Patent Document

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/264,118, filed on Nov. 3, 2008 which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/095,039, filed on Mar. 30, 2005 which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/621,411, filed on Oct. 22, 2004, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The following disclosure relates to electrical circuits and signal processing. 
     Electronic circuits typically operate using a constant supply voltage. A voltage regulator is a circuit that can provide a constant supply voltage, and includes circuitry that continuously maintains an output of the voltage regulator—i.e., the supply voltage—at a pre-determined value regardless of changes in load current or input voltage to the voltage regulator. One type of voltage regulator is a linear regulator. A linear regulator typically operates by using a voltage-controlled current source to force a fixed voltage to appear at an output of the linear regulator. 
       FIG. 1  shows a conventional linear regulator  100  that provides a regulated output voltage V OUT  from a power source voltage V POWER . Power source voltage V POWER  can be supplied from a transformer (not shown). Linear regulator  100  includes a voltage-controlled current source  102 , sense circuitry  104 , a load capacitor C L , and a resistive load R LOAD . Sense circuitry  104  senses output voltage V OUT , and adjust voltage-controlled current source  102  (as required by the resistive load R LOAD ) to maintain output voltage V OUT  at a desired value (e.g., 5 volts). Load capacitor C L  compensates for variations in a load current I LOAD . 
     Conventional linear regulators are generally quite stable, however, in circumstances that a linear regulator receives a power source voltage (e.g., V POWER ) that is outside of (e.g., exceeds) the operating range of the linear regulator, stress problems may occur and the linear regulator may break down. For example, a linear regulator fabricated through a 5 volt CMOS process may break down if an associated power source (e.g., a transformer having large output fluctuations) supplies a power source voltage to the linear regulator that is greater than 6 volts. 
     SUMMARY 
     In general, in one aspect, this specification describes a linear regulator including a mode selection circuit operable to determine whether a power source voltage received by the linear regulator exceeds a pre-defined operational range of a load in communication with the linear regulator, and a power switch to directly supply the power source voltage to the load if the power source voltage is within the pre-defined operational range. 
     Particular implementations can include one or more of the following features. The power switch can be controlled to supply a regulated voltage to the load if the power source voltage exceeds the pre-defined operational range. The linear regulator can further include sense circuitry operable sense the regulated voltage to the load and substantially maintain the regulated voltage at a pre-determined voltage level. The linear regulator can further include an internal voltage generation circuit operable to generate a substantially stable internal bias reference for the sense circuitry. The linear regulator can further include middle stage circuitry operable to substantially shut off current flow to the sense circuitry and the middle stage circuitry itself when the power source voltage is directly supplied to the load. 
     The power switch can include a first transistor operable to directly supply the power source voltage to the load if the power source voltage is within the pre-defined operational range. The sense circuitry can include an operational transconductance amplifier operable to regulate an output voltage to the load if the power source voltage exceeds the pre-defined operational range. The operational transconductance amplifier can regulate the output voltage to the load through a second transistor in communication with an output of the operational transconductance amplifier. The operational transconductance amplifier can be connected in a negative feedback arrangement to regulate the output voltage. A transfer function associated with the linear regulator can be as follows: 
               H   ⁡     (   s   )       =           (       g     M_OTA   ×       ⁢     R   OTA       )     ×     (       g       M_MN   ⁢   1     ×       ⁢     R   6       )     ×     (       g       M_MP   ⁢   1     ×       ⁢     R   OUT       )             R     OUT   ×       ⁢     C   L     ⁢   S     +   1       ×       R   1         R     1   +       ⁢     R   2                 
where g M     —     OTA , g M     —     MN1 , g M     —     MP1  represents a transconductance of the operational transconductance amplifier, the second transistor, and the first transistor, respectively, R OUT  represents an output impedance of an output of the linear regulator, and R 1  and R 2  represent resistances associated with the negative feedback arrangement.
 
     The linear regulator can further include a power supply operable to provide the power source voltage to the linear regulator. The power source voltage can be a fluctuating voltage that, at times, exceeds the operational range of the linear regulator. 
     In general, in another aspect, this specification describes a linear regulator including a comparator operable to compare a power source voltage to a reference voltage, and a first transistor operable to directly supply the power source voltage to a load if the power source voltage is less than the reference voltage. 
