further excavations at the site this year. “We’ve taken out the first deposit, but we think there is a lot more to take out,” he said, adding that it’s already the largest Roman hoard recovered from inside a cave in Spain. “It’s a unique moment that you dream about from a young age,” Fanjul said. “It’s an exceptional moment that you never think you will have as an archaeologist.” Fanjul believes further excavations will improve our understanding of the fall of the Roman empire and the rise of the medieval kingdoms of northern Spain. “We think it’s an ideal site to learn more about the people that were living through this transition,” he said.

A lifetime supply of water A lifetime supply of water In remote Nuristan province, UNICEF is constructing water supply systems to bring clean, safe water to thousands of Afghanistan’s hardest to reach families. Adila fills her jerry can at the water tap. She splashes a few drops at her neighbour, and giggles as she trots back home, just a few steps away. Three months ago, Adila had no water near her home at all, let alone right outside the front door. But with clean water now available any time she needs it, Adila cooks, bathes, washes vegetables, and brews tea without worry. She's less troubled about the health and hygiene of her children. Adila has water now, just a few steps from her front door, so she can use it any time she likes without making the harsh 30-minute trek to the river multiple times a day. In beautiful, isolated Nuristan province, villages sprawl between Afghanistan’s northeastern mountains. Just 16 per cent of the population here have access to basic drinking water, and it's not difficult to understand why. Clean water springs are often sourced high in the jagged peaks, and with Nuristan’s elevation around 3,000 metres, hiking several hundred more to fetch water multiple times per day is no easy task. Many opt for the river, which is closer, but not potable. It may look clean, but it hides bacteria, run-off from farms, animal waste and more. Building a water system also requires materials like cement and piping, but the closest town offering these materials is over 120 kilometers away over bumpy, dirt roads. Water reservoirs like this one feed gravity flow systems, holding enough water for each person in the village to use 40 litres per day. “We used to fetch water from the river,” says Abdul Fatah, a community elder in Payok Abad village, where Adila also lives. “It was not easy.” The river is a 30-minute walk in one direction. One 20-litre jerry can, when full of water, weighs 20 kilogrammes. Now imagine traversing that distance multiple times per day, up and down hills. And with women at home, busy with other domestic labour, water collection often falls to the children. A few months ago, UNICEF completed construction of several gravity flow water systems in Nuristan, including in Payok Abad village. Gravity flow systems collect water from a pure spring into a reservoir, and pipes bring the water downhill to water taps in the village. These systems require no pumps, no electricity, and are built to last for decades. Built with support from USAID, these ensure that Adila, Abdul Fatah and their families have more than 40 litres of clean water per person, per day, every day. In Payok Abad village alone, this gravity flow system pipes water directly to the doorsteps of 227 families – over 1,500 people. Children in Nuristan province's Kantiwa Valley never had clean water before. Now they have as much as they need, whenever they need it. “Now we have water all the time, and it has completely transformed our community,” says Abdul Fatah. “Diseases in our village have reduced, especially among the children,” he adds. “This water system has been a great help to us.” Abdul Fatah is also head of the Community Development Council in his village, a local structure of elected leaders responsible for overseeing development projects in the area, such as roads, schools – and water systems. Community Development Councils are also responsible for maintaining the water system, collecting tariffs from families based on water use, and arranging contractors to repair the system as needed. In Payok Abad, water costs just 30 Afghani per month – about 50 cents. Abdul Fatah, as leader of his village's Community Development Council, is committed to caring for the new water system. Across Afghanistan, UNICEF has built more than 300 small-scale, environmentally friendly community water systems like this one. “We are grateful for the help to build this water system,” says Abdul Fatah, “but it is truly us, residents of this village, who maintain it,” says Abdul Fatah. “We will take good care of it, and make sure the water keeps flowing.”

- During the first round, focus on the questions about which you are certain. There are four possible answers to each question. You’ve found the correct one if you can confidently remove three of them. - During the second round, only answer the questions about which you are 50% certain. If you can eliminate two of the four erroneous options, you’ll have two more possibilities and a 50% chance of getting it right. - There is a 35 percent chance of answering it properly if you were able to omit only one wrong option. We recommend that you take a chance and answer a few of these questions. - No matter how well you study, there will be roughly ten questions about which you have no idea. They would have a 20% chance of doing it right. Negative marking can damage your grade, so try to prevent them. - You will be penalised with negative marks if you mark two answers, one of which is correct. As a result, don’t respond to queries without giving them serious thought. Because you only get one chance to give the perfect response. There is no penalty for questions that are not answered. Only if you answer it incorrectly will you receive a negative grade.

Be informed, not misled Learn and teach news literacy The 2024 election season will be among the most closely followed in American history, and as in past years, it also will attract a flood of mis- and disinformation. A new development this year is the rise of artificial intelligence technologies, which can create sophisticated fabrications and distortions that challenge our ability to identify what’s real and what’s not like never before. The News Literacy Project is working to ensure that you know how to discern fact from fiction and can make well-informed voting decisions when you go to the polls. We aim to accomplish that through our election misinformation awareness campaign, which will help you learn how to spot false information and hone your skills for identifying and seeking out credible sources and fact-based information. Attend a free event View recordings of our previous webinars Event Series: Boost your news IQ Ongoing webinars that teach practical skills for navigating the news. Tune in to the livestreams or view the recordings. Learn news literacy Browse our 2024 Presidential Election Misinformation Flipboard page for recent articles about misinformation related to the elections. Test your news literacy with our short quiz Check out and share our infographics on social media: Teach news literacy: Explore our Voting and Elections collection on Flip for classroom discussion and lesson plan ideas related to election misinformation in the news, breaking out of political “bubbles,” spotting impostor accounts and fake posts, and more. Watch and share our YouTube videos offering tips on how to avoid election misinformation. Mire y comparta los anuncios de servicio público en nuestra lista videos en YouTube. Trusted information on how and where to vote - Vote 411: League of Women Voters Education Fund - USA.gov voter information: Federal government voting and elections guide - #TrustedInfo2024: National Association of Secretaries of State - Election FAQs: National Association of State Election Directors - Vote.gov: Voter registration guidance - U.S. Election Assistance Commission: Independent, bipartisan dependent initiative to improve election processes and voter participation - AARP: Your Election Guide to 2024 Primary Voting: From ID requirements to absentee ballots, what voters need to know - Disinformation in Spanish and the 2024 elections: Key insights from Factchequeado (English) Focus on six key areas impacting elections - Las 6 claves de Factchequeado sobre desinformación en español para este año electoral 2024 (Spanish) Candidates and issues - Ballotpedia: A digital encyclopedia of American politics and a nonpartisan source of information on elections, politics and policy.

When it comes to maintaining a healthy and productive potato crop, not all plants and vegetables play well together. As a specialist in the English language with a keen interest in horticulture, this article aims to provide an exhaustive analysis of various plants and vegetables that should be kept away from your potatoes. By understanding these potentially hazardous relationships, gardeners and farmers alike can ensure the prosperity and success of their potato harvests while maintaining the overall health of their gardens. Understanding Allelopathy: Nature’s Chemical Warfare Before diving into specific plants and vegetables that can hinder the growth and health of potatoes, it is crucial to understand the concept of allelopathy. This natural phenomenon involves the release of toxic chemicals by one plant to inhibit the growth and development of neighboring plants. Essentially, some plants are engaged in a silent battle for resources, using biochemical warfare to gain an advantage over their competitors. As the potato is a staple crop for many cultures and a popular vegetable in gardens around the world, knowledge of allelopathic plants and their potential negative impacts on potato growth is vital for ensuring a successful harvest. The following sections delve into the different categories of plants and vegetables that should be avoided in the vicinity of potatoes due to allelopathy and other adverse effects. Notorious Nightshades: A Family Affair One might expect plants within the same family to coexist harmoniously; however, this is not always the case. Potatoes belong to the Solanaceae family, commonly known as nightshades, which also includes tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants. While these plants share certain characteristics, their close genetic relationship can lead to a higher susceptibility to pests and diseases when grown in close proximity. - Tomatoes – Although a popular companion for many vegetables, tomatoes should be kept away from potatoes due to their shared vulnerability to blight, a fungal disease that can devastate entire crops. Additionally, tomatoes can attract the Colorado potato beetle, a damaging pest that feeds on both tomato and potato plants. - Peppers – Similar to tomatoes, peppers are susceptible to many of the same pests and diseases as potatoes, such as aphids and verticillium wilt. Planting peppers near potatoes increases the chances of these issues spreading throughout your garden. - Eggplants – As another member of the nightshade family, eggplants also share numerous pests and diseases with potatoes, including flea beetles and early blight. By keeping eggplants away from your potatoes, you lower the risk of these problems wreaking havoc on your crops. Competitive Cucurbits: The Battle for Resources While not allelopathic in nature, certain plants and vegetables can still have a negative impact on potatoes due to their competitive nature for resources like water, nutrients, and sunlight. The cucurbit family, which includes melons, cucumbers, and squash, is known for its vigorous growth and high demand for resources, making it less than ideal companions for potatoes. - Melons – With their sprawling vines and large, water-intensive fruits, melons can quickly deplete soil moisture and nutrients, leaving little for neighboring potato plants. - Cucumbers – Like melons, cucumbers are known for their rapid growth and high water demand, which can result in resource competition and hinder potato development. - Squash – As another cucurbit with an aggressive growth habit, squash can quickly overshadow smaller potato plants, limiting their access to sunlight and potentially affecting tuber formation. Allelopathic Antagonists: Chemical Combatants Beyond nightshades and cucurbits, there are a variety of plants and vegetables that exhibit allelopathic properties, potentially harming potatoes through the release of toxic chemicals. Gardeners and farmers should be cautious when planting these species near their potato crops. In particular, the following plants have demonstrated allelopathic effects on potatoes: - Sunflowers – Despite their cheerful appearance, sunflowers release a chemical called juglone that inhibits the growth of potatoes and other plants. Sunflower roots can extend far beyond their immediate vicinity, so maintaining a significant distance between sunflowers and potatoes is essential. - Asparagus – This perennial vegetable is known to release a toxin called asparagusic acid, which can negatively impact the growth and development of potatoes. As asparagus plants can live for many years, it is crucial to carefully consider their placement in relation to potatoes. - Fennel – Fennel is another allelopathic plant that can stunt the growth of potatoes and other vegetables. The chemicals released by fennel can interfere with the germination and root development of neighboring plants, making it an unwelcome companion for potatoes. - Walnut trees – While not a vegetable, walnut trees are noteworthy for their production of juglone, the same allelopathic chemical as sunflowers. The presence of a walnut tree can have far-reaching effects on nearby plants, including potatoes. It is recommended to maintain a distance of at least 50 feet between walnut trees and potato crops. Additional Adversaries: Pests, Diseases, and Drought Apart from allelopathic plants and resource competitors, there are other factors that can negatively impact potato growth and health. Some plants may attract pests, exacerbate diseases, or struggle with the same environmental conditions as potatoes, making them less than ideal companions. Here are some additional plants and vegetables to avoid planting near potatoes: - Rhubarb – Rhubarb can attract the potato leafhopper, a pest that can cause significant damage to potato plants. By keeping rhubarb away from your potatoes, you can minimize the risks associated with this pest. - Raspberries – Raspberries can harbor the fungus Verticillium, which can cause a devastating wilt disease in both raspberry and potato plants. Avoid planting these crops near each other to minimize the risk of disease transmission. - Onions and garlic – While these plants can have some beneficial effects on pests, they are also heavy feeders and can compete with potatoes for nutrients. Additionally, onions and garlic require well-draining soil, which may not be suitable for moisture-loving potatoes. - Water-intensive plants – Potatoes require a fair amount of water to thrive, and planting them near other water-loving plants, such as celery or lettuce, can lead to competition for this vital resource, especially in times of drought. In conclusion, maintaining a healthy and productive potato crop requires careful consideration of the plants and vegetables grown in close proximity. Understanding the potential hazards posed by allelopathic plants, resource competitors, and disease carriers is essential for ensuring the success of your potato harvest. By avoiding the aforementioned plants and vegetables in the vicinity of your potatoes, you can help protect your crops and promote the overall health and well-being of your garden or farm.

Ferritin stores iron and releases it when your body needs it. So your ferritin levels are a useful indicator of your body's iron status. Low levels can indicate that you have iron deficiency anaemia. Total iron binding capacity A total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) test measures your blood's capacity to bind and transport iron. This can help indicate if you’re deficient in iron. Transferrin is a protein that transports iron around the body. A transferrin saturation test measures the amount of iron bound to transferrin. This helps check for iron deficiency. Unsaturated iron binding capacity Unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) is the amount of iron binding sites on transferrin (transports iron around your body) that aren't bound to iron. If you’re deficient in iron, your UIBC will be high.

Haemophilia is an inherited condition. However, it is possible for the condition to appear in any family. It is thought that at least 30% of people with haemophilia have no family history of a bleeding disorder. It is difficult to be exact about this because of the way in which haemophilia is inherited. Technically, it has a “sex-linked recessive inheritance pattern. This means that while generally only males are affected by the condition, it is passed on through the female member of the family. When the father has haemophilia, but the mother does not, none of their sons will have haemophilia. However, all of their daughters will be obligate carriers, carrying the haemophilia gene. The sons will not be affected by haemophilia, nor will they be carriers. Father with haemophilia The daughter of a man with haemophilia is an obligatory carrier since she has received an \’X\’ chromosome from her father. This means that each of her sons will have a 50% chance of having haemophilia. A carrier has one normal and one defective \’X\’ chromosome. Figure 1: When the father has haemophilia and the mother is unaffected. None of the sons will have haemophilia. All of the daughters will carry the haemophilia gene. Mother with haemophilia The daughter of a female carrier also has a 50:50 chance of being a carrier herself. Because of the ability for the defective gene to remain hidden through several generations of carrier daughters, it can be difficult to know whether there really is a family history, or whether the problem has just been dormant for several generations. Figure 2: When the mother carries the haemophilia gene and the father is unaffected. There is a 50% chance at each birth that a son will have haemophilia. There is a 50% chance at each birth that a daughter will carry the haemophilia gene. The vast majority of persons with haemophilia are male. It is, however, possible for a girl to have haemophilia. Many carriers would be categorised as having mild haemophilia. (Carriers with low factor levels with less than 50% factor deficiency, are classed as a person with mild haemophilia). However, it is possible due to lyonisation of the \’X\’ chromosome for a carrier to have severe haemophilia. It is also possible for a girl to have severe haemophilia if her father is a person with haemophilia and her mother is a carrier. If you would like to talk to somebody about the inheritance of haemophilia, please contact the office and any of the staff will be able to assist you.

Causes of Altitude sickness (acute mountain sickness - AMS) At high altitude, atmospheric pressure drops: less oxygen is available to the body. The amount of oxygen available at 3,000 meters is two-thirds that available at sea level. At 5,000 meters, it’s half that. The body reacts to this lack of oxygen (or hypoxia) in two ways: - Immediate reaction Acceleration of ventilation and heart rate, to capture more oxygen from the air and transport it more rapidly to the organs. This reaction is costly for the body in terms of energy, as it makes the respiratory muscles and heart work harder. - Progressive reaction The immediate reaction is replaced or supplemented by a more economical mechanism: increasing the number of oxygen carriers, i.e. red blood cells. Red blood cells take a long time to produce, and you need to spend at least a week at altitude to see their numbers increase. Ventilation rate and heart rate can then slow down, without returning to baseline values. Who is affected by altitude sickness? Altitude sickness (or soroche in the Andes) is thought to affect around: - 15% of people above 2,500 metres - 60% of people above 4,000 metres - everyone at high altitudes (over 5,000 metres) Like seasickness, altitude sickness can affect anyone. Age and gender are not risk factors. What are the symptoms of altitude sickness? Each individual’s reaction to altitude is unique. Most of the time, altitude sickness is benign, and manifests itself in a variety of disorders that occur separately or in association with others, from the very first hours of a stay at altitude. The main symptoms are: - feeling tired and drowsy - shortness of breath - sleep disorders - dizziness and balance problems - loss of appetite and digestive disorders - decreased urine output These symptoms, which are common and normal, generally disappear on their own (or at least lessen considerably) after a few hours at altitude and with the help of painkillers (aspirin or paracetamol). In some cases, serious complications can occur: pulmonary edema (coughing, spitting, blue lips, respiratory failure) or cerebral edema (severe headaches not relieved by aspirin, vomiting, visual disturbances, sometimes psychiatric disorders). This is an extreme form of altitude sickness, and you must react immediately by : - immediately lowering the sufferer to the lowest altitude without delay - consult a specialist without delay We are aware of one case of a severe attack every two years or so (usually occurring within the first few days at altitude). Our teams of field experts, guides and escorts are trained to diagnose edema when it occurs, and to react in the most appropriate way. How do you prepare your body for altitude? Physical training before a stay at altitude does not protect against altitude sickness, but it is obviously advisable: cycling, swimming or hiking (at altitude if possible) are good ways to prepare. You can also consult your GP to detect any deficiencies or ailments. You may also wish to consult a center specializing in mountain medicine for reassurance (download the list of such centers in France below). If your stay includes sporting activities (trekking, mountaineering) above 3,000 meters, we’ll ask you to fill in a health questionnaire (download below): depending on the answers you provide, we’ll ask you to present a certificate, issued by a doctor, declaring you fit for sporting activities at altitude. Plan for gentle acclimatization on site To mitigate the effects of MAM, and limit the risk of aggravation, there are two golden rules to follow. - Start slowly One week at altitude is generally sufficient for proper acclimatization. We take particular care to ensure that our programs get off to a gentle start, with activities or excursions that are not too strenuous in the first few days, close to the health centers if necessary, while allowing for periods of rest. - Build up gradually Above 3,500 metres, we advise you not to climb more than 700 metres from one night to the next. For example, if you start at 3,500 metres, you can easily climb to a pass at 4,500 metres (+1,000 m), provided you sleep lower down, at 4,000 metres for example, as the difference in altitude between this bivouac and the previous one is only 500 metres. All our trekking and Andinism programs are designed to respect this progressive approach. A few tips for your stay A few tips for the first few days after your arrival: - Particularly in the first 24 hours, try to conserve energy, walk slowly and ventilate well. - Don’t make unnecessary or ill-considered physical efforts “to test yourself”, even when you feel in top form (this can encourage the onset of MAM). A few tips for trekking or climbing: - Avoid violent exertion (giant steps, jumping, running, etc.) - Don’t overextend yourself (for example, by playing the “last to arrive buys you a drink” game) - For a good night’s sleep, once you’ve arrived at the bivouac, climb 200 to 300 metres without a pack, stay there for an hour and come back down to camp. - In case of pain (with the exception of headaches relieved by taking aspirin), stop climbing and rest - If signs persist, descend 300 to 400 metres, and do not resume your ascent until the following day if the signs have disappeared; otherwise, do not continue your trek or climb - Always stay well hydrated: To avoid dehydration (favoured by the combination of altitude + sun + effort), it’s essential to drink plenty of fluids (3 to 4 liters every day). This is a good opportunity to enjoy “maté de coca” (an infusion of coca leaves, a typical Andean drink), which is energetic and reputed to help alleviate the effects of altitude. When trekking or climbing, be sure to drink mineral water or purify the water in streams, otherwise you’ll run the risk of other problems, particularly gastric. - Always eat well: During your stay, and especially when trekking or climbing, always remember to : - eat a balanced diet (vegetarians may be deficient in iron, which slows down the production of red blood cells) - eat a generous and complete breakfast - regularly replenish your supplies: for each day in the mountains, race supplies (cereal bars, dried fruit, sugar) are distributed by our support teams. For your first meal at altitude, we advise you to eat lightly and avoid alcohol. - What medication to take for altitude sickness? If you are taking any medication, ask your doctor for advice. He or she will be able to tell you if there are any contraindications to taking it at altitude, what precautions to take, what symptoms to watch out for… For headaches, take aspirin (which thins the blood) rather than paracetamol. Do not take sleeping pills, which encourage pauses in breathing during sleep, aggravating hypoxia (lack of oxygen). - Diamox® for altitude sickness Diamox® (acetazolamide) acts by increasing the ventilatory response to oxygen deprivation. We advise against taking it as a preventive measure, preferring natural acclimatization through a gradual climb in altitude. It should also be noted that: - Diamox® can cause undesirable effects (metabolic disturbances) - Diamox® is a diuretic, which may lead to dehydration - administered preventively, it makes it difficult to detect altitude-related problems However, it can be useful to take it with you, and we recommend that you do so: - in the event of poor acclimatization to altitude, particularly if headaches persist despite painkillers - when ascending too quickly - for the treatment of peripheral oedema (swelling of the face, hands and ankles, significant on awakening and subsiding during the day) with no other signs of MAM. - Don’t refuse diagnosis If you suffer at altitude, it’s MAM until proven otherwise! Don’t tell yourself that you’ve got a headache because you’ve been walking in the sun without a hat, or that you’re throwing up because the eggs you ate the day before weren’t fresh. The diagnosis can be vexing for a well-trained sportsman, or frustrating because it means putting an end to a trek or climb. But refusing it can lead to disaster. It’s essential to be sincere with yourself and with the guides who are supervising the trek/climb. They have a great deal of experience of the terrain, and will be able to give sound advice and provide first aid if necessary. It is up to them to decide whether or not to allow a participant to continue with a trek or climb. Contraindications at altitude Staying at altitude, and especially engaging in sporting activities (trekking, mountaineering) at altitude, is strongly contraindicated for people suffering from: - vascular insufficiency - chronic respiratory insufficiency - diseases requiring repeated injections (e.g. insulin-dependent diabetes) - unstabilized heart disease - certain blood disorders It is also contraindicated for people who have undergone neurosurgery, or for those who have suffered cerebral or pulmonary edema during a previous stay at altitude. Altitude stays are also not recommended for pregnant women and infants (under 18 months). Want to find out more about our Ecuador tours? Discover our must-see trips, treks and climbs now!

A type of wetland habitat is known as a swamp. They are found in places with inadequate drainage systems and abundant water that keeps the ground soggy. In the past, people have been known to drain or fill swamps and other wetlands to make more room for settlement and lessen the risk of diseases from marsh insects. So, is swamp dangerous, and what animals live in swamps? Do you want to know about the most dangerous animal in a swamp and what is the fastest swamp animal? If so, then continue reading our post. 1. What are 3 Facts About Swamps? The 3 facts about swamps are: - Swamps are top performers when it comes to storing carbon. Despite making up only 5 to 8 percent of the earth’s land surface, wetlands are home to up to 30 percent of the planet’s carbon reserves. - Wetland habitat native species can be quite resourceful. Many carnivorous plants developed in marshy environments are adapted to consume insects and other animals because they cannot obtain the nutrients they require from the ground. - The cornerstone for the growth of coal is a swamp. The coal that we use today for power, heat, and other electrical needs originated in swamps that existed millions of years ago. The dead plants will accumulate in layers at the bottom of a swamp. Since there is no oxygen, the layers will be subjected to pressure rather than decomposing. Coal, a material on every continent, is a product of that pressure throughout time. 2. Is Swamp Dangerous? Yes. Because of all the water, many swamps are prone to heavy fog, which may make it simple to become lost, and some swamps are home to dangerous creatures, making them tough to navigate on foot and attracting a lot of insects that can spread disease. Find out, What is the Climate in Wetlands? 3. What Animals Live in Swamps? Here is the answer to the question of what animals live in swamps: - Fishing cat - Great Blue Heron - Black Bear - Red Swamp Crayfish - Largemouth Bass - Marsh Rabbit 4. What Animals would You Find in a Swampy Wetland? We hope that you understood what animals live in swamps. The swamps are home to several wildlife creatures, including alligators and frogs. These creatures can adjust to changing water levels. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and nesting birds can all find a rich, protected environment among the shady tree roots and cypress knobs. Learn, What Animal lives in a Den? 5. What is the Most Dangerous Animal in a Swamp? What animals live in swamps? Here is the list of the most dangerous animals in a swamp: - American alligator - American crocodile - Black caiman - Mugger crocodile - Bull shark - Pygmy rattlesnake - Eastern diamondback rattlesnake - Burmese python 6. What is the Fastest Swamp Animal? The fastest swamp animals are: 7. Do Snake Live in Swamps? Yes, numerous snake species can be found in the nearby woodlands and waterways. The water moccasin is probably the most infamous species of snake found in North American swamps. Since its mouth is a dazzling white, it is called a cottonmouth. Also, read What are Some Snake Behavioral Adaptations? 8. Do Hippos Live in Swamps? Yes, hippos live in mangrove swamps, lakes, and rivers. Both mating and childbirth take place in the water. Hippos spend the day in mud or water to stay cool, emerging at dusk to munch on grasses. Check out the Why do Animals Eat Plants? 9. Do Crocodiles Live in the Swamp? Yes, swamps are where crocodiles reside. However, this is not their only home. Except for the deep oceans, crocodiles are sociable animals that can be found in different types of water. Crocodiles also inhabit mangroves, lakes, rivers, estuaries, and swamps. Moreover, How to Describe Crocodile? Numerous bayous are home to a range of creatures, despite the fact that the local wildlife varies. They are: - Some species of shrimp - American alligators - American crocodiles We hope that this article was helpful and you have learned what animals live in swamps. (Also read What is the Difference between Bayou and Swamp?)

The SAT is administered annually to more than 2 million students at approximately 6,000 test centers located in more than 170 countries. The test is used to measure a student’s readiness for college, as well as to interpret overall academic performance in relation to the national applicant pool. Nearly every college in America accepts the SAT or SAT Subject Tests as a part of its admissions process. In addition to admission, many colleges use the SAT for course placement and/or scholarship consideration. The previous edition was written for the revised exam released in 2016. This edition will feature content tailored toward this revised exam with the benefit of the authors’ experience teaching it. New and revised content includes: - English/grammar section: Revised question topics - Reading section: Focus on the question patterns (the way questions are paired) - Math sections: Simple approaches to seemingly tricky questions, as well as more focus on the high-level topics that appear - Essay: An effective, tried-and-true method that is targeted to the rubric

How many hours per day do you spend in front of the computer? How long do you spend looking at your phone? Spending even 30 minutes in front of the computer or a phone creates enough visual strain to cause the development of trigger points through the upper traps and cervical muscles. What are Trigger Points? Trigger points are nodules or “knots” within the muscle fibers that cause referred pain to other areas of the body. Trigger points are formed by overuse of the muscles which can happen from a workout or from sitting at a desk. Research shows that these trigger points in these muscles can commonly refer headaches. One study found that the visual stressor of a computer caused trigger points to develop after 30 minutes of use. This study shows that the visual stressor of the computer caused onset of trigger points more than postural stressors. While workplace ergonomics are important to decrease postural stress as much as possible making modifications such as “micro-breaks” will help decrease the onset and exacerbation of trigger points that can contribute to headaches. How Headaches Form Headaches come in all shapes and sizes; however, we commonly find that specific muscles reproduce common patterns of headaches. The upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, suboccipitals, and cervical erector spinae muscles commonly refer pain in familiar headache patterns. A study done by Fernandez de las Penas looked at the correlation between active trigger points in the suboccipital muscles and intensity/ frequency of headaches. The study assessed 20 individuals who reported headaches and 20 pain-free individuals as controls. The headache group exhibited more active trigger points than the control, and exhibited a positive correlation in frequency and intensity of headaches referred from palpating the trigger points. In another study, muscles of the neck were found to more commonly reproduce headaches than muscles of the head. The upper trapezius and sternocleidomastoid reproduced familiar headache patterns more frequently than the temporalis or masseter. What We Can Do to Minimize Headache Pain So, what is the take away from this information? We live in a time where we spend a lot of time in front of the computer and our phones. This can cause trigger points to form in muscles that commonly cause headaches. Taking mini breaks from looking at a computer or phone can disrupt the process of forming trigger points and decrease headaches. These mini breaks provide an excellent opportunity to do a couple of stretches. Find Headache Relief at Impact Physical Therapy If you have been suffering from chronic headaches, our clinicians here at Emery Physical Therapy can help. Stop suffering and come in to see what our clinicians can offer to help decrease the intensity and frequency of your headaches. Call us today at 847-786-2014.

Have you ever wondered whether your menstruation cycle is normal? Whether you should be worried? And what is considered a normal period cycle in the first place? Before we get to that, let’s take a brief look at what menstruation is. A woman’s body regularly sheds the lining of the uterine wall. The lining grows every month in preparation for a fertilized egg. So if pregnancy does not occur, the uterus does a monthly cleaning and sheds the lining. Blood is used as a medium to push the lining through the vagina. Menstruation can begin as early as 8 or as late as 18. It will differ from girl to girl. The average age is 12. When menstruation begins, it means that the girl’s body is ready to bear a child. She will continue to have her period on a monthly basis until menopause, which typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55. What is a Normal Period Cycle? Your menstrual cycle begins from the first day of your bleeding and continues till the first day of your next period. 28 Day Menstrual Cycle A typical period cycle is 28 days. But it is not an exact science. Your cycle can range from 22 to 36 days and it will still be considered normal. You will not have the same cycle your whole life. It will be a shorter cycle in your teens and twenties. As you age, your cycle will lengthen. However, it is natural for a teen to have a longer cycle in first couple of years after she starts getting her period – sometimes as long as 45 days. Your cycle can change even if you are overly stressed. You will notice that your period is late when you have an examination you are worried about or a presentation at work that you are losing sleep over. When your stress goes away, your body will return to its normal period cycle. If it doesn’t return to normal after three consecutive periods, then it’s time to see a doctor. Why is it Important to Have a Normal Period Cycle? If you get your period regularly, it means that your body is functioning as it should. An irregular period cycle can be a symptom of other health problems. You may be pregnant, undergoing extreme stress, have an eating disorder, or suffering from something much worse. If you have irregular periods or no periods or very painful periods, it means that your body is trying to tell you something. You may not know what. But that doesn’t mean you should ignore it. Visit a gynecologist and get yourself checked to rule out the possibility of an underlying medical condition. How to Figure out your Period Cycle The best way to do that is to keep a track of your period for a few months. You will notice a pattern emerging. You can count the days between your monthly flow and work out the average. There are several online period calendars where you can note down the dates. Another advantage of doing this is that you will know when your next period is due and can plan accordingly. You can also take it easy in the days leading up to your period so you don’t stress your body too much, which in turn will reduce the intensity of PMS.

The United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, often shorted to United Brotherhood of Carpenters (UBC), is a North American labor union made up of specialized workers in the building trades, including carpenters, lathers, millwrights, floor coverers, pile drivers, and millworkers and cabinetmakers. The UBC is dedicated to training and educating workers to ensure a strong industry. In the early 21st century, the organization had approximately 500,000 members. Headquarters are located in Washington, D.C. The United Brotherhood of Carpenters was founded in 1881. At that time, 36 carpenters representing 11 cities met at a convention in Chicago, Illinois, to discuss forming a union. Among the key figures was labor leader Peter J. McGuire (who is generally given credit for the idea of Labor Day). He aimed to unite the carpenters in order to fight for changes in work hours and conditions. McGuire campaigned endlessly in support of the UBC, and by 1903 the union’s membership had increased to more than 167,000 people. The UBC expanded throughout the 20th century to include workers in various other construction and wood-related industries. By the early 21st century, the union had numerous regional and district centers to serve workers in the United States and Canada. Along with more than 200 training centers, the Carpenters International Training Center in Las Vegas, Nevada, offered training through conferences and classes. The UBC’s magazine, Carpenter, has been published since the organization was formed. (See also labor movements.)

The Ingenuity helicopter made history on April 19, 2021, with the first powered, controlled flight of an aircraft on another planet. How do engineers talk to a helicopter all the way out on Mars? How about other spacecraft? We’ll hear about it from Nacer Chahat of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, who works on antenna and telecommunication systems for a variety of NASA missions. He chats with NASA’s Chief Scientist Jim Green in this episode of the Gravity Assist podcast. Jim Green: NASA flies spacecraft all over the solar system, and orbits the Earth. How do we communicate with them when they’re so far away? Let’s find out from an expert. Jim Green: Hi, I’m Jim Green. And this is a new season of Gravity Assist. We’re going to explore the inside workings of NASA in making these fabulous missions happen. Jim Green: I’m here with Nacer Chahat, and he is the senior antenna and microwave engineer with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory out in Pasadena, California. He has worked on one of the most important challenges for NASA and that is, in designing a spacecraft, how do you make it communicate back and forth with Earth? So welcome to Gravity Assist. Nacer Chahat: Thank you for having me here. Jim Green: A lot of people are familiar with the idea of an antenna from a radio or TV set, for which they receive a signal. But when we look at a spacecraft, we see all kinds of different antennas. What’s their main function? Nacer Chahat: Yes, so, the principle is the same. However, every single spacecraft have different instruments, So, depending on the requirement, whether they are instruments or communication, they come in different form, different aspects. So, most of the communication antennas will be the typical dishes that we see. So, those are the ones that you see the most often on spacecraft. But whenever we push the boundary of what we are trying to do, we have to come up with different innovative antenna solutions to address the needs of our scientists. Jim Green: You know a lot of the antennas that you use, you use for what we call remote sensing. What’s that really mean? Nacer Chahat: So, remote sensing allows us to get something from afar and so we’re using radio frequency to transmit pulses. These pulses are reflecting back from the surface of what we want to study, and then we’re processing this data to make conclusions. Jim Green: Yeah, that’s everything from having the opportunity to bounce radio waves off surfaces to even penetrate those radio waves into surfaces like, like the ice caps or even the Sahara Desert. Nacer Chahat Yeah, and that also allows us to get images of things we cannot see. So, for example if the weather is bad and Earth is completely covered with clouds, we can still see what’s happening under them. Jim Green: Well, you know, communication with our surface assets on Mars is kind of complicated. You know, when we landed Curiosity, I don’t see it carrying a big truck with a big dish behind it. So how do we communicate back and forth with, with our surface assets, like InSight, like Perseverance, like Curiosity? Nacer Chahat: Yes, so we have two concepts to do so. The first one is to communicate with the orbiter. So we have orbiters around Mars which we can, they are dedicated for science, but for a critical event like that, we can use them to relay the data to Earth. And we also have on these landers and rover, high gain antennas that allow us to communicate directly with Earth but at lower data rate. So it’s really a trade-off. When, when we should be using the orbiter or when we should be using the high gain antenna. Most of the time, we end up using the orbiter because it allows us to transmit the science much faster. So those are the reasons and most of the Mars mission have always worked this way. So we transmit the data to the orbiter and the orbit transmits back to the to the Deep Space Network on Earth. Jim Green: Yeah, that sounds complicated, but it provides an infrastructure that allows any asset that’s on the surface to be able to be relayed through our orbiting satellites. It’s really an exciting time in in this particular field. Jim Green: You know when the InSight lander arrived landed on Mars in November 2018 it carried with a two CubeSats and we call those CubeSats “MarCO.” What were they supposed to be doing and how important was communication for them? Nacer Chahat: Yeah so MarCO was actually one of my first projects, and when I joined JPL the former director of the lab, Charles Elachi, challenged the lab to find a way to do real time communication during the lending of InSight. So with the existing orbiter we were able to collect all the information from InSight during the landing However because of the alignment of the orbiter, we couldn’t get the data right away. Nacer Chahat: So the role of these two CubeSats was actually to receive data from the lander, InSight, and transmit these data in real time so the, the main challenge was to be able from these very, very tiny satellites which are the size of a shoebox, being able to transmit at the same data rate which was roughly around 8 kilobits per second. This was really difficult because we needed an antenna that was three times the size of the satellite itself. So we had to find a way to fold the antenna and deploy it. That’s also the first interplanetary CubeSat so we had to ensure that we could actually survive the flight to Mars, which we did very successfully. Nacer Chahat: When we witnessed the landing of InSight we were all excited because for those who actually follow the landing you should remember when they were saying oh we are now 100 meter 90 meter 20 meter and all the excitement was coming up all I had in mind was oh that’s my antenna who’s transmitting all these data and then he landed we exploded with joy and we finally received these first pictures from InSight on the surface of Mars which also got relayed using the MarCO antenna. Nacer Chahat: If we did not have the CubeSats we would have had to wait more than two hours after that. Jim Green: Wow. Nacer Chahat: Because the orbiter was not on the line of sight. Nacer Chahat So, that’s such an amazing accomplishment that we’ve been able to do and that’s really what’s beautiful about working at NASA is that we’re able to do things that nobody has done before. Jim Green: Yeah i remember that time I was head of planetary science and it was really riveting and i was just delighted that the MarCO spacecraft worked. Jim Green: And in fact, it was really nailbiting for the simple reason that we were having problems with one of the MarCO spacecraft very close to the encounter time. Do you remember that? And what happened? Nacer Chahat: I do, I do, and we were very worried about that. So one of them actually restarted? Like, I think it was a few hours before maybe a day before, I don’t recall exactly. So we were worried that one of the CubeSats would not be able to relate to data. But after it rebooted, it went in safe mode and rebooted in a nominal mode. And they both successfully related the data. Jim Green: Well, you know, we’re flying a helicopter on Mars for the first time. And we call that Ingenuity. Did you get involved in that? And what’s your role? Nacer Chahat: When I saw the first flight, I couldn’t help but think of all these hours spent working really hard to solve technical problems. All these people working on delivering hardware that you don’t necessarily see on TV. This achievement is absolutely historical and I am happy I got to contribute. Nacer Chahat: My contribution was with the telecommunication subsystem, to ensure that the rover can send commands to the helicopter, and the helicopter can send images or telemetry back to the rover. So, I worked on the antenna design and also worked on the system engineering. Jim Green: Wow, that sounds really difficult because this is a very small vehicle. What’s that antenna look like? I don’t remember seeing it. Does it stick out? Or is it part of… does it go up to the top or, where’s it at? Nacer Chahat: Yeah. So on the top of the helicopter, there is a solar panel, which allows us to recharge our battery. And we decided to locate the antenna on this surface, because this is what provided the largest area to use as a reflective surface. So this is the simplest type of antenna that you can ever use. This is called a monopole. So monopole is basically a single wire, which is resonant at the frequency of operation, and located on top of a reflective surface. And the reflective surface in this case is the solar array. Nacer Chahat: This wire allows us to operate at the frequency of interest. But this antenna, this type of monopole antenna are being used when you need to communicate what we call omni, omni directionally. Meaning, we need to communicate this with the same capabilities in any direction, because we don’t know where the helicopter or rover will be because it will constantly move when it’s flying. Right. So that’s the reason why we use such an antenna. Nacer Chahat: It’s very small it’s about five to six centimeter which is basically a quarter wavelength or the frequency of operation. Jim Green: Yeah, that makes a lot of sense. I mean, yeah, you move the copter and it comes back down. And it’s not necessarily in that same orientation. Nacer Chahat: Exactly. Jim Green: So you want to broadcast. So it sounds… Nacer Chahat: Yeah Jim Green: …like though the Ingenuity communication is only with, with Perseverance, and then it’s up to Perseverance to package that data and then send it up to an orbiter which then relays it back to Earth. Nacer Chahat: That’s, that’s exactly it. And the reason is very simple is that obviously with such a small helicopter, we will not be able to communicate directly to the orbiter, and even less with Earth. So that’s the concept that that we, we use. The helicopter is also has to, to, to stay away from the rover itself because the rover needs to be completely safe. So we have to keep-out zone which is roughly above 100 meters. So the helicopter to will never fly within 100 meters of the rover. So the telecommunication subsystem was designed to communicate from 100 meter to one kilometer, which is very far away. And we’ve done a lot of testing nearby our lab outside, a field test, which was very, very exciting, where we had a real size mock-up of the rover and the helicopter and we located it in different direction to make sure that all of our models and analyses were correct. Jim Green: Wow, that sounds really fun. Another thing that NASA likes to do is think about missions that are in the future. And even though we’re sending a spacecraft to Europa, called Clipper, we’re also been thinking about what it might be like to get down on the surface, a lander. Now, you were also involved in the communication system for a lander on Europa. What would that be like? And how does that have to work? Nacer Chahat: The original concept of the Europa lander concept was to send an orbiter as well, along with the lander, and the orbiter will have communication telecommunication capabilities to relay the data back to Earth. However, doing so would have been cost-prohibitive. So, we were asked very quickly to revise the concept to reduce the cost so that this mission could someday be possible. Nacer Chahat: And the only way to do so was to communicate directly with earth so that we don’t have to have an orbiter as well. So, to do that, the conclusion that was that we needed an antenna with an efficiency of more than 80%, which to give you an idea, has never done before. All of the Mars rover or lander, they have efficiencies of less than 45%, roughly. But the lander has additional constraints. The antenna needed to be flat, it needed to survive the environment, and very high radiation of Europa. And for those reason, people thought it was just not possible to do so. Nacer Chahat: So we came up with an antenna design that fulfills all these requirements and achieved the efficiency we fully tested be something to the environment of Europa, to qualify the something out for a potential Europa lander mission in the future. And so now we’re in a very, very, very good shape, because we know that this Europa mission concept is possible. We have all the technology that are needed to do that, because NASA supported us to develop all of these technologies. Jim Green: Yeah, that’s really great. Now coming back to the Earth, your current project is on SWOT, which is the Surface Water and Ocean Topography Mission. What are you up to with that? And have we launched it yet? Nacer Chahat: No, we are right now we are in integration and testing, what we call INT. So the payload is fully assembled. Right now, we’re actually currently doing all the environmental testing on the payload before we ship it to France to our partner in France, CNES, to integrate it with the spacecraft. So this mission is very exciting because we’re pushing the boundaries of the science measurement accuracy. So the role of SWOT is to measure the surface topology of the ocean, but also the water surface for the first time. So we will have a global map of the entire Earth and we will be able to know where the water is continuously. And so that’s, that’s the beauty of SWOT. There is a lot of new technology that needed to be developed to do that, to improve the accuracy of these measurements. And so we’re very, very excited to see this mission moving along and getting very ready to fly. Jim Green: So what’s the new advancement in antenna technologies? Nacer Chahat: Every single mission have different requirements. So we tend to design a new antenna every single time. I would say that the holy grail of the antenna, from my point of view, would be to design an antenna that could be applied for every mission to meet any requirements. So obviously, that’s, that’s almost impossible to do so. But for communication, that’s not impossible, you could come up with an antenna that could shave the beam in any way we want for a given aperture. And that’s what I’m working on, on my research science, to achieve such a thing. Jim Green: Sounds great. Jim Green: Nacer, I always like to ask my guests to tell me what was that event that person, place or thing that got them so excited about being the engineer they are today. And I call that event a gravity assist. So Nacer, what was your gravity assist? Nacer Chahat: The scientists that I respected the most is Marie Curie, who was also from the same country that I am from, from France. But really, what I like about my inquiry is her dedication for work. And I think nobody was as dedicated as her because she actually gave her life for her work. And the work ethic that she has demonstrated is what, what I share the most with Marie Curie. Nacer Chahat: So but I would, I would say, as well, that it’s not necessarily an engineer, or a scientist that really inspired me, in my case. My parents are from a very poor country, in Algeria, north of Africa. And they didn’t have access to education. So, after they moved in France, I was born and raised in France, they really share this notion of understanding that the education is a gift. They didn’t have the chance, and they wanted to make sure that that I realized the chance I had, and we could take advantage of the education I was given as much as possible. So that’s why I always worked really, really hard to do as much as I could and learn as much as I could. Nacer Chahat: And so I would say that my gravity assist are not engineers or scientists, but actually my parents. Jim Green: Now, that’s a wonderful story. Thank you so much for sharing it with me. Jim Green: Nacer, thank you so much for joining me in discussing this fantastic topic. Nacer Chahat: It was my pleasure. It’s always it’s, it’s always great to share the experience that we have delivered developing new technology at JPL. So thank you for having me. Jim Green: Join me next time as we continue our journey to look under the hood at NASA and see how we do what we do. I’m Jim Green and this is your Gravity Assist.

