Patent Document

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/527,119 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,472,277), filed on Jun. 19, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/214,543 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,203,902), filed on Aug. 22, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/364,055 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,004,926), filed on Feb. 2, 2009, which claims priority under the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/026,220, filed on Feb. 5, 2008. The entire disclosures of the above-referenced applications are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    The present disclosure relates to memory systems, and more particularly to writing data to memory and reading data stored in memory. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent the work is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure. 
         [0004]    Memory devices include an array of memory cells that store information. Memory devices may be volatile or non-volatile. Non-volatile memory devices can retain stored information even when not powered, whereas volatile memory devices typically do not retain stored information when not powered. Examples of memory devices include read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM) and flash memory. 
         [0005]      FIG. 1  illustrates a conventional memory system  100 . The memory system  100  includes an array  102  of memory cells  104 - 1 , 1 ,  104 - 1 , 2  . . . , and  104 -M,N (referred to herein as memory cells  104 ), a word line decoder  106 , word line drivers  108 , a bit line decoder  109 , and sense amplifiers  110 . The word line decoder  106  may select one of M rows of memory cells  104  for reading and writing operations via word lines  112 - 1 ,  112 - 2 , . . . , and  112 -M (referred to herein as word lines  112 ). The word line drivers  108  may apply a voltage to the selected word line  112  to activate the memory cells  104  in communication with the selected word line  112 . The sense amplifiers  110  may detect the presence or absence of data stored in the memory cells  104  via global bit lines  114 - 1 ,  114 - 2 , . . . , and  114 -N (referred to herein as global bit lines  114 ). The bit line decoder  109  may select one of N columns of memory cells  104  for reading and writing operations via the global bit lines  114 . 
         [0006]    Each of the memory cells  104  may include diodes  105 - 1 , 1 ,  105 - 1 , 2  . . . , and  105 -M,N (referred to herein as diodes  105 ) and a data storage element  107 - 1 , 1 , . . . , and  107 -M,N (referred to herein as data storage element  107 ). Alternatively, each of the memory cells  104  may include transistors (not shown) and a data storage element  107 . Each diode  105  may communicate with a corresponding word line  112  and a corresponding data storage element  107 . Other configurations are possible for the memory cells  104 . 
         [0007]    Referring now to  FIGS. 2A-2B , the array  102  of memory cells  104  may be arranged in blocks  116 - 1 ,  116 - 2 , . . . , and  116 -Q (referred to herein as blocks  116 ). A block  116  may include local word lines  118 - 1 , 1 ,  118 - 2 , 1 , . . . , and  118 -V,Q (referred to herein as local word lines  118 ) and local bit lines  120 - 1 , 1 , 1 ,  120 - 2 , 1 , 1 , . . . , and  120 -W,L,Q (referred to herein as local bit lines  120 ). Memory cells  104  may be formed at the intersection of the local word lines  118  and the local bit lines  120 . The local word lines  118  may communicate with respective word line decoders  106 - 1 ,  106 - 2 , . . . , and  106 -Q (referred to herein as word line decoders  106 ) and word line drivers  108 - 1 ,  108 - 2 , . . . , and  108 -Q (referred to herein as word line drivers  108 ). 
         [0008]    The local bit lines  120  may be arranged in groups. A group of local bit lines  120  may communicate with multiplexers  122 - 1 , 1 ,  122 - 2 , 1 , . . . , and  122 -L,Q (referred to herein as multiplexers  122 ). Each multiplexer  122  may include a control input  123  that selectively controls which input to the multiplexer will be output from the multiplexer. A read/write (R/W) control module (not shown) may provide the control inputs. A block  116  may communicate with L multiplexers  122 , which may select respective local bit lines  120  for reading and writing operations. The multiplexers  122  may communicate with respective global bit lines  114 . The global bit lines  114  may communicate with each block  116  in the memory array  102 . Bit line decoders  109  and sense amplifiers  110  (shown in  FIG. 1 ) may communicate with the global bit lines  114 . 
         [0009]    The memory system  100  may include a read/write (R/W) control module (mentioned above). The R/W control module may control R/W operations of the memory cells  104  via the word line decoder  106 , the word line drivers  108 , the bit line decoder  109 , and the sense amplifiers  110 . The R/W control module may execute a read cycle to access data stored in one or more data storage elements  107  of the memory cells  104 . The R/W control module may also execute a write cycle to store data in one or more data storage elements  107  of the memory cells  104 . During each read and write cycle, the R/W control module may access a given memory cell  104  by applying a voltage to a local word line  118  of a block  116  in the memory array  102 . During a read cycle, the sense amplifiers  110  may detect the presence or absence of data in a given data storage element  107  of a memory cell  104  in communication with a local word line  118 . During a write cycle, the bit line decoders  109  may select a given memory cell  104  for storing data. 