     Particular implementations can include one or more of the following features. The linear regulator can further include an operational transconductance amplifier operable to regulate an output voltage to the load if the power source voltage is greater than the reference voltage. The linear regulator can be substantially a one-pole system. 
     In general, in another aspect, this specification describes a method including determining whether a power source voltage received by a linear regulator exceeds a pre-defined operational range of a load in communication with the linear regulator, and directly supplying the power source voltage to the load if the power source voltage is within the pre-defined operational range. 
     Particular implementations can include one or more of the following features. The method can further include supplying a regulated voltage to the load if the power source voltage exceeds the pre defined operational range. The method can further include sensing the regulated voltage to the load and substantially maintaining the regulated voltage at a predetermined voltage level. The method can further include generating a stable internal bias reference for the linear regulator. The method can further include substantially shutting off current flow within the linear regulator when the power source voltage is directly supplied to the load. The method can further include providing the power source voltage to the linear regulator. The power source voltage can be a fluctuating voltage that, at times, exceeds the operational range of the linear regulator. 
     In general, in another aspect, this specification describes a linear regulator including means for determining whether a power source voltage received by the linear regulator exceeds a pre-defined operational range of a load in communication with the linear regulator, and means for directly supplying the power source voltage to the load if the power source voltage is within the pre-defined operational range. 
     Particular implementations can include one or more of the following features. The linear regulator can include means for supplying a regulated voltage to the load if the power source voltage exceeds the pre-defined operational range. The linear regulator can further include means for sensing the regulated voltage to the load and substantially maintaining the regulated voltage at a pre-determined voltage level. The linear regulator can further include means for generating a substantially stable internal bias reference for the means for sensing. The linear regulator can further include means for substantially shutting off current flow to the means for sensing when the power source voltage is directly supplied to the load. 
     The linear regulator can include a first switching means for directly supplying the power source voltage to the load if the power source voltage is within the pre-defined operational range. The means for sensing can include means for regulating an output voltage to the load if the power source voltage exceeds the pre-defined operational range. The means for regulating can regulate the output voltage to the load through a second switching means in communication with an output of the means for regulating. The means for regulating can be connected in a negative feedback arrangement to regulate the output voltage. A transfer function associated with the linear regulator can be as follows: 
               H   ⁡     (   s   )       =           (       g     M_OTA   ×       ⁢     R   OTA       )     ×     (       g       M_MN   ⁢   1     ×       ⁢     R   6       )     ×     (       g       M_MP   ⁢   1     ×       ⁢     R   OUT       )             R     OUT   ×       ⁢     C   L     ⁢   S     +   1       ×       R   1         R     1   +       ⁢     R   2                 
where g M     —     OTA , g M     —     MN1 , g M     —     MP1  represents a transconductance of the means for regulating, the second switching means, and the first switching means, respectively, R OUT  represents an output impedance of an output of the linear regulator, and R 1  and R 2  represent resistances associated with the negative feedback arrangement. The linear regulator can further include means for providing the power source voltage to the linear regulator.
 
     In general, in another aspect, this specification describes a linear regulator including means for comparing a power source voltage to a reference voltage, and a first switching means operable to directly supply the power source voltage to a load if the power source voltage is less than the reference voltage. 
     Particular implementations can include one or more of the following features. The linear regulator can further include means for regulating an output voltage to the load if the power source voltage is greater than the reference voltage. 
     Implementations can include one or more of the following advantages. A linear regulator is provided that can receive a power source voltage that is supplied from an inexpensive transformer—e.g., the transformer can supply a power source voltage having large voltage fluctuations. For example, in one implementation, a linear regulator fabricated through a 5 volt CMOS process can be supplied a power source voltage that varies from, e.g., 4.5-9 volts. When the power source voltage is within an operating range of an associated linear regulator and/or load, the linear regulator can directly supply the power source voltage as an output of the linear regulator without any voltage regulation, therefore, reducing power dissipation of the linear regulator. In one implementation, when the power source voltage is outside of the operating range of the linear regulator and/or load, there are no stress issues for the linear regulator due to an internally generated supply voltage. In one implementation, a linear regulator is provided that has one-dominant-pole which permits the linear regulator to be unconditionally stable. 
