Patent Document

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates to cavity prevention in preforming plastic optical fiber, and more particularly, to a cavity-preventing type reactor and a method for fabricating a preform for a plastic optical fiber using the same.  
           [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0004]    Optical fibers used in the field of telecommunications are generally classified into a single-mode fiber and a multi-mode fiber in terms of the transmission mode of optical signal. Optical fibers currently used for long distance, high speed communications are mostly step-index, single-mode optical fibers based on quartz glass. These optical fibers have a diameter as small as 5 microns to 10 microns, and as a result, use of these glass optical fibers creates significant difficulties in terms of achieving proper alignment and connection. Accordingly, these glass optical fibers are associated with significant expenses relating to achieving proper alignment and connection.  
           [0005]    Multi-mode glass optical fibers have a diameter that is larger than that of single-mode optical fibers and may be used for short distance communications such as in local area networks (LANs). However, these multi-mode glass optical fibers, in addition to being fragile, also suffer from expensive costs relating to achieving proper alignment and connection and therefore are not widely used. Accordingly, these multi-mode glass optical fibers have been mainly used for short distance communication applications of up to 200 meters, such as in LANs, which normally use a metal cable, for example, a twisted pair or coaxial cable. Since the data transmission capacity or bandwidth of the metal cable may be as low as about 150 Mbps, it cannot satisfy standards for transmission capacity, such as a speed of 625 Mbps that is associated with modem asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) for data transmission.  
           [0006]    To overcome the foregoing, plastic optical fibers, which can be used in short distance communication applications, such as LANs, have been developed. The diameter of plastic optical fibers may be as large as 0.5 to 1.0 mm which is 100 or more times larger than that of glass optical fibers. Due to the flexibility of plastic optical fibers, proper alignment and connection are much easier to achieve with plastic optical fibers than with glass optical fibers. Moreover, since polymer-based connectors may be inexpensively produced using a compression molding, these connectors may be used for both alignment and connection, thereby further reducing costs.  
           [0007]    Plastic optical fibers may have a step-index (SI) structure, in which a refractive index changes stepwise in a radial direction, or a graded-index (GI) structure, in which a refractive index changes gradually in a radial direction. However, since plastic optical fibers having a SI structure are characterized by a high modal dispersion, the transmission capacity (or bandwidth) of a signal cannot be larger than that of cable. On the other hand, since plastic optical fibers having a GI structure are characterized by a low modal dispersion, it can have a large transmission capacity. Therefore, GI plastic optical fibers have become widely used as a communication medium for short distance, high-speed communications.  
           [0008]    Conventional methods for fabricating GI plastic optical fiber are mainly classified into two methods. A first method comprises a batch process, wherein a preliminary cylindrical molding product, namely, a preform in which a refractive index changes in a radial direction, is fabricated, and then the resultant preform is heated and drawn to fabricate GI plastic optical fiber. A second method comprises a continuous process wherein a plastic fiber is produced by an extrusion process, and then a low molecular material contained in the fiber is extracted to obtain GI plastic optical fiber. Alternatively, a low molecular material can be introduced to the fiber in a radial direction.  
           [0009]    The first method can be used successfully to fabricate a GI plastic optical fiber having a data transmission capacity of 2.5 Gbps, and the second method can be used successfully to fabricate a plastic optical fiber having a relatively large data transmission capacity.  
           [0010]    Another conventional method for fabricating GI preforms employs very high rotational speeds, e.g., about 20,000 rpm). This method uses the principle that if a mixture of monomers or polymer-dissolving monomers having different densities and refractive indexes is polymerized in a very strong centrifugal field over 10,000×d −0.5  rpm, where d is a diameter of a preform, a concentration gradient is generated on account of a density gradient, and thereby, a refractive index gradient is generated. While a high rotational speed is known in the art as being advantageous in producing a definite refractive index profile, even in a relatively weak centrifugal field, a concentration (or refractive index) gradient develops, if there is a density difference between the components of a mixture.  
           [0011]    A significant disadvantage of the aforementioned methods is a problem caused by volume shrinkage that occurs during (radical) chain polymerization, which is common in the fabrication of GI preform. For example, the extent of volume shrinkage from methylmethacrylate to poly(methylmethacrylate) is over 20%. Since volume shrinkage occurs when monomers are polymerized (to produce a polymer), a preform for a plastic optical fiber fabricated under the rotation of a reactor forms a central cavity in the shape of a tube. Thus, it is required to fill the cavity with additional monomer, prepolymer or polymer-dissolving monomers in order to fabricate a cavity-free preform.  
           [0012]    Accordingly, when a plastic optical fiber is fabricated using a cavity-filling type perform, the probability of developing a discontinuity of the refractive index profile increases in proportion to the size of a cavity. This discontinuity can lead to a significant scattering at the interface of the plastic optical fiber. Such scattering may reduce the data transmission capacity of the plastic optical fiber to such a degree that the optical fiber may not be useable at all.  
