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次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | They plan and design headline-grabbing attacks using every means of communications to intimidate and break the collective will of free people. | 圌ãã¯ããããã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³æ段ãçšããŠãèªç±ãªäººã
ã®å£çµããæå¿ãæã¡ç ããåšå§ããããã«ã倧èŠåºãã«æãããããããªæ»æã®èšç»ãç·Žã£ãŠããã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | They know that communications transcend borders, and that a single news story, handled skillfully, can be as damaging to our cause â and as helpful to theirs â as any military attack. | 圌ãã¯ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãåœå¢ãè¶ããããšããããŠå·§åŠã«æäœããã°ããã£ãäžã€ã®ãã¥ãŒã¹ã§ãããããæŠåæ»æãšåãåšåãæã£ãŠïŒãããŠåœŒãã®æãéãã«ïŒæã
ã®äž»åŒµã«ãã¡ãŒãžãäžãåŸããšããããšãç¥ã£ãŠããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | And they are able to act quickly with relatively few people, and with modest resources compared to the vast, expensive bureaucracies of democratic governments. | ããã«ã圌ãã¯æ¯èŒçå°äººæ°ã§ããŸããæ°äž»äž»çŸ©æ¿åºã®å®åæ¿æ²»ã®è«å€§ãªè²»çšã«æ¯ã¹ããã»ã©å€§ãããªãè³æºã§çŽ æ©ãè¡åããããšãã§ããã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | Today we are fighting the first war in the era of e-mail, blogs, blackberries, instant messaging, digital cameras, the Internet, mobile phones, talk radio, and 24-hour news. | ä»æ¥ãæã
ã¯ãEã¡ãŒã«ãããã°ããã©ãã¯ããªãŒããã£ãããããžã¿ã«ã«ã¡ã©ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒããããæºåž¯é»è©±ãããŒã¯ã©ãžãªããããŠ24æéæŸéã®ãã¥ãŒã¹ã®æ代ã«ãããã第äžæ¬¡æŠäºãæŠã£ãŠããã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | In Tunisia, the largest newspaper has a circulation of roughly 50,000 in a country of 10 million people. | ãã¥ããžã¢ã§ã¯ã人å£1åäžäººã«å¯ŸããŠæ倧æã®æ°èçºè¡æ°ãçŽ5äžéšã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | But even in the poorest neighborhoods, you see satellite dishes on nearly every balcony or rooftop. | ããããæã貧ããå°åºã§ããããã»ãšãã©å
šãŠã®ãã«ã³ããŒãå±æ ¹ã«è¡æã¢ã³ãããåãä»ããŠããã®ãç®ã«ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | A few years ago, under Saddam Hussein, an Iraqi could have his tongue cut out if he was found in possession of a satellite dish or used the Internet without government approval. | æ°å¹Žåããµãã ã»ãã»ã€ã³æ¯é
äžã§ãã€ã©ã¯äººãããè¡æã¢ã³ãããææããŠããããšããããã¯æ¿åºã®èªå¯ãªãã«ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã䜿ã£ãããšãæŽãããã°ã圌ã¯èãåãããŠããŸã£ããããããªãã ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Today, satellite dishes are ubiquitous in Iraq as well. | ä»æ¥ãè¡æã¢ã³ããã¯ã€ã©ã¯ã«ãããŠããè³ãæã«èšçœ®ãããŠããã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Regrettably, many of the news channels being watched through these dishes are hostile to the West. | éºæŸãªããããããã®ã¢ã³ãããéããŠèŠãããŠãããã¥ãŒã¹çªçµã®å€ãã¯ã西åŽã«æµæã®ãããã®ã§ããã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | Media outlets in many parts of the world often serve only to inflame and distort â rather than to explain and inform. | äžçã®å€ãã®å Žæã«ãããã¡ãã£ã¢ããæµãããã®ã¯ã説æãšæ
å ±ãäžãããšãããããã人ã
ã®ææ