What vegetables clean your arteries? What Vegetables Clean Your Arteries? What Vegetables Clean Your Arteries? Maintaining healthy arteries is crucial for overall heart health, and incorporating specific vegetables into your diet can help clean and support the health of your arteries. There are several vegetables that are known to help clean arteries and reduce the risk of heart disease. Some of these vegetables include berries, beans, tomatoes, onions, cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower), leafy greens (spinach, kale), beets, and garlic. These vegetables are rich in antioxidants, fiber, and other beneficial compounds that help reduce inflammation, lower cholesterol levels, and improve artery function. Consuming these vegetables regularly as part of a healthy diet can have significant benefits for cardiovascular health. - Berries, beans, tomatoes, onions, cruciferous vegetables, leafy greens, beets, and garlic are all vegetables that can help clean your arteries and support heart health. - These vegetables are rich in antioxidants, fiber, and other beneficial compounds that reduce inflammation and lower cholesterol levels. - Incorporating these vegetables into your diet regularly can have significant benefits for cardiovascular health. - Including a variety of these vegetables in your meals can help ensure you get a wide range of nutritional benefits. - Pairing these vegetables with a balanced diet and regular exercise can further enhance their positive impact on your arteries and overall heart health. Berries - A Powerful Artery-Cleaning Fruit Berries, including strawberries, blueberries, and raspberries, are not only delicious but also contain powerful antioxidants that can help keep your arteries clean and free from plaque buildup. These antioxidants work by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the arteries, which are key contributors to the development of heart disease. Rich in Fiber One of the reasons why berries are so beneficial for artery health is their high fiber content. Fiber helps to lower cholesterol levels by binding to cholesterol in the digestive system and preventing its absorption into the bloodstream. By reducing cholesterol levels, berries can help to prevent the formation of plaque in the arteries, ultimately reducing the risk of heart disease. Loaded with Antioxidants In addition to fiber, berries are also packed with antioxidants such as anthocyanins and flavonoids. These compounds help to protect the arteries from damage caused by free radicals, unstable molecules that can contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. By neutralizing these free radicals, antioxidants in berries can help to keep the arteries clean and healthy. So, next time you're looking for a tasty and heart-healthy snack, reach for a bowl of berries. Whether enjoyed on their own, added to a smoothie, or sprinkled over yogurt, these little fruits can make a big difference in supporting your artery health and reducing the risk of heart disease. Beans - A Nutrient-Dense Artery Superfood Beans, such as kidney beans, black beans, and lentils, are not only a great source of plant-based protein but also offer numerous benefits for artery health due to their high fiber and nutrient content. Including these heart-healthy vegetables in your diet can help lower cholesterol levels, reduce the risk of heart disease, and promote overall cardiovascular well-being. Here are some reasons why beans are considered a nutrient-dense artery superfood: - High in fiber: Beans are packed with dietary fiber, which helps lower cholesterol levels by binding to excess cholesterol and preventing its absorption in the bloodstream. This can lead to a reduction in plaque buildup and improved arterial function. - Packed with nutrients: Beans are rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that play a vital role in maintaining a healthy heart. They are a good source of potassium, magnesium, and folate, which help regulate blood pressure, support muscle function, and promote proper blood clotting. - Low in saturated fat: Unlike animal protein sources, beans are low in saturated fat and cholesterol. Consuming plant-based protein instead of animal-based protein can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and improve overall heart health. Adding beans to your meals is easy and versatile. They can be enjoyed in soups, salads, stews, or even as a meat substitute in dishes like bean burgers or vegetarian chili. With their delicious taste and numerous health benefits, beans are a valuable addition to any heart-healthy diet. Tomatoes - An Artery-Friendly Red Gem Juicy and vibrant red tomatoes not only add flavor to your dishes but also provide a wealth of artery-friendly benefits, thanks to their high lycopene content. Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant known for its ability to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the arteries, helping to keep them clean and healthy. In addition to lycopene, tomatoes are packed with vitamins A and C, as well as potassium, which are all important for maintaining optimal cardiovascular health. These nutrients help to lower blood pressure, reduce cholesterol levels, and improve overall artery function. Whether enjoyed fresh in salads, roasted in the oven, or blended into a flavorful sauce, tomatoes are a versatile and delicious way to support your artery health. Try incorporating them into your meals regularly to reap their many benefits and keep your cardiovascular system in top shape. Ways to Include Tomatoes in Your Diet: - Add sliced tomatoes to your favorite sandwiches or wraps. - Toss cherry tomatoes into salads for a burst of color and flavor. - Roast tomatoes with olive oil and garlic for a rich and savory side dish. - Blend fresh tomatoes into a homemade pasta sauce or gazpacho soup. - Top grilled chicken or fish with a refreshing tomato salsa. By incorporating tomatoes into your daily diet, you can take a proactive approach to maintaining a healthy heart and clean arteries. So why not start enjoying the many benefits of this artery-friendly red gem today? Onions - A Natural Artery Cleanser Onions, with their pungent aroma and distinct flavor, not only enhance the taste of your meals but also offer natural artery-cleansing benefits due to their rich antioxidant content. These heart-healthy vegetables are packed with flavonoids and sulfur compounds, which have been shown to reduce inflammation and improve cardiovascular function. One of the key compounds found in onions is quercetin, a powerful antioxidant that helps protect against oxidative damage and reduce the risk of plaque buildup in arteries. Quercetin also has anti-inflammatory properties, helping to reduce inflammation in the arteries and lower the risk of heart disease. Incorporating onions into your diet is easy. You can enjoy them raw in salads, sauté them as a base for soups and stews, or add them to stir-fries and pasta dishes. Including onions in your meals regularly not only adds flavor but also supports your cardiovascular health. Cruciferous Vegetables - Artery Detoxifiers Cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower, are true powerhouses when it comes to promoting artery health, thanks to their unique combination of nutrients and detoxifying properties. These vegetables are not only delicious additions to meals, but they also offer a multitude of benefits for your cardiovascular system. One of the key components that make cruciferous vegetables so beneficial is their high fiber content. Fiber plays a crucial role in reducing cholesterol levels and promoting a healthy heart. Additionally, these vegetables are packed with antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, such as vitamin C and potassium, which help combat inflammation and support overall cardiovascular function. Furthermore, cruciferous vegetables contain compounds called glucosinolates, which give them their distinctive taste and aroma. These compounds have been found to have detoxifying properties, aiding in the removal of harmful substances from the body and supporting optimal artery health. Incorporating cruciferous vegetables into your diet can be as simple as adding them to stir-fries, salads, or roasting them for a flavorful side dish. The benefits of cruciferous vegetables for artery health: - High fiber content helps lower cholesterol levels - Rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that reduce inflammation - Detoxifying properties support optimal artery function - Versatile and delicious addition to various dishes Including cruciferous vegetables in your diet is an excellent way to support your cardiovascular health. Whether you steam them, roast them, or incorporate them into your favorite recipes, these vegetables provide a powerful boost of nutrients and detoxifying properties that can help promote clean and healthy arteries. Leafy Greens - Artery-Nourishing Veggies Leafy greens, such as spinach and kale, are not only versatile in the kitchen but also provide a wealth of artery-nourishing benefits, thanks to their exceptional nutrient profile. These vegetables are packed with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that support cardiovascular health. One of the key nutrients found in leafy greens is potassium, which helps relax the walls of blood vessels, promoting healthy blood flow and maintaining optimal blood pressure levels. Additionally, leafy greens are rich in nitrates, which can improve blood vessel function and reduce the risk of plaque formation. Another notable benefit of consuming leafy greens is their high fiber content. Fiber not only helps with digestion but also plays a crucial role in lowering cholesterol levels. By binding to cholesterol in the digestive system, fiber helps prevent its absorption, reducing the buildup of plaque in the arteries. Moreover, leafy greens are low in calories but high in volume, making them an excellent choice for weight management, which is important for maintaining heart health. Here are some popular leafy greens to add to your meals: - Collard greens - Swiss chard These greens can be enjoyed in salads, sautéed as a side dish, or incorporated into smoothies and soups. Experimenting with different recipes and preparations can help you discover delicious ways to incorporate these artery-friendly vegetables into your diet. Remember to aim for a variety of leafy greens to maximize the diverse array of nutrients they offer. Beets - An Artery-Cleansing Root Vegetable Vibrant and earthy beets are not only a delightful addition to your plate but also offer remarkable artery-cleansing benefits, thanks to their high nitrate content. Nitrates are converted to nitric oxide in the body, which helps relax and dilate blood vessels, improving blood flow and reducing the risk of plaque buildup. Including beets in your diet can have a positive impact on cardiovascular health. In addition to their nitrate content, beets are also rich in antioxidants, fiber, and essential nutrients. They contain betalains, which are powerful antioxidants that help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the arteries. By reducing inflammation, beets can help prevent the development of plaque and maintain optimal artery function. There are several ways to incorporate beets into your diet. You can enjoy them raw in salads, roasted as a side dish, or even juiced for a refreshing beverage. Consider adding beets to your meals regularly to reap the artery-cleansing benefits they offer. Remember, a vegetable-rich diet that includes beets can be an excellent choice for maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system. Garlic - A Natural Artery Cleanser Garlic, with its pungent aroma and unique flavor, not only adds taste to your dishes but also provides natural artery-cleansing benefits due to its rich content of sulfur compounds. These compounds have been found to have numerous health benefits, including reducing cholesterol levels, lowering blood pressure, and improving overall cardiovascular health. One of the key sulfur compounds found in garlic is allicin, which has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties can help reduce inflammation in the arteries, prevent plaque buildup, and improve blood flow. Additionally, garlic is known to have blood-thinning properties, which can prevent the formation of blood clots and reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Incorporating garlic into your diet is easy. You can add minced or crushed garlic to your favorite dishes, sauces, and marinades. Roasting garlic can also bring out a milder and sweeter flavor, making it a delicious addition to vegetable or grain dishes. If you're not a fan of the strong garlic taste, you can try odorless garlic supplements, which provide the same health benefits without the pungent aroma. Ways to Incorporate Garlic into Your Diet: - Add minced garlic to homemade salad dressings or dips. - Mix roasted garlic into mashed potatoes or cauliflower mash for a flavorful twist. - Sauté garlic with olive oil and your favorite vegetables for a quick and healthy side dish. - Include garlic in stir-fries, soups, and stews for added flavor and health benefits. - Experiment with garlic in marinades for meats, poultry, or tofu. By including garlic in your cooking repertoire, you can not only enhance the taste of your meals but also support a healthy heart. Remember to consult with your healthcare provider before making any major changes to your diet, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking medications. The Benefits of a Vegetable-Rich Diet Adding a variety of artery-cleansing vegetables to your diet can have significant benefits for cardiovascular health, including reducing inflammation, lowering cholesterol levels, and supporting optimal artery function. These heart-healthy vegetables, such as berries, beans, tomatoes, onions, cruciferous vegetables, leafy greens, beets, and garlic, are not only delicious but also packed with essential nutrients. By incorporating these vegetables into your daily meals, you can enjoy their antioxidant-rich properties, which help to combat free radicals and reduce oxidative stress in your arteries. The fiber content in these vegetables promotes a healthy digestive system, aids in weight management, and assists in lowering cholesterol levels. Furthermore, these vegetables contain vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals that contribute to overall cardiovascular health. For example, beets are rich in nitrates that can help lower blood pressure and improve blood flow, while cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and cabbage contain compounds that support detoxification pathways in your body. Here are some simple ways to incorporate these heart-healthy vegetables into your diet: - Start your day with a mixed berry smoothie, combining antioxidant-rich berries with leafy greens for a nutritious boost. - Add beans to your soups, stews, and salads for a protein and fiber-packed meal. - Include tomatoes in your meals by incorporating them into sauces, salads, or enjoying them as a snack. - Use onions and garlic as flavor enhancers in your cooking, adding depth and heart-healthy benefits to your dishes. - Experiment with different cruciferous vegetables, such as roasting cauliflower or steaming broccoli, to enhance their natural flavors. - Savor the versatility of leafy greens by incorporating them into salads, stir-fries, or as a base for vegetable wraps. - Try roasted or pickled beets as a side dish or add them to salads for a vibrant and nutritious boost. By embracing a vegetable-rich diet and incorporating these heart-healthy vegetables into your meals, you can take proactive steps towards improving your cardiovascular health. Remember to choose a variety of colors and types of vegetables to ensure you receive a wide range of nutrients and benefits. Incorporating Artery-Cleaning Vegetables into Your Diet Incorporating artery-cleaning vegetables into your diet doesn't have to be complicated – with a little creativity, you can enjoy these nutrient-rich veggies in a variety of delicious ways. Here are some ideas to help you incorporate these vegetables into your meals: - Add berries to your morning yogurt or oatmeal for a tasty and heart-healthy boost. You can also blend them into smoothies or use them as toppings for salads. - Include beans in your soups, stews, and chili recipes. They add a hearty texture and are a great source of fiber and protein. - Try incorporating tomatoes into your favorite pasta dishes, salads, or sandwiches. They add a burst of flavor and their lycopene content is beneficial for artery health. Onions can be utilized in various ways – sauté them as a base for soups and stir-fries, or add them raw to salads for an extra punch of flavor and heart-healthy benefits. You can also enjoy the benefits of cruciferous vegetables by adding them to stir-fries, roasting them as a side dish, or incorporating them into salads. Their unique flavors and textures make them a versatile addition to any meal. Leafy greens like spinach and kale can be enjoyed in a variety of ways. Include them in salads, blend them into smoothies, or sauté them as a side dish. Their high nutrient content makes them an excellent choice for promoting artery health. - Beets can be roasted, steamed, or grated raw into salads for a natural artery-cleansing boost. - Garlic can be added to marinades, salad dressings, and roasted dishes for its flavorful and heart-healthy properties. By incorporating these artery-cleaning vegetables into your daily diet, you can enjoy their numerous health benefits while indulging in delicious and nutritious meals. By including a variety of artery-cleansing vegetables in your diet, you can optimize your cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of heart disease, making vegetables an essential part of a healthy, balanced lifestyle. There are several vegetables that are known to help clean arteries and reduce the risk of heart disease. Berries, such as blueberries and strawberries, are rich in antioxidants that can help reduce inflammation and plaque buildup in the arteries. Beans, including kidney beans and lentils, are packed with fiber and nutrients that can lower cholesterol levels and improve heart health. Tomatoes, with their high lycopene content, have been shown to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the arteries. Onions, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, can help prevent plaque buildup and improve cardiovascular function. Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower are rich in fiber, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory compounds, making them effective artery detoxifiers. Leafy greens such as spinach and kale are packed with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that can reduce inflammation and support optimal cardiovascular function. Beets contain nitrates that can relax and dilate blood vessels, improving blood flow and reducing the risk of plaque formation. Garlic, with its sulfur compounds, has been shown to lower cholesterol levels, lower blood pressure, and improve overall cardiovascular health. By incorporating these vegetables into your daily diet, you can benefit from their artery-cleansing properties and optimize your cardiovascular health. Whether you enjoy them raw, steamed, or in delicious recipes, these vegetables offer a natural and effective way to improve heart health and reduce the risk of heart disease. So, make sure to include a variety of these vegetable-based artery detoxifiers in your meals and reap the incredible benefits they have to offer. What vegetables clean your arteries? Some vegetables known to help clean arteries and reduce the risk of heart disease include berries, beans, tomatoes, onions, cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower), leafy greens (spinach, kale), beets, and garlic. How do these vegetables clean arteries? These vegetables are rich in antioxidants, fiber, and other beneficial compounds that help reduce inflammation, lower cholesterol levels, and improve artery function. Consuming these vegetables regularly as part of a healthy diet can have significant benefits for cardiovascular health. Can berries help clean arteries? Yes, berries are considered a powerful artery-cleaning fruit. They are rich in antioxidants and fiber, which can help reduce plaque buildup in arteries and improve cardiovascular health. What makes beans a nutrient-dense artery superfood? Beans are high in fiber and nutrients, which can help lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease. They are considered a heart-healthy vegetable. How do tomatoes contribute to artery health? Tomatoes are an artery-friendly vegetable due to their high lycopene content, which reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in the arteries, helping to reduce plaque buildup. What makes onions a natural artery cleanser? Onions have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce the risk of plaque buildup and improve cardiovascular function, making them a natural artery cleanser. How can cruciferous vegetables detoxify arteries? Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower have high fiber, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties that support artery health, making them effective in vegetable-based artery detox. Which leafy greens are good for artery health? Leafy greens such as spinach and kale are important for artery health. They contain vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that help reduce inflammation and promote optimal cardiovascular function. How do beets cleanse arteries? Beets contain nitrates that can relax and dilate blood vessels, improving blood flow and reducing the risk of plaque formation. They are considered an artery-cleansing root vegetable. Can garlic help clean arteries? Yes, garlic is known as a natural artery cleanser. Its sulfur compounds have been shown to reduce cholesterol levels, lower blood pressure, and improve overall cardiovascular health. What are the benefits of a vegetable-rich diet for artery health? A vegetable-rich diet can help reduce inflammation, lower cholesterol levels, and improve overall cardiovascular function. It is beneficial for artery health and reducing the risk of heart disease. How can I incorporate artery-cleaning vegetables into my diet? You can include artery-cleaning vegetables in your diet by trying various recipes and meal ideas that incorporate these veggies. Some suggestions include salads, stir-fries, soups, and smoothies.

There are several ways to determine if someone is overweight. A common method is by using the Body Mass Index (BMI) when you take a person’s weight in kilograms (or pounds) divided by the square of height in meters (or feet). A high BMI can indicate high body fatness. However, an acceptable BMI does not necessary mean that a person is healthy. In a scientific statement by the American Heart Association, it is found that someone who has healthy BMI with high amount of belly fat is at higher risk for heart diseases. And sometimes, the inverse can be true- very muscular people may have a high BMI, but low body fat. Hence, another way to assess if a person is overweight, or at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases or diabetes is by measuring the waist circumference. The ideal measurement for women is below approximately 80 centimetres, and below 94 centimetres for men. Lower your weight, lower your risk! To lower one’s risk of suffering from complications of overweight and obesity, such as the metabolic syndrome and or heart diseases, one would need to shed the extra weight, especially at the belly. Taking a two-pronged approach – exercising and dietary adjustment – can be effective in achieving significant weight loss for overweight individuals. A study by Peter Deibert showed participants successfully lost weight by engaging in sports three times a week for a minimum of 150 minutes weekly, including walking and strength training. Additionally, following a high-protein diet was found to be beneficial. Strength training is an important component of weight loss. Increasing muscle mass can help increase energy consumption, even at rest. This is important to prevent muscle loss during a diet and avoid the classic yo-yo effect, where weight is regained after losing muscle mass. Recommended exercises for overweight individuals In terms of suitable sports for overweight individuals, best are activities that do not require carrying body weight, such as swimming, aqua fitness, cycling, and walking. Sports with fast start-stop movements or jumps, like tennis, are dangerous as they can put excessive strain on joints. Football is a popular sport, but it may not be optimal for overweight individuals due to its contact nature and the strain it puts on ligaments and joints. Oveweight individuals should consider medical check-ups, such as a sports suitability examination and a stress EKG, before starting a new sport. These can help identify any underlying health issues or areas that may need strengthening before engaging in certain activities. What about the diet? In terms of nutrition, it is good to follow a Mediterranean diet, which includes plenty of vegetables, fruit, and healthy fats. One should consume less energy than needed and consider one’s lifestyle and meal frequency. The outdated recommendation of eating small portions five times a day can cause weight gain. Instead, individuals should assess their meal needs and consider omitting or reducing carbohydrate intake at dinner. Starting from young Modern society also faces an increasing problem of obesity in children. Here, we recommend sports that are enjoyable and not overly competitive for overweight children, such as Frisbee, Speedminton, badminton, Hula-Hoop, roller skating, and inline skating. It is important for parents to be involved and ensure that children engage in regular physical activity, as school sports alone may not be sufficient. Access to sports clubs or equipment can be a barrier for some families due to financial constraints. We therefore need open spaces and facilities in communities that provide opportunities for children and young people to engage in physical activity together. About Dr Adrian Mondry Dr Adrian Mondry is a Hypertension Specialist accredited by the German Hypertension League in Singapore. He was previously a senior consultant in the department of medicine at the National University Hospital and Ng Teng Fong General Hospital (NTFGH), Dr Mondry has more than 30 years of experience in the field of internal medicine. Dr Adrian Mondry is recognised for his leadership and contributions in establishing the dedicated hypertension clinic within the National University Health System and fast-track deep vein thrombosis service at NTFGH. Dr Adrian Mondry is fluent in English, German and French. About Kaizen Medical Kaizen Medical is located at Mount Elizabeth Novena Specialist Centre, Suite 11-57. At Kaizen, we provide in depth health care to patients with multi-organs diseases; tackling undifferentiated presentations that cannot be easily assigned to a single organ.

Bên cạnh PHÂN TÍCH ĐỀ THI 30/5/2020"Some education systems make students focus on certain subjects at the age of 15, while others require students to study a wide range of subjects until they leave school. What are the benefits of each system? Which is better?"IELTS WRITING TASK 2 (kèm bài sửa HS đạt 6.5), IELTS TUTOR cũng cung cấp luyện đề A Remarkable Beetle IELTS READING. I. Kiến thức liên quan II. Luyện đề A Remarkable Beetle IELTS READING A Remarkable Beetle Some of the most remarkable beetles are the dung beetles, which spend almost their whole lives eating and breeding in dung1. More than 4,000 species of these remarkable creatures have evolved and adapted to the world’s different climates and the dung of its many animals. Australia’s native dung beetles are scrub and woodland dwellers, specialising in coarse marsupial droppings and avoiding the soft cattle dung in which bush flies and buffalo flies breed. In the early 1960s George Bornemissza, then a scientist at the Australian Government’s premier research organisation, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), suggested that dung beetles should be introduced to Australia to control dung-breeding flies. Between 1968 and 1982, the CSIRO imported insects from about 50 different species of dung beetle, from Asia, Europe and Africa, aiming to match them to different climatic zones in Australia. Of the 26 species that are known to have become successfully integrated into the local environment, only one, an African species released in northern Australia, has reached its natural boundary. Introducing dung beetles into a pasture is a simple process: approximately 1,500 beetles are released, a handful at a time, into fresh cow pats2 in the cow pasture. The beetles immediately disappear beneath the pats digging and tunnelling and, if they successfully adapt to their new environment, soon become a permanent, self sustaining part of the local ecology. In time they multiply and within three or four years the benefits to the pasture are obvious. Dung beetles work from the inside of the pat so they are sheltered from predators such as birds and foxes. Most species burrow into the soil and bury dung in tunnels directly underneath the pats, which are hollowed out from within. Some large species originating from France excavate tunnels to a depth of approximately 30 cm below the dung pat. These beetles make sausage-shaped brood chambers along the tunnels. The shallowest tunnels belong to a much smaller Spanish species that buries dung in chambers that hang like fruit from the branches of a pear tree. South African beetles dig narrow tunnels of approximately 20 cm below the surface of the pat. Some surface-dwelling beetles, including a South African species, cut perfectly-shaped balls from the pat, which are rolled away and attached to the bases of plants. For maximum dung burial in spring, summer and autumn, farmers require a variety of species with overlapping periods of activity. In the cooler environments of the state of Victoria, the large French species (2.5 cms long) is matched with smaller (half this size), temperate-climate Spanish species. The former are slow to recover from the winter cold and produce only one or two generations of offspring from late spring until autumn. The latter, which multiply rapidly in early spring, produce two to five generations annually. The South African ball-rolling species, being a subtropical beetle, prefers the climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works with the South African tunnelling species. In warmer climates, many species are active for longer periods of the year. Dung beetles were initially introduced in the late 1960s with a view to controlling buffalo flies by removing the dung within a day or two and so preventing flies from breeding. However, other benefits have become evident. Once the beetle larvae have finished pupation, the residue is a first-rate source of fertiliser. The tunnels abandoned by the beetles provide excellent aeration and water channels for root systems. In addition, when the new generation of beetles has left the nest the abandoned burrows are an attractive habitat for soil-enriching earthworms. The digested dung in these burrows is an excellent food supply for the earthworms, which decompose it further to provide essential soil nutrients. If it were not for the dung beetle, chemical fertiliser and dung would be washed by rain into streams and rivers before it could be absorbed into the hard earth, polluting water courses and causing blooms of blue-green algae. Without the beetles to dispose of the dung, cow pats would litter pastures making grass inedible to cattle and depriving the soil of sunlight. Australia’s 30 million cattle each produce 10-12 cow pats a day. This amounts to 1.7 billion tonnes a year, enough to smother about 110,000 sq km of pasture, half the area of Victoria. Dung beetles have become an integral part of the successful management of dairy farms in Australia over the past few decades. A number of species are available from the CSIRO or through a small number of private breeders, most of whom were entomologists with the CSIRO’s dung beetle unit who have taken their specialised knowledge of the insect and opened small businesses in direct competition with their former employer. 1. dung: the droppings or excreta of animals 2. cow pats: droppings of cows Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write: YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 1. Bush flies are easier to control than buffalo flies. 2. Four thousand species of dung beetle were initially brought to Australia by the CSIRO. 3. Dung beetles were brought to Australia by the CSIRO over a fourteen-year period. 4. At least twenty-six of the introduced species have become established in Australia. 5. The dung beetles cause an immediate improvement to the quality of a cow pasture. Label the tunnels on the diagram below. Choose your labels from the box below the diagram. Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet. Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet. Dung Beetle Types South African ball roller Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER from Reading Passage 1 for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9—13 on your answer sheet.

Two genealogies of Jesus are recorded in the New Testament, one in the first chapter of Matthew and one in the third chapter of Luke. In Luke, the family tree is taken all the way back to Adam, because Luke desired for us to know that Christ is the Savior of all mankind. Luke was a friend and traveling partner of Paul who took the gospel out of Jerusalem and extended it to the whole world. In Matthew, Christ’s ancestry is traced to Abraham. It was his intention to teach that Jesus Christ is the rightful King of Israel and the fulfillment of the prophecies given about the Messiah starting with the blessing God gave to Abraham. Both genealogies lead to Joseph, which may seem, on the surface, to be problematic, because Jesus is the Son of God. There are also differences between the two lists of names, which causes some to question. The laws considering adoption in the law of Israel are far more serious than our laws today, Jesus would legally have been the firstborn heir to all that belonged to Joseph, because He was adopted into his family. Jesus’ beginnings are not in a stable in Bethlehem, but at the right hand of the Father. Jesus, like any adopted son or daughter was an equal heir with natural born children. It was illegal to treat or consider them in any way less than those born into the family. The genealogy in Matthew traces the direct ancestry of Joseph, which makes clear that Jesus is from the line of Judah. The ancestry in Luke, most scholars agree, traces Mary’s bloodline which Joseph has a claim to through marriage to Mary, which doubly qualifies Jesus to be in the line of the kings. Under Jewish law, if Mary had no brothers, Joseph would be considered son and legal heir to her parents. 1 The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham. Jesus is, “the seed of Abraham.” Through Him we inherit the precious promises of God. You’ll remember how after a lifetime of waiting God gave Abraham a son with his wife Sarah. Then astoundingly, God asked Abraham to take his son Isaac and offer him as a burnt offering unto God on Mount Moriah. In obedience to God, Abraham walked up that mountain, reasoning within himself, according to Hebrews chapter 11, that God was able to raise his son from the dead in order to keep His promises. All was made ready, but before Isaac’s life could be taken, God stopped Abraham and told him that He would provide “himself” a sacrifice. Abraham offered a ram that God provided, one caught in a thicket. God did not require Abraham to give his precious son, but was willing to do so himself to redeem the world. 2 Abraham begat Isaac; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat Judas and his brethren; When Jacob was old and dying, cared for by his son Joseph who had ascended to power in Egypt and who had rescued his family, he drew his sons around his deathbed and prophesied to them about their futures. He corrected, harshly, the wicked ways he found in them, warning them of trouble to come. To Judah, he also gave a promise: The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come; and unto him shall the gathering of the people be. Genesis 49:10 God chose the tribe of Judah to be the line leading to the great King of Kings our Lord Jesus Christ. The books of I and II Kings and I and II Chronicles record the lives of the kings of Judah and how they both triumphed and failed because of their obedience to God or lack of it. All were less than the promise, but reminders of what to look for in the Messiah to come. 3 And Judas begat Phares and Zara of Thamar; and Phares begat Esrom; and Esrom begat Aram; If you were writing a mythology or a piece of fiction to create a new religion, I doubt you would highlight Tamar in the genealogy of your hero. The Pharisees would often rail against Jesus because he befriended sinners. Our Lord is not ashamed of us, we are those He came to save. Christ’s line is made of sinners, that’s why to be the Savior, he was born of a virgin through the power of God. Only a sinless sacrifice would be accepted. Tamar played the harlot after the death of her husband, she entrapped her father-in-law Judah with a disguise and bore his son, narrowly escaping death for her deception. The deaths of Judah’s sons came as a result of their sin, but God used even Tamar to preserve the bloodline of Christ and to keep his promise. 4 And Aram begat Aminadab; and Aminadab begat Naasson; and Naasson begat Salmon; 5 And Salmon begat Booz of Rachab; and Booz begat Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse; Ruth was a Moabitess, not of the nation of Israel. By marriage, and more importantly by faith, she became a part of the family of God. Ruth’s husband and his brother died without an heir, but because of her faithfulness to God and to her mother-in-law Naomi, she was redeemed by Boaz. It has always been God’s plan to bring in all who would put their trust in Him. 6 And Jesse begat David the king; and David the king begat Solomon of her that had been the wife of Urias; Saul was the first king of Israel, head and shoulders taller than the rest, yet a coward at heart. He tried to manipulate God and his servant Samuel with lies and justifications. We know it was never to be that the messiah would come from Saul’s family because, God who is all knowing, had already given the promise that Judah would be the Messiah’s tribe. Saul served as an example of man’s idea of a king, David was a “man after God’s own heart.” The removal of Saul and the coronation of David is another example of what we might hide, but what God has redeemed. Our father Adam failed us, his disobedience brought death and separation, but the second Adam (a new beginning) Jesus Christ brought us life and reconciliation with God. David’s son Solomon was the product of David’s great sin with Bathsheba, which cost him dearly, but neither Adam’s fall nor David’s foolishness hindered the plans of God. 7 And Solomon begat Roboam; and Roboam begat Abia; and Abia begat Asa; During Rehoboam’s reign, the nation of Israel was divided into two kingdoms. Hatred, Idolatry, and abominations such as child sacrifice were allowed to take root. What Rehoboam lost, Christ restored, he did miracle after miracle in the northern kingdom, reminding us that he “came to seek and to save that which was lost.” In the last days, Israel will be united under the reign of Christ. 8 And Asa begat Josaphat; and Josaphat begat Joram; and Joram begat Ozias; Asa and Jehosaphat were two of good kings, bringing the nation back to God. 9 And Ozias begat Joatham; and Joatham begat Achaz; and Achaz begat Ezekias; 10 And Ezekias begat Manasses; and Manasses begat Amon; and Amon begat Josias; Manasses and Amon were two of the worst kings, the Bible says that they did more wickedly than the nations of the promised land that God judged and destroyed before Israel was created. God had every reason to give up on Israel, they had broken every covenant and every commandment He had set for them. Satan’s attacks on the promises of God were intense and unrelenting, but it couldn’t stop the plan of God. 11 And Josias begat Jechonias and his brethren, about the time they were carried away to Babylon: Babylonian captivity devastated the nation, scattered families, most were never reunited. The world changed as colossal empires rose on the stage of history. Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Greece and Rome and yet, through all the disruptions and the chaos, God preserved the family of the king. Even in exile, records were kept and the promise of the Messiah was treasured by the remnant of believers who trusted His word. When Ezra returned, and Nehemiah also, to rebuild the temple, there was an heir to the throne of David. 12 And after they were brought to Babylon, Jechonias begat Salathiel; and Salathiel begat Zorobabel; 13 And Zorobabel begat Abiud; and Abiud begat Eliakim; and Eliakim begat Azor; 14 And Azor begat Sadoc; and Sadoc begat Achim; and Achim begat Eliud; 15 And Eliud begat Eleazar; and Eleazar begat Matthan; and Matthan begat Jacob; 16 And Jacob begat Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called Christ. 17 So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations; and from David until the carrying away into Babylon are fourteen generations; and from the carrying away into Babylon unto Christ are fourteen generations. While some of the names are omitted, it’s not because they are lost. We, and those in Matthew’s days, had access to the genealogies in the Old Testament. Matthew is correct in his math. Matthew wrote to a mainly jewish audience, and they would have understood that the reference to these fourteen generations is a fulfillment of Daniel’s prophecy of 70 weeks, which are actually weeks of years. Four hundred ninety years would pass between the rebuilding of the temple and the birth of Christ. Four hundred and ninety divided by generations (35 years) equals exactly 14. In other words, a man of God living 500 years before Christ was born in Bethlehem, predicted the exact time when he would arrive. But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law, 5 To redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons. 6 And because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father. 7 Wherefore thou art no more a servant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ. To Babylon unto Christ are fourteen generations. Thank you for studying with us! God bless!

Getting Started with Visual Studio Code and Building HTML Websites In this article, we will go over the steps necessary to download a popular text editor called Visual Studio Code, also referred to as “VS Code.” By the end of the article you will be able to create a folder in Visual Studio Code that contains an HTML document that you can open in your web browser. What are ‘text editors’? Text editors, also called code editors, are applications used by developers to write code. They can highlight and format your code so that it’s easier to read and understand. If you’ve used Codecademy, you’re already familiar with a text editor. It’s the area you write your code in. Using a text editor is part of creating your “development environment,” the set of tools that you use for working on coding projects. It will allow you to take what you’ve learned on Codecademy and put it into practice as you work on projects on your computer. Not only will this introduce you to tools that are commonly used by professional developers but it also means that you’ve grown as a developer and are ready to start working on your own—great work! Specific to writing code, text editors provide a number of advantages: - Language-specific syntax highlighting - Automatic code indentation - Color schemes to suit your preferences and make code easier to read - Plug-ins, or add-on programs, to catch errors in code *A tree view, or visual representation, of a project’s folders and files, so you can conveniently navigate your project - Key shortcuts, or combinations, for faster development You may also have read or heard about IDEs, or “integrated development editors.” An IDE allows you to not only edit, but also compile, and debug your code through one application or interface. While the text editor we recommend isn’t considered an IDE, it has many IDE-like features that make life as a developer easier without needing a lot of resources that an IDE usually requires. The best of both worlds! Choosing a Text Editor There are a number of text editors to choose from. For example, Visual Studio Code is one of the most popular text editors used by developers. (That’s Visual Studio Code and not Visual Studio, which is slightly different. We want the former, the one with ‘Code’ in the name.) Other popular text editors you may have heard of are Atom and Sublime Text. Any of these text editors mentioned are great for development but to make things easier, we suggest you start off with Visual Studio Code. Some of the benefits of this editor are: - Free to use - Open-source, (meaning a program’s code can be viewed, modified, and shared) - IDE-like features - Supported by a large community of users and Microsoft When you are further along in your coding career, you can try other code editors to see what features work best with your personal development workflow. II. Installing Visual Studio Code So, we’ve chosen our text editor, now we just need to install it on our computer! For the visual learners, this video details how to download and install Visual Studio Code. Written instructions are below. The installation process for computers running macOS, Windows, and Linux, (specifically Ubuntu and Debian), will be very similar and using Visual Studio Code across all of them will be the same. Visit the Visual Studio Code website to download the latest version of Visual Studio Code. You should see your computer’s operating system displayed, but if it’s not correct, click on the down arrow and find the option that matches your operating system from the drop down menu and click on the down arrow icon under “Stable.” Windows users: This will download the latest version of Visual Studio Code as an .exe file. Mac users: This will download the latest version of Visual Studio Code for Mac as a .zip file. Linux users: .deb and .rpm are different file types for storing data. We suggest you download the .deb file so auto-updates work as the Visual Studio Code documentation suggests. - Once the Visual Studio Code file is finished downloading, we need to install it. Find the Visual Studio Code file in your file manager, the program that lets you see the files and folders on your computer. Windows users: Open the .exe file by clicking on it and on run the installer. Keep clicking ‘Next’ and then finally ‘Finish.’ Mac users: The downloaded .zip file should be in your ‘Downloads’ folder. Open the file. If you see this message choose “Open.” Linux users: The downloaded file should be in your ‘Downloads’ folder. Find it in your file manager, double click and choose ‘Install’ in the GUI software center, or run the following commands, one at a time, in the terminal: sudo dpkg -i downloaded_filename.deb sudo apt-get install -f - Make sure you have your Visual Studio Code application saved in a place you know you will easily be able to find it. Windows users: It will automatically be placed in your Start menu. Mac users: Click and drag the Visual Studio Code icon from the Downloads folder to the Applications folder. Linux users: It should appear in your task bar of programs. That’s it, you’ve successfully installed your text editor and are ready to start coding! III. Practice: Use Visual Studio Code to start an off platform project As you move through various lessons and paths here on Codecademy, you may find yourself needing to create a project on your own computer and not on the Codecademy learning environment. This can be tricky, but it’s an exciting step that signals that you are ready to work independently. To do this, we’ll need to use the text editor we installed above. Let’s take a moment to try out Visual Studio Code. What are ‘development folders’? Before using your text editor, it’s important to establish an organized file system. As the number and size of your projects grow, it becomes increasingly important to know where to save new projects and find old projects. Most developers store their projects in an easy-to-find directory, (what you might be used to calling a ‘folder’). Here at Codecademy, we recommend naming this directory projects. It will store all of your coding projects. Whenever you create a new project, no matter how small, you should always make a new folder inside your projects directory. You will find that single-file projects can quickly turn into large, multi-folder projects. Practice: Let’s make a project Below are the steps you need to follow to create a new folder for all of your programming projects. You will also learn how to load a new project folder into Visual Studio Code and make your very first “hello world” HTML project. We’d recommend that you watch the above video and then follow the written steps below. 1. Make a development folder. Navigate to a folder using your file manager or the terminal. Make sure it is a folder you visit regularly and will remember. Create a new folder called projects. Mac users: This may be your User account or “Home” folder. Windows users: You may want to save this on your C drive. Linux users: You may want to save this in your User folder inside of the “Home” folder. Inside the projects folder, create a new folder called HelloWorld. Everything you add to this folder will be part of your HelloWorld project. 2. Open Visual Studio Code 3. Open your development folder Click on the ‘Explorer’ icon on the left hand menu and click on the button ‘Open Folder’ and choose your development folder. This will launch your file manager. Navigate to the HelloWorld folder and select Open. The folder will open in Visual Studio Code’s side pane. At this point, there should not be any contents in the folder. We’ll add a file in the next step. 4. Add a file. Before you learn how to add files to a project folder, it is important to understand the purpose of file extensions. A file extension is the suffix of a filename (the last 3 or 4 characters in a filename, preceded by a period) and describes the type of content the file contains. For example, the HTML file extension is .html, and it tells the browser (and other applications) to interpret the contents of the file as an HTML document. Once Visual Studio Code loads a project folder, you can add files. The steps below describe how to add files. Don’t worry about doing this on your own computer. We’ll get to that next. In Visual Studio Code’s Explorer pane, click on your development folder’s name. You’ll see four icons appear to the right of the folder name. Click the ’New File’ icon. Type the new file’s name with its appropriate file extension ( for example, .html, .css, .csv). It is critical that you include the correct file extension, so programs like linters know how to interpret its contents. Press Enter when done. 5. Begin coding! Copy and paste the following boilerplate HTML code: <html><head><title>Hello World</title></head><body><h1>Hello World</h1></body></html> Save your file often with the Auto Save feature and track changes with a version control system if you know how to use one. (To turn Auto Save on, click on ‘File’ then ‘Auto Save’. When it’s on, you’ll see a check mark next to ‘Auto Save’.) This will decrease the chances of losing unsaved work. File Extensions and Syntax Highlighting Syntax is the set of rules that tell us how to create correctly written code. Visual Studio Code and other text editors are able to interpret file extensions and provide language-specific syntax highlighting. Syntax highlighting is a tool for making code easier to read. Take a look at your index.html file. The text and tags are different colors. This is how Visual Studio Code highlights .html syntax. With each new language you learn, Visual Studio Code will highlight text in a way that makes your code easy to read. This may be different than other text editors and also different than the way your code is highlighted on Codecademy. Optional: Change the color scheme Although Visual Studio Code comes with default syntax highlighting, you may want to change the colors used. Good color themes will make reading all those lines of code easy on your eyes. (Try out low contrast, dark themes like “Solarized Dark” or “Dracula Dark.”) To do this, select Color Theme from the Welcome page when you first open Visual Studio Code, or click on Code in the menu bar at the top of your desktop window, then click on Preferences, followed by Color Theme. You can also search for color themes to install using the Extensions menu . 6. View your HTML file in the browser At this point, your file is ready to be viewed in a web browser. The following steps should be taken outside of Visual Studio Code: Navigate to the index.html file in your Hello World folder through your file manager or terminal. Double click or open index.html. The page should open in your default web browser. Take second to marvel at your handiwork—you made your first project with Visual Studio Code. Go further with Visual Studio Code’s features If you already feel comfortable with the previous steps, explore the following features to further customize your development environment. You don’t need to use these suggestions to complete the projects on Codecademy but they can help make you more efficient when writing code and are what make Visual Studio Code such a useful editor! Debugging code in the editor: That’s right, you can run and test code from the editor! Version control: You don’t need to switch to the terminal on your computer to track changes with Git. Integrated terminal: You can run command line commands from your editor with Visual Studio Code. IV. Wrapping up Congratulations! You’ve successfully set up your text editor and are ready to create websites on your own computer.

