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Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung may be classified according to the WHO histological classification system into 4 main types: papillary, clear cell, small cell, and basaloid. | Can you provide an overview of the lung's squamous cell carcinoma? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Can you provide an overview of the lung's squamous cell carcinoma?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung may be classified according to the WHO histological classification system into 4 main types: papillary, clear cell, small cell, and basaloid.<|eot_id|> |
Clear cell tumors are part of the surface epithelial-stromal tumor group of Ovarian cancers, accounting for 6% of these neoplastic cases. Clear cell tumors are also associated with the pancreas and salivary glands.
Benign and borderline variants of this neoplasm are rare, and most cases are malignant.
Typically, they are cystic neoplasms with polypoid masses that protrude into the cyst.
On microscopic pathological examination, they are composed of cells with clear cytoplasm (that contains glycogen) and hob nail cells (from which the glycogen has been secreted).
The pattern may be glandular, papillary or solid. | What does "Clear: cell" mean? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What does "Clear: cell" mean?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Clear cell tumors are part of the surface epithelial-stromal tumor group of Ovarian cancers, accounting for 6% of these neoplastic cases. Clear cell tumors are also associated with the pancreas and salivary glands.
Benign and borderline variants of this neoplasm are rare, and most cases are malignant.
Typically, they are cystic neoplasms with polypoid masses that protrude into the cyst.
On microscopic pathological examination, they are composed of cells with clear cytoplasm (that contains glycogen) and hob nail cells (from which the glycogen has been secreted).
The pattern may be glandular, papillary or solid.<|eot_id|> |
Two Japanese scientists commenced research into inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase in 1971 reasoning that organisms might produce such products as the enzyme is important in some essential cell wall components. This work lead to the identification of the first clinically useful compound lovastatin(mevinolin) from a mould in the mid 1970's. This agent was first used in the more severe forms of hypercholesteraemia in the 1980s followed by landmark trials with simvastatin that showed the potential for cardio-prevention. Cerivastatin was withdrawn in 2001 because of a ten times higher incidence of rhabdomyolysis than the other statins. | Can you provide me with information regarding statins? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Can you provide me with information regarding statins?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Two Japanese scientists commenced research into inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase in 1971 reasoning that organisms might produce such products as the enzyme is important in some essential cell wall components. This work lead to the identification of the first clinically useful compound lovastatin(mevinolin) from a mould in the mid 1970's. This agent was first used in the more severe forms of hypercholesteraemia in the 1980s followed by landmark trials with simvastatin that showed the potential for cardio-prevention. Cerivastatin was withdrawn in 2001 because of a ten times higher incidence of rhabdomyolysis than the other statins.<|eot_id|> |
Symptoms of vulvovaginitis caused by Candida species are indistinguishable and include the following:
Pruritus is the most significant symptom Change in the amount and the color of vaginal discharge: It is characterized by a thick, white "cottage cheese-like" vaginal discharge Pain on urination (dysuria) Pain on sexual intercourse (dyspareunia) Vulvovaginal soreness Symptoms aggravate a week before the menses | What are the historical background and symptoms of Candida-induced vulvovaginitis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What are the historical background and symptoms of Candida-induced vulvovaginitis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Symptoms of vulvovaginitis caused by Candida species are indistinguishable and include the following:
Pruritus is the most significant symptom Change in the amount and the color of vaginal discharge: It is characterized by a thick, white "cottage cheese-like" vaginal discharge Pain on urination (dysuria) Pain on sexual intercourse (dyspareunia) Vulvovaginal soreness Symptoms aggravate a week before the menses<|eot_id|> |
Hypotension is the term for low blood pressure (BP). A systolic BP measuring less than 90mmHg and/ or diastolic BP of less than 60mmHg is considered hypotension. A difference of 20 mmHg systolic BP and 10 mmHg diastolic BP is considered orthostatic hypotension (OH). Orthostatic hypotension is the most common type of hypotension, and neurogenic hypotension is demonstrated among 1/3rd of the individuals with OH. A decrease in blood pressure can be life-threatening in conditions such as anaphylaxis and addisonian crisis, and requires prompt treatment. It is important to access the possibility of head injury in a patient with syncope due to hypotension. ECG is an important and essential component of the evaluation of hypotension. Shock requires prompt management with fluids and vasopressors. For other causes of hypotension, identifying the cause and treatment is the best strategy. Lifestyle modifications are usually the first step in management. Medications causing a drop in blood pressure should be discontinued or changed to an appropriate alternative. | What does the "Hypotension: Resident Survival Guide" refer to? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What does the "Hypotension: Resident Survival Guide" refer to?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Hypotension is the term for low blood pressure (BP). A systolic BP measuring less than 90mmHg and/ or diastolic BP of less than 60mmHg is considered hypotension. A difference of 20 mmHg systolic BP and 10 mmHg diastolic BP is considered orthostatic hypotension (OH). Orthostatic hypotension is the most common type of hypotension, and neurogenic hypotension is demonstrated among 1/3rd of the individuals with OH. A decrease in blood pressure can be life-threatening in conditions such as anaphylaxis and addisonian crisis, and requires prompt treatment. It is important to access the possibility of head injury in a patient with syncope due to hypotension. ECG is an important and essential component of the evaluation of hypotension. Shock requires prompt management with fluids and vasopressors. For other causes of hypotension, identifying the cause and treatment is the best strategy. Lifestyle modifications are usually the first step in management. Medications causing a drop in blood pressure should be discontinued or changed to an appropriate alternative.<|eot_id|> |
Acute healthcare facilities can serve one of three roles: frontline healthcare facilities, Ebola assessment hospitals, and Ebola treatment centers. To create a coordinated, networked approach, state and local health officials, in collaboration with hospital and healthcare facility executives, may designate healthcare facilities across the state to serve in one of three suggested roles outlined in this guidance document. Whereas a three-tiered approach is not obligatory, it strongly encouraged to identify Ebola assessment hospitals that can successfully manage PUIs until an EVD diagnosis is either confirmed or ruled out while awaiting transfer to an Ebola treatment center. | How prepared are hospitals for Ebola? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: How prepared are hospitals for Ebola?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Acute healthcare facilities can serve one of three roles: frontline healthcare facilities, Ebola assessment hospitals, and Ebola treatment centers. To create a coordinated, networked approach, state and local health officials, in collaboration with hospital and healthcare facility executives, may designate healthcare facilities across the state to serve in one of three suggested roles outlined in this guidance document. Whereas a three-tiered approach is not obligatory, it strongly encouraged to identify Ebola assessment hospitals that can successfully manage PUIs until an EVD diagnosis is either confirmed or ruled out while awaiting transfer to an Ebola treatment center.<|eot_id|> |
Hashimoto's thyroiditis must be differentiated from other causes of thyroiditis, such as De Quervain's thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis, and suppurative thyroiditis. Hashimoto's thyroiditis must be differentiated from other causes of thyroiditis, such as De Quervain's thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis, and suppurative thyroiditis. Hashimoto's thyroiditis must also be differentiated from other diseases which cause hypothyroidism. As Hashimoto's thyroiditis may cause transient thyrotoxic symptoms, the diseases causing thyrotoxicosis must also be considered in the differential diagnosis. | Can you provide a brief summary of Hashimoto's thyroiditis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Can you provide a brief summary of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Hashimoto's thyroiditis must be differentiated from other causes of thyroiditis, such as De Quervain's thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis, and suppurative thyroiditis. Hashimoto's thyroiditis must be differentiated from other causes of thyroiditis, such as De Quervain's thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis, and suppurative thyroiditis. Hashimoto's thyroiditis must also be differentiated from other diseases which cause hypothyroidism. As Hashimoto's thyroiditis may cause transient thyrotoxic symptoms, the diseases causing thyrotoxicosis must also be considered in the differential diagnosis.<|eot_id|> |
The health care provider will perform a physical exam.
There may be signs of:
Delayed puberty Cardiomegaly Stunted growth or failure to grow Cardiomyopathy Muscle weakness
Tests that may be done include:
Genetic testing Liver function test Creatine kinase levels Lactate dehydrogenase levels Urinary glc4 Acid alpha-glucosidase in fibroblasts
Testing reveals high levels of creatine kinase, liver enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase, urinary glc4 and decreased levels of acid alpha-glucosidase in fibroblasts. | What is the information regarding storage disease type II and glycogen? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the information regarding storage disease type II and glycogen?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The health care provider will perform a physical exam.
There may be signs of:
Delayed puberty Cardiomegaly Stunted growth or failure to grow Cardiomyopathy Muscle weakness
Tests that may be done include:
Genetic testing Liver function test Creatine kinase levels Lactate dehydrogenase levels Urinary glc4 Acid alpha-glucosidase in fibroblasts
Testing reveals high levels of creatine kinase, liver enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase, urinary glc4 and decreased levels of acid alpha-glucosidase in fibroblasts.<|eot_id|> |
The mainstay of therapy for lymphangioma is surgery. Treatment for lymphangioma involves the removal of the abnormal tissue; however complete removal may be impossible without removing other normal areas. Most patients need at least two procedures done for the removal process to be achieved. | What is the proper treatment for Lymphangioma? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the proper treatment for Lymphangioma?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The mainstay of therapy for lymphangioma is surgery. Treatment for lymphangioma involves the removal of the abnormal tissue; however complete removal may be impossible without removing other normal areas. Most patients need at least two procedures done for the removal process to be achieved.<|eot_id|> |
Complications, including sepsis, respiratory failure, pleural effusion, and empyema, may occur despite appropriate antibiotic treatment. Complications are associated with bacterial pneumonia more frequently than they are with viral pneumonia. Most types of bacterial pneumonia can be cured within one to two weeks of appropriate medication. Viral pneumonia may last longer, and mycoplasmal pneumonia may take four to six weeks to resolve completely. The eventual outcome of an episode of pneumonia depends on how ill the person is when he or she is first diagnosed. | What is the definition of community-acquired pneumonia? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the definition of community-acquired pneumonia?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Complications, including sepsis, respiratory failure, pleural effusion, and empyema, may occur despite appropriate antibiotic treatment. Complications are associated with bacterial pneumonia more frequently than they are with viral pneumonia. Most types of bacterial pneumonia can be cured within one to two weeks of appropriate medication. Viral pneumonia may last longer, and mycoplasmal pneumonia may take four to six weeks to resolve completely. The eventual outcome of an episode of pneumonia depends on how ill the person is when he or she is first diagnosed.<|eot_id|> |
Fluids and electrolytes may be given through a vein (intravenously). Appropriate antibiotics are given to kill the bacteria. There are increasing rates of antibiotic resistance throughout the world, so your health care provider will check current recommendations before choosing an antibiotic. Three commonly prescribed antibiotics are ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin. Persons given antibiotics usually begin to feel better within 2 to 3 days, and deaths rarely occur. However, persons who do not get treatment may continue to have fever for weeks or months, and as many as 20% may die from complications of the infection. | What is typhoid fever and what are its symptoms, specifically those related to high temperature? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is typhoid fever and what are its symptoms, specifically those related to high temperature?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Fluids and electrolytes may be given through a vein (intravenously). Appropriate antibiotics are given to kill the bacteria. There are increasing rates of antibiotic resistance throughout the world, so your health care provider will check current recommendations before choosing an antibiotic. Three commonly prescribed antibiotics are ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin. Persons given antibiotics usually begin to feel better within 2 to 3 days, and deaths rarely occur. However, persons who do not get treatment may continue to have fever for weeks or months, and as many as 20% may die from complications of the infection.<|eot_id|> |
Hepatitis E is self-limited in most immunocompetent patients. For these cases the prognosis is good. Immunocompromised patients, and those with end-stage liver disease are at higher risk of developing chronic hepatitis and other complications. This last group of patients has poor prognosis.
The mortality rate of hospitalized patients with hepatitis E is 0.5 - 4%.
In developing countries, mortality rate during epidemics is 0.2 - 4.0%. In these countries, mortality rate in pregnant women ranges from 10 - 25%, and is often due to fulminant hepatic failure, hemorrhage or eclampsia. | What is the typical progression and course of Hepatitis E? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the typical progression and course of Hepatitis E?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Hepatitis E is self-limited in most immunocompetent patients. For these cases the prognosis is good. Immunocompromised patients, and those with end-stage liver disease are at higher risk of developing chronic hepatitis and other complications. This last group of patients has poor prognosis.
The mortality rate of hospitalized patients with hepatitis E is 0.5 - 4%.
In developing countries, mortality rate during epidemics is 0.2 - 4.0%. In these countries, mortality rate in pregnant women ranges from 10 - 25%, and is often due to fulminant hepatic failure, hemorrhage or eclampsia.<|eot_id|> |
There are no ECG findings associated with ZD. | What is the connection or relationship between Zenker's diverticulum and electrocardiogram? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the connection or relationship between Zenker's diverticulum and electrocardiogram?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> There are no ECG findings associated with ZD.<|eot_id|> |
The majority of patients with leiomyosarcoma remain asymptomatic for decades. General symptoms associated with cancer may occur including fatigue, fever, weight loss, nausea and vomiting, vaginal bleeding, vaginal discharge, feeling of pressure in abdomen or pelvic, painless growing lump in abdomen or pelvic cavity. | What is the history of leiomyosarcoma and what are its symptoms? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the history of leiomyosarcoma and what are its symptoms?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The majority of patients with leiomyosarcoma remain asymptomatic for decades. General symptoms associated with cancer may occur including fatigue, fever, weight loss, nausea and vomiting, vaginal bleeding, vaginal discharge, feeling of pressure in abdomen or pelvic, painless growing lump in abdomen or pelvic cavity.<|eot_id|> |
Liver biopsy is used to confirm the diagnosis when alcoholic hepatitis is suspected, and to help in guiding medical treatment. Microscopic findings on biopsy that indicate alcoholic hepatitis are: Polymorphonuclear infiltration of cells, hepatic necrosis, ballooning hepatocytes, Mallory bodies within cells, and perivenular and perisinusoidal fibrosis. | What diagnostic tests are required for an individual with liver disease who is struggling with alcoholism? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What diagnostic tests are required for an individual with liver disease who is struggling with alcoholism?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Liver biopsy is used to confirm the diagnosis when alcoholic hepatitis is suspected, and to help in guiding medical treatment. Microscopic findings on biopsy that indicate alcoholic hepatitis are: Polymorphonuclear infiltration of cells, hepatic necrosis, ballooning hepatocytes, Mallory bodies within cells, and perivenular and perisinusoidal fibrosis.<|eot_id|> |
Echocardiography facilitates the visualization of the the fluid accumulating within the pericardial cavity. Pericardial or myocardial tumors, if present, can also be noted.
The echocardiogram below demonstrates pericardial effusion and a myocardial tumor. {{#ev:youtube|sGTttwrx2xw}} | Are echocardiography or ultrasound used to detect pericarditis in cases of malignancy? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Are echocardiography or ultrasound used to detect pericarditis in cases of malignancy?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Echocardiography facilitates the visualization of the the fluid accumulating within the pericardial cavity. Pericardial or myocardial tumors, if present, can also be noted.
