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๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Cultures grown for gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic analysis contained 48 ml of this medium in 125-ml Wheaton serum bottles stoppered with Bellco rubber stoppers held with crimped aluminum caps.
๊ฐ€์Šค ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ-์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„๊ด‘ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์ฒด์—๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฆ„์ง„ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ์บก์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๋ฒจ์ฝ” ๊ณ ๋ฌด ๋งˆ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋งˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์€ 125ml ํœ˜ํŠผ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ๋ณ‘์— 48ml์˜ ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Cultures grown for gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic analysis contained 48 ml of this medium in 125-ml Wheaton serum bottles stoppered with Bellco rubber stoppers held with crimped aluminum caps.
๊ฐ€์Šค ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ-์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„๊ด‘ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋ฌผ์—๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฆ„์ง„ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ์บก์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ Bellco ๊ณ ๋ฌด ๋งˆ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋งˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์€ 125ml Wheaton ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ๋ณ‘์— 48ml์˜ ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฐ€์Šค ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ-์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„๊ด‘ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์ฒด์—๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฆ„์ง„ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ์บก์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๋ฒจ์ฝ” ๊ณ ๋ฌด ๋งˆ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋งˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์€ 125ml ํœ˜ํŠผ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ๋ณ‘์— 48ml์˜ ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
A novel approach to this problem involves adsorption of an antimicrobial agent, such as nisin, onto food-processing surfaces.
์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‚˜์ด์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ญ๊ท ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹ํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ํก์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
A novel approach to this problem involves adsorption of an antimicrobial agent, such as nisin, onto food-processing surfaces.
์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹ˆ์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ญ๊ท ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹ํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ํก์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‚˜์ด์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ญ๊ท ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹ํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ํก์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Previous reports have indicated that the effects of HBO are dose dependent in Candida infections, and our studies confirm the dose dependency of HBO therapy in A.fumigatus growth inhibition.
์ด์ „ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์นธ๋””๋‹ค๊ท  ๊ฐ์—ผ์—์„œ HBO์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์˜์กด์ ์ž„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ŠคํŽ˜๋ฅด๊ธธ๋ฃจ์Šค ํ‘ธ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ํˆฌ์Šค ์ฆ์‹ ์–ต์ œ์—์„œ HBO ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Previous reports have indicated that the effects of HBO are dose dependent in Candida infections, and our studies confirm the dose dependency of HBO therapy in A.fumigatus growth inhibition.
์ด์ „ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์นธ๋””๋‹ค๊ท  ๊ฐ์—ผ์—์„œ HBO์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์˜์กด์ ์ž„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” A.fumigatus ์„ฑ์žฅ ์–ต์ œ์—์„œ HBO ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด์ „ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์นธ๋””๋‹ค๊ท  ๊ฐ์—ผ์—์„œ HBO์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์˜์กด์ ์ž„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ŠคํŽ˜๋ฅด๊ธธ๋ฃจ์Šค ํ‘ธ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ํˆฌ์Šค ์ฆ์‹ ์–ต์ œ์—์„œ HBO ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The failure of septum formation is most probably due to the inability of the cells to initiate septum synthesis.
๊ฒฉ๋ง‰ ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฉ๋ง‰ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
The failure of septum formation is most probably due to the inability of the cells to initiate septum synthesis.
๊ฒฉ๋ง‰ ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฉ๋ง‰ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฒฉ๋ง‰ ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฉ๋ง‰ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Green peas also had high intensity scores for pea, cooked vegetable, earthy and metallic aroma.
์™„๋‘์ฝฉ์€ ์™„๋‘์ฝฉ, ์ตํžŒ ์•ผ์ฑ„, ํ™๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ฐ ๊ธˆ์†์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์—์„œ๋„ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
Green peas also had high intensity scores for pea, cooked vegetable, earthy and metallic aroma.
์™„๋‘์ฝฉ์€ ์™„๋‘์ฝฉ, ์ตํžŒ ์•ผ์ฑ„, ํ™๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ฐ ๊ธˆ์†์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์—์„œ๋„ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์™„๋‘์ฝฉ์€ ์™„๋‘์ฝฉ, ์ตํžŒ ์•ผ์ฑ„, ํ™๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ฐ ๊ธˆ์†์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์—์„œ๋„ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
At the end of the last century, low levels of resistance to pyrethroids were detected in R. prolixus from Venezuela and in Triatoma infestans Klug, another important Chagas disease vector, from Brazil.
์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง์— ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ์˜ ๋กœ๋“œ๋‹ˆ์šฐ์Šค ํ”„๋กค๋ฆญ์„œ์Šค์™€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒค๊ฐ€์Šค๋ณ‘ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด์ธ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ํ† ๋งˆ ์ธํŽ˜์Šคํƒ„์Šค ํด๋ฃจ๊ทธ์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋ ˆ์Šค๋กœ์ด๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
At the end of the last century, low levels of resistance to pyrethroids were detected in R. prolixus from Venezuela and in Triatoma infestans Klug, another important Chagas disease vector, from Brazil.
์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง์— ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ์˜ R. prolixus์™€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒค๊ฐ€์Šค๋ณ‘ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด์ธ Triatoma infestans Klug์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋ ˆ์Šค๋กœ์ด๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง์— ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ์˜ ๋กœ๋“œ๋‹ˆ์šฐ์Šค ํ”„๋กค๋ฆญ์„œ์Šค์™€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒค๊ฐ€์Šค๋ณ‘ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด์ธ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ํ† ๋งˆ ์ธํŽ˜์Šคํƒ„์Šค ํด๋ฃจ๊ทธ์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋ ˆ์Šค๋กœ์ด๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Because this protein is able to form identical crystals in both B.thuringiensis and B.subtilis, it is possible that specific host factors are not required for the protein assembly.
์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ B. ํˆฌ๋ฆฐ์ง€์—”์‹œ์Šค์™€ B. ์„œ๋ธŒํ‹ธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์— ํŠน์ • ์ˆ™์ฃผ ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Because this protein is able to form identical crystals in both B.thuringiensis and B.subtilis, it is possible that specific host factors are not required for the protein assembly.
์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ B.thuringiensis์™€ B.subtilis์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์— ํŠน์ • ์ˆ™์ฃผ ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ B. ํˆฌ๋ฆฐ์ง€์—”์‹œ์Šค์™€ B. ์„œ๋ธŒํ‹ธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์— ํŠน์ • ์ˆ™์ฃผ ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฒ•์ œ๋„์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
However, there are reasons to believe that the NPRM will not solve many of the risks associated with food transportation.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ NPRM์ด ์‹ํ’ˆ ์šด์†ก๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋งŽ์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์„ ๋งŒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
However, there are reasons to believe that the NPRM will not solve many of the risks associated with food transportation.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ NPRM์ด ์‹ํ’ˆ ์šด์†ก๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋งŽ์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์„ ๋งŒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ NPRM์ด ์‹ํ’ˆ ์šด์†ก๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋งŽ์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์„ ๋งŒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
High DAG or PMA concentrations markedly decrease Ca2+ levels required for kinase activation.
๋†’์€ DAG ๋˜๋Š” PMA ๋†๋„๋Š” ํ‚ค๋‚˜์ œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ Ca2+ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.
High DAG or PMA concentrations markedly decrease Ca2+ levels required for kinase activation.
๋†’์€ DAG ๋˜๋Š” PMA ๋†๋„๋Š” ํ‚ค๋‚˜์ œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ Ca2+ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋†’์€ DAG ๋˜๋Š” PMA ๋†๋„๋Š” ํ‚ค๋‚˜์ œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ Ca2+ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Pool-screening of mosquitoes has the potential of providing the timeliest indicator of viral activity.
๋ชจ๊ธฐ ํ’€ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Pool-screening of mosquitoes has the potential of providing the timeliest indicator of viral activity.
๋ชจ๊ธฐ ํ’€ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ชจ๊ธฐ ํ’€ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Children from private schools consumed less aspartame than children from public schools.
์‚ฌ๋ฆฝํ•™๊ต ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋ฆฝํ•™๊ต ์•„์ด๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์•„์ŠคํŒŒํƒ์„ ๋œ ์„ญ์ทจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Children from private schools consumed less aspartame than children from public schools.