         [0010]    For example, as shown in  FIG. 2B , local word line  118 - 1 ,Q is active. In other words, the word line driver  108 -Q may apply a voltage to local word line  118 - 1 ,Q. Multiplexers  122 - 1 ,Q  122 - 2 ,Q . . . , and  122 -L,Q may select local bit lines  120 - 1 , 1 ,Q,  120 - 1 , 2 ,Q . . . , and  120 - 1 ,L,Q for reading and writing operations. Thus, memory cells  104 - 1 , 1 ,  104 - 1 , 2 , . . . , and  104 - 1 ,L may be conducting. To read data, the sense amplifiers  110  may detect the presence or absence of data in the memory cells  104  in communication with the selected local word line  118  and the selected local bit lines  120 . In the configuration shown in  FIG. 2B , L memory cells  104  may be read during a read cycle. To write data, the bit line decoder  109  may select memory cells  104  for storing data via global bit lines  114  and multiplexers  122 . 
       SUMMARY 
       [0011]    In general, in one aspect, the present disclosure describes a memory system including a memory array, and a read write/module. The memory includes a plurality of bit lines, a plurality of word lines, and a plurality of memory cells, in which each memory cell is formed at a corresponding intersection of a bit line and a word line in the memory array. The read/write module is configured to control activation of at least two memory cells in the memory array during a read operation or a write operation, wherein the at least two memory cells activated by the read/write module are located on a different word line and a different bit line in the memory array, and wherein each memory cell coupled to a same bit line of the plurality of bit lines is configured to be written to or read from based on selection of the bit line. 
         [0012]    Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description, the claims and the drawings. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0013]    The present disclosure will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
           [0014]      FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of a memory system according to the prior art; 
           [0015]      FIG. 2A  is a schematic representation of a memory system according to the prior art; 
           [0016]      FIG. 2B  is a schematic representation of a memory system according to the prior art; 
           [0017]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a memory system according to the present disclosure; 
           [0018]      FIG. 4  is a schematic representation of a memory system according to the present disclosure; 
           [0019]      FIG. 5A  is a schematic representation of a portion of a memory system according to the present disclosure; 
           [0020]      FIG. 5B  is a schematic representation of a portion of a memory system according to the present disclosure; 
           [0021]      FIG. 6A  is a schematic representation of a portion of a memory system according to the present disclosure; 
           [0022]      FIG. 6B  is a schematic representation of a switch module according to the present disclosure; 
           [0023]      FIG. 6C  is a schematic representation of a portion of a memory system according to the present disclosure; and 
           [0024]      FIG. 7  is a schematic representation of a portion of a memory system according to the present disclosure. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
       [0025]    The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the disclosure, its application, or uses. For purposes of clarity, the same reference numbers will be used in the drawings to identify similar elements. As used herein, the phrase at least one of A, B, and C should be construed to mean a logical (A or B or C), using a non-exclusive logical or. It should be understood that steps within a method may be executed in different order without altering the principles of the present disclosure. 
         [0026]    As used herein, the term module refers to an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and memory that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable components that provide the described functionality. 
         [0027]    Memory cells may be arranged in arrays of rows and columns of word lines and bit lines, respectively. Capacitive and/or leakage current may cause a voltage drop along a selected word line due to distributed resistance along the word line. The voltage drop may cause voltage conditions of memory cells along the word line to vary. Thus, the voltage required to activate memory cells may vary from memory cell to memory cell. The voltage drop may be significant where a large number of memory cells along a selected word line are activated during a read and/or write operation. 
         [0028]    The voltage drop along the word line (V WL ) may be determined according to the following equation: 
         [0000]      V WL =(Y×I C )×R WL ,
 