ãããããèããæ²è§£ããã圹ç®ã®ã¿æããããšãå€ãã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | While al-Qaeda and extremist movements have used this forum for many years, further poisoning the Muslim publicâs view of the West, we in the West have barely even begun to compete. | ã¢ã«ã»ã«ã€ãŒããšéæ¿æŽŸéåã幟幎ã«ãããã£ãŠãã®ãã©ãŒã©ã ãçšããã ã¹ãªã 瀟äŒã®è¥¿åŽãžã®èŠè§£ãããã«æªåãããŠããäžæ¹ã§ã西åŽã®æã
ã¯ãããŸã 競ãåãããšãå§ããŠãããªãã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | We saw this with the false allegations of the desecration of a Koran last year. | ãã®ããšã¯ãæšå¹Žã®ã³ãŒã©ã³åæ¶ãšããééã£ã䞻匵ã«èŠãããã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | First published in a weekly news magazine, the story was then posted on Web sites, sent in e-mails, and repeated on satellite television and radio stations for days before the facts could be discovered. | çºç«¯ã¯é±åãã¥ãŒã¹éèªã«æ²èŒãããèšäºã§ããã®ä»¶ã¯ãã®åŸãŠã§ããµã€ãã«èŒããããã¡ãŒã«ã§éãããŠãçå®ã解æããããŸã§ãæ°æ¥ã«ãããè¡ææŸéãšã©ãžãªæŸéã§ç¹°ãè¿ãäŒããããã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | That false story incited deadly anti-American riots in Afghanistan and Pakistan. | ãã®ééã£ãèšäºããã¢ãã¬ãã¹ã¿ã³ãšããã¹ã¿ã³ã«ãããèŽåœçãªåç±³æŽåãæåããã®ã ã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | The United States military, appropriately and of necessity, took the time needed to ensure that it had the facts before responding that the charges were untrue. | ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœè»ã¯ããã®éé£ãèåœã«ãããã®ã§ãããšããåå¿ã瀺ãåã«ãé©åãã€å¿
ç¶çã«ãäºå®ã確信ããããã®æéããšã£ãã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | In the meantime, innocent lives were lost. | ãã®éã«ãç¡å®ã®åœã倱ãããŠãã£ãã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | But we have begun to adapt. | ããããæã
ã¯é å¿ãå§ããŠããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | In Iraq, for example, the US military, working closely with the Iraqi government, has sought non-traditional means to provide accurate information to the Iraqi people. | äŸãã°ãã€ã©ã¯ã«ãããŠãç±³è»ã¯ã€ã©ã¯æ¿åºãšé£çµããã€ã©ã¯ã®äººã
ã«æ£ç¢ºãªæ
å ±ãæäŸãããããéäŒçµ±çãªæ段ã暡玢ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | Yet this has been portrayed as âbuying news.â | ããããªãããããã¯ããã¥ãŒã¹ã®è²·åããšæåãããã |
enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | The resulting explosion of critical press stories then causes everything â all activity, all initiative â to stop. | ãã®çµæåŽåºããæ¹å€å ±éèšäºã®å¡ã¯ããããŠå
šãŠïŒãããã掻åãããããã€ãã·ã¢ããïŒãåŒãèµ·ããåå ãšãªãã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | This leads to a âchilling effectâ among those serving in the military public affairs field, who conclude that there is no tolerance for innovation. | ããã¯è»äºå
¬åã®åéã«æºããè
ãã¡ã®éã§ãé©æ°ã«èããããªããšçµè«ãäžããå·åŽå¹æããžãšã€ãªããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Consider for a moment the vast quantity of column inches and hours of television devoted to the allegations of detainee abuse at Abu Ghraib. | ããã§ãã¢ãã»ã°ã©ã€ãã«ãããæçè
èåŸ
ã®ïŒååãªèšŒæ ã®ãªãïŒäž»åŒµã«é¢ããèšå€§ãªã³ã©ã ã®å¹
ãšãã¬ãæŸæ ã®æéãèããŠã¿ããã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | Compare that to the volume of coverage and condemnation associated with, say, the discovery of Saddam Husseinâs mass graves, which were filled with hundreds of thousands of innocent Iraqis. | ãããäŸãã°ããµãã ã»ãã»ã€ã³ã«ããæ°åã®ç¡å®ã®ã€ã©ã¯äººã§åãå°œããããéå£å¢å°ã®çºèŠã«é¢ããå ±éãšéé£ã®èŠæš¡ã«æ¯èŒããŠã¿ããã |
enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | Free governments must make communications planning a central component of every aspect of this struggle. | èªç±ãªæ¿åºã¯ããã®èŠéã«ããããããã芳ç¹ã®äžå¿èŠçŽ ãèšç»ããããã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ããšããªããã°ãªããªãã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Indeed, the longer it takes to put a strategic communications framework into place, the more the vacuum will be filled by the enemy. | å®éã«ãæŠç¥ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã®æ çµã¿èšå®ã®æéãé·åŒãã»ã©ã空çœã¯æµã«åããããŠããã®ã ã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | There are nonetheless signs of modest progress. | ããã§ããªããããããªé²æ©ã®å
ãã¯çŸããŠããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Soon after the devastating earthquake in Pakistan, a public affairs team was deployed with our sizable military forces in the disaster area. | ããã¹ã¿ã³ã«ãããç Žå£çãªå°éã®çŽåŸãããå
¬åããŒã ã¯æã
ã®ã被害å°ã«é
眮ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | They worked to help focus media attention on Americaâs commitment to help the Pakistani people. | 圌ãã¯ãå ±éãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ããã¹ã¿ã³äººææžãžã®è²¢ç®ã«çŠç¹ãããããå©ããšãªã£ãã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | Public opinion surveys conducted by private groups before and after the earthquake suggest that attitudes in Pakistan regarding the US changed dramatically because of this new awareness. | å°éã®ååŸã§ç§çã°ã«ãŒããè¡ã£ãäžè«èª¿æ»ã¯ããã®æ°ããªæèã«ãã£ãŠããã¹ã¿ã³ã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«å¯Ÿããæ
床ãåçã«å€ãã£ãããšã瀺ããã |
enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | Government public affairs and public diplomacy efforts are slowly beginning to reorient staffing, schedules, and bureaucratic culture to engage the full range of todayâs media. | å
¬åãããŠå€äº€ã®æ¿åºã¯ãä»æ¥ã®ã¡ãã£ã¢ãšå
šé¢çã«é£åããããã«ã人çãæéçããããŠäºåçæåã«å¯Ÿããæ¹åæ§ãåŸã
ã«æ¹ãå§ããŠããã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | Still, government must develop the institutional capability to anticipate and act within the same news cycle. | ããããŸã ãæ¿åºã¯æ©é¢ã®äºæèœåããããŠåäžã®ãã¥ãŒã¹ãµã€ã¯ã«ã®ãã¡ã«è¡åã«ç§»ãèœåãéçºããªããã°ãªããªãã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | That requires instituting 24-hour press operations centers and elevating Internet operations and other channels to the status of traditional twentieth-century press relations. | ããã«ã¯24æéå ±éã»ã³ã¿ãŒã®èšçœ®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããããã®ä»ã®çªçµã®é£æºãã20äžçŽã®å ±éé¢ä¿ã®ã¬ãã«ãŸã§åŒãäžããããšãå¿
èŠã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | It will require less reliance on the traditional print media, just as the publics of the US and the world are relying less on newspapers. | ã¡ããã©ã¢ã¡ãªã«ãäžçã®åžæ°ãæ°èããé¢ããŠããã®ãšåæ§ã«ãäŒçµ±çãªçŽåªäœã®ã¡ãã£ã¢ãžã®äŸåãæžããå¿
èŠãããã ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | This also will mean embracing new ways of engaging people throughout the world. | ããã¯ãŸããäžçäžã®äººã