์‚ฌ๋ฆฝํ•™๊ต ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋ฆฝํ•™๊ต ์•„์ด๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์•„์ŠคํŒŒํƒ์„ ๋œ ์„ญ์ทจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‚ฌ๋ฆฝํ•™๊ต ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋ฆฝํ•™๊ต ์•„์ด๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์•„์ŠคํŒŒํƒ์„ ๋œ ์„ญ์ทจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
A laboratory scale experiment was used to study the survival of the human and animal pathogens during simulated treatments.
๋ชจ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ์กด์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ผ๋‹ค.
A laboratory scale experiment was used to study the survival of the human and animal pathogens during simulated treatments.
๋ชจ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ์กด์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ชจ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ์กด์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ผ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The actual adhesion rate of each group was determined by comparing the adhesion rates between the yeasts displaying the EtMIC8 or domains on their surfaces and the control yeasts.
๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ฅ ์„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— EtMIC8 ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๋ชจ์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ํšจ๋ชจ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The actual adhesion rate of each group was determined by comparing the adhesion rates between the yeasts displaying the EtMIC8 or domains on their surfaces and the control yeasts.
๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ฅ ์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— EtMIC8 ๋˜๋Š” ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๋ชจ์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ํšจ๋ชจ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ฅ ์„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— EtMIC8 ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๋ชจ์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ํšจ๋ชจ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
However, these cells did not detach from the substrate, indicating that they were still viable.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์งˆ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.
However, these cells did not detach from the substrate, indicating that they were still viable.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์งˆ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์งˆ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The velogenic vicerotropic strain Chicken/Russia/ Amursky/1057/2006 was used as challenge virus.
๋ฒจ๋กœ์ œ๋‹‰ ๋ฐ”์ด์„ธ๋กœํŠธ๋กœํ”ฝ ๊ท ์ฃผ ์น˜ํ‚จ/๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„/์•„๋ฌด๋ฅด์Šคํ‚ค/1057/2006์„ ์ฑŒ๋ฆฐ์ง€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The velogenic vicerotropic strain Chicken/Russia/ Amursky/1057/2006 was used as challenge virus.
Velogenic vicerotropic strain Chicken/Russia/Amursky/1057/2006์„ ์ฑŒ๋ฆฐ์ง€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
๋ฒจ๋กœ์ œ๋‹‰ ๋ฐ”์ด์„ธ๋กœํŠธ๋กœํ”ฝ ๊ท ์ฃผ ์น˜ํ‚จ/๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„/์•„๋ฌด๋ฅด์Šคํ‚ค/1057/2006์„ ์ฑŒ๋ฆฐ์ง€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
In addition, recoveries were accomplished earlier from S broth and SMg broth than from P broth more often than the reverse growth patterns.
๋˜ํ•œ, ์—ญ ์„ฑ์žฅ ํŒจํ„ด๋ณด๋‹ค P ๋ธŒ๋กœ์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค S ๋ธŒ๋กœ์Šค ๋ฐ SMg ๋ธŒ๋กœ์Šค์—์„œ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
In addition, recoveries were accomplished earlier from S broth and SMg broth than from P broth more often than the reverse growth patterns.
๋˜ํ•œ, ์—ญ ์„ฑ์žฅ ํŒจํ„ด๋ณด๋‹ค P ๋ธŒ๋กœ์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค S ๋ธŒ๋กœ์Šค ๋ฐ SMg ๋ธŒ๋กœ์Šค์—์„œ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
๋˜ํ•œ, ์—ญ ์„ฑ์žฅ ํŒจํ„ด๋ณด๋‹ค P ๋ธŒ๋กœ์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค S ๋ธŒ๋กœ์Šค ๋ฐ SMg ๋ธŒ๋กœ์Šค์—์„œ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The number of aphids consumed was recorded 24 h after the predator introduction.
์†Œ๋น„๋œ ์ง„๋”ง๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํฌ์‹์ž ๋„์ž… 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์— ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The number of aphids consumed was recorded 24 h after the predator introduction.
์†Œ๋น„๋œ ์ง„๋”ง๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํฌ์‹์ž ๋„์ž… 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์†Œ๋น„๋œ ์ง„๋”ง๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํฌ์‹์ž ๋„์ž… 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์— ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Problems of plasmid stability remain and are presumably caused at least in part by the fundamentally altered cell surface structure and unequal cell division processes.
ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ์„ธํฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋ถˆ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์—ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค.
Problems of plasmid stability remain and are presumably caused at least in part by the fundamentally altered cell surface structure and unequal cell division processes.
ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ์„ธํฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋ถˆ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์—ด ๊ณผ์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ์„ธํฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋ถˆ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์—ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Consistently, 3 days after CCl4 injection, FXRโˆ’/โˆ’ mice had significantly higher levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) than WT mice.
์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ, CCl4 ์ฃผ์‚ฌ 3์ผ ํ›„, FXR-/- ์ฅ๋Š” WT ์ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋” ๊ณ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ผ์ œ(ALT)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค.
Consistently, 3 days after CCl4 injection, FXRโˆ’/โˆ’ mice had significantly higher levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) than WT mice.
์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ, CCl4 ์ฃผ์‚ฌ 3์ผ ํ›„, FXR-/- ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” WT ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ผ์ œ(ALT)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค.
์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ, CCl4 ์ฃผ์‚ฌ 3์ผ ํ›„, FXR-/- ์ฅ๋Š” WT ์ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋” ๊ณ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ผ์ œ(ALT)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Lindane was dissolved in acetone, and 0.1 mL was added aseptically to media to give the desired concentration.
๋ฆฐ๋ด์„ ์•„์„ธํ†ค์— ๋…น์ด๊ณ  0.1 mL๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์— ๋ฌด๊ท  ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
Lindane was dissolved in acetone, and 0.1 mL was added aseptically to media to give the desired concentration.
Lindane์„ ์•„์„ธํ†ค์— ๋…น์ด๊ณ  0.1 ml๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์— ๋ฌด๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
๋ฆฐ๋ด์„ ์•„์„ธํ†ค์— ๋…น์ด๊ณ  0.1 mL๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์— ๋ฌด๊ท  ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
A variation occurred at only one position within each region.
๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
A variation occurred at only one position within each region.
๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
On occasion, when fresh cells were not used immediately, the pellet was quick-frozen and maintained at -40ยฐC until extract preparation was done.
๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ“ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŽ ๋ ›์„ ๊ธ‰์† ๋ƒ‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ -40ยฐC์—์„œ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
On occasion, when fresh cells were not used immediately, the pellet was quick-frozen and maintained at -40ยฐC until extract preparation was done.
๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹ ์„ ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŽ ๋ ›์„ ๊ธ‰์† ๋ƒ‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ -40ยฐC์—์„œ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ“ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŽ ๋ ›์„ ๊ธ‰์† ๋ƒ‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ -40ยฐC์—์„œ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The resultant enhancement of Sr2+ accumulation is the first reported example of altered membrane composition giving increased physiological uptake of a metal ion in a microorganism.
Sr2+ ์ถ•์ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์† ์ด์˜จ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํก์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ๋ง‰ ์กฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ์ด๋‹ค.
The resultant enhancement of Sr2+ accumulation is the first reported example of altered membrane composition giving increased physiological uptake of a metal ion in a microorganism.
Sr2+ ์ถ•์ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์† ์ด์˜จ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํก์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ๋ง‰ ์กฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Sr2+ ์ถ•์ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์† ์ด์˜จ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํก์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ๋ง‰ ์กฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ์ด๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Serum and CSF from untreated healthy and infected rabbits did not inhibit the organisms.
์น˜๋ฃŒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ํ† ๋ผ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๊ณผ CSF๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
Serum and CSF from untreated healthy and infected rabbits did not inhibit the organisms.
์น˜๋ฃŒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ํ† ๋ผ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๊ณผ CSF๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์น˜๋ฃŒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ํ† ๋ผ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๊ณผ CSF๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
A difference was found between the two methods in waters containing substances that were possibly toxic to the cells.