The echocardiogram below demonstrates pericardial effusion and a myocardial tumor. {{#ev:youtube|sGTttwrx2xw}}<|eot_id|> |
Various radionuclide scans using, for example, gallium Ga 67–tagged white cells and indium in 111–tagged white cells, have proven to be of little use in diagnosing IE. Radionuclide scans of the spleen are useful to help rule out a splenic abscess, which is a cause of bacteremia that is refractory to antibiotic therapy. | What are the roles of echocardiography and ultrasound in the diagnosis of Endocarditis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What are the roles of echocardiography and ultrasound in the diagnosis of Endocarditis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Various radionuclide scans using, for example, gallium Ga 67–tagged white cells and indium in 111–tagged white cells, have proven to be of little use in diagnosing IE. Radionuclide scans of the spleen are useful to help rule out a splenic abscess, which is a cause of bacteremia that is refractory to antibiotic therapy.<|eot_id|> |
Secondary prevention occurs once the disease has occurred and aims to prevent progression and complication development. Protective measures include controlling the tidal volume, plateau pressure, PEEP, and FiO2. Measures taken to reduce the risk of aspiration such as elevation of the head end of bed and maintaining oral hygiene also help preventing aspiration pneumonia. Common complications that can develop due to bacterial pneumonia include acute respiratory distress, pleural effusion, heart failure due to pneumonia, sepsis, and septic shock. | What is secondary prevention for bacterial pneumonia? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is secondary prevention for bacterial pneumonia?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Secondary prevention occurs once the disease has occurred and aims to prevent progression and complication development. Protective measures include controlling the tidal volume, plateau pressure, PEEP, and FiO2. Measures taken to reduce the risk of aspiration such as elevation of the head end of bed and maintaining oral hygiene also help preventing aspiration pneumonia. Common complications that can develop due to bacterial pneumonia include acute respiratory distress, pleural effusion, heart failure due to pneumonia, sepsis, and septic shock.<|eot_id|> |
Till now the genetic basis for this condition is largely unknown or very little is known about this. Mutations in MYH7, which a sarcomere gene encoding the cardiac beta -myosin heavy chain have been linked in the occurence of familial Ebstein anomaly. It is formulated that embryonic cell migration may be impaired by these MYH7 mutations. Cardiac transcription factors NK2 homeobox 5 (NKX2-5) and GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) mutations have also been described in some cases. | What is the physiological basis or mechanism behind Ebstein's anomaly affecting the tricuspid valve? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the physiological basis or mechanism behind Ebstein's anomaly affecting the tricuspid valve?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Till now the genetic basis for this condition is largely unknown or very little is known about this. Mutations in MYH7, which a sarcomere gene encoding the cardiac beta -myosin heavy chain have been linked in the occurence of familial Ebstein anomaly. It is formulated that embryonic cell migration may be impaired by these MYH7 mutations. Cardiac transcription factors NK2 homeobox 5 (NKX2-5) and GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) mutations have also been described in some cases.<|eot_id|> |
Ensure that there is no pressure gradient between the pressure wire (placed at the tip of the guide) and the guiding catheter. The pressures should be equalized at the onset. The two pressures should be compared and noted before inducing coronary hyperemia. Use a standard wire first to cross difficult lesions. The pressure wire may not be the most suitable in complex lesions. Pressure wire may track under a plaque and cause a dissection. Repeated attempts in trying to negotiate tortuous anatomy may cause trauma to intact endothelium and promote thrombosis and dissection. | Could you please explain what fractional flow reserve means? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Could you please explain what fractional flow reserve means?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Ensure that there is no pressure gradient between the pressure wire (placed at the tip of the guide) and the guiding catheter. The pressures should be equalized at the onset. The two pressures should be compared and noted before inducing coronary hyperemia. Use a standard wire first to cross difficult lesions. The pressure wire may not be the most suitable in complex lesions. Pressure wire may track under a plaque and cause a dissection. Repeated attempts in trying to negotiate tortuous anatomy may cause trauma to intact endothelium and promote thrombosis and dissection.<|eot_id|> |
According to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, there are 4 stages of stomach cancer based on the tumor spread. Staging can be done via EUS, CT, MRI or laparoscopy, which has the advantage of directly visualizing liver, peritoneum and local lymph nodes. | Could you provide me with the text that needs to be rephrased? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Could you provide me with the text that needs to be rephrased?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> According to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, there are 4 stages of stomach cancer based on the tumor spread. Staging can be done via EUS, CT, MRI or laparoscopy, which has the advantage of directly visualizing liver, peritoneum and local lymph nodes.<|eot_id|> |
Protein C's anticoagulant role in the human body was first noted by Seegers et al. in 1960, who gave protein C its original name, autoprothrombin II-a. : 6822 Protein C was first isolated by Johan Stenflo from bovine plasma in 1976, and Stenflo determined it to be a vitamin K-dependent protein. He named it protein C because it was the third protein ("peak C") that eluted from a DEAE-Sepharose ion-exchange chromotograph. Seegers was, at the time, searching for vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors undetected by clotting assays, which measure global clotting function. Soon after this, Seegers recognised Stenflo's discovery was identical with his own. : 6822 Activated protein C was discovered later that year, and in 1977 it was first recognised that APC inactivates Factor V a. : 2382 In 1980, Vehar and Davie discovered that APC also inactivates Factor VIII a, and soon after, Protein S was recognised as a cofactor by Walker. In 1982, a family study by Griffin et al. first associated protein C deficiency with symptoms of venous thrombosis. Homozygous protein C deficiency and the consequent serious health effects were described in 1984 by several scientists. : 1214 cDNA cloning of protein C was first performed in 1984 by Beckmann et al. which produced a map of the gene responsible for producing protein C in the liver. In 1987 a seminal experiment was performed (Taylor et al.) whereby it was demonstrated that activated protein C prevented coagulopathy and death in baboons infused with lethal concentrations of E. coli. : 2382
In 1993, a heritable resistance to APC was detected by Dahlbäck et al. and associated with familial thrombophilia. In 1994, the relatively common genetic mutation that produces Factor V Leiden was noted (Bertina et al.). Two years later, Gla-domainless APC was imaged at a resolution of 2.8 Ångströms. α› Beginning with the PROWESS clinical trial of 2001, it was recognised that many of the symptoms of sepsis may be ameliorated by infusion of APC, and mortality rates of septic patients may be significantly decreased. : 3161,6 Near the end of that year, Drotrecogin alfa (activated), a recombinant human activated protein C, became the first drug approved by the U.S. FDA for treating severe sepsis. In 2002, Science published an article that first showed protein C activates protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) and this process accounts for the protein's modulation of the immune system. : 2382 | What is the role or importance of protein C? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the role or importance of protein C?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Protein C's anticoagulant role in the human body was first noted by Seegers et al. in 1960, who gave protein C its original name, autoprothrombin II-a. : 6822 Protein C was first isolated by Johan Stenflo from bovine plasma in 1976, and Stenflo determined it to be a vitamin K-dependent protein. He named it protein C because it was the third protein ("peak C") that eluted from a DEAE-Sepharose ion-exchange chromotograph. Seegers was, at the time, searching for vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors undetected by clotting assays, which measure global clotting function. Soon after this, Seegers recognised Stenflo's discovery was identical with his own. : 6822 Activated protein C was discovered later that year, and in 1977 it was first recognised that APC inactivates Factor V a. : 2382 In 1980, Vehar and Davie discovered that APC also inactivates Factor VIII a, and soon after, Protein S was recognised as a cofactor by Walker. In 1982, a family study by Griffin et al. first associated protein C deficiency with symptoms of venous thrombosis. Homozygous protein C deficiency and the consequent serious health effects were described in 1984 by several scientists. : 1214 cDNA cloning of protein C was first performed in 1984 by Beckmann et al. which produced a map of the gene responsible for producing protein C in the liver. In 1987 a seminal experiment was performed (Taylor et al.) whereby it was demonstrated that activated protein C prevented coagulopathy and death in baboons infused with lethal concentrations of E. coli. : 2382
In 1993, a heritable resistance to APC was detected by Dahlbäck et al. and associated with familial thrombophilia. In 1994, the relatively common genetic mutation that produces Factor V Leiden was noted (Bertina et al.). Two years later, Gla-domainless APC was imaged at a resolution of 2.8 Ångströms. α› Beginning with the PROWESS clinical trial of 2001, it was recognised that many of the symptoms of sepsis may be ameliorated by infusion of APC, and mortality rates of septic patients may be significantly decreased. : 3161,6 Near the end of that year, Drotrecogin alfa (activated), a recombinant human activated protein C, became the first drug approved by the U.S. FDA for treating severe sepsis. In 2002, Science published an article that first showed protein C activates protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) and this process accounts for the protein's modulation of the immune system. : 2382<|eot_id|> |
Interventional techniques are used to stop bleeding which include: Bronchial arterial embolization which is: Considered as a first line therapy for both new and recurrent hemoptysis Less invasive and reliable procedure Operator-dependent technique Excellent outcome with immediate control of bleeding reaching 80-94%
{{#ev:youtube|kLO6UXaVb9w}} {{#ev:youtube|zJ85gIjGOzY}}
Other bronchoscopic strategies that are used to stop bleeding in a patient with hemoptysis include: Cold saline lavage Topical vasoconstrictor agents Balloon tamponade Endobronchial stent placement Endobronchial spigot Oxidized regenerated cellulose N-Butyl cyanoacrylate glue Fibrinogen thrombin Tranexamic acid Laser photocoagulation Argon plasma coagulation Electrocautery | Can surgery be considered as a treatment option for Hemoptysis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Can surgery be considered as a treatment option for Hemoptysis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Interventional techniques are used to stop bleeding which include: Bronchial arterial embolization which is: Considered as a first line therapy for both new and recurrent hemoptysis Less invasive and reliable procedure Operator-dependent technique Excellent outcome with immediate control of bleeding reaching 80-94%
{{#ev:youtube|kLO6UXaVb9w}} {{#ev:youtube|zJ85gIjGOzY}}
Other bronchoscopic strategies that are used to stop bleeding in a patient with hemoptysis include: Cold saline lavage Topical vasoconstrictor agents Balloon tamponade Endobronchial stent placement Endobronchial spigot Oxidized regenerated cellulose N-Butyl cyanoacrylate glue Fibrinogen thrombin Tranexamic acid Laser photocoagulation Argon plasma coagulation Electrocautery<|eot_id|> |
There are no serious complications, although discomfort is common | What information is available for individuals with allergies regarding conjunctivitis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What information is available for individuals with allergies regarding conjunctivitis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> There are no serious complications, although discomfort is common<|eot_id|> |
Compliance with avoidance is important. The key to avoidance is proper evaluation and detection of causative allergen. Wear appropriate clothing to protect against irritants at home and in a work environment.
Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for adenomyosis . Hysterectomy with preservation of the ovaries is the most common approach to the treatment of adenomyosis, and it is done via abdominal, transvaginal, laparoscopic approach, or robotic surgery. . Unlike Leiomyoma, there is no plane of cleavage to excise adenomyomas and preserve the uterus. Uterus sparing resection is an investigational approach especially for young women seeking future pregnancy .
Medical treatment for dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia can be prescribed as a temporary alternative for young women in the child-bearing period. Hormonal therapy to control the symptoms includes levonorgestrel -releasing IUD (most preferred method), combined oral contraceptive pills, GnRH analogs, and oral GnRH antagonists . Levonorgestrel - IUD has a direct action on the uterus. It alleviates dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia . Once the hormonal therapy is stopped to conceive, symptoms recur within six months.
In women who decline hysterectomy or have contraindications for hysterectomy or women who failed hormonal therapy, uterine artery embolization can be an alternative to control dysmenorrhea and heavy menstrual bleeding. . The outcomes of the procedure are significantly correlated with the lesion vascularity. . | Could you please provide me with the context in which you want me to rephrase this? Who is the intended audience? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Could you please provide me with the context in which you want me to rephrase this? Who is the intended audience?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Compliance with avoidance is important. The key to avoidance is proper evaluation and detection of causative allergen. Wear appropriate clothing to protect against irritants at home and in a work environment.
Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for adenomyosis . Hysterectomy with preservation of the ovaries is the most common approach to the treatment of adenomyosis, and it is done via abdominal, transvaginal, laparoscopic approach, or robotic surgery. . Unlike Leiomyoma, there is no plane of cleavage to excise adenomyomas and preserve the uterus. Uterus sparing resection is an investigational approach especially for young women seeking future pregnancy .
Medical treatment for dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia can be prescribed as a temporary alternative for young women in the child-bearing period. Hormonal therapy to control the symptoms includes levonorgestrel -releasing IUD (most preferred method), combined oral contraceptive pills, GnRH analogs, and oral GnRH antagonists . Levonorgestrel - IUD has a direct action on the uterus. It alleviates dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia . Once the hormonal therapy is stopped to conceive, symptoms recur within six months.
In women who decline hysterectomy or have contraindications for hysterectomy or women who failed hormonal therapy, uterine artery embolization can be an alternative to control dysmenorrhea and heavy menstrual bleeding. . The outcomes of the procedure are significantly correlated with the lesion vascularity. .<|eot_id|> |
Complications of neoplastic meningitis include:
Hydrocephalus Encephalopathy Subdural empyema Epidural empyema Cerebritis Cerebral abscess Stroke Ventriculitis Dural sinus thrombosis | What is the natural progression, complications, and prognosis of neoplastic meningitis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the natural progression, complications, and prognosis of neoplastic meningitis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Complications of neoplastic meningitis include:
Hydrocephalus Encephalopathy Subdural empyema Epidural empyema Cerebritis Cerebral abscess Stroke Ventriculitis Dural sinus thrombosis<|eot_id|> |
Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. Your doctor may order certain laboratory tests to check your body's response to carvedilol.
Do not let anyone else take your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription. | What information is accessible regarding Carvedilol? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What information is accessible regarding Carvedilol?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. Your doctor may order certain laboratory tests to check your body's response to carvedilol.
Do not let anyone else take your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription.<|eot_id|> |
Treatments for most rickettsial illnesses are similar and include administration of appropriate antibiotics (e.g., tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, and rifampin) and supportive care. Treatment should usually be given empirically prior to disease confirmation, and the particular antimicrobial agent and the length of treatment are dependent upon the disease and the host.
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of typhus.
No licensed vaccines for prevention of rickettsial infections are commercially available in the United States. With the exception of the louse-borne diseases, for which contact with infectious arthropod feces is the primary mode of transmission (through autoinoculation into a wound, conjunctiva, or inhalation), travelers and health-care providers are generally not at risk for becoming infected via exposure to an ill person. Limiting exposures to vectors or animal reservoirs remains the best means for reducing the risk for disease. Travelers should be advised that prevention is based on avoidance of vector-infested habitats, use of repellents and protective clothing, prompt detection and removal of arthropods from clothing and skin, and attention to hygiene. | Can you provide an overview of typhus? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Can you provide an overview of typhus?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Treatments for most rickettsial illnesses are similar and include administration of appropriate antibiotics (e.g., tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, and rifampin) and supportive care. Treatment should usually be given empirically prior to disease confirmation, and the particular antimicrobial agent and the length of treatment are dependent upon the disease and the host.
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of typhus.