Renewables produced more power than coal or nuclear power in the USA last year for the first time in history, according to a new report by the Energy Information Administration. With surges in wind, solar and hydroelectric power, the renewable industry produced 21 percent of all electricity generation in the US last year, a massive increase over the previous decade. Over the past year, the US has seen record growth in renewable power generation, adding 26 gigawatts of production capability in 2020 alone, 80 percent more than 2019. Combined with previous infrastructure, it brought the total renewable power production up to 170 gigawatts, which edged out both nuclear and coal by just a few percent (20 percent and 19 percent of total energy production, respectively). This now moves renewables into the second-largest generator of electricity, though still trailing natural gas by a large margin of 19 percent. However, between renewables and nuclear, 41 percent of American electricity generation is now low-carbon or carbon-free. While the trajectory is incredibly promising, the EIA still expects coal generation to rise as natural gas becomes more expensive. However, renewables are expected to continue to grow rapidly, with an estimated 10 percent more production in 2022.

The complete story of Jewish Harlem and its significance in American Jewish history New York Times columnist David W. Dunlap wrote a decade ago that "on the map of the Jewish Diaspora, Harlem Is Atlantis. . . . A vibrant hub of industry, artistry and wealth is all but forgotten. It is as if Jewish Harlem sank 70 years ago beneath waves of memory beyond recall." During World War I, Harlem was the home of the second largest Jewish community in America. But in the 1920s Jewish residents began to scatter to other parts of Manhattan, to the outer boroughs, and to other cities. Now nearly a century later, Jews are returning uptown to a gentrified Harlem. The Jews of Harlem follows Jews into, out of, and back into this renowned metropolitan neighborhood over the course of a century and a half. It analyzes the complex set of forces that brought several generations of central European, East European, and Sephardic Jews to settle there. It explains the dynamics that led Jews to exit this part of Gotham as well as exploring the enduring Jewish presence uptown after it became overwhelmingly black and decidedly poor. And it looks at the beginnings of Jewish return as part of the transformation of New York City in our present era. The Jews of Harlem contributes much to our understanding of Jewish and African American history in the metropolis as it highlights the ever-changing story of America's largest city. With The Jews of Harlem, the beginning of Dunlap's hoped-for resurfacing of this neighborhood's history is underway. Its contemporary story merits telling even as the memories of what Jewish Harlem once was warrants recall. This is the hard-edged true story of the making of a renowned sociologist. It is even more the story of a boy hustling to survive. A single playlet in the larger drama of American transformation, this candid memoir recounts the intensely personal story of a tormented youth spent in a ghetto within a ghetto: a small remnant community of Eastern European Jewish immigrants residing in predominantly black Harlem, eking out a marginal existence. The painful details of a boy's overcoming alienation and isolation in a hostile place and in an unloving family are finely drawn. This fascinating but sad memoir is somehow astonishingly uplifting: the sense of strength, self-reliance, and a life formed from movie houses, the Apollo Theater in its heyday, the Polo Grounds, Central Park, and the streets of Harlem is a lesson in the resilience of both the individual and America. The history of Black-Jewish relations from the beginning of the twentieth century shows that, while they were sometimes partners of convenience, there was also a deep suspicion of each other that broke out into frequent public exchanges. During the twentieth century, the entanglements of both groups have, at times, provided an important impetus for social justice in the United States and, at other times, have been the cause of great tension. The Ocean Hill-Brownsville Conflict explores this fraught relationship, which is evident in the intellectual lives of these communities. The tension was as apparent in the life and works of Marcus Garvey, Richard Wright, and James Baldwin as it was in the exchanges between blacks and Jews in intellectual periodicals and journals in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. The Ocean Hill-Brownsville conflict was rooted in this tension and the longstanding differences over community control of school districts and racial preferences. Relations between Jewish Americans and African Americans have always had a unique, complex character. Both groups have long been considered outsiders in mainstream American society, sharing a history in which both their physical appearance and moral attributes were denigrated. African Americans have drawn parallels between their situation in the United States and the Jews' struggles for freedom when they were slaves in Egypt. Jewish Americans have often become involved in the black cause through their interest in social issues and association with liberal politics. Mutual Reflections is the first book to examine this many-layered relationship through its visual dimension. Milly Heyd investigates how artists of both backgrounds have viewed each other during the last hundred years-how the visual languages and the-matic choices of their art have reflected changing concerns from symbiosis to disillusionment. She explores a wide range of artistic mediums: painting, sculpture, cartoons, comic strips, and installations. Interviews with artists provide additional insight. The post modern discourse poses questions problematizing ethnic and racial stereotyping. As Heyd states, when an artist of one group investigates the other group, that person is embarking on a journey of self-discovery. And while that journey can lead to disillusionment and criticism, the artist's vision-and final work of art-very often can help put all of us on our own paths of self-discovery. In a culture deeply divided along ethnic lines, the idea that the relationship between blacks and Jews was once thought special - indeed, critical to the cause of civil rights - might seem strange. Yet the importance of blacks for Jews and Jews for blacks in conceiving of themselves as Americans, when both remained outsiders to the privileges of full citizenship, is a matter of voluminous but perplexing record. It is this record, written across the annals of American history and literature, culture and society, that Eric Sundquist investigates. A monumental work of literary criticism and cultural history, Strangers in the Land draws upon politics, sociology, law, religion, and popular culture to illuminate a vital, highly conflicted interethnic partnership over the course of a century. Sundquist explores how reactions to several interlocking issues - the biblical Exodus, the Holocaust, Zionism and the state of Israel - became critical to black-Jewish relations.

Environmental Science - 1 trimester Is your water safe to drink? Worry about hotter climates, holes in the ozone layer, pesticide residues in food, and extinction of species? This course is designed to give the student a better scientific background for understanding the environment in order to better appreciate the ecosystem in which we live. We will spend time observing and journaling about the natural world, and critically analyze how humans can coexist with the other living creatures we share the planet with. Teacher Contact Info: Email – email@example.com Phone – 1-651-259-4981

Screw rod is one of the common product components of large-scale machinery, and its importance has been well known by more and more people. For example, people engaged in industrial mechanization also regard screw rod as a sign that the machine can run stably and normally. It can be seen that its functionality is relatively strong, mainly in the following industries: In the electronic and mechanical industry, there are many equipments that use screw rods, such as measuring instruments, which have high requirements for measuring accuracy. In the field of machinery, it has a wide range of products, because in the machinery industry, machinery has high requirements for the processing of each workpiece, whether it is milling machine, grinding machine, drilling machine, lathe, etc., as long as it is used, the precision error is generally below 0.1 mm. Screw rod is also widely used in the field of numerical control, and many CNC mechanical equipment are large, which can realize automatic processing, but this will not affect its processing accuracy at all; However, with its application, the linear motion and reciprocating motion of CNC machining machinery can be freely converted, and the machining accuracy is also guaranteed. As we all know, in the process of running the screw rod, the temperature will rise more or less, and the shaft will stretch due to thermal expansion, resulting in positioning accuracy error. Therefore, under the condition of strict positioning accuracy, corresponding cooling measures should be taken: 1. On the premise of meeting product requirements, minimize the pre-tightening amount of screw rod and bearing seat; 2. Choose a large lead as much as possible to reduce the rotating speed; 3. It is very important to choose suitable lubricant. 4. If conditions permit, use lubricating oil or cold air to forcibly cool the screw shaft. To sum up, the above four measures can prevent the screw from generating high temperature in operation.

According to statistics, up to 80% of all car trips are less than six miles long. Also, nearly one-third of all journeys are less than one mile! It is also estimated that the first mile of a typical six-mile trip accounts for 75% of a car’s harmful exhaust emissions. It is common knowledge that a car is most inefficient when cold. The catalytic elements in the exhaust system do not function fully during such short journeys. As a result, such trips are incredibly harmful to our cars and the environment. Furthermore, as fuel prices continue to rise, they do little to help our financial situation. An electric bike could be a viable option for a green commute. Batteries cost pennies to recharge and, while not as environmentally friendly as a bicycle without power, use far less energy than a motor vehicle. Most people would not want to replace their car for long-distance travel. However, congestion and emissions in our cities are becoming more of an issue, as are rising fuel and parking costs. Many more people are discovering that an electric bike is viable for a green commute or short-distance travel. Being environmentally responsible is more than a fad; it is a personal decision to reduce the impact of human activity on the planet. Going green is not a quick decision; instead, it is a long-term commitment to reduce your environmental footprint and create a more sustainable way of life. This one small personal choice will have a global impact, improving the quality of life for humans, plants, and animals for many years. Using an ebike for many of the short rides we all make daily can result in significant financial and environmental benefits. Congestion and pollution in our cities are becoming more of a problem. Congestion charging, limited parking options, and motor vehicle-free zones force us to reconsider our transportation options. Metropolitan areas are changing how they expect people to get into cities. New cycle superhighways are being built, and we are all aiming toward a more European traveling style. In this arena, the electric bike truly shines. Amazing Environmental Advantages of Riding an Electric Bike 1. They have no emissions. Unlike other forms of powered transportation such as cars, trucks, and motorcycles, electric bikes do not use gas or diesel, which emit carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Both human and electric energy propels electric bikes. A rechargeable battery will provide electricity. Suppose you charge the bike’s battery with clean and green solar power. In that case, you will use 100% environmentally friendly energy, making your bike suitable for the environment. On the other hand, a passenger vehicle emits six metric tons of CO2 per year, with larger vehicles, particularly those powered by diesel, emitting significantly more. 2. They do not contribute to pollution of the environment. As previously stated, electric bikes produce no emissions. This means they don’t emit the toxic gasses and smog that cause respiratory and other health issues. As a result, electric bicycles do not contribute to air pollution, making them ideal for urban areas plagued by disastrous levels of carbon emissions. Furthermore, because e-bikes emit little to no sound, they do not contribute to noise pollution, which is a nuisance to many, particularly those who live, school, or walk near roadsides. 3. They have batteries that last a long time. Electric bikes, of course, rely on batteries to generate an electric current. As a result, the problem becomes disposing of these batteries, particularly in landfills, resulting in environmental waste. Fortunately, e-bikes use batteries that can last for a long time. Furthermore, because these batteries can and should be recycled, they will not end up in landfills anytime soon. Electric bikes, like cars, use lithium-ion batteries rather than lead batteries, which are far more hazardous to the environment. Reducing waste is one way to reduce one’s carbon footprint, and owning an electric bike can also help with that. 4. Protecting the roads Electric bikes are very light compared to other modes of transportation such as cars. As a result, they do not harm the roads like other modes of transportation do. When roads are damaged, repairs are required, necessitating the use of even heavier vehicles, which emit much more pollution into the environment; thus, riding an electric bicycle has a positive impact on the environment since they are not as responsible for damaging roads. 5. Environmentally friendly travel Electric bikes are up to six times more efficient than trains. They also provide a more environmentally friendly mode of transportation, not to mention the freedom to move without regard for time constraints and the ability to travel alone if desired. Taking the train or bus places you in a confined space with other passengers, some of whom may be ill. Given that we are still dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, which has claimed the lives of over 2 million people, electric bikes appear to be a safer and more convenient way to get around. 6. Going the extra mile Electric bikes can take you places that other modes of transportation simply cannot. They are small, light, and capable of handling rough terrain, making them ideal for off-roading on your adventures. Some national parks now allow visitors to use e-bikes, which can be extremely useful for exploring new areas and connecting with nature. This increases one’s love for nature and the environment, inspiring you to seek new ways to preserve the environment. 7. Energy efficiency Electric bikes have impressive figures compared to traditional means of transport. According to a recent US study, e-bikes are 18 times more energy efficient than SUVs or 4x4s, 13 times more energy efficient than a saloon car, and six times more energy efficient than rail. With car trips accounting for approximately 65% of travel, it is time to consider these figures and transition to electric bikes. 8. Combating COVID-19 Several reports claim that environmental factors caused the current coronavirus pandemic. As a result, an endangered environment either fought back or was too weak, resulting in a deadly disease that has claimed millions of lives so far. Electric bikes can aid in the fight against the pandemic in several ways. They provide an opportunity for moderate exercise. E-cycling can keep you safe because you will be traveling alone at a safe distance. It can help people with pre-existing conditions like obesity and type 2 diabetes, which makes them more vulnerable to COVID. It also helps with cardiovascular and mental health. The basic point is that a healthy nation can contribute to a healthy environment, and so will e-biking. How does eBike technology affect you? There are numerous ways in which electric bikes might enhance your quality of life. To begin with, an eBike provides a simple option to complete your everyday travel faster and more efficiently. What used to take you an hour (due to traffic) now takes you 20-30 minutes. With an eBike, you also receive increased mobility regardless of where you ride, whether to work in the city or to see friends in the country. In any case, you’ll realize how amazing it is to be free of traffic and to be able to go wherever a bike may take you. You will save a lot of money with your eBike! It already costs far less than a new automobile. However, you will only need to spend as little as $24 per year (on average) to charge your electric bike. With current gas prices, purchasing an electric vehicle makes excellent sense. You’ll also save a lot of money on maintenance because it’s generally less expensive than automobile maintenance. The most expensive component to fix will likely be the motor or battery. However, an electric motor never fails. A Li-Ion battery lasts thousands of charging cycles, so you have nothing to worry about. In terms of money, you will most likely be able to avoid paying for expensive auto insurance. We’d be remiss if we didn’t mention another advantage of going electric: getting in shape! When you disengage pedal-assist or throttle drive mode, your eBike becomes a full-body training machine. To reduce the intensity of your training, activate the pedal assist mode. You can drive about without pedaling in throttle mode to explore off-road routes while breathing in the fresh air. So, what are you holding out for? Take a few deep breaths and go outside to obtain some vitamin D to help your mood and immune system. Electric bikes are perfect for saving money on parking and gas while staying in shape. According to statistics, electric bike owners are more likely to utilize them once (or more) every week. Suppose you work in a city or a nearby town. In that case, popular cycle-to-work initiatives promote healthy commutes and reduce pollution. Our generation’s principal focus is reducing our carbon footprint. The more CO2 we emit, the hotter the earth becomes, disrupting food chains and raising water levels. And who is one of the most significant carbon contributors? It’s a basic gas-powered vehicle. Electric bikes require very little electricity, and the electricity they do need can also be produced from renewable sources. As a result, simply moving to two-wheelers can save a significant amount of CO2. Switch to an electric bike today for a happy, healthier world.

Beech Class have been working very hard this week. In Literacy, we have focused on the text Super Daisy and we have been role playing as the characters which we have used to help us sequence our writing. In maths we have been consolidating our understanding of money and giving change and also working within numbers to 20. We even used smarties to help us with this -which we loved! In Art, we used our knowledge from the last lesson of different types of lines to create water pictures. We listened to music whilst we created this - see the image above. In RE, we have been learning about Judaism and learned about the Seder plate for Passover, we tried some horseradish, salted parsley, Matzah and grape juice and learned that each food represented Jewish slaves. Most of us thought it was very yucky but Mrs Beale was pleased that we tried it. Beech class have been working really hard on their spellings - well done! Keep it up children!

In the wild, few predators command the same level of fear and respect as the mighty Nile crocodile. With their massive size, powerful jaws, and keen senses, these apex predators are formidable adversaries. Hunting Nile crocodiles requires not only skill and courage but also the ability to stay hidden and undetected. In this article, we will explore seven essential tips to help you remain concealed and increase your chances of a successful hunt. Understanding the Behavior of Nile Crocodiles Before we delve into the techniques for staying hidden, it’s crucial to have a solid understanding of Nile crocodile behavior. By studying their natural habits, we can better anticipate their movements and plan our hunting strategies accordingly. Habitat and Feeding Patterns: Nile crocodiles primarily inhabit freshwater environments, such as rivers, lakes, and swamps. These expansive habitats provide them with ample opportunities to find suitable prey. Their ability to adapt to various water conditions allows them to thrive in different ecosystems, from murky marshes to crystal-clear rivers. When it comes to feeding, Nile crocodiles are expert ambush predators. They are patient and methodical, spending long hours lurking beneath the water’s surface, waiting for unsuspecting prey to come within striking range. Their powerful jaws and sharp teeth make them formidable hunters, capable of taking down large mammals and even other predators. How Nile Crocodiles Detect and Track Their Prey: Nile crocodiles possess remarkable sensory capabilities, particularly when it comes to detecting movement and vibrations in the water. Their eyes and nostrils are strategically positioned on the top of their heads, enabling them to remain concealed while scanning the surroundings for potential meals. These apex predators rely on their acute vision to spot any disturbances on the water’s surface, such as ripples caused by a passing animal. Once they detect potential prey, they use their powerful tails to propel themselves swiftly through the water, closing the distance between them and their target with astonishing speed. In addition to their keen eyesight, Nile crocodiles have highly sensitive skin that can detect even the slightest changes in water pressure. This allows them to track the movements of their prey, even when it’s hidden beneath the surface. They can sense the vibrations created by a struggling animal, honing in on its location with deadly accuracy. Now that we have a basic understanding of Nile crocodile behavior, let’s move on to the strategies for staying hidden during the hunt. Choosing the Right Camouflage Blend in or stand out – the choice of camouflage can make all the difference in remaining undetected during a Nile crocodile hunt. To maximize your chances of staying hidden, it’s crucial to select the appropriate camouflage pattern and colors. The Importance of Blending in with the Environment: Nile crocodiles are masters of camouflage themselves. Their dark, scaly hides allow them to seamlessly blend in with the murky waters and vegetation, making them virtually invisible to unsuspecting prey. Recommended Camouflage Patterns and Colors for Nile Crocodile Hunting: When choosing your camouflage gear, opt for patterns that mimic the natural surroundings of the hunting area. Earthy tones, such as greens, browns, and grays, can help you blend in with the vegetation and effectively break up your silhouette. One popular camouflage pattern for Nile crocodile hunting is the “wetland” pattern. This pattern mimics the colors and textures found in marshy areas, with various shades of green and brown that resemble the vegetation and muddy waters. The irregular shapes and patterns in the camouflage design help to further break up your outline, making it harder for the crocodiles to spot you. Another effective camouflage pattern for Nile crocodile hunting is the “reed” pattern. This pattern features long, vertical shapes that resemble the reeds and tall grasses found along the riverbanks. The combination of light and dark shades of brown in the pattern helps to create depth and mimic the natural shadows cast by the surrounding vegetation. When it comes to color selection, it’s important to consider the specific environment you’ll be hunting in. If you’ll be navigating through dense, jungle-like vegetation, opting for darker shades of green and brown can help you blend in seamlessly. On the other hand, if you’ll be hunting in open, sandy areas, lighter shades of tan and beige can help you disappear into the landscape. In addition to the camouflage pattern and colors, it’s also important to consider the material and texture of your camouflage gear. Choosing clothing and accessories with a matte finish can help reduce any unwanted reflections that might give away your position. Additionally, selecting gear made from lightweight and breathable materials can help you stay comfortable during long hours in the field. Remember, the key to successful Nile crocodile hunting is to remain undetected. By carefully selecting the right camouflage pattern, colors, and gear, you can greatly increase your chances of blending in with the environment and getting closer to your prey without being noticed. Mastering Stealth Techniques When hunting Nile crocodiles, silence is your greatest asset. Mastering stealth techniques will not only prevent you from alerting your quarry but also enhance your overall effectiveness as a hunter. Moving Silently Through the Water and on Land: When in the water, move slowly and deliberately, minimizing splashing and disturbances. Keep your body close to the surface to create as little commotion as possible. On land, adopt a slow and cautious approach, placing each foot carefully to avoid snapping twigs or rustling leaves. Minimizing Noise and Disturbances While Hunting: Avoid wearing loose, noisy clothing that can easily brush against objects and create unnecessary noise. Take extra care with your equipment as well, ensuring that all gear is securely fastened and won’t produce any rattling or clanging sounds. Furthermore, it is important to understand the behavior and habitat of Nile crocodiles to effectively employ stealth techniques. Nile crocodiles are primarily aquatic reptiles, spending most of their time in bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, and swamps. They are known for their ability to remain motionless for extended periods, blending seamlessly into their surroundings. This makes it crucial for hunters to be able to move silently and undetected. When moving through the water, it is essential to be mindful of the ripples and disturbances created by your movements. By moving slowly and deliberately, you can minimize these disturbances and avoid alerting the crocodiles to your presence. Keeping your body close to the surface also helps reduce the water displacement, allowing you to glide through the water with minimal disruption. On land, the key to maintaining stealth lies in adopting a slow and cautious approach. The Nile crocodile’s acute hearing and keen sense of vibrations can easily detect even the slightest sound. To avoid alerting them, hunters must be mindful of their every step. Each foot should be placed carefully, ensuring that no twigs are snapped or leaves are rustled. By moving silently on land, hunters can maintain the element of surprise and increase their chances of a successful hunt. In addition to minimizing noise through careful movements, hunters must also pay attention to their attire and equipment. Loose, noisy clothing should be avoided as it can brush against objects and create unnecessary noise. Opting for lightweight and form-fitting clothing can significantly reduce the chances of accidental noise. It is also crucial to secure all gear properly to prevent any rattling or clanging sounds that could alert the crocodiles. Taking the time to double-check the fastenings and ensuring everything is securely in place can make a significant difference in maintaining stealth during the hunt. By mastering these stealth techniques and understanding the behavior of Nile crocodiles, hunters can greatly increase their chances of a successful and safe hunt. The ability to move silently through the water and on land, while minimizing noise and disturbances, is essential in outsmarting these elusive and formidable creatures. So, remember to practice patience, caution, and attention to detail, and you’ll be well on your way to becoming a master of stealth in the hunt for Nile crocodiles. Utilizing Natural Cover and Concealment In the world of hunting, natural cover and concealment can mean the difference between a successful kill and returning empty-handed. Nile crocodiles are masters of covert ambushes, and we can learn from their techniques. Identifying and Utilizing Natural Hiding Spots: Before the hunt, scout the area for potential hiding spots that offer a clear view of the surroundings while providing cover from the crocodile’s line of sight. Fallen trees, overgrown vegetation, and banks with ample foliage can serve as excellent vantage points. Using Vegetation and Terrain to Your Advantage: Use the natural environment to your advantage. Utilize dense vegetation to break up your silhouette and remain hidden. Incorporate natural terrain features, such as rocks or mounds, to provide cover and concealment. Camouflage Techniques: In addition to utilizing natural cover, it is essential to adopt effective camouflage techniques. Mimicking the colors and patterns of the surrounding environment can make you virtually invisible to the crocodile’s keen eyesight. Consider wearing camouflage clothing that matches the vegetation in the area, and apply face paint or use a camouflage net to further blend in. Understanding the Importance of Scent Control: While cover and concealment primarily focus on visual aspects, it is crucial not to overlook scent control. Nile crocodiles have a highly developed sense of smell, and any foreign scent can alert them to your presence. Use scent-blocking sprays and wash your hunting gear with scent-free detergents to minimize your odor. Additionally, consider hunting with the wind in your favor to prevent your scent from being carried towards the crocodile. Mastering Stealth and Patience: Hunting in crocodile territory requires exceptional stealth and patience. Move slowly and deliberately, avoiding sudden movements that could startle the crocodile. Take your time and observe the surroundings carefully, as crocodiles can remain motionless for extended periods, blending seamlessly with their environment. Patience is key when waiting for the perfect opportunity to strike. Utilizing Decoys and Distractions: To increase your chances of success, consider using decoys and distractions to divert the crocodile’s attention. This technique can be particularly effective when hunting in pairs or groups. By creating a diversion, you can draw the crocodile away from its intended target, allowing the other hunters to make their move. Keeping Noise to a Minimum: Silence is of utmost importance when hunting in crocodile-infested areas. These apex predators have excellent hearing, and any unnecessary noise can alert them to your presence. Move quietly and avoid rustling vegetation or stepping on dry twigs. A single loud noise can ruin hours of careful stalking. Adapting to Changing Conditions: The hunting environment is constantly changing, and successful hunters must be adaptable. Be prepared to adjust your hunting strategy based on factors such as weather conditions, time of day, and the behavior of the crocodiles. Flexibility and the ability to think on your feet are essential skills for a successful hunt. Respecting the Crocodile’s Territory: While it is important to learn from the crocodile’s hunting techniques, it is equally crucial to respect their natural habitat. Nile crocodiles play a vital role in maintaining the ecosystem’s balance, and hunting should always be done responsibly and sustainably. Follow all local hunting regulations and ensure that you leave no trace of your presence in the wilderness. Understanding Wind and Scent Control While sight and sound are vital considerations when hunting Nile crocodiles, it’s crucial not to overlook the role of scent in avoiding detection. Crocodiles have an acute sense of smell, and minimizing your scent is essential. The Role of Wind Direction in Avoiding Detection: Monitor wind direction and plan your approach accordingly. Always position yourself upwind of the crocodile to ensure that your scent doesn’t reach its sensitive nostrils. Techniques to Minimize Your Scent and Avoid Alerting Crocodiles: Before the hunt, ensure that your hunting gear, clothing, and equipment are scent-free. Consider using scent-blocking sprays and soaps to neutralize any unwanted odors that could give you away. Additionally, hunting downwind of sources of human scent, such as campsites or trails, can help you avoid any unwanted crocodile encounters. By following these seven tips, you can significantly increase your chances of staying hidden when hunting Nile crocodiles. Remember, patience and perseverance are key. With careful planning and the right techniques, you can outwit these ancient predators and experience the thrill of a successful hunt while remaining unseen. Lover of hiking, nature, camping, bird calls, and more. I run ATO and do my best to provide interesting information for my readers to help make their outdoor adventures more fun.

Use of scrubbers on the Baltic Sea and in Polish ports. Scrubbers are exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS) approved as an alternative to low sulphur fuel oil for seagoing ships. Seawater is sprayed into the exhaust gas to wash out the sulphur. In addition to the washed-out sulphur, other pollutants such as heavy metals, oil residues and also polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) get into the wastewater. This water mixture of partly long-lived and carcinogenic pollutants is often discharged into the sea almost unpurified and thus pollutes the marine environment. International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations dictate strict limits on sulfur content in fuels carried by ships, with a ceiling of 0.50% and 0.10% m/m in Emission Control Areas (ECAs), including the Baltic Sea area, the North Sea area, the United States, Canada, and the United States Caribbean Sea area Why the instalation is called a „scrubber”? Because exhaust gases are scrubbed from the pollutants. (It is also the insulting word in its other meaning so pleases be aware of that) In other words the scrubber technology shifts pollutants from air to water. The purpose of this blog post is not to elaborate in detail on technical aspects of scrubbers technology but some basic information can be beneficial for clarity of further information: Open Loop Scrubber System: This system uses seawater as the scrubbing and neutralising medium, no other chemicals are required for desulphurization of gasses. The exhaust stream from the engine or boiler passes into the scrubber and is treated with only alkaline seawater only. The volume of this seawater depends upon the size of the engine and its power output. The system is extremely effective but requires large pumping capacity as the amount of seawater required is quite high. An open loop system works perfectly satisfactorily when the seawater used for scrubbing has sufficient alkalinity. However, sea water which is at high ambient temperature, fresh water and even brackish water, is not effective and cannot be used. An open loop scrubber for these reasons is not considered as a suitable technology for areas such as the Baltic where salinity levels are not high.r. Closed-loop Scrubber System: The water is used several times, partially cleaned and can be stored on board in tanks for a certain period of time. Despite their name, closed loop scrubbers are rarely entirely closed systems; most often there is a bleed off, i.e. a small volume of washwater being discharged to the marine environment to allow for addition of base (typically sodium hydroxide) that is essential to maintain the sulfur oxide removal capacity in the scrubber process. World-wide there is only a handful of closed loop scrubbers where the ships leave all the produced sludge and scrubber water ashore for destruction instead of discharging the bleed off to the marine environment. Although the bleed off volumes are smaller (typically a few cubic meters per hour) compared to the discharge volumes from open loop scrubbers, the concentrations of pollutants, especially metals, are often much higher in the bleed off. This is due to recirculation of water in the closed loop system, which means the pollutants are enriched over time. The recirculation enables possibility to separate parts of the pollutants, especially pahs that are often to large extent associated with particulate matter. To maintain the removal capacity of sulphur oxides, strong base (often sodium hydroxide) is added continuously to the water in the closed loop scrubber process. Thereby the local acidification of the marine environment is not as pronounced as following discharge of open loop scrubber water, but the load of other pollutants may still be significant If this discharge water is not disposed of in the harbour, but is discharged outside of prohibited zones, It is feared that hot spots, areas with particularly high pollution levels, will develop ther Hybrid Scrubber System: The hybrid loop system can run in both Open and Closed loop mode. The process water is either re-circulated or directly discharged back to sea. Switching between open and closed mode is done by using remotely controlled valves. Hybrid loop systems are primarily used for vessels that operate mainly at open sea, but also considerably in ports and sailing areas where overboard discharge is prohibited. Although it combines the advantages of open-loop and closedloop scrubbers, the biggest advantage of hybrid scrubbers is the flexibility they offer for operation regardless of the alkalinity of the area’s water. So when the ship is in a marine environment with high alkalinity, it operates in open-loop mode without the use of chemical additives. In contrast, in areas with reduced alkalinity it operates in closed-loop mode with the corresponding disadvantages and advantages. But the biggest disadvantage of hybrid scrubbers is the increased cost compared to open-loop and closed-loop scrubbers Usage of Scrubbers in the Baltic Sea: The Baltic Sea is considered particularly sensitive to pollution due to its semi-enclosed character with low salinity, long retention time for contaminants, low biodiversity and limited food-web with few key-species. The study of Chalmers University of Technology (SWE) showed that scrubber wash water accounts for up to 9% of the emissions of certain cancer-causing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the Baltic Sea. There is an icontinously increasing number of countries or ports in the Baltic Sea basin where using of scrubbers is limited or restricted. Please allways make sure that you are up to date with the recentt changes. Polish Ports: as of January 2024 Fully operational, certified Open Loop type scrubbers reducing sulphur emission to 0,1% can be used on the Polish territorial waters of the Baltic Sea (including roads). According to the latest guidelines of the Gdansk Harbor Master’s Office, the use of EGCS Open Loop scrubbers is prohibited when entering the port and within the port area.When a vessel is operating on an open loop system, it has to be reported to the Harbor Master’s Office on VHF ch 14 In Gdynia, Szczecin and Swinoujscie ports use of Open Loop scrubbers is still permitted. You may also be interested in the following topics:

Stanford chemical engineering Professor Zhenan Bao and her team have created a skin-like material that can tell the difference between a soft touch and a firm handshake. The device on the golden fingertip is the skin-like sensor developed by Stanford engineers. (Bao Lab) (October 15, 2015) Stanford engineers have created a plastic skin-like material that can detect pressure and deliver a Morse code-like signal directly to a living brain cell. The work takes a big step toward adding a sense of touch to prosthetic limbs. Stanford engineers have created a plastic "skin" that can detect how hard it is being pressed and generate an electric signal to deliver this sensory input directly to a living brain cell. Zhenan Bao, a professor of chemical engineering at Stanford, has spent a decade trying to develop a material that mimics skin's ability to flex and heal, while also serving as the sensor net that sends touch, temperature and pain signals to the brain. Ultimately she wants to create a flexible electronic fabric embedded with sensors that could cover a prosthetic limb and replicate some of skin's sensory functions. Bao's work, reported today in Science, takes another step toward her goal by replicating one aspect of touch, the sensory mechanism that enables us to distinguish the pressure difference between a limp handshake and a firm grip. "This is the first time a flexible, skin-like material has been able to detect pressure and also transmit a signal to a component of the nervous system," said Bao, who led the 17-person research team responsible for the achievement. Benjamin Tee, a recent doctoral graduate in electrical engineering; Alex Chortos, a doctoral candidate in materials science and engineering; and Andre Berndt, a postdoctoral scholar in bioengineering, were the lead authors on the Science paper.

March 22 Holidays and Events March 22 has been a significant date throughout history, marked by both triumphant achievements and solemn events. Here are some of the notable milestones that occurred on this day: - 238: In ancient Rome, Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperors. This event was pivotal in the tumultuous Year of the Six Emperors during the fall of the Western Roman Empire. - 752: Stephen II was elected as the Catholic Pope, a notable religious event in the history of the Gregorian calendar system. - 1349: The Black Death prompts the townspeople of Fulda, Germany to commit a horrific massacre against Jews, wrongly blaming them for the plague. - 1622: The first Indian attack on Jamestown, one of the early European settlements in Virginia, changes the course of American colonial history. - 1638: Anne Hutchinson is expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for heresy, illuminating issues of religious freedom and gender equity in early colonial America. - 1765: The British Parliament passes the Stamp Act, a direct British tax on the American Colonists, which contributes significantly to the dissatisfaction that would lead to the American Revolution. - 1972: The United States Supreme Court decides Eisenstadt v. Baird, expanding birth control rights and furthering the discussion on individual privacy and liberty. - 2015: A terrorist attack occurs in Tunis, showing that issues of global security and terrorism persist into the modern day. These events, among others on this date, have had profound effects on the social, political, and cultural evolution of societies around the world. March 22 marks significant moments in pop culture history. Notably, The Beatles released their first album, “Please Please Me,” on March 22, 1963. This album included hits like “Love Me Do” and “Twist and Shout,” and it marked the beginning of Beatlemania, setting a new precedent in the music industry. Reese Witherspoon, an accomplished American actress, producer, and entrepreneur, celebrates her birthday on this day. She is renowned for her roles in various films and has been a significant influence in the movie industry. Her production company, Hello Sunshine, focuses on female-driven narratives and has produced critically acclaimed works. Additionally, the state of Michigan has contributed to the radiance of pop culture, being the birthplace of various musicians and actors who have risen to fame. It’s home to Motown Records, which reshaped the landscape of American music. Here is a brief timeline of events that occurred on March 22: - 1963: The Beatles release their first album. - 1976: Reese Witherspoon, an influential actor and producer, is born. Advancements in technology have also been celebrated on March 22. For example, the use of the laser has become integral in various aspects of pop culture, from music concerts to digital media. Celebrations and Famous Birthdays March 22 is a day of eclectic celebrations and notable birthdays, highlighting achievements across various spheres such as sports, literature, and entertainment. Holidays and Observances It is observed globally as World Water Day, aimed at highlighting the importance of freshwater and advocating for the sustainable management of water resources. The day serves as a reminder of the vital role water plays in human and ecological health. In the realm of sports, the annual England vs France rugby union match often energizes fans with its spirited competition. Additionally, March marks the anticipation of major golf tournaments with the Masters Tournament approaching in April. Arts and Entertainment In the arts sector, the birthdays of influential figures are acknowledged. Iconic American actress Reese Witherspoon and acclaimed author James Patterson were born on this date. Witherspoon’s contributions span various critically-acclaimed films, while Patterson’s novels have delighted millions of readers worldwide. Famous Individuals in History The talents of Tara Lipinski, who dazzled the world with her figure skating prowess, are celebrated. Additionally, legendary French mime Marcel Marceau, and renowned composer Andrew Lloyd Webber, known for his contribution to musical theater, share this birth date. Individuals born on March 22 fall under the zodiac sign Aries, symbolized by the Ram, known for their courage and determination. The aquamarine is the birthstone for March, symbolizing tranquility and harmony, which aligns with the peaceful aspect of water celebrated on World Water Day. Famous Birthdays on March 22: - Reese Witherspoon, Actress - James Patterson, Author - Tara Lipinski, Figure Skater - Andrew Lloyd Webber, Composer - William Shatner, Actor Significant March 22 Events in History: - 1765: American colonists opposed the Stamp Act imposed by England, escalating tensions. - 1946: Transjordan (now Jordan) signed a treaty with Britain, gaining independence. - Karl Wallenda, famed high-wire artist, experienced a fatal performance on this date. While the day hosts a variety of celebrations, ranging from environmental awareness to thrilling sports events, its true essence lies in the commemoration of outstanding achievements and natural wonders. Horoscope for March 22 On March 22, Aries, you may find yourself feeling particularly driven and ambitious... On March 22, Aries, you may find yourself feeling particularly driven and ambitious. It's a great day to set clear goals and take decisive action to pursue them. Trust your instincts and embrace your natural leadership qualities. Taurus, March 22 is a day for nurturing your relationships and expressing your appreciation for those around you... Taurus, March 22 is a day for nurturing your relationships and expressing your appreciation for those around you. Take the time to connect with loved ones and show them how much they mean to you. March 22 holds the promise of exciting new opportunities for you, Gemini... March 22 holds the promise of exciting new opportunities for you, Gemini. Keep an open mind and be ready to explore innovative ideas. Your adaptability and quick thinking will serve you well today. Cancer, today is a day to focus on self-care and emotional well-being... Cancer, today is a day to focus on self-care and emotional well-being. Take some time for introspection and consider what brings you true fulfillment. Trust your intuition and prioritize your own needs. On March 22, Leo, your creativity and passion will be in the spotlight... On March 22, Leo, your creativity and passion will be in the spotlight. Embrace your artistic talents and share your unique perspective with the world. Your charisma will captivate those around you. Virgo, you may find yourself drawn to intellectual pursuits on March 22... Virgo, you may find yourself drawn to intellectual pursuits on March 22. Dive into research or engage in stimulating conversations that expand your knowledge. Your attention to detail will serve you well. March 22 is a day for seeking balance and harmony in your relationships, Libra... March 22 is a day for seeking balance and harmony in your relationships, Libra. Focus on open communication and finding common ground with others. Your diplomatic nature will help bridge any divides. Scorpio, today is a day for tapping into your inner strength and resilience... Scorpio, today is a day for tapping into your inner strength and resilience. Embrace challenges with confidence and trust in your ability to overcome obstacles. Your determination will lead to success. On March 22, embrace your adventurous spirit, Sagittarius... On March 22, embrace your adventurous spirit, Sagittarius. Seek out new experiences and broaden your horizons. Your optimism and enthusiasm will inspire those around you. Capricorn, today is a day for practical action and diligent effort... Capricorn, today is a day for practical action and diligent effort. Focus on your long-term goals and take steps to make tangible progress. Your disciplined approach will yield positive results. March 22 invites you to embrace your individuality, Aquarius... March 22 invites you to embrace your individuality, Aquarius. Express your unique perspective and don't be afraid to stand out from the crowd. Your innovative ideas will spark positive change. Pisces, today is a day for tapping into your intuition and creativity... Pisces, today is a day for tapping into your intuition and creativity. Trust your instincts and allow your imagination to guide you. Embrace artistic expression and let your emotions flow freely. When is March 22? No, it's not March 22 today. There are 16 days until March 22, 2024. You can learn more about what day it is and what we celebrate today here.

(Frank Greenaway/Vincent Wildlife Trust) European Polecat (Mustela putorius) The Weald Moors wistful and serene landscape may not seem an obvious setting for a great leap forward. Yet, where Polecats are concerned, it most definitely is! This small predatory mammal (the largest of the Weasel family) was once heavily persecuted but is steadily moving eastwards again, with the moorlands right in the thick of the vanguard of progress… In the Field: Polecat are found in practically every type of lowland habitat but often make use of linear features such as hedgerows, woodland edges and watercourses. While this opportunistic carnivore will feed on a wide variety of prey (including earthworms, voles, mice, bird eggs and, in wetland areas, amphibians) its most important source of food is the wild rabbit, which forms around 85% of its diet in the English Midlands. Within their individual territories, polecats will also take over rabbit burrows for use as dens, where they spend their days resting-up. A solitary animal, the male takes no part in the raising of young after the breeding season is over, which occurs between March and May. Although they are primarily nocturnal (and most active around dusk) midsummer is a time when females will hunt in daylight to provide food for their growing kits. That the Polecat has only recently begun to recover in England and Wales owes much to heavy game-related culling in the Nineteenth Century, when the population was reduced to a rump centred on Mid-Wales and the Shropshire and Herefordshire borders. While the Marches and central England still form this species main range, the population has gradually been expanding eastwards since the mid-Twentieth Century and is now thinly distributed across a much wider area. Although they don’t really have any natural predators, many young polecats (which are independent after three months) become the victims of road fatalities in autumn and early winter, a time when they disperse to set-up their own home ranges.