์„ธํฌ์— ๋…์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ฐ„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
A difference was found between the two methods in waters containing substances that were possibly toxic to the cells.
์„ธํฌ์— ๋…์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ฐ„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์„ธํฌ์— ๋…์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ฐ„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
In this study, we performed experiments designed to selectively isolate and characterize bacteria that reduce CO2 to acetate in the human colon.
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐ์žฅ์—์„œ CO2๋ฅผ ์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ํ™˜์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํŠน์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
In this study, we performed experiments designed to selectively isolate and characterize bacteria that reduce CO2 to acetate in the human colon.
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐ์žฅ์—์„œ CO2๋ฅผ ์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ํ™˜์›์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํŠน์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐ์žฅ์—์„œ CO2๋ฅผ ์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ํ™˜์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํŠน์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Determining the full extent of such toxin diversity is an important first step in the development of immunological botulinum toxin assays, therapeutics, and vaccines.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…์†Œ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉด์—ญํ•™์  ๋ณดํˆด๋ฆฌ๋ˆ” ๋…์†Œ ๋ถ„์„, ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค.
Determining the full extent of such toxin diversity is an important first step in the development of immunological botulinum toxin assays, therapeutics, and vaccines.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…์†Œ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉด์—ญํ•™์  ๋ณดํˆด๋ฆฌ๋ˆ” ๋…์†Œ ๋ถ„์„, ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…์†Œ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉด์—ญํ•™์  ๋ณดํˆด๋ฆฌ๋ˆ” ๋…์†Œ ๋ถ„์„, ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Control of Strongyloides stercoralis infection is based on antihelminthic treatment.
๋ถ„์„ ์ถฉ ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ถฉ์ œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Control of Strongyloides stercoralis infection is based on antihelminthic treatment.
Strongyloides stercoralis ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ถฉ์ œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ถ„์„ ์ถฉ ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ถฉ์ œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
We found that it was best to wet the corn after it was ground.
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐˆ์•„์„œ ์ ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
We found that it was best to wet the corn after it was ground.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐˆ์•„์„œ ์ ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐˆ์•„์„œ ์ ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
This washing procedure has been found to extract.90% of the rhizosphere population.
์ด ์„ธ์ฒ™ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์˜ 90%๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
This washing procedure has been found to extract.90% of the rhizosphere population.
์ด ์„ธ์ฒ™ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์˜ 90%๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์„ธ์ฒ™ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์˜ 90%๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Adsorption of all of eight strains of Streptococcus mutans to hydroxyapatite surfaces was inhibited by galactose and melibiose, but not by other neutral tested.
์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์ธํšŒ์„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถฉ์น˜๊ท ์˜ 8๊ฐœ ๊ท ์ฃผ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ํก์ฐฉ์€ ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์˜ค์Šค์™€ ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
Adsorption of all of eight strains of Streptococcus mutans to hydroxyapatite surfaces was inhibited by galactose and melibiose, but not by other neutral tested.
์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์ธํšŒ์„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ Streptococcus mutans์˜ 8๊ฐœ ๊ท ์ฃผ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ํก์ฐฉ์€ ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์˜ค์Šค์™€ ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌ๋น„์˜ค์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์„ฑ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์ธํšŒ์„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถฉ์น˜๊ท ์˜ 8๊ฐœ ๊ท ์ฃผ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ํก์ฐฉ์€ ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์˜ค์Šค์™€ ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The molecular masses and isoelectric points of the proteins were computed with another Internet program.
๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋“ฑ์ „์ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The molecular masses and isoelectric points of the proteins were computed with another Internet program.
๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋“ฑ์ „์ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋“ฑ์ „์ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The rate of progression through sporulation in 2ร—SG medium 37ยฐC was analyzed by collecting samples for assay of GDH activity and DPA accumulation as previously described.
2ร—SG ๋ฐฐ์ง€ 37ยฐC์—์„œ ํฌ์ž ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์†๋„๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด GDH ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ DPA ์ถ•์ ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The rate of progression through sporulation in 2ร—SG medium 37ยฐC was analyzed by collecting samples for assay of GDH activity and DPA accumulation as previously described.
2ร—SG ๋ฐฐ์ง€ 37ยฐC์—์„œ ํฌ์ž ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์†๋„๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ์„ค๋ช…๋œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด GDH ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ DPA ์ถ•์ ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
2ร—SG ๋ฐฐ์ง€ 37ยฐC์—์„œ ํฌ์ž ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์†๋„๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด GDH ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ DPA ์ถ•์ ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Table S1) was not tested in vitro as this premature stop codon is upstream of the hlyC484* mutation, leading to an even shorter LLO.
ํ‘œ S1)์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ •์ง€ ์ฝ”๋ˆ์ด hlyC484* ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์˜ ์—…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, LLO๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์งง์•„์กŒ๊ธฐ, ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
Table S1) was not tested in vitro as this premature stop codon is upstream of the hlyC484* mutation, leading to an even shorter LLO.
ํ‘œ S1)์€ ์ด ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ •์ง€ ์ฝ”๋ˆ์ด hlyC484* ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์˜ ์—…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์— ์žˆ์–ด LLO๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์งง๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ‘œ S1)์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ •์ง€ ์ฝ”๋ˆ์ด hlyC484* ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์˜ ์—…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, LLO๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์งง์•„์กŒ๊ธฐ, ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Strips of muscle were preincubated with the cytokine prior to dispersion of the cells and subsequent stimulation by carbachol.
๊ทผ์œก ๋ ๋ฅผ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์นด๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ฝœ๋กœ ํ›„์† ์ž๊ทน ์ „์— ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Strips of muscle were preincubated with the cytokine prior to dispersion of the cells and subsequent stimulation by carbachol.
๊ทผ์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ์€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์นด๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ฝœ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ›„์† ์ž๊ทน ์ „์— ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ธํ๋ฒ ์ด์…˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทผ์œก ๋ ๋ฅผ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์นด๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ฝœ๋กœ ํ›„์† ์ž๊ทน ์ „์— ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
As shown in Fig.1A, the concentrations of all TPA-positive antigens tested in this in vitro system exceeded the levels of native proteins.
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1A์— ๋„์‹œ๋œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์ด ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‚ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์‹œํ—˜๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  TPA-์–‘์„ฑ ํ•ญ์›์˜ ๋†๋„๋Š” ์ฒœ์—ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
As shown in Fig.1A, the concentrations of all TPA-positive antigens tested in this in vitro system exceeded the levels of native proteins.
๋„ 1A์— ๋„์‹œ๋œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์ด ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€๋‚ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์‹œํ—˜๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  TPA-์–‘์„ฑ ํ•ญ์›์˜ ๋†๋„๋Š” ์ฒœ์—ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1A์— ๋„์‹œ๋œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์ด ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‚ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์‹œํ—˜๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  TPA-์–‘์„ฑ ํ•ญ์›์˜ ๋†๋„๋Š” ์ฒœ์—ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The susceptibility of a bacterium to bacteriophage infection is primarily dependent on whether the bacteriophage can attach to receptors on the cell.
๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์˜คํŒŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์˜คํŒŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The susceptibility of a bacterium to bacteriophage infection is primarily dependent on whether the bacteriophage can attach to receptors on the cell.
๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์˜คํŒŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์˜คํŒŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์˜คํŒŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์˜คํŒŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Although it is known that surfactants in foliar deposits can penetrate and thereby in๏ฌ‚uence the mobility of herbicides and other pesticides through the cuticle, relatively little is known about their impact on deposit ultrastructure.
์—ฝ๋ฉด ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋ฉดํ™œ์„ฑ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์นจํˆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ดˆ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ์˜ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
Although it is known that surfactants in foliar deposits can penetrate and thereby in๏ฌ‚uence the mobility of herbicides and other pesticides through the cuticle, relatively little is known about their impact on deposit ultrastructure.
