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æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | But money is not all that is needed. | ããããå¿
èŠãªã®ã¯éã ãã§ã¯ãªãã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | One of the greatest comparative strengths of American universities lies in the nature of human relations. | ç±³åœã®å€§åŠã®ãæãåè¶ããçžå¯Ÿçãªé·æã®ã²ãšã€ã¯ã人éé¢ä¿ã®æ¬è³ªã«ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Teachers take their job seriously. | æåž«ã¯èªåãã¡ã®ä»äºãçå£ã«æããŠããã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | They engage with students rather than eagerly awaiting breaks and holidays to pursue their own projects. | èªåãã¡ã®èšç»ãå®è¡ããããã®äŒã¿æéãäŒæãç±å¿ã«åŸ
ã€ãããã圌ãã¯ãçåŸãã¡ã®ããã«åŸäºããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | They are true university teachers rather than people who invoke the âunity of teaching and researchâ in order to concentrate on research subjects and hope that teaching will take care of itself. | çã®å€§åŠæåž«ãšåŒã¹ãã®ã¯ããŸãã«åœŒããªã®ã ã ç 究䞻é¡ã«éäžããããããããŠãæå°ã®æ¹ã¯åæã«ã©ãã«ããªããšæããããããã« ã ã æå°ãšç 究ã®èª¿åããåŒãåãã«åºã人ã
ã§ã¯ãªãã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Moreover, the research atmosphere of American universities is characterized by a great deal of informal cooperation. | ããã°ããããç±³åœã®å€§åŠã«ãããç 究ã®é°å²æ°ã¯ãæã¡è§£ããååã倧éšåãå ããŠããã®ãç¹åŸŽã§ããã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | People meet in laboratories and seminars, but also in common rooms and cafeterias. | 人ã
ã¯ãã©ãã©ããªãŒãã»ãããŒã ãã§ãªããã³ã¢ã³ã«ãŒã ãã«ãã§ããªã¢ã§ãéãã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | They are not obsessed with hierarchical status or surrounded by assistants. | 圌ãã¯ãéçŽçãªå°äœãå©æã«å²ãŸããããšã«åºå·ããŠããªãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | Nor are they tied to narrow projects and the project groups formed around them. | 圌ãã¯å¹
çããããžã§ã¯ãã圌ãã®åšãã«ã§ãããããžã§ã¯ãã°ã«ãŒãã«ãçžãããŠããªãã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | Despite fierce competition for academic tenure, for space in journals and in other media, and for advancement in general, people talk to each other as colleagues. | åŠè¡è·ã®ä»»æãããžã£ãŒãã«ããã®ä»ã¡ãã£ã¢ã®ã¹ããŒã¹ç¢ºä¿ããããŠæçŽå
šè¬ã®ããã®æ¿ãã競äºã«ãé¢ãããã人ã
ã¯ãäºãã«ååãšããŠè©±ãåãã |
enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | This is what doctoral and postdoctoral students like when they go to American â and, to a lesser extent, British â universities. | ããããããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ïŒãããŠãè±åœã®äžéšã®ïŒå€§åŠã«è¡ã£ãå士ããã³ãã¹ãã¯éçšã®åŠçã奜ãç¹ã§ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | This is also what they miss even as they relapse into the bad old habits at home. | ããã¯ãŸãã圌ããçžå€ãããã®æªãå€å·£ã«æ»ã£ããšãã«ãæããã¿çŠãããç¹ã§ãããã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | As in so many other respects, universities not only in Europe, but also in Japan, South Korea, and developing parts of the world, including China and India, need to loosen rigid structures and habits to avoid decay and nurture a renaissance. | ä»ã®å€ãã®èŠ³ç¹ãããèšããããã«ãè¡°éãé¿ãã埩èãã¯ãããããã«ã¯ããšãŒãããã®ã¿ãªãããæ¥æ¬ãéåœããããŠäžåœãšã€ã³ããå«ãçºå±éäžåœã«ããã倧åŠã¯ãèéããããªãæ§é ãšç¿æ
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è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | Why Pay More for Fairness? | å