Exploring the Trifid Nebula I waited 46 years to take a photo of the Trifid Nebula, also known as M20. Why? Answer below. What is the Trifid Nebula, and where is it in the sky? Located fairly low on the southeastern horizon in northern summer is the constellation Sagittarius. It’s a fairly spread out constellation, located in the vicinity of a band of the Milky Way. From moderately light polluted sites most of the constellation is obscure, however in the heart of Sagittarius beats … a Teapot! The Teapot is one of the most easily recognizable asterisms. Most of its stars are bright, and two, Kaus Astralis and Nunki are the 36th and 53rd brightest stars in the sky, making them easily visible from almost any site. Sagittarius holds many additional beautiful objects, including several nebulas, globular clusters, and a thick band of the Milky Way. One of these, located slightly above and in between the top of the Teapot and its “tip.” If you’re facing south on a summer evening, it’s above and to the right of the Teapot. It’s is one of the most lovely and memorable nebulas in the northern sky – the Trifid Nebula – commonly referred to as M20. Discovered in 1764 by Charles Messier and entered into his listing of faint, fuzzy things not to be confused with comets (later known as the famous Messier Catalog), the Trifid Nebula is quite a remarkable object. Within it is a stellar nursery where new stars are forming, a star cluster of the recently born stars, a bright red hydrogen emission nebula (HII nebula), a lovely blue reflection nebula, and the interesting dark nebula divided into the three-part structure that gave the nebula its name. In other words, the name Trifid means divided into three lobes. The stellar nursery is part of a large glowing HII nebula or region created by the ionization of a large interstellar cloud of hydrogen gas. As this cloud collapsed, it gave rise to a first generation of stars, many of which are now visible as the cluster of stars within the nebula. In turn, these bright, young stars, most of them Type O, are blasting the HII regions with ultraviolet light, setting the hydrogen gas aglow. This illumination has caused the nebula to move into another phase of its evolution. The pressure from the radiation has cleared away enough of the gas from the area around the cluster, so little or no star formation is possible within the heart of the nebula anymore. However, the dark nebulae that divide the bright red HII emission nebula are dusty collections of dense gas, locations for the production of new protostars. These frequently form at the tips of protrusions from the dark knotted areas of dense gas called Evaporating Gaseous Globules or EGGs. A close-up look at the outlined area by the Hubble Space Telescope revealed a fascinating view of these processes. The dark, finger-like structure pointing towards the central stars is a dense knot of gas and dust that is feeding the growth of what astronomers call a Young Stellar Object embedded within. A Young Stellar Object, or YSO is a nascent star that has evolved past the protostar phase but is not yet mature enough to enter into the main sequence phase of stellar evolution. Emerging from this structure are two bright, spiky objects. The upper one is a bright wispy stellar jet that has been blasted away from the YSO within the dense material containing it. Such jets are frequently associated with protostars and YSOs, although their exact nature is unclear as yet. The lower spike is what astronomers call a Stellar Stalk. It resembles the protrusion from which Evaporating Gaseous Globules – the forerunners of protostars, or newly forming stars – emerge. The structures here in the Trifid Nebula closely resemble those seen in the Eagle Nebula (which is described here), particularly in the famous Pillars of Creation photograph, also taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. Finally, there is the quite lovely blue reflection nebula seen here on the upper right edge of the HII (red) nebula. Most of the universe is composed of hydrogen and helium and these don’t glow in blue, so when you see blue in the heavens its usually driven by starlight itself. In this case, the bright light from the stars powering the HII nebula is being scattered and reflected by interstellar dust. Blue light is scattered more efficiently than the rest of the visible spectrum (just as it is in our sky giving us the impression during the day that the heavens are a lovely shade of blue!) and so we see this area as illuminated in this beautiful way. *Why 46 years? Well back in 1967, the original Star Trek series broadcast a rather forgettable episode called The Alternative Factor. In it, a pair of characters repeatedly crosses from one dimension to another, an event always signified by the repeated flashing of a photo of the Trifid Nebula, which was implied to be an inter-dimensional doorway. As a young boy, I thought that image was both beautiful and beguiling, and vowed to see it for myself one day. Now I, and you, have done so. It was a 46 year mission, much longer than the Enterprise’s original 5 years, but then I’ve always been a little slower than Captain Kirk. A little… Bottom line: The Trifid Nebula is a stellar nursery, a cluster of recently born stars, a bright red hydrogen emission nebula, a lovely blue reflection nebula, and an interesting dark nebula divided into 3 …

This study describes, analyzes, and interprets music accompanying the varied acts m Buffalo Bill's Wild West show at the end of the nineteenth century. Wild West performances included reenactments of frontier battles, ethnic demonstrations, shooting acts, and the Rough Riders of the World. Specific music analyzed includes instrumental music from the main arena played by the Cowboy Band, Native-American music performed as part of the exhibition's "Phases of Indian Life," and popular music of the day including parlor songs and "coon songs" enacted by the Concert Company performers. This study connects musical elements to social meanings and cultural values, discovering how music illuminates the cultural interactions between European-American, AfricanAmerican, and Native-American cultures as they slowly synthesize into an American culture. Chapter one metaphorically connects specific musical elements and styles to evocative meanings, social meanings, and cultural values. The following chapter establishes a cultural context for the Wild West and its music, tracing expressive components in the show to themes resonant in American culture: themes involving wilderness, civilization, and the controlled garden. Then, from primary source materials and the previously analyzed context, the study develops descriptions, analyses, and interpretations of the musical performers, their lives in the show, and music performed. Findings reveal a dominant, progressive European-American influenced culture controlling the musical parameters and therefore, through cultural metaphor, the lives of the "darker" cultures represented in the show. Cultural dichotomies between the "civilized" music of the Cowboy Band and the "wild" music of the Native-Americans appear, as do cultural interactions and some cultural syntheses of European-American and African-American musics. Because the Wild West toured these late nineteenth century culturally interactive and dichotomous American musics, the sounds of the frontier, representing American culture and its values, were extended to the world. Level of Degree First Committee Member (Chair) John Miller Clark (Co-Chair) Second Committee Member Vera Norwood (Co-Chair) Third Committee Member Peter L. White Fourth Committee Member Masterson, Michael Lee. "Sounds Of The Frontier: Music In Buffalo Bill'S Wild West." (1990). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/amst_etds/124

Food allergies, intolerances and sensitivities are a hot button topic lately. The definitions are commonly confused so I thought I would take minute to clear it up. Food Allergies: Food allergies are an immune reaction that result when our immune system attacks a harmless food protein (an allergen). The body produces a large amount of the antibody IgE (Immunoglobulin E) and releases chemicals (ex. histamine) which trigger symptoms of an allergic reaction. Common food allergens: peanut, tree nut, milk, egg, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, sesame Symptoms: hives, rash, sneezing, stomach pain, redness of skin around eyes, nausea/vomiting, anaphylaxis (in extreme cases) Diagnosing food allergies: There are several ways to test for food allergies. Skin Prick Test – This is when the allergist drops solutions of food on your arm or back and waits about 30 minutes for a response. They are looking for a wheal and flare response which is a raised white bump surrounded by itchy red skin. The skin prick test has a 50-60% chances of showing a false positive meaning that you are not really allergic to the foods being tested. NOT IDEAL. Blood Test – The blood tests do not help you predict the severity of an allergy but will tell you if you could have an allergy. It takes several days to get the results back, unlike the skin prick test. This tests can detect either your response to the undigested food proteins OR detect proteins that are similar among foods but do not trigger allergic reaction. Because of this the blood test also has a 50-60% chance of yielding a false positive result. NOT IDEAL. Oral Food Challenge – This test is highly accurate but also has the potential to cause serious reactions and should only be done in the presence of an experienced allergist in a medical facility. During the food challenge, the allergist will feed you suspect foods in small doses repeatedly to see if there are any signs of a reaction. IDEAL. Food Elimination Diet – A food elimination diet can be used to help diagnose a food allergy. During a 2-4 week period you eliminate any suspect foods while the doctor monitors symptoms. There is a gradual period of reintroduction when you add in suspecting foods and continue to monitor symptoms. IDEAL. Food Intolerances: Food intolerances do not involve the immune system. Some food intolerances are caused by a lack of a particular enzyme. Symptoms may appear similar to a food allergy but they will never trigger anaphylaxis. Most of the time, symptoms of a food intolerance take longer to manifest than symptoms of food allergies. Common food intolerances: lactose intolerance, celiac disease Symptoms: bloating, stomach ache, hives, headaches/migraines, irritable bowel Diagnosing food intolerances: There is no accurate, reliable and validated test to identify food intolerances. The best tool is an elimination diet. Foods and symptoms are monitored and analyzed for patterns between food intake and symptom manifestation. Food Sensitivities: Food sensitivities, like food allergies, involve the immune system however they are not measuring IgE antibodies. Food sensitivities can occur with any food/chemical and reactions can occur up to 72 hours after ingesting the offending food. Sensitivities involve non-IgE antibodies and chemical mediators – because of this allergy testing will NOT test for them. Common food sensitivities: ANY food or chemical Symptoms: headaches/migraines, irritable bowel, bloating, diarrhea, joint pain, fatigue, etc. The list goes on and on. Diagnosing food sensitivities: ELISA/ACT Test – Uses an accurate measure of IgG however, adverse food reactions often involve more than just IgG reactions. For example, this test is not useful for IBS and migraines and it cannot test chemical reactions. IgG may appear high because it is acting as a protective antibody, in which case it may be a good thing. There are no published studies of reliability or validity. ALCAT Test – Measures changes in white blood cell size after exposure to an antigen (food). While early studies showed good accuracy (86%) this is now an outdated technology and cannot measure lymphocyte reactions. MRT Test – Measures changes in ratio of liquid to solids after whole blood exposure to an antigen (food). This test has excellent accuracy (94.5% sensitivity and 91.7% specificity) and reliability ( >90% split sample reproducibility). With this test we can measure food and chemical reactions by measuring the outcome of all sensitivity reactions. This is the best test for food sensitivities available at this time. Susan Linke, food sensitivity expert and LEAP mentor does a great job explaining food sensitivities in this video.

Mindfulness is about paying attention to the present moment. It involves noticing your experience with curiosity. Mindfulness asks that you bring all your focus and attention to what is happening right now, in this very moment. Simply, the practice of purposely bringing one's attention in the present moment without evaluation, a skill one develops through meditation or other training. The goal in a mindfulness practice is not to clear your mind, but instead to be non-judgmentally engaged in the present moment as fully as possible. Luckily, there are lots of ways to practice mindfulness in a minute or less so you can live a mindful and healthier life! Here are a few ways to get started: 1. Take a mindful breath: This is the easiest way to practice mindfulness, anytime or anywhere. Take a deep breath in through your nose, hold, and then exhale through your mouth. For a full tutorial on mindful breathing, use apps like Headspace or Calm. 2. Mindful awareness of routine activities: We can practice bringing our mindful attention to daily activities that are often performed mindlessly. We can pay attention to the movement of the body and the sights and sounds around us. 3. Mindful Awareness & Technology: Our devices often take us very far from the present moment. Here are some suggestions for using technology as a mindfulness tool. For example: Leave the phone/iPod at home when you go for a walk or run, and just pay attention to the natural world. Digital detox from all screens once a week. 4. Accept things as they are: It is a human tendency to wish for better things. Not everybody is satisfied with their present conditions. But a mindful person doesn’t judge. By accepting things, we realize their true worth. 5. Talk to someone with your undivided attention: Put your phone away and make listening to the other person your primary goal. Make eye contact and pay attention to how their face moves and how their voice changes as they communicate. Be present with them.

Open Source Vs Closed source operating system. Linux is different from other operating systems in the sense that it is an open source operating system as its source course along with other changes are publicly available. Usually. when the developers of closed source operating systems refuse to share the code, then the third party application developers become hindered. Open source advocates believe that source code should be available to the public so that it can be reviewed, updated, and improved. Open source software are not considered as a good alternative sometimes because of the possibility of viruses and threats. Another concern is that they want to get profit from what they code or develop. Open source software, on the other hand, may be reviewed by a much larger group of people for faults and improvements can be made quickly, resulting in better software. Table of Contents Are open source operating system good? They are good to some extent as you can easily find their codes freely available. But the fear of viruses is always there and you need to be very careful in terms of not virus to be installed on your system that will totally corrupt your system ultimately. GUI for Linux The two most popular GUI for Linux operating system are: Some firms, like Red Hat, sell software that works on their own Linux distribution. Many application program, utilities, and plug-ins, such as OpenOffice.org, StarOffice, Mozilla, Netscape, Yahoo! Messenger, RealPlayer, QuickTime, and Acrobat Reader, have Linux distributions. There is a variety of ways in which users buy GUI for Linux. One of them is Red Hat or IBM. They bundle their own software with the operating systems (OS). What are the computer viruses? Virus is just an miscellaneous software. Malware is the most common one that works without user knowledge and alters many computer operations. Worms and Trojan horses are malware. Unlike other viruses Trojan horses does not replicate itself. Right now more than 180,000 viruses, Trojan horses and malware exist. What are the signs of virus infection? Here are the following common signs of virus infections that you may experience in case your system got infected. - You may see an unusual message or image on your computer screen. - An unusual audio or music may play. - This sign is very common! An application program or some files may be missing. - Just opposite to the third point, you can see some unknown file or program on your computer. - File/files may get corrupted. - You can observe some changed properties of system. - A file or a program does not open properly. - The operating system will run much slower when it gets infected by a virus. - What are number systems in computer? - Number System Conversions – Briefly Explained - How to design Half adder and Full adder circuits? - What are the decoders? how are they different from encoders? - What is binary arithmetic? How to add, subtract, multiply and divide two binary numbers? - What is the magnitude comparator circuit? Design a 3 bit magnitude comparator circuit - How to design a 4 bit magnitude comparator circuit? - How many hundreds are there in 1000? - What are the synchronous counters? Explain with an example - what are the BCD and binary ripple counters?

Try Practicing Top interview questions for Computer Security by Pritish Kumar Halder Q1. What Is Beaconing? The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks. Q2. What Is The Difference Between Routable And Non- Routable Protocols? Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large networks. Non-Routable protocols are designed to work on small, local networks and cannot be used with a router Q3. Bootp Helps A Diskless Workstation Boot. How Does It Get A Message To The Network Looking For Its Lp Address And The Location Of Its Operating System Boot Files? BQOTP sends a UDP message with a subnetwork broadcast address and waits for a reply from a server that gives it the IP address. The same message might contain the name of the machine that has the boot files on it. If the boot image location is not specified, the workstation sends another UDP message to query the server. Q4. Name One Secure Network Protocol Which Can Be Used Instead Of Telnet To Manage A Router? Q5. What Is Virtual Channel? A virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit. Q6. What Is Bandwidth Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called bandwidth. Q7. What Is Mac Address? The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique. Q8. Difference Between Bit Rate And Baud Rate? Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits. baud rate = bit rate / N where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift. Q9. What Is Netbios And Netbeui ? NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications. NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol was designed by Microsoft and IBM for the use of small subnets. Q10. Which Feature On A Cisco Ios Firewall Can Be Used To Block Incoming Traffic On A Ftp Server? Q11. What Is A Dns Resource Record? A resource record is an entry in a name server’s database. There are several types of resource records used, including name-to-address resolution information. Resource records are maintained as ASCII files. Q12. What Is the Difference Between Baseband And Broadband transmission? In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously. Q13. What Do You Mean By “triple X” In Networks? The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document known as X.@The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between the PAD and the network, called X.2@Together, these three recommendations are often called “triple X” Q14. What Is A Pseudo Tty? A pseudo try or false terminal enables external machines to connect through Telnet or log in. Without a pseudo TTY, no connection can take place. Q15. What Is Sap? Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of the network protocol stack. Q16. What Is Rip (routing Information Protocol)? It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers. Q17. What Is Silly Window Syndrome? It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time. Q18. What Are The Important Topologies For Networks? BUS topology: In this, each computer is directly connected to the primary network cable in a single line. Advantages: Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend. STAR topology: In this, all computers are connected using a central hub. Advantages: Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure, and easy to troubleshoot physical problems. RING topology: In this, all computers are connected in a loop. Advantages: All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it. Q19. What Are The Types Of Transmission media? Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly classified into two categories. Guided Media: These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that includes twisted-pair, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cables use metallic that accept and transport signals in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and transports signals in the form of light. Unguided Media: This is the wireless media that transports electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either through air. This is done through radio communication, satellite communication, and cellular telephony. Q20. What Is Not (network Virtual Terminal)? It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. The NVT is used in the start of a Telnet session. Q21. What Is Mesh Network? A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel. Q22. What Is Wide-mouth Frog? Wide-mouth frog is the simplest known key distribution center (KDC) authentication protocol. Q23. What Is Terminal Emulation, In Which Layer It Comes Telnet is also called terminal emulation. It belongs to the application layer. Q24. What Is Anonymous Ftp And Why Would You Use It Anonymous FTP enables users to connect to a host without using a valid login and password. Usually, anonymous FTP uses a login called anonymous or guest, with the password usually requesting the user’s ID for tracking purposes only. Anonymous FTP is used to enable a large number of users to access files on the host without having to go to the trouble of setting up logins for them all. Anonymous FTP systems usually have strict controls over the areas an anonymous user can access. Q25. What Is Proxy Arp? It is using a router to ARP requests. This will be done when the originating host believes that a destination is local, when in fact it lies beyond the router.

Clean Drinking Water-Solar Powered Water Purifying System Due to variety of factors, the quality of drinking water is likely to deteriorate when it actually reaches the consumption point, especially in vulnerable areas like rural schools. This programme aims at providing safe drinking water in adequate quantity to all rural communities in the country including rural schools and anganwadis. We have installed Standalone Reverse – Osmosis systems (of an average capacity of 5000 litres a day with BIS quality standards) in 26 schools of Nabrangpur district in Odisha. The system is equipped with proven technology to remove turbidity, particulate matter, bacterial and viral contamination, iron, dissolved gases, odour and other impurities. We believe that by designing a community system that can provide tasty, desalinated water at an affordable price. Villagers who used to drink contaminated, high-saline water on a regular basis will now be able to drink water that’s clean and healthy.

Introduction to Robotics in Manufacturing The dawn of robotics in manufacturing has marked a new era in industrial production, combining precision, efficiency, and innovation to revolutionize how products are made. Robotics, once a concept of science fiction, is now a fundamental component of modern manufacturing floors, driving productivity and growth across industries. The Rise of Robotic Technology Manufacturing has always sought ways to increase efficiency and reduce costs. Robotics has provided an answer by taking on repetitive, dangerous, or intricate tasks with consistent precision. According to the International Federation of Robotics, there was a 12% increase in the use of industrial robots globally in 2020 alone. This surge is a testament to the growing trust and reliance on robotic technology in the manufacturing sector. Key Benefits of Robotics in Manufacturing 1) Enhanced Productivity: Robots can operate 24/7, significantly increasing production capacity compared to human labor. They also work at a consistent speed and quality, leading to higher throughput. 2) Improved Quality and Precision: Robotics technology reduces the errors associated with human labor, ensuring high quality and precision in manufacturing processes. 3) Worker Safety: By taking on hazardous tasks, robots reduce workplace injuries, creating a safer environment for employees. 4) Cost Efficiency: Though the initial investment might be high, robots significantly reduce long-term operational costs by increasing output and reducing errors and waste. Robotics Across Industries Robotics isn’t limited to a single sector; its versatility makes it a valuable asset across various industries: 1) Automotive: Car manufacturers were among the first to integrate robotics into assembly lines, using them for tasks like welding, painting, and assembly. 2) Electronics: Precision is key in electronics manufacturing, where robots perform intricate tasks like circuit board assembly and component placement. 3) Pharmaceuticals: In an industry where precision and contamination control are critical, robots handle delicate tasks, including drug packing and laboratory testing. Challenges and Considerations Adopting robotics in manufacturing isn’t without its challenges: 1) High Initial Investment: The upfront cost of robotic systems can be significant, though the long-term ROI often justifies the expense. 2) Skill Gap: As robots become more prevalent, there’s a growing need for skilled workers who can program, operate, and maintain these systems. 3) Integration Complexity: Retrofitting existing production lines with robotic technology requires careful planning and significant changes to workflow. The Future of Robotics in Manufacturing The future is bright for robotics in manufacturing, with continuous advancements in technology making robots smarter, more adaptable, and more accessible. Emerging trends include: 1) Collaborative Robots: Known as “cobots,” these robots work alongside humans, combining the strengths of human dexterity and robot consistency. 2) AI and Machine Learning: Integrating AI allows robots to handle more complex tasks and make informed decisions, further increasing efficiency. 3) Increased Accessibility: As technology advances, smaller and mid-sized enterprises are finding robotics more accessible and beneficial for their operations. Conclusion: Embracing the Robotic Revolution Robotics in manufacturing is no longer a novelty but a critical component of modern production strategies. By embracing robotic technology, industries can boost productivity, improve product quality, and ensure a competitive edge in the global market. As we look ahead, the continued evolution of robotics promises to bring even more innovation and efficiency to manufacturing, solidifying its role as a cornerstone of industrial advancement. The journey towards a more automated and innovative future is well underway, with robotics leading the charge.

In the realm of accounting, the term “receivables” is quite familiar. It’s commonly found in trade transactions and bookkeeping. One type of receivable that can be formally recognized by a company is bills receivable. See Tutorial Account Verification Jack By delving into the recording of bills receivable, you can gain a deeper understanding of the concept of receivables. To learn what bills receivable are and the types that can be accepted, read the following discussion. Definition of Bills Receivable Bills receivable are part of an asset. This type is essentially a receivable from another company’s invoices, with no cash reserve in the transaction. As such, the creditor has the right to receive a payment in the amount specified on the document or letter. For instance, when purchasing office equipment on credit, you may receive a document that needs to be signed. From the buyer’s perspective, this would be referred to as a “bill to pay,” while the seller would term it a “bill to collect.” This bill to collect is also recorded in the books because it increases the company’s property or assets. Functions of Bills Receivable This document of receivables serves two important functions in the business world. The first function is to provide proof of a transaction, ensuring that the receivable can be acknowledged and used as a powerful tool for collections. The second function is as collateral for obtaining a loan. For instance, if you need quick capital but your business cash flow is problematic, you can use these bills as collateral to secure a loan. Eventually, the loan will be repaid by clients who owe your business. Types of Acceptable Bills Receivable In essence, there are two choices for acceptable bills receivable. These are explained below. 1. Bill to Collect Firstly, there’s the bill to collect, which falls under the category of receivables that a company can accept. This bill is issued to another company that owes your company money. In other words, this bill to collect is a document issued by another company that hasn’t yet made payment upon the delivery of goods. This document serves as the basis for posting the receivables on your books because your company is the creditor. Based on interest imposition, bills to collect are divided into two types: interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing bills. Interest-bearing bills involve a specific interest rate, usually expressed as a percentage. However, clear notation of how the interest is calculated must be provided for interest-bearing bills. Typically, periodic interest is earned through investments like bonds or certificates of deposit, with regular payments. Conversely, non-interest-bearing receivables are not tied to a specific interest rate and its recording. These typically fall under the category of non-interest-bearing debt. The payment amount specified must be paid by the company within one year or the agreed-upon term without interest, depending on both parties’ agreement. 2. Bill to Pay Essentially, bills to pay are similar to bills to collect mentioned earlier. In fact, the documents may appear the same and fall under the category of receivables a company can accept. The key difference lies in the recipient of the bill. If a bill to collect is issued to the lending company, then a bill to pay is issued to the company borrowing the money. If a bill to pay is scheduled for repayment within a year, it will be classified in the balance sheet as a current liability account. However, if the repayment period is over a year, it will be reported as a long-term liability. When a bill to pay becomes due, there are instances where the borrowing company cannot repay it on time. In such cases, the bill can be classified as a trade payable, and the receiving party of the bill can levy additional charges like administrative fees. With these bills receivable, the lending company gains financial reporting certainty and can feel secure in providing loans to other companies. This is due to the presence of a binding agreement along with collateral in the form of assets that can be utilized in case payment problems arise in the future. Components of Bills Receivable As previously mentioned, Bills Receivable can serve as evidence of payment receipt. Therefore, these bills have several components that must be fulfilled as follows: - Payee: This is the party who is owed the payment. The payee holds the bill to collect. - Drawee: This is the party requested to make the payment on the bill, also known as the borrower or debtor. - Principal: In simple terms, the principal is the amount of cash given by the payee to the drawer, which is to be repaid by the end of the term, either in instalments or at once. - Term/Time Frame: This is the duration the drawer has to repay the bill. The maturity date of the bill, or the stated date, occurs at the end of the bill’s term or duration. - Interest: This is the cost paid by the drawer to the payee, in addition to the principal amount. It represents the cost of borrowing money. - Interest Rate: This is stated within the bill on an annual basis. The interest rate is applied to the principal loan amount to determine the amount of interest that must be paid by the drawer. Characteristics of Bills Receivable in Bookkeeping Receivables that are acceptable, such as bills, also have specific characteristics. Some characteristics of bills receivable in bookkeeping are as follows: - Bill journals are presented and attached from the lender’s side. - Bills to collect are recorded on the debit side. - Bills to collect are part of assets. - Bills to collect can be identified by their maturity date. Use Jack for Your Business Needs This concludes the introduction to bills receivable and the types that can be accepted. Hopefully, this information is beneficial for all readers.

Painting one of the oldest stories ever told, Lucas Cranach the Elder puts his own unique spin on the first couple, Adam and Eve (above, from 1528). Born 1472, Cranach lived through the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation, both of which shaped the direction of his religious faith up until his death on October 16, 1553. With complete disregard for human anatomy, or even the differences between male and female anatomy, Cranach paints Adam and Eve with long, slender limbs, androgynous to the point of being almost inhuman. Eve’s body differs little from that of Adam except for two tiny breasts stuck onto her chest like scoops of ice cream. She offers the fateful apple to Adam with a sly, knowing smile. Despite their barely covered nudity, there’s no sexual tension between them. The panels of the diptych separate them physically as much as their body language creates emotional distance. Just as his friend Martin Luther reworked the Bible into the vernacular, Cranach reworks the old tale and its common treatment into the visual vernacular of his quickly changing world. Cranach and Luther teamed up in 1520, when Luther began to question the church’s authority and just a year before the throwdown at the Diet of Worms in 1521 that earned Luther his excommunication and split the Christian world asunder forever. Cranach’s Portrait of Martin Luther (above, from 1543), one of the many portraits Cranach painted of the theologian, shows Luther relaxed and confident in the choices he has made. Cranach allowed Luther to print his vulgate Bibles on his presses in the print shop where Cranach produced the anti-Catholic woodcuts that humorously and effectively portrayed the failures and flaws of the established church. When Luther married Katharina von Bora, a bold move for a man of the cloth, Cranach was present. When Luther and his wife gave birth to their first child, Cranach stood as godfather. The bond between the two men was as inseparable as the link between Luther’s goals for the new church and Cranach’s goal of a new visual vocabulary for that church. Near the end of his life, Cranach painted an unusual work titled The Fountain of Youth (above, from 1546). In an imaginary place of Cranach’s devising, fragile old women ride in from the left on carts and stretchers. Doctors examine them before they dip naked into the waters. In the rejuvenating waters, the marks of age disappear and the old women emerge on stage right as young maidens, who then join in the dancing and feasting. The waters of the magical pool pour from a statue of Venus and Cupid, the classical figures of love. Facing old age and death himself, Cranach seems to be saying that the eternal life promised by religion can only be found in love. All three of Cranach’s sons became painters, carrying on the family name and continuing the print shop where their father once worked side by side with Luther to change the world. Through his sons, Cranach left behind the only legacy he could control—love.

As data centers get larger, they are getting thirstier as well. The enormous volume of water required to cool high-density cloud computing server farms is making water management a growing priority for data center operators. A 15-megawatt data center can use up to 360,000 gallons of water a day, according to James Hamilton, a data center designer and researcher at Amazon.com. "Water is tomorrow's big problem," Hamilton said. "No one talks about water. The water consumption (in data centers) is super embarrassing. It just doesn't feel responsible. We need designs that stop using water." Some large data centers, like Switch Communications' SuperNAP in Las Vegas, have implemented direct expansion cooling systems designed to use lower amounts of water. Microsoft and Google are trying new approaches that use recycled water and nearby rivers and canals to cool their massive data centers, which is influencing where these facilities are located. Microsoft says it picked San Antonio for one of its new data centers because the local water company could provide large amounts of recycled water, meaning the project would have less impact on the city's drinking water supply. Google's new data center in Belgium is located next to an industrial canal for cooling, while other providers are incorporating wells and captured rain water into their cooling systems. Role of Cooling Towers Why worry so much about water? The move to cloud computing is concentrating enormous computing power in mega-data centers containing hundreds of thousands of servers. All the heat from those servers is managed through cooling towers, where hot waste water from the data center is cooled, with the heat being removed through evaporation. Most of the water that remains is returned to the data center cooling system, while some is drained out of the system to remove any sediment, a process known as blowdown. When this process is played out at mega-data center scale, the amount of water required for cooling can be enormous, sometimes exceeding the capacity of local utilities. Impact on Local Water Systems Last year the city of Northlake, Ill. expanded its water capacity to support Microsoft’s massive new data center in town. In August 2008, the neighboring city of Franklin Park agreed to sell up to 2 million gallons of water capacity to Northlake in an intergovernmental agreement. The cost of the deal, as well as Northlake’s $8 million investment in pumps and a generator, will be paid for by water sales to Microsoft, which has not yet completed construction on the facility. These cooling systems don't require potable water, which was a key point in Microsoft's San Antonio facility. "One of the unique features of the San Antonio area is their great recycled water systems," said Debra Chrapaty, Microsoft’s corporate vice president for Global Foundation Services. "As part of our commitment to the environment, we’re using approximately 8 million gallons of water (per month) from this system for our data center cooling needs." Recycled or "grey" water isn't fresh or drinkable but is not contaminated by any toxic substances or toilet wastes. Grey water is considered environmentally friendly because it reduces demands for fresh water and doesn't consume the energy required to purify it at waste water treatment sites. The San Antonio Water System has been offering recycled water to its industrial customers since 1996. Another strategy to lessen the impact of data centers on local water utilities is to your own water supply, either by tapping nearby bodies of water or collecting rainwater. Google's Belgium Project Google is using water from a nearby industrial canal to cool its data center in Ghislain, Belgium. The company has built a 20,000 square foot water treatment plant to prepare the canal water for use in its nearby data center. Google's approach may not work for everyone, according to Ramzi Namek of Fortress International Group, who gave a presentation on water conservation at last fall's Data Center World conference. Namek noted that using surface water from canals, lakes or rivers often requires negotiations with local jurisdictions and the EPA, particularly if hot waste water is being returned to the environment. Permitting and negotiations in these scenarios often move slowly, which may affect the project timetable. "Look at creating a basin next to your facility that you can use," to collect water," Namek said. "In some cases, you can use concrete basin tanks, or install large tanks under the parking lot and can collect water from the lot." Wells, New Equipment Also Help Or you can drill a well. That's the path chosen by credit data service Experian, which dug a 1,200 foot deep well to secure a water supply for its Dallas-area data center. The well lessens the facility's reliance on the local water utility, but was driven by self-interest as much as conservation. The move was prompted by an incident in which its main water line broke, forcing the company to use deliveries from water trucks to keep its data center online. Some companies use a blowdown reclamation system to recycle water from their cooling tower. Investing in new cooling towers can save conserve water and money, Namek said. "If you have a cooling tower that 30 years old, a new tower is better," he said. "Invest in a water treatment and filtration system to take solids out of the blow down. You can use a managed magnetic pulse inside the cooling tower to dissolve solids and filter them out." See Building Green for more information on methods to keep cooling towers free from deposits that can reduce itheir efficiency.

You are never too old to learn something new. Learning keeps your brain stimulated and growing throughout your life. It’s never too late to start doing what you want to do—creativity and innovation don’t come with an expiration date. You can still accomplish your dreams. Don’t wait—get started now. Here are some tips for helping you continue to learn, regardless of your age: - Read – it improves and creates new neural connections in your brain at any age. Good books can transport you into a world where you’ll experience things you never have before. - Visualize – this is similar to “day dreaming” which is a great way to increase your memory and your capacity to store information. Images are easier to store and recall than words. - Learn a new language – it improves your memory and other cognitive abilities. With internet and translator apps it has never been easier. - Learn to play a musical instrument – all you need is willpower and a commitment to start. Studies show that after just a few months of lessons, adults of all ages develop greater verbal fluency and faster cognitive processing.

Why are particulate matter measurements (like PM2.5) from an air quality monitor given in micrograms per cubic meter (μg / mm^3)? The fundamental measurement for particulate matter is done using a filter. You pull in a known volume of air over a known period of time, and then you measure the mass of the filter before and afterwards. This allows you to calculate mass per volume (on whatever time average you choose). This method is the most accurate way to measure particulate matter and is the federal reference method for determining attainment of federal air quality PM standards. I assume the device is using an optical system to count particles in a sample volume the air, and extrapolating as necessary to a standard volume like a cubic meter. While these devices do exist (particle counters like purple air sensors) they don't measure mass directly and are incredibly dependent on the mass per particle assumptions. There are also light scattering nephelometers that are more accurate than a particle counter, but they don't measure mass directly either. If the device does indeed count particles, how does it convert that to mass? Is the mass of 2.5 micron particles suspended in air consistent enough that multiplying the count by the average mass yields a good estimate? No it's not consistent enough, and the inference is incredibly dependent on the type of PM you assume you are measuring. For instance, if you are measuring 1 million dust particles, it will be far heavier than 1 million smoke particles, and the particle counter won't know the difference. But, they do it anyway. For a nephelometer, best practice is to co-locate a nephelometer with a filter-based monitor so that you can build a correlation relationship that is appropriate for the PM sources in that region. However, when PM emission source profiles change (e.g. a wildfire smoke event becomes more prominent than local sources) the correlation is no longer valid and thus reported concentrations are erroneous. Is a correction factor for air pressure applied to account for the fact that heavier particles are more likely to settle out of suspension when the air pressure drops? (My particular monitor does not report air pressure, but I suppose it might still monitor it.) Air pressure doesn't change due to suspended particulate matter, but air pressure is an important variable because in order to report consistent data you need to account for temperature and pressure to standardize your air volume to STP (or similar). Is the health concern of breathing small particulates in a particular size category based on the total mass of them inhaled or the quantity of them? The smaller the particles, the deeper they go into your lungs when you breathe them. So, for instance, ultrafine particles (PM1.0) are a bigger health concern than fine particles (PM2.5), which are more of a health concern than coarse particles (e.g. PM10 - minus PM2.5). All health based standards for particulate matter are based on mass concentrations. Intuitively, I would have expected the measurements to be presented in parts per million or as a count of particles per volume, not only because of how (I assume) it's measured, but also because of the utility. This is how gaseous measurements are reported. Individual gases do not have different sizes because they represent a certain molecules. Particulate matter can be many different molecules with different sizes. Furthermore, particulate matter is in solid or liquid form, while gases are not. And, gases are not measured using filters (which can be weighed) because they do not collect onto a filter.

Diesel fuel polishing is the process by which emulsified water is removed from diesel fuel in storage tanks in order to maintain the integrity of the fuel. For many years water was unable to emulsify in stored diesel fuel and there was no need for diesel polishing. Recently the content of diesel fuel has changed, making it susceptible to water absorption. Government regulations mandated a reduction in sulfur content in diesel fuel in order to reduce its negative impact on the environment. However, the process used to remove sulfur from diesel affects the functionality of the fuel. Additives such as lubricants, de-icers, and biodiesel are included to prevent the fuel’s functionality from being compromised, but these additives can also increase the fuel’s ability to absorb water. Water in diesel fuel causes many problems and can cause diesel generators to fail. This is especially problematic in data centers, where standby generators are often run on diesel fuel. If the generators don’t kick in, the data center goes down. In 2012, organizations lost an average of $138,000 for every hour a data center was down. This underscores the importance of proper fuel management at data centers. A comprehensive approach must be taken for fuel management at data centers. A fuel management protocol should include regular onsite and offsite testing to monitor any contamination of diesel fuel, and system evaluation to determine any areas where site temperature and humidity ranges could lead to water condensation and emulsification in diesel storage tanks. If this is an issue, an automated diesel fuel polishing system that uses coalescing filters will remove emulsified water and maintain the integrity of the fuel and of the backup power generator.

As the children begin their time at Year 1, we work hard to make the transition from Reception as seamless as possible by including learning through play, using the classroom and our own outside area before gradually introducing more formal academic learning. Year 1 is an exciting year. Year 1 pupils learn in a warm, interactive and creative environment. The children work hard to extend their reading and writing skills that were formed in Reception and our curriculum is based around the Key Stage 1 National Curriculum. English and Mathematics is taught every day in the form of writing, comprehension and phonics. The children begin to write stories and poems using pre-cursive handwriting. They read regularly with the class teacher to ensure that they progress extremely well and comprehend all that they read. In Mathematics, the children work hard with addition and subtraction, ordering numbers and forming strategies that gives them a secure basis of mathematical understanding that they can take into Year 2. Lessons are taught through a series of fun and interesting topics which include: ‘Houses and Homes’, ‘Toys’, ‘Castles’ and ‘Islands’. The children also benefit from school trips to the Weald and Downland Museum and Chertsey Museum in the Autumn Term. Windsor Castle in the Spring Term and Painshill Park in the Summer Term, which allows the children to extend and enhance their learning. Most subjects, including English, Mathematics, Humanities and Science, are taught by the class teacher. The pupils then enjoy lessons from specialist teachers for French, Performing Arts, PE, Forest School and Music. These specialist teachers work hard to ensure their lessons are taught in a dynamic way that allow the children to foster a love of Languages, Arts and Sports.

AI, denoting Artificial Intelligence, resembles having a clever assistant within the classroom, fundamentally altering the overall learning milieu. In this blog, we’ll delve into the marvels of integrating AI into the learning process and its diverse facilitative roles, much like a 2D and 3D game development company crafting immersive educational experiences. We’ll explore how an AI-driven learning environment can recommend captivating reading or viewing materials, offer swift feedback on tasks, infuse an enjoyable element into learning, prognosticate future academic performance, and optimize time for learners. Nevertheless, it’s not without challenges. Considerations about ethical use in learning environments must be paramount. This necessitates a thoughtful examination of potential issues. Buckle up for an exploration of how AI is fostering an enhanced learning experience for all and how WebMobril Inc. – an innovative game development company, can help you leverage the technology and thrive! AI Revolutionizing Education AI is making innovative strides in the realm of education, reshaping learning and teaching methodologies in various ways: – Tailored Learning Programs: Much like personalized streaming services, AI adapts learning experiences to individual student needs, determining the next lesson based on existing knowledge. – Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: AI-powered tools, akin to Siri or Alexa, provide students with instant answers and assistance, offering homework support or explanations for challenging concepts at their convenience. – Interactive Learning Tools: Educational software and games leverage AI to inject an element of fun and engagement into learning. Being a 2D and 3D game development company, WebMobril Inc. has utilized the technology to develop several educational games that support interactive learning. These examples epitomize the transformative impact of AI in education, fostering personalized, efficient, and enjoyable learning experiences. The Benefits of AI in Learning Environments AI-driven learning environments bring forth a plethora of advantages, profoundly augmenting the teaching and learning dynamics. Here’s a concise overview of seven pivotal benefits: - Personalized Learning: AI-powered personalized learning heralds a transformative era in education, tailoring experiences to individual learners. By scrutinizing students’ interactions, performance, and preferences, AI customizes the curriculum, recommends resources, and adjusts task difficulty levels. - Adaptive Assessments: AI-infused assessments dynamically adapt to students’ performance in real time, steering away from static, uniform exams. Questions’ difficulty levels adjust based on the student’s responses, offering a nuanced understanding of their knowledge and capabilities. - Intelligent Content Recommendation: Beyond personalized and adaptive features, AI in education excels in intelligent content recommendation. Analyzing a student’s history, performance, and interests, AI suggests relevant educational content, fostering efficient learning and heightened engagement. - Real-Time Feedback: AI addresses delays in traditional feedback by providing instantaneous responses to student inputs, reinforcing learning through immediate error correction. This benefits both students and educators, enhancing understanding and enabling tailored instruction. - Enhanced Engagement: AI introduces innovative techniques to elevate student engagement, employing gamification elements and personalized learning pathways. Interactive and enjoyable learning experiences contribute to improved information retention, mirroring the engagement strategies of game development companies. - Predictive Analytics: AI-driven predictive analytics anticipates future learning outcomes by analyzing student data, aiding early intervention, and tailored teaching methods. Educators gain insights into potential challenges, enabling them to adapt their strategies, similar to the foresight applied in game development. - Time Efficiency: Integrating AI into education streamlines tasks for both educators and learners. Automated grading, attendance tracking, and personalized material creation reduce administrative burdens for teachers, while learners benefit from quicker access to resources and support. Now, having explored the manifold benefits of AI-powered learning environments, it’s imperative to shift focus to the challenges and ethical considerations accompanying artificial intelligence integration in education. Navigating Challenges in AI-Powered Education In the realm of AI-powered education, various challenges and ethical considerations demand attention: – Data Privacy: Safeguarding the sensitive information of both students and educators is the biggest concern. – Accessibility: Ensuring equitable access to AI educational tools, irrespective of students’ socio-economic backgrounds. -Technology Dependence: Striking a balance between AI and traditional teaching methods to prevent undue reliance on technology. – Bias in AI Algorithms: Ensuring that AI tools remain unbiased and free from perpetuating discrimination. – Data Security: Guarding against breaches and unauthorized access to educational data. Addressing these challenges and ethical considerations is crucial for fostering a fair, secure, and effective AI-powered educational environment. This is something every innovative game development company has on their priority lists. WebMobril Inc. also strives to create the right balance between the potential and challenges of AI-driven learning environments. Balancing Potential and Challenges in AI-Driven Education AI-driven learning environments offer substantial potential for transforming education, providing personalized experiences, adaptive learning methods, and efficient management. While these innovations promise more engaging and effective education, they also pose challenges. Ensuring data privacy, addressing ethical concerns, and maintaining accessibility for all learners are crucial considerations. WebMobril Inc. – 2D and 3D educational game development company navigates these challenges thoughtfully and ensures beneficial and equitable integration of AI into education. The vast potential of AI in education, when implemented carefully, has the power to significantly enhance the learning experience for students worldwide. Having the expertise and being technically equipped, WebMobril Inc. is contributing to bringing sustainable and positive transformation in the education landscape. With AI-powered educational games and metaverse solutions, WebMobril is the leading name, shaping the future of tech-based learning environments.