์—ฝ๋ฉด ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋ฉดํ™œ์„ฑ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์นจํˆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ดˆ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ์˜ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฝ๋ฉด ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋ฉดํ™œ์„ฑ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์นจํˆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ดˆ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ์˜ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
At pH 5 and 4.5 the redox must be at least -250 and about -220 mV, respectively.
pH5 ๋ฐ 4.5์—์„œ ์‚ฐํ™”ํ™˜์›์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ตœ์†Œ -250 ๋ฐ ์•ฝ -220mV์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
At pH 5 and 4.5 the redox must be at least -250 and about -220 mV, respectively.
pH 5 ๋ฐ 4.5์—์„œ ์‚ฐํ™”ํ™˜์›์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ตœ์†Œ -250 ๋ฐ ์•ฝ -220mV์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
pH5 ๋ฐ 4.5์—์„œ ์‚ฐํ™”ํ™˜์›์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ตœ์†Œ -250 ๋ฐ ์•ฝ -220mV์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Both lung and spleen cultures became culture negative after just 2 months of therapy.
ํ ๋ฐ ๋น„์žฅ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ 2๊ฐœ์›” ๋งŒ์— ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Both lung and spleen cultures became culture negative after just 2 months of therapy.
ํ ๋ฐ ๋น„์žฅ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ 2๊ฐœ์›” ๋งŒ์— ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ ๋ฐ ๋น„์žฅ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ 2๊ฐœ์›” ๋งŒ์— ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
LLO pore formation provokes the permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ and Ca2+ ions.
LLO ๊ณต๊ทน ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ K+ ๋ฐ Ca2+ ์ด์˜จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋งˆ ๋ง‰์˜ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค.
LLO pore formation provokes the permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ and Ca2+ ions.
LLO ๊ธฐ๊ณต ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ K+ ๋ฐ Ca2+ ์ด์˜จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›ํ˜•์งˆ๋ง‰์˜ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
LLO ๊ณต๊ทน ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ K+ ๋ฐ Ca2+ ์ด์˜จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋งˆ ๋ง‰์˜ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Genomic DNA was digested with BglII and BamHI and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.
๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ DNA๋ฅผ BglII ๋ฐ BamHI๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๊ฐ€๋กœ์˜ค์Šค ๊ฒ” ์ „๊ธฐ์˜๋™์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
Genomic DNA was digested with BglII and BamHI and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.
๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ DNA๋ฅผ BglII ๋ฐ BamHI๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๊ฐ€๋กœ์Šค ๊ฒ” ์ „๊ธฐ์˜๋™์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ DNA๋ฅผ BglII ๋ฐ BamHI๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๊ฐ€๋กœ์˜ค์Šค ๊ฒ” ์ „๊ธฐ์˜๋™์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The clarified ruminal fluid used in the medium was preincubated described by AAA.
๋ฐฐ์ง€์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ •ํ™”๋œ ๋ฐ˜์ถ”์œ„์•ก์€ AAA๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The clarified ruminal fluid used in the medium was preincubated described by AAA.
๋ฐฐ์ง€์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ •ํ™”๋œ ๋ฐ˜์ถ”์œ„์•ก์€ AAA์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ธํ๋ฒ ์ด์…˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฐฐ์ง€์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ •ํ™”๋œ ๋ฐ˜์ถ”์œ„์•ก์€ AAA๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Our results clearly showed that female T.triozae searching efficiency was significantly reduced at parasitoid densities greater than one.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•”์ปท T. ์‚ผ์ค‘์ถฉ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด 1๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ๋ฐ€๋„์—์„œ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Our results clearly showed that female T.triozae searching efficiency was significantly reduced at parasitoid densities greater than one.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•”์ปท T.triozae ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด 1๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ๋ฐ€๋„์—์„œ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•”์ปท T. ์‚ผ์ค‘์ถฉ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด 1๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ๋ฐ€๋„์—์„œ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
When shikimate pathway genes are deleted in E.coli, the mutants require supplementation with aromatic amino acids as well as pHB for coenzyme Q synthesis.
์‹œํ‚ค๋งˆํ…Œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์†๋˜๋ฉด ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์ฒด๋Š” ์ฝ”์—”์ž์ž„ Q ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ pHB๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ณด์ถฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
When shikimate pathway genes are deleted in E.coli, the mutants require supplementation with aromatic amino acids as well as pHB for coenzyme Q synthesis.
shikimate ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ E.coli์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์‹ค๋˜๋ฉด ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์ฒด๋Š” ์ฝ”์—”์ž์ž„ Q ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ pHB๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ณด์ถฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‹œํ‚ค๋งˆํ…Œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์†๋˜๋ฉด ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์ฒด๋Š” ์ฝ”์—”์ž์ž„ Q ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ pHB๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ณด์ถฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
We also did not observe any defects in hyphal formation in the cas5ฮ”/cas5ฮ” mutant strain in an in vitro assay.
๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‚ด ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ cas5ฮ”/cas5ฮ” ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๊ท ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ท ์‚ฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
We also did not observe any defects in hyphal formation in the cas5ฮ”/cas5ฮ” mutant strain in an in vitro assay.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‚ด ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ cas5ฮ”/cas5ฮ” ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๊ท ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ท ์‚ฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‚ด ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ cas5ฮ”/cas5ฮ” ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๊ท ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ท ์‚ฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
This report recommends giving priority to improving food availability and agricultural infrastructure, such as farmland and irrigation.
์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋†์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์šฐ์„  ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‘˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.
This report recommends giving priority to improving food availability and agricultural infrastructure, such as farmland and irrigation.
์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋†์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์šฐ์„  ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‘˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋†์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์šฐ์„  ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‘˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Although intestinal infections do not involve multiplication, development in the intestine consists of either a male or female stage from each bradyzoite within a sarcocyst.
์žฅ ์ „์—ผ์€ ์ฆ์‹์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์€ ์œ ์œก๋‚ญ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋””์กฐ์•„์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค.
Although intestinal infections do not involve multiplication, development in the intestine consists of either a male or female stage from each bradyzoite within a sarcocyst.
์žฅ ๊ฐ์—ผ์€ ์ฆ์‹์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์€ ์œ ์œก๋‚ญ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ bradyzoite์—์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์žฅ ์ „์—ผ์€ ์ฆ์‹์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์€ ์œ ์œก๋‚ญ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋””์กฐ์•„์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Because the 3CC seemed as attractive to GCRs as the Combat baits, three sets of follow-up experiments tested the unboiled 3CC versus CSR, the unboiled 3CC versus CLR and the unboiled 3CC versus CRG.
3CC๊ฐ€ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋งŒํผ GCR์— ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 3์„ธํŠธ์˜ ํ›„์† ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋น„๋ณด์ผ 3CC ๋Œ€ CSR, ๋น„๋ณด์ผ 3CC ๋Œ€ CLR ๋ฐ ๋น„๋ณด์ผ 3CC ๋Œ€ CRG๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Because the 3CC seemed as attractive to GCRs as the Combat baits, three sets of follow-up experiments tested the unboiled 3CC versus CSR, the unboiled 3CC versus CLR and the unboiled 3CC versus CRG.
3CC๊ฐ€ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋งŒํผ GCR์— ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 3์„ธํŠธ์˜ ํ›„์† ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋น„๋ณด์ผ 3CC ๋Œ€ CSR, ๋น„๋ณด์ผ 3CC ๋Œ€ CLR ๋ฐ ๋น„๋ณด์ผ 3CC ๋Œ€ CRG๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
3CC๊ฐ€ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋งŒํผ GCR์— ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 3์„ธํŠธ์˜ ํ›„์† ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋น„๋ณด์ผ 3CC ๋Œ€ CSR, ๋น„๋ณด์ผ 3CC ๋Œ€ CLR ๋ฐ ๋น„๋ณด์ผ 3CC ๋Œ€ CRG๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Genes involved in bacterial chemotaxis signaling systems are highly conserved, and AAA also demonstrated that cheA of Y.pseudotuberculosis IP32953 was induced at 3ยฐC in relation to 28ยฐC.
๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ™”ํ•™์ฃผ์„ฑ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, AAA๋Š” ์—ฌ์‹œ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ฐ€์„ฑ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท  IP32953์˜ cheA๊ฐ€ 28ยฐC์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ 3ยฐC์—์„œ ์œ ๋„๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Genes involved in bacterial chemotaxis signaling systems are highly conserved, and AAA also demonstrated that cheA of Y.pseudotuberculosis IP32953 was induced at 3ยฐC in relation to 28ยฐC.
๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ™”ํ•™์ฃผ์„ฑ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, AAA๋Š” Y.pseudotuberculosis IP32953์˜ cheA๊ฐ€ 28ยฐC์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ 3ยฐC์—์„œ ์œ ๋„๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ™”ํ•™์ฃผ์„ฑ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, AAA๋Š” ์—ฌ์‹œ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ฐ€์„ฑ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท  IP32953์˜ cheA๊ฐ€ 28ยฐC์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ 3ยฐC์—์„œ ์œ ๋„๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
These studies have revealed that viruses from various animal sources exhibit some level of host specificity, and molecular assays have been developed to examine the usefulness of viruses in microbial source-tracking studies.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ˆ™์ฃผ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ ์ถ”์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ„์ž ๋ถ„์„์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
These studies have revealed that viruses from various animal sources exhibit some level of host specificity, and molecular assays have been developed to examine the usefulness of viruses in microbial source-tracking studies.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ˆ™์ฃผ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ ์ถ”์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ„์ž ๋ถ„์„์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ˆ™์ฃผ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ ์ถ”์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ„์ž ๋ถ„์„์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The rapid urbanization of the developing world and associated changes in lifestyles will have profound effects on food preferences and hence on demand.
๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™”์™€ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์Œ์‹ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„์™€ ์ˆ˜์š”์— ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
The rapid urbanization of the developing world and associated changes in lifestyles will have profound effects on food preferences and hence on demand.
๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™”์™€ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์Œ์‹ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„์™€ ์ˆ˜์š”์— ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™”์™€ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์Œ์‹ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„์™€ ์ˆ˜์š”์— ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The skyride is a highly parametric method that allows reconstruction of changes in viral population size over the timescale of the tree.
์Šค์นด์ด๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฒ™๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค.
The skyride is a highly parametric method that allows reconstruction of changes in viral population size over the timescale of the tree.
์Šค์นด์ด๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฒ™๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์Šค์นด์ด๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฒ™๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
In sensitivity tests of qPCR, the template could still be effectively amplified when its content was 52.5 copies/ฮผl and could not be amplified when it was 5.25 copies/ฮผl.
qPCR์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์˜ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด 52.5 ์‚ฌ๋ณธ/ใŽ•์ผ ๋•Œ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆํญ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  5.25 ์‚ฌ๋ณธ/ใŽ•์ผ ๋•Œ ์ฆํญ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
In sensitivity tests of qPCR, the template could still be effectively amplified when its content was 52.5 copies/ฮผl and could not be amplified when it was 5.25 copies/ฮผl.
qPCR์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์˜ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด 52.5 ์‚ฌ๋ณธ/ใŽ•์ผ ๋•Œ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆํญ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  5.25 ์‚ฌ๋ณธ/ใŽ•์ผ ๋•Œ ์ฆํญ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
qPCR์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์˜ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด 52.5 ์‚ฌ๋ณธ/ใŽ•์ผ ๋•Œ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆํญ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  5.25 ์‚ฌ๋ณธ/ใŽ•์ผ ๋•Œ ์ฆํญ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Although not truly measuring transfer, one method of looking at the ability of a compound to extend its effect beyond a treated area is to measure its ability to prevent termite feeding at monitoring stations surrounding a treatment.
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋™์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ํฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์„ญ์‹์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Although not truly measuring transfer, one method of looking at the ability of a compound to extend its effect beyond a treated area is to measure its ability to prevent termite feeding at monitoring stations surrounding a treatment.
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋™์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ํฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์„ญ์‹์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋™์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ํฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์„ญ์‹์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Thus, techniques to rapidly generate reliable new genetic tools in non-E.coli chassis are needed.
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น„๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ์„€์‹œ์—์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ์ „์ž ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Thus, techniques to rapidly generate reliable new genetic tools in non-E.coli chassis are needed.
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ non-E.coli ์„€์‹œ์—์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ์ „์ž ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น„๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ์„€์‹œ์—์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ์ „์ž ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The wells were then washed 4 times with wash buffer.
๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์›ฐ์„ ์„ธ์ฒ™ ์™„์ถฉ์•ก์œผ๋กœ 4ํšŒ ์„ธ์ฒ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The wells were then washed 4 times with wash buffer.
๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์›ฐ์„ ์„ธ์ฒ™ ์™„์ถฉ์•ก์œผ๋กœ 4ํšŒ ์„ธ์ฒ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์›ฐ์„ ์„ธ์ฒ™ ์™„์ถฉ์•ก์œผ๋กœ 4ํšŒ ์„ธ์ฒ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Antestia bug is native to Africa, but also has spread to other coffee growing countries of Asia such as Pakistan, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and southern China.
์•ˆํ…Œ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•„ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ฐ€ ์›์‚ฐ์ง€์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„, ์ธ๋„, ๋ฏธ์–€๋งˆ, ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ๋ฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ปคํ”ผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—๋„ ํผ์กŒ๋‹ค.
Antestia bug is native to Africa, but also has spread to other coffee growing countries of Asia such as Pakistan, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and southern China.
Antestia bug๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ฐ€ ์›์‚ฐ์ง€์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„, ์ธ๋„, ๋ฏธ์–€๋งˆ, ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ๋ฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ปคํ”ผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—๋„ ํผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•ˆํ…Œ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•„ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ฐ€ ์›์‚ฐ์ง€์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„, ์ธ๋„, ๋ฏธ์–€๋งˆ, ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ๋ฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ปคํ”ผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—๋„ ํผ์กŒ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The complex structure was refined in multiple rounds of manual model building in FFF1, with subsequent refinement with FFF2.
๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” FFF1์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋™ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ FFF2๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The complex structure was refined in multiple rounds of manual model building in FFF1, with subsequent refinement with FFF2.
๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” FFF1์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋™ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ FFF2๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” FFF1์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋™ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ FFF2๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The single base differences in the mpl and actA palindromes in comparison to the palindrome present in the hly and plcA promoter region may function to provide an additional level of transcriptional control.
hly ๋ฐ plcA ์ด‰์ง„์ฒด ์˜์—ญ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ mpl ๋ฐ actA ํšŒ๋ฌธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ์—ผ๊ธฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ „์‚ฌ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The single base differences in the mpl and actA palindromes in comparison to the palindrome present in the hly and plcA promoter region may function to provide an additional level of transcriptional control.
hly ๋ฐ plcA ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์˜์—ญ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ mpl ๋ฐ actA ํšŒ๋ฌธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ์—ผ๊ธฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ „์‚ฌ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
hly ๋ฐ plcA ์ด‰์ง„์ฒด ์˜์—ญ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ mpl ๋ฐ actA ํšŒ๋ฌธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ์—ผ๊ธฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ „์‚ฌ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฒ•์ œ๋„์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Retailer, BBB, pulled CBD products in June 2019 after its merchant processor expressed concern over the products' legal status.
์†Œ๋งค์—…์ฒด์ธ BBB๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋งน์  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์ง€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•œ ํ›„ 2019๋…„ 6์›” CBD ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Retailer, BBB, pulled CBD products in June 2019 after its merchant processor expressed concern over the products' legal status.
์†Œ๋งค์—…์ฒด์ธ BBB๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋งน์  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์ง€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•œ ํ›„ 2019๋…„ 6์›” CBD ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์†Œ๋งค์—…์ฒด์ธ BBB๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋งน์  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์ง€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•œ ํ›„ 2019๋…„ 6์›” CBD ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Insights from the structures of monomeric and dimeric LytA show that dimerization is mediated via its C-terminal tail region.
๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์ฒด LytA์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์€ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์ฒดํ™”๊ฐ€ C-๋ง๋‹จ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งค๊ฐœ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Insights from the structures of monomeric and dimeric LytA show that dimerization is mediated via its C-terminal tail region.
๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์ฒด LytA์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์€ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์ฒดํ™”๊ฐ€ C-๋ง๋‹จ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งค๊ฐœ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์ฒด LytA์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์€ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์ฒดํ™”๊ฐ€ C-๋ง๋‹จ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งค๊ฐœ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The result indicates that, as has been observed with other host cell types, WSN virus grown in CK contains only two size classes of glycopeptides and apparently lacks large glycopeptides comparable to GI of influenza C virus.