         [0000]    where Y is the number of activated memory cells in communication with a selected word line, I C  is the capacitive and/or leakage current of each memory cell, and R WL  is the distributed resistance of the selected word line. For example, if I C  is 100 μA, N is 1000 and R WL  is 100 Ω, the voltage drop along the word line may be 10V. Conventionally, due to the voltage drop, word line drivers are typically required to support a higher current and/or a total supply voltage is increased. 
         [0029]    The present disclosure describes systems and methods for reading and writing memory cells by reducing the number of activated cells in communication with a selected word line. One method includes segmenting word lines and including multiple word line decoders along the word lines. Another method includes selectively controlling sub-blocks within memory blocks via switches. Using the proposed systems and methods, the voltage drop along a selected word line may be reduced. 
         [0030]      FIG. 3  illustrates one implementation of a memory system  150  including a memory controller  152  in communication with a memory array  200 . The memory controller  152  includes a selector module  154  that may control a read/write module  156  based on a memory map  158 . The read/write module  156  selects memory cells of the memory array  200  during read and write operations by selectively controlling word lines and bit lines and/or control devices for word lines or bit lines. Control devices for word lines and bit lines may include decoders, global bit lines and/or switch modules. 
         [0031]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , a first example of a memory array  200  is shown. The memory array  200  may include blocks  216 - 1 ,  216 - 2 , . . . , and  216 -Q (referred to herein as blocks  216 ). A block  216  may be further arranged in a predetermined number of sub-blocks  224 - 1 , 1 ,  224 - 2 , 1  . . . , and  224 -Q,A (referred to herein as sub-blocks  224 ). The number of sub-blocks  224  may be proportional to the number of blocks  216 . In one implementation, instead of writing data only to memory locations along a word line in a single block, data may be written to memory locations—e.g., multiple sub-blocks—of the same block or among different blocks. A sub-block  224  may communicate with a respective word line decoder  206 - 1 , 1 ,  206 - 1 , 2 , . . . , and  206 -Q,A (referred to herein as word line decoder  206 ) and word line drivers  208 - 1 , 1 ,  208 - 1 , 2 , . . . , and  208 -QA (referred to herein as word line drivers  208 ) via local word lines  218 - 1 , 1 ,  218 - 1 , 2 , . . . , and  218 -QV (referred to herein as local word lines  218 ). 
         [0032]    In one implementation, the read/write module  156  may activate memory cells in a sub-block  224  by controlling a respective word line decoder  206  and word line driver  208 . Thus, memory cells may be selectively activated in one or more sub-blocks  224  (of the same block  216  or among different blocks  216 ), while memory cells may remain deactivated in other sub-blocks  224  (of the same block  216  or among different blocks  216 ). The read/write module  156  may also control global bit lines  214 - 1 ,  214 - 2 , . . . , and  214 -N (referred to herein as global bit lines  214 ) that may communicate with multiple sub-blocks  224  within different blocks  216 . 
         [0033]    For example, the selector module  154  may control word line decoders  206 -Q, 1 ,  206 - 2 , 2 , and  206 - 1 ,A via control inputs  223  to allow read/write operations to corresponding sub-blocks  224 -Q, 1 ,  224 - 2 , 2 , and  224 - 1 ,A. Each sub-block  224  may communicate with a predetermined number of global bit lines  214 . For example, when Q=3, so that there are three memory blocks  216  communicating with nine global bit lines  214 , each memory block  216  may include three sub-blocks  224  of equal length. Each of the three sub-blocks  224  may communicate with three of the global bit lines  214 . 