Fertilizer that has equal parts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The 10-10-10 numbers mean that per pound (0.5 kg.) of fertilizer, there would be 10% of each nutrient. Fertilizer that has equal parts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The 20-20-20 numbers mean that per pound (0.5 kg.) of fertilizer, there would be 20% of each nutrient. A mixture of nutrients and minerals that is added to soil to improve the quality of the soil in order to promote plant growth. A part of a flower. The stalk found in the stamen of a flower which has the anther (pollen) at the top. Plants at a nursery are typically sold in flats. It is a set of multiple plants sold as a group. A type of flowering where the plant produces a cluster of flowers in a tightly contained space. A technique where fertilizer is supplied to them through the leaves the plant. In other words, fertilizer is sprayed on the leaves so that the plant can absorb it. Causing a plant to grow or bloom sooner than they would in nature. This method is typically applied to bulbs. Fecal matter left behind by insects or insect larva. A leaf whose shape has multiple nodes. Typically seen on palms or ferns. The buildup of ice crystals on objects. It is the frozen version of dew and can be deadly to certain plants. frost free dates The dates between an area’s first and last frost date. Methods to keep frost from building up on plants in the garden. Plants that are technically perennials, but that cannot withstand frost. These plants are typically grown as annuals but can be kept as perennials in frost-free areas or if given protection from frost. full shade plant Plants that need less than 4 hours of sunlight, direct or filtered, in order to grow properly. full sun plant Plants that need at least 6 hours of direct sunlight in order to grow properly. A substance that kills molds and fungus. Gardening tips, videos, info and more delivered right to your inbox! Sign up for the Gardening Know How newsletter today and receive a free download of our most popular eBook "How to Grow Delicious Tomatoes."

July 3, 2015, by Lindsay Brooke It’s hot, hot, hot! But ’twas ever thus! As we sizzle in this week’s high temperatures it is worth remembering that heat waves have always been a feature of the British summer. And it is worth having a read of some of the archives currently being brought together by a team of experts led by The University of Nottingham. The Extreme Weather team led by Professor Georgina Endfield and Dr Lucy Veale in the School of Geography are drawing on historical records and personal recollections for the £1m British Climate Histories project. They are hoping to explore how and why events like these have become inscribed into our cultural fabric. The following extracts recall ‘severe tempests’ and hurricanes after spells of bad weather, August hail storms with ‘ale stones so large it was feared they would have ‘broak the shop windows’ and people ‘dying from the hot sun’ and concerns over children ‘being drowsy in the classrooms’. Farmers recall considerable ‘injury’ to growing crops, hay stack fires, springs failing and ‘smokeing hot’ days with the ‘ground burning for want of rain’. The following make a fascinating read. H O Nethercote Esq Meteorological Register kept at Moulton Northampton August 1857- 1883 Box 125 43 MO (National Meteorological Library and Archive, Exeter) August 1857: “A lovely month with a succession of hot clear weather. The grain was nearly all housed by the 23rd inst. All nature still wears her summer garb. Besides being favourable to the farmer this month has been full of interest for the meteorologist in the occurrence of phenomena: a rainbow was seen on the 9th and the 20th which was seen the greater part of the day pm. Thunder was heard on the 4th, 5th and 9th and a severe tempest broke over on the evening of the 12th after an excessive hot sultry day rain mingled with hail fell without intermission from 8pm to 11pm with heavy thunder and vivid lightning on the 13th day much cooler with tempest heavy from 11 am to 4 pm doing much damage in various parts of the kingdom. Falling stars were noticed on the 14th and 29th inst. The tempestuous heavy weather proved very beneficial to our crops likewise to our neighbours. June 1858: The month opened with hot dry sultry weather which continued till nearly the middle of the month a great relief was afforded on the 4th with a thunderstorm and a heavy refreshing shower the rain in depth being about ¼ inch, on the 9th we were again visited with thunder, rain and hail, the latter doing considerable damage in many parts of the kingdom. Here the damage was confined to the breaking of a few squares of glass but in places situated within 30 miles of London the damage done was considerable, bed of cabbage were riddled as if with heavy shot. potatoes.., completely severed close to the ground and glass trachined in places, especially in the neighbourhood of Reading Berks, wholly deviated of glass and trees of their leaves. For several nights after this storm, lightning was frequent and unusually vivid, the atmosphere appearing so highly charged with the electric field as to present continued illumination. July 1858: The dryness which formed so striking characteristic of the last month has continued through this and has caused to the growing crops considerable injury. Turnips, swedes and other root crops are in places entirely destroyed. On 11 inst at 1pm the hygrometer indicated 26deg of dryness with a brilliant sun. Insects of all kinds appear very numerous, especially red spider whose ravages has extended to such an alarming rate as to threaten the destruction of the plants in beds. A hurricane occurred on the night of the 26th ins doing considerable damage to the corn in exposed localities, such a storm of wind as prevailed in the night of the 24th and morning of the 25th is almost without parallel in this country. Trees are blown down, buildings and haystacks damaged and everything movable carried about in all directions. Summer of 1864, from a letter to the Times Newspaper, included in Nethercote’s diary Sir- droughts in this climate have been of rather frequent occurrence . Within the last quarter of a century five years have thus been characterised, namely 1840, 1844, 1852, 1863 and 1864. It is however in the spring when droughts have usually happened and in that season of the year they prevailed in the first four of the above. We have not had so dry a summer as the one as that just closed since 1800. Dry summers are therefore very rare. We have not had a hot summer since 1859 when the shade thermometer exceeded 90 deg on several occasions. Birmingham: (about the centre of England) the summer was the driest for 64 years, The total rain in two months ending the 27th August was under an inch . August was the driest ever known here up to the 28th. Only 0.21 inch of rain had fallen in the first 27 days. Joseph Woolley, framework knitter: Born c. 1773, Joseph Woolley was a framework knitter and stocking maker from Clifton, Nottinghamshire. There are 6 surviving volumes of diaries, for the years 1801, 1803, 1804-05, 1809, 1813, and 1815 which can be consulted at Nottinghamshire Archives, DD/311/1-6 1805 summer: This summer, that is 1805 there was more asps or wasps than ever I knew they were very troublesome and destroyed a deal of fruit and did a great deal of mischief. Sept 7th 1805 the hay stacks that stood in Nottingham meadows and that stood nearest to the town were burnt most of them they was set on fire by one of Mr Hopton’s stack taking fire and the reason it took fire was it was got too soon it had been on fire 2 days and about 2-3 o’clock on the 3rd morning the wind blowing very strong it blased out and caught the other stacks that stood with it there was 19 stacks and they was all burnt but one… 1809 hailstorm August the 10 about forty minutes past 10 o’clock there was such a hail storm as forever saw in my life before it as thundered most of the afternoon and rained some time but the storm began in an instant the wind blew as if it would have tore the trees up by the roots and it began to ‘ale and rain in such a manner as I never saw before and they was the largest hale stones that I ever saw I was afraid they would have broak the shop windows but they did not, they were some lay nearly ‘alf hour after it was over and it was soon over it lasted but about six-or-seven minutes. On Friday morning about seven o’clock there was another storm but not so violent as that on Thursday night – but the ail stones was much larger I was informed that there were ail stone picked up three inches long and two inches and a half round with three or four sharp spikes to them, Thomas Wootton found one in the stable yard a very large one and henry Francis found one in the hooking a very large one, there was a many very large ones found by several different people and measured which measured three inches or there abouts and two and a half round. On the 11th there was ail stones found at the rylads in Beeston Libersty that measured seven inches long John Barker told William Tongue so it broak some of their windows and did some damage there was some damage done at several neighbouring towns. Commonplace Book kept by members of the Wakefield family of Shelford (Nottinghamshire Archives DD/2236/1) In the year 1826 a very dry summer it did not set in till the later end of May – in the 18 9 July a very hot Wednesday a many people that dropped and died with the hot sun. Peter Pegge-Burnell, farmer who kept a diary in Winkburn, near Newark, Nottinghamshire between 1789 and 1834 (Nottinghamshire archives, DD CW 8c) 22 June – very hot & very weather warm burning 20 June – burning hot weather Very dry & hot during the remainder of the month 5 July – the weather still very hot & dry, a better crop of hay rather than last season, pastures much burnt and spring corn very short 14 July – finish our hay harvest, got 70 tons of excellent hay with little or no trouble! 3 July – smokeing hot day – ground burning for want of rain 5 July – a burning hot day 11 July – gleemey & hot 12 July – hot & windy 17 July – the hottest day this dry & hot summer J WescombEmmerton papers Thrumpton John Wescomb Emmerton at Thrumpton, from a series of letters. He lived in Thrumpton Hall, Nottinghamshire Archives, DD/SY /169/1-55. August 26th 1796 My Dear Brother The weather is very hot and our springs very lo . Such a season a few years ago, I remember, was followed by a number of putrid disorders which Stevenson imputed to the exhalations from the mud in the ditches and the pools, the water being quite gone. The boys should not be abroad either too early or late in the day and a cold infusion of bark might be of service as the autumn advances John Thomas Swanick’s diary, Derby (he was a surveyor of Derbyshire) (National Meteorological Library and Archive, Exeter, MET/2/1/2/3/127) This month is remarkable not only on account of the excessive heat which has prevailed for the last 20 days but also for the great length of time without any rain. We have had only one shower which happened on the evening of the 1st and that amounted to only one hundredth part of an inch a circumstance which has not occurred since we kept a rain table. The springs are beginning to fail in many places and as the quantity collected in the last seven months is only one third of the annual average it is much to be feared they will still continue to decline. This year will be remarkable for the extraordinary drought which prevailed through a large portion of great Britain throughout the entire summer. Here followed some extremely hot weather. Keele (St John’s School) 1862-1942 (National Meteorological Library and Archive, Exeter MET/2/1/2/3/207) July 4th 1904 Scorching hot weather 89 deg in the sun Concerns over children being drowsy in the classrooms July 8th work has been sluggish on account of the heat. There have been numerous cases of faintings There’s more on the latest Weather Extremes blog. More information is available from Professor Georgina Endfield on +44 (0)115 951 5731, firstname.lastname@example.org or Lindsay Brooke, Media Relations Manager at The University of Nottingham on +44 (0)115 9515751.

The following 20 principles sum up the proposals and values of the Economy for the Common Good. - Principle 1: The same collectively shared values that contribute to fulfilling interpersonal relationships are the basis for the Economy for the Common Good: confidence building, cooperation, appreciation, democracy, solidarity. Scientific research proves that fulfilling interpersonal relationships constitute a key factor to happiness and motivation. - Principle 2: A shift will take place from competition to cooperation, from the pursuit of profit to the pursuit of the common good, established through a new regulatory incentive framework. Companies will be awarded for cooperation and solidarity. Competition will still be possible, but will likely create disadvantages for an business. - Principle 3: Economic success will no longer be measured with (monetary) exchange value indicators, but with (non-monetary) user value indicators. On the macroeconomic level (national economy) the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will be replaced – as an indicator of success – by the Common Good Product. On the microeconomic level (company) the financial balance sheet will be replaced by the Common Good Balance Sheet (CGBS). The CGBS becomes the main balance sheet of all companies. The more companies act and organize themselves along social, ecological and democratic lines, the more solidarity they display, the better will be the results of their Common Good Balance Sheet. The better the CGBS results of the companies within a national economy, the higher its Common Good Product. The Common Good Matrix, which serves as the basis for generating the Common Good Balance Sheet, can be downloaded here. - Principle 4: The better the Common Good results, the more financial benefits will be accrued by the company: lower taxes, fewer customs duties, lower interest loans, preferential treatment in public procurement and research programs, etc. Market access thus becomes easier for ethical companies, and fair, ethical, regional and ecological products become more economic than unfair, non-ethical and global products. - Principle 5: The financial balance sheet thus becomes a secondary balance sheet alongside the primary Common Good Balance Sheet. Financial profit is no longer an end, but a means for advancing the common good. Financial surpluses may be used for: investments (with social and/or ecological value), loan repayment, accrued liabilities (to a limited extent), limited distribution of profit to employees and for interest-free loans to other companies. It may not be used for distribution of profit to non-employees, hostile takeovers of other companies, investments in financial markets, and donations to political parties. In return, the tax on corporate profits will be abolished. - Principle 6: As profit is no longer an end in itself, companies may now aspire to their optimal size. They are no longer in danger of being bought out and they are not forced to outgrow or outperform other companies. Businesses will be freed from the prevailing pressure of continual growth and dog-eat-dog competition. - Principle 7: Because it is possible for companies to grow naturally to their optimal size, without the pressure of competition, there will be many new companies in every sector. As the pressure to grow ends, cooperation and solidarity with other companies will be a lot easier. Companies can help each other with knowledge, know-how, passing on of clients, sharing of workforce or with interest-free loans. As a result of such activity they will be rewarded with better results in the CGBS. This, moreover, will not come at the cost of other companies, but with benefits for all: companies can start building a learning community based on solidarity, and the economy becomes a win-win-situation. - Principle 8: Inequalities in income and wealth will be limited through democratic discussion and decision-making: for instance, the maximum salary could be capped at 10 times the minimum wage, individual wealth at 10 million Euros. Transfer of capital and inheritance can be permitted tax-free up to 500,000 euros and in the case of family-owned enterprises up to 10 million euros per child. Any exceeding amount is distributed to the next generation via a “generation fund” as a democratic endowment: evenly distributed seed capital ensures equal opportunities. All exact limits and figures shall be determined by an economic convention. - Principle 9: Large enterprises with more than 250 employees partially pass over into shared ownership by the employees or by public stakeholders. Elected delegates of “regional economic assemblies” will represent the public. The government does not exercise authority over public enterprises. - Principle 10: The same applies to democratic commons, the third category of property, next to a majority of small, privately-owned businesses and a minority of large-scale enterprises owned (partly) by employees and the public. Democratic commons are entities which provide basic services in education, health, social welfare, transportation, energy, communication, and banking, i.e. sectors serving the common interest. - Principle 11: The democratic bank is a major democratic commons. Like every enterprise it serves the common good and is subject to the control of the democratic sovereign (the people) - not the government. Its core services include guaranteed savings, loans on favorable terms, eco-social high risk loans and free personal bank accounts. The state will be financed primarily through interest-free loans from the Central Bank. The Central Bank exercises the exclusive right to the creation of money and controls the cross-border movement of capital to end tax avoidance. Financial markets as we know them today will no longer exist. - Principle 12: Based on a proposal by John Maynard Keynes, a global currency cooperation will be established with a global currency to finance international trade and investment. On the local level, regional currencies can complement national currencies. To avoid unfair trade, the European Union shall establish a fair trade area (Common Good Area) with equal standards. For companies which import goods, the tariff correlates with their respective results from the Common Good Balance Sheet: the better the result, the lower the tariff. The long-term goal is a Global Common Good Area as a United Nation's resolution. - Principle 13: The intrinsic value of nature is recognized, natural resources can therefore not be privatized. An individual, a family or a company who wants to use a piece of land for the purpose of living, farming, or production, will be assigned what they need free of charge. The assigning of land is tied to ecological management and the concrete need. As a consequence, land grabbing, huge land owndership and real estate speculation will end. In return, real estate property taxes will be abolished. - Principle 14: Economic growth is no longer a political goal. Instead, it is replaced by the reduction of the ecological footprint to a globally sustainable level. The categorical imperative will be extended by an ecological dimension: one person's standard of living could be equaled by everyone in the world without diminishing the chances of others to choose that same standard of living. Individuals and companies will be encouraged to reduce their ecological footprint to a globally just and sustainable level. - Principle 15: Average working time will be reduced to a level which is generally considered desirable: 30 to 33 hours per week. As a consequence, people will have more time at their disposal for other essential types of work, such as human relationships (care for children, the sick and the elderly), self-realization (personal development, arts, education, gardening, etc.) as well as community and political work. Due to this more balanced distribution of labor time, the living standard will become less resource-intensive and more sufficient and ecologically-sustainable. - Principle 16: One in every ten years of employment will be a free year, financed by a kind of unemployment insurance. During this free year, people can do whatever they want. As a consequence, demand on labor markets will decrease by ten percent - the present unemployment rate in the European Union. - Principle 17: Direct democracy and participatory democracy will complement representative democracy. The democratic sovereign will be able to regulate its representatives, initiate and pass laws, change the constitution and control important economic domains, such as railways, utilities or banks. In a “real democracy”, the needs and interests of the people and their representatives are identical. Basic conditions for real democracy are comprehensive rights to co-determination and the control of power. - Principle 18: All 20 principles shall be developed in a broad, bottom-up process, before they are handed over to a democratically-elected economic convention. This convention proposes laws that are submitted to a referendum. Those principles, which are approved by the people, will be anchored in the constitution and can be changed and improved upon by the people themselves. Alongside the economic convention, a number of other assemblies are summoned to further develop democracy, for example an education convention, a media convention, a democratic convention. - Principle 19: To anchor the values of the Economy for the Common Good deeply into future generations, the educational system also has to be constructed along the principles of the the Economy for the Common Good. This requires new forms of schools and new content, e.g. values and ethics, “emotionology“, communication, democracy, nature and environmental education/experience, and self-awareness. - Principle 20: As the parameters of entrepreneurial success are redefined in the Economy for the Common Good, different leadership skills will be required. Those who are socially responsible, competent, empathic, compassionate and ecologically-oriented will be the highest in demand and will serve as the new role models for business leaders. The Economy for the Common Good is neither the “best” economic model nor a finished product. It is a next possible step into a better future. It is a participatory and open process that seeks synergy with similar social movements. Thanks to the collective commitment of a growing number of courageous and resolute activists, we will be able to create something fundamentally new. Implementation depends on intrinsic motivation and personal responsibility, economic incentives, a legal framework as well as awareness raising. Every person, company, organisation and community can take part in the reorganisation of the current economic system towards an economy dedicated to improving the lives of everyone and protecting our environment.

Fire Prevention Week is slated for October 9-15, 2016, and business owners, teachers and parents often scramble to find the best teaching tools about fire safety during that time. But, fire safety could be a topic of conversation all year long, as wildfires, holiday fires and home and business fires contribute to huge individual and property losses each year. This list of 50 great online tools for teaching fire safety comes with legal materials, videos and more for anyone who wants to share effective fire policies. For Kids and Teachers - Fire Facts: This site holds fun games and activities that teach fire safety. The site includes teacher and parent resources. - Fire Safety Activities and Games: Apples 4 the Teacher provides coloring pages, crafts and word searches for teachers. - Fire Safety for Kids: This site offers a colorful way for kids to learn about fire safety. Sections available for parents and teachers, too. - Fire Safety Week Resources: This page offers songs and poems for Fire Safety Week, plus some ideas and activities for students. - FireSafety.gov: This government site is for kids, and teaches home fire safety, information about smoke alarms and how to escape a fire…all with games and kid-oriented instruction. The site for adults is an information resource for eliminating residential fire deaths. - Get Your Smokey On: Smokey the Bear keeps up with the times through educational resources about wildfires and safe camping practices. - Kids Fire Safety Tips: This colorful page is a simple one for younger children, teaching fire safety along with “Buzzy” the smoke detector and “Reddy” the fire extinguisher. - Scholastic Fire Safety Resource Center: This section, for teachers, provides lessons, printables and activities for grades K-5. - Sparky the Fire Dog: Kids learn fire safety with Sparky the fire dog. This site also includes information for parents and teachers. - Sprout Fire Safety: Sprout provides videos, activities and other resources for young children to learn about fire and fire safety. - 7 Steps to Better Fire Safety: Home Checklist: Popular Mechanics provides easy steps to help prevent home fires. - Curious Kids Set Fires [PDF]: This is a fact sheet for teaching children about fire safety. - Download Free Home Safety Education Materials: The Home Safety Council provides fire safety tools for adults as part of a home safety literacy project. - Fire Prevention Tips: Follow the safety advice below from the Home Safety Council to reduce the chance of fire in your home. - Fire Smart: Liberty Mutual Insurance provides an entire Web site on fire safety, including seasonal tips and a fire safety pledge program. - General Fire Safety Tips: This page at Safety Resource offers links to articles that focus on fire drills and escape plans as well as bedroom fire safety. - Kids Health Fire Safety: This page is for parents, and includes a check list of all things parents should check to avoid home fires. - Police Notebook — Fire Safety: Learn how to use a fire extinguisher and how to deal with kitchen fires, among other topics at this site. - Stopping a Fire Before it Starts: 5 Things You Can Do Today: UL provides a list of practical tips fore residents to help prevent home fires. - Burn Institute: The Burn Institute is a nonprofit health agency dedicated to reducing the number of burn injuries and deaths in San Diego, Imperial, Riverside and San Bernardino counties in California. Their online resources can be used by anyone. - Citizens for Fire Safety: Citizens for Fire Safety is a coalition of fire professionals, educators, community activists, burn centers, doctors, fire departments and industry leaders, united to ensure that our country is protected by the highest standards of fire safety. - Directory of State Fire Safety Organizations: Use this list to find the closest fire safety organization to get tools and education about fire safety. - Firewise Communities: This is a project of NFPA (see below), and includes information about firewise communities, including courses and training. - National Fire Protection Association: NFPA tries to reduce the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating consensus codes and standards, research, training, and education. - U.S. Fire Administration: USFA’s mission is to provide national leadership to foster a solid foundation for our fire and emergency services stakeholders in prevention, preparedness, and response. - FEMA Wildfire: Protecting your home from wildfire is your responsibility. FEMA provides information on how to manage these responsibilities. - International Code Council Wildfire Safety: Take these steps to protect lives and property at home and in your community. - Wild Fire Safety Checklist: This American Red Cross site provides a list of things you should take with you if you need to evacuate. - Wildfire – Are You Prepared? USFA wants residents to reduce your risk in wildfires by preparing now – before wildfire strikes. - Wildfire Prevention: The Wildland/Urban Interface: This public safety site provides a number of links for basic wildfire safety as well as prevention and local (Washington) plans and regulatory provisions. Each state usually has a site about wildfire safety, especially in the western states. - Wildfire Safety: Advance planning and knowing how to protect buildings in wildland areas can lessen the devastation of a wildland fire. - Wildfire Safety Tips: National Geographic provides tips on how to prevent wildfires and what to do if you’re caught in the middle of one. - Wildfires: The CDC offers information on how wildfires can damage your health. Know whether you are at risk and learn how to protect yourself. In the Workplace - 12 Fire Prevention Tips for Workers: Here are some general tips for a fire-safe workplace fore employers to share with employees. - Best Practices Guide for Workplace Fire Safety and Fire Extinguishers [PDF]: Each year in the U.S., 70-80,000 workplaces experience a serious fire. About 200 employees per year die in these fires and another 5,000 are injured. Learn more about the facts and about fire prevention in this extensive file. - Fire in the Workplace [PDF]: There are dozens of ways for workplace fires to start — chemicals, electricity, flammable liquids, combustible materials, compressed gases, smoking, and even poor housekeeping. Learn more about each one of these hazards. - Fire Safety: This section highlights OSHA standards, the Regulatory Agenda, directives (instructions for compliance officers), and national consensus standards related to fire safety. - Fire Safety in Barns: This entire Web site is dedicated to teaching about protecting farm animals and horses from barn fires. - O.R. Fire Safety: Cedars-Sinai Hospital offers an article about how to detect and prevent operating room fires. - Workplace Fire Prevention Tips [PDF]: A simple checklist that any employer can provide to their employees. - Workplace Fire Safety: The U.S. Department of Labor provides a checklist for workplaces to follow. - Workplace Fire Safety Video: Use this short video to teach about national safety compliance. - Christmas Fire Safety: These tips are great for all holidays or parties, including ones where candles are used. Kitchen safety also is addressed. - Christmas Holiday Fire Safety Tips: The Texas Department of Insurance provides several articles on how to have a safe holiday season. - Christmas Tree Fire Safety: This video, produced by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), shows how a dry Scotch pine tree can engulf a room in flames in 48 seconds. - Fire Safety Publications: This site offers HTML and PDF files on topics such as gas grills, metal chimneys and fire resistant mattresses. - Fire Safety Tips For Home & Apartments: Mackenzi the fire fighter gives you fire safety tips to avoiding being killed or burned in your home or apartment in case of an emergency in this video. - Fire Spokesperson’s Pocket Media Guide [PDF]: If you play a pivotal role in fire safety education, you may need this news media kit to communicate fire safety and prevention information to the public. - Firework safety and the law: This UK government site provides a firework safety checklist. - Focus on Fire Safety: Fireworks: The USFA provides information and downloads for teaching and learning about firework hazards.

CalTech has been doing interesting work in 3D printing for a number of years now, especially Professor Julia Greer and the Greer Group. The team works in hierarchical, nano, battery and other new materials, as well as processes for 3D printing. One novel area that the team have been doing exploring over the years is related to hydrogel derived materials. 3D Printing Metal Parts with Hydrogels By and large, these processes use vat photopolymerization to produce structures using hydrogels. These structures are then filled with metal or ceramic precursors which are then turned into the final metal component through a reaction. In some cases, the team has worked in metal oxides, namely zinc oxide, but also on manufacturing electrodes. Typically, the approach of the researchers could be a very fruitful one because it can rely on standard vat polymerization processes, such as digital light processing (DLP), stereolithography (SLA) and masked SLA (mSLA) using standard printers and materials. Now, in a paper in Nature, titled “written by μm, resulting in hard parts with feature sizes of 100 μm. The researchers have worked with nickel, silver and copper, as well as tungsten niobium, a refractory metal combination that is difficult to shape. They were also able to blend multiple materials, such as copper and cobalt. A unique feature of the work is that, starting from the hydrogel step, it’s possible to put different salts in different areas, which can then be simultaneously calcined. A curious detail is that hardness seems to be between 47% and 15% higher than anticipated, which could be something to be exploited further. Generally, there is a need to control calcination, which could be a bit of an impediment to industrializing this for many geometries. Shrinkage is about 60%, which could also limit geometries and process control. Indirect Metal 3D Printing for Small Parts Through the use of standard chemistries, there is no need for new machines or settings, and costs are kept low. This could lead to this technology being adopted quite rapidly by service bureaus because they have the requisite equipment and knowledge of part of the process. It’s also easy to see how companies like Arkema or Stratasys’s materials unit could get behind this approach. A lot of parties could band together to industrialize this. Furthermore, through the use of vat photopolymerization they can ride the wave of this technology in producing accurate, tiny details and features. The resulting parts are small and accurate. Perhaps for creating networks of tiny channels, this technology could be a very high performing one indeed. Now, there are other technologies out there. HoloAM, MetShape, Incus and Lithoz use what I refer to as “slurry SLA”, in which a resin is preloaded with metal particles and then printed using vat photopolymerization systems. Parts are then debound and sintered. Of course, this requires numerous steps and the part sizes for slurry SLA are not large. Sintering exposes results in issues with shrinkage, as well. However, for certain geometries, slurry SLA makes detailed parts with great internal surface texture (because the resin is the support and washes out). For slightly larger parts, there’s binder jet, which can in and of itself be a highly productive and inexpensive technology. One might also consider lost wax casting together with vat photopolymerization. For tiny parts, one would probably not consider material extrusion or powder bed fusion. But, there are a few micro machining and printing technologies that may be competitive here. All of these technologies are battling for a potentially very competitive space, where billions of optimized sub-centimeter to sub-micron components could make a difference in manufacturing, electronics, medicine and industrial use. The volumes attainable for the company that cracks this could be astounding. MOSFET-like devices, heat sinks, electronics components, antenna, batteries, sensors and more could all lead to millions or perhaps billions of parts. For that to happen someone has to be able to make the right geometry at the right specification for the right price. When compared to alternative technologies, matrix-like structures, filters, TPMS fields, meshes and applications like flexible batteries might be best 3D printed with this technology. A small, yet strong lattice twould be an excellent application for this technology. Now, of course, it would need to be industrialized first and would require new equipment. This is still very early days yet, but could be a very fruitful approach. Top image, Max Saccone. Subscribe to Our Email Newsletter Stay up-to-date on all the latest news from the 3D printing industry and receive information and offers from third party vendors. You May Also Like Additive Manufacturing Strategies 2024: Choose Your Own Adventure Additive Manufacturing Strategies (AMS) in New York City is my favorite AM industry event. Now, I work for the company that puts on the show, so I’m sure I would... 3D Printing Webinar and Event Roundup: February 18, 2024 Kicking things off in this week’s 3D Printing Webinar and Event Roundup, SPE’s International Polyolefins Conference is taking place in Texas, while the WAMSymposium will be held in Florida and... Where Have All AM’s Unicorns Gone? In the rapidly evolving world of 3D printing, startups valued at over a billion dollars, known as unicorns, once seemed as fantastical as the mythical creatures themselves. While a few... Streamlining 3D Printing: HP’s Global Head of Polymers Discusses the AM I Navigator Initiative As happens every year at Formnext, the world’s largest 3D printing trade show, a number of different significant product launches, mergers, and other announcements took place at Formnext 2023. Perhaps... Upload your 3D Models and get them printed quickly and efficiently.

The influence of litter size and parental behaviour on the development of Mongolian gerbil pups Undisturbed pairs of Mongolian gerbils were observed rearing litters of one, three or five pups. Pup behaviour and physical development were also monitored. Activities of both parents are influenced by litter size; some activities, e.g. sniff pups, being performed the most with large litters but others, e.g. nest-build, being performed the most with small litters. Pups from litters of three show the fastest behavioural and physical development. The presence of the male influences female activities and offspring development. Females nest-build less and sniff the pups less when the male is present. Pups reared with their father, however, open their eyes earlier and are behaviourally more advanced than are pups reared by the mother alone. © 1978.

Strep throat is one of the most common infections seen in a pediatrician’s office. With all the viruses that cause sore throats, the challenge for parents is to know which sore throats to take in for testing. I’m going to endeavor to help you decipher when to go into the office and when to stay home. There are a couple simple differences. - Viral sore throats usually have many other associated respiratory symptoms, like cough and runny nose. - Strep sore throats have limited other symptoms (headache, and/or stomachache). - Both can cause red, sore throats +/- white patches, painful swallowing, swollen lymph nodes (bumps in the neck), and/or fever. So why is it so important to know if it’s actually strep? Strep throat is caused by a bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes (a.k.a. group A streptococcus). Because it’s caused by a bacteria, it needs to be treated with an antibiotic. While it is technically possible that one’s body could clear the illness on its own, most people will require treatment. First line treatment is with Penicillin (most docs prescribe Amoxicillin, a derivative of penicillin, because it is convenient to dose and generally well tolerated). Treatment decreases the risk of serious complications including Scarlet fever—prominent rash, poststreptococcal glomerularnephritis (kidney inflammation), or Rheumatic fever (affecting the heart and joints). Strep throat is highly contagious. It is spread through respiratory droplets in the air. This happens when the infected person coughs or sneezes, touches and contaminates surfaces, or shares food or drinks. If you’re still reading, here’s a piece of strep trivia that no one knows. The reason docs make you swab every symptomatic person in a household instead of just treating everyone is due to rates of transmission. The transmission rate in a household is 25%. Now I know, you would think that if one of your kids has strep and a second gets a sore throat the risk of it being strep would be like 95%, but it simply isn’t the case. The risk is 25% (way higher than the general population, but not nearly as high as one would think). So don’t get mad at your doc if she insists on testing every one of your sick children before treating. She is just trying to be responsible about antibiotic prescribing and not expose your child unnecessarily to antibiotics and increase your child’s risk of antibiotic resistance. -Photos courtesy of www.123rf.com

In today’s fast-evolving educational landscape, online learning has emerged as a pivotal avenue for knowledge acquisition and skill development. The importance of online learning transcends traditional classroom settings, offering flexibility, accessibility, and a diverse range of educational opportunities. It caters to learners worldwide, breaking geographical barriers and providing access to courses, resources, and experts irrespective of location or time constraints. The transition to online education marks a transformative shift, demanding adaptation and embracing technology as an integral part of the learning process. This shift isn’t merely a change in methodology; it’s a paradigmatic leap fostering digital literacy, self-discipline, and adaptability. Students, educators, and professionals navigate this transition, harnessing virtual platforms, interactive tools, and digital resources to explore, engage, and excel in their educational pursuits. As we step into this new era of learning, the significance of online education becomes increasingly evident. It’s not just a response to external circumstances but a catalyst for a dynamic and inclusive learning environment. So, let us learn some tips that will guide our students toward success. 1. Establishing a Learning Environment Establishing an optimal learning environment is fundamental to success in online education, ensuring focus, productivity, and engagement. A dedicated study space forms the cornerstone of this environment, offering a designated area solely devoted to learning. Whether a separate room, desk, or cozy corner, this space should be conducive to concentration, equipped with necessary tools, and free from distractions. Setting a routine complements the study space, creating structure and consistency in daily learning endeavors. Establishing a schedule that aligns with personal rhythms aids in maximizing productivity. This routine should encompass dedicated study hours, breaks, and other commitments, fostering a sense of discipline and balance. 2. Time Management and Organization Time management and organization are the linchpins of success in online learning, demanding structured approaches to maximize efficiency and productivity. Crafting a schedule acts as the foundational framework, delineating dedicated time slots for various learning activities. Creating a timetable that balances coursework, study sessions, and personal commitments cultivates a sense of discipline and consistency. Prioritizing tasks within this schedule ensures that essential assignments, deadlines, and study materials take precedence. This involves identifying urgent and important tasks, allocating adequate time for each, and ensuring that key objectives receive the necessary attention, reducing last-minute rushes and stress. 3. Active Participation and Engagement Active participation and engagement form the core of effective learning in an online setting, fostering a dynamic and immersive educational experience. Engaging in discussions is a key avenue to exchange ideas, share perspectives, and deepen understanding. Actively contributing to forums, group chats, or live sessions not only showcases involvement but also cultivates critical thinking and collaborative learning. Seeking clarification and asking questions demonstrate a proactive approach to learning. It’s vital to address uncertainties promptly by reaching out to instructors or peers. This initiative not only clarifies doubts but also enhances comprehension, ensuring a comprehensive grasp of the subject matter. Collaborating with peers amplifies learning through collective knowledge sharing and diverse perspectives. Engaging in group projects, study groups, or peer reviews encourages teamwork, mutual learning, and the exploration of different viewpoints. Leveraging the collective expertise of peers fosters a stimulating learning environment, promoting deeper insights and holistic understanding. 4. Effective Learning Strategies Embracing effective learning strategies is instrumental in maximizing the benefits of online education, catering to diverse learning styles, and optimizing knowledge retention. Utilizing varied learning resources broadens the scope of understanding, from textbooks and articles to videos, podcasts, and interactive modules. Diversifying resources enriches learning experiences, catering to different preferences and enhancing comprehension through multiple perspectives. Taking effective notes is a fundamental practice that consolidates learning. Developing a personalized note-taking system—be it summarizing key points, using visual aids, or organizing information—facilitates comprehension and retention. These notes serve as valuable study aids, aiding in revision and reinforcing understanding. Engaging in self-assessment is a critical component of effective learning. Regularly evaluating one’s progress, comprehension, and areas of improvement fosters self-awareness and growth. Utilizing quizzes, self-tests, or reflection exercises allows learners to gauge their understanding, identify weaknesses, and adjust learning strategies accordingly. 5. Leveraging Technology for Learning Leveraging technology is paramount in navigating the landscape of online education, necessitating familiarity with diverse tools and platforms. Familiarizing oneself with online tools and platforms—such as learning management systems, collaborative software, and communication channels—facilitates seamless navigation and efficient utilization of resources, ensuring a smooth learning experience. Utilizing multimedia resources amplifies the learning journey by incorporating diverse mediums like videos, interactive presentations, and simulations. These resources offer dynamic and engaging content, catering to different learning styles and enhancing comprehension through visual, auditory, and interactive elements. Staying tech-savvy and adaptable is essential in an ever-evolving digital landscape. Embracing continuous learning about new technologies, updates, and emerging tools ensures relevance and adaptability. It’s crucial to remain agile and open-minded, embracing technological advancements to optimize learning experiences and stay abreast of evolving educational methodologies. 6. Building a Support Network Building a robust support network is instrumental in thriving within the realm of online learning, fostering guidance, assistance, and a sense of community. Seeking support from instructors forms a cornerstone in clarifying doubts, seeking guidance, and receiving feedback. Establishing open communication channels with instructors encourages a proactive approach to learning, ensuring clarity and direction in academic pursuits. Utilizing online support services offered by educational institutions or platforms is a valuable resource. These services encompass tutoring, writing centers, technical support, and counseling services. Leveraging these resources provides access to specialized assistance, aiding in academic, technical, or personal challenges that may arise during the learning journey. 7. Maintaining Motivation and Discipline Maintaining motivation and discipline is pivotal in the journey of online learning, requiring strategies to stay focused and driven. Setting milestones and rewarding oneself upon achieving them creates a roadmap for progress. Breaking down larger goals into smaller, achievable milestones provides a sense of accomplishment, while rewards act as incentives, fostering motivation and a sense of fulfillment. Finding personal inspiration serves as a catalyst for sustained motivation. Identifying intrinsic motivators—such as personal goals, passions, or the desire for self-improvement—fuels determination and commitment. Aligning learning objectives with personal aspirations creates a deeper purpose and drives consistent effort. 8. Managing Stress and Wellness Managing stress and prioritizing wellness is crucial for maintaining a healthy balance in the realm of online learning. Incorporating breaks and self-care routines within study schedules is essential. Taking regular breaks to recharge, practicing mindfulness, exercising, or engaging in hobbies rejuvenates the mind and body, enhancing focus and overall well-being. Balancing workload and relaxation is key to preventing burnout. Establishing boundaries and allocating time for studies, leisure, and rest ensures a balanced lifestyle. It’s vital to avoid overcommitment and maintain a healthy equilibrium between academic pursuits and personal relaxation. Seeking help for stress management is a proactive step toward well-being. Accessing resources like counseling services, mental health support, or stress management programs offered by educational institutions or online platforms provides valuable assistance. Learning effective stress management techniques equips individuals with tools to navigate challenges and maintain emotional well-being. Emphasizing the potential for success in online education is paramount. Online learning isn’t merely a shift in methodology; it’s a gateway to diverse learning opportunities, offering flexibility, accessibility, and a platform for continuous growth. It presents a landscape where dedication, resourcefulness, and innovation pave the way for academic excellence and personal development. By emphasizing this potential, learners are inspired to embark on a transformative educational journey, equipped with the tools and mindset for success in the digital realm. You can also visit our website where you will find a lot of accredited short courses online that will help you upskill yourself.

A gardener is preparing to plant seeds in his newly prepared garden. Before he plants the seeds, he wants to test his soil’s acidity. He does this by testing the pH level, which he discovers is 10. The neighbor’s soil has a pH level of 11. The neighbor’s soil is how many times more basic than the gardener’s soil?

The Planet Earth, Second Edition reviews remarkable advances in understanding the physical aspects of the Earth, including technical developments that have made various new types of observation and measurement possible, as well as a deepened understanding of the fundamental laws of nature that have given the necessary basis for the interpretation of many of the complex phenomena concerned. Topics covered include the Van Allen radiation belts, the Mohole project, continental drift and polar wandering, the theory of magnetic storms and aurorae; and the possibility of extra-terrestrial sources of life. This book is comprised of 18 chapters and begins with an overview of the work and achievements of the International Geophysical Year. The reader is then introduced to the Earth's physical properties such as the deep interior, crust, oceans, climate, and geomagnetic field, as well as its origin, age, and possible ultimate fate. Subsequent chapters explore the composition and structure of the Earth's atmosphere; the general circulation of the atmosphere and oceans; the ice ages; meteorology and weather forecasting; and experimental proof of the existence of the ionosphere. The airglow, aurorae and magnetic storms, meteors, cosmic radiation, and radiation belts are also described. The final chapter examines the genesis of life on Earth. This monograph is intended for students and practitioners of planetary and geophysical sciences.

About this Host The Hatter is a fictional character in Lewis Carroll‘s 1865 book Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and its 1871 sequel Through the Looking-Glass. He is very often referred to as The Mad Hatter, though this term was never used by Carroll. The phrase “mad as a hatter” pre-dates Carroll’s works. The Hatter and the March Hare are referred to as “both mad” by the Cheshire Cat, in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland in the sixth chapter titled “Pig and Pepper”. The Hatter character, alongside all the other fictional beings, first appears in Lewis Carroll‘s 1865 novel Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. In “Chapter Seven – A Mad Tea-Party”, while exploring Wonderland, Alice comes across the Hatter having tea with the March Hare and the Dormouse. The Hatter explains to Alice that they are always having tea because when he tried to sing for the foul-tempered Queen of Hearts, she sentenced him to death for “murdering the time”, but he escapes decapitation. In retaliation, Time (referred to as “he” by the Hatter) halts himself in respect to the Hatter, keeping him stuck at 6:00 pm (or 18:00) forever. When Alice arrives at the tea party, the Hatter is characterised by switching places on the table at any given time, making short, personal remarks, asking unanswerable riddles, and reciting nonsensical poetry, all of which eventually drives Alice away. The Hatter appears again in “Chapter Eleven – Who Stole the Tarts?”, as a witness at the Knave of Hearts‘ trial, where the Queen appears to recognise him as the singer she sentenced to death, and the King of Hearts also cautions him not to be nervous or he will have him “executed on the spot”. The character also appears briefly in Carroll’s 1871 Through the Looking-Glass, the sequel to Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Under the name of “Hatta,” the Hatter was in trouble with the law once again. He was, however, not necessarily guilty, as the White Queen explained that subjects were often punished before they commit a crime, rather than after, and sometimes they did not even commit one at all. He was also mentioned as one of the White King’s messengers along with March Hare, who went under the name of “Haigha.” Sir John Tenniel‘s illustration depicts Hatta as sipping from a teacup as he did in the original novel. Alice does not comment on whether Hatta is the Hatter of her earlier dream.