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ™์ฃผ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ํ˜•์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด CK์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ WSN ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž C ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ GI์— ํ•„์ ํ•˜๋Š” ํฐ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.
The result indicates that, as has been observed with other host cell types, WSN virus grown in CK contains only two size classes of glycopeptides and apparently lacks large glycopeptides comparable to GI of influenza C virus.
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ™์ฃผ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ํ˜•์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด CK์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ WSN ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ํฌ๊ธฐ ํด๋ž˜์Šค์˜ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž C ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ GI์— ํ•„์ ํ•˜๋Š” ํฐ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ™์ฃผ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ํ˜•์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด CK์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ WSN ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž C ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ GI์— ํ•„์ ํ•˜๋Š” ํฐ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Some samples showed prominent seroreactivity against the Rev protein when they were blotted against B.burgdorferi B31 lysates.
์ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์€ B. ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ทธ๋„๋ฅดํŽ˜๋ฆฌ B31 ์šฉํ•ด๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ธ”๋กฏํŒ…ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ Rev ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
Some samples showed prominent seroreactivity against the Rev protein when they were blotted against B.burgdorferi B31 lysates.
์ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์€ B.burgdorferi B31 ์šฉํ•ด๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ธ”๋กฏํŒ…ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ Rev ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์€ B. ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ทธ๋„๋ฅดํŽ˜๋ฆฌ B31 ์šฉํ•ด๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ธ”๋กฏํŒ…ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ Rev ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Association and dissociation of the CS complex is based on competition of OAS with the C-terminal end of SAT for the substrate binding site of OAS-TL.
CS ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ฐ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” OAS-TL์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ SAT์˜ C-๋ง๋‹จ ๋ง๋‹จ๊ณผ OAS์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Association and dissociation of the CS complex is based on competition of OAS with the C-terminal end of SAT for the substrate binding site of OAS-TL.
CS ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ฐ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” OAS-TL์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ SAT์˜ C-๋ง๋‹จ ๋ง๋‹จ๊ณผ OAS์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
CS ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ฐ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” OAS-TL์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ SAT์˜ C-๋ง๋‹จ ๋ง๋‹จ๊ณผ OAS์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Results generated by SIGI for this region suggest that the origin of these genes was affected by HGT.
์ด ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด SIGI์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ HGT์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
Results generated by SIGI for this region suggest that the origin of these genes was affected by HGT.
์ด ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด SIGI์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ด HGT์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด SIGI์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ HGT์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
A total of 504 cub scats and 95 adult scats were collectยญ ed at breeding dens during 1989 - 1994.
1989๋…„์—์„œ 1994๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ด 504๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋ผ ์Šค์บฃ๊ณผ 95๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์ฒด ์Šค์บฃ์ด ์‚ฌ์œก ๊ตด์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A total of 504 cub scats and 95 adult scats were collectยญ ed at breeding dens during 1989 - 1994.
1989๋…„์—์„œ 1994๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ด 504๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋ผ ์Šค์บฃ๊ณผ 95๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์ฒด ์Šค์บฃ์ด ์‚ฌ์œก ๊ตด์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
1989๋…„์—์„œ 1994๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ด 504๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋ผ ์Šค์บฃ๊ณผ 95๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์ฒด ์Šค์บฃ์ด ์‚ฌ์œก ๊ตด์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Therefore, excretion of AI virus by infected birds into the environment is epidemiologically important when attempting to control the disease.
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ AI ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ ์—ญํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Therefore, excretion of AI virus by infected birds into the environment is epidemiologically important when attempting to control the disease.
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ AI ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ ์—ญํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ AI ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ ์—ญํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
They believe that the presence in lactose bile inoculated with milk and incubated at 37ยฐC.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ์œ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ‘์ข…๋˜๊ณ  37ยฐC์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋œ ์œ ๋‹น ๋‹ด์ฆ™์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋‹ค.
They believe that the presence in lactose bile inoculated with milk and incubated at 37ยฐC.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ์œ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ‘์ข…๋˜๊ณ  37ยฐC์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋œ ์œ ๋‹น ๋‹ด์ฆ™์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ์œ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ‘์ข…๋˜๊ณ  37ยฐC์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋œ ์œ ๋‹น ๋‹ด์ฆ™์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
In the laboratory, C.jejuni is sensitive to environmental stresses, such as drying, chilling, and exposure to atmospheric oxygen, yet the bacterium exhibits a remarkable ability to persist in food-processing facilities and natural environments.
์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์บ„ํ•„๋กœ๋ฐ•ํ„ฐ ์ œ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด์กฐ, ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์‹ํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์‹œ์„ค ๋ฐ ์ž์—ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.
In the laboratory, C.jejuni is sensitive to environmental stresses, such as drying, chilling, and exposure to atmospheric oxygen, yet the bacterium exhibits a remarkable ability to persist in food-processing facilities and natural environments.
์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ C.jejuni๋Š” ๊ฑด์กฐ, ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์‹ํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์‹œ์„ค ๋ฐ ์ž์—ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์บ„ํ•„๋กœ๋ฐ•ํ„ฐ ์ œ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด์กฐ, ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์‹ํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์‹œ์„ค ๋ฐ ์ž์—ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Multivariate repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the relationship between the percentage of thrips infestation and plant strata over time using mixed models.
๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ธก์ • ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„์€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ์นจ์ž…์˜ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ๊ณผ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ง€์ธต ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
Multivariate repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the relationship between the percentage of thrips infestation and plant strata over time using mixed models.
๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ธก์ • ANOVA๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ์นจ์ž…์˜ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ๊ณผ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ง€์ธต ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ธก์ • ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„์€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ์นจ์ž…์˜ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ๊ณผ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ง€์ธต ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Comparisons and calculation of the percent homology were performed manually.
ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ƒ๋™์„ฑ์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ์ˆ˜๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
Comparisons and calculation of the percent homology were performed manually.
ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ƒ๋™์„ฑ์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ์ˆ˜๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ƒ๋™์„ฑ์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ์ˆ˜๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The entire sequence of VP3 is contained within VP2, which is in turn contained within VP1.
VP3์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œํ€€์Šค๋Š” VP2์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ VP1์— ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The entire sequence of VP3 is contained within VP2, which is in turn contained within VP1.
VP3์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œํ€€์Šค๋Š” VP2์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ VP1์— ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
VP3์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œํ€€์Šค๋Š” VP2์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ VP1์— ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Pipes transporting airstreams are connected to the left side of the test chamber.
๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋Š” ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
Pipes transporting airstreams are connected to the left side of the test chamber.
๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋Š” ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋Š” ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
In initial experiments, each AA was tested with the 10-, 100-, and 1,000-ug/rml dose.
์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ AA๋Š” 10-, 100- ๋ฐ 1,000ug/rml ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
In initial experiments, each AA was tested with the 10-, 100-, and 1,000-ug/rml dose.
์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ AA๋Š” 10-, 100- ๋ฐ 1,000ug/rml ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ AA๋Š” 10-, 100- ๋ฐ 1,000ug/rml ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Lactococci are an important group of NSLAB of batzos cheese, and their predominance in the fresh product may suggest that this microbial group plays a principal role in the initial acidification of milk and curd.
๋ฝํ† ์ฝ”์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ดˆ์Šค ์น˜์ฆˆ์˜ NSLAB์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ“ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์šฐ์„ธ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์šฐ์œ  ๋ฐ ์ปค๋“œ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ์„ฑํ™”์— ์ฃผ์š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Lactococci are an important group of NSLAB of batzos cheese, and their predominance in the fresh product may suggest that this microbial group plays a principal role in the initial acidification of milk and curd.
Lactococci๋Š” batzos ์น˜์ฆˆ์˜ NSLAB์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ์„ ํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์šฐ์„ธ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์šฐ์œ  ๋ฐ ์ปค๋“œ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ์„ฑํ™”์— ์ฃผ์š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฝํ† ์ฝ”์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ดˆ์Šค ์น˜์ฆˆ์˜ NSLAB์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ“ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์šฐ์„ธ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์šฐ์œ  ๋ฐ ์ปค๋“œ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ์„ฑํ™”์— ์ฃผ์š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
One of the heat shock proteins, the protease encoded by the lon gene, recognizes unfolded proteins and degrades them in an ATP-dependent manner.