No licensed vaccines for prevention of rickettsial infections are commercially available in the United States. With the exception of the louse-borne diseases, for which contact with infectious arthropod feces is the primary mode of transmission (through autoinoculation into a wound, conjunctiva, or inhalation), travelers and health-care providers are generally not at risk for becoming infected via exposure to an ill person. Limiting exposures to vectors or animal reservoirs remains the best means for reducing the risk for disease. Travelers should be advised that prevention is based on avoidance of vector-infested habitats, use of repellents and protective clothing, prompt detection and removal of arthropods from clothing and skin, and attention to hygiene.<|eot_id|> |
In some rare cases, lymphangiography and lymphscintigraphy can be used to study the anatomical abnoramalities of the lymphantic system. | What other diagnostic tests are conducted for lymphangitis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What other diagnostic tests are conducted for lymphangitis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> In some rare cases, lymphangiography and lymphscintigraphy can be used to study the anatomical abnoramalities of the lymphantic system.<|eot_id|> |
HPV-related Penile Carcinoma
Basaloid SCC Occurs most frequently the glans or the foreskin Flat ulcerated masses, which are deeply invasive and sometimes necrotic Metastasis is seen in about 50% of cases; lymph nodes most common Closely packed small basophilic cells; mitosis is frequent with central keratinization “Starry sky” like features; displays close features to neuroendocrine tumors p16 positive Hyalinization of the stroma is frequent Local recurrence is high; mortality is high, depends on the extension at time of treatment
Papillary basaloid carcinoma Rare and affect the glans Hyperparakeratosis and kondylomatous features are frequent p16 positive Resemble urothelial carcinomas
Warty carcinoma Look like condylomas Account for 5–10% of the penile carcinomas Macronodular cauliflower-like appearance Papillae have a dark fibrovascular core that the tumor surrounds with a whitish aspect Pleomorphic koilocytes, hyper and parakeratosis, nuclear pleomorphism, and cellular clarification Individual cell necrosis Carcinomas invading corpus cavernosum and dartos, usually do not display intravascular or perineural invasion Nodal metastasis is seen in <20% The mortality rate is low
Warty–basaloid carcinoma Shows both warty and basaloid features Present as voluminous masses growing from the glans and foreskin Histologically, these tumors are mixed with a papillomatous warty-like surface and a solid basaloid invasive component p16 is strongly expressed Invasion into deeper structures is frequent, vascular and perineural invasions are frequent More aggressive than their warty counterpart Around 50% will develop lymph node metastasis; 30% will die of disease
Clear-cell carcinoma Aggressive Occurs as a large mass of the glans and foreskin Tumor develops in sheets Necrosis is frequent Staining of the clear cells is positive for p16 Vascular and perineural invasion is frequent Tumor -related mortality is around 20%
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma Poorly differentiated Tumor growth starts most of the time at the glans and extends to the foreskin More or less circumscribed; sheets with lymphocytic or plasmacytic cells mixed with tumor cells are common p63 and p16 positive Prognosis is adverse; only few cases have been described
Non-HPV related Penile Carcinoma
SCC usual type/not otherwise specified Exophytic gross appearance Endophytic ulcerated cases A tendency to invade deeply into the penile tissue deeply Two-thirds of patients present inguinal metastasis, and the mortality is about 30% The number of positive lymph nodes is an important prognosticator
Pseudohyperplastic carcinoma Tumor is an extremely differentiated SCC Mostly associated with lichen sclerosis, and occurs on the foreskin of older patients An association with other histological types is frequent Gross aspects are flat or slightly elevated; multifocality is common Sharp borders, cells are very well differentiated, and peritumoral stroma is absent or minimal No vascular or perineural invasion or metastasis
Pseudoglandular carcinoma This variant is aggressive with acantholysis and pseudoglandular spaces Patients are younger, around 50 yr of age Distal, irregular, firm, whitish, ulcerated mass Histologically, honeycomb aspects present Filled with necrotic debris. Poorly differentiated and high-grade tumors Lymph node metastases occur in more than two-thirds and the mortality rate is high
Verrucous carcinoma Accounts for 2-3% of all penile carcinomas Extremely well differentiated with papillomatous aspects; Tumor base is broad and the tumor has borders pushing into the stroma Has a slow evolution and is seen in older patients Frequently associated with lichen sclerosus Grossly, the aspect is exophytic, papillomatous is white to gray, and the interface between tumor and stroma is sharply delineated Shows hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and papillomatous aspects Tumor does not directly invade the lamina propria, but pushes the borders into deeper tissue, known as invasion Prognosis is good Slowly growing tumor recur in a third of cases, mostly because of underestimation in histology as a benign neoplasm or because of insufficient surgery
Carcinoma cuniculatum A variant of the verrucous carcinoma and a low-grade carcinoma Men between the age of 70 and 80 yr Most frequently the lesions grow from the glans into the deeper layers to the erectile corpora Tumor is whitish and grey, and deep invaginations are common Histologically well differentiated; no koilocytes are seen No vascular or perineural invasion The invasion is with broad pushing borders; no metastasis can be found
Papillary carcinoma NOS carcinoma is papillomatous and verruciform No koilocytes Tumor accounts for about 5–8% of penile carcinomas and is usually associated with lichen sclerosus Tumor has a cauliflower-like, whitish aspect that is badly limited Histologically, we see well- differentiated hyperkeratotic lesions Tumors can recur, but mortality and metastasis are rare
Adenosquamous carcinoma SCCs with mucinous features Also called mucoepidermoid carcinomas Recurrence and lymph node metastasis is seen in up to 50%, but mortality remains low Rare
Sarcomatoid SCC The most aggressive neoplasm of penis Focal squamous differentiation is seen Spindle cell component should be present in at least 30% Masses are slowly growing and frequently ulcerated Recurrence and regional or systemic metastases are possible Necrosis and hemorrhage are frequent. Atypia, mitosis, pleomorphism, and sarcomatoid aspects In 80%, local recurrence exists with inguina l metastases Mortality is high (up to 75%), and most patients die within a year
Mixed SCC Contain at least two variants of SCCs Patients are older, mostly in their 7th decade Located on the glans Present as a white, exophytic, grayish mass replacing the distal penis, invading deeply the erectile tissue Most frequent is the combination of warty and basaloid carcinomas Possible to have HPV - and non– HPV -related features in the same tumors Mortality is rare (<5%) Less aggressive | What is the underlying physiological mechanism of penile carcinoma? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the underlying physiological mechanism of penile carcinoma?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> HPV-related Penile Carcinoma
Basaloid SCC Occurs most frequently the glans or the foreskin Flat ulcerated masses, which are deeply invasive and sometimes necrotic Metastasis is seen in about 50% of cases; lymph nodes most common Closely packed small basophilic cells; mitosis is frequent with central keratinization “Starry sky” like features; displays close features to neuroendocrine tumors p16 positive Hyalinization of the stroma is frequent Local recurrence is high; mortality is high, depends on the extension at time of treatment
Papillary basaloid carcinoma Rare and affect the glans Hyperparakeratosis and kondylomatous features are frequent p16 positive Resemble urothelial carcinomas
Warty carcinoma Look like condylomas Account for 5–10% of the penile carcinomas Macronodular cauliflower-like appearance Papillae have a dark fibrovascular core that the tumor surrounds with a whitish aspect Pleomorphic koilocytes, hyper and parakeratosis, nuclear pleomorphism, and cellular clarification Individual cell necrosis Carcinomas invading corpus cavernosum and dartos, usually do not display intravascular or perineural invasion Nodal metastasis is seen in <20% The mortality rate is low
Warty–basaloid carcinoma Shows both warty and basaloid features Present as voluminous masses growing from the glans and foreskin Histologically, these tumors are mixed with a papillomatous warty-like surface and a solid basaloid invasive component p16 is strongly expressed Invasion into deeper structures is frequent, vascular and perineural invasions are frequent More aggressive than their warty counterpart Around 50% will develop lymph node metastasis; 30% will die of disease
Clear-cell carcinoma Aggressive Occurs as a large mass of the glans and foreskin Tumor develops in sheets Necrosis is frequent Staining of the clear cells is positive for p16 Vascular and perineural invasion is frequent Tumor -related mortality is around 20%
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma Poorly differentiated Tumor growth starts most of the time at the glans and extends to the foreskin More or less circumscribed; sheets with lymphocytic or plasmacytic cells mixed with tumor cells are common p63 and p16 positive Prognosis is adverse; only few cases have been described
Non-HPV related Penile Carcinoma
SCC usual type/not otherwise specified Exophytic gross appearance Endophytic ulcerated cases A tendency to invade deeply into the penile tissue deeply Two-thirds of patients present inguinal metastasis, and the mortality is about 30% The number of positive lymph nodes is an important prognosticator
Pseudohyperplastic carcinoma Tumor is an extremely differentiated SCC Mostly associated with lichen sclerosis, and occurs on the foreskin of older patients An association with other histological types is frequent Gross aspects are flat or slightly elevated; multifocality is common Sharp borders, cells are very well differentiated, and peritumoral stroma is absent or minimal No vascular or perineural invasion or metastasis
Pseudoglandular carcinoma This variant is aggressive with acantholysis and pseudoglandular spaces Patients are younger, around 50 yr of age Distal, irregular, firm, whitish, ulcerated mass Histologically, honeycomb aspects present Filled with necrotic debris. Poorly differentiated and high-grade tumors Lymph node metastases occur in more than two-thirds and the mortality rate is high
Verrucous carcinoma Accounts for 2-3% of all penile carcinomas Extremely well differentiated with papillomatous aspects; Tumor base is broad and the tumor has borders pushing into the stroma Has a slow evolution and is seen in older patients Frequently associated with lichen sclerosus Grossly, the aspect is exophytic, papillomatous is white to gray, and the interface between tumor and stroma is sharply delineated Shows hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and papillomatous aspects Tumor does not directly invade the lamina propria, but pushes the borders into deeper tissue, known as invasion Prognosis is good Slowly growing tumor recur in a third of cases, mostly because of underestimation in histology as a benign neoplasm or because of insufficient surgery
Carcinoma cuniculatum A variant of the verrucous carcinoma and a low-grade carcinoma Men between the age of 70 and 80 yr Most frequently the lesions grow from the glans into the deeper layers to the erectile corpora Tumor is whitish and grey, and deep invaginations are common Histologically well differentiated; no koilocytes are seen No vascular or perineural invasion The invasion is with broad pushing borders; no metastasis can be found
Papillary carcinoma NOS carcinoma is papillomatous and verruciform No koilocytes Tumor accounts for about 5–8% of penile carcinomas and is usually associated with lichen sclerosus Tumor has a cauliflower-like, whitish aspect that is badly limited Histologically, we see well- differentiated hyperkeratotic lesions Tumors can recur, but mortality and metastasis are rare
Adenosquamous carcinoma SCCs with mucinous features Also called mucoepidermoid carcinomas Recurrence and lymph node metastasis is seen in up to 50%, but mortality remains low Rare
Sarcomatoid SCC The most aggressive neoplasm of penis Focal squamous differentiation is seen Spindle cell component should be present in at least 30% Masses are slowly growing and frequently ulcerated Recurrence and regional or systemic metastases are possible Necrosis and hemorrhage are frequent. Atypia, mitosis, pleomorphism, and sarcomatoid aspects In 80%, local recurrence exists with inguina l metastases Mortality is high (up to 75%), and most patients die within a year
Mixed SCC Contain at least two variants of SCCs Patients are older, mostly in their 7th decade Located on the glans Present as a white, exophytic, grayish mass replacing the distal penis, invading deeply the erectile tissue Most frequent is the combination of warty and basaloid carcinomas Possible to have HPV - and non– HPV -related features in the same tumors Mortality is rare (<5%) Less aggressive<|eot_id|> |
Mate selection Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. By retrieving the mother's eggs for in vitro fertilization and conceiving a child outside the womb, it is possible to test the embryo prior to implantation. Prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion. | What is Tay-Sachs disease and what information is currently available regarding it? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is Tay-Sachs disease and what information is currently available regarding it?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Mate selection Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. By retrieving the mother's eggs for in vitro fertilization and conceiving a child outside the womb, it is possible to test the embryo prior to implantation. Prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion.<|eot_id|> |
UNAIDS and the World Health Organization estimate the global incidence of chancroid to be approximately 6 million cases per year. A true incidence is difficult to determine due to lack of readily available diagnostic testing. H. ducreyi is difficult to culture so chancroid may be under-diagnosed. Since 1987, reported cases of chancroid declined steadily until 2001. Since then, the number of cases reported has fluctuated, but still appearing to decline overall.
Chancroid may develop in individuals of any age but is typically found in sexually active individuals with a mean patient age of 30 years.
The male-to-female ratio of patients with chancroid ranges from 3:1 in endemic areas to 25:1 during outbreak situations. Female sex workers with either symptomatic chancroid or as asymptomatic carriers serve as a reservoir for H. ducreyi.
Although race is not a risk factor, chancroid is seen more commonly in African Americans and Hispanics in the United States.
Chancroid is uncommon in the United States and other developed countries, but can been present in endemic areas associated with the use of crack cocaine and prostitution. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 6 cases of chancroid in 2014. The majority of cases in developed countries occur in individuals who have returned from chancroid-endemic areas in the world.
Chancroid is a major cause of genital ulcer disease in Africa, southeast Asia and parts of Latin America. Acquiring epidemiological data is more difficult in developing countries due to greater lack of resources to test for H. ducreyi. Chancroid is common in countries that have high rates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, because HIV facilitates acquisition of H. ducreyi and vice versa. | Can you provide information on the epidemiology and demographics of chancroid? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Can you provide information on the epidemiology and demographics of chancroid?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> UNAIDS and the World Health Organization estimate the global incidence of chancroid to be approximately 6 million cases per year. A true incidence is difficult to determine due to lack of readily available diagnostic testing. H. ducreyi is difficult to culture so chancroid may be under-diagnosed. Since 1987, reported cases of chancroid declined steadily until 2001. Since then, the number of cases reported has fluctuated, but still appearing to decline overall.
Chancroid may develop in individuals of any age but is typically found in sexually active individuals with a mean patient age of 30 years.
The male-to-female ratio of patients with chancroid ranges from 3:1 in endemic areas to 25:1 during outbreak situations. Female sex workers with either symptomatic chancroid or as asymptomatic carriers serve as a reservoir for H. ducreyi.
Although race is not a risk factor, chancroid is seen more commonly in African Americans and Hispanics in the United States.
Chancroid is uncommon in the United States and other developed countries, but can been present in endemic areas associated with the use of crack cocaine and prostitution. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 6 cases of chancroid in 2014. The majority of cases in developed countries occur in individuals who have returned from chancroid-endemic areas in the world.
Chancroid is a major cause of genital ulcer disease in Africa, southeast Asia and parts of Latin America. Acquiring epidemiological data is more difficult in developing countries due to greater lack of resources to test for H. ducreyi. Chancroid is common in countries that have high rates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, because HIV facilitates acquisition of H. ducreyi and vice versa.<|eot_id|> |
The health care provider will determine whether the child has this disorder, or a similar condition such as childhood schizophrenia or pervasive developmental disorder (autism).
The most important sign of childhood disintegrative disorder is the loss of developmental milestones. Generally, the diagnosis is made if the child has lost function in at least two areas of development. | "What is childhood disintegrative disorder, and what information is associated with it?" | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: "What is childhood disintegrative disorder, and what information is associated with it?"<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The health care provider will determine whether the child has this disorder, or a similar condition such as childhood schizophrenia or pervasive developmental disorder (autism).
The most important sign of childhood disintegrative disorder is the loss of developmental milestones. Generally, the diagnosis is made if the child has lost function in at least two areas of development.<|eot_id|> |
A bad vagal reaction in a freshly implanted stent or in a patient awaiting PCI who has a significant LM lesion can be very hazardous (risk of thrombosis, or a downward spiral of poor perfusion leading to subendocardial ischemia leading to poorer LV function, leading to poorer forward output). Some operators will preemptively administer an ampule of atropine prior to the sheath pull or will have a low threshold to administer a full ampule of atropine. | What is the main coronary artery on the left? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the main coronary artery on the left?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> A bad vagal reaction in a freshly implanted stent or in a patient awaiting PCI who has a significant LM lesion can be very hazardous (risk of thrombosis, or a downward spiral of poor perfusion leading to subendocardial ischemia leading to poorer LV function, leading to poorer forward output). Some operators will preemptively administer an ampule of atropine prior to the sheath pull or will have a low threshold to administer a full ampule of atropine.<|eot_id|> |
Presence of structural heart disease, especially LV systolic dysfunction. Class IC agents. Increased age. Females. | What is the explanation for the increased risk of Proarrhythmia? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the explanation for the increased risk of Proarrhythmia?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Presence of structural heart disease, especially LV systolic dysfunction. Class IC agents. Increased age. Females.<|eot_id|> |
The prognosis of leiomyosarcoma is poor and it depends upon different factors including site of tumor, size, and type, as well as the extent of tumor spread. Some patients with low grade tumors or with tumors that have not spread beyond stage I have better prognosis. In general, high-grade tumors that have spread widely throughout the body have less favorable survival rate s. Some of these progostic factors that affect survival rate s of patients with leiomyosarcoma include:
FIGO stage at the time of the initial diagnosis (survival after initial diagnosis has been reported to be 50% in stage 1 and stage 2 disease) Age at the time of diagnosis Mitotic count Tumor size (tumors greater than 5cm has worse prognosis) Adjuvant therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation | What is the natural progression or course of leiomyosarcoma? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the natural progression or course of leiomyosarcoma?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The prognosis of leiomyosarcoma is poor and it depends upon different factors including site of tumor, size, and type, as well as the extent of tumor spread. Some patients with low grade tumors or with tumors that have not spread beyond stage I have better prognosis. In general, high-grade tumors that have spread widely throughout the body have less favorable survival rate s. Some of these progostic factors that affect survival rate s of patients with leiomyosarcoma include:
FIGO stage at the time of the initial diagnosis (survival after initial diagnosis has been reported to be 50% in stage 1 and stage 2 disease) Age at the time of diagnosis Mitotic count Tumor size (tumors greater than 5cm has worse prognosis) Adjuvant therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation<|eot_id|> |
Prognosis is usually poor without treatment. However, spontaneous remission is common. Complete cure can be obtained with proper antibiotic treatment (more favorable with early treatment). Death can occur from bowel obstruction or perforation. | What are the natural history, possible complications, and projected outcome of lymphogranuloma venereum? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What are the natural history, possible complications, and projected outcome of lymphogranuloma venereum?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Prognosis is usually poor without treatment. However, spontaneous remission is common. Complete cure can be obtained with proper antibiotic treatment (more favorable with early treatment). Death can occur from bowel obstruction or perforation.<|eot_id|> |
Primary preventive measures for diphyllobothriasuis include:
Avoid eating raw or undercooked fish Proper cooking and storing or fish meat
FDA recommendations:
The FDA recommends the following for fish preparation or storage to kill parasites.