Listen to the Podcast: Kids grow up fast — every parent knows this all too well. In a matter of months, a helpless infant transforms into a dauntless toddler, and in a blink that baby is a teenager leaving home for good. In their earliest years, children develop incredibly quickly, gaining knowledge, skills and perspectives that will be with them for the rest of their lives. In fact, the preschool years are some of the most important for forming a child into the person they will always be — which is why choosing a preschool with a trustworthy curriculum is so critical for parents. Whether you are interested in pursuing a child development degree and working in the field of early childhood education or you are a parent curious about your preschool options, here are six of the most interesting curricula to know about. One of the first preschool curriculums to be developed, Bank Street emerged from New York City at the start of the 20th century when a group of educated women became interested in researching and experimenting with strategies for early childhood education. Initially a nursery school for children under 3 years, Bank Street developed a method of encouraging cognitive, emotional, physical and social development in young children that eventually influenced many other popular preschool curricula through the 20th and 21st centuries. The underlying philosophy of the Bank Street Method is that children can become lifelong learners if teachers show them how to learn through their environment; thus, Bank Street is considered a play-based curriculum, in which teachers educate through fun and engaging toys and games. Launched in the 1960s based on popular theories of psychology and sociology, the HighScope method was initially intended to help the most vulnerable communities attain a high level of development and success through early childhood education. Indeed, studies on HighScope have found that students enrolled in these preschool programs are much less likely to engage in criminal activity and more likely to enjoy higher levels of income than peers in their communities. HighScope is a play-based curriculum that strives to give students hands-on experiences in real-world situations, so they can build skills like problem-solving and conflict resolution from a young age. One of the most well-known preschool curricula, Montessori has become famous for its minimalist design, which is appealing to parents and children alike. Another curriculum to come out of the 1960s, the Montessori method is based on the research and practices of Italian physician Maria Montessori, who initially developed her child-focused approach to help children with disabilities gain skills and confidence. Though still play-based, Montessori does incorporate a number of important disciplines, including geography, Math Programs, science, language and cultural studies. However, unlike other preschool classrooms, Montessori spaces have no desks, and children are encouraged to move freely and explore materials at their own pace. Sometimes conflated with Montessori, Waldorf is another attractive preschool curriculum with highly aesthetic elements that draw parents in. In truth, Waldorf predates Montessori, as it was developed in the early 20th century by an eccentric Austrian named Rudolf Steiner. Today, Waldorf boasts the largest independent school movement in the world, thanks in no small part to its creative learning approach which includes an abundance of imaginative play, practical life experience and outdoor immersion. Another preschool curriculum created in Italy in the mid-20th century, Reggio Emilia is named after the town in which it was first applied. Like elsewhere in Italy, the community of Reggio Emilia was eager to make social changes that ensured stronger relationships and greater economic support amongst residents. Based on the work of a local pedagogic, Loris Malaguzzi, the schools of Reggio Emilia began following a new curriculum in which children were guaranteed certain rights that allowed them greater control over their environment and activities. Practised around the world, Reggio Emilia is highly regarded as one of the most effective approaches to education. Though not rigidly defined preschool curricula like the others on this list, parent-cooperative preschools are rising in popularity as many parents find themselves dissatisfied with the curricula of schools in their area. This type of preschool tends to follow a curriculum created and managed by parents within a community, who come together based on shared values and interests. It is not uncommon for parent co-ops to have some foundation in faith. Young kids are developing at an astonishing rate, and educators need to be equipped with the knowledge and tools to help children gain the skills that will help them find success throughout their lives. Parents should evaluate the curricula listed above and others to determine the best preschool option for their littlest ones.

Joinery 101: An Introduction to Wood Joining Techniques Table of Contents - The Importance of Joinery in Woodworking - Basic Wood Joining Techniques - Advanced Wood Joining Techniques - Factors to Consider When Choosing a Wood Joining Technique - Tools and Equipment for Wood Joinery - Joinery Safety Tips - Common Mistakes to Avoid in Wood Joinery - Joinery Tips for Beginners Wood joinery is a fundamental aspect of woodworking that involves connecting two or more pieces of wood to create sturdy and aesthetically pleasing structures. Whether you are a woodworking enthusiast or a professional carpenter, understanding various wood joining techniques is essential for crafting high-quality and durable projects. In this article, we will explore the world of wood joinery, from basic techniques suitable for beginners to more complex methods used by experienced artisans. The Importance of Joinery in Woodworking Joinery is the backbone of woodworking, determining the overall strength and longevity of the finished piece. Properly joined wood ensures stability, preventing joints from coming apart under stress. It also enhances the visual appeal of the final product, as seamless and well-crafted joints contribute to the overall aesthetics. Basic Wood Joining Techniques The butt joint is one of the simplest wood joining methods, involving the connection of two pieces of wood at their ends. This technique is commonly used in projects where strength is not a primary concern. The lap joint involves overlapping two pieces of wood and securing them with nails or screws. This technique provides better strength compared to the butt joint and is often used in cabinet making and simple framing. Dowel joints involve creating holes in the wood pieces and inserting dowels to hold them together. This method is widely used in furniture making and provides good alignment and strength. Mortise and Tenon Joint The mortise and tenon joint is a traditional method where one piece of wood has a slot (mortise), and the other has a corresponding projection (tenon) that fits into the mortise. It is highly durable and commonly used in furniture construction. The dovetail joint is renowned for its strength and aesthetics. It involves interlocking wedge-shaped projections on two pieces of wood, commonly used in drawer construction and fine woodworking. The finger joint, also known as a box joint, is formed by cutting complementary rectangular cuts in two pieces of wood, which are then interlocked. This method is used in box and drawer construction. Biscuit joints involve using small, football-shaped wooden biscuits covered with glue to connect two wood pieces. This technique is particularly useful for aligning and strengthening edge-to-edge joints. Advanced Wood Joining Techniques Tongue and Groove Joint The tongue and groove joint features a tongue (a protruding ridge) on one piece of wood that fits into a corresponding groove on another piece. This technique is often used in flooring and paneling. The box joint is similar to the finger joint but utilizes square interlocking projections instead of rectangular ones. It is ideal for creating sturdy box-like structures. The miter joint involves joining two pieces of wood at an angle, usually 45 degrees. It is commonly used in picture frames and molding. The bridle joint is formed by joining the end of one piece of wood into a notch in another. It is often used in making frames and boxes. The half-lap joint is created by removing half of the thickness from each piece of wood and then joining them together. It is commonly used in building tabletops and cabinet frames. Pocket Hole Joint The pocket hole joint involves drilling a hole at an angle in one piece of wood and then connecting it to another piece with screws. It is a quick and effective method for joining wood pieces at specific angles. The finger joint, also known as a comb joint, is created by interlocking rectangular cuts in two pieces of wood. It is commonly used in creating long pieces of lumber from shorter ones. Factors to Consider When Choosing a Wood Joining Technique When selecting a wood joining technique, consider the level of strength required for your project. Some techniques offer better strength than others and are more suitable for load-bearing structures. The appearance of the joint is crucial, especially in projects where the joint will be visible. Certain techniques, like dovetail joints, not only provide exceptional strength but also add beauty to the finished product. The type of wood you are using plays a significant role in choosing the appropriate joining technique. Hardwoods and softwoods may react differently to certain methods, affecting the joint’s integrity. As a woodworker, be mindful of your skill level when selecting a wood joining technique. While some methods may be more straightforward for beginners, others may require advanced woodworking skills. Different projects have unique requirements, and the choice of joining technique should align with the intended use of the finished piece. Consider the specific needs of your project before making a decision. Tools and Equipment for Wood Joinery Hand tools are essential for traditional woodworking and precision joinery. Some common hand tools include hammers, chisels, saws, and hand planes. Power tools offer efficiency and accuracy in wood joinery. Some commonly used power tools for joinery include drills, routers, and biscuit joiners. Joinery jigs assist in creating consistent and accurate cuts. They are valuable tools for achieving precision in woodworking projects. Joinery Safety Tips Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Always wear appropriate PPE, such as safety goggles, ear protection, and a dust mask, to protect yourself from potential hazards. Keep Workspace Clean and Organized Maintaining a clean and organized workspace reduces the risk of accidents and makes the woodworking process more efficient. Use Sharp Tools Sharp tools ensure clean and accurate cuts while reducing the chance of slip-ups that could lead to injuries. Woodworking requires patience and attention to detail. Avoid rushing through the process to ensure accurate and safe joinery. Practice Proper Technique Learn and practice proper woodworking techniques to achieve high-quality and precise joinery. Common Mistakes to Avoid in Wood Joinery Using Incorrect Wood Type Using the wrong type of wood for a specific joinery technique can result in weak or unreliable joints. Neglecting Precision Measurements Accurate measurements are essential in woodworking to achieve well-fitted joints. Overlooking Glue Application Applying glue incorrectly or insufficiently can compromise the strength of the joint. Ignoring Clamping Techniques Proper clamping ensures that the wood pieces adhere firmly while the glue dries. Rushing Through the Process Impatience can lead to mistakes, affecting the quality of the joint and the overall project. Neglecting Sanding and Finishing Leaving rough edges or skipping the finishing process can impact the final appearance and feel of the project. Joinery Tips for Beginners Start with Simple Projects Beginners should start with straightforward projects that allow them to practice basic joinery techniques. Learn from Experienced Woodworkers Seek advice and guidance from experienced woodworkers to learn valuable tips and tricks. Invest in Quality Tools Quality tools are essential for achieving precise and professional results in wood joinery. Woodworking requires patience and persistence to master various joinery techniques. Embrace Mistakes as Learning Opportunities Mistakes are part of the learning process. Embrace them as opportunities to improve your woodworking skills. Joinery is a vital skill in woodworking that allows craftsmen to create sturdy and visually appealing projects. By understanding the various wood joining techniques and factors to consider, woodworkers can choose the most appropriate method for their projects. Remember to prioritize safety and precision throughout the woodworking process, and practice patience as you hone your joinery skills. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced woodworker, mastering the art of wood joinery opens the door to a world of creativity and craftsmanship. What is the strongest wood joint? The dovetail joint is considered one of the strongest wood joints due to its interlocking design. Can I join different types of wood together? Yes, you can join different types of wood together using suitable wood joining techniques. However, consider the compatibility and characteristics of the wood species for the best results. Are hand tools better than power tools for joinery? Both hand tools and power tools have their advantages in wood joinery. Hand tools offer precision and control, while power tools provide efficiency and speed. How do I know which wood joinery technique to use for my project? Consider the strength requirements, aesthetics, wood type, skill level, and project type when choosing a wood joinery technique. Can I use wood glue alone for joining wood pieces? While wood glue is commonly used for wood joinery, it is often reinforced with mechanical fasteners or other joining methods for increased strength and durability.

—respirational, adj./res'peuh ray"sheuhn/, n.1. the act of respiring; inhalation and exhalation of air; breathing.2. Biol.a. the sum total of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by which oxygen is conveyed to tissues and cells, and the oxidation products, carbon dioxide and water, are given off.b. an analogous chemical process, as in muscle cells or in anaerobic bacteria, occurring in the absence of oxygen.[1400-50; late ME respiracioun < L respiration- (s. of respiratio) a breathing out, equiv. to respirat(us) (ptp. of respirare to RESPIRE) + -ion- -ION] * * *Process of taking in air for oxygen and releasing it to dispose of carbon dioxide.The amount of air inhaled and exhaled in an average human breath (tidal volume) is about one-eighth the amount that can be inhaled after exhaling as much as possible (vital capacity). Nerve centres in the brain regulate the movements of muscles of respiration (diaphragm and chest wall muscles). Blood in the pulmonary circulation brings carbon dioxide from the tissues to be exhaled and takes up oxygen from the air in the pulmonary alveoli to carry it to the heart and the rest of the body. Because the body stores almost no oxygen, interruption of respirationby asphyxiation, drowning, or chest muscle paralysisfor more than a few minutes can cause death. Disorders affecting respiration include allergy, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. See also respiratory system; respiratory therapy. * * *▪ biologyIntroductionthe process by which animal organisms take up oxygen and discharge carbon dioxide in order to satisfy their energy requirements. In the living organism, energy is liberated, along with carbon dioxide, through the oxidation of molecules containing carbon. The term respiration also denotes the exchange of the respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the organism and the medium in which it lives and between the cells of the body and the tissue fluid that bathes them.With the exception of energy used by animal life in the deep ocean, all energy used by animals is ultimately derived from the energy of sunlight. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in conjunction with the energy of sunlight is used by plants to synthesize sugars and other components. Animals consume plants or other organic material to obtain chemical compounds, which are then oxidized to sustain vital processes.This article considers the gaseous components of air and water, the natural respiratory habitats of animals, and the basic types of respiratory structures that facilitate gas exchange in these environments.Oxygen consumption of various animals and its variation with rest and activityAlthough the acquisition of oxygen and the elimination of carbon dioxide are essential requirements for all animals, the rate and amount of gaseous exchange vary according to the kind of animal and its state of activity. In the Table (Oxygen consumption of various animals and its variation with rest and activity) the oxygen consumption of various animals is expressed in terms of millilitres of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per hour, reflecting the gas demands of different species at rest and in motion. A change in the chemical composition of the body fluids elicits a response from the central nervous system, which then excites or depresses the machinery of external respiration.The gases in the environmentThe range of respiratory problems faced by aquatic and terrestrial animals can be seen from the varying composition and physical characteristics of water and air. Air contains about 20 times the amount of oxygen found in air-saturated water. In order to extract an equivalent amount of oxygen as an air breather, an aquatic animal may find it necessary to pass across the respiratory surfaces a relatively larger volume of the external medium. Moreover, the diffusion rate of oxygen is much lower in water than in air. The problem is further compounded by the higher density (1,000 times air) and viscosity (100 times air) of water, which impose on the machinery of aquatic respiration a much greater work load. Thus, fish may expend about 20 percent of their total oxygen consumption in running the respiratory pump, as compared with about 1 to 2 percent in mammals, including humans.The carbon dioxide content of most natural waters is low compared with air, often almost nil. In contrast to oxygen, carbon dioxide is extremely soluble in water and diffuses rapidly. Most of the carbon dioxide entering water combines either with the water (to form carbonic acid) or with other substances (to form carbonates or bicarbonates). This buffering capacity maintains a low level of free carbon dioxide and facilitates the maintenance of a favourable diffusion gradient for carbon dioxide exchange by water breathers. In general, oxygen exchange, which is strongly dependent on the oxygen content of the water, is more critically limiting for aquatic forms than is the exchange of carbon dioxide.temperature exerts a profound effect on the solubility of gases in water. A change from 5° to 35° C (41° to 95° F) reduces the oxygen content of fresh water by nearly half. At the same time, a rise in body temperature produces an increase in oxygen consumption among animals that do not closely regulate their body temperatures (so-called cold-blooded animals). A fish experiencing both rising water and body temperatures is under a double handicap: more water must be pumped across its gill surfaces to extract the same amount of oxygen as was needed at the lower temperature; and the increased metabolism requires greater quantities of oxygen.The amount of oxygen available in natural waters is also limited by the amount of dissolved salts. This factor is a determinant of oxygen availability in transitional zones between sea and fresh water. Pure water, when equilibrated with oxygen at 0° C, for example, contains about 50 millilitres of oxygen per litre; under the same conditions, a solution containing 2.9 percent of sodium chloride contains only 40 millilitres of oxygen per litre. Bodies of water may have oxygen-poor zones. Such zones are especially evident in swamps and at the lower levels of deep lakes. Many animals are excluded from such zones; others have become remarkably adapted to living in them.The Earth's atmosphere extends to a height of many miles. It is composed of a mixture of gases held in an envelope around the globe by gravitational attraction. The atmosphere exerts a pressure proportional to the weight of a column of air above the surface of the Earth extending to the limit of the atmosphere: atmospheric pressure at sea level is on average sufficient to support a column of mercury 760 millimetres in height (abbreviated as 760 mm Hg—the latter being the chemical symbol for mercury). Dry air is composed chiefly of nitrogen and inert gases (79.02 percent), oxygen (20.94 percent), and carbon dioxide (0.03 percent), each contributing proportionately to the total pressure. These percentages are relatively constant to about 80.5 kilometres in altitude. At sea level and a barometric pressure of 760 millimetres of mercury, the partial pressure of nitrogen is 79.02 percent of 760 millimetres of mercury, or 600.55 millimetres of mercury; that of oxygen is 159.16 millimetres of mercury; and that of carbon dioxide is 0.20 millimetres of mercury.The existence of water vapour in a gas mixture reduces the partial pressures (pressure) of the other component gases but does not alter the total pressure of the mixture. The importance of water-vapour pressure to gas composition can be appreciated from the fact that at the body temperature of humans (37° C, or 98.6° F) the atmospheric air drawn into the lungs becomes saturated with water vapour. The water-vapour pressure at 37° C is 47 millimetres of mercury. To calculate the partial pressures of the respiratory gases, this value must be subtracted from the atmospheric pressure. For oxygen, 760 (the atmospheric pressure) - 47 = 713 millimetres of mercury, and 713 × 0.209 (the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere) = 149 millimetres of mercury; this amounts to some 10 millimetres of mercury lower than the partial pressure of oxygen in dry air at 760 millimetres of mercury total pressure.Atmospheric pressures fall at higher altitudes, but the composition of the atmosphere remains unchanged. At 7,600 metres (25,000 feet) the atmospheric pressure is 282 millimetres of mercury and the partial pressure of oxygen is about 59 millimetres of mercury. Oxygen continues to constitute only 20.94 percent of the total gas present. The rarefaction of the air at high altitudes not only limits the availability of oxygen for the air breather, it also limits its availability for aquatic forms, since the amount of dissolved gas in water decreases in parallel with the decline in atmospheric pressure. Lake Titicaca (Titicaca, Lake) in Peru is at an altitude of about 3,810 metres; one litre of lake water at this altitude (and at 20° C, or 68° F) holds four millilitres of oxygen in solution; at sea level, it would hold 6.4.The variations in the characteristics of air and water suggest the many problems with which the respiratory systems of animals must cope in procuring enough oxygen to sustain life.Basic types of respiratory structuresRespiratory structures are tailored to the need for oxygen. Minute life-forms, such as protozoans, exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide across their entire surfaces. Multicellular organisms, in which diffusion distances are longer, generally resort to other strategies. Aquatic worms, for example, lengthen and flatten their bodies to refresh the external medium at their surfaces. Sessile sponges rely on the ebb and flow of ambient water. By contrast, the jellyfish, which can be quite large, has a low oxygen need because its content of organic matter is less than 1 percent and its metabolizing cells are located just beneath the surface, so that diffusing distances are small.Organisms too large to satisfy their oxygen needs from the environment by diffusion are equipped with special respiratory structures in the form of gills, lungs, specialized areas of the intestine or pharynx (in certain fishes), or tracheae (air tubes penetrating the body wall, as in insects).Respiratory structures typically have an attenuated shape and a semipermeable surface that is large in relation to the volume of the structure. Within them there is usually a circulation of body fluids ( blood through the lungs, for example). Two sorts of pumping mechanisms are frequently encountered: one to renew the external oxygen-containing medium, the other to ensure circulation of the body fluids through the respiratory structure. In air-breathing vertebrates, alternately contracting sets of muscles create the pressure differences needed to expand or deflate the lungs, while the heart pumps blood through the respiratory surfaces within the lungs. Oxygenated blood returning to the heart is then pumped through the vascular system to the various tissues where the oxygen is consumed.Respiratory organs of invertebrates (invertebrate)Two common respiratory organs of invertebrates are trachea and gills. Diffusion lungs, as contrasted with ventilation lungs of vertebrates, are confined to small animals, such as pulmonate snails and scorpions.This respiratory organ is a hallmark of insects. It is made up of a system of branching tubes that deliver oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, the tissues, thereby obviating the need for a circulatory system to transport the respiratory gases (although the circulatory system does serve other vital functions, such as the delivery of energy-containing molecules derived from food). The pores to the outside, called spiracles (spiracle), are typically paired structures, two in the thorax and eight in the abdomen. Periodic opening and closing of the spiracles prevents water loss by evaporation, a serious threat to insects that live in dry environments. Muscular pumping motions of the abdomen, especially in large animals, may promote ventilation of the tracheal system.Although tracheal systems are primarily designed for life in air, in some insects modifications enable the tracheae to serve for gas exchange under water. Of special interest are the insects that might be termed bubble breathers, which, as in the case of the water beetle Dytiscus, take on a gas supply in the form of an air bubble under their wing surfaces next to the spiracles before they submerge. Tracheal gas exchange continues after the beetle submerges and anchors beneath the surface. As oxygen is consumed from the bubble, the partial pressure of oxygen within the bubble falls below that in the water; consequently oxygen diffuses from the water into the bubble to replace that consumed. The carbon dioxide produced by the insect diffuses through the tracheal system into the bubble and thence into the water. The bubble thus behaves like a gill. There is one major limitation to this adaptation: As oxygen is removed from the bubble, the partial pressure of the nitrogen rises, and this gas then diffuses outward into the water. The consequence of outward nitrogen diffusion is that the bubble shrinks and its oxygen content must be replenished by another trip to the surface. A partial solution to the problem of bubble renewal has been found by small aquatic beetles of the family Elmidae (e.g., Elmis, Riolus), which capture bubbles containing oxygen produced by algae and incorporate this gas into the bubble gill. Several species of aquatic beetles also augment gas exchange by stirring the surrounding water with their posterior legs.An elegant solution to the problem of bubble exhaustion during submergence has been found by certain beetles that have a high density of cuticular hair over much of the surface of the abdomen and thorax. The hair pile is so dense that it resists wetting, and an air space forms below it, creating a plastron, or air shell, into which the tracheae open. As respiration proceeds, the outward diffusion of nitrogen and consequent shrinkage of the gas space are prevented by the surface tension—a condition manifested by properties that resemble those of an elastic skin under tension—between the closely packed hairs and the water. The plastron becomes “permanent” in the sense that further bubble trapping at the surface is no longer necessary, and the beetles may remain submerged indefinitely. Since the plastron hairs tend to resist deformation, the beetles can live at considerable depths without compression of the plastron gas.One extraordinary strategy used by the hemipteran insects Buenoa and Anisops is an internal oxygen store that enables them to lurk for minutes without resurfacing while awaiting food in relatively predator-free but oxygen-poor mid-water zones. The internal oxygen store is in the form of hemoglobin-filled cells that constitute the first line of oxygen delivery to actively metabolizing cells, sparing the small air mass in the tracheal system while the hemoglobin store is being depleted.The respiratory structures of spiders (spider) consist of peculiar “book lungs (book lung),” leaflike plates over which air circulates through slits on the abdomen. The book lungs contain blood vessels that bring the blood into close contact with the surface exposed to the air and where gas exchange between blood and air occurs. In addition to these structures, there may also be abdominal spiracles and a tracheal system like that of insects.Since spiders are air breathers, they are mostly restricted to terrestrial situations, although some of them regularly hunt aquatic creatures at stream or pond edges and may actually travel about on the surface film as easily as on land. The water spider Argyroneta aquatica, the frogman of the spider world, utilizes the water-beetle method of capturing air bubbles at the surface. The bubble is pressed against the respiratory openings on the abdomen, but, because there is no permanent plastron, trips must be made to the surface for bubble renewal. Most of the life cycle of the water spider, however, including courtship and breeding, prey capture and feeding, and the development of eggs and embryos, occurs below the water surface. Many of these activities take place in a kind of diving bell formed by silk. The spider weaves an inverted basketlike web that is anchored to underwater plants or other objects. Bubbles captured at the surface are ejected into the interior, inflating the underwater house with air. The combination of bubble trapping and web building has given Argyroneta aquatica access to an environment denied most of its relatives.Many immature insects have special adaptations for an aquatic existence. Thin-walled protrusions of the integument, containing tracheal networks, form a series of gills (gill) (tracheal gills) that bring water into close contact with the closed tracheal tubes. The nymphs (nymph) of mayflies and dragonflies have external tracheal gills attached to their abdominal segments, and certain of the gill plates may move in a way that sets up water currents over the exchange surfaces. Dragonfly nymphs possess a series of tracheal gills enclosed within the rectum. Periodic pumping of the rectal chamber serves to renew water flow over the gills. Removing the gills or plugging the rectum results in lower oxygen consumption. Considerable gas exchange also occurs across the general body surface in immature aquatic insects.The insect tracheal system has inherent limitations. Gases diffuse slowly in long narrow tubes, and effective gas transport can occur only if the tubes do not exceed a certain length. It is generally thought that this has imposed a size limit upon insects.Gills of invertebratesGills are evaginations of the body surface. Some open directly to the environment; others, as in fishes, are enclosed in a cavity. In contrast, lungs represent invaginations of the body surface. Many invertebrates use gills as a major means of gas exchange; a few, such as the pulmonate land snail, use lungs. Almost any thin-walled extension of the body surface that comes in contact with the environmental medium and across which gas exchange occurs can be viewed as a gill. Gills usually have a large surface area in relation to their mass; pumping devices are often employed to renew the external medium. Although gills are generally used for water breathing and lungs for air breathing, this association is not invariable, as exemplified by the water lungs of sea cucumbers.The marine polychaete worms use not only the general body surface for gas exchange but also a variety of gill-like structures: segmental flaplike parapodia (in Nereis) or elaborate branchial tufts (among the families Terebellidae and Sabellidae). The tufts, used to create both feeding and respiratory currents, offer a large surface area for gas exchange.In echinoderms (echinoderm) (starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars), most of the respiratory exchange occurs across tube feet (a series of suction-cup extensions used for locomotion). However, this exchange is supplemented by extensions of the coelomic, or body-fluid, cavity into thin-walled “gills” or dermal branchiae that bring the coelomic fluid into close contact with seawater. Sea cucumbers (sea cucumber) (Holothuroidea), soft-bodied, sausage-shaped echinoderms that carry on some respiration through their oral tentacles, which correspond to tube feet, also have an elaborate “respiratory tree” consisting of branched hollow outpouchings off the cloaca (hindgut). Water is pumped in and out of this system by the action of the muscular cloaca, and it is probable that a large fraction of the animals' respiratory gas is exchanged across this system.The gills of mollusks (mollusk) have a relatively elaborate blood supply, although respiration also occurs across the mantle, or general epidermis. Clams (clam) possess gills across which water circulates, impelled by the movements of millions of microscopic whips called cilia (cilium). In the few forms studied, the extraction of oxygen from the water has been found to be low, on the order of 2 to 10 percent. The currents produced by cilial movement, which constitute ventilation, are also utilized for bringing in and extracting food. At low tide or during a dry period, clams and mussels close their shells and thus prevent dehydration. Metabolism then shifts from oxygen-consuming (aerobic) pathways to oxygen-free (anaerobic) pathways, which causes acid products to accumulate; when normal conditions are restored, the animals increase their ventilation and oxygen extraction in order to rid themselves of the acid products. In snails (snail), the feeding mechanism is independent of the respiratory surface. A portion of the mantle cavity in the form of a gill or “lung” serves as a gas-exchange site. In air-breathing snails, the “lung” may be protected from drying out through contact with the air by having only a pore in the mantle as an opening to the outside. cephalopod mollusks, such as squid and octopus, actively ventilate a protected chamber lined with feathery gills that contain small blood vessels (capillaries); their gills are quite effective, extracting 60 to 80 percent of the oxygen passing through the chamber. In oxygen-poor water, the octopus may increase its ventilation 10-fold, indicating a more active control of respiration than appears to be present in other classes of mollusks.Many crustaceans (crustacean) (crabs, shrimps, crayfish) are very dependent on their gills. As a rule, the gill area is greater in fast-moving crabs (Portunids) than in sluggish bottom dwellers; decreases progressively from wholly aquatic, to intertidal, to land species; and is greater in young crabs than in older crabs. Often the gills are enclosed in protective chambers, and ventilation is provided by specialized appendages that create the respiratory current. As in cephalopod mollusks, oxygen utilization is relatively high—up to 70 percent of the oxygen is extracted from the water passing over the gills in the European crayfish Astacus. A decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the water elicits a marked increase in ventilation (the volume of water passing over the gills); at the same time, the rate of oxygen utilization declines somewhat. Although more oxygen is extracted per unit of time, the increased ventilation increases the oxygen cost of breathing. The increased oxygen cost, together with the decrease in extraction per unit of volume, probably limits aquatic forms of crustaceans to levels of oxidative metabolism lower than those found in many air-breathing forms. This is largely due to the lower relative content of oxygen in water and the higher oxidative cost of ventilating a dense and viscous medium compared with air. Not all crustaceans meet a reduction in oxygen with increased ventilation and metabolism. The square-backed crabs (Sesarma) become less active, reducing their oxidative metabolism until more favourable conditions prevail.Respiratory organs of vertebrates (vertebrate)In most vertebrates the organs of external respiration are thin-walled structures well supplied with blood vessels (blood vessel). Such structures bring blood into close association with the external medium so that the exchange of gases takes place across relatively small distances. There are three major types of respiratory structures in the vertebrates: gills, integumentary exchange areas, and lungs. The gills are totally external in a few forms (as in Necturus, a neotenic salamander), but in most they are composed of filamentous leaflets protected by bony plates (as in fish). Some fishes and numerous amphibians also use the body integument, or skin, as a gas-exchange structure. Both gills and lungs are formed from outpouchings of the gut wall during embryogenesis. Such structures have the advantage of a protected internal location, but this requires some sort of pumping mechanism to move the external gas-containing medium in and out.The quantity of air or water passing through the lungs or gills each minute is known as the ventilation volume. The rate or depth of respiration may be altered to bring about adjustments in ventilation volume. The ventilation volume of humans at rest is approximately six litres per minute. This may increase to more than 100 litres per minute with increases in the rate of respiration and the quantity of air breathed in during each respiratory cycle (tidal volume). Certain portions of the airways (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) do not participate in respiratory exchange, and the gas that fills these structures occupies an anatomical dead space of about 150 millilitres in volume. Of a tidal volume of 500 millilitres, only 350 millilitres ventilate the gas-exchange sites.The maximum capacity of human lungs is about six litres. During normal quiet respiration, a tidal volume of about 500 millilitres is inspired and expired during every respiratory cycle. The lungs are not collapsed at the close of expiration; a certain volume of gas remains within them. At the close of the expiratory act, a normal subject may, by additional effort, expel another 1,200 millilitres of gas. Even after the most forceful expiratory effort, however, there remains a residual volume of approximately 1,200 millilitres. By the same token, at the end of a normal inspiration, further effort may succeed in drawing into the lungs an additional 3,000 millilitres.The gillsThe gills of fishes are supported by a series of gill arches (branchial arch) encased within a chamber formed by bony plates (the operculum). A pair of gill filaments projects from each arch; between the dorsal (upper) and ventral (lower) surfaces of the filaments, there is a series of secondary folds, the lamellae, where the gas exchange takes place. The blood vessels passing through the gill arches branch into the filaments and then into still smaller vessels (capillaries) in the lamellae. Deoxygenated blood from the heart flows in the lamellae in a direction counter to that of the water flow across the exchange surfaces. In a number of fishes the water-to-blood distance across which gases must diffuse is 0.0003 to 0.003 millimetre, or about the same distance as the air-to-blood pathway in the mammalian lung.The countercurrent flow of blood through the lamellae in relation to external water flow has much to do with the efficiency of gas exchange. Laboratory experiments in which the direction of water flow across fish gills was reversed showed that about 80 percent of the oxygen was extracted in the normal situation, while only 10 percent was extracted when water flow was reversed. The uptake of oxygen from water to blood is thus facilitated by countercurrent flow; in this way, greater efficiency of oxygen uptake is achieved by an anatomical arrangement that is free of energy expenditure by the organism. Countercurrent flow is a feature of elasmobranchs (sharks, skates) and cyclostomes (hagfishes (hagfish), lampreys) as well as bony fishes.A number of vertebrates use externalized gill structures. Some larval fishes have external gills that are lost with the appearance of the adult structures. A curious example of external gills is found in the male lungfish (Lepidosiren). At the time the male begins to care for the nest, a mass of vascular filaments (a system of blood vessels) develops as an outgrowth of the pelvic fins. The fish meets its own needs by refilling its lungs with air during periodic excursions to the water surface. When it returns to the nest, its pelvic-gill filaments are perfused with well-oxygenated blood, providing an oxygen supply for the eggs, which are more or less enveloped by the gill filaments.It is theoretically possible for a skin that is well supplied with blood vessels to serve as a major or even the only respiratory surface. This requires a thin, moist, and heavily vascularized skin, which increases the animal's vulnerability to enemies. In terrestrial animals a moist integument also provides a major avenue of water loss. A number of fishes and amphibians (amphibian) rely on the skin for much of their respiratory exchange; hibernating frogs utilize the skin for practically all their gas exchanges.The lungThe lungs of vertebrates range from simple saclike structures found in the Dipnoi (lungfishes) to the complexly subdivided organs of mammals and birds. An increasing subdivision of the airways and the development of greater surface area at the exchange surfaces appear to be the general evolutionary trend among the higher vertebrates.In the embryo, lungs develop as an outgrowth of the forward portion of the gut. The lung proper is connected to the outside through a series of tubes; the main tube, known as the trachea (windpipe), exits in the throat through a controllable orifice, the glottis. At the other end the trachea subdivides into secondary tubes (bronchi), in varying degree among different vertebrate groups.The trachea of amphibians is not divided into secondary tubes but ends abruptly at the lungs. The relatively simple lungs of frogs (frog) are subdivided by incomplete walls (septa), and between the larger septa are secondary septa that surround the air spaces where gas exchange occurs. The diameter of these air spaces (alveoli (pulmonary alveolus)) in lower vertebrates is larger than in mammals: The alveolus in the frog is about 10 times the diameter of the human alveolus. The smaller alveoli in mammals are associated with a greater surface for gas exchange: although the respiratory surface of the frog (Rana) is about 20 square centimetres per cubic centimetre (50.8 square inches per one cubic inch) of air, that of humans is about 300 square centimetres.An important characteristic of lungs is their elasticity. An elastic material is one that tends to return to its initial state after the removal of a deforming force. Elastic tissues behave like springs. As the lungs are inflated, there is an accompanying increase in the energy stored within the elastic tissues of the lungs, just as energy is stored in a stretched rubber band. The conversion of this stored, or potential, energy into kinetic, or active, energy during the deflation process supplies part of the force needed for the expulsion of gases. A portion of the energy put into expansion is thus recovered during deflation. The elastic properties of the lungs have been studied by inflating them with air or liquid and measuring the resulting pressures. Muscular (muscle) effort supplies the motive power for expanding the lungs, and this is translated into the pressure required to produce lung inflation. It must be great enough to overcome (1) the elasticity of the lung and its surface lining; (2) the frictional resistance of the lungs; (3) the elasticity of the thorax or thoraco-abdominal cavity; (4) frictional resistance in the body-wall structures; (5) resistance inherent in the contracting muscles; and (6) the airway resistance. The laboured breathing of the asthmatic (asthma) is an example of the added muscular effort necessary to achieve adequate lung inflation when airway resistance is high, owing to narrowing of the tubes of the airways.Studies of the pressure–volume relationship of lungs filled with salt solution or air have shown that the pressure required to inflate the lungs to a given volume is less when the lungs are filled with liquid than when they are filled with air. The differences in the two circumstances have been thought to result from the nature of the environment-alveolar interface, that interface being liquid–liquid in the fluid-filled lung and gas–liquid in the air-filled lung. In the case of the latter, the pressure–volume relationship represents the combined effects of the elastic properties of the lung wall plus the surface tension of the film, or surface coating, lining the lungs. Surface tension is the property, resulting from molecular forces, that exists in the surface film of all liquids and tends to contract the volume into a form with the least surface area; the particles in the surface are inwardly attracted, thus resulting in tension. Surface tension is nearly zero in the fluid-filled lung.The alveoli of the lungs are elastic bodies of nonuniform size. If their surfaces had a uniform surface tension, small alveoli would tend to collapse into large ones. The result in the lungs would be an unstable condition in which some alveoli would collapse and others would overexpand. This does not normally occur in the lung because of the properties of its surface coating (surfactant (surface-active agent)), a complex substance composed of lipid and protein. Surfactant causes the surface tension to change in a nonlinear way with changes in surface area. As a result, when the lungs fill with air, the surface tensions of the inflated alveoli are less than those of the relatively undistended alveoli. This results in a stabilization of alveoli of differing sizes and prevents the emptying of small alveoli into larger ones. It has been suggested that compression wrinkles of the surface coating and attractive forces between adjacent wrinkles inhibit expansion. Surfactants have been reported to be present in the lungs of birds, reptiles, and amphibians.Dynamics of vertebrate respiratory mechanismsFishesAmong the most primitive of present-day vertebrates are the cyclostomes (cyclostome) (lampreys and hagfishes), the gill structures of which are in the form of pouches that connect internally with the pharynx (throat) and open outward through slits, either by a fusion of the excurrent gill ducts into a single tube (in Myxine) or individually by separate gill slits (in Petromyzon). The gill lamellae of cyclostomes form a ring around the margins of the gill sac, and the series of sacs is supported in a flexible branchial skeleton. The number of paired pouches varies in different forms from six to 14. The pharynx of lampreys (lamprey) divides into an esophagus above and a blind tube below, from which the gill pouches arise. The upper pharynx of hagfishes communicates to the exterior through a nostril, a structure absent in lampreys. When the parasitic lampreys are embedded in the flesh of fish, upon which they live, they maintain a flow of water through the gills by alternate contractions of the gill pouches. When the gill-pouch muscles relax, the pouches expand, and water is sucked in. The water is forced out through the gills by muscular contraction; the branchial musculature apparently prevents reflux of the water into the pharynx while the head of the lamprey is embedded in the flesh of its prey.In the hagfish Myxine glutinosa, the major oxygen supply is derived from water drawn in through the nostril that opens into the pharynx. A peculiar respiratory structure, the velum, just behind the nostril opening, dangles from the upper midline of the pharynx, resembling an inverted T. Membranous scrolls attached to this horizontal bar can extend downward and then roll upward like window shades. A combination of velar and gill-pouch contractions directs the flow of water through the gill pouches. Foreign material entering the nostril is expelled from both the mouth and nostril by a violent “sneeze.” This reaction probably protects the respiratory surfaces, since the animals have common respiratory and alimentary ducts. Blood flow in the gills of cyclostomes, as in those of bony fishes (bony fish), is in a direction counter to that of water flow—an arrangement that increases the efficiency of gas exchange across the respiratory surface.Cartilaginous fishes (sharks (shark) and rays (ray)) and bony fishes employ a double-pumping mechanism to maintain a relatively constant flow of water over the gill exchange surfaces. In sharks and rays a small forward gill slit, the spiracle, also provides a channel for water flow into the gill chamber. Bottom-dwelling forms (e.g., skates) have relatively larger spiracles, and the major portion of the water flow passes through them rather than through the downward-oriented mouth.The pumping mechanism is not the only method of ventilation; sharks have been observed to keep both mouth and gill flaps open while swimming, ensuring a constant water flow across the gill surfaces. When they slow down or settle to the bottom, the pumping activity is resumed. Tunas (tuna) and mackerel cannot stop swimming: They have no active respiratory mechanism and are dependent for their gill ventilation on the current that results from their forward motion through the water.A number of fishes depend in varying degree on aerial respiration. The ability to breathe air enables them to live in places where the oxygen content of water may be low or nil. Two general means of acquiring oxygen are employed. Some fishes stay near the surface of the water, where the oxygen pressure resulting from surface diffusion is highest. Others have developed ancillary respiratory structures in the pharynx or the stomach; (stomach) the gulping of air at the surface is a means of charging these respiratory surfaces (such as the pharyngeal epithelium in Electrophorus or the stomach in Plecostomus). The frequency with which these fishes rise to the surface to gulp air corresponds to their current need for oxygen.The swamp-dwelling Erythrinus of Guyana uses both aquatic and aerial respiration, varying them according to the gaseous composition of the water. When the oxygen content is low, respiration through the gills ceases; when the oxygen content of the water is high, the fish relies primarily upon its gills except when the carbon dioxide content is also high—when, again, aerial respiration predominates. In other conditions it uses both modes of respiration. This apparently extends the range of conditions in which Erythrinus can survive.Eels (eel) (Anguilla) use their skin as a major respiratory surface in addition to their gills. In water, about 15 percent of their oxygen uptake is across the skin, and this rises to around 50 percent when in air. They are capable of making extensive overland migrations during which, in the first few hours, they draw upon oxygen in the swim bladder. Like most fishes, eels when out of water exhibit a reduced heart rate and less oxygen consumption. When they return to water, their heart rate rises, and both oxygen consumption and blood lactic-acid (lactic acid) levels rise. Lactic-acid production results from metabolism without oxygen, and such acid products must themselves be metabolized through higher oxygen consumption. Such patterns have been observed in grunions of the California coast that come ashore to breed, and even in flying fishes during their brief aerial excursions.The lungfishes (lungfish) (Dipnoi) are remnants of the Devonian period and a transitional form between water and air breathers. Like amphibians, they rely on the buccal (mouth) force pump mechanism to inflate the lung. They are adapted for bimodal respiration so that oxygenated blood leaving the air-exchange organ, either gills or lung, can pass to the afferent branchial circulation and then to the body tissues or can be dispatched to the lungs. The three dipnoan genera differ with respect to their reliance on the gills or lungs. In the Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus), the bulk of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination is by way of well-developed gills; in the African lungfish (Protopterus) and the South American lungfish (Lepidosiren), the gills are reduced and ventilation depends heavily on the lungs. In the latter two, which rely primarily on lung ventilation, separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is much more complete than in the Australian lungfish.During long periods of drought, both Protopterus and Lepidosiren build a subterranean cocoon that opens to the surface via a thin tunnel. They then enter into a state of estivation in which metabolism, respiration, and heart rate fall to low levels. This state of diminished oxygen requirement enables the lungfish to remain viable without food or water for months or years, until the waters return.The bowfin, Amia calva, has both gills and an air bladder (swim bladder) that may be used for respiration. It is almost exclusively a water breather at 10° C (50° F), a temperature at which it shows low physical activity. Its air-breathing rate increases with temperature and activity, and, at around 30° C (86° F), it draws about three times as much oxygen from air as from water. As in lungfishes, carbon dioxide elimination is predominantly across the gills. The bowfin's air-breathing frequency varies inversely with the oxygen content of the water; when oxygen tensions in water decline below 40 or 50 millimetres of mercury at 20° C (68° F), air breathing largely replaces water breathing. When an exchange surface (gill or air bladder) is not being utilized as the primary oxygen-exchange site, there is a tendency for blood to bypass it.The so-called electric eel of South America (Electrophorus electricus (electric eel)) inhabits muddy streams that may become severely oxygen deficient. It is an obligatory air breather that depends upon the exchange of oxygen across the membranes of its mouth, expelling the air through its gill slits. Its blood has a high percentage of red corpuscles, is high in hemoglobin, and has an oxygen-absorbing capacity similar to that of mammals. Carbon dioxide elimination is primarily across the skin and, to a lesser extent, through the vestigial gills.Amphibians (amphibian)The living amphibians (frogs, toads, salamanders, and caecilians) depend on aquatic respiration to a degree that varies with species, stage of development, temperature, and season. With the exception of a few frog species that lay eggs on land, all amphibians begin life as completely aquatic larvae (larva). Respiratory gas exchange is conducted through the thin, gas-permeable skin and the gills. In addition to these structures, frog tadpoles use their large tail fins for respiration; the tail fins contain blood vessels and are important respiratory structures because of their large surface area. As amphibian larvae develop, the gills (and in frogs, the tail fin) degenerate, paired lungs (lung) develop, and the metamorphosing larvae begin making excursions to the water surface to take air breaths.The lungs of amphibians are simple saclike structures that internally lack the complex spongy appearance of the lungs of birds and mammals. The lungs of most amphibians receive a large proportion of the total blood flow from the heart. Even though the amphibian ventricle is undivided, there is surprisingly little mixture of blood from the left and right atrial chambers within the single ventricle. As a consequence, the lungs are perfused primarily with deoxygenated blood from the systemic tissues.By the time the larva has reached adult form, the lungs have assumed the respiratory function of the larval gills. A few species of salamanders (salamander) (for example, the axolotl) never metamorphose to the adult stage, and although they may develop lungs for air breathing, they retain external gills throughout life. Another exception to the usual pattern of respiratory development is seen in the Plethodontidae family of salamanders, which lose their gills upon metamorphosis but never develop lungs as adults; instead, gas exchange is conducted entirely across the skin. In almost all amphibian species, the skin in adults continues to play an important role in gas exchange.The relative contributions of lungs and skin, and even local areas of skin, to gas exchange differ in different species and in the same species may change seasonally. In frogs, the skin of the back and thighs (the areas exposed to air) contains a richer capillary network than the skin of the underparts and therefore contributes more to gas exchange. The aquatic newt Triton utilizes both lung and skin respiration, the skin containing about 75 percent of the respiratory capillaries. At the other extreme, the tree frog Hyla arborea is much less aquatic, and its lungs contain over 75 percent of the respiratory capillary surface area. Similar differences are found even in closely related forms: In the relatively more terrestrial frog Rana temporaria, uptake of oxygen across the lung is about three times greater than across the skin; in R. esculenta, which is more restricted to water, the lungs and skin function about equally in the uptake of oxygen. carbon dioxide is eliminated mainly through the skin in both these species; in fact, the skin appears to be a major avenue for carbon dioxide exchange in amphibians generally.In temperate climates, as winter approaches, the colder environmental temperature (and thus lower body temperature) induces a marked lowering of the metabolic (metabolism) rate in amphibians. Terrestrial forms (e.g., toads and some salamanders) may burrow into the ground to overwinter. Aquatic species burrow into the mud at the bottom of lakes or ponds. Because their metabolic rate is much lower during winter, adequate gas exchange can be provided entirely by the skin in either terrestrial or aquatic habitats.The mechanism of lung inflation in amphibians is the buccal cavity (mouth-throat) pumping mechanism that also functions in air-breathing fishes. To produce inspiration, the floor of the mouth is depressed, causing air to be drawn into the buccal cavity through the nostrils. The nostrils are then closed, and the floor of the mouth is elevated. This creates a positive pressure in the mouth cavity and drives air into the lungs through the open glottis. Expiration is produced by contraction of the muscles of the body wall and the elastic recoil of the lungs, both acting to drive gas out of the lungs through the open glottis. In aquatic amphibians the pressure of water on the body wall can also assist expiration. Many amphibians show rhythmic oscillations (wave motion) of the floor of the mouth between periods of lung inflation; these oscillations are thought to be involved in olfaction by producing a flow of gas over the olfactory epithelial surfaces.Reptiles (reptile)To survive on land, the reptiles had to develop a skin relatively impermeable to water, so as to prevent dessication, and hence not well suited for respiration. Thus, while a few specialized reptiles (for example, sea snakes) can acquire nearly half of their oxygen supply through their skin, most reptiles depend almost entirely on the lungs for gas exchange. Reptilian lungs are considerably more complex than those of amphibians, showing much more internal partitioning to provide additional surface area for gas exchange between lung gas and blood. The most complex reptilian lungs are found in sea turtles such as Chelonia mydas, the green turtle. This species can develop a high metabolic rate associated with its prolific swimming ability. Its lungs are suited to providing a high rate of gas exchange, with extensive branching of the airways leading to the numerous gas sacs of the lungs.The mechanism for lung inflation in reptiles is an aspiration (suction) pump, which is the same in general principle as the lung inflation mechanism in birds and mammals. In most reptiles inspiration is produced by muscular expansion of the rib cage and body wall, creating a subatmospheric pressure within the lungs that causes air to flow in. Crocodiles and alligators have a specialized muscle attached to the posterior surface of the liver; the anterior surface of the liver in turn is attached to the posterior surface of the lungs. Contraction of this muscle pulls on the liver and results in expansion of the lungs.The adoption of a rigid shell by turtles (turtle) and tortoises (tortoise) necessitated the development of highly specialized skeletal muscles to inflate the lungs. In the tortoise Testudo graeca, lung ventilation is achieved by changing the volume of the body cavity. Expiration is brought about by the activity of muscles that draw the shoulder girdle back into the shell, compressing the abdominal viscera. The increased pressure in the body cavity is transmitted to the lungs. Inspiration involves opposite muscular actions that produce an increase in the volume of the body cavity and thus a subatmospheric lung pressure. Because of the rigidity of its shell, the tortoise, unlike other reptiles, cannot use the potential energy of abdominal wall structures to assist in respiration, and hence both expiration and inspiration are active energy-consuming events. In aquatic turtles, however, the pressure of water on the front and rear limbs assists expiration.The breathing patterns of most reptiles are not regular, usually consisting of a series of active inspirations and expirations followed by relatively long pauses. In aquatic reptiles diving occurs during these pauses, which may last an hour or more in some turtles and aquatic snakes. Even terrestrial reptiles show intermittent periods of breathing and breath holding. The metabolic rate of most reptiles is one-fifth to one-tenth that of birds (bird) or mammals, and constant lung ventilation is unnecessary in most reptiles.BirdsBirds must be capable of high rates of gas exchange because their oxygen consumption at rest is higher than that of all other vertebrates, including mammals, and it increases many times during flight. The gas volume of the bird lung is small compared with that of mammals, but the lung is connected to voluminous air sacs (air sac) by a series of tubes, making the total volume of the respiratory system about twice that of mammals of comparable size. The trachea divides into primary bronchi, each of which passes through a lung and onward to the paired abdominal air sacs; they also give rise to secondary bronchi supplying the other air sacs. Tertiary bronchi penetrate the lung mass and, from the walls of the tertiary bronchi, rather fine air capillaries arise. These air capillaries have a large surface area; their walls contain blood capillaries connected with the heart. Gas exchange takes place between the air capillaries and blood capillaries, making this surface analogous to the alveolar surface in mammals.There are several important differences in the mechanism and pattern of lung ventilation in birds compared with other vertebrates with lungs. The lungs of birds do not inflate and deflate but rather retain a constant volume. Also, the lungs are unidirectionally ventilated rather than having a tidal, bidirectional flow, as in other vertebrates with lungs. To achieve this unidirectional flow, the various air sacs are inflated and deflated in a complex sequence, like a series of interconnected bellows. The lungs, which are located midway between air sacs in terms of the flow of gas, are continuously ventilated in a single direction with freshly inspired air during both inspiration and expiration at the nostrils. Aspiration into the air sacs is produced by expansion of the chest and abdominal cavity. The sternum (breastbone) swings forward and downward, while the ribs and chest wall move laterally. Expiration is caused by compression of the air sacs by skeletal muscle.As a consequence of the continual, unidirectional airflow, the lungs of birds are more completely ventilated than the lungs of mammals. The flow of gas and blood within the bird lung is carefully arranged to maximize gas exchange, which is far more efficient than in the mammalian lung: Himalayan geese (goose) have been observed not only to fly over human climbers struggling to reach the top of Mount Everest, but to honk as they do so. The ventilation of pigeons (pigeon) increases around 20-fold during flight, brought about by more rapid breathing and not by taking in more air at a breath. There is a precise synchrony between breathing and wing motion: the peak of expiration occurs at the downstroke of the wingbeat. The pigeon's in-flight ventilation is about two and one-half times that needed to support metabolism; around 17 percent of the heat production during flight is lost through evaporative cooling, suggesting that the excess ventilation is for regulating body heat. Studies of evening grosbeaks and ring-billed gulls show that their ventilation, in contrast to that of pigeons, increases in proportion to oxygen consumption. The increased ventilation in these birds is brought about by deeper as well as by more rapid breathing.The respiratory system of birds is also used for communication through song (birdsong). The “voice box” is the syrinx, a membranous structure at the lower end of the trachea. Sound is produced only when air flows outward across the syrinx. In canaries, notes or pulses are synchronous with chest movements; the trills, however, are made with a series of shallow breaths. The song of many small birds is of long duration relative to their breathing frequencies.Mammals (mammal)To provide the gas exchange necessary to support the elevated metabolic rate of mammals, mammalian lungs are subdivided internally. The repetitive subdivisions of the lung airways provide gas to the tiny alveoli (gas sacs) that form the functional gas-exchange surface area of the lungs. Human lungs have an estimated 300,000,000 alveoli, providing in an adult a total surface area approximately equivalent to a tennis court.Inspiration in mammals, as in reptiles, is powered by an aspiration (suction) pump. Expansion of the chest lowers the pressure between the lungs and the chest wall, as well as the pressure within the lungs. This causes atmospheric air to flow into the lungs. The chief muscles of inspiration are the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles (intercostalis muscle). The diaphragm is a domelike sheet of muscle separating the abdominal and chest cavities that moves downward as it contracts. The downward motion enlarges the chest cavity and depresses the organs below. As the external intercostal muscles contract, the ribs rotate upward and laterally, increasing the chest circumference. During severe exercise other muscles may also be used. Inspiration ends with the closing of the glottis.In expiration, the glottis opens, and the inspiratory muscles relax; the stored energy of the chest wall and lungs generates the motive power for expiration. During exercise or when respiration is laboured, the internal intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles are activated. The internal intercostals produce a depression of the rib cage and a decrease in chest circumference.Additional ReadingGeneral features of the respiratory processAugust Krogh, The Comparative Physiology of Respiratory Mechanisms (1941, reissued 1968), is classic in its field. Julius H. Comroe, Jr., Physiology of Respiration: An Introductory Text, 2nd ed. (1974) covers the basic aspects of respiration in mammals. More recent texts include John Widdicombe and Andrew Davies, Respiratory Physiology (1983), a good introduction; Peter Sebel et al., Respiration: The Breath of Life (1985), an overview of respiration, the respiratory system, and its diseases; N. Balfour Slonim and Lyle H. Hamilton, Respiratory Physiology, 5th ed. (1987); and Allan H. Mines, Respiratory Physiology, 2nd ed. (1986). F. Harold McCutcheon, “Organ Systems in Adaptation: The Respiratory System,” in D.B. Dill (ed.), Handbook of Physiology, sect. 4, Adaptation to the Environment (1964), pp. 167–191, discusses respiration in relation to the environment, including chemical regulation, gas transport, and evolutionary patterns. Stephen C. Wood (ed.), Evolution of Respiratory Processes: A Comparative Approach (1979), compares respiratory processes in modern animals to gain insights into evolutionary changes. David J. Randall et al., The Evolution of Air Breathing in Vertebrates (1981), begins with the aquatic ancestral form.Respiration in animalsIntroductions to the field are provided by G.M. Hughes, Comparative Physiology of Vertebrate Respiration, 2nd ed. (1974); Rufus M.G. Wells, Invertebrate Respiration (1980), a short but useful study; F. Reed Hainsworth, Animal Physiology: Adaptations in Function (1981), which includes chapters on respiration, circulation, temperature, and energetics and their interplay; William S. Hoar, General and Comparative Physiology, 3rd ed. (1983), in which phylogeny in animal functions is used as a framework for depicting animal physiology; Martin E. Feder and Warren W. Burggren, “Skin Breathing in Vertebrates,” Scientific American, 253(5):126–142 (Nov. 1985); Knut Schmidt-Nielsen, Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment, 3rd ed. (1983), which explains systematically how animals cope with their environments; and a supplement to it, C. Richard Taylor, Kjell Johansen, and Liana Bolis (eds.), A Companion to “Animal Physiology” (1982), which probes certain topics, including respiratory physiology. See also V.B. Wigglesworth, The Principles of Insect Physiology, 7th ed. (1972, reprinted 1982), an excellent introduction to the form and function of insect respiration. C. Ladd Prosser, “Oxygen: Respiration and Metabolism,” ch. 5 in C. Ladd Prosser (ed.), Comparative Animal Physiology, 3rd ed. (1973), pp. 165–211, is a comprehensive chapter on oxygen and its role. Charlotte P. Mangum, “Oxygen Transport in Invertebrates,” The American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 248(5):R505–R514 (May 1985), provides a succinct overview of oxygen-carrying proteins.Alfred P. Fishman Fred N. White The principles of gas exchange in animals and humans are discussed in Malcolm S. Gordon, Animal Physiology: Principles and Adaptation, 4th ed. (1982), a consideration of the mechanisms of gas exchange among animals; “Gas Exchange and Circulation,” in R. McNeill Alexander (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Animal Biology (1987), pp. 50–65; and Handbook of Physiology, sect. 3, The Respiratory System, vol. 4, Gas Exchange, ed. by Leon E. Farhi and S. Marsh Tenney (1987), a critical, comprehensive presentation of physiological knowledge and concepts.Alfred P. Fishman Robert A. Klocke The interplay between respiration, circulation, and metabolism is outlined by Ewald R. Weibel, The Pathway for Oxygen: Structure and Function in the Mammalian Respiratory System (1984); R. Gilles (ed.), Circulation, Respiration, and Metabolism: Current Comparative Approaches (1985), essays on oxygen transport and utilization in animals; and C.R. Taylor et al., “Adaptive Variation in the Mammalian Respiratory System in Relation to Energetic Demand,” Respiration Physiology, 69(1):1–127 (July 1987), an entire issue devoted to the subject.Ewald R. Weibel * * *