     The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a conventional linear regulator. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a linear regulator. 
         FIG. 3  is a method for operating the linear regulator of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIGS. 4A-4C  are schematic diagrams of portions of the linear regulator of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 5  is graph of an output voltage of the linear regulator of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 6  is a graph of a transient response waveform of the linear regulator of  FIG. 2   
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram of a circuit application including the linear regulator of  FIG. 2 . 
     
    
    
     Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a linear regulator  200  for supplying a regulated output voltage V OUT  to a load  202 . Load  202  can be any type of electronic circuit that receives a substantially constant voltage source. In one implementation, linear regulator  200  receives an input signal (e.g., a power source voltage V POWER ) from a power supply  204  (e.g., a transformer) that can fluctuate outside of the operating range of linear regulator  200  and/or load  202 . In one implementation, linear regulator  200  includes an mode selection circuit  206 , internal voltage generation circuit  208 , a power switch  210 , middle stage circuitry  212 , and sense circuitry  214 . 
     Mode selection circuit  206  includes circuitry for determining a mode of operation for linear regulator  200 . In one implementation, linear regulator  200  operates according to two modes (i.e., one mode at any given time)—a regulating mode and a direct-supplying mode. In the regulating mode, linear regulator  200  is controlled to output a regulated (or monitored) output voltage V OUT  (through power switch  208 ). In the direct-supplying mode, linear regulator  200  is controlled to couple (or supply) power source voltage V POWER  (from power supply  200 ) directly to load  202 , without any voltage regulation. In one implementation, mode selection circuit  206  determines a mode of operation for linear regulator  200  based on a voltage level of power source voltage V POWER . That is, if the power source voltage V POWER  exceeds the operating range of linear regulator  200  and/or load  202 , then linear regulator  200  operates according to the regulating mode. And, if the power source voltage V POWER  is within the operating range of linear regulator  200  and/or load  202 , linear regulator  200  operates according to the direct-supplying mode. 
     Internal voltage generation circuit  208  generates a substantially stable internal bias reference (e.g., voltage V CLAMP ) that is used to supply a bias voltage to circuitry within linear regulator  200 —e.g., mode selection circuit  206 , middle stage circuitry  212 , and sense circuitry  214 . In one implementation, voltage V CLAMP  is supplied to circuitry within linear regulator  200  all the time. In one implementation, voltage V CLAMP  is always substantially within the operating range of circuitry within linear regulator  200  even though the power source voltage V POWER  may fluctuate or exceed the operating range of linear regulator  200 . For example, if the power source voltage changes from 4.5 volts to 9 volts, then voltage V CLAMP , in one implementation, will accordingly change from 4.5 volts to 5.5 volts. Internal voltage generation circuit  208  can include any type of circuitry (e.g., one or more diode-connected MOSFET transistors as described below) for generating a substantially stable internal bias voltage V CLAMP . 
     Power switch  210  operates to couple output V OUT  of linear regulator  200  to power source voltage V POWER . Power switch  210  can include one or more transistors (not shown). Power switch  210  can be controlled by a control voltage VP, as discussed in greater detail below. In one implementation, power switch  210  directly couples power source voltage V POWER  to output V OUT  (i.e., power switch  200  is fully on (or closed)) when power source voltage V POWER  is within the operating range of linear regulator  200  and/or load  202 . When power source voltage V POWER  exceeds the operating range of linear regulator  200  and/or load  202 , power switch  210  is controlled to supply a regulated output voltage V OUT  to load  202 . 
     Middle stage circuitry  212  includes circuitry for reducing a power consumption of linear regulator  200  when linear regulator  200  is operating in the direct-supplying mode, i.e., when power source voltage V POWER  is within the operating range of linear regulator  200  and/or load  202 . In one implementation, current flow to middle stage circuitry  212  and sense circuitry  214  is substantially shut off when power source voltage V POWER  is being directly coupled (or supplied) to output V OUT  of linear regulator  200 . As discussed in greater detail below, sense circuitry  214  can include one or more operational transconductance amplifiers. Middle stage circuitry  212  further includes one or more transistors (not shown) that are controlled by the internally generated voltage V CLAMP  to protect one or more transistors (not shown) within linear regulator  200  from stress (or reaching a breakdown voltage) when V POWER  exceeds the operating range of linear regulator  200 , one implementation of which is discussed below in association with  FIGS. 4A-4C . 