Cooking Cook fish adequately (to an internal temperature of at least 145° F ~63° C). Freezing At -4°F (-20°C) or below for 7 days (total time). OR At -31°F (-35°C) or below until solid, and storing at -31°F (-35°C) or below for 15 hours. OR At -31°F (-35°C) or below until solid and storing at -4°F (-20°C) or below for 24 hours. | What is the main method of preventing Diphyllobothriasis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the main method of preventing Diphyllobothriasis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Primary preventive measures for diphyllobothriasuis include:
Avoid eating raw or undercooked fish Proper cooking and storing or fish meat
FDA recommendations:
The FDA recommends the following for fish preparation or storage to kill parasites.
Cooking Cook fish adequately (to an internal temperature of at least 145° F ~63° C). Freezing At -4°F (-20°C) or below for 7 days (total time). OR At -31°F (-35°C) or below until solid, and storing at -31°F (-35°C) or below for 15 hours. OR At -31°F (-35°C) or below until solid and storing at -4°F (-20°C) or below for 24 hours.<|eot_id|> |
Before taking propafenone:
tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to propafenone or any other drugs. tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, especially anticoagulants ('blood thinners') such as warfarin (Coumadin), beta blockers such as atenolol (Tenormin), carteolol (Cartrol), labetalol (Normodyne, Trandate), metoprolol (Lopressor), nadolol (Corgard), propranolol (Inderal), sotalol (Betapace), and timolol (Blocadren); cimetidine (Tagamet); cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune); digoxin (Lanoxin); quinidine (Quinaglute); rifampin (Rifadin); and vitamins. in addition to the condition listed in the IMPORTANT WARNING section, tell your doctor if you have or have ever had liver or kidney disease, congestive heart failure, a pacemaker, chronic bronchitis, asthma, or emphysema. tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while taking propafenone, call your doctor. if you are having surgery, including dental surgery, tell the doctor or dentist that you are taking propafenone. you should know that this drug may make you drowsy or dizzy. Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how it affects you. | What information can be provided regarding Propafenone? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What information can be provided regarding Propafenone?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Before taking propafenone:
tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to propafenone or any other drugs. tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, especially anticoagulants ('blood thinners') such as warfarin (Coumadin), beta blockers such as atenolol (Tenormin), carteolol (Cartrol), labetalol (Normodyne, Trandate), metoprolol (Lopressor), nadolol (Corgard), propranolol (Inderal), sotalol (Betapace), and timolol (Blocadren); cimetidine (Tagamet); cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune); digoxin (Lanoxin); quinidine (Quinaglute); rifampin (Rifadin); and vitamins. in addition to the condition listed in the IMPORTANT WARNING section, tell your doctor if you have or have ever had liver or kidney disease, congestive heart failure, a pacemaker, chronic bronchitis, asthma, or emphysema. tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while taking propafenone, call your doctor. if you are having surgery, including dental surgery, tell the doctor or dentist that you are taking propafenone. you should know that this drug may make you drowsy or dizzy. Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how it affects you.<|eot_id|> |
The adrenal cortex is composed of three distinct layers of endocrine cells which produce critical steroid hormones. These include the glucocorticoids which are critical for regulation of blood sugar and the immune system, as well as response to physiological stress, the mineralcorticoid aldosterone, which regulates blood pressure and kidney function, and certain sex hormones. Both benign and malignant tumors of the adrenal cortex may produce steroid hormones, with important clinical consequences.
Adrenocortical adenomas, or adrenocortical "nodules", are small, benign tumors of the adrenal cortex which are extremely common (present in 1-10% of persons at autopsy). The clinical significance of these neoplasms is twofold. First, they have been detected as incidental findings with increasing frequency in recent years, due to the increasing use of CT scans and magnetic resonance imaging in a variety of medical settings. This can result in expensive additional testing and invasive procedures to rule out the slight possibility of an early adrenocortical carcinoma. Second, a minority of adrenocortical adenomas are "functional", meaning that they produce glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and/or sex steroids, resulting in endocrine disorders such as Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome (hyperaldosteronism), virilization of females, or feminization of males. Functional adrenocortical adenomas are surgically curable.
Main article: Adrenocortical carcinoma
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, highly aggressive cancer of adrenal cortical cells, which may occur in children or adults. ACC's may be "functional", producing steroid hormones and consequent endocrine dysfunction similar to that seen in many adrenocortical adenomas, but many are not. Due to their location deep in the retroperitoneum, most adrenocortical carcinomas are not diagnosed until they have grown quite large. They frequently invade large vessels, such as the renal vein and inferior vena cava, as well as metastasizing via the lymphatics and through the blood to the lungs and other organs. The most effective treatment is surgery, although this is not feasible for many patients, and the overall prognosis of the disease is poor. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy may also be employed in the treatment of this disease.
The adrenal medulla is located anatomically at the center of each adrenal gland, and is composed of neuroendocrine (chromaffin) cells which produce and release epinephrine (adrenaline) into the bloodstream in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma are the two most important tumors which arise from the adrenal medulla. Both tumors may also arise from extra-adrenal sites, specifically, in the paraganglia of the sympathetic chain.
Main article: Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is an aggressive cancer of immature neuroblastic cells (precursors of neurons), and is one of the most common pediatric cancers, with a median age at diagnosis of two years. Adrenal neuroblastoma typically presents with a rapidly enlarging abdominal mass. Although the tumor has often spread to distant parts of the body at the time of diagnosis, this cancer is unusual in that many cases are highly curable when the spread is limited to the liver, skin, and/or bone marrow (stage IVS). Related, but less aggressive tumors composed of more mature neural cells include ganglioneuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma. Neuroblastic tumors often produce elevated levels of catecholamine hormone precursors, such as vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid, and may produce severe watery diarrhea through production of vasoactive intestinal peptide. Treatment of neuroblastoma includes surgery and radiation therapy for localized disease, and chemotherapy for metastatic disease.
Main article: Pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytoma is a neoplasm composed of cells similar to the chromaffin cells of the mature adrenal medulla. Pheochromocytomas occur in patients of all ages, and may be sporadic, or associated with a hereditary cancer syndrome, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types IIA and IIB, neurofibromatosis type I, or von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Only 10% of adrenal pheochromocytomas are malignant, while the rest are benign tumors. The most clinically important feature of pheochromocytomas is their tendency to produce large amounts of the catecholamine hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. This may lead to potentially life-threatening high blood pressure, or cardiac arrythmias, and numerous symptoms such as headache, palpitations, anxiety attacks, sweating, weight loss, and tremor. Diagnosis is most easily confirmed through urinary measurement of catecholamine metabolites such as VMA and metanephrines. Most pheochromocytomas are initially treated with anti-adrenergic drugs to protect against catecholamine overload, with surgery employed to remove the tumor once the patient is medically stable. | What is the classification system used for adrenal tumors? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the classification system used for adrenal tumors?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The adrenal cortex is composed of three distinct layers of endocrine cells which produce critical steroid hormones. These include the glucocorticoids which are critical for regulation of blood sugar and the immune system, as well as response to physiological stress, the mineralcorticoid aldosterone, which regulates blood pressure and kidney function, and certain sex hormones. Both benign and malignant tumors of the adrenal cortex may produce steroid hormones, with important clinical consequences.
Adrenocortical adenomas, or adrenocortical "nodules", are small, benign tumors of the adrenal cortex which are extremely common (present in 1-10% of persons at autopsy). The clinical significance of these neoplasms is twofold. First, they have been detected as incidental findings with increasing frequency in recent years, due to the increasing use of CT scans and magnetic resonance imaging in a variety of medical settings. This can result in expensive additional testing and invasive procedures to rule out the slight possibility of an early adrenocortical carcinoma. Second, a minority of adrenocortical adenomas are "functional", meaning that they produce glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and/or sex steroids, resulting in endocrine disorders such as Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome (hyperaldosteronism), virilization of females, or feminization of males. Functional adrenocortical adenomas are surgically curable.
Main article: Adrenocortical carcinoma
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, highly aggressive cancer of adrenal cortical cells, which may occur in children or adults. ACC's may be "functional", producing steroid hormones and consequent endocrine dysfunction similar to that seen in many adrenocortical adenomas, but many are not. Due to their location deep in the retroperitoneum, most adrenocortical carcinomas are not diagnosed until they have grown quite large. They frequently invade large vessels, such as the renal vein and inferior vena cava, as well as metastasizing via the lymphatics and through the blood to the lungs and other organs. The most effective treatment is surgery, although this is not feasible for many patients, and the overall prognosis of the disease is poor. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy may also be employed in the treatment of this disease.
The adrenal medulla is located anatomically at the center of each adrenal gland, and is composed of neuroendocrine (chromaffin) cells which produce and release epinephrine (adrenaline) into the bloodstream in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma are the two most important tumors which arise from the adrenal medulla. Both tumors may also arise from extra-adrenal sites, specifically, in the paraganglia of the sympathetic chain.
Main article: Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is an aggressive cancer of immature neuroblastic cells (precursors of neurons), and is one of the most common pediatric cancers, with a median age at diagnosis of two years. Adrenal neuroblastoma typically presents with a rapidly enlarging abdominal mass. Although the tumor has often spread to distant parts of the body at the time of diagnosis, this cancer is unusual in that many cases are highly curable when the spread is limited to the liver, skin, and/or bone marrow (stage IVS). Related, but less aggressive tumors composed of more mature neural cells include ganglioneuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma. Neuroblastic tumors often produce elevated levels of catecholamine hormone precursors, such as vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid, and may produce severe watery diarrhea through production of vasoactive intestinal peptide. Treatment of neuroblastoma includes surgery and radiation therapy for localized disease, and chemotherapy for metastatic disease.
Main article: Pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytoma is a neoplasm composed of cells similar to the chromaffin cells of the mature adrenal medulla. Pheochromocytomas occur in patients of all ages, and may be sporadic, or associated with a hereditary cancer syndrome, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types IIA and IIB, neurofibromatosis type I, or von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Only 10% of adrenal pheochromocytomas are malignant, while the rest are benign tumors. The most clinically important feature of pheochromocytomas is their tendency to produce large amounts of the catecholamine hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. This may lead to potentially life-threatening high blood pressure, or cardiac arrythmias, and numerous symptoms such as headache, palpitations, anxiety attacks, sweating, weight loss, and tremor. Diagnosis is most easily confirmed through urinary measurement of catecholamine metabolites such as VMA and metanephrines. Most pheochromocytomas are initially treated with anti-adrenergic drugs to protect against catecholamine overload, with surgery employed to remove the tumor once the patient is medically stable.<|eot_id|> |
The cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually unknown.
Known causes include:
Heroin use HIV Inherited genetic problems Obesity Reflux nephropathy (a condition in which urine flows backward from the bladder to the kidney) Sickle cell disease | What causes glomerulosclerosis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What causes glomerulosclerosis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually unknown.
Known causes include:
Heroin use HIV Inherited genetic problems Obesity Reflux nephropathy (a condition in which urine flows backward from the bladder to the kidney) Sickle cell disease<|eot_id|> |
Bone scan may demonstrate bone metastases.
FDG (18 F fluoro-deoxyglucose) PET scans along with contrast enhanced CT may be helpful in the evaluation of the extent of lung cancer. Findings on FDG-PET / CT suggestive of lung cancer include: Solitary pulmonary nodule
Molecular tests include epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutation. Specific targeted agents may be administered to patients if these mutations are present. | What are the additional diagnostic tests for lung cancer? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What are the additional diagnostic tests for lung cancer?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Bone scan may demonstrate bone metastases.
FDG (18 F fluoro-deoxyglucose) PET scans along with contrast enhanced CT may be helpful in the evaluation of the extent of lung cancer. Findings on FDG-PET / CT suggestive of lung cancer include: Solitary pulmonary nodule
Molecular tests include epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutation. Specific targeted agents may be administered to patients if these mutations are present.<|eot_id|> |
Myxedema must be differentiated from other causes of lower limb edema like chronic venous insufficiency, acute deep venous thrombosis, lipedema, lymphatic filariasis, cellulitis and causes of generalized edema.
Diseases Symptoms Signs Gold standard Investigation to diagnose History Onset Pain Fever Laterality Scrotal swelling Symptoms of primary disease Myxedema History of untreated hypothyroidism. Infiltration of the skin with glycosaminoglycans with associated water retention. Chronic + - Bilateral - + (hypothyroidism) Pretibial myxedema Thyroid function tests. Lymphatic filariasis History of living in endemic area or travelling to it Chronic + + Bilateral + - Hepatomegaly Lymphedema Elephantiasis Lymphangitis Hydrocele Scrotal elephantiasis Lymphadenopathies Rhonchi may be present in patients with Pulmonary tropical eosinophilia syndrome. Preparing blood smears Thick smears Thick smears consist of a thick layer of dehemoglobinized (lysed) red blood cells (RBCs). Thick smears allow a more efficient detection of parasites (increased sensitivity). Thin smears consist of blood spread in a layer such that the thickness decrease. By the ultrasound, the following findings can be observed: Dilated lymphatic channels Living worms tend to be in motion which called "filarial dance" sign. Chronic venous insufficiency History of untreated varicose veins Painful bilateral lower limb swelling that increases with standing and decreases by rest and leg elevation. Chronic + - Bilateral + (If congenial) - Typical varicose veins Skin change distribution correlate with varicose veins sites in the medial side of ankle and leg Reduction of swelling with limb elevation. Duplex ultrasound will demonstrate typical findings of venous valvular insufficiency Acute deep venous thrombosis History of prolonged recumbency Classic symptoms of DVT include acute unilateral swelling, pain, and erythema Acute + - Unilateral - May be associated with primary disease mandates recumbency for long duration Dilated superficial veins Difference in calf diameter is twice as likely to have DVT (most impotant sign) Calf pain on passive dorsiflexion of the foot (Homan's sign) isn't realiable sign. Compression ultrasonography (CUS) with doppler is the diagnostic test of choice D-dimer level is used for unprobable cases Lipedema Family history especially in women; X-linked dominant or autosomal dominant condition. Abnormal deposition of fat and edema and easy bruising. Chronic + - Bilateral - - Tender with palpation Negative Semmer sign to differentiate from lymphedema. Pinching the skin on the upper surface of the toes. If it is possible to grasp a thin fold of tissue then it is negative result. In a positive result, it is only possible to grasp a lump of tissue. MRI offers strong qualitative and quantitative parameters in the diagnosis of lipedema (Cellulitis - erysipelas- skin abscess) Acute painful swelling Fever Acute + + Unilateral - - Tenderness, hotness, and may be fluctuation if abscess formed. Lymphangitis in nearby lymph nodes. Toxemia and fever in severe cases. Cellulitis involves the deeper dermis and erysipelas involves the upper dermis. Usually it doesn't need any laboratory tests to diagnose. Blood cultures are warranted for patients in the following circumstances: Systemic toxicity Extensive skin or soft tissue involvement Underlying comorbidities persistent cellulitis In patients with recurrent cellulitis, serologic testing for beta-hemolytic streptococci is a good diagnostic tool. Other causes of generalized edema History of chronic general condition (cardiac-liver-renal) Chronic - - Bilateral - + According to the primary cause (Echo- LFTs - RFT) | What is Myxedema, and how can it be distinguished from other disorders? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is Myxedema, and how can it be distinguished from other disorders?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Myxedema must be differentiated from other causes of lower limb edema like chronic venous insufficiency, acute deep venous thrombosis, lipedema, lymphatic filariasis, cellulitis and causes of generalized edema.