Kade L. Shepherd & Kevin B. Thurbide from the University of Calgary in Canada developed a novel method for externally adjusting the column length during gas chromatography (GC). Their findings were published in Chromatographia (1). The technique involves controlled dehydration of a water stationary phase off a capillary column wall made of stainless steel. The solution is then removed by the carrier gas. By halting dehydration (via adding water to the system) at specified times, partial column coating lengths are created. For example, dehydrating half of the water coating away results in half of the coated column remaining. This would then act analogous to a half column length in separations. The scientists concluded that direct and effective reduction in analyte retention time stems from shortening a column’s length. Different column adjustable lengths were demonstrated as part of the experiment, from ¾ to 1/10 of a full column. These experiments allowed proper stability in maintaining new column lengths to be realized, since analyte retention times only varied by around 1% relative standard deviation (RSD) for most of the examined lengths and temperatures. Further, the scientists concluded that column length could be predictably adjusted using system dehydration time, with changes happening in minutes. The method itself shows promise, specifically for adjusting column length in situ to accommodate various samples during GC operation. (1) Shepherd, K. L.; Thurbide, K. B. A Method to Externally Adjust the Column Length in Gas Chromatography Using a Water Stationary Phase. Chromatographia 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-023-04299-4

This depends on the magnifying device being used. In order to view the reticle and the object through a simple magnifier, the reticle is placed directly on the object plane. The base magnifiers are machined to accept a given diameter reticle. Simply select the reticle diameter that is accepted by the magnifier. The reticle in a direct measuring or pocket microscope is placed at an intermediate image plane and is scaled according to the power of the objective. These reticles are generally not interchangeable. There are some eyepieces, however, which will accept reticles. In this case you would just match the reticle diameter to the reticle acceptance diameter of the eyepiece. Please note that reticles have different types of scales in order to accommodate different applications. Additionally, the correct eyepiece size must be selected to match the microscope. If a microscope has a removable eyepiece, then it can be exchanged with a similarly sized eyepiece that can accept a reticle. Note however that replacement eyepieces that can accept reticles are not necessarily the same length as the original eyepiece. This causes a height difference between two eyepieces for a binocular microscope, for example. If there is a large eye relief difference, you may have to also change the second eyepiece. Another difference between magnifier and microscope reticles is the size requirements. The thickness for most magnifier reticles is larger than the thickness of a microscope reticle and will not be able to fit in a microscope eyepiece. Also, diameter tolerancing is an issue. The diameter tolerance of our microscope reticles is +0mm/-0.1mm, meaning that the diameter of the reticle will not be larger than the catalog specification. This assures that the microscope reticle will fit inside the eyepiece tubing. Our magnifier reticles have a diameter tolerance of ±0.05mm, meaning that the diameter of the reticle might be as much as 0.05mm larger than what we list in the catalog. As a result, there is a chance that a magnifier reticle will be too large to fit in the eyepiece tube, even though it matches the stated diameter reticle needed for that eyepiece.

(UN News Centre) – Despite progress in the realization of children’s rights, as set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which entered into force on 2 September 1990, too many commitments remain unfulfilled. This is particularly true for children deprived of liberty, who often remain invisible and forgotten. To address this situation, the United Nations General Assembly, by resolution 69/157 adopted on 18 December 2014, invited the Secretary-General to commission an in-depth global study on children deprived of liberty. In October 2016, Manfred Nowak of Austria, an independent expert, was selected to lead the study. Mr. Nowak is professor of international law and human rights at the University of Vienna and Secretary-General of the European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation in Venice. He was previously the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture and a member of the UN Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances.

CH2M Hill efforts to convert wastewater for industrial use, such as the Western Corridor Recycle Project and Gippsland Water Factory, produce over 200 MLD, relieving pressure on already stressed water resources. A highly urbanized country of about 21 million people, Australia has 60% of its population (12.4 million) in five cities scattered along it’s coastline. It’s also the world’s driest inhabited continent, and drought or climate-change conditions in certain areas since the mid-1970s have caused serious water supply issues. For example, in Perth, on the western coast with a population of 1.5 million, the average water supply provided to reservoirs over the last 30 years is more than 50% lower than the historical average from 1911 to 1974. Water levels in many of Australia’s reservoirs are declining as a result of reduced inflow. As of March 1, 2007, the water levels in Perth’s reservoirs were at 25% of total capacity. Water levels for Brisbane (two million people) and Sydney (4.2 million people) are at 21% and 38%, respectively. These levels are extremely low and have forced water suppliers to implement strict water use restrictions. As a result of this water crisis, many of Australia’s cities are implementing water reuse projects in which effluent from wastewater treatment plants that would be lost to the sea is further treated and used again for various purposes. Maximizing use of this precious resource through water reuse projects has been implemented throughout the world over the past 30 years for numerous uses such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industry needs, and supply to drinking water sources. CH2M Hill is now implementing two reuse projects in Brisbane and the Gippsland Region. Western Corridor Recycling Project The population in southeast Queensland, which is on the eastern coast of Australia, has grown over 150% in the last 20 years from 1.7 million to 2.7 million. This, coupled with record drought conditions, has created a water crisis in this region. The water levels in southeast Queensland’s three reservoirs have steadily decreased from 62% full in April 2004 to the current level of 21% full. In response to the alarming reduction in water supply, the Queensland Government and Local Councils are implementing the largest reuse project in Australia. The Western Corridor Recycled Water Project is a $1.7 billion effort that involves construction of three new advanced water treatment facilities with a combined capacity of over 200 megaliters per day (MLD) and 200 kilometers of pipeline to provide water to end users. The initial purpose of the project is to replace potable water with reuse water for industrial use at two large power plants (Swanbank and Tarong). At project build-out, reuse water will also supplement the water supply to Wivenhoe Dam, which is one of Queensland’s main drinking water reservoirs. Effluent from six existing wastewater treatment plants will be conveyed to three new advanced water treatment plants for purification prior to use. Advanced technology is being incorporated into the design of these water treatment facilities to ensure good water quality. For example, the new 102 MLD plant located at Luggage Point is being designed by the Nandah Alliance (CH2M Hill, Laing O’Rourke, Hatch and Connell Wagner) to include microfiltration membranes, reverse osmosis membranes, and advanced oxidation with ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide disinfection. These treatment processes are state-of-the art for water reuse projects and provide multiple barriers to pathogens, organics and other contaminants commonly found in wastewater effluent. The processes also effectively reduce the water’s salt concentration to allow use in power plants, which demand lower dissolved solids for boiler feed and cooling water applications. Recycled water will be supplied to the Swanbank Power Station in 2007 and to the Tarong Power Station and Wivenhoe Dam in 2008. Gippsland Water Factory The Gippsland Region is located in southeast Australia in the state of Victoria. Gippsland Water currently provides water to 130,000 people as well as numerous industries that use approximately 70% of the potable water produced. One of the largest industrial users in the region is Australian Paper. Gippsland Water, in alliance with CH2M Hill, Parsons Brinkerhoff and Transfield Services, is constructing the Gippsland Water Factory to reuse wastewater effluent at Australian Paper. When completed in 2008, this project will deliver 8 MLD of high-quality water to Australian Paper to offset potable demand. Like the Western Corridor Recycle Project, the Gippsland Water Factory will incorporate advanced water treatment processes to ensure high-quality water for Australian Paper. Advanced treatment processes such as ultrafiltration membranes and reverse osmosis membranes will be provided in series to meet water quality goals. An innovative visitor center will also be constructed at the treatment plant. Components of the visitor center will include displays on the water cycle, the advanced treatment processes provided at the plant and the benefits of sustainable water resources. Larry Schimmoller is a professional engineer and senior project manager in CH2M Hill’s Denver, Colorado, USA, office. He also serves as its Global Technology Leader for Water Reuse. Contact: www.ch2mhill.com/ess

A new online map of England and Wales allows people to enter their postcode and find their community’s risk of developing 14 conditions, such as heart disease and lung cancer. The map presents population-wide health information for England and Wales. The researchers at Imperial College London pointed out that it could not be used to see an individual’s risk. It indicated an area’s health risk, relative to the average for England and Wales, they stressed. Twenty-five year study. Researchers at Imperial looked at 8,800 wards in England and Wales, each with a population of 6,000 people. They collected data from the Office for National Statistics and from cancer registries for 1985 to 2009. Data was then mapped alongside region-by-region variations in environmental factors such as air pollution, sunshine and pesticides. The data was also adjusted for age, deprivation and to take into account small numbers. Researchers said this was the first tool of its kind showing this level of detail. Read the full story at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27141760

“Philosophy” literally means “the love of wisdom.” But what is wisdom? And what can philosophy… A gun’s pointed at your head. You see two buttons. The man holding the barrel to your temple says, “Push one, then go.” Button A removes the life support of an aging scientist. Button B drops a piano on two history students. What should you do? Fanciful, certainly, but is there an answer? We all aspire to do “right,” but what does that mean? This course explores one answer: utilitarianism. This is a beginner guide to one of the most misunderstood but popular moral theories. Students will also learn a little about the history of the theory and hopefully come away with a greater appreciation for how to think about real-world moral questions. 282 students completed this course 88% recommend it to other students Teacher: Jack Coulson “A really excellent course. I knew very little about the topic going in and feel like I have a good idea of the basics and terminology now. It’s given me a great starting point for thinking about what aspects of utilitarianism I find particularly interesting and want to read more about. You can tell from the way the course was written that the author knows a lot about the topic and really cares about it, and I think he has done a great job of condensing that into 10 concise, clear, and very interesting lessons!” “Great introduction to what feels like an intuitive philosophical viewpoint that is very complex.” “Easily a top 5 course I have taken with you since I started this a year ago.” Lesson 1. Utilitarianism—What Is It? Lesson 2. A Brief History of Utilitarianism Lesson 3. Act Utilitarianism Lesson 4. Utility—What Is It? Lesson 5. Act Utilitarianism Defeated—“Philosophy Fit Only for Pigs” Lesson 6. Act Utilitarianism—Things Get Worse Lesson 7. Act Utilitarianism—Rebuttals Lesson 8. Rule Utilitarianism Lesson 9. Rule Utilitarianism—Objections Lesson 10. Rule Utilitarianism—Rebuttals Starting tomorrow, you will receive a new lesson straight to your inbox every morning for 10 days. Lessons take just 5 minutes to read, and each course is followed by fun, knowledge-testing quiz. Highbrow teaches you something new every day. As you sip your morning coffee and rub the sleep from your eyes, Highbrow delivers a short, 5-minute email lesson to help you learn anything from art and philosophy, to business and personal development. Join Highbrow and get unlimited access to our entire catalog of 250+ courses created by world renowned experts. With Highbrow you’ll never run out of new things to learn. First 30 days are free. Cancel anytime. → Learn more about membership

Prudent, knowledgeable, insightful, discerning. Wisdom is the ability to make sound judgement and make good decisions based on knowledge, experience and insight. It is characterized by being prudent, which means being careful and thoughtful in one's actions. Wisdom is also marked by having a deep understanding of the world around us, being knowledgeable and having the ability to gain insight. It also includes being discerning, meaning the ability to distinguish between right and wrong, good and bad, and true and false. In simple terms, wisdom is the quality of having good judgement and being able to make good decisions based on a well-informed and well-considered perspective.

High blood pressure, or hypertension, is often called the silent killer. It’s linked to many different health problems, like cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes. Many people don’t realise that high blood pressure can be lowered by making certain lifestyle changes, adopting healthy living practices or by taking certain medication and supplements. Bloom, together with their partner, Momentum Health4Me, discuss the implications of hypertension and how you can lower high blood pressure. What is blood pressure and why is high blood pressure dangerous? Your blood pressure is the measure of force that your heart uses to pump blood all around your body. Blood pressure is measured in two parts: the systolic blood pressure (first number), which indicates how much pressure your blood is exerting against the artery walls and the diastolic blood pressure (second number), which indicates how much pressure the blood is exerting against the artery walls while the heart is resting between the beats. An ideal blood pressure reading is between 90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg while a high blood pressure reading is considered anything over 140/90mmHg or higher. High blood pressure is a problem because it raises your risk of developing serious health-related such as: - Heart disease - Kidney disease or failure - Sexual dysfunction The Heart & Stroke Foundation classifies five different stages of blood pressure categories. These are: - Normal. 120/80mmHg. This falls within the normal range. - Elevated.120-129 systolic and less than 80mmHg diastolic. This means you are likely to develop high blood pressure unless you take preventative measures. - Hypertension Stage 1. This is when your blood pressure consistently ranges from 130-139 systolic and 80-89mmHg diastolic. Lifestyle changes are recommended. Doctors may prescribe medication. You are at risk of developing cardiovascular disease. - Hypertension Stage 2. This is when your blood pressure consistently ranges from 140/90mmHg or higher. Doctors will prescribe medication. Lifestyle changes are highly advisable in order to reduce the risk of health complications. - Hypertensive crisis. This category requires medical attention. Contact a medical professional if your blood pressure exceeds 180/120mmHg. How to lower blood pressure? - Start an exercise routine and stick to it. Regular exercise activity will get our heart pumping and help lower blood pressure. It doesn’t have to be extremely strenuous cardio workouts. Expert recommend that you commit to a weekly routine of 150 minutes of moderate activity, like walking, or 75 minutes of vigorous activity, like running, for best results. You can also consider other activities like playing team sports, swimming, gardening, walking the dog, going for a bike ride or even taking the stairs. - Cut back on alcohol and caffeine. Alcohol has been linked to high blood and there is some supporting evidence that caffeine also plays a part in raising one’s blood pressure. It is recommended to limit your alcohol and caffeine intake or cut it out completely. - Manage your stress levels. Poor stress management can lead to anxiety, which causes a faster heart rate and constricted blood vessels. Each person needs to find a healthy way to balance the pressures of life and practise effective self-care. This could be something relaxing like breathing techniques, yoga or meditation. - Lose weight. High blood pressure is often associated with a high body mass index. Losing those extra kilograms could significantly lower your blood pressure. Speak with a dietician or nutritionist about getting a health plan designed to help you shed the extra kilos. - Quit smoking. Smoking has many harmful health implications, among these respiratory-related risks, and high blood pressure. It’s always advisable to quit. If you need help doing so, take a look at some of the resources available to help you do so. - Take natural supplements. There are a number of natural herbs and supplements you can take to help lower blood pressure. Some of these include fish oil, whey protein and garlic. - Get enough sleep. Studies have linked those people with poor sleep quality patterns with elevated blood pressure levels. Make sure you get a restful night’s sleep, which is at least seven to nine hours each night. - The DASH Diet: Foods that lower blood pressure. DASH stands for dietary approaches to stop hypertension, which is possible as a healthy diet can have a big impact on maintaining healthy blood pressure. Foods with an excessive amount of sugar, salt and saturated fat are known to contribute to hypertension. Sodium, for instance, will cause you to retain fluids, which in turn raises your blood volume and pressure, which is why it is recommended to limit your intake. Heart-healthy foods are recommended if you’re trying to follow a low blood pressure diet. This includes eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables, as well as whole grains, lean fish and poultry, and nuts and legumes. Foods that are known to lower blood pressure naturally include: - Leafy greens. Spinach, kale, lettuce and rocket are all high in potassium, which helps your kidneys get rid of more sodium when you urinate. - Olive oil. This is a healthy fat and contains polyphenols, which is an inflammation-fighting compound that can lower blood pressure. - Berries. Blueberries and strawberries are antioxidants and natural flavonoids that can prevent hypertension. - Milk and yoghurt. Both these options are excellent sources are calcium for bone health and have important compounds for reducing one’s risk of developing high blood pressure. - Fatty fish. Fish that is high in omega-3 fatty acids, like tuna, salmon or sardines, will help reduce your blood pressure. It’s also an excellent source of vitamin D. - Oatmeal. Fibre is an important food group and a key way to lowering one’s blood pressure. Powering up on a low-sodium oatmeal breakfast is definitely the smart way to start the day. - Nuts and seeds. Unsalted nuts or seeds are high in potassium and will also assist in lowering one’s blood pressure. Try sunflower, pumpkin and pistachio as a healthy snack between meals or in salads. - Dark chocolate or cocoa. This food contains flavonoids that help blood vessels dilate and assists in lowering one’s blood pressure. Health and blood pressure assessment with Health4Me Bloom encourages healthy lifestyle living, like maintaining a regular exercise plan and sticking to a nutritious diet. We also provide the annual health assessment for Momentum Health4Me members so you can be sure of your blood pressure levels. The assessment is conducted at a participating pharmacy and includes a blood pressure check, cholesterol and blood sugar finger prick test, and weight measurement. All these screenings will provide information about your health and will allow you to decide whether you need to make any lifestyle changes. The health assessment is available to all Momentum Health4Me Gold, Silver and Bronze members. Get Momentum Health4Me health insurance quote Living a healthy lifestyle is the best way to ensure a normal blood pressure level. Commit to regular exercise, eat a healthy diet, make smart lifestyle choices and get your annual check-ups. Get health insurance cover with Bloom Financial Services that ensure you will have access to top-quality medical services if you need it. Contact our team of trained consultants and get a free health insurance quote for you and your family. Medical Content Disclaimer You understand and acknowledge that all users of the Bloom Financial Services website are responsible for their own medical care, treatment, and oversight. All content provided on the website, is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Neither is it intended to be a substitute for an independent professional medical opinion, judgement, diagnosis or treatment.

This weekend, the Center for Limnology Twitter account was tagged in a post from the UW Department of Emergency Medicine’s chief flight physician and pilot, Mike Abernethy, who had been flying a helicopter over Lake Mendota on Saturday, January 9th. It’s a really cool view of the lake and you should watch it here. While Abernethy reports “about 95%” ice cover on the lake, a few large spots of open water are clearly visible, leading to a fairly obvious question – with open water still visible on January 9th, how in the world was Lake Mendota declared “frozen” on January 3rd? Let us explain. You see, the tradition of monitoring Madison lakes for their annual freeze and thaw dates goes back 165 years. In fact, it’s one of the longest continuous ice datasets in the world. People probably began keeping records because, at the time, ice was a serious business. Before refrigeration entered the picture, folks living in warmer climates had to keep things cool in their icebox. And the ice in that ice box had to come from somewhere that got cold enough to make it. That’s why, as soon as the lakes in Madison froze over each winter in the early and mid 1800’s, crews headed out on the ice with over-sized saws and ice tongs and pulled cubes of Yahara Lakes ice up on shore. Those cubes were packed in sawdust and sent by rail to southern iceboxes. But refrigeration wasn’t the only thing that wasn’t yet invented by then either. There were no airplanes, helicopters, satellites, drones or even very tall buildings to give anyone a bird’s eye view of Madison’s lakes. What folks did have was Maple Bluff and Observatory Hill – two high points in the landscape that gave us a decent view of Lake Mendota. We also had E. A. Birge and Chancey Juday, two early pioneers in limnology who were out on Lake Mendota more often than most. And, legend has it, that they helped play a big role in setting the ground rules for when the lake was dubbed “frozen.” It wasn’t the most scientific reasoning, but it was the most Wisconsin reasoning – it the pair of researchers could no longer get into their boat and row a case of beer from Picnic Point over to their friends in Maple Bluff, then Lake Mendota was “closed” for the season. (We assume that, once the ice got thick enough, the beer runs consisted of snowshoes and sleds!) Anyway, because of this rule, Lake Mendota is often considered frozen before its winter lid of ice has fully formed. And that’s why, every year, folks at the Wisconsin State Climatology Office spend parts of winter and spring roaming the high points in the Madison landscape with binoculars ready to set “ice on” and “ice off” dates based on this “eyeball test” of ice coverage. Now, more scientific-minded readers of this blog are probably asking a very good question. Why do we still do it this way? Surely satellites or drones (or Mike Abernethy’s helicopter) could paint a much more accurate picture of ice cover on our lakes. And, yes, they could. But, while such measurements would be more accurate, they might not be as useful. You see, if we suddenly swapped satellite imagery in for human observation, then it would muddle the amazing dataset we already have. Folks have been setting “ice on” dates for Lake Mendota for 165 years using the “eyeball method” of observing ice cover from Picnic Point to Maple Bluff. If, all of a sudden, we decided that “ice on” only gets called when an aerial observation shows 100% ice cover, such readings wouldn’t tell us much about how ice cover has changed over the century and a half we’ve been calling “ice on” when the lake was only mostly frozen. There is, of course, a place for these more accurate measurements, but they will likely never fully replace the current methods we’ve passed down through generations. Those 165+ years of observations have documented a profoundly changing lake – one with a month less ice cover, on average, than it used to have each winter. But they’ve also shown that one thing hasn’t changed. Madison residents are extremely interested in knowing when their lakes freeze!

Spearheads, DNA Point to Second Founding Society in North America Stone spearheads and human DNA found in Oregon caves, anthropologists say, have produced firmer evidence that these are the oldest directly dated remains of people in North America. They also show that at least two cultures with distinct technologies — not a single one, as had been supposed — shared the continent more than 13,000 years ago. In other words, the Clovis people, long known for their graceful, fluted projectile points, were not alone in the New World. The new research, based on the recent discovery of the artifacts and more refined radiocarbon dating tests, established that the cave dwellers who made a particular spearhead with more narrow points than the ones crafted by the Clovis overlapped or possibly preceded the Clovis artisans elsewhere, the scientists reported in a paper published online by the journal Science.

Myalgia is a term for muscle aches and pains. Muscle pain also can involve ligaments, tendons, and fascia, the soft tissues that connect muscles, bones, and organs. Myalgia is most frequently related to tension, overuse, or muscle injury from exercise or physically-demanding work. In these situations, the pain tends to involve specific muscles and starts during or just after the activity. It is usually obvious which activity is causing the pain. Muscle pain also can be a sign of conditions affecting your whole body, like some infections (including the flu) and disorders that affect connective tissues throughout the body (such as lupus).

One of the most commonly asked questions in the realm of youth baseball is, "How fast should an 11-year-old pitcher throw?" This article, titled "How Fast Should an 11-Year-Old Pitcher Throw?" seeks to provide light on the subject, particularly for young players competing in Little League's Majors level. It's critical for parents and coaches to understand the expected performance levels for pitchers in this age group, as well as the elements that influence these expectations. The average fastball velocity for 11-year-old pitchers is between 50 and 60 mph. However, as these young athletes reach puberty, it is not uncommon to see them throw at speeds of up to 70 mph. At this age, the changeup, another important pitch, should be between 40 and 50 mph. As we progress through the essay, we'll look at the elements that influence these speeds, such as physical development, adequate training, and the significance of finding a happy medium between performance and safety. Here are some key takeaways from this article on How fast should an 11 year old pitcher throw: - Understanding the impact of physical development on pitching speed - Safe training techniques to improve velocity through the 3X Pitching Velocity program - Balancing performance enhancement with injury prevention for young pitchers - Incorporating proper pitching mechanics, strength training, and flexibility exercises - Developing personalized training plans based on individual needs and growth - Monitoring workload and recovery to ensure a healthy and sustainable athletic career The Effect of Physical Development on an 11 Year Old Pitcher When working with young athletes, understanding the relationship between physical development and pitching speed is critical, especially when incorporating the 3X Pitching Velocity program. When children reach the age of 11, their bodies undergo significant changes, including increases in muscle mass, bone density, and overall strength. These alterations have a significant impact on a player's ability to generate force, which in turn affects the velocity of their pitches. The 3X Pitching Velocity program aims to assist athletes use their physical development to safely and effectively increase pitching speed without risking their health. Biomechanics and Pitching Performance The 3X Pitching Velocity program emphasizes the importance of appropriate biomechanics in maximizing the potential of a young pitcher. The program ensures that athletes can successfully transfer their developing strength into greater pitch velocity by teaching them proper pitching mechanics. This includes emphasizing optimal body stance, weight transfer, and arm action, all of which contribute to a powerful and effective pitching motion. When young athletes master these mechanics, they can maximize their physical development to improve their pitching performance. Young Pitchers' Strength and Conditioning The 3X Pitching Velocity program involves specialized strength and conditioning exercises to aid in the physical development of young pitchers. These exercises concentrate on major muscular groups and motions that influence throwing velocity, such as the legs, core, and shoulders. By focusing on these specific areas, the program assists young athletes in developing the strength required to generate force and boost pitching speed. Furthermore, by promoting balanced muscle development and addressing any imbalances or weaknesses, this targeted approach to strength training helps to reduce the risk of injury. Flexibility and Mobility: An Important Factor Another important feature of the 3X Pitching Velocity program is its emphasis on developing young pitchers' flexibility and movement. Increased flexibility allows for a wider range of motion, allowing athletes to generate more force and ultimately throw at higher speeds. Stretching exercises and mobility drills are included in the program, which target major muscle groups involved in pitching, including as the hips, shoulders, and thoracic spine. Young pitchers can optimize their physical development and reach their full pitching speed potential by developing and retaining flexibility and mobility. Pitching Velocity Training Techniques That Are Safe for an 11 Year Old Pitcher The 3X Pitching Velocity program highlights the necessity of using safe and effective training methods to assist young pitchers in increasing their pitching velocity. The program attempts to develop a well-rounded foundation for athletes to build on by focusing on excellent pitching mechanics, focused strength training, and flexibility workouts. This all-encompassing technique assures that young pitchers may develop their velocity while minimizing the danger of damage. Pitching Mechanics That Increase Velocity and Safety One of the most important aspects of the 3X Pitching Velocity program is teaching young pitchers proper pitching mechanics. Proper mechanics help boost pitching velocity while also reducing strain on the arm and body, lowering the risk of injury. Balance, weight transfer, and arm action are all addressed in the curriculum, ensuring that athletes establish an efficient and strong throwing motion. Young pitchers can continuously adapt these mechanics through drills and repetition, resulting in long-term improvements in their performance. Pitchers Need Specific Strength Training Strength training routines created specifically for pitching muscle groups and movements are included in the 3X Pitching Velocity program. Young athletes can boost their pitching speed and force generation by working on building their legs, core, and shoulders. Squats, lunges, rotational motions, and shoulder presses are among the exercises included in the program, which not only contribute to greater velocity but also assist prevent injuries by fostering healthy muscular growth. Including Drills for Flexibility and Mobility Flexibility and mobility are important components of the 3X Pitching Velocity program's strategy to safely increasing pitching velocity. Increased flexibility allows athletes to move more freely, allowing them to generate more force and achieve higher speeds. Stretching exercises and mobility drills target major muscle groups involved in pitching, such as the hips, shoulders, and thoracic spine, in the program. Young pitchers can enhance their physical abilities and safely reach their full pitching speed potential by continuously focusing on flexibility and mobility. 11 year Old Pitcher: Balancing Performance and Injury Prevention For young pitchers, the 3X Pitching Velocity program emphasizes the significance of striking a balance between performance enhancement and injury prevention. The program helps athletes develop at a rate that matches with their individual progress while limiting the risk of injury by taking a holistic approach to training that takes into account the particular demands of each athlete. This equilibrium ensures that young pitchers can constantly increase their performance while also having a healthy and long-term athletic career. Creating a Personalized Training Strategy A tailored training program is essential for striking a balance between performance and injury avoidance. The 3X Pitching Velocity program encourages coaches and athletes to collaborate in establishing a training regimen targeted to the young pitcher's particular demands and physical development. The program can build a strategy that targets specific areas for improvement while maintaining the athlete's safety and long-term health by taking into account aspects such as age, growth rate, and existing physical ability. Workload and Recovery Monitoring Closely monitoring a young pitcher's workload and ensuring proper recovery time is an important component of balancing performance and injury prevention. Tracking pitch counts, rest intervals, and overall training volume is emphasized in the 3X Pitching Velocity program. Coaches and athletes can avoid overuse injuries caused by excessive strain on the arm and body by properly controlling effort and recovery. This method enables young pitchers to advance and achieve higher velocity without risking their health. Coaches, Athletes, and Parents Education The 3X Pitching Velocity program also understands the significance of teaching coaches, players, and parents on the fundamentals of safe and effective pitching development. The program seeks to establish a supportive atmosphere for young pitchers by promoting an understanding of appropriate throwing mechanics, strength training, and recovery tactics. This shared understanding enables all parties involved to make educated decisions, fostering a balanced approach to performance development and injury prevention that promotes the young athlete's long-term success. If You Are an 11 Year Old Pitcher Join the 3X Velocity Camp or Request Remote Training! Don't pass up the chance to maximize your young pitcher's potential while emphasizing their safety and long-term success. Register for the 3X Velocity Camp or fill out the remote training request form at www.topvelocity.net/getacoach to provide your athlete with the resources, tactics, and direction they need to succeed. By investing in the 3X Pitching Velocity program, you are not only assisting your young pitcher in achieving their goals, but you are also ensuring that they create a solid foundation for a healthy and successful sports career. Join the 3X Velocity Camp or request remote instruction today to take the first step toward a brighter future in baseball!

|Part of the Strategic bombing campaign of World War II Winston Churchill is cheered by workers during a visit to bomb-damaged Plymouth on 2 May 1941 |Casualties and losses 1,174 civilians killed 22,143 houses damaged or destroyed The Plymouth Blitz was a series of bombing raids carried out by the Nazi German Luftwaffe on the English city of Plymouth in the Second World War. The bombings launched on numerous British cities were known as the Blitz. The royal dockyards at HMNB Devonport were the main target in order to facilitate Nazi German efforts during the Battle of the Atlantic. Portsmouth, some 170 miles away in Hampshire, was also targeted by the Luftwaffe due to the presence of a royal dockyard there. Despite this, civilian casualties were very high and the dockyards continued in operation. The first bombs fell on the city on Saturday 6 July 1940 at North Prospect, killing three people. In early 1941, five raids reduced much of the city to rubble. Attacks continued as late as May 1944 with two minor air raids in that month.[a] During the 59 bombing attacks, 1,172 civilians were killed and 4,448 injured. The resident population fell from 220,000 at the outbreak of war to, at one point, only 127,000. In 1941 most of the children were evacuated and on any night that a raid was expected thousands of people were taken by lorry into the countryside, usually to the fringes of Dartmoor. "[...] in this town that was wasting away in reddish trails of smoke, only a few citizens wandered: the others were still in hiding; or lay, all distress ended, under the ruins." In March 1941, St Andrew's Parish Church was bombed and badly damaged. Amidst the smoking ruins a headmistress nailed over the door a wooden sign saying simply Resurgam (Latin for I shall rise again), indicating the wartime spirit, a gesture repeated at other devastated European churches. That entrance to St Andrew's is still referred to as the "Resurgam" door and a carved granite plaque is now permanently fixed there. Charles Church, Plymouth, destroyed by incendiaries on the nights of 20–21 March 1941, has been preserved in its ruined state as a memorial to civilian victims of the Blitz. The Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association on the Hoe was also severely damaged on the evening of 20 March 1941. The bombardment is described in the obituary of Stanley Wells Kemp who was the director of the Association at the time. The seminal work by Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Fielding Huxley on the ionic basis of nerve conduction resumed there in June 1947. On the evening of 22 April 1941 during an attack on the central area, the communal air-raid shelter at Portland Square took a direct hit which killed 76 people. Almost 70 years later, this was commemorated by the University of Plymouth, which named a new building on the site after the incident, and also commissioned a local artist to create a commemorative piece. Just three people in the shelter survived. During the Blitz the two main shopping centres and nearly every civic building were destroyed, along with 26 schools, eight cinemas and 41 churches. In total, 3,754 houses were destroyed with a further 18,398 seriously damaged. So great was the devastation of the largely Victorian era streets of central Plymouth, that in the autumn of 1941, the City Council appointed Professor Patrick Abercrombie, an eminent town planner, to prepare a plan for the city's reconstruction. The completed plan, which was co-authored by James Paton Watson, A Plan for Plymouth, was published in March 1944, and proposed a radical redevelopment. Main roads were diverted around the city, while the original street plan of city centre, with the exception of Union Street, was to be erased and replaced with a grand vista leading from Naval Memorial on Plymouth Hoe to Plymouth railway station, intersected by new roads and lined by modern buildings. The Plymouth Athenaeum and the Pannier Market were among the buildings which were rebuilt during the reconstruction. Plymouth was the only British city to retain its wartime plans; reconstruction of the city centre began in 1948 and was completed in 1962.