         [0034]    Using conventional techniques, a word line decoder would have been selected, and a memory block corresponding to the word line decoder would have been written to. In contrast, techniques described in the present disclosure permit the selection of multiple word line decoders/word lines for storing data in multiple sub-blocks  224  (associated with one or more blocks  216 ), rather than a single memory decoder storing data only in a single block  216 . 
         [0035]    In one implementation, a read/write operation to a particular word line is distributed based on word line decoder selection. In one implementation, both data and access to data in cells of a particular word line is distributed among multiple word lines. The memory map  158  may include data relating to word line decoder selection. For example, the read/write module  156  may determine a number of sub-blocks  224  in a block  216 . The read/write module  156  may activate a number of word lines in different blocks corresponding to the number of sub-blocks  224  in the block  216 . The read/write module  156  may then selectively activate global bit lines  214  and selectively activate sub-blocks  224  along the global bit lines  214 . 
         [0036]    The memory array  200  may be further described with reference to an exemplary block  216  as shown in  FIGS. 5A-5B . As shown, a sub-block  224  may include local bit lines  225 - 1 , 1 , 1 ,  225 - 1 , 2 , 1 , . . . , and  225 -W,K,A (referred to herein as local bit lines  225 ). The local bit lines  225  may be arranged in groups, with each group in communication with a respective multiplexer  222 - 1 , 1 ,  222 -K, 1 , . . . , and  222 -K,A (referred to herein as multiplexers  222 ). The multiplexers  222  may select a local bit line  225  from the local bit lines  225  for reading and writing data. Control inputs  227  to the multiplexers  222  may control multiplexer selection of local bit lines  225 . The read/write module  156  may provide the control signals to the control inputs  227 . The output of the multiplexers  222  may communicate with global bit lines. The global bit lines may communicate with sub-blocks  224  in each block  216  and with a bit line decoder and/or sense amplifiers. Memory cells  226  may be formed at the intersection of the local word lines  218  and the local bit lines  225 . The memory array  200  may reduce the voltage drop along a selected word line  218  by reducing the number of activated memory cells  226  in communication with a selected word line  218 . 
         [0037]    For example, as shown in  FIG. 5B , local word line  218 - 1 , 1  may be active based on control of word line decoder  206 - 1 , 1 . Multiplexers  222  may select local bit lines  225 -W, 1 , 1 ,  225 -W, 1 , 2  . . . , and  225 -W, 1 ,K for reading and writing operations. Thus, memory cells  226 - 1 ,  226 - 2 , . . . , and  226 -K may be conducting. Memory cells  226  within other sub-blocks  224  may remain deactivated and thus may not be conducting. The selected word line  218  and bit lines  225  in  FIG. 5B  are exemplary, and other word lines  218  and bit lines  225  may be selected to activate other memory cells  226 . Further, memory cells  226  from one or more sub-blocks  224  may be activated for reading and writing operations. 
         [0038]    According to one implementation of the present disclosure, the number of activated memory cells  226  along the selected word line  218 - 1 , 1  may be given by: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               Y 
               = 
               