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enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | Marks & Spencer, a supermarket and clothing chain with 400 stores throughout Britain, recently announced that it is converting its entire range of coffee and tea, totaling 38 lines, to Fairtrade, a marketing symbol of âethical production.â | è±åœã«400åºèãæã€ã¹ãŒããŒããŒã±ãããšè¡£æã®å€§æãã§ãŒã³åºããŒã¯ã¹ïŒã¹ãã³ãµãŒããå
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šè¬ã ã ã å«çççç£ç©ãã®ããŒã±ãã£ã³ã°ã·ã³ãã«ã§ãããã§ã¢ãã¬ãŒã補åã«åãæ¿ããããšãçºè¡šããã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | The chain already sells only Fairtrade tea and coffee in its 200 Café Revive coffee shops. | 200åºã®Café Reviveã³ãŒããŒãã§ãŒã³åºã§ã¯ãã§ã«ãæ±ãã³ãŒããŒãšçŽ
è¶ã¯ãã§ã¢ãã¬ãŒã補åã®ã¿ã«ãªã£ãŠããã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | It is also boosting its purchases of shirts and other goods made with Fairtrade cotton. | ãã®ä»ã«ãããã§ã¢ãã¬ãŒãã®æšç¶¿ã§äœãããã·ã£ãããã®ä»ã®è£œåãçãã«å®£äŒããŠããã |
enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | The announcement came during âFairtrade Fortnight,â a two-week promotion of Fairtrade products that included speaking tours by farmers from developing countries, telling Britons how Fairtrade has assisted their communities. | çºè¡šã¯ãçºå±éäžåœã®èŸ²æ°ãè±åœæ°ã«ããã§ã¢ãã¬ãŒããããã«èªåãã¡ã®å°åãæ¯æŽããŠãããããäŒããããŒã¯ãã¢ãŒãå«ããã§ã¢ãã¬ãŒã補åã®2é±éããã¢ãŒã·ã§ã³ãFairtrade Fortnightãã®éã«ãã£ãã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | The movement toward more ethical consumption has made significant gains in the United States as well, as consumers increasingly turn to organic, locally produced foods, and eggs from hens not kept in cages. | ç±³åœã§ãããªãŒã¬ããã¯ããå°åç£ã®é£åãç± ã®äžã«éã蟌ããããŠããªãé¶ãç£ãåµãªã©ãããå«ççãªæ¶è²»ãæ±ããåŸåãé¡èã«é«ãŸã£ãŠããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | In the UK, a survey has found that half of those shown the Fairtrade symbol recognized it and understood that it refers to products that give a better deal for Third World farmers. | è±åœã§ã¯ããã®ãããªäººã
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ã«ããå©åŸã®ããååŒã«é¢é£ãããã®ã§ãããšç解ããŠããããšã調æ»ã§ããã£ãã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | There is no comparable US research, but related data, and discussions with my own students, suggests that the figure would be much lower. | ãããšæ¯èŒã§ããç±³åœã®èª¿æ»çµæã¯ãªãããé¢é£ããããŒã¿ãç§ã®çåŸãã¡ãšã®ãã£ã¹ã«ãã·ã§ã³ã¯ãèªèçã®å²åããã£ãšäœãããšã瀺åããŠããã |
enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | Traders seeking Fairtrade certification must pay producers a price that covers the costs of sustainable production and provides a living wage. | ãã§ã¢ãã¬ãŒãåæšãååŸããã貿æè
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¥ãè£ãäŸ¡æ Œãæããªããã°ãªããªãã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | For example, the minimum price for coffee is $1.26 per pound, no matter how low the market price may fall. | äŸãã°ãã³ãŒããŒã®æäœäŸ¡æ Œã¯ããããåžå ŽäŸ¡æ Œãäœäžããããšã1ãã³ãããã1.26ãã«ãšããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | If the market price rises above that figure, the fair trade price will increase so that it remains five cents per pound higher. | ããåžå ŽäŸ¡æ Œãããããäžæããå Žåã¯ã1ãã³ãããã5ã»ã³ãã®äžæã«ãªãããã«ãã§ã¢ãã¬ãŒãäŸ¡æ Œãäžããä»çµã¿ã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | Small farmers, for their part, are required to be organized in cooperatives or other groups that allow democratic participation. | å°èŠæš¡ãªèŸ²å®¶ã¯ãæ°äž»äž»çŸ©çãªåå ãä¿ãååçµåãªã©ã®ã°ã«ãŒãã«å å