์—ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ lon ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋œ ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์•„์ œ๋Š” ํŽผ์ณ์ง„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ATP ์˜์กด์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค.
One of the heat shock proteins, the protease encoded by the lon gene, recognizes unfolded proteins and degrades them in an ATP-dependent manner.
์—ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ lon ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋œ ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์•„์ œ๋Š” ํŽผ์ณ์ง„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ATP ์˜์กด์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ lon ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋œ ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์•„์ œ๋Š” ํŽผ์ณ์ง„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ATP ์˜์กด์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Treatment of group A streptococcal cells with the diisopropyl fluorophosphate-treated enzyme released a type-specific antigen that appeared to be M protein.
๊ทธ๋ฃน A ์—ฐ์‡„์ƒ ๊ตฌ๊ท  ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋””์ด์†Œํ”„๋กœํ•„ ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœ์ธ์‚ฐ์—ผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํšจ์†Œ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด M ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์œ ํ˜• ํŠน์ด์  ํ•ญ์›์ด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Treatment of group A streptococcal cells with the diisopropyl fluorophosphate-treated enzyme released a type-specific antigen that appeared to be M protein.
๊ทธ๋ฃน A ์—ฐ์‡„์ƒ ๊ตฌ๊ท  ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋””์ด์†Œํ”„๋กœํ•„ ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœํฌ์ŠคํŽ˜์ดํŠธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํšจ์†Œ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด M ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์œ ํ˜• ํŠน์ด์  ํ•ญ์›์ด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฃน A ์—ฐ์‡„์ƒ ๊ตฌ๊ท  ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋””์ด์†Œํ”„๋กœํ•„ ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœ์ธ์‚ฐ์—ผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํšจ์†Œ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด M ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์œ ํ˜• ํŠน์ด์  ํ•ญ์›์ด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
When necessary, recombinants were identified by colony hybridization using appropriate oligonucleotides end labeled with ATP.
ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ATP๋กœ ํ‘œ์ง€๋œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํ‹ฐ๋“œ ๋ง๋‹จ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘๋ฝ ํ˜ผ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
When necessary, recombinants were identified by colony hybridization using appropriate oligonucleotides end labeled with ATP.
ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ATP๋กœ ํ‘œ์ง€๋œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํ‹ฐ๋“œ ๋ง๋‹จ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝœ๋กœ๋‹ˆ ํ˜ผ์„ฑํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ATP๋กœ ํ‘œ์ง€๋œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํ‹ฐ๋“œ ๋ง๋‹จ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘๋ฝ ํ˜ผ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
In another report, 18 patients underwent surgery for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis; surgical resection was a predictor of survival from invasive aspergillosis in this cohort.
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ 18๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์นจ์Šต์„ฑ ํ ์•„์ŠคํŽ˜๋ฅด๊ธธ๋ฃจ์Šค์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์€ ์ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ์นจ์Šต์„ฑ ์•„์ŠคํŽ˜๋ฅด๊ธธ๋ฃจ์Šค์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ƒ์กด์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž์˜€๋‹ค.
In another report, 18 patients underwent surgery for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis; surgical resection was a predictor of survival from invasive aspergillosis in this cohort.
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ 18๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์นจ์Šต์„ฑ ํ ์•„์ŠคํŽ˜๋ฅด๊ธธ๋ฃจ์Šค์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์€ ์ด ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ์—์„œ ์นจ์Šต์„ฑ ์•„์ŠคํŽ˜๋ฅด๊ธธ๋ฃจ์Šค์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ƒ์กด์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ 18๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์นจ์Šต์„ฑ ํ ์•„์ŠคํŽ˜๋ฅด๊ธธ๋ฃจ์Šค์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์€ ์ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ์นจ์Šต์„ฑ ์•„์ŠคํŽ˜๋ฅด๊ธธ๋ฃจ์Šค์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ƒ์กด์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž์˜€๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The most-dilute sample that still showed methanogenesis activity was again serially diluted 10-fold eight times in the same medium.
์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ์„๋œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ 10๋ฐฐ 8๋ฐฐ ์—ฐ์† ํฌ์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The most-dilute sample that still showed methanogenesis activity was again serially diluted 10-fold eight times in the same medium.
์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ์„๋œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ 10๋ฐฐ 8๋ฐฐ ์—ฐ์† ํฌ์„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ์„๋œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ 10๋ฐฐ 8๋ฐฐ ์—ฐ์† ํฌ์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฒ•์ œ๋„์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
However, a party can be forced to subsidize the government, and the government can use its general funds to speak whatever messages it desires in its own name.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ •๋‹น์€ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
However, a party can be forced to subsidize the government, and the government can use its general funds to speak whatever messages it desires in its own name.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ •๋‹น์€ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ •๋‹น์€ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
As with coyotes, dietary breadth gray foxes were less likely to occur in larger fragments in this system and ing our ability to compare across fragment types.
์ฝ”์š”ํ…Œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์‹์ด ํญ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ์—ฌ์šฐ๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋” ํฐ ์กฐ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์กฐ๊ฐ ์œ ํ˜• ๊ฐ„์— ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
As with coyotes, dietary breadth gray foxes were less likely to occur in larger fragments in this system and ing our ability to compare across fragment types.
์ฝ”์š”ํ…Œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์‹์ด ํญ์ด ๋„“์€ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ์—ฌ์šฐ๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋” ํฐ ์กฐ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ ๊ณ  ์กฐ๊ฐ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฝ”์š”ํ…Œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์‹์ด ํญ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ์—ฌ์šฐ๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋” ํฐ ์กฐ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์กฐ๊ฐ ์œ ํ˜• ๊ฐ„์— ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
It mediated through social interactions within the colony.
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง‘๋ฝ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘์žฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
It mediated through social interactions within the colony.
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘์žฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง‘๋ฝ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘์žฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Patients with persistent fever and/or clinical signs of sepsis were considered primary nonresponders and hence, did not qualify for a second course of immunoglobulin therapy.
์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์—ด ๋ฐ ํŒจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ์ง•ํ›„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 1์ฐจ ๋ฌด๋ฐ˜์‘์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์–ด 2์ฐจ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์—†๋‹ค.
Patients with persistent fever and/or clinical signs of sepsis were considered primary nonresponders and hence, did not qualify for a second course of immunoglobulin therapy.
์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์—ด ๋ฐ/๋˜๋Š” ํŒจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ์ง•ํ›„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 1์ฐจ ๋ฌด๋ฐ˜์‘์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์–ด 2์ฐจ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์—ด ๋ฐ ํŒจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ์ง•ํ›„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 1์ฐจ ๋ฌด๋ฐ˜์‘์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์–ด 2์ฐจ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์—†๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ๋ฅ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
An attempt to cure L.reuteri ATCC 55730 of plasmids pLR581, harboring tet, and pLR585, harboring lnu, was made.
tet์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ pLR581 ๋ฐ lnu๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๋Š” pLR585์˜ L. ๋กœ์ดํ…Œ๋ฆฌ ATCC 55730์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
An attempt to cure L.reuteri ATCC 55730 of plasmids pLR581, harboring tet, and pLR585, harboring lnu, was made.
tet์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ pLR581 ๋ฐ lnu๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๋Š” pLR585์˜ L.reuteri ATCC 55730์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
tet์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ pLR581 ๋ฐ lnu๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๋Š” pLR585์˜ L. ๋กœ์ดํ…Œ๋ฆฌ ATCC 55730์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
DNA extract was checked for quality and quantity by running 5 ฮผl on a 1% agarose gel and comparing bands to a Hi-Lo mass ladder.
DNA ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์€ 1% ์•„๊ฐ€๋กœ์˜ค์Šค ๊ฒ”์—์„œ 5ฮผl๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ Hi-Lo ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ’ˆ์งˆ๊ณผ ์–‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
DNA extract was checked for quality and quantity by running 5 ฮผl on a 1% agarose gel and comparing bands to a Hi-Lo mass ladder.