     Sense circuitry  214  includes circuitry for regulating output voltage V OUT  when linear regulator  200  is operating in the regulating mode, i.e., when power source voltage V POWER  exceeds the operating range of linear regulator  200  and/or load  202 . Sense circuitry  214  is operable to maintain a regulated output voltage at a pre-determined voltage level. In one implementation, sense circuitry  214  operates using voltage V CLAMP  as a bias voltage reference. Sense circuitry  214  can include any type of sensing circuitry for sensing an output voltage and generating a control signal responsive to the sensed output voltage. 
       FIG. 3  shows a process  300  for regulating an output voltage of a linear regulator (e.g., linear regulator  200 ). A power source voltage (e.g., power source voltage V POWER ) is received by the linear regulator (step  302 ). In one implementation, the power source voltage is a fluctuating voltage generated by a transformer, which power source voltage can exceed an operating range of the linear regulator and/or an associated load (e.g., load  202 ). A substantially stable internal bias reference (e.g., voltage V CLAMP ) is generated (e.g., using internal voltage generation circuit  208 ) (step  304 ). The substantially stable internal bias reference can be used to supply a bias voltage to circuitry within the linear regulator. For example, in one implementation, sense circuitry associated with the linear regulator is supplied a substantially stable internally generated bias reference that is within an operating range of one or more transistors associated with the sense circuitry. 
     A determination is made (e.g., through mode selection circuit  206 ) whether the power source voltage is outside (e.g., exceeds) the operating range of the linear regulator and/or the associated load (step  306 ). If the power source voltage is outside (e.g., exceeds) the operating range of the linear regulator and/or load, then the output voltage of the linear regulator is regulated (e.g., through sense circuitry  214 ) using the internally generated bias reference (step  308 ). 
     If the power source voltage is not outside the operating range of the linear regulator and/or the associated load, then power is substantially shut off to voltage regulation circuitry (e.g., using middle stage circuitry  212 ) (step  310 ). In one implementation, current is substantially shut off to the sense circuitry and middle stage circuitry associated with the linear regulator. The power source voltage is directly coupled to the output of the linear regulator (e.g., through power switch  210 ) (step  312 ). After steps  308 ,  312 , method  300  returns to step  304 , discussed above. 
       FIGS. 4A-4C  illustrate one implementation of linear regulator  200 , including mode selection circuit  206  ( FIG. 4B ), internal voltage generation circuit  208  ( FIG. 4C ), power switch  210 , middle stage circuitry  212 , and sense circuitry  214 . In one implementation, linear regulator  200  is fabricated through a 5 volt CMOS process. Of course, other appropriate processes may be utilized. In such an implementation, linear regulator  200  includes transistors and other circuitry (as discussed below) that have an operating range of below substantially 6 volts. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4A-4C , mode selection circuit  206  includes resistors R 3 -R 4 , a comparator  402 , and inverters I 1 -I 2 . Internal voltage generation circuit  208  includes resistor R 5 , and PMOS transistor MP 5 , MP 6 , MP 7 , MP 8 . Power switch  210  includes a PMOS transistor MP 1 . Middle stage circuitry  212  includes resistor R 6 , NMOS transistors MN 1 , MN 2 , MN 3 , MN 4 , MN 5 , MN 6 , PMOS transistors MP 2 , MP 3 , MP 4 , an inverter I 3 , and a current source I BIAS . Sense circuitry  214  includes resistors R 1 -R 2 , and an operational transconductance amplifier  404 . As discussed above, in one implementation, linear regulator  200  operates in two modes—a regulating mode and a direct-supplying mode—as determined by mode selection circuit  206 . 