The Kitchen Triangle What is the kitchen triangle? In the 1920s Lillian Moller Gilbreth, an industrial psychologist, and engineer began working on optimizing kitchen layouts. She developed the kitchen triangle and displayed her work at a 1929 Women’s Exposition. In the 1940s a model was created to divide the kitchen layout between three major work centers: Cooking (range), Preparation (sink/dishwasher), and Food Storage (refrigerator). Designers and architects are still using this model today when designing residential kitchens. It was created for the comfort and efficiency of moving between the three main work areas. The rule is that no span of the triangle between work areas should be less than four feet or more than nine and should not cut into the island by more than 12 inches. The kitchen sink should be placed across from one of the other major stations or between them. A major rule of thumb is that no major traffic pattern should flow through the triangle. Though the kitchen triangle is timeless ultimately it is your lifestyle that will trump this standard. Also, kitchen space constrictions such as with a one-wall kitchen design can prevent its use. Whatever is chosen a kitchen design that is properly laid out should maximize efficiency and easily allow for movement between tasks. What About Work Centers? A basic concept of industrial engineering is the work center. Regardless of the task completed at the work center it should be placed at the correct ergonomic height and made so that all tools can be stored for the work performed and out of the way. This concept could be considered for any task whether a skilled craftsman, artist, student, or chef. Some of the main work centers for a kitchen would include the Clean Up Center, Cooking, Preparation, Serving, Refrigeration, and Storage. Six Main Work Areas Clean-Up: This would include the sink, resilient countertop to place dirty cookware, dishes, etc. Cleaning supplies would be stored in this area as would trash and recycling can. Counter space should have at least 18″ to 30″ on one side and 49″ to 54″ on the other. Cooking: The area for cooking would include adequate counter space (at least 24″ wide) and also a heat-proof surface. Storage of pots and pans, pot holders, and utensils should be convenient and the burners should not be close to a wall or an open area where people would be prone to walk through so as to avoid accidents. Mixing/Preparation: One area should be designated or two if there is more than one cook as the food prep center. Bowls, pans, and utensils should be easily accessible and it should be near the sink and the stove. Oftentimes this work center is between the cooking and cleanup center. Serving: This work center is usually 36- 84″ of counter and near the dining area so that food and beverages can be set out for meals and entertaining. Refrigerator: The work center sits unto itself due to the bulkiness and isn’t installed in the middle of a run of cabinets but usually at either end. Storage: Innovative storage options for the kitchen are innumerable and more organizational solutions are being created often to meet customer’s needs. Do you have an open concept floor plan? Work Centers are very popular with these floor plans. One reason is that kitchen island prep stations with prep sinks are often incorporated in the kitchen design plan. These islands tend to be large and help with setting definitive spaces such as kitchen from family or living room. The island is used for prep work, and serving and may include a stovetop or sink for cooking and/or clean up. One Wall Kitchen The one layout that where the kitchen triangle is not incorporated is the one-wall kitchen. This kitchen design has cabinets and appliances built into one linear wall. They are often found in small homes or apartments and in some open-concept floorplans. A common setup would be to have the sink located between the refrigerator and range and a kitchen table completing the work area as the prep and serving space or an island. The kitchen below shows the stove between the refrigerator and sink with the island across from the appliances for serving and dining. If you would like more information regarding kitchen planning, you can check out the National Kitchen and Bath Associations guidelines. Spark your imagination and check out our web post, Kitchen Island Design Ideas. We offer some good advice as you plan your kitchen remodel.

This video shows how a technology recycling business called Tech Dump is recycling and repurposing discarded technology while providing jobs and training for formerly incarcerated people. This inspiring video shows that business models can be designed to solve multiple problems, such as electronic waste and employment for ex-offenders. The video description includes a link to the "Grist 50," a list of 50 people who are doing inspiring work for the environment. This video begins with an advertisement. The audio is a little difficult to hear in the beginning of the video, so the teacher may wish to enable the closed captions. Economics and life skills classes could work in pairs to come up with business models that can solve two problems: one environmental problem and one social problem. English classes could have students choose a person from the "Grist 50" link to read about. Students could write one or two sentences explaining the main idea behind the person's environmental work. Other resources on this topic include this NowThis Earth video on recycling e-waste in Nigeria and this Vox video on the challenges of recycling. This video resource does not have any science to verify. However, it does offer an example of how innovation and determination can positively impact the Earth. This resource is recommended for teaching. College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Standards Dimension 2: Economics D2.Eco.7.6-8 Analyze the role of innovation and entrepreneurship in a market economy. Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) ESS3: Earth and Human Activity HS-ESS3-4 Evaluate or refine a technological solution that reduces impacts of human activities on natural systems.

There is significant drive to make mass spectrometers sufficiently small and portable that they can be carried to the sample, rather than bringing samples into the lab for analysis. We have pioneered the approach of making mass analyzers using lithographically patterned plates. We have made miniaturized radiofrequency quadrupole, toroidal, and linear ion traps using this approach, as well as an electrostatic ion beam trap. We are also developing charge detector arrays for mass analysis using patterned plates. The use of patterned plates rather than machined electrodes reduces cost while improving the precision and alignment of the electric field. We also study electrospray charging of micron-scale particles. Using mobility experiments we have demonstrated that bacterial spores can survive electrospray charging and desolvation. These spores can subsequently survive impacts against a dense surface at surprisingly high impact speeds. We have also demonstrated that electrospray can be used to electrically charge a variety of mineral types, including quartz, olivine, and chondrite. Electrically charging mineral grains may enable accelerating these particles to high velocities for laboratory simulations of cosmic dust impacts.

Music has been a fundamental part of human culture for centuries, and its impact on our lives goes beyond entertainment. Learning music offers a plethora of benefits that can enhance various aspects of your life, from cognitive development to emotional well-being. In this article, we will delve into the Top 10 Benefits Of Learning Music and explore how it can enrich your life. Music is a universal language that transcends boundaries and speaks to the soul. Whether you’re a seasoned musician or a novice, the journey of learning music is a rewarding one. In the following sections, we will explore the myriad advantages of embracing music education. Unveiling the Top 10 Benefits Of Learning Music 1. Cognitive Enhancement Learning music stimulates the brain, enhancing memory, problem-solving skills, and mathematical abilities. It’s no coincidence that many accomplished mathematicians and scientists are also skilled musicians. 2. Emotional Expression Music provides a powerful outlet for expressing emotions. Playing or listening to music can help you cope with stress, anxiety, and even depression, making it an excellent form of therapy. 3. Improved Concentration Mastering an instrument requires focus and concentration. These skills spill over into other aspects of life, helping you stay on task and improve productivity. 4. Boosted Confidence Progressing in music fosters a sense of achievement and confidence. Performing in front of an audience can be a transformative experience, boosting self-esteem. 5. Enhanced Creativity Music encourages creativity by allowing you to compose your melodies and explore different musical genres. It’s a canvas for artistic expression. 6. Social Connection Joining a band or orchestra promotes social interaction and teamwork. Music provides a platform to connect with others who share your passion. 7. Cultural Appreciation Learning music exposes you to different cultures and traditions, broadening your horizons and fostering an appreciation for diversity. 8. Lifelong Learning Music is a journey with no endpoint. It encourages a lifelong commitment to learning and self-improvement. 9. Stress Reduction The soothing melodies of music can reduce stress levels and promote relaxation. It’s a natural stress buster. 10. Career Opportunities A deep understanding of music can lead to a variety of career opportunities, from teaching to performing and composing. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) How do I get started with learning music? To begin your musical journey, consider enrolling in music lessons, whether it’s for an instrument or vocal training. Start with something you’re passionate about. Is it too late to learn music as an adult? It’s never too late to start learning music. Many adults take up music as a hobby and find immense joy and fulfillment in it. Can learning music improve my memory? Yes, learning music has been shown to enhance memory and cognitive function, making it an excellent brain workout. Are there any online resources for learning music? Yes, there are numerous online platforms and tutorials that offer music lessons for beginners and advanced learners. How can music benefit children’s development? Music education in children can improve their language skills, spatial-temporal skills, and overall academic performance. Is it necessary to read sheet music to learn an instrument? While reading sheet music can be beneficial, many musicians excel without it. Learning by ear and improvisation are also valuable skills. The Top 10 Benefits Of Learning Music extend far beyond the realm of melody and harmony. Music enriches our minds, soothes our souls, and connects us with the world. Whether you’re considering music as a hobby or a lifelong pursuit, the rewards are abundant. Embrace the world of music, and let it transform your life.

Just before midnight, the baby Sedo Passy was alone in her parents'bedroom. The waves broke a wall and flooded the room. "Throughout the afternoon, the tide was rolling, bigger than usual, like surfing. But we kept thinking, "It's going to stop," recalled her father, Sonny Passy. "But it's happening all the time. . . So we all ran around like crazy, and everything happened, and my partner and I didn't realize that our little girl was still there. "When they got back," we found Sedo sitting on her canvas bed, covered from head to foot with sand, poor girl. She never cried, just like she was shocked or something. "Climate change is no longer an abstract threat to Passy and others living on the northern Australian border. They think it's happening now. In the past two years, half of the densely populated islands in the Torres Strait have experienced unprecedented flooding. Islanders cannot prove that climate change is responsible for tidal floods or weather changes, but their elders are confused. Although the floods on these islands are largely unnoticed on the Australian mainland, they will become a global issue from next year. According to the draft report of the Fourth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, compiled by the world's top climate scientists, from the age before its official release next year, the tide has revealed the need for better coastal protection and long-term protection. - This semester's plan is likely to resettle half of the 4,000 people living on the island. The draft report also warns that asylum seekers in mainland Australia may not be alone. "About 60,000 to 90,000 people from Pacific islands may face flooding from the oceans. - By the 1950s, levels were rising every year, "the report said. "This will create internal pressure on these countries and their neighbours. ( For example, New Zealand and Australia) Help maintain communities or consider emergency immigration. Torres Strait Islanders are also likely to migrate to Australia during this period. CSIRO scientist Donna Green is working with indigenous communities in remote northern Australia to adapt to climate change. She says the Torres Strait is one of the most vulnerable areas in the country. "Although we do not have a historical record of sea level in the Torres Strait, we know that climate change is causing sea level rise in the region and increasing the intensity of extreme weather and tidal events," she said. Therefore, climate change is likely to play a role in recent floods. "Flying across the Strait in a light plane, a teardrop- Below is an island of various shapes, its interior is dark green palm trees, surrounded by shallow sand in opal. -coloured sea. There are more than 100 such remote islands between Cape York Peninsula and Papua New Guinea, but only 14 are inhabited. For mainlanders in Australia, this coral tear, known as Marsigh Island or York Island, is the most recognizable feature of the Torres Strait because it played a leading role in the recent SBS TV series Nurses in the Remote Areas. Masig is in six troughs- The sleeping islands in the central and Northern regions- The western part of the Torres Strait has suffered many floods in the past two years. On Masig Island, the waves surged over a 50-metre beach, slapping the steps of Highway 113. -year- Old St. John's Evangelical Church. "That night, when I went out with my family, my eyes were almost open, my God," said Ned Mosby, my father, who appeared on Running. "My child asked me,'Dad, what happened? "I told them,'I don't know'. . . But that night I told them,'Hey, this is our home, but the day you have to move will come. "It's a message that Father Mosby and his priest Edward Nay reluctantly preached to their congregation. "I'm not happy when I talk about it, but I'm a realist," Naipa said. "That's why I want John Howard to start talking to the Aborigines of the Australian continent about places where you can settle in island communities. "He will" also ask the Prime Minister to do everything possible to slow down the process of global warming, because otherwise, God only knows how long we will stay here. Although the waves did not damage the church, its roof needed to be replaced at a cost of $101,000. "Do we want to raise the money to replace the roof here, or do we start thinking about rebuilding churches elsewhere? "" he asks. Some islanders have a nickname for mainlanders, especially politicians crossing the Strait, who complain about local concerns and fly away without success. They call them seagulls. But after years of failed lobbying by the Torres Strait Regional Authority and island companies- The Coordination Committee, at last, shows that politicians are listening. At the end of last year, the federal government allocated $300,000 for a major study of six of the most risky islands: Poluma, Ima, Masig and Wallab in the Central Strait, and the northern marshes. - Saibai and Western Boigu. And long-term preparation- Outdated emergency evacuation plans, the islands also submitted applications for $4. The federal and Queensland governments have allocated $4 million to repair seawalls, build houses on stilts and protect vital infrastructure such as water. John Toshik Chris, chairman of the Regional Authority, said relocation had been discussed as a "last resort", but he believed it could be avoided with the help of the government. "At the moment, you can't move these people because they are flesh and blood linked to traditional families," he said. On the far- Eastern Volcanic Island- Also known as Murray Island- Five Meliams, led by Eddie Mabo, have filed an epic High Court lawsuit on indigenous land rights, overturning the legal myth that Australia did not belong to anyone before the arrival of the British. But today, it is the sea, not the law, that occupies their land. Two nights in July last year, hurricanes and extreme tides struck Meicheng, prompting more than six families to move inland. Ron Dai, the chairman of the Council, was not surprised. He had warned for many years that "no one can stop sea level rise". But like other Torres Strait Islanders, the Meliams are deeply connected to the sea and land, celebrating with slow and gentle songs "Living in your opal waters. . . Have all the good things. The song was written a century ago by John Stewart Bruce, a Scotsman whose family was the first European to live on the Mel River. They loved it and buried it there. Last July, their overgrown graves were flooded. It was the flood, and his fear of finding his daughter Sedoy covered with sand, that persuaded Passy to pack up his home on the beach and move to the mountains. Although Mr. Passy said it was difficult for his children to give up the beach in their backyard and fall asleep in the lapping waves, he was trying to be optimistic about their actions. "We will install solar panels on the roof, a wind turbine, our own vegetable garden, a composting toilet and so on," he said. "I'll do my bit first and see where we start. "This Saibaidao Group. . . It's being deprived of by the occupied sea, "the story says. At the bottom- Lying on an island in the Torres Strait, even the old man with a long memory said that the recent flood of the King's Tide was the worst flood they had ever seen. But in Sabai, which is mostly one meter above sea level, hundreds of people were forced to resettle on the mainland in 1948, before the floods were so severe. Today, 379 people on the island are worried that flooding is increasing. Even with a long seawall, the streets were washed away again and again, most recently in February. A wooden sign smashed into a palm tree and summed up the fear of the local people: "Emergency". For the leadership of this community, please help me, I am sinking. . . For this community, please pray for me. But Security Council President Jason Watsam insisted it was not too late to save the island. He hopes to get money to repair the broken seawall. "We have to think seriously now, because there are some areas. （ It was not affected by water until this year, "he said. "But if we disperse, we will lose our white Cypriot identity. If we separate, there will be no more Sabah.

The Weight Lifted by Leverage calculator (`W = F * y/x`) computes the mass (W) that can be lifted by the use of a lever when the downward mass / weight and the two lengths (x and y) on either side of the fulcrum are known. INSTRUCTIONS: Choose units and enter the following: Weight Lifted by Lever (W): The calculator computes the mass/weight (W) in kilograms. However this can be automatically converted to other mass or weight units via the pull-down menu. A lever is a simple machine where the ratio of the product of the lengths and forces on opposite sides of a fulcrum are equal.

Drag the cat and release to see it fly up to the shelves! This game is intended to provide a little bit of fun with a loose mathematical connection. There is of course mathematics involved in knowing the angle and stretch required to get the cat to the correct shelf. There is also mathematics involved in following the instructions about the number sequences. The sequences appear here for those who have a Transum Subscription. Comment recorded on the 7 December 'Starter of the Day' page by Cathryn Aldridge, Pells Primary: "I use Starter of the Day as a registration and warm-up activity for my Year 6 class. The range of questioning provided is excellent as are some of the images. Comment recorded on the 24 May 'Starter of the Day' page by Ruth Seward, Hagley Park Sports College: "Find the starters wonderful; students enjoy them and often want to use the idea generated by the starter in other parts of the lesson. Keep up the good work" Do you have any comments? It is always useful to receive feedback and helps make this free resource even more useful for those learning Mathematics anywhere in the world. Click here to enter your comments. If you liked this you may also like: See the National Curriculum page for links to related online activities and resources.

Larsen syndrome (LS) is a congenital disorder discovered in 1950 by Larsen and associates when they observed dislocation of the large joints and face anomalies in six of their patients. Patients with Larsen syndrome normally present with a variety of symptoms, including congenital anterior dislocation of the knees, dislocation of the hips and elbows, flattened facial appearance, prominent foreheads, and depressed nasal bridges. Larsen syndrome can also cause a variety of cardiovascular and orthopedic abnormalities. This rare disorder is caused by a genetic defect in the gene encoding filamin B, a cytoplasmic protein that is important in regulating the structure and activity of the cytoskeleton. The gene that influences the emergence of Larsen syndrome is found in chromosome region, 3p21.1-14.1, a region containing human type VII collagen gene. Larsen syndrome has recently been described as a mesenchyme disorder that affects the connective tissue of an individual. Autosomal dominant and recessive forms of the disorder have been reported, although most cases are autosomal dominant. Reports have found that in Western societies, Larsen syndrome can be found in one in every 100,000 births, but this is most likely an underestimate because the disorder is frequently unrecognized or misdiagnosed. |Hands of a person with Larsen syndrome: Note the joint abnormalities of the left hand. Signs and symptoms Symptoms are related to defects in connective tissue. Cardiac defects are similar to those associated with Marfan's syndrome, a disorder of the connective tissue. Mutations in gene encoding filamin B Filamins are cytoplasmic proteins that regulate the structure and activity of the cytoskeleton. These proteins serve as scaffolds on which intracellular signaling and protein trafficking are organized. Filamin B has been found to be expressed in human growth plate chondrocytes, which are especially important in vertebrae segmentation and skeleton morphogenesis. Genetic analysis of patients with Larsen syndrome has found the syndrome is caused by missense mutations in the gene that codes for filamin B. These mutations cause an accelerated rate of apoptosis in the epiphyseal growth plates of individuals with the mutation. The defects can cause short stature and other symptoms associated with Larsen syndrome. Genetic analysis has found that a gene linked to Larsen syndrome, LAR1, is strongly linked to chromosome 3p markers. The locus of this gene is found in a region defined distally by D3S1581 and proximally by D3S1600. This location can be mapped to chromosome region 3p21.1-14.1. Human type VII collagen gene is found within this region in chromosome region 3p21.1. It is reasonable to believe that the joint abnormalities and cardiac anomalies associated with Larsen syndrome are related to the fact that the human type VII collagen gene is found within the same chromosome region as the LAR1 gene. Both autosomal dominant and recessive forms of Larsen syndrome have been reported. The former is significantly more common than the latter. Symptoms such as syndactyly, cleft palate, short stature, and cardiac defects are seen more commonly in individuals with the autosomal recessive form of the disorder. A lethal form of the disorder has been reported. It is described as being a combination of the Larsen phenotype and pulmonary hypoplasia. Ultrasound remains as one of the only effective ways of prenatally diagnosing Larsen syndrome. Prenatal diagnosis is extremely important, as it can help families prepare for the arrival of an infant with specifics necessities. Ultrasound can capture prenatal images of multiple joint dislocations, abnormal positioning of legs and knees, depressed nasal bridge, prominent forehead, and club feet. These symptoms are all associated with Larsen syndrome, so they can be used to confirm that a fetus has the disorder. Treatment for Larsen syndrome varies according to the symptoms of the individual. Orthopedic surgery can be performed to correct the serious joint defects associated with Larsen syndrome. Reconstructive surgery can be used to treat the facial abnormalities. Cervical kyphosis can be very dangerous to an individual because it can cause the vertebrae to disturb the spinal cord. Posterior cervical arthrodesis has been performed on patients with cervical kyphosis, and the results have been successful Propranolol has been used to treat some of the cardiac defects associated with Marfan's syndrome, so the drug also has been suggested to treat cardiac defects associated with Larsen syndrome. While Larsen syndrome can be lethal if untreated, the prognosis is relatively good if individuals are treated with orthopedic surgery, physical therapy, and other procedures used to treat the symptoms linked with Larsen syndrome. - Mitra, N., Kannan, N., Kumar, V.S., Kavita, G. "Larsen Syndrome: A Case Report." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society. 32.1 (2012): 85-87. Print. - Liang, C.D., Hang, C.L. " Elongation of the Aorta and Multiple Cardiovascular Abnormalities Associated with Larsen Syndrome." Pediatric Cardiology. 22. (2001): 245-246. Print. - Kiel, E.A., et al. "Cardiovascular Manifestations in the Larsen Syndrome." Pediatrics. 71.6 (1983): 942-946. Print. - Johnston, C.E., Birch, J.G., Daniels, J.L. "Cervical Kyphosis in Patients Who Have Larsen Syndrome." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 78.4 (1996): 538-545. Print. - Krakow, D. et al. "Mutations in the gene encoding filamin B disrupt vertebral segmentation, joint formation and skeletogenesis." Nature Genetics. 36.4 (2004): 405-410. Print. - Vujic, M., et al. "Localization of a Gene for Autosomal Dominant Larsen Syndrome to Chromosome Region 3p2I.I-I4.1 in the Proximity of, but Distinct from, the COL7A I Locus." American Journal of Human Genetics. 57. (1995): 1104-1113. Print. - Tongsong, T., Wanapirak, C., Pongsatha, S., and Sudasana, J. "Prenatal Sonographic Diagnosis of Larsen Syndrome." Journal of Ultrasound Medicine. 19. (2000): 419-421. Print.

Table of Contents Where did the British Isles come from? The term “British Isles” entered the English language in the late 16th century to refer to Great Britain, Ireland and the surrounding islands. In general, the modern notion of “Britishness” evolved after the 1707 Act of Union. How many nations are in the British Isles? The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK), since 1922, comprises four constituent countries: England, Scotland, and Wales (which collectively make up Great Britain), as well as Northern Ireland (variously described as a country, province or region). What are the 5 regions of the British Isles? The British Isles are made up of: Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland,England and Wales. The United Kingdom (owned by the British crown) includes: Northern Ireland, Scotland, England and Wales. What is the closest country to the British Isles? The UK has only one land border, and that is on the island of Ireland. Since 1994 the Channel Tunnel beneath the English Channel links the UK with France. The United Kingdom shares maritime borders with Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and the Faroe Islands (Denmark). What do the British call the Irish? We Scots are proud to be called Jocks, as are the Welsh in being referred to as Taffs (or Taffies) and the Irish as Paddies. The latter is merely an affectionate shortened version of Patrick anyway. Is Britain and England same? The UK – a sovereign state that includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Great Britain – an island situated off the north west coast of Europe. British Isles – a collection of over 6,000 islands, of which Great Britain is the largest. England – a country within the UK. Is Canada part of the UK? No. Canada is not part of the United Kingdom. Canada is an independent country and part of the North American continent. Canada was a dominion of the United Kingdom till 1931, after which it attained full autonomy on 11 December with the signing of the Statute of Westminster, 1931. Is United Kingdom is England? To start with, there’s the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The U.K., as it is called, is a sovereign state that consists of four individual countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Within the U.K., Parliament is sovereign, but each country has autonomy to some extent. What is the biggest region in the United Kingdom? England. England is the largest of the four geographical regions making up the United Kingdom. It is bordered by Scotland to the north and Wales to the west and it has coastlines along Celtic, North and Irish Seas and the English Channel. Is Ireland part of British Isles? British Isles, group of islands off the northwestern coast of Europe. The group consists of two main islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and numerous smaller islands and island groups, including the Hebrides, the Shetland Islands, the Orkney Islands, the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Man. Is Britain and UK same? Great Britain is the squashed triangle-shaped island that includes England, Wales, and Scotland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (or U.K.) consists, as its full name suggests, of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Why do Irish say Feck? It is also used as Irish slang meaning “throw” (e.g. “he fecked the remote control across the table at me”.) It has also been used as a verb meaning “to steal” (e.g. “they had fecked cash out of the rector’s room”) or to discover a safe method of robbery or cheating. What is the biggest country in the British Isles? The largest island of the British Isles is Great Britain which is also the world’s ninth-biggest island. It has an area of 209,331 square km. The Ireland island is located to the west of Great Britain. The island is politically part of the UK. The British Isles sit between the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Mainland Europe. At the closest point they are only 21 miles from the mainland. The United Kingdom also referred to as Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland are the two major islands that are surrounded by other tiny islands. Ireland is the smaller island to the west of the larger island, Britain. What countries still belong to England? The four countries of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, which make up the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom (UK) comprises four countries: England, Scotland and Wales (which collectively make up Great Britain ) and Northern Ireland (which is variously described as a country, province or region). What three countries make up the island of Great Britain? The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) consists of a group of islands off the western coast of Europe. The largest, Great Britain, comprises three countries: England, Scotland and Wales.

Teach the major organs and their related body systems. As children learn to locate the organs and what they do, they are more likely to pinpoint discomfort in various areas of the body. This skill is very helpful for those who have low tone or can’t otherwise locate the point of pain. Includes flashcards of the organs and body systems, plus worksheets for various systems. Targeted Life Skills - Learn where pain is most likely to originate - Identify major organs - Identify major body systems To learn more about the ELARP™ Method and how it works, sign up for the free informational session in the menu above. The ELARP™ Method works for: special needs, nonverbal students, struggling learners, unmotivated learners, rebellious learners and stressed out moms who need simple lessons for rough periods.

Comparison of Actual and Ideal Diesel Cycles In this article it is shown an ideal Diesel cycle in which there are a lot of assumptions differs from actual Diesel cycle. The main differences between the actual and ideal Diesel engine appear in the figure. In reality, the ideal cycle does not occur and there are many losses associated with each process. For an actual cycle, the shape of the pV diagram is similar to the ideal, but the area (work) enclosed by the pV diagram is always less than the ideal value. The ideal Diesel cycle is based on the following assumptions: - Closed cycle: The largest difference between the two diagrams is the simplification of the intake and exhaust strokes in the ideal cycle. In the exhaust stroke, heat Qout is ejected to the environment (in a real engine, the gas leaves the engine and is replaced by a new mixture of air and fuel). - Isobaric heat addition. In real engines the heat addition is never isobaric. - No heat transfer - Compression – The gas is compressed adiabatically from state 1 to state 2. In real engines, there are always some inefficiencies that reduce the thermal efficiency. - Expansion. The gas expands adiabatically from state 3 to state 4. - Complete combustion of the mixture. - No pumping work. Pumping work is the difference between the work done during exhaust stroke and the work done during intake stroke. In real cycles, there is a pressure difference between exhaust and inlet pressures. - No blowdown loss. Blowdown loss is caused by the early opening of exhaust valves. This results in a loss of work output during expansion stroke. - No blow-by loss. The blow-by loss is caused by the leakage of compressed gases through piston rings and other crevices. - No frictional losses. These simplifying assumptions and losses lead to the fact that the enclosed area (work) of the pV diagram for an actual engine is significantly smaller than the size of the area (work) enclosed by the pV diagram of the ideal cycle. In other words, the ideal engine cycle will overestimate the net work and, if the engines run at the same speed, greater power produced by the actual engine by around 20% (similarly as in the case of Otto engine). We hope, this article, Actual and Ideal Diesel Cycle, helps you. If so, give us a like in the sidebar. Main purpose of this website is to help the public to learn some interesting and important information about thermal engineering.

What is margin in trading In the world of finance, the term margin has several meanings. This concept exists both in regular business and in Forex trading. In the latter case, it has several meanings. What is “margin” in trade in goods and services In ordinary business, the word “margin” means the difference between the price of a product (service) for buyers and the cost (purchase price, in case of resale). It is sometimes confused with a markup. But the calculation formulas are different. In businessmargin is the result of the formula: (cost – cost) / cost * 100%. She: - can never be more than 100%; - shows what percentage of sales proceeds represents profit. In the markup there is another forum: (cost – cost) / cost * 100%. This figure may be more than 100%. In most cases, goods have a free price on the market. Therefore, manufacturers and suppliers can provide themselves with the markup they want. A commentRating Forex: сThe free price is the cost (tariff) formed by the manufacturer, supplier or together with the buyer. It differs from regulated in that the state does not control it. What is “margin” on the stock exchange In stock trading, you can buy assets on the derivatives and spot markets. There is a difference between selling and buying prices. This is the margin on the exchange. Commentary Rating Forex: difference between sale and purchase prices will always be. Because in cases where the purchase and sale prices are the same, orders with them overlap each other. IN stock trading has variation margin. It is used in the derivatives market. It is credited or debited from the trader’s account as a result of clearing, which is carried out 1–2 times a day. It happens something like this: a person buys a futures contract, which grows in price. Clearing is in progress. The increase in the value of the asset is added to the trader. If the instrument, on the contrary, has fallen in price, funds are debited from the account. How variation margin is calculated depends on the specific instrument. Everyone has their own formula. It may include the value of the asset in foreign currency, take into account its fluctuations and conversion into another currency. Formulas for calculating variation margin can vary greatly from instrument to instrument. This must be taken into account when opening long-term transactions in derivatives markets. What is “margin” in margin trading The retail Forex and CFD market is somewhat different from classical exchange trading. Because there are only derivative financial instruments there. Transactions with them are opened in two directions. Positions must be opened and closed. The difference between the cost of buying and selling is called the “spread”. This is another difference from classic exchanges. That’s why many people confuseWhat is “margin” in speculative trading. Trading in retail Forex and CFD markets involves opening transactions with leverage. For example, if the leverage is 1:10, a trader can use $100 to open a position of $1000. This $100 is the answer to the question “What is margin?” Essentially, this is collateral, a collateral that a trader must use to open positions. Margin is used to cover risk. That is, if the transaction turns out to be unprofitable, the losses will first be written off from the collateral. If it is not enough, the loss will begin to absorb the leverage. Margin call, stop out Brockers do not want to lose the money they give to traders to open positions. Therefore, in addition to margin, trading has a margin requirement (margin call). This is a percentage of the deposit. If the deposit balance is less, the trader will be asked to top up the account. That is, add margin. If he does not do this, the broker will try to close the position that threatens the leveraged funds he has issued. There is a stop-out. This is also a percentage of the margin. It means the level at which the position will be forced to be closed. Rating Forex Commentary: Understanding margin, margin calls and stop outs is critical to money management. If a trader chooses the wrong trading strategy, he can lose everything on his deposit due to one unsuccessful transaction. How is Forex Margin Calculated? Leverage is indicated as a proportion (example: 1:50). Margin is a percentage. It is calculated as follows: the position volume (lot) is multiplied by the contract size and divided by the leverage. For example, with a leverage of 1:50, for every $50 of leverage, the trader should have $1 on deposit. Accordingly, with a leverage of 1:50, the margin will be 2% of the transaction size. It is necessary to take into account: losses or profits are not divided by the size of the leverage. They come from the trader’s deposit. Therefore, margin trading is a good option for dispersing capital. However, it carries a very high risk. If there is money in a trader’s account that is not reserved for opening a position, this is free margin. It can be used for new positions. The calculation formula may seem simple: equity – margin. But it is not so. Have equity There is also a separate formula. This is a balance sheet taking into account floating income and losses. The balance represents the amount of the deposit + profit – loss. So the complete formula for free margin looks like this: ((deposit + profit – loss) + floating profit – floating losses) – margin. The main thing in all this is that floating profits can be used to open new positions. It represents the profit that is in an open transaction. For example, a lot of an asset was purchased for $1000. Now it costs $1010. Here $10 is a floating profit. It can be used to open a new position. At the same time, floating losses also affect equity. Therefore, if there is a losing position, the minus on it will be taken into account. New transactions can be opened for a smaller amount than the account balance. What types of margin are there? In different markets, with different brokers, you can find two types of margin as collateral: - cross margin; - isolated margin. Each has its own pros and cons. They need to be taken into account when choosing markets and brokers. TORoss margin is the ability to use the entire deposit to secure transactions. For example, if a loss on one position is close to consuming the collateral allocated to it, free margin comes into play. The position remains open. This type of margin makes it easier to wait out negative trends in the market. Even after a deep minus (exceeding the initial margin), the trader has the opportunity to make money when the trend reverses. Since for free margin is used for calculations; profit on open profitable transactions adds liquidity to the account. This makes it possible to obtain a diversified portfolio and minimize risks. Let’s talk about the lack of cross margin. It is very significant: one unsuccessful transaction can burn the entire deposit. Most often this happens when only one position is open. In this case, the loss consumes almost all the capital in the account until it reaches a margin call or causes the position to be closed by a stop out. If there are several transactions, a loss-making one can absorb all the free margin. There will be no additional collateral for other positions. Even the profit is liquidated. All that remains for the trader is the margin on open orders. Most Forex brokers and dealers use cross margin. This is why 76% of traders lose their entire deposit. A sharp price jump in the presence of wide leverage easily burns money. A fixed amount is allocated for each position. If the amount of losses exceeds it, it is simply closed. The main advantage of isolated margin is limiting losses. It’s definitely not possible to lose your entire deposit. The biggest disadvantage is the high risk of liquidation. Forex assets are very volatile. They can greatly change the price over a wide range. This leads to rapid absorption of allocated collateral and losses on the transaction. Trading with isolated margin is recommended for beginner traders. They will keep their deposit longer and will not lose everything on unsuccessful transactions. Cross margin – an option for professional and institutional traders who know how to balance their portfolio and manage risks. In addition, they have enough capital to cover open orders. 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Monitoring keystone components of sub-Arctic foodwebs The White Sea is a unique semi-enclosed sub-Arctic sea, south of the North Polar Circle. It was formed during the last interglacial period about 6,000 yrs ago and later lost its direct connection with the Arctic region due to rising temperatures and the penetration of the warm North Cape Current into the southern part of the Barents Sea. This Fact Sheet introduces some of the results in continuous observations of major abiotic features in the White Sea over the last 50 years, and investigates the possible response of key planktonic species to future climate change. A keystone species is a species that plays a disproportionate role in its environment relative to its abundance. An ecosystem may experience a dramatic shift if a keystone species is removed, even though that species may have accounted for only a small part of the ecosystem in terms of biomass and/or productivity. The results discussed here are based on long-term observations, obtained every ten days in the White Sea, on temperature, salinity and plankton species abundance. These observations describe the interactions between ecosystem components, and the information can be used to infer future ecosystem changes and in support of management decisions. Combined with additional ecophysiological investigations, these results could assist in the development of predictive capacity to evaluate climate induced changes in pelagic ecosystems. Climate change records and species success The marine fauna of the White Sea is diverse and adapted to salinities as low as 24-28% (per thousand), compared to the 30-32% of the open ocean. The long (up to 6 months per year) periods of ice-coverage, and the considerable warming of the surface waters in the summer (>20°C) has allowed the coexistence of three major biogeographic groups of species: boreal, arcto-boreal and arctic. Long-term observations of zooplankton in the White Sea began in the 1960’s near the Biological station of the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, located in Kandalaksha Bay (Station, D-1, 66°19’50’’N, 33°40’06’’E). The fifty-year data (Figure 1) shows a warming trend in the ecosystem for the last 40 years. It also reveals large interannual variability in the Arctic keystone species Calanus glacialis, overlaying a long-term pattern of increased abundance until the mid 1990s, decreasing since. Such long term changes appear to be more significant than year-toyear deviations. The White Sea population of Calanus glacialis is a relic of the glacial period, currently isolated from other Arctic populations. C. glacialis is one of the most active under-ice and open-water consumers constituting a key link between primary production and higher trophic levels in the subArctic. Climate-induced changes in food availability and, as a result, growth and reproduction periods, may have knock-on effects throughout sub-Arctic food web. C. glacialis is dependent on the ice algae and spring phytoplankton bloom for successful reproduction and population maintenance, and will be strongly affected by any spatial and temporal changes of ice coverage. Female abundance in the upper water layer in springtime is strongly constrained from year to year by adequate water temperature. In the White Sea C. glacialis is one of the key producers of faecal pellet organic carbon, vital for benthic species, and itself a major source of energy for all developmental stages of the White Sea endemic herring species Clupea pallasi maris-albi, larvae of endemic cod species Gadus morhua maris-albi, and top predators such as marine birds and mammals, especially ringed seals and beluga whales. Long-term monitoring and scenarios of climate-induced ecosystem changes Climate change has become increasingly obvious in recent decades, both for sub-Arctic as well as Arctic regions. Continuous observations of the White Sea reveal an unprecedented reduction in the ice coverage season over the last decade and increasing annual sea surface temperatures (0.6ºC since 1957, Figure 1). The abundance of C. glacialis, while showing large variability and a certain dependence on the previous year’s abundance, appear to be negatively related to increases in surface temperature, thus being open to warming impacts (Figure 1). Monitoring observations not only provide data on the past and ongoing changes, but would also provide early warnings of future trends in ecosystem parameters. Because predictive capacity increases with the number of observations; long-term, multi-variable monitoring is essential to ensure we make reliable predictions of future ecosystem state. Preliminary analyses also show the importance of concurrent physical and biological research targeted at modelling climate impact scenarios to predict the outcome of vulnerable keystone species. Complex models are required to assess and forecast the impacts of climate and anthropogenic forcing on food-web dynamics, incorporating knowledge on ecosystem productivity and trophic interactions from phytoplankton to top predators, at both interannual and multidecadal scales. Under a warming Arctic and sub-Arctic scenario the White Sea will be deeply affected, as past records indicate. A shorter ice cover period is likely to reduce the success of key species such as Calanus glacialis. This will mostly be due to a mismatching between spring phytoplankton blooms and copepod gonad maturation and reproduction. This mismatch will decrease copepods energy resources during their most vulnerable period. It is expected that this prediction will apply to other species as well. Further investigations are needed to assess ecosystem changes and support future management options. Fact Sheet by: EUR-OCEANS Knowledge Transfer Unit, hosted by the GLOBEC IPO at Plymouth Marine Laboratory. For further information contact, Jessica Heard: firstname.lastname@example.org or visit the Website: www.eur-oceans.org/KTU