Diseases Symptoms Signs Gold standard Investigation to diagnose History Onset Pain Fever Laterality Scrotal swelling Symptoms of primary disease Myxedema History of untreated hypothyroidism. Infiltration of the skin with glycosaminoglycans with associated water retention. Chronic + - Bilateral - + (hypothyroidism) Pretibial myxedema Thyroid function tests. Lymphatic filariasis History of living in endemic area or travelling to it Chronic + + Bilateral + - Hepatomegaly Lymphedema Elephantiasis Lymphangitis Hydrocele Scrotal elephantiasis Lymphadenopathies Rhonchi may be present in patients with Pulmonary tropical eosinophilia syndrome. Preparing blood smears Thick smears Thick smears consist of a thick layer of dehemoglobinized (lysed) red blood cells (RBCs). Thick smears allow a more efficient detection of parasites (increased sensitivity). Thin smears consist of blood spread in a layer such that the thickness decrease. By the ultrasound, the following findings can be observed: Dilated lymphatic channels Living worms tend to be in motion which called "filarial dance" sign. Chronic venous insufficiency History of untreated varicose veins Painful bilateral lower limb swelling that increases with standing and decreases by rest and leg elevation. Chronic + - Bilateral + (If congenial) - Typical varicose veins Skin change distribution correlate with varicose veins sites in the medial side of ankle and leg Reduction of swelling with limb elevation. Duplex ultrasound will demonstrate typical findings of venous valvular insufficiency Acute deep venous thrombosis History of prolonged recumbency Classic symptoms of DVT include acute unilateral swelling, pain, and erythema Acute + - Unilateral - May be associated with primary disease mandates recumbency for long duration Dilated superficial veins Difference in calf diameter is twice as likely to have DVT (most impotant sign) Calf pain on passive dorsiflexion of the foot (Homan's sign) isn't realiable sign. Compression ultrasonography (CUS) with doppler is the diagnostic test of choice D-dimer level is used for unprobable cases Lipedema Family history especially in women; X-linked dominant or autosomal dominant condition. Abnormal deposition of fat and edema and easy bruising. Chronic + - Bilateral - - Tender with palpation Negative Semmer sign to differentiate from lymphedema. Pinching the skin on the upper surface of the toes. If it is possible to grasp a thin fold of tissue then it is negative result. In a positive result, it is only possible to grasp a lump of tissue. MRI offers strong qualitative and quantitative parameters in the diagnosis of lipedema (Cellulitis - erysipelas- skin abscess) Acute painful swelling Fever Acute + + Unilateral - - Tenderness, hotness, and may be fluctuation if abscess formed. Lymphangitis in nearby lymph nodes. Toxemia and fever in severe cases. Cellulitis involves the deeper dermis and erysipelas involves the upper dermis. Usually it doesn't need any laboratory tests to diagnose. Blood cultures are warranted for patients in the following circumstances: Systemic toxicity Extensive skin or soft tissue involvement Underlying comorbidities persistent cellulitis In patients with recurrent cellulitis, serologic testing for beta-hemolytic streptococci is a good diagnostic tool. Other causes of generalized edema History of chronic general condition (cardiac-liver-renal) Chronic - - Bilateral - + According to the primary cause (Echo- LFTs - RFT)<|eot_id|> |
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003141.htm
Template:WH Template:WS | What information is available about Nocturia? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What information is available about Nocturia?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003141.htm
Template:WH Template:WS<|eot_id|> |
5% of the cases but represents as high mortality rate as left ventricular shock. The right ventricular regions more commonly affected by infarction are the inferior and inferior-posterior walls. The coronary arteries frequently occluded in this setting are the right coronary artery, or the left circumflex coronary artery, in a left dominant system. Patients with right coronary artery occlusion, in a right dominant system, are at higher risk of developing papillary muscle rupture and therefore undergoing valvular heart disease, such as mitral regurgitation. Right ventricle failure may affect left ventricular performance by several means: Decrease in right ventricular output leading to a decrease in left ventricular filling thereby affecting overall cardiac output; Increased right ventricular telediastolic pressure, leading to a shifting of the interventricular septum into the left ventricle, therefore jeopardizing left ventricular filling and systolic function. | What is the pathophysiology behind cardiogenic shock? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the pathophysiology behind cardiogenic shock?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> 5% of the cases but represents as high mortality rate as left ventricular shock. The right ventricular regions more commonly affected by infarction are the inferior and inferior-posterior walls. The coronary arteries frequently occluded in this setting are the right coronary artery, or the left circumflex coronary artery, in a left dominant system. Patients with right coronary artery occlusion, in a right dominant system, are at higher risk of developing papillary muscle rupture and therefore undergoing valvular heart disease, such as mitral regurgitation. Right ventricle failure may affect left ventricular performance by several means: Decrease in right ventricular output leading to a decrease in left ventricular filling thereby affecting overall cardiac output; Increased right ventricular telediastolic pressure, leading to a shifting of the interventricular septum into the left ventricle, therefore jeopardizing left ventricular filling and systolic function.<|eot_id|> |
In TIMI Grade 4 thrombus, a very large thrombus with its largest dimension greater than or equal to 2 vessel diameters is present. | What does thrombus grade 4 in TIMI mean? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What does thrombus grade 4 in TIMI mean?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> In TIMI Grade 4 thrombus, a very large thrombus with its largest dimension greater than or equal to 2 vessel diameters is present.<|eot_id|> |
Intraventricular conduction delay's need to be differentiated from other conditions resulting in wide QRS complex such as LVH, pacemaker rhythms and accessory pathway arrythmias. | What does intraventricular conduction delay mean? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What does intraventricular conduction delay mean?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Intraventricular conduction delay's need to be differentiated from other conditions resulting in wide QRS complex such as LVH, pacemaker rhythms and accessory pathway arrythmias.<|eot_id|> |
Lymphangitis being a manifestation of wider concurrently occurring spectrum of manifestations or pathologies. The epidemiology and demographics of this individual manifestation are poorly studied. Epidemiology and demographics of lymphangitis carcinomatosis and sclerosing lymphangitis are discussed below:
Lymphangitis carcinomatosis occurs in 6-8% of the intra-thoracic metastasis from a malignant disease.
Higher prevalence of lymphangitis carcinomatosis is reported in male s, when compared to females (60:40) and younger population.
Epidemiology and demographics
Incidence and prevalence of sclerosing lymphangitis is poorly studies. Demographically, it mostly occurs in younger male population between 20-40 years of age. | What are the epidemiology and demographics of lymphangitis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What are the epidemiology and demographics of lymphangitis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Lymphangitis being a manifestation of wider concurrently occurring spectrum of manifestations or pathologies. The epidemiology and demographics of this individual manifestation are poorly studied. Epidemiology and demographics of lymphangitis carcinomatosis and sclerosing lymphangitis are discussed below:
Lymphangitis carcinomatosis occurs in 6-8% of the intra-thoracic metastasis from a malignant disease.
Higher prevalence of lymphangitis carcinomatosis is reported in male s, when compared to females (60:40) and younger population.
Epidemiology and demographics
Incidence and prevalence of sclerosing lymphangitis is poorly studies. Demographically, it mostly occurs in younger male population between 20-40 years of age.<|eot_id|> |
There are no x-ray findings associated with alcoholic liver disease. However, a chest x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of cirrhosis, which include hydrothorax and pneumonia. | What information can an X-ray provide about liver disease in a person who consumes alcohol excessively? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What information can an X-ray provide about liver disease in a person who consumes alcohol excessively?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> There are no x-ray findings associated with alcoholic liver disease. However, a chest x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of cirrhosis, which include hydrothorax and pneumonia.<|eot_id|> |
Treatment may not be needed if the hives are mild. They may disappear on their own. To reduce itching and swelling:
Avoid hot baths or showers. Avoid irritating the area with tight-fitting clothing. Take antihistamines. Diphenhydramine is considered most effective, but make some people tired. Other options include loratodine or ceterizine
If your reaction is severe, especially if the swelling involves your throat, you may require an emergency shot of epinephrine (adrenaline) or steroids. Hives in the throat can block your airway, making it difficult to breathe. | Could you please share some information regarding hives? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Could you please share some information regarding hives?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Treatment may not be needed if the hives are mild. They may disappear on their own. To reduce itching and swelling:
Avoid hot baths or showers. Avoid irritating the area with tight-fitting clothing. Take antihistamines. Diphenhydramine is considered most effective, but make some people tired. Other options include loratodine or ceterizine
If your reaction is severe, especially if the swelling involves your throat, you may require an emergency shot of epinephrine (adrenaline) or steroids. Hives in the throat can block your airway, making it difficult to breathe.<|eot_id|> |
Nafcillin may cause side effects. Tell your health care provider if either of these symptoms is severe or does not go away:
upset stomach diarrhea
If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your health care provider immediately:
rash itching fever chills facial swelling wheezing difficulty breathing unusual bleeding or bruising dizziness seizures sore mouth or throat
If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online at http://www.fda.gov/MedWatch/report.htm or by phone 1-800-332-1088. | What information is available on Nafcillin Sodium Injection? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What information is available on Nafcillin Sodium Injection?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Nafcillin may cause side effects. Tell your health care provider if either of these symptoms is severe or does not go away:
upset stomach diarrhea
If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your health care provider immediately:
rash itching fever chills facial swelling wheezing difficulty breathing unusual bleeding or bruising dizziness seizures sore mouth or throat
If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online at http://www.fda.gov/MedWatch/report.htm or by phone 1-800-332-1088.<|eot_id|> |
The following have been identified as risk factors for placenta praevia:
Previous placenta praevia, caesarean delivery, or abortion. Women who have had previous pregnancies, especially a large number of closely spaced pregnancies, are at higher risk. Women who are younger than 20 are at higher risk and women older than 30 are at increasing risk as they get older. Women with a large placentae from twins or erythroblastosis are at higher risk. Women who smoke or use cocaine may be at higher risk. Race is a controversial risk factor, with some studies finding minorities at higher risk and others finding no difference. | Which factors increase the risk of developing placenta previa? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Which factors increase the risk of developing placenta previa?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The following have been identified as risk factors for placenta praevia:
Previous placenta praevia, caesarean delivery, or abortion. Women who have had previous pregnancies, especially a large number of closely spaced pregnancies, are at higher risk. Women who are younger than 20 are at higher risk and women older than 30 are at increasing risk as they get older. Women with a large placentae from twins or erythroblastosis are at higher risk. Women who smoke or use cocaine may be at higher risk. Race is a controversial risk factor, with some studies finding minorities at higher risk and others finding no difference.<|eot_id|> |
The most common symptoms of diffuse large B cell lymphoma include a rapidly enlarging, non-painful mass that may be located in neck, groin, or abdomen. The less common symptoms of diffuse large B cell lymphoma include fever, weight loss, and drenching night sweats also known as''B symptoms" . | Can you provide information about the history and symptoms of diffuse large B cell lymphoma? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Can you provide information about the history and symptoms of diffuse large B cell lymphoma?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The most common symptoms of diffuse large B cell lymphoma include a rapidly enlarging, non-painful mass that may be located in neck, groin, or abdomen. The less common symptoms of diffuse large B cell lymphoma include fever, weight loss, and drenching night sweats also known as''B symptoms" .<|eot_id|> |
The incidence of bleb-related endophthalmitis is approximately range from 170 to 1,300 per 100,000 individuals with trabeculectomy surgery. The incidence of bleb-related endophthalmitis is approximately 3,000 per 100,000 individuals with the use of antiproliferative agent. The incidence of bleb-related endophthalmitis is approximately 9,000 per 100,000 individuals with inferior placement of bleb.
The incidence of bleb-related endophthalmitis decreases with age. Many studies have shown a higher prevalence of blebitis in younger patients (younger than 40 years old).
Males are more commonly affected with bleb-related endophthalmitis than females.
African-Americans are more commonly affected with bleb-related endophthalmitis than other races.
In the United States, the incidence of bleb-related endophthalmitis is approximately range from 450 to 1,300 per 100,000 individuals with trabeculectomy after up to 5 years follow up. | What is the relationship between a bleb and endophthalmitis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the relationship between a bleb and endophthalmitis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The incidence of bleb-related endophthalmitis is approximately range from 170 to 1,300 per 100,000 individuals with trabeculectomy surgery. The incidence of bleb-related endophthalmitis is approximately 3,000 per 100,000 individuals with the use of antiproliferative agent. The incidence of bleb-related endophthalmitis is approximately 9,000 per 100,000 individuals with inferior placement of bleb.
The incidence of bleb-related endophthalmitis decreases with age. Many studies have shown a higher prevalence of blebitis in younger patients (younger than 40 years old).
Males are more commonly affected with bleb-related endophthalmitis than females.
African-Americans are more commonly affected with bleb-related endophthalmitis than other races.
In the United States, the incidence of bleb-related endophthalmitis is approximately range from 450 to 1,300 per 100,000 individuals with trabeculectomy after up to 5 years follow up.<|eot_id|> |
In acute aortic insufficiency symptoms of heart failure often develop acutely. Chronic aortic insufficiency is usually insidious and progressive and the patient may remain asymptomatic for years. Once left ventricular dilation and left ventricular failure occur, dyspnea on exertion and exercise intolerance begin to occur. Later symptoms such as angina, syncope, and other symptoms of heart failure are present. | What does aortic regurgitation mean? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What does aortic regurgitation mean?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> In acute aortic insufficiency symptoms of heart failure often develop acutely. Chronic aortic insufficiency is usually insidious and progressive and the patient may remain asymptomatic for years. Once left ventricular dilation and left ventricular failure occur, dyspnea on exertion and exercise intolerance begin to occur. Later symptoms such as angina, syncope, and other symptoms of heart failure are present.<|eot_id|> |
Liver transplantation is the final treatment for patients with metabolic disease associated associated with GSD type 1. Indications for liver transplantation include patients with multifocal lesions, growing lesions that do not regress with improved dietary regimens, and patients who do not have evidence of distant metastatic disease. There is resolution of metabolic derangements (correction of hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia, and hyperlipidemia) after liver transplantation in patients with GSD type 1. | What is the surgical treatment option for glycogen storage disease type I? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the surgical treatment option for glycogen storage disease type I?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Liver transplantation is the final treatment for patients with metabolic disease associated associated with GSD type 1. Indications for liver transplantation include patients with multifocal lesions, growing lesions that do not regress with improved dietary regimens, and patients who do not have evidence of distant metastatic disease. There is resolution of metabolic derangements (correction of hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia, and hyperlipidemia) after liver transplantation in patients with GSD type 1.<|eot_id|> |
Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Iron is an important building block for red blood cells.
When your body does not have enough iron, it will make fewer red blood cells or red blood cells that are too small. This is called iron deficiency anemia. | What information is accessible regarding iron and its relationship to adult deficiency anemia? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What information is accessible regarding iron and its relationship to adult deficiency anemia?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Iron is an important building block for red blood cells.