                 Z 
                 * 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     L 
                     A 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where L is the number of multiplexers  222  in a block  216 , A is the number of sub-blocks  224  per block  216 , and Z is the number of sub-blocks  224  with activated memory cells  226 . In a conventional memory array, there may have been L activated memory cells  226  along the selected word line  218 - 1 , 1 . The voltage drop along the selected word line  218 - 1 , 1  may be directly proportional to the number of activated memory cells  226  in communication with the selected word line  218 - 1 , 1 . Therefore, the voltage drop along the selected word line  218 - 1 , 1  may be reduced by a factor of Z/A. For example, if Z is equal to one, as in  FIG. 5B , the voltage drop along the activated word line  218 - 1 , 1  is reduced by a factor of 1/A. 
         [0039]    Referring now to  FIGS. 6A-6C , a second example of a memory array  300  is shown. The memory array  300  may include blocks  316 - 1 ,  316 - 2 , . . . , and  316 -Q (referred to herein as blocks  316 ). A block  316  may communicate with a respective word line decoder  306 - 1 ,  306 - 2 , . . . , and  306 -Q (referred to herein as word line decoder  306 ) and word line drivers  308 - 1 ,  308 - 2 , . . . , and  308 -Q (referred to herein as word line drivers  308 ) via local word lines  318 - 1 , 1 ,  318 - 2 , 1 , . . . , and  318  Q,V (referred to herein as local word lines  318 ). Each block may include a plurality of sub-blocks  317 - 1 , 1 ,  317 - 2 , 1 , . . . , and  317 A,Q (referred to herein as sub-blocks  317 ). 
         [0040]    A block  316  may also communicate with switch modules  319 - 1 , 1 ,  319 - 2 , 1  . . . , and  319 -A,Q (referred to herein as switch modules  319 ) via global bit lines  314 - 1 ,  314 - 2 , . . . , and  314 -N (referred to herein as global bit lines  314 ) and local bit lines  320 - 1 , 1 ,  320 - 2 , 1 , . . . , and  320 -W,K (referred to herein as local bit lines  320 ). Each switch module  319  may communicate with a respective sub-block  317 . A bit line decoder  309  may select memory cells  321  for reading and/or writing operations via the global bit lines  314 . Sense amplifiers  310  may detect the presence or absence of data in the memory cells  321 . 
         [0041]    Referring now to  FIG. 6B , the switch modules  319  may include multiplexers  322 - 1 ,  322 - 2 , . . . , and  322 -K (referred to herein as multiplexers  322 ). The read/write control module  156  may provide control signals to control inputs  327  of the multiplexers  322  to control local word line selection. The switch modules  319  may also include switches  326 - 1 ,  326 - 2 , . . . , and  326 -K (referred to herein as switches  326 ) that may be controlled by select signals from the selector module  154 . The switches  326  within a switch module  319  may be controlled by the same select signal. 
         [0042]    For example, each switch  326  in a first switch module  319  may be controlled by a first select signal (s 0 ), each switch  326  in a second switch module  319  may be controlled by a second select signal (s 1 ), etc. Thus, each switch  326  within a switch module  319  may be on or off at the same time. Additionally, multiple switch modules  319  may be controlled by the same select signal. For example, a wordline in each K out of Q blocks  316  may be used to turn on K groups of sub-blocks  317  based on control of K×M of the Q×M switches  326  by a corresponding select signal. K may be less than or equal to Q. In one embodiment, the sub-blocks  317  may be grouped into groups of O elements, where O=M/K. The groups may each be controlled by one or more select signals that control, for example, the K×M of the Q×M switches  326 . One or more of M/K memory sub-blocks  317  in each of the K out of Q blocks  316  may thus be accessed during a read or write operation. 
         [0043]    A block  316  may have Q switch modules  319 , with each switch module  319  having L/Q switches, where L is the number of multiplexers  322  per block  316 . The memory array  300  may reduce the voltage drop along a selected word line  318  by reducing the number of activated memory cells in communication with the selected word line  318 . 
         [0044]    In one implementation, within a block  316 , each switch module  319  may be controlled by a different select signal (s 0 -s A ), as shown in  FIG. 6C . Thus, switches  326  within a switch module  319  may be controlled by the same select signal. The select signals may be arranged so that two or more switch modules  319  in communication with a global bit line  314  may not be selected at the same time. The selector module  154  may provide the select signals based on a memory map  158 . 
         [0045]    For example, the select signals may be cascaded within the memory array  300  based on the memory map  158 . In block  316 -Q, switch module  319 - 1 ,Q may have a first select signal (s 0 ), switch module  319 - 2 ,Q may have a second select signal (s 1 ), . . . , and switch module  319 -A,Q may have an Ath select signal (s A ). In block  316 - 3 , switch module  316 - 1 , 3  may have the Ath select signal (s A ), switch module  319 - 2 , 3  may have the first select signal (s 0 ), . . . , and switch module  319 -A, 3  may have an Ath−1 select signal (s A−1 ). The select signals may be similarly distributed throughout the memory array  300 . Thus, by activating the first select signal and activating a word line  318  within each block  316 , memory cell activation may be distributed among the blocks  316 . 
         [0046]    As shown in  FIG. 6C , each block  316  may have one activated word line  318 . Further, each block  316  may have one activated switch module  319 . Thus, there may be K activated memory cells  321  in communication with the activated word line  318  and the activated switch module  319 . The memory cells  321  are included to graphically represent memory cells that correspond to local bit lines  320  that are controlled based on global bit lines  314  and are not intended to show memory cells at intersections of global bit lines  314  and word lines  218 . Where there are K activated memory cells  321  per activated switch module  319  and A activated switch modules  319 , there may be K*A=L activated memory cells  321  per memory array  300 . Thus, a total of L memory cells  321  may be read in a read cycle. In a conventional memory array, L memory cells  321  are typically read from a single block  316 . In the memory array  300  according to one implementation of the present disclosure, the L memory cells  321  may be read from multiple different blocks  316 . 
         [0047]    Using the memory array  300  according to the present disclosure, the number of activated memory cells  321  along the selected word line  318  may be given by: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               Y 
               = 
               