           [0013]    Furthermore, in the process of filling the cavity, the quality of the resultant preform may deteriorate due to contact with minute particles of dust, air and/or moisture. Thus, additional appliance and manufacturing expense may be required in order to prevent this contact and/or to compensate for this degradation.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0014]    A feature of the embodiments of the present invention is to provide a cavity-preventing type reactor, wherein it is not required to introduce an additional monomer.  
           [0015]    Another feature of the present invention is to provide a method for fabricating a preform for a plastic optical fiber, wherein the refractive index gradient in a radial direction is regulated by controlling the composition of a reactant in the form of a mixture of monomers, prepolymers or polymer-dissolving monomers used in filling the cavity-preventing type reactor and/or by controlling the rotation speed of the cavity-preventing type reactor according to the desired degree of polymerization of the reactant.  
           [0016]    According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a cavity-preventing type reactor, comprising an introduction part having a reactant inlet through which a reactant is introduced into the reactor, a reaction part; and at least one cavity-preventing structure, wherein the introduction part and the reaction part are adjacent and separated by a wall having a reactant flow path through which the introduction part is in communication with the reaction part, and the at least one cavity-preventing structure having at least one reactant flow path and disposed in the flow path of the reactant between the reaction part and the reactant inlet of the introduction part to allow the reactant to flow from the introduction part to the reaction part while preventing a cavity from extending into the reaction part during rotation of the reactor. The shape of the cavity-preventing structure may be cylindrical or plate-like. The reactor may be made of glass, quartz, ceramics or plastics. The radius of the reactor may be between approximately 1 and 10 cm and a length of the reactor may be 100 cm or less.  
           [0017]    According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for fabricating a preform for a plastic optical fiber using the cavity-preventing type reactor, comprising filling the reaction part and the introduction part of the reactor with a reactant; and polymerizing the reactant in the reaction part under the rotation of the reactor.  
           [0018]    The foregoing method for fabricating a preform may further include an additional step of charging and pressurizing any unoccupied space of the introduction part with inert gas after filling the reaction part of the introduction part of the reactor with a reactant. The foregoing method for fabricating a preform may further include pressurizing both an inner part and an outer part of the cavity-preventing type reactor during one or more of the processing steps. The foregoing method for fabricating a preform preferably may further include rotating the reactor at a constant or a varying speed. In the case of a varying speed, the varying speed may be characterized as having a simple repetition of rotating and stopping, a sinusoidal function or a function whose period, phase and/or amplitude may be varied.  
           [0019]    The reactant for the foregoing method for fabricating a preform may be a monomer mixture comprising at least two kinds of monomers having a different refractive index relative to each other, a polymerization initiator and a chain transfer agent. Further, the at least two kinds of monomers are preferably two monomers wherein one monomer has a higher refractive index and a lower density than the other monomer, and a mixture composing the two kinds of monomers, a polymerization initiator and a chain transfer agent are charged into the introduction part and the reaction part of the reactor. In one embodiment, the monomer mixture filling the introduction part preferably has a higher refractive index than that of a monomer filling the reaction part. In another embodiment, the monomer mixture may be prepared by swelling or dissolving crushed fragments of a polymer having a lower refractive index than that of the monomer mixture in the introduction part and filling the reaction part of the reactor with the resultant monomer mixture.  
           [0020]    In still another embodiment of the foregoing method for fabricating a preform for a plastic optical fiber according to the present invention, the filling of the reaction part of the reactor may be conducted by, after dissolving a prepolymer having a lower refractive index than that of the monomer mixture in the introduction part, filling the reaction part of the reactor with the resultant monomer mixture or by, after partially filling the reaction part with only a prepolymer, filling the remaining reaction part with a monomer mixture.  
           [0021]    The at least two kinds of monomers are preferably selected from the group consisting of methylmethacrylate, benzylmethacrylate, phenylmethacrylate, 1-methylcyclohexylmethacrylate, cyclohexylmethacrylate, chlorobenzylmethacrylate, 1-phenylethylmethacrylate, 1,2diphenylethylmethacrylate, diphenylmethylmethacrylate, furfurylmethacrylate, 1-phenylcyclohexylmethacrylate, pentachlorophenylmethacrylate, pentabromophenylmethacrylate, styrene, TFEMA(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate), PFPMA (2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylmethacrylate), HFIPMA(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropylmethacrylate) and HFBMA(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobuthylmethacrylate).  