When your body does not have enough iron, it will make fewer red blood cells or red blood cells that are too small. This is called iron deficiency anemia.<|eot_id|> |
There are no ECG findings associated with dermatofibroma. | What is the connection between dermatofibroma and an electrocardiogram (ECG)? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the connection between dermatofibroma and an electrocardiogram (ECG)?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> There are no ECG findings associated with dermatofibroma.<|eot_id|> |
D-dimer is used in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis among patients with low or unlikely probability of venous thromboembolism. While 500 ng/mL has long been the most commonly used cut off value for abnormal D-dimer concentration, recent studies suggest the use of an age adjusted cut-off concentration of D-dimer. The age adjusted cut-off value of D-dimer is 500 ng/mL for subjects whose age is less than 50 years, and the age multiplied by 10 for subjects older than 50 years. | What laboratory tests are used to diagnose deep vein thrombosis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What laboratory tests are used to diagnose deep vein thrombosis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> D-dimer is used in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis among patients with low or unlikely probability of venous thromboembolism. While 500 ng/mL has long been the most commonly used cut off value for abnormal D-dimer concentration, recent studies suggest the use of an age adjusted cut-off concentration of D-dimer. The age adjusted cut-off value of D-dimer is 500 ng/mL for subjects whose age is less than 50 years, and the age multiplied by 10 for subjects older than 50 years.<|eot_id|> |
The prehistory period dates from around 7 x 10 6 b2k to about 7,000 b2k. | Could you please provide me with the text that needs to be rephrased? As "What is human DNA?" is already in proper English. | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Could you please provide me with the text that needs to be rephrased? As "What is human DNA?" is already in proper English.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The prehistory period dates from around 7 x 10 6 b2k to about 7,000 b2k.<|eot_id|> |
Majority of the patients get better with antibiotics and nutritional supplements.
If surgery is required, and patient undergoes surgery for the condition, then the prognosis is very good. | What are the natural history, prognosis, and possible complications of Blind Loop Syndrome? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What are the natural history, prognosis, and possible complications of Blind Loop Syndrome?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Majority of the patients get better with antibiotics and nutritional supplements.
If surgery is required, and patient undergoes surgery for the condition, then the prognosis is very good.<|eot_id|> |
Class I Diagnosis of suspected acute ischemia or infarction not evident by standard means. Measurement of baseline LV function. Evaluation of patients with inferior myocardial infarction and clinical evidence suggesting possible RV infarction. Assessment of mechanical complications and mural thrombus.* Class IIa Identification of location/severity of disease in patients with ongoing ischemia. Class III Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction already evident by standard means. | What are the guidelines to follow for echocardiography? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What are the guidelines to follow for echocardiography?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Class I Diagnosis of suspected acute ischemia or infarction not evident by standard means. Measurement of baseline LV function. Evaluation of patients with inferior myocardial infarction and clinical evidence suggesting possible RV infarction. Assessment of mechanical complications and mural thrombus.* Class IIa Identification of location/severity of disease in patients with ongoing ischemia. Class III Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction already evident by standard means.<|eot_id|> |
The lifelong diet can be difficult and socially troublesome, especially in young patients, but it is crucial in order to avoid serious health consequences. Teenagers in particular occasionally rebel against the dietary strictures and suffer relapses or complications as a result. The widespread use of wheat byproducts in prepared food, soups and sauces can make dining out problematic. This is especially true in the United States, where dermatitis herpetiformis disease is less widely-known among the wider population than it is in Europe. However, certain types of restaurants (e.g., Japanese, Thai, Indian, and Latin American) already offer a wide range of gluten-free menu options, and many major restaurant chains have responded to growing awareness of celiac disease (and by default dermatitis herpetiformis) by posting information about the gluten content of their menu items on their websites.
It is important for friends and family to understand that dermatitis herpetiformis is present for life.
As celiac disease has become better understood, the availability of gluten-free replacements for everyday treats such as muffins, bagels, pasta and the like has continually improved, as has their quality. This has also benefited those with dermatitis herpetiformis. People with dermatitis herpetiformis and/or celiac cannot eat only gluten-free foods but continue to consume one or two products that contain gluten. For example, drinking beer can still cause symptoms, but even this problem may now be overcome. There are many specialty brews around the world that may be described as gluten free beer.
However, the case of beer raises the main problem of dermatitis herpetiformis and celiac disease: while the diet is strict and the effects of the disease are serious, the main symptom of the disease can be social isolation with those with dermatitis herpetiformis afraid to become involved in normal social life. Parties can be difficult, weddings and funerals hard, holidays awkward, a meal out a nightmare, travel is made more stressful, and even the trip to a bar or pub one that requires the individual to be constantly aware of the disease. It is too easy for the celiacs and those with dermatitis herpetiformis to withdraw from these normal activities, and many people with these complaints are working to create normal activities where they can forget the problem. It is important for newly diagnosed with either dermatitis herpetiformis or celiacs to ensure that they remain involved in their social life and explain their needs to family and friends.
Although these diseases may tend to isolate individuals with the complaint, the situation is becoming less difficult year by year. Manufacturers are now making a wide range of very acceptable breads, and some pastas (notoriously horrible in the past) that are virtually indistinguishable from "normal" pasta. Restaurants are beginning to offer gluten free menus and are recognizing the size of the market that is largely not catered for. Celiacs and those with dermatitis herpetiformis should not be afraid to ask establishments how they can cater to them. Where the question has been asked repeatedly, the proprietors tend to recognize the need, and become aware of the revenue that is lost where they do not provide a full range of products.
In many ways beer seems to be the hardest gluten free product to "get right". However, gluten-free beer is now available and there is now a range of ales, beers, and lagers to choose from. Around the world standards of "gluten free" vary. For example, while in the United Kingdom a beer with less than 20 parts per million gluten (20ppm) is "gluten free", in Australia it is not possible to describe any product as such if any gluten can be detected at all. Similarly, some "gluten free" breads can contain low levels of gluten in one country, in another they would contravene labeling or food standards legislation.
However, large scale commercial beers are out of the question for those who cannot consume gluten, regardless of the sometimes misleading advice on some brewery websites. It is likely that most people with dermatitis herpetiformis celiacs will be able to drink beer at under 20ppm (in moderation) without causing themselves any harm. It is important, however, for consumers of all "low gluten" foods and beverages to tell their consultant, and to ensure that even if the obvious symptoms are absent, there are no other negative effects continuing that they are unaware of.
However, the development of a range of gluten free beers is an example of those who cannot consume gluten "working together to socialize normally and avoid isolation caused by their special dietary needs. It also represents part of the return to a ‘normal’ life." | What is the primary method of preventing dermatitis herpetiformis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the primary method of preventing dermatitis herpetiformis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The lifelong diet can be difficult and socially troublesome, especially in young patients, but it is crucial in order to avoid serious health consequences. Teenagers in particular occasionally rebel against the dietary strictures and suffer relapses or complications as a result. The widespread use of wheat byproducts in prepared food, soups and sauces can make dining out problematic. This is especially true in the United States, where dermatitis herpetiformis disease is less widely-known among the wider population than it is in Europe. However, certain types of restaurants (e.g., Japanese, Thai, Indian, and Latin American) already offer a wide range of gluten-free menu options, and many major restaurant chains have responded to growing awareness of celiac disease (and by default dermatitis herpetiformis) by posting information about the gluten content of their menu items on their websites.
It is important for friends and family to understand that dermatitis herpetiformis is present for life.
As celiac disease has become better understood, the availability of gluten-free replacements for everyday treats such as muffins, bagels, pasta and the like has continually improved, as has their quality. This has also benefited those with dermatitis herpetiformis. People with dermatitis herpetiformis and/or celiac cannot eat only gluten-free foods but continue to consume one or two products that contain gluten. For example, drinking beer can still cause symptoms, but even this problem may now be overcome. There are many specialty brews around the world that may be described as gluten free beer.
However, the case of beer raises the main problem of dermatitis herpetiformis and celiac disease: while the diet is strict and the effects of the disease are serious, the main symptom of the disease can be social isolation with those with dermatitis herpetiformis afraid to become involved in normal social life. Parties can be difficult, weddings and funerals hard, holidays awkward, a meal out a nightmare, travel is made more stressful, and even the trip to a bar or pub one that requires the individual to be constantly aware of the disease. It is too easy for the celiacs and those with dermatitis herpetiformis to withdraw from these normal activities, and many people with these complaints are working to create normal activities where they can forget the problem. It is important for newly diagnosed with either dermatitis herpetiformis or celiacs to ensure that they remain involved in their social life and explain their needs to family and friends.
Although these diseases may tend to isolate individuals with the complaint, the situation is becoming less difficult year by year. Manufacturers are now making a wide range of very acceptable breads, and some pastas (notoriously horrible in the past) that are virtually indistinguishable from "normal" pasta. Restaurants are beginning to offer gluten free menus and are recognizing the size of the market that is largely not catered for. Celiacs and those with dermatitis herpetiformis should not be afraid to ask establishments how they can cater to them. Where the question has been asked repeatedly, the proprietors tend to recognize the need, and become aware of the revenue that is lost where they do not provide a full range of products.
In many ways beer seems to be the hardest gluten free product to "get right". However, gluten-free beer is now available and there is now a range of ales, beers, and lagers to choose from. Around the world standards of "gluten free" vary. For example, while in the United Kingdom a beer with less than 20 parts per million gluten (20ppm) is "gluten free", in Australia it is not possible to describe any product as such if any gluten can be detected at all. Similarly, some "gluten free" breads can contain low levels of gluten in one country, in another they would contravene labeling or food standards legislation.
However, large scale commercial beers are out of the question for those who cannot consume gluten, regardless of the sometimes misleading advice on some brewery websites. It is likely that most people with dermatitis herpetiformis celiacs will be able to drink beer at under 20ppm (in moderation) without causing themselves any harm. It is important, however, for consumers of all "low gluten" foods and beverages to tell their consultant, and to ensure that even if the obvious symptoms are absent, there are no other negative effects continuing that they are unaware of.
However, the development of a range of gluten free beers is an example of those who cannot consume gluten "working together to socialize normally and avoid isolation caused by their special dietary needs. It also represents part of the return to a ‘normal’ life."<|eot_id|> |
Surgical resection of the tumor is the ultimate treatment to remove excess catecholamines from the body. Alpha receptors need to be blocked before surgery with phenoxybenzamine to control hypertension. | What is the relationship between Adrenergic and myocarditis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the relationship between Adrenergic and myocarditis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Surgical resection of the tumor is the ultimate treatment to remove excess catecholamines from the body. Alpha receptors need to be blocked before surgery with phenoxybenzamine to control hypertension.<|eot_id|> |
The main inciting event in the pathogenesis of upper GI bleeding is damage to mucosal injury. This mucosal injury can occur at various levels of GI tract. If the damage and bleeding is confined upto ligament Treitz, it is defined as upper GI bleeding. Regardless of etiology, if the balance of gastric acid secretion and mucosal defenses is disrupted, acid interacts with the epithelium to cause damage leading to hemorrhage. | Can you provide a summary of upper gastrointestinal bleeding? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Can you provide a summary of upper gastrointestinal bleeding?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The main inciting event in the pathogenesis of upper GI bleeding is damage to mucosal injury. This mucosal injury can occur at various levels of GI tract. If the damage and bleeding is confined upto ligament Treitz, it is defined as upper GI bleeding. Regardless of etiology, if the balance of gastric acid secretion and mucosal defenses is disrupted, acid interacts with the epithelium to cause damage leading to hemorrhage.<|eot_id|> |
Surgical treatment of CNS GCTs varies according to the type of the tumor. The recommended practice which is followed currently is to acquire a tissue biopsy sample, with the exception of patients who have a characteristic elevation in tumor markers and in whom surgical intervention may lead to significant complications. Partial and gross total surgical resection of germinomas has no proven benefit and may lead to endocrinological and neurological deterioration. Therefore, in these patients surgical intervention is limited to biopsy and these patients are treated with radiation and chemotherapy. Since patients with choriocarcinoma have an increased tendency to hemorrhage, these patients are treated with early and radical surgery. Since patients with NGGCTs have poor long-term survival, therefore surgery for these patients is aimed at improving outcome. When removal of all tumor tissue is not possible in these patients reduction of tumor burden by partial resection is often an option available. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy are often incorporated in the treatment plan. There are no definitive data that suggest that gross total resection of NGGCT at the time of diagnosis improves either an overall survival or a progression-free survival. However, resection of residual tumors after radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy may have a role, with a few small studies suggesting that gross total resection may improve survival. In patients with small surgical samples that may not be representative, such as histological diagnosis of pure germinoma and raised alpha-fetoprotein should be treated more aggressively than those with pure germinoma with normal CSF / serum markers. Patients with a tissue diagnosis of nongerminomatous germ cell tumors NGGCT should be treated as such regardless of serum/CSF tumor markers. Patients who presents with obstructive hydrocephalus may require a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Surgery may be performed to remove the residual tissue and permit its histological verification in patients who have had an incomplete response to initial chemotherapy. The residual tissue may contain malignant components; however, it may consist of necrosis, fibrosis, or a mature teratoma—the so-called growing teratoma syndrome. The growing teratoma syndrome is characterized by a solitary enlarging tumor mass during or after chemotherapy, with normal or declining AFP and/or beta-HCG. Surgical resection of the tumor is considered curative. The "growing teratoma syndrome" is defined as a solitary enlarging tumor, with normal or declining AFP and/or beta-HCG, which upon resection proves to be composed entirely of a mature teratoma. | What role does surgery play in the treatment of Germinoma? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What role does surgery play in the treatment of Germinoma?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Surgical treatment of CNS GCTs varies according to the type of the tumor. The recommended practice which is followed currently is to acquire a tissue biopsy sample, with the exception of patients who have a characteristic elevation in tumor markers and in whom surgical intervention may lead to significant complications. Partial and gross total surgical resection of germinomas has no proven benefit and may lead to endocrinological and neurological deterioration. Therefore, in these patients surgical intervention is limited to biopsy and these patients are treated with radiation and chemotherapy. Since patients with choriocarcinoma have an increased tendency to hemorrhage, these patients are treated with early and radical surgery. Since patients with NGGCTs have poor long-term survival, therefore surgery for these patients is aimed at improving outcome. When removal of all tumor tissue is not possible in these patients reduction of tumor burden by partial resection is often an option available. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy are often incorporated in the treatment plan. There are no definitive data that suggest that gross total resection of NGGCT at the time of diagnosis improves either an overall survival or a progression-free survival. However, resection of residual tumors after radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy may have a role, with a few small studies suggesting that gross total resection may improve survival. In patients with small surgical samples that may not be representative, such as histological diagnosis of pure germinoma and raised alpha-fetoprotein should be treated more aggressively than those with pure germinoma with normal CSF / serum markers. Patients with a tissue diagnosis of nongerminomatous germ cell tumors NGGCT should be treated as such regardless of serum/CSF tumor markers. Patients who presents with obstructive hydrocephalus may require a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Surgery may be performed to remove the residual tissue and permit its histological verification in patients who have had an incomplete response to initial chemotherapy. The residual tissue may contain malignant components; however, it may consist of necrosis, fibrosis, or a mature teratoma—the so-called growing teratoma syndrome. The growing teratoma syndrome is characterized by a solitary enlarging tumor mass during or after chemotherapy, with normal or declining AFP and/or beta-HCG. Surgical resection of the tumor is considered curative. The "growing teratoma syndrome" is defined as a solitary enlarging tumor, with normal or declining AFP and/or beta-HCG, which upon resection proves to be composed entirely of a mature teratoma.<|eot_id|> |
▸ Click on the following categories to expand treatment regimens.