ãçµã³ã€ããæ°ããæ¹æ³ãåãå
¥ããããšããæå³ããã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | During the Cold War, institutions such as Radio Free Europe proved to be valuable instruments. | å·æŠæ代ãã©ãžãªã»ããªãŒã»ãšãŒãããã®ãããªæ©é¢ã¯ããã®åªäœãšããŠã®äŸ¡å€ã蚌æããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | We need to consider the possibility of new organizations and programs that can serve a similarly valuable role in the War on Terror. | æã
ã¯ã察ããæŠäºã«ãããŠãåæ§ã®äŸ¡å€ãããããåŸãæ°ããªçµç¹äœãããã°ã©ã ã®å¯èœæ§ãèæ
®ãã¹ãã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | We are fighting a war in which the survival of our way of life is at stake. | æã
ã¯ãç掻ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã®åç¶ãè³ããæŠäºã«çŽé¢ããŠããã |
enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | And the center of gravity of that struggle is not just the battlefield. | ãããŠãèŠéãå·»ãèµ·ããéåã®æ žã¯æ±ºããŠæŠå Žã ãã§ã¯ãªãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | It is a test of wills and it will be won or lost in the court of global public opinion. | ããã¯æå¿ãè©Šããã¹ãã§ããããã®åæã¯äžçã®å
¬è«ã«ããè£å€ã«ããã£ãŠããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | While the enemy is skillful at manipulating the media and using the tools of communications to their advantage, we have an advantage as well: truth is on our side, and, ultimately, truth wins out. | æµãã¡ãã£ã¢ã®æäœãšã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãšããéå
·ã®äœ¿çšã«ãã£ãŠå©çãåŸãããšã«é·ããŠããäžæ¹ã§ãæã
ã«ã匷ã¿ãããïŒçå®ã¯æã
ã«ããããããŠã究極çã«ã¯ãçå®ãåå©ããã®ã ã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | The Nation State Revisited | æ°æåœå®¶ãžã®å蚪 |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | It has become fashionable to claim that the nation state has lost its place. | æ°æåœå®¶ã®å±
å Žæããªããªã£ããšäž»åŒµããããšãæµè¡ã«ãªã£ãŠããããã ã |
enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | Globalization, it is said, means that nations can no longer control their own affairs. | ã°ããŒããªãŒãŒã·ã§ã³ãšåŒã°ãããã®ã¯ãåœå®¶ãèªåœå
ã®è«žäºæ
ã管çã§ããªããªãç¶æ
ãæå³ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | They must join with others, as in the European Union or ASEAN or Mercosur, and they must increasingly rely on global institutions like the United Nations, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization. | 圌ãã¯æ¬§å·é£åãASEANãåç±³åéšå
±ååžå Ž(Mercosur)ãªã©ã®ããã«ãä»ã®åœã
ãšå
±åããªããã°ãªããããããŠåœé£ãäžçéè¡ãäžç貿ææ©é¢ãªã©ã®äžçèŠæš¡ã®æ©é¢ã«ãŸããŸãé Œããªããã°ãªããªããªãã ããã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | But such a view is risky. | ãããããã®ãããªèŠæ¹ã¯å±éºæ§ã䌎ãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | Indeed, on closer inspection, it proves to be dubious, when not simply wrong. | å®éããã詳ããæ€æ»ããã°ãåçŽã«ééã£ãŠãããšã¯èšãããšããè¡æ£èããæµ®ã圫ãã«ãªãã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | The nation state, with both its strengths and weaknesses, is alive and well. | é·æãšçæã䜵ãæã€æ°æåœå®¶ã¯ãå¥åšãªã®ã§ããã |
enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | To begin with its strengths, the nation state remains the only political space in which the constitution of liberty thrives. | ãŸãé·æããèŠãŠããã°ãæ°æåœå®¶ã¯èªç±ã®æ¡ä»¶ãç¹æ ããå¯äžã®æ¿æ²»ç空éã§ããç¶ããŠããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | The democratic credentials of organizations like the EU are doubtful, and entirely absent in the case of the UN and other world institutions. | ã®ãããªçµç¹äœã«ããæ°äž»äž»çŸ©ã®ä¿¡ä»»ãªã©ã¯çããããåœé£ãä»ã®åœéæ©é¢ã«ãããäŸã«ã¯å®å
šã«æ¬ åŠããŠããã |
enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | Moreover, despite the frequent search for new identities, European or Latin American or otherwise, and despite many references to a new cosmopolitanism, or even a âworld civil society,â most people feel at home in their own country â the nation state of which they are citizens. | ããã©ããããæ°ããªäž»äœæ§ãžã®é »ç¹ãªè¿œæ±ã«ããããããããšãŒããããããã¯ã©ãã³ã¢ã¡ãªã«ããŸããã®ä»ã®å°åã§ããŸããæ°ããªäžç䞻矩ãžã®ããããã¯ãäžçåžæ°ç€ŸäŒãã«ãŸã§åã¶åºŠã
ã®èšåã«ããããããã倧æŠã®äººããèªåã®åœã«åž°å±ããæããèŠããïŒåœŒããåžæ°ã§ããæ°æåœå®¶ã«ãããŠãã§ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | Migration is generally migration to other countries. | 移äœã¯äžè¬çã«ãå€åœãžã®ç§»äœãæå³ããã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | Many countries are currently debating the integration of migrants. | æè¿ãå€ãã®åœã移æ°ã®çµ±åãèšè«ããŠããã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | What does it take to be British or German or American? | è±åœäººã§ããããšããã€ã人ããããã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººã§ããããšãšã¯ãã£ããäœãªã®ãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | Such debates about immigration make sense only if we recognize that citizenship is defined by and for nations. | 移äœã«é¢ãããã®ãããªèšè«ã¯ãåžæ°æš©ããåœå®¶ã«ãããåœå®¶ã®ããã«å®çŸ©ãããããšãæã
ãèªèããå Žåã®ã¿ã«ãããŠãæå³ãæã€ã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | This is, for most people, the positive side of the nation state. | ããã¯ã倧æŠã®äººã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ãæ°æåœå®¶ã®ããžãã£ããªé¢ã§ããã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | The nation state has been, and continues to be, the relevant unit of belonging and civic involvement for most human beings for more than two centuries. | æ°æåœå®¶ã¯ããããŸã§ã®2äžçŽä»¥äžãã®ããã ã倧æŠã®äººéã®åž°å±å
ãšããŠããŸãåžæ°çãªæããåãã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšããŠé©åãªåäœã§ããç¶ããŠãããããããããããããã§ãããã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | It is the context in which we find our liberties safeguarded or destroyed. | æã
ã¯ãã®é¢ä¿ã«ãããŠèªç±ãä¿éãããŠãããç Žå£ãããŠããããå³ãç¥ãã®ã§ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | Certainly, the countries freed from communism in 1989 felt that restoring national sovereignty and recovering liberty were bound together. | åœç¶ãªããã1989幎ã«å
±ç£äž»çŸ©ããéæŸãããåœã
ã¯åœæ°äž»æš©ã®åŸ©åž°ãšèªç±ã®åŸ©æŽ»ãçµã³ä»ãããããã®ã ãšããããšãæããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Yet there is, and always has been, another, uglier face of the nation state: nationalism. | ãããããããŸã§ãåžžã«ããã§ãã£ãããã«ãæ°æåœå®¶ã®éãé¢ããŸã ããïŒåœç²äž»çŸ©ã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | The nationalist impulse can be aggressive or defensive, directed against others or inward-looking. | åœç²äž»çŸ©è