     Regulating Mode 
     In operation during regulating mode, power source voltage V POWER  exceeds an operating range of linear regulator  200 —e.g., power source voltage varies between 6-9 volts. In response, comparator  402  (of mode selection circuit  206 ) compares a reference voltage V REF  to a voltage V PROP  that is directly proportional to power source voltage V POWER . If voltage V PROP  is greater than reference voltage V REF , then mode selection circuit pulls control signal V COMP  (and V S ) to a low voltage level. Inverters I 1 -I 2  are buffers that increase a drive capability of control signal V COMP . The buffered control signal V S  is provided to an input to an inverter I 3  in middle stage circuitry  212 . Transistor MP 3  is turned off, and an output of operational transconductance amplifier  404  of sense circuitry  214  is activated to regulate the output voltage V OUT  of linear regulator  200 . 
     In one implementation, operational transconductance amplifier  404  is connected in a negative feedback arrangement to equalize reference voltage V REF  and a feedback voltage V FB . Voltage V OUT  is given by the following equation: 
                     V   OUT     =       (     1   +       R   ⁢           ⁢   1       R   ⁢           ⁢   2         )     ×     V   REF               (     eq   .           ⁢   1     )               
where V REF  is a reference voltage that can represent a bandgap voltage (e.g., 1.2 volts).
 
     The output voltage V OUT  is further regulated by controlling an amount of dissipation current I D  through resistor R 6 , and NMOS transistors MN 1 , MN 2  in middle stage circuitry  212 . A voltage drop across resistor R 6 —i.e., the product of resistor R 6  and dissipation current I D —defines the V GS  (gate-to-source voltage) of PMOS transistor MP 1 . By controlling the V GS  of PMOS transistor MP 1 , a load current through PMOS transistor MP 1  can be accordingly reduced (or increased) during the regulating mode of linear regulator  200 . 
     Dissipation current I D  is controlled as follows. A current mirror formed by NMOS transistors MN 3 , MN 4  provide a biasing current for diode-connected PMOS transistor MP 4 . In turn, the diode-connected PMOS transistor MP 4  generates a biasing voltage V BIAS  to control PMOS transistor MP 2 . PMOS transistor MP 2  behaves as a switch (i.e., due to a large W/L ratio), and voltage V D  at the drain of PMOS transistor MP 2  is pulled up to substantially equal power source voltage V POWER . Dissipation current I D  flowing through resistor R 6 , and NMOS transistors MN 1 , MN 2 , is given by the following equation: 
                     I   D     =     (         V   POWER     -     V   P         R   ⁢           ⁢   6       )             (     eq   .           ⁢   2     )               
where V P  is defined by the V GS  of PMOS transistor MP 1 .
 
     Because power voltage source V POWER  can exceed the breakdown voltage of the CMOS transistors within linear regulator  200 , internal voltage generation circuit  208  generates a substantially stable internal bias voltage V CLAMP  to supply a proper supply voltage to circuitry within linear regulator  200 . Referring to  FIG. 4C , internal voltage generation circuit  208  includes 4 diode-connected PMOS transistors MP 5 -MP 8  and resistor R 5  that provide a bias voltage V CLAMP  that is clamped within the range of, for example 4.5-5.5 volts. In the implementation shown, NMOS transistors MN 2 , MN 5  have gates connected to bias voltage V CLAMP  to protect NMOS transistors MN 1 , MN 4  from exceeding a breakdown voltage, even though power source voltage V POWER  may be greater than the breakdown voltage. 
     In one implementation, the value of resistor R 6  and the size (i.e., W/L ratio) of NMOS transistor MN 1  are small to avoid any issues with stability. For example, in one implementation, resistor R 6  has a value of 10 k ohms and NMOS transistor MN 1  has a W/L ratio of 2.5 μm/3.5 μm. The poles at nodes  1  and  2  ( FIG. 4A ) have a value of 
                 1       R     OTA   ×       ⁢     C   PAR         ⁢           ⁢   and   ⁢           ⁢     1       R     6   ×       ⁢     C   GATE           ,         
respectively, in which R OTA , C PAR , and C GATE  represent an output impedance of operational transconductance amplifier  404 , a parasitic capacitance at node  1 , and a gate capacitance of PMOS transistor MP 1 . The poles at nodes  1  and  2  are pushed to high frequencies and therefore linear regulator  200  can be considered as a one-pole system, having a transfer function as follows:
 
                     H   ⁡     (   s   )       =           (       g     M_OTA   ×       ⁢     R   OTA       )     ×     (       g       M_MN   ⁢   1     ×       ⁢     R   6       )     ×     (       g       M_MP   ⁢   1     ×       ⁢     R   OUT       )             R     OUT   ×       ⁢     C   L     ⁢   S     +   1       ×       R   1         R     1   +       ⁢     R   2                   (     eq   .           ⁢   3     )               
in which g M     —     OTA , g M     —     MN1 , g M     —     MP1  represents the transconductance of operational transconductance amplifier  404 , NMOS transistor MN 1 , and PMOS transistor MP 1 , respectively, and R OUT  represents an output impedance at output V OUT .