Croup Medical Therapy ▸ Glucocorticoids ▸ Epinephrine ▸ Oxygen ▸ Antibiotics ▸ Heliox Glucocorticoids Mild to Moderate Croup ▸ Dexamethasone 0.60 mg/kg PO/IM/IV, single dose (max. 10 mg) OR ▸ Budesonide 2mg nebulized Severe Croup ▸ Dexamethasone 0.60 mg/kg IM/IV, single dose OR ▸ Budesonide 2mg nebulized Epinephrine Mild Croup There are no indications for nebulized epinephrine in mild croup Moderate to Severe Croup ▸ Nebulized racemic epinephrine (2.25%) 0.05 mL/kg (max. 0.5mL) in 3mL of normal saline for 15 min OR ▸ Nebulized L- epinephrine 0.5mL/kg (max 5mL) for 15 min Repeat as needed Oxygen ▸ Humidified oxygen should be given to patients with hypoxia or severe respiratory distress Antibiotics ▸ Antibiotic are not indicated to treat viral croup ▸ Antibiotics are use for complications, such as bacterial tracheitis or epiglottitis Heliox ▸ There is no sufficient data that recommends the general use of heliox in patients with croup. ▸ Some studies have shown a short-term benefit of heliox inhalation in children with moderate to severe croup. | What medical treatment is recommended for croup? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What medical treatment is recommended for croup?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> ▸ Click on the following categories to expand treatment regimens.
Croup Medical Therapy ▸ Glucocorticoids ▸ Epinephrine ▸ Oxygen ▸ Antibiotics ▸ Heliox Glucocorticoids Mild to Moderate Croup ▸ Dexamethasone 0.60 mg/kg PO/IM/IV, single dose (max. 10 mg) OR ▸ Budesonide 2mg nebulized Severe Croup ▸ Dexamethasone 0.60 mg/kg IM/IV, single dose OR ▸ Budesonide 2mg nebulized Epinephrine Mild Croup There are no indications for nebulized epinephrine in mild croup Moderate to Severe Croup ▸ Nebulized racemic epinephrine (2.25%) 0.05 mL/kg (max. 0.5mL) in 3mL of normal saline for 15 min OR ▸ Nebulized L- epinephrine 0.5mL/kg (max 5mL) for 15 min Repeat as needed Oxygen ▸ Humidified oxygen should be given to patients with hypoxia or severe respiratory distress Antibiotics ▸ Antibiotic are not indicated to treat viral croup ▸ Antibiotics are use for complications, such as bacterial tracheitis or epiglottitis Heliox ▸ There is no sufficient data that recommends the general use of heliox in patients with croup. ▸ Some studies have shown a short-term benefit of heliox inhalation in children with moderate to severe croup.<|eot_id|> |
Complications from Acute retinal necrosis arise from indefinite symptom worsening and spread of the infection past the retina:
Retinal detachment: The thin layer of light-sensitive tissue that is crucial for vision may come unattached, causing vision loss Brain inflammation Meningitis Permanent damage to the eye nerve Shrinking of the eye | What is the available information on acute retinal necrosis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the available information on acute retinal necrosis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Complications from Acute retinal necrosis arise from indefinite symptom worsening and spread of the infection past the retina:
Retinal detachment: The thin layer of light-sensitive tissue that is crucial for vision may come unattached, causing vision loss Brain inflammation Meningitis Permanent damage to the eye nerve Shrinking of the eye<|eot_id|> |
The risk of gonadal germ cell tumor is low during childhood and adolescence but increases in later adulthood. Benign tumors of nongerminomatous germ cell tumor include Sertoli cell adenoma and hamartomas. | Can you provide an overview of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Can you provide an overview of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The risk of gonadal germ cell tumor is low during childhood and adolescence but increases in later adulthood. Benign tumors of nongerminomatous germ cell tumor include Sertoli cell adenoma and hamartomas.<|eot_id|> |
The thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped gland in the neck, produces body-regulating hormones. Thyroid cancer starts in the thyroid gland and manifests without early-stage symptoms. As the cancer further develops, noticeable symptoms begin to arise, such as vocal hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, a lump in the neck, which can be felt through the skin, neck or throat pain, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and thyroid hormone therapy. | What kind of information is available on thyroid cancer? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What kind of information is available on thyroid cancer?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped gland in the neck, produces body-regulating hormones. Thyroid cancer starts in the thyroid gland and manifests without early-stage symptoms. As the cancer further develops, noticeable symptoms begin to arise, such as vocal hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, a lump in the neck, which can be felt through the skin, neck or throat pain, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and thyroid hormone therapy.<|eot_id|> |
ZD appears as an out-pouching sac on the CT scan over the posterior esophagus in the Killian's triangle, a point of weakness in the muscular wall of the hypopharynx surrounded by the cricopharyngeal sphincter and oblique fibers of the inferior constrictor of the pharyngeal muscle.
CT-Zenker's diverticulum Source:Radiopaedia | What is a CT scan for Zenker's diverticulum? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is a CT scan for Zenker's diverticulum?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> ZD appears as an out-pouching sac on the CT scan over the posterior esophagus in the Killian's triangle, a point of weakness in the muscular wall of the hypopharynx surrounded by the cricopharyngeal sphincter and oblique fibers of the inferior constrictor of the pharyngeal muscle.
CT-Zenker's diverticulum Source:Radiopaedia<|eot_id|> |
Mantle cell lymphoma is thought to be caused when the somatic cells acquire non-inherited genetic mutations. The typical mutation occurring in mantle cell lymphoma due to the “ reciprocal translocation ” between chromosome 11 and chromosome 14 t(11;14) causes the over expression of cyclin D1 which results in uncontrolled growth of B cells leading to lymphoma development. However, the initiating factors of these genetic alterations are generally not identifiable. People with no particular risk factors for lymphoma development are commonly affected by these alterations. | What is the cause of mantle cell lymphoma? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the cause of mantle cell lymphoma?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Mantle cell lymphoma is thought to be caused when the somatic cells acquire non-inherited genetic mutations. The typical mutation occurring in mantle cell lymphoma due to the “ reciprocal translocation ” between chromosome 11 and chromosome 14 t(11;14) causes the over expression of cyclin D1 which results in uncontrolled growth of B cells leading to lymphoma development. However, the initiating factors of these genetic alterations are generally not identifiable. People with no particular risk factors for lymphoma development are commonly affected by these alterations.<|eot_id|> |
Electrocardiography Cardiac arrhythmias | What is the definition of cardiac dysrhythmias? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the definition of cardiac dysrhythmias?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Electrocardiography Cardiac arrhythmias<|eot_id|> |
No specific treatment exists for Pendred syndrome. Speech and language support, and cochlear implants, may improve language skills. If thyroid hormone levels are decreased, thyroxine may be required. Patients are advised to take precautions against head injury. | Could you provide me the original text? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Could you provide me the original text?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> No specific treatment exists for Pendred syndrome. Speech and language support, and cochlear implants, may improve language skills. If thyroid hormone levels are decreased, thyroxine may be required. Patients are advised to take precautions against head injury.<|eot_id|> |
There is no known way to prevent narcolepsy. Treatment may reduce the number of attacks. Avoid situations that aggravate the condition if you are prone to attacks of narcolepsy. | What is the definition of narcolepsy and what information can be found about it? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the definition of narcolepsy and what information can be found about it?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> There is no known way to prevent narcolepsy. Treatment may reduce the number of attacks. Avoid situations that aggravate the condition if you are prone to attacks of narcolepsy.<|eot_id|> |
- http://www4.ocn.ne.jp/~nurophth/CPEO1.jpg - http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/case24.htm - http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical/issues/sag-04-34-3/sag-34-3-9-0401-8.pdf | "What is Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia?" is already in proper English. It is a grammatically correct sentence. | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: "What is Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia?" is already in proper English. It is a grammatically correct sentence.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> - http://www4.ocn.ne.jp/~nurophth/CPEO1.jpg - http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/case24.htm - http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical/issues/sag-04-34-3/sag-34-3-9-0401-8.pdf<|eot_id|> |
Screening for essential thrombocytosis by cell-based quantitative assays for JAK2V617F mutation is recommended among individuals with a positive family history for the disease (autosomal dominant inheritance) and in patients who present with thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, and monocytosis. | Could you explain what thrombocytosis is and why it is important? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Could you explain what thrombocytosis is and why it is important?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Screening for essential thrombocytosis by cell-based quantitative assays for JAK2V617F mutation is recommended among individuals with a positive family history for the disease (autosomal dominant inheritance) and in patients who present with thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, and monocytosis.<|eot_id|> |
Worldwide, the incidence of Brucellosis ranges from a low of 0.01 per 100,000 to high of 200 per 100,000 individuals. Case fatality rate is less than 2% when untreated. Brucellosis most commonly affects men in age group between 20 to 45 years old. Areas currently listed as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa), South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and the Middle East | Can you provide an overview of Brucellosis, please? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Can you provide an overview of Brucellosis, please?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Worldwide, the incidence of Brucellosis ranges from a low of 0.01 per 100,000 to high of 200 per 100,000 individuals. Case fatality rate is less than 2% when untreated. Brucellosis most commonly affects men in age group between 20 to 45 years old. Areas currently listed as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa), South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and the Middle East<|eot_id|> |
The following criteria are required in order to diagnose JMML:
All 3 of the following:
No Philadelphia chromosome or BCR/ABL fusion gene. Peripheral blood monocytosis >1 x 109/L. Less than 20% blasts (including promonocytes) in the blood and bone marrow (blast count is less than 2% on average)
Two or more of the following criteria:
Hemoglobin F increased for age. Immature granulocytes and nucleated red cells in the peripheral blood. White blood cell count>1 x 109/L. Clonal chromosomal abnormality (e.g., monosomy 7). Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) hypersensitivity of myeloid progenitors in vitro.
These criteria are identified through blood tests and bone marrow tests.
Blood tests: A Combined Blood Count (CBC) will be performed on a child suspected of having JMML and throughout the treatment and recovery of a child diagnosed with JMML.
NOTE: JMML can show many of the same signs as infectious diseases like Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, histoplasma, mycobacteria, and toxoplasma. Therefore, it is important that your doctor rule out these other potential causes of your child’s symptoms during the diagnosis process. | What laboratory tests are used for the diagnosis of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What laboratory tests are used for the diagnosis of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The following criteria are required in order to diagnose JMML:
All 3 of the following:
No Philadelphia chromosome or BCR/ABL fusion gene. Peripheral blood monocytosis >1 x 109/L. Less than 20% blasts (including promonocytes) in the blood and bone marrow (blast count is less than 2% on average)
Two or more of the following criteria:
Hemoglobin F increased for age. Immature granulocytes and nucleated red cells in the peripheral blood. White blood cell count>1 x 109/L. Clonal chromosomal abnormality (e.g., monosomy 7). Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) hypersensitivity of myeloid progenitors in vitro.
These criteria are identified through blood tests and bone marrow tests.
Blood tests: A Combined Blood Count (CBC) will be performed on a child suspected of having JMML and throughout the treatment and recovery of a child diagnosed with JMML.
NOTE: JMML can show many of the same signs as infectious diseases like Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, histoplasma, mycobacteria, and toxoplasma. Therefore, it is important that your doctor rule out these other potential causes of your child’s symptoms during the diagnosis process.<|eot_id|> |
The specific diagnosis is based on identification of P. jirovecii in bronchopulmonary secretions obtained as induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) material. In situations where these two techniques cannot be used, transbronchial biopsy or open lung biopsy may prove necessary. Microscopic identification of P. jiroveci trophozoites and cysts is performed with stains that demonstrate either the nuclei of trophozoites and intracystic stages (such as Giemsa) or the cyst walls (such as the silver stains). In addition, immunofluorescence microscopy using monoclonal antibodies can identify the organisms with higher sensitivity than conventional microscopy. | Which laboratory tests are utilized for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Which laboratory tests are utilized for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The specific diagnosis is based on identification of P. jirovecii in bronchopulmonary secretions obtained as induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) material. In situations where these two techniques cannot be used, transbronchial biopsy or open lung biopsy may prove necessary. Microscopic identification of P. jiroveci trophozoites and cysts is performed with stains that demonstrate either the nuclei of trophozoites and intracystic stages (such as Giemsa) or the cyst walls (such as the silver stains). In addition, immunofluorescence microscopy using monoclonal antibodies can identify the organisms with higher sensitivity than conventional microscopy.<|eot_id|> |
Polycythemia is a condition in which there is a net increase in the total number of red blood cells in the body. The overproduction of red blood cells may be due to a primary process in the bone marrow (a so-called myeloproliferative syndrome), or it may be a reaction to chronically low oxygen levels or, rarely, a malignancy. | Can you provide a summary of Polycythemia? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Can you provide a summary of Polycythemia?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Polycythemia is a condition in which there is a net increase in the total number of red blood cells in the body. The overproduction of red blood cells may be due to a primary process in the bone marrow (a so-called myeloproliferative syndrome), or it may be a reaction to chronically low oxygen levels or, rarely, a malignancy.<|eot_id|> |
Conjunctivitis symptoms and signs are relatively non-specific. Even after biomicroscopy, laboratory tests are often necessary to determine the underlying pathophysiology with certainty. An eye examination can help to differentiate conjunctivitis from other medical conditions. Conjunctivitis must be differentiated from blepharitis, keratitis, and scleritis. | Can you provide an overview of conjunctivitis, please? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: Can you provide an overview of conjunctivitis, please?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Conjunctivitis symptoms and signs are relatively non-specific. Even after biomicroscopy, laboratory tests are often necessary to determine the underlying pathophysiology with certainty. An eye examination can help to differentiate conjunctivitis from other medical conditions. Conjunctivitis must be differentiated from blepharitis, keratitis, and scleritis.<|eot_id|> |
Other types of table syntax that MediaWiki supports:
All three are supported by MediaWiki and create (currently) valid HTML output, but the pipe syntax is the simplest, especially for people who are already familiar with HTML. Also, HTML and wiki <td> syntax will not necessarily remain browser-supported in the upcoming future, especially on handheld internet-accessible devices.
See also Table (HTML), HTML element#Tables. Note however that the thead, tbody, tfoot, colgroup, and col elements are currently not supported in MediaWiki.
XHTML HTML & Wiki-td Wiki-pipe Table <table></table> <table></table> {| |} Caption <caption>caption</caption> <caption>caption</caption> |+ caption Row <tr></tr> <tr> |- Data cell <td>cell1</td> <td>cell2</td> <td>cell1 <td>cell2 | cell1 | cell2 Data cell <td>cell1</td> <td>cell2</td> <td>cell3</td> <td>cell1 <td>cell2 <td>cell3 | cell1 || cell2 || cell3 Header cell <th>heading</th> <th>heading! heading Sample table 1 2 3 4 <table> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> </tr> </table> <table> <tr> <td> 1 <td> 2 <tr> <td> 3 <td> 4 </table> {| | 1 || 2 |- | 3 || 4 |} Sample table 1 2 3 4 5 6 <table> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> </tr> </table> <table> <tr> <td> 1 <td> 2 <tr> <td> 3 <td> 4 <tr> <td> 5 <td> 6 </table> {| | 1 || 2 |- | 3 || 4 |- | 5 || 6 |} Pros Can be previewed/debugged with any XHTML editor Can be formatted for easier reading Well-known Can be previewed/debugged with any HTML editor Can be formatted for easier reading Well-known Takes less space than XHTML Easy to write Easy to read Takes little space Cons Tedious Takes a lot of space Difficult to read quickly Should not be used Confusing, especially for people with little HTML experience Poorly formed Poorly delimited Generally odd looking May not have browser support in future Unfamiliar syntax Rigid structure Cannot be indented Text (as in HTML tags) may be easier for some people to read than series of pipes, plus signs, exclamation marks, etc. Is nothing more than a shortcut for HTML-style tags. Not easily understood by those unfamiliar with HTML table concepts XHTML HTML & Wiki-td Wiki-pipe | What is the explanation for tables and their associated syntax? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the explanation for tables and their associated syntax?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Other types of table syntax that MediaWiki supports:
All three are supported by MediaWiki and create (currently) valid HTML output, but the pipe syntax is the simplest, especially for people who are already familiar with HTML. Also, HTML and wiki <td> syntax will not necessarily remain browser-supported in the upcoming future, especially on handheld internet-accessible devices.
See also Table (HTML), HTML element#Tables. Note however that the thead, tbody, tfoot, colgroup, and col elements are currently not supported in MediaWiki.