           [0022]    Further, the aforementioned polymer may be a homopolymer of a monomer selected from the group consisting of methylmethacrylate, benzylmethacrylate, phenylmethacrylate, 1 -methylcyclohexylmethacrylate, cyclohexylmethacrylate, chlorobenzylmethacrylate, 1-phenylethylmethacrylate, 1,2-diphenylethylmethacrylate, diphenylmethylmethacrylate, furfurylmethacrylate, 1-phenylcyclohexylmethacrylate, pentachlorophenylmethacrylate, pentabromophenylmethacrylate, styrene, TFEMA(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate), PFPMA(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylmethacrylate), HFIPMA(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropylmethacrylate) and HFBMA (2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobuthylmethacrylate). Alternatively, the aforementioned polymer may be a copolymer, such as one selected from the group consisting of methylmethacrylate(MMA)-benzylmethacrylate(BMA) copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), MMA-TFEMA (2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate) copolymer, MMA-PFPMA (2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylmethacrylate) copolymer, MMA-HFIPMA (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropylmethacrylate) copolymer, MMA-HFBMA(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobuthylmethacrylate) copolymer, TFEMA-PFPMA copolymer, TFEMA-HFIPMA copolymer, styrene-methylmethacrylate copolymer and TFEMA-HFBMA copolymer.  
           [0023]    The aforementioned prepolymer is preferably made from one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of methylmethacrylate, benzylmethacrylate, phenylmethacrylate, 1-methylcyclohexylmethacrylate, cyclohexylmethacrylate, chlorobenzylmethacrylate, 1-phenylethylmethacrylate, 1,2-diphenylethylmetha-crylate, diphenylmethylmethacrylate, furfurylmethacrylate, 1-phenylcyclohexylmethacrylate, pentachlorophenylmethacrylate, pentabromophenylmethacrylate, styrene, TFEMA(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate), PFPMA(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylmethacrylate), HFIPMA(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropylmethacrylate) and HFBMA (2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobuthylmethacrylate). The prepolymer preferably has a viscosity from 500 to 500,000 cps at 25° C.  
           [0024]    In all the foregoing embodiments, the reactant of the reaction part may be polymerized using thermal polymerization or UV photopolymerization. Further, in any of the foregoing steps, the reactor may be rotated while set to an angle from −90 to 90 degrees relative to the horizontal surface.  
           [0025]    These and other features of the present invention will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the detailed description that follows.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0026]    [0026]FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of a cavity-preventing type reactor according to the present invention.  
         [0027]    FIGS.  2 A- 2 E illustrate a series of diagrams showing the process steps for fabricating a preform for a plastic optical fiber according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate cross-sectional views of another preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a reactor showing a cavity formed in a rotating reactor.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic view of an inclined reactor.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an apparatus used for pressurizing both an inner part and an outer part of a reactor.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a reaction apparatus where ultraviolet (UV) light is used for polymerization. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0033]    Priority Korean Patent Application No. 2001-43151, filed Jul. 18, 2001 and Priority Korean Applicaton No. 2001-78965, filed Dec. 13, 2001 are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference.  
         [0034]    The present invention will now be described in detail with respect to preferred embodiments as illustrated in the attached drawings.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of a cavity-preventing type reactor  8  according to the present invention.  
         [0036]    The reactor  8  is preferably cylindrical and is preferably divided into an introduction part  10  and a reaction part  20 . The introduction part  10  may be equipped with a reactant inlet  11  through which a reactant is fed into the whole reactor  8 . The reaction part  20  may be equipped with a flow path  21  through which a reactant flows from the introduction part  10  to the reaction part  20 . Between the introduction part  10  and the reaction part  20 , there are preferably provided a wall  32  and a cavity-preventing structure  30 . As a result, the wall  32  and the cavity preventing structure  30  prevent any cavity  34  that may have developed in the introduction part  10  from extending into the reaction part  20  when the reactor  8  is under rotation. The cavity-preventing structure  30  is equipped with flow paths  31  through which reactant flows from the introduction part  10  to the reaction part  20 .  
         [0037]    [0037]FIGS. 2 a - 2   e  illustrates a series of diagrams showing the preferred process steps for fabricating a preform for a plastic optical fiber using the preferred embodiment of the present invention depicted in the FIG. 1. When the reactor  8  is rotated, a cavity  34  develops in reactant  36  from the unoccupied space as shown in FIG. 2 b . As the rotational force (i.e. speed) is increased, cavity  34  extends (i.e. downward) to the top of cavity-preventing structure  30  as shown in exemplary FIG. 2 c . With further increase in the rotational force, cavity  34  becomes cylindrical as reactant  36  is forced to the sidewalls of the introduction part  10  as shown in FIG. 2 d . However, the cavity  34  does not extend to the reaction part  20  because of the cavity-preventing structure  30 .  
         [0038]    As the reactant  36  in the reaction part  20  is polymerized under the continuous rotation of the reactor  8 , volume shrinkage occurs. By introducing an additional volume of reactant—which is equal to the amount of the shrunken volume, the reactant  36  flows from the introduction part  10  to the reaction part  20  through flow paths  31  of cavity-preventing structure  30  as shown in FIG. 2 e . As can be seen in FIG. 2 e , the flow of reactant  36  is forced back to the center of reactor  8  as it enters into reaction part  20 . As a result, the cavity in the introduction part  10  become larger and no cavity is formed in the reaction part  20 . It is preferable to pressurize the reactant in the introduction part  10  with an inert gas in order to assist the reactant flow from the introduction part  10  flow into the reaction part  20 .