 
     Direct-Supplying Mode 
     In operation during direct-supplying mode, power source voltage V POWER  is within an operating range of linear regulator  200 —e.g., power source voltage varies below 6 volts. In response, comparator  402  (of mode selection circuit  206 ) pulls control signal V COMP  (and V S ) to a high voltage level. Node  3  is pulled low through NMOS transistor MN 6 , and the biasing current flowing through NMOS transistors MN 4 , MN 5  and PMOS transistor MP 4  is cut off. Thus, biasing voltage V BIAS  is pulled up to substantially equal power source voltage V POWER  and PMOS transistor MP 2  is turned off. Also, the gate of PMOS transistor MP 3  is pulled low to fully turn on PMOS transistor MP 3 , which causes node  1  to be pulled up to be substantially equal to bias voltage V CLAMP . NMOS transistors MN 1 , MN 2  are fully on, while PMOS transistor MP 2  is off. As a result node  2 —i.e., control signal V P —is pulled to a low voltage level, and PMOS transistor MP 1  is fully activated to supply power source voltage V POWER  directly to load  202  without any voltage regulation. Middle stage circuitry  212  pulls node  4 —i.e., bias voltage V BIAS  high—to substantially shut off PMOS transistor MP 2 . Thus, no current flows through, e.g., middle stage circuitry  212  and sense circuitry  214 , which reduces power dissipation of linear regulator  200  during times that power source voltage V POWER  is substantially stable. In one implementation, the resistance value of resistor R 6  is small, and therefore cutting off current flowing through resistor R 6  reduces a large amount of power dissipation within linear regulator  200 . 
       FIG. 5  shows a graph  500  of output voltage V OUT  in response to a fluctuating power source voltage V POWER . As shown in  FIG. 5 , curve  502  rises linearly in an unregulated fashion until power source voltage V POWER  (and output voltage V OUT ) reaches 6 volts (a breakdown threshold for 5 volt CMOS transistors). At this voltage, linear regulator  200  begins to regulate output voltage V OUT  at substantially 5 volts as power source voltage V POWER  continues to rise.  FIG. 6  shows a graph  600  of a transient response waveform of linear regulator  200 . The transient response waveform represents a measure of how fast linear regulator  200  returns to steady-state conditions after a load change (e.g., a change in load current to load  202 ). 
     Linear regulator  200  can be used in a wide range of applications. For example, linear regulator  200  can be used with circuitry of a battery charger circuit  700 , as shown in  FIG. 7 . In particular, linear regulator  200  can be used to supply a substantially stable bias voltage to battery charger integrated circuit  702 , even though a power supply (not shown) (which supplies power to linear regulator  200 ) may have a fluctuating power source voltage. Battery charger circuit  700  can be used to charge electronic circuits and devices having re-chargeable batteries. For example, electronic devices can include cellular phones, MP3/MP4 players, digital cameras, and so on. In one implementation, when a re-chargeable battery is fully charged (e.g., by battery charger circuit  700 ), battery charger circuit  700  goes into a stand-by mode. While battery charger circuit  700  is in a stand-by mode, linear regulator  200  can directly supply the power source voltage received from the power supply (not shown) to battery charger circuit  700 , according to the direct-supplying mode described above. During this mode of operation, current is substantially shut off to voltage regulating circuitry within linear regulator  200 , which reduces power dissipation and heat generation within battery charger circuit  700 . 
     A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, steps of methods described above can be performed in a different order. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims.

Technology Category: 3