XHTML HTML & Wiki-td Wiki-pipe Table <table></table> <table></table> {| |} Caption <caption>caption</caption> <caption>caption</caption> |+ caption Row <tr></tr> <tr> |- Data cell <td>cell1</td> <td>cell2</td> <td>cell1 <td>cell2 | cell1 | cell2 Data cell <td>cell1</td> <td>cell2</td> <td>cell3</td> <td>cell1 <td>cell2 <td>cell3 | cell1 || cell2 || cell3 Header cell <th>heading</th> <th>heading! heading Sample table 1 2 3 4 <table> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> </tr> </table> <table> <tr> <td> 1 <td> 2 <tr> <td> 3 <td> 4 </table> {| | 1 || 2 |- | 3 || 4 |} Sample table 1 2 3 4 5 6 <table> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> </tr> </table> <table> <tr> <td> 1 <td> 2 <tr> <td> 3 <td> 4 <tr> <td> 5 <td> 6 </table> {| | 1 || 2 |- | 3 || 4 |- | 5 || 6 |} Pros Can be previewed/debugged with any XHTML editor Can be formatted for easier reading Well-known Can be previewed/debugged with any HTML editor Can be formatted for easier reading Well-known Takes less space than XHTML Easy to write Easy to read Takes little space Cons Tedious Takes a lot of space Difficult to read quickly Should not be used Confusing, especially for people with little HTML experience Poorly formed Poorly delimited Generally odd looking May not have browser support in future Unfamiliar syntax Rigid structure Cannot be indented Text (as in HTML tags) may be easier for some people to read than series of pipes, plus signs, exclamation marks, etc. Is nothing more than a shortcut for HTML-style tags. Not easily understood by those unfamiliar with HTML table concepts XHTML HTML & Wiki-td Wiki-pipe<|eot_id|> |
http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Opisthorchiasis.htm | What is the underlying physiological mechanism of opisthorchiasis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the underlying physiological mechanism of opisthorchiasis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Opisthorchiasis.htm<|eot_id|> |
There is no established system for the classification of Paget-Schroetter disease. | What is the Paget-Schroetter disease? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the Paget-Schroetter disease?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> There is no established system for the classification of Paget-Schroetter disease.<|eot_id|> |
Persistent discomfort Superficial skin infection (from scratching) Complications of the causative condition (such as gonorrhea and candida infection) | What is the natural history of vaginitis, what are its complications, and what is its prognosis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the natural history of vaginitis, what are its complications, and what is its prognosis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Persistent discomfort Superficial skin infection (from scratching) Complications of the causative condition (such as gonorrhea and candida infection)<|eot_id|> |
Epstein-Barr virus is ubiquitous across the globe and the strongest causative agent for the manifestation of infectious mononucleosis. Commonly, a person is first exposed to the virus during or after adolescence.
Once the acute symptoms of an initial infection disappear, they often do not return. But once infected, the patient carries the virus for the rest of their life. The virus typically lives dormantly in B lymphocytes. Independent infections of mononucleosis may be contracted multiple times, regardless of whether the patient is already carrying the virus dormantly.
Periodically, the virus can reactivate, during which time the patient is again infectious, but usually without any symptoms of illness. Usually, a patient has few, if any, further symptoms or problems from the latent B lymphocyte infection. However, in susceptible hosts under the appropriate environmental stressors, reactivation of the virus is observed and known to cause vague subclinical symptoms or remain mostly asymptomatic and is diagnosed by positive serologic response. Additionally, its imperative to note that during this phase the virus can spread to others.
Similar such reactivation or chronic sub-clinical viral activity in susceptible hosts may trigger multiple host autoimmune diseases and cancers secondary to EBV's predilection to B lymphocytes (the primary antibody-producing cell of the immune system) and its ability to alter both lymphocyte proliferation and lymphocyte antibody production.
Burkitt's lymphoma is a type of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and is most common in the equatorial Africa. It is co-existent with the presence of malaria. Malarial infection is shown to reduce the immune surveillance of EBV immortalized B cells; thereby, allowing their proliferation which in turn increases the chance of a mutation to occur. Repeated such mutations lead to the escape of B cells from cell-cycle control and furthermore allow the cells to proliferate unchecked, resulting in the formation of Burkitt's lymphoma. Commonly affects the jaw bone, forming a huge tumor mass. Responds quickly to chemotherapy treatment, namely cyclophosphamide, but recurrence is common.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a cancer found in the upper respiratory tract, most commonly in the nasopharynx, and is linked to the EBV virus. Occurs secondary to both genetic and environmental factors Predominantly prevalent in Southern China and Africa. It is much more common in people of Chinese ancestry (genetic), but is also linked to the Chinese diet of a high amount of smoked fish, which contain nitrosamines, well known carcinogens (environmental).
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, EBV became the favored explanation for chronic fatigue syndrome. It was noted that people with chronic exhaustion had EBV, although it was also noted EBV was present in almost everyone.
In a four year study, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that the virus did not adhere to Koch's Postulates and therefore had no definitive association between CFS and EBV but it is still being studied by researchers.
Majority of the chronic post-infectious fatigue state appear not to be caused by a chronic viral infection, but be triggered by the acute infection.
Direct and indirect evidence of persistent viral infection has been found in CFS, for example in muscle and via detection of an unusually low molecular weight RNase L enzyme, although the commonality and significance of such findings is disputed. Hickie et al, contend that mononucleosis appears to cause a hit and run injury to the brain in the early stages of the acute phase, thereby causing the chronic fatigue state. This would explain why in mononucleosis, fatigue very often lingers for months after the Epstein Barr Virus has been controlled by the immune system. However, it has also been noted in several (although altogether rare) cases that the only symptom displayed by a mononucleosis sufferer is elevated moods and higher energy levels, virtually the opposite of CFS and comparable to hypomania.
Just how infectious mononucleosis changes the brain and causes fatigue (or lack thereof) in certain individuals remains to be seen. Such a mechanism may include activation of microglia in the brain of some individuals during the acute infection, thereby causing a slowly dissipating fatigue. | What are the various factors that lead to the development of Mononucleosis? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What are the various factors that lead to the development of Mononucleosis?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Epstein-Barr virus is ubiquitous across the globe and the strongest causative agent for the manifestation of infectious mononucleosis. Commonly, a person is first exposed to the virus during or after adolescence.
Once the acute symptoms of an initial infection disappear, they often do not return. But once infected, the patient carries the virus for the rest of their life. The virus typically lives dormantly in B lymphocytes. Independent infections of mononucleosis may be contracted multiple times, regardless of whether the patient is already carrying the virus dormantly.
Periodically, the virus can reactivate, during which time the patient is again infectious, but usually without any symptoms of illness. Usually, a patient has few, if any, further symptoms or problems from the latent B lymphocyte infection. However, in susceptible hosts under the appropriate environmental stressors, reactivation of the virus is observed and known to cause vague subclinical symptoms or remain mostly asymptomatic and is diagnosed by positive serologic response. Additionally, its imperative to note that during this phase the virus can spread to others.
Similar such reactivation or chronic sub-clinical viral activity in susceptible hosts may trigger multiple host autoimmune diseases and cancers secondary to EBV's predilection to B lymphocytes (the primary antibody-producing cell of the immune system) and its ability to alter both lymphocyte proliferation and lymphocyte antibody production.
Burkitt's lymphoma is a type of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and is most common in the equatorial Africa. It is co-existent with the presence of malaria. Malarial infection is shown to reduce the immune surveillance of EBV immortalized B cells; thereby, allowing their proliferation which in turn increases the chance of a mutation to occur. Repeated such mutations lead to the escape of B cells from cell-cycle control and furthermore allow the cells to proliferate unchecked, resulting in the formation of Burkitt's lymphoma. Commonly affects the jaw bone, forming a huge tumor mass. Responds quickly to chemotherapy treatment, namely cyclophosphamide, but recurrence is common.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a cancer found in the upper respiratory tract, most commonly in the nasopharynx, and is linked to the EBV virus. Occurs secondary to both genetic and environmental factors Predominantly prevalent in Southern China and Africa. It is much more common in people of Chinese ancestry (genetic), but is also linked to the Chinese diet of a high amount of smoked fish, which contain nitrosamines, well known carcinogens (environmental).
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, EBV became the favored explanation for chronic fatigue syndrome. It was noted that people with chronic exhaustion had EBV, although it was also noted EBV was present in almost everyone.
In a four year study, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that the virus did not adhere to Koch's Postulates and therefore had no definitive association between CFS and EBV but it is still being studied by researchers.
Majority of the chronic post-infectious fatigue state appear not to be caused by a chronic viral infection, but be triggered by the acute infection.
Direct and indirect evidence of persistent viral infection has been found in CFS, for example in muscle and via detection of an unusually low molecular weight RNase L enzyme, although the commonality and significance of such findings is disputed. Hickie et al, contend that mononucleosis appears to cause a hit and run injury to the brain in the early stages of the acute phase, thereby causing the chronic fatigue state. This would explain why in mononucleosis, fatigue very often lingers for months after the Epstein Barr Virus has been controlled by the immune system. However, it has also been noted in several (although altogether rare) cases that the only symptom displayed by a mononucleosis sufferer is elevated moods and higher energy levels, virtually the opposite of CFS and comparable to hypomania.
Just how infectious mononucleosis changes the brain and causes fatigue (or lack thereof) in certain individuals remains to be seen. Such a mechanism may include activation of microglia in the brain of some individuals during the acute infection, thereby causing a slowly dissipating fatigue.<|eot_id|> |
Adjustment disorder is an emotional and behavioral reaction that develops within 3 months of a life stress, and which is stronger or greater than what would be expected for the type of event that occurred. | What is information about adjustment disorder? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is information about adjustment disorder?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Adjustment disorder is an emotional and behavioral reaction that develops within 3 months of a life stress, and which is stronger or greater than what would be expected for the type of event that occurred.<|eot_id|> |
Methods of primary prevention of Chagas disease include use of insecticides to control the vector, use of new construction compounds in building walls and roofs, and organ/blood testing prior to donation. | What is the main method of preventing Chagas disease? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What is the main method of preventing Chagas disease?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Methods of primary prevention of Chagas disease include use of insecticides to control the vector, use of new construction compounds in building walls and roofs, and organ/blood testing prior to donation.<|eot_id|> |
Effects on insulin resistance
In all animal models of insulin resistance, moxonidine had striking effects on the development of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and impaired glucose homeostasis. Given the importance of insulin resistance as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, it is of considerable relevance that it has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity.
Based on animal models, it has demonstrated that moxonidine is capable of:
normalising plasma insulin levels improving glucose uptake in peripheral cells lowering lipid levels decreasing food intake and reducing weight gain in obese animals.
Renal function
Evidence is accumulating to show that sympathetic overactivity is substantially involved in the development and progression of chronic renal failure, contributing to a poor overall cardiovascular prognosis. Moxonidine has been shown to reduce structural renal damage in various models of renal failure.
Cardiac structure
In spontaneously hypertensive rats, moxonidine significantly reduced total heart weight, left ventricular weight and the ratio of ventricular weight to body weight compared with an untreated control group. | What are the pharmacodynamic characteristics of Moxonidine? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What are the pharmacodynamic characteristics of Moxonidine?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> Effects on insulin resistance
In all animal models of insulin resistance, moxonidine had striking effects on the development of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and impaired glucose homeostasis. Given the importance of insulin resistance as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, it is of considerable relevance that it has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity.
Based on animal models, it has demonstrated that moxonidine is capable of:
normalising plasma insulin levels improving glucose uptake in peripheral cells lowering lipid levels decreasing food intake and reducing weight gain in obese animals.
Renal function
Evidence is accumulating to show that sympathetic overactivity is substantially involved in the development and progression of chronic renal failure, contributing to a poor overall cardiovascular prognosis. Moxonidine has been shown to reduce structural renal damage in various models of renal failure.
Cardiac structure
In spontaneously hypertensive rats, moxonidine significantly reduced total heart weight, left ventricular weight and the ratio of ventricular weight to body weight compared with an untreated control group.<|eot_id|> |
A clinically useful approach is to classify blepharitis based on the affected location of the lid margin delineated by the gray line (the muscle of Riolan), which divides the area into the anterior lamella (skin, muscle, eyelash follicles, and glands of Zeis) and posterior lamella (tarsus, conjunctiva, and meibomian glands). According to the affected lid structure and the location of the predominant inflammation, marginal blepharitis can be divided into:
Anterior blepharitis
Anterior blepharitis describes an inflammation of the lid margin anterior to the gray line and concentrated around the lashes. It may be accompanied by squamous debris or collarettes around the lashes, and inflammation may spill onto the posterior lid margin.
Posterior blepharitis
Posterior blepharitis describes an inflammation of the posterior lid margin, which may have different causes, including meibomian gland dysfunction, conjunctival inflammation (allergic or infective), and/or other conditions, such as acne rosacea.
Blepharitis can also be classified as acute or chronic, depending on the acuity of onset and time course of clinical presentation:
Acute blepharitis
Acute ulcerative blepharitis Acute ulcerative blepharitis is typically caused by staphylococcal infection. It may also be caused by herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster virus. Acute nonulcerative blepharitis is usually caused by an allergic reaction (e.g., atopic blepharodermatitis and seasonal allergic blepharoconjunctivitis) or contact hypersensitivity (e.g., dermatoblepharoconjunctivitis).
Chronic blepharitis
Chronic blepharitis refers to non-infectious inflammation of unknown cause.
Alternatively, blepharitis may be classified based on three objective criteria— meibomian gland morphology, tear osmolarity, and Schirmer test result:
Seborrheic
Characterized by hypersecretion, normal gland morphology, and low or normal tear osmolarity
Obstructive
Characterized by low excretion or high gland dropout on meibography, increased tear osmolarity, and normal Schirmer test result
Obstructive with sicca
Characterized by low excretion or high gland dropout on meibography, increased tear osmolarity, and low Schirmer test result
Sicca
Characterized by normal gland morphology, increased tear osmolarity, and low Schirmer test result | What classification does Blepharitis fall under? | Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional. | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> Answer the question truthfully, you are a medical professional.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> This is the question: What classification does Blepharitis fall under?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> A clinically useful approach is to classify blepharitis based on the affected location of the lid margin delineated by the gray line (the muscle of Riolan), which divides the area into the anterior lamella (skin, muscle, eyelash follicles, and glands of Zeis) and posterior lamella (tarsus, conjunctiva, and meibomian glands). According to the affected lid structure and the location of the predominant inflammation, marginal blepharitis can be divided into:
Anterior blepharitis
Anterior blepharitis describes an inflammation of the lid margin anterior to the gray line and concentrated around the lashes. It may be accompanied by squamous debris or collarettes around the lashes, and inflammation may spill onto the posterior lid margin.
Posterior blepharitis
Posterior blepharitis describes an inflammation of the posterior lid margin, which may have different causes, including meibomian gland dysfunction, conjunctival inflammation (allergic or infective), and/or other conditions, such as acne rosacea.
Blepharitis can also be classified as acute or chronic, depending on the acuity of onset and time course of clinical presentation:
Acute blepharitis
Acute ulcerative blepharitis Acute ulcerative blepharitis is typically caused by staphylococcal infection. It may also be caused by herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster virus. Acute nonulcerative blepharitis is usually caused by an allergic reaction (e.g., atopic blepharodermatitis and seasonal allergic blepharoconjunctivitis) or contact hypersensitivity (e.g., dermatoblepharoconjunctivitis).
Chronic blepharitis
Chronic blepharitis refers to non-infectious inflammation of unknown cause.
Alternatively, blepharitis may be classified based on three objective criteria— meibomian gland morphology, tear osmolarity, and Schirmer test result:
Seborrheic
Characterized by hypersecretion, normal gland morphology, and low or normal tear osmolarity
Obstructive
Characterized by low excretion or high gland dropout on meibography, increased tear osmolarity, and normal Schirmer test result
Obstructive with sicca
Characterized by low excretion or high gland dropout on meibography, increased tear osmolarity, and low Schirmer test result
Sicca
Characterized by normal gland morphology, increased tear osmolarity, and low Schirmer test result<|eot_id|> |
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