                 ( 
                 
                   L 
                   Q 
                 
                 ) 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where L is the number of multiplexers  322  in a block  316  and Q is the number of blocks  316 . Previously, there may have been L activated memory cells  321  along the selected word line  318 . Since the voltage drop along the selected word line  318  is directly proportional to the number of activated memory cells  321  in communication with the selected word line  318 , the voltage drop along the selected word line  318  is reduced by a factor of 1/Q. 
         [0048]    Referring now to  FIG. 7  the memory array  300  may be further described.  FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary memory array  300  where Q=4 and L=4. In other words, there are four blocks  316  and four multiplexers  322  per block  316 . Where there are four blocks  316 , there may be four switch modules  319  per block  316 . Each switch module  319  may have L/Q switches  326 . In the case shown in  FIG. 7 , where Q=4 and L=4, there is one switch  326  per switch module  319 . 
         [0049]    During a read and/or write cycle, one local word line  318  may be activated per block  316 . For example, the word line drivers  308  may apply a voltage to local word line  318 - 1 , 1 ,  318 - 1 , 2 ,  318 - 1 , 3 , and  318 - 1 , 4  in each block  316 . One select signal may be activated to turn on a set of switches  326 . For example, select signal s 0  may be activated, thus turning on switches  326 - 1 , 4 ,  326 - 2 , 3 ,  326 - 3 , 2 , and  326 - 4 , 1 . As shown in  FIG. 7 , there may be four activated memory cells  321 - 1 , 4 ,  321 - 2 , 3 ,  321 - 3 , 2 , and  321 - 4 , 1 . The remaining select signals (s 1 -s 3 ) may remain deactivated. Thus there may not be capacitive and/or leakage current flowing through unselected memory cells  329  controlled by select signals s 1 -s 3  and multiplexors because the closed switches  326  prevent current flow. 
         [0050]    Thus, the number of activated memory cells  321  along the selected word line  318 - 1 , 1  may be given by: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             Y 
             = 
             
               
                 ( 
                 
                   L 
                   Q 
                 
                 ) 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     4 
                     4 
                   
                   ) 
                 
                 = 
                 1. 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    In a conventional memory array, there may have been four activated memory cells  321  along the selected word line. Since the voltage drop along the selected word lines  318  is directly proportional to the number of activated memory cells  321  in communication with the selected word lines  318 , the voltage drop along the selected word lines  318  is reduced by a factor of ¼. 
         [0051]    The broad teachings of this disclosure can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this disclosure includes particular examples, the true scope of the disclosure should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent upon a study of the drawings, the specification, and the following claims.

Technology Category: 3