DNA ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์€ 1% ์•„๊ฐ€๋กœ์Šค ๊ฒ”์—์„œ 5ฮผl๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ Hi-Lo ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ’ˆ์งˆ๊ณผ ์–‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
DNA ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์€ 1% ์•„๊ฐ€๋กœ์˜ค์Šค ๊ฒ”์—์„œ 5ฮผl๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ Hi-Lo ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ’ˆ์งˆ๊ณผ ์–‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
l-Ascorbic acid (l-AA), also known as vitamin C, is an essential nutrient in humans and animals.
๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ C๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” l-์•„์Šค์ฝ”๋ฅด๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์˜์–‘์†Œ์ด๋‹ค.
l-Ascorbic acid (l-AA), also known as vitamin C, is an essential nutrient in humans and animals.
๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ C๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ l-์•„์Šค์ฝ”๋ฅด๋ธŒ์‚ฐ(l-AA)์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์˜์–‘์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ C๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” l-์•„์Šค์ฝ”๋ฅด๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์˜์–‘์†Œ์ด๋‹ค.
๋ฒ•์ œ๋„์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Climatic data of the reference and the projection periods was derived and downscaled from the PRECIS, or Providing Regional Climates for Impact Studies, model for China.
์ฐธ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” PRECIS ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์ œ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Climatic data of the reference and the projection periods was derived and downscaled from the PRECIS, or Providing Regional Climates for Impact Studies, model for China.
์ฐธ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” PRECIS ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์ œ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฐธ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” PRECIS ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์ œ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The total viral abundance decreased dramatically within the first 5 h but then rebounded to the original levels by 15 h.
์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์กด์žฌ๋น„๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ 5์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 15์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์—๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋“ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The total viral abundance decreased dramatically within the first 5 h but then rebounded to the original levels by 15 h.
์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํ’๋ถ€๋„๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ 5์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 15์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์—๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋“ฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์กด์žฌ๋น„๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ 5์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 15์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์—๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋“ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฒ•์ œ๋„์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
This should not be dismissed as mere semanticsโ€”words matter in policy-making and in the public acceptance of policy.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ถ€๋˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์  ์ˆ˜์šฉ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
This should not be dismissed as mere semanticsโ€”words matter in policy-making and in the public acceptance of policy.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ถ€๋˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜์šฉ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ถ€๋˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์  ์ˆ˜์šฉ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Adults were fed only one kind of diet ad libitum over their lifespan.
์„ฑ์ธ์€ ํ‰์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹๋‹จ๋งŒ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋จน์˜€๋‹ค.
Adults were fed only one kind of diet ad libitum over their lifespan.
์„ฑ์ธ์€ ํ‰์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹๋‹จ๋งŒ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋จน์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์„ฑ์ธ์€ ํ‰์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹๋‹จ๋งŒ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋จน์˜€๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Each group of five lungs was then pooled, weighed, made up to a 20% suspension in cell culture medium without serum, and frozen at -90ยฐC until titrated.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ 5๊ฐœ ํ์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 20% ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ ์ •๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ -90ยฐC์—์„œ ๋™๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Each group of five lungs was then pooled, weighed, made up to a 20% suspension in cell culture medium without serum, and frozen at -90ยฐC until titrated.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ 5๊ฐœ ํ์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 20% ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ ์ •๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ -90ยฐC์—์„œ ๋™๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ 5๊ฐœ ํ์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 20% ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ ์ •๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ -90ยฐC์—์„œ ๋™๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Reducing the abundance of leafhoppers and thrips in a northern California organic vineyard through maintenance of full season floral diversity with summer cover crops.
์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋ฎ๊ฐœ์ž‘๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ„์ ˆ ๊ฝƒ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋† ํฌ๋„์›์—์„œ ์žŽ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์™€ ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ค„์˜€๋‹ค.
Reducing the abundance of leafhoppers and thrips in a northern California organic vineyard through maintenance of full season floral diversity with summer cover crops.
์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋ฎ๊ฐœ์ž‘๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ„์ ˆ ๊ฝƒ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋† ํฌ๋„์›์—์„œ ์žŽ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์™€ ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์˜ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•จ์„ ์ค„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋ฎ๊ฐœ์ž‘๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ„์ ˆ ๊ฝƒ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋† ํฌ๋„์›์—์„œ ์žŽ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์™€ ์ด์ฑ„๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ค„์˜€๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Moreover, the unexpected result is that in the YN-RSF individuals, we could detect lower mutation frequencies, but these individuals contained all the mutation sites.
๋”์šฑ์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” YN-RSF ๊ฐœ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Moreover, the unexpected result is that in the YN-RSF individuals, we could detect lower mutation frequencies, but these individuals contained all the mutation sites.
๋”์šฑ์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” YN-RSF ๊ฐœ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋”์šฑ์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” YN-RSF ๊ฐœ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, ecology, and transmission of L. monocytogenes in different seafood processing facilities using molecular detection and subtyping methods.
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ชจ๋…ธํ‚คํ† ๊ฒŒ๋„ค์Šค์˜ ์œ ํ–‰, ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, ecology, and transmission of L. monocytogenes in different seafood processing facilities using molecular detection and subtyping methods.
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ L. monocytogenes์˜ ์œ ํ–‰, ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ชจ๋…ธํ‚คํ† ๊ฒŒ๋„ค์Šค์˜ ์œ ํ–‰, ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‰๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
It is usually expressed as ppm 02 per hr per g sludge.
์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ g๋‹น ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น ppm 02๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
It is usually expressed as ppm 02 per hr per g sludge.
์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ g๋‹น ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น ppm 02๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ g๋‹น ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น ppm 02๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Urushiol can be aerosolized in smoke, and, in wildland ๏ฌre๏ฌghters, has caused respiratory tract in๏ฌ‚ammation and generalized dermatitis.
์šฐ๋ฃจ์‹œ์˜ฌ์—ฐ๊ธฐ ์†์—์„œ ์—์–ด๋กœ์กธํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ผ์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ์—ผ์ฆ๊ณผ ์ „์‹  ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—ผ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค.
Urushiol can be aerosolized in smoke, and, in wildland ๏ฌre๏ฌghters, has caused respiratory tract in๏ฌ‚ammation and generalized dermatitis.
Urushiol์€ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ ์†์—์„œ ์—์–ด๋กœ์กธํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ผ์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ์—ผ์ฆ๊ณผ ์ „์‹  ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—ผ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฃจ์‹œ์˜ฌ์—ฐ๊ธฐ ์†์—์„œ ์—์–ด๋กœ์กธํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ผ์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ์—ผ์ฆ๊ณผ ์ „์‹  ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—ผ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Campylobacter organisms are frequently detected from raw chicken meat at a level as high as 4 to 6 log CFU/chicken carcass.
์บ„ํ•„๋กœ๋ฐ•ํ„ฐ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์ƒ ๋‹ญ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 4~6 log CFU/๋‹ญ ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋งŒํผ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ž์ฃผ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค.
Campylobacter organisms are frequently detected from raw chicken meat at a level as high as 4 to 6 log CFU/chicken carcass.
์บ„ํ•„๋กœ๋ฐ•ํ„ฐ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์ƒ ๋‹ญ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 4~6 log CFU/๋‹ญ ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋งŒํผ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ž์ฃผ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์บ„ํ•„๋กœ๋ฐ•ํ„ฐ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์ƒ ๋‹ญ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 4~6 log CFU/๋‹ญ ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋งŒํผ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ž์ฃผ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค.
์œ„ํ•ด์‹ํ’ˆ์ •๋ณด
์‹ํ’ˆ์ผ๋ฐ˜
๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด
Strains of Micrococcus pyogenes are found to be heterogeneous in the temperatures they prefer for growth.
๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค ํ”ผ์˜ค๊ฒŒ๋„ค์Šค์˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ๋Š” ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Strains of Micrococcus pyogenes are found to be heterogeneous in the temperatures they prefer for growth.
Micrococcus pyogenes์˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ๋Š” ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค ํ”ผ์˜ค๊ฒŒ๋„ค์Šค์˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ๋Š” ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
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