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æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | Plantations and factories can use the Fairtrade label if they pay their workers decent wages, comply with health, safety, and environmental standards, allow unions or other forms of workersâ associations, provide good housing if workers are not living at home, and do not use child labor or forced labor. | 蟲åãå·¥å Žã¯ãåŽåè
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è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | Not every one approves of Fairtrade. | å
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è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Brink Lindsey, director of the pro-market Cato Instituteâs Center for Trade Policy Studies, believes that the campaign for Fairtrade coffee is a âwell-meaning dead end.â | åžå Žæ¯æã®ããªã³ã¯ã»ãªã³ãŒã€Catoéåæ¿çç 究æé·ã¯ããã§ã¢ãã¬ãŒãã³ãŒããŒã®ãã£ã³ããŒã³ã¯ãåæã®è¡ãæ¢ãŸããã§ãããšèããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | With some justification, he argues that the real cause of the fall in coffee prices was not the profiteering of multinationals, but big increases in coffee production in Brazil and Vietnam, combined with new techniques that make it possible to grow coffee with less labor and hence more cheaply. | 圌ã¯ããã€ãã®çç±ãæããã³ãŒããŒäŸ¡æ Œäžèœã®çã®åå ã¯ãå€åœç±äŒæ¥ãæŽå©ããããŒã£ãããšã§ã¯ãªãããã©ãžã«ããããã ã«ãããã³ãŒããŒçç£ã®å€§èŠæš¡ãªæ¡å€§ã§ãããšäž»åŒµããã ããå°ãªãåŽååãã€ãŸãããå®ãã³ãŒããŒã®æ œå¹ãå¯èœã«ããæ°æè¡ããã®èŠå ã®ã²ãšã€ã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | In Lindseyâs view, if we want to assist coffee growers, we should encourage them either to abandon coffee and produce more profitable crops â and here he rightly points to rich nationsâ trade barriers and subsidies as obstacles that must be dismantled â or to move into higher-value products, like specialty coffees, that bring higher prices. | ãªã³ãŒã€ã®èŠ³ç¹ããã¯ãã³ãŒããŒæ œå¹èŸ²å®¶ãæ¯æŽãããã®ãªãã°ãã³ãŒããŒããããŠä»ã®ãããåççã®é«ãäœç©ã®çç£ãå§ããã¹ãã§ããã ãããŠåœŒã¯ç¶ãã¹ããè±ããªåœã®è²¿æé²åŸ¡çãšå©æéãé害ãšãªã£ãŠããããšãææããåãé€ããããããããã¯ãã䟡å€ã®é«ã補åãããé«ã䟡å€ãã€ããããç¹ç£ã³ãŒããŒãªã©ãžå€æŽãããªããã°ãªããªãããšããã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | What is curious about Lindseyâs argument, however, is that the Fairtrade coffee campaign can be seen as doing just what he recommends â encouraging coffee farmers to produce a specialty coffee that brings a higher price. | ãããããªã³ãŒã€ã®äž»åŒµã§äžæè°ãªã®ã¯ããã§ã¢ãã¬ãŒãã³ãŒããŒãã£ã³ããŒã³ããŸãã«åœŒã®æšå¥šããããšïŒã³ãŒããŒèŸ²å®¶ã«ããé«ã䟡å€ãã€ããããç¹ç£ã³ãŒããŒãçç£ããããšïŒãå®è¡ããŠããããã«æããç¹ã§ããã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Pro-market economists donât object to corporations that blatantly use snob appeal to promote their products. | åžå Žæ¯æãšã³ããã¹ãã¯ãååãé²éªšã«ã¹ããããªè¡šçŸã§å®£äŒããäŒç€Ÿã«ã¯å察ããªãã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | If people want to pay $48 for a pound of Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee because thatâs what James Bond prefers, economists donât object that the market is being distorted. | äŸãã°äººã