ã¯æ»æçã§ãã£ããé²åŸ¡çã§ãã£ãããä»äººã«æ¯åãã£ããå
åçã ã£ããããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | Either way, it vitiates all attempts to create an international community of open societies. | ã©ã¡ãã®ã¿ã€ãã«ãããéããã瀟äŒã®åœéå
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šãŠãç¡å¹ã«ãããã®ã§ããã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | This was the problem in Iraq: a nation state had become a disturber of peace in the region and beyond. | ããã¯ã€ã©ã¯ã§èŠãããåé¡ã§ãã£ãïŒæ°æåœå®¶ããå°åè¿éã®å¹³åã®åŠšå®³è
ãšãªã£ãã®ã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | More recently, a less violent but equally worrying phenomenon has gained ground, the revival of national protectionism. | ããæè¿ã§ã¯ãæŽåæ§ã¯åŒ±ãŸã£ããã®ã®å°ããæ²¹æã§ããªãçŸè±¡ãã€ãŸãåœæ°ä¿è·è²¿æ䞻矩ã®åèãèµ·ãã£ãŠããã |
enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | The Doha Round of trade negotiations is stalled because developed countries do not want to open their markets to cheaper products from developing countries, which in turn try to protect what nascent industries they have. | 貿æ亀æžã®ããŒãã»ã©ãŠã³ãã¯ãå
é²åœããçºçæã«ããç£æ¥ã®ä¿è·ã®ããã«ãèªåœã®åžå Žãçºå±éäžåœããã®å®äŸ¡ãªè£œåã«éæŸããããããç«ã¡åŸçããã |
enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | Many would prefer privileged relationships to open trade. | å€ãããéæŸäº€æãããç¹æš©é¢ä¿ãåªå
ããã®ã§ããã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | In this regard, the EU has often obliged. | ãã®ç¹ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãã¯å€ãã®å Žåã«ãããŠåãå
¥ããŠããã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | But now the nationalist bug has infected the EU itself. | ããããããŸãèªäœãåœç²äž»çŸ©çè
ã䟵ããŠããã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | France, Spain, and Poland have attempted to keep major industries firmly in ânational hands.â | ãã©ã³ã¹ãã¹ãã€ã³ãããŒã©ã³ããäž»èŠå·¥æ¥ãå³éã«ãåœã®æäžãã«çããããšè©Šã¿ãã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Suddenly, the single European market is forgotten, and a return to fragmented markets is taking root. | çªç¶ã«ãåäžã®ãšãŒãããåžå Žã¯å¿ãå»ãããã°ãã°ããªåžå Žãžã®ååž°ãæ ¹ä»ããŠããŸã£ãã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Consider, for example, the European Commissionâs so-called âservices directive.â | äŸãã°ã欧å·å§å¡äŒã®ããããããµãŒãã¹æ什ããèããŠã¿ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | Although freedom of movement for labor is one of the single marketâs âfour freedoms,â many EU countries are trying to protect their domestic labor markets by suspending this freedom for as long as possible. | åŽå掻åã®èªç±ãåäžåžå Žã®ãåºæ¬çå倧èªç±ãã®ã²ãšã€ã§ããã«ãããããããå€ãã®ïŒ¥ïŒµå çåœãããã®èªç±ãã§ããéãä¿çããŠããããšã«ãã£ãŠåœå
ã®åŽååžå Žãä¿è·ããããšè©Šã¿ãŠããã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Germany, in particular, argues that the high unemployment resulting from reunification in 1990 requires it to close its labor market to the new member states to its east. | ãã€ãã¯ç¹ã«ã1990幎ã®åçµ±äžãçã¿åºããé«ã倱æ¥çã¯ãèªåœã®æ±åŽã«äœçœ®ããæ°å çåœã«å¯ŸããåŽååžå Žã®ééãèŠæ±ããŠãããšäž»åŒµï¿œï¿œï¿œãã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Such trends are dangerous. | ãã®ãããªåŸåã¯å±éºã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Historically, protectionism has often led to economic conflict, which can rapidly turn into more serious clashes. | æŽå²çã«ãä¿è·è²¿æ䞻矩ã¯é »ç¹ã«çµæžçãªæ©æŠãæããŠããããããã¯æ¥éã«ãããæ·±å»ãªè¡çªã«å€ãããããã®ã§ãã£ãã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | The signs are not good, even in Europe. | ãšãŒãããã«ãããŠããè¯ããªãå
åãçŸããŠããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | A recent summit of EU leaders addressed energy policy â one area where cooperation is not only highly desirable, but necessary. | æè¿ã®ïŒ¥ïŒµéŠè³äŒè°ã§ã¯ãšãã«ã®ãŒæ¿çã話ãåãããã ãã®åéã«ã¯ååãåã«éåžžã«æãŸããã°ããã§ãªããå¿
èŠäžå¯æ¬ ã§ããã |
enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | Yet even German Chancellor Angela Merkel â clearly a pro-European â went to the meeting with the explicit intention of barring the creation of other European powers in this field. | ãšãããããã€ãéŠçžã¢ã³ã²ã©ã»ã¡ã«ã±ã«ïŒç¢ºåºãšãããšãŒãããæ¯æè
ïŒããããã®åéã«ãããä»ã®ãšãŒãããå¢åãé»ããšããæçœãã€åŒ·åºãªæ
床ããã£ãŠäŒè°ã«èšãã ã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | The German-Russian agreement to build a gas pipeline bypassing Poland and Lithuania, with former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder leading the effort, has already harmed Polish-German relations, to say nothing of European cooperation. | åéŠçžã²ã«ãã«ãã»ã·ã¥ã¬ãŒããŒãææ®ãåã£ãããŒã©ã³ããšãªãã¢ãã¢ãè¿åããã¬ã¹ãã€ãã©ã€ã³ã®å»ºèšãšãããã€ãã»ãã·ã¢éã®åå®ã¯ããã§ã«ããŒã©ã³ãã»ãã€ãé¢ä¿ãæªåãããŠããã ãšãŒãããã®ååäœå¶ã®æªåã¯èšãã«åã°ãªãã |
enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | For a time, the pendulum of political opinion may have swung too far against the nation state and its role. | äžæãæ¿æ²»èŠè§£ã®æ¯ãåã¯æ°æåœå®¶ãšãã®åœ¹å²ã«å察ããæ¹åã«æ¯ãåããŠããŸã£ãã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | This is one reason why so many people have felt estranged from their political leaders. | ããã¯ãããã»ã©å€ãã®äººãèªåœã®æ¿æ²»æå°è
ãžã®çé ããæããã²ãšã€ã®çç±ã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | But it would be unfortunate â indeed, dangerous â if the pendulum now swung back to old-fashioned nationalism. | ããããæ¯ãåãä»åºŠã¯å€å
žçãªåœç²äž»çŸ©ã«æ¯ãæ»ã£ãŠããŸã£ããšãããéºæŸïŒå®ã«ãå±éºïŒã§ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Nation states are welcome; they are important elements of a liberal world order. | èªç±äž»çŸ©äœå¶ã®éèŠãªèŠçŽ ã§ããæ°æåœå®¶ã¯æè¿ããã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | But they have to be open to cooperation and coordination with others. | ããããããã¯ä»è
ãšã®ååãšå¯Ÿçé¢ä¿ã«å¯ŸããŠéæŸãããŠããªããã°ãªããªãã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | We must be vigilant in resisting the start of a trend reminiscent of developments in the early years of the twentieth century ÂÂâ a trend that quickly led to global disaster. | æã
ã¯ã20äžçŽåé ã®çºå±ããã®ã¶åŸåãã€ãŸãæ¥éã«å°çèŠæš¡ã®å€§æšäºãæããåŸåã®å§ãŸãã«æµæããã«ããã£ãŠã泚æãæ ã£ãŠã¯ãããªãã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | The Politics of Frustration | æ«ææã®æ¿æ²» |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | Does extreme poverty breed violence and ultimately revolution? | 極端ãªè²§å°ã¯æŽåãçã¿åºããæçµçã«æ¹é©ãåŒãèµ·ããã ãããïŒ |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Many people believe that it does, and seek to explain phenomena ranging from guerrilla insurgencies to Islamist terrorism accordingly. | å€ãã®äººã¯ãããè¯å®ããŠããããã®èãæ¹ã«ãã£ãŠãã²ãªã©ã®åä¹±ããã€ã¹ã©ã 掟ãããªãºã ã«ãããæ°ã
ã®çŸè±¡ã説æããããšããŠããã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | But Karl Marx and Alexis de Tocqueville, the two great social analysts of the nineteenth century, knew better what makes people tick, and what makes societies change. | ãããã19äžçŽã®å倧ãªç€ŸäŒåæ家ã§ãã£ãã«ãŒã«ã»ãã«ã¯ã¹ãšã¢ã¬ã¯ã·ã¹ã»ãã»ãã¯ãã«ã®äºäººã®æ¹ããã»ã©ãäœã人ã
ã®åæ©ã«ãªããäœã瀟äŒãå€ããããã®ããããç¥ã£ãŠãããšèšãããã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | Extreme poverty breeds apathy, not rebellion. | 極端ãªè²§å°ã¯åä¹±ã§ã¯ãªãç¡é¢å¿ãçã¿åºãã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | The very poor can at most be used for occasional demonstrations of anger, but they are not the stuff from which either terrorists or revolutionaries are made. | æã貧ãã人ã
ã¯ãããããæãã®ææ
ãè¡šçŸããã®ã«ææåŒãåãã«åºããããããã§ããããªã¹ããé©åœãäœãåºãããææã§ã¯ãªãã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | A far more critical group in any society are those who have begun to move forward to new conditions, but then find their path blocked. | ãããªã瀟äŒã«ãããŠããããå±æ©çãªã®ã¯ãæ°ããªã³ã³ãã£ã·ã§ã³ãžåããŠåãå§ãããã®ã®ããã以äžå
ãžé²ãéã¯å¡ãããŠããããšã«æ°ãã€ãã人ã
ã®ã°ã«ãŒãã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | Their desires and ambitions are not unrealistic in the circumstances, but they are frustrated. | ãã®èŠæãšéå¿ã¯ãã®ç°å¢ã«ãããŠã¯éçŸå®çã§ã¯ãªãã®ã ãã圌ãã¯æ«ææãæ±ããŠããã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Things do not move as fast as they want them to, or not at all, owing to conditions that they do not control. | ç©äºã¯åœŒããæãã»ã©æ©ãã¯é²ãŸããããã©ãããã圌ãã®ç®¡çå€ã®ã³ã³ãã£ã·ã§ã³ãåå ã§ããŸããããšãããªãã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Opportunities exist, but they cannot be seized or realized. | æ©äŒã¯ãã£ãŠãããããæŽãããå®çŸãããªãã®ã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | This group, not the desperately poor and helpless, forms the great mobilizing force of violent protest, and ultimately of major change. | 絶æçã«è²§ããããã§ãç¡åã§ããªã人ã
ãçµéãããã®ã°ã«ãŒãããæŽåçãªæè°æŽ»åããããŠæçµçã«å
šé¢å€é©ãæ±ãã匷倧ãªå¢åãšãªã£ãŠããã |
enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | The politics of frustration has been particularly apparent in the postcommunist world during the last fifteen years. | æ«ææã®æ¿æ²»ã¯ãéå»15幎ã«ãããè±å
±ç£äž»çŸ©ã®ç€ŸäŒã§ãšãããé¡èã«èŠãããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | The heavy hand of nomenklatura rule was gone, and the vision of a new life like that in the open societies of the West seemed real. | ããŒã¡ã³ã¯ã©ããŒã©ã®å§åçæ¯é
ã¯éãã西åŽã®éããã瀟äŒã®ãããªæ°ããç掻ã®æ§æ³ã¯å®çŸãããã«èŠããã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Yet, in fact, things initially got worse. | ãšããããå®éã«ã¯åæ段éã§ãç¶æ
ãæªåããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | The route to prosperity and freedom was not straightforward. | ç¹æ ãšèªç±ãžã®éã®ãã¯ãŸã£ããã§ã¯ãªãã£ãã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | On the contrary, it led through a valley of tears. | ããã©ãããããã°ãã®éã ã£ãã®ã ã |