ãããžã£ãã€ã«ç£ãã«ãŒããŠã³ãã³ã³ãŒããŒ1ãã³ãã«48ãã«ãæ¯æããããšããã ããããžã§ãŒã ã¹ã»ãã³ãã®ãæ°ã«å
¥ãã ãããšããçç±ã ãšããŠãããšã³ããã¹ãã¯åžå Žãæ²è§£ãããŠããããšã«åæãæã€ããã§ããªãã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | So why be critical when consumers choose to pay $12 for a pound of coffee that they know has been grown without toxic chemicals, under shade trees that help birds to survive, by farmers who can now afford to feed and educate their children? | ãããªãã°ãæ害ãªè¬åã䜿ãããå°é³¥ãã¡ãçã延ã³ãã®ãå©ããæšé°ãäœãåºãæšã§ãåäŸãã¡ã®é£è²»ãšåŠè²»ãè³ããããã«ãªã£ã蟲家ã«ãã£ãŠæ œå¹ããããšæ¶è²»è
ãç¥ã£ãŠããã³ãŒããŒ1ãã³ãã«12ãã«ãæãéžæã«ãªããæ¹å€çã«ãªãã®ã ãã? |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | Economists might reply that if you want to help people feed and educate their children, you can pay $10 for a pound of non-Fairtrade coffee that tastes the same and give the $2 you save to an aid agency that provides food and education to poor children. | ãšã³ããã¹ãã¯ãããåäŸãã¡ã®é£è²»ãšåŠè²»ãè³ãããã®æ¯æŽãããããšèãããªãã°ããã§ã¢ãã¬ãŒã補åã§ãªãåããããªã³ãŒããŒã10ãã«ã§è²·ã£ãŠã2ãã«ã貧ããåäŸãã¡ã«é£æãšæè²ãæäŸããæ
åäºæ¥ã«å¯ä»ããã°ãããšçãããããããªãã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Thatâs a possible strategy, but there are advantages to Fairtrade. | ããã¯ã²ãšã€ã®æŠç¥ãšèšããããããããã§ã¢ãã¬ãŒãã«ã¯æå©ãªç¹ãããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | The growers know that they have to provide a product that consumers like, both for its taste and for the way it is grown. | æ œå¹å®¶ã¯å³ãè²ãŠæ¹ãšãã«æ¶è²»è
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è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | If their product sells well, they can take pride in having produced something that is sought after around the world. | 圌ãã®è£œåãè¯ã売ããã°ã圌ãã¯äžçäžã§ã²ã£ã±ãã ãã«ãªã補åãäœãåºããããšã«èªããæãŠãããã«ãªãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | From the growersâ perspective, receiving a premium by selling a Fairtrade product is preferable to receiving a charitable handout that they would get whether they worked or not and regardless of the quality of what they produce. | 蟲家ã®èŠ³ç¹ããèšãã°ããã§ã¢ãã¬ãŒã補åã売ãããšã§ãã¬ãã¢ã ãã€ãããšã¯ãåããŠãåããªããŠãããŸãã補åã®è³ªã«ãé¢ä¿ãªãããããæ
åã®æœãããããããæãŸãããšããããã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | Paying more for a Fairtrade label is no more âanti-marketâ than paying more for a Gucci label, and it reflects better ethical priorities. | ãã§ã¢ãã¬ãŒããã©ã³ãã«ããå€ãåºè²»ããããšã¯ãã°ãããã©ã³ãã«ããå€ãåºè²»ããããšããã¢ã³ãåžå Žïœ£ã§ãããšã¯ãã¯ãèšããããããããè¯ãå«ççåªå
ãåæ ããŠããã |
enããjpãžç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Fairtrade is not a government subsidy. | ãã§ã¢ãã¬ãŒãã¯æ¿åºã®å©æéã§ã¯ãªãã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Its success depends on market demand, not political lobbying. | ãã®æåã¯ãæ¿ççãªè°æ¡éééåã§ã¯ãªããåžå Žã®éèŠã«ããã£ãŠããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Fortunately, in Europe, that market demand is growing rapidly. | 幞ãããšãŒãããã«ãããŠã¯ããã®åžå Žã®éèŠã¯æ¥éã«å¢å ããŠããã |
enããjpãžã®å€æãèããŠãã ãã | One hopes that it will soon reach similar levels throughout the developed world, and wherever people can make choices about their discretionary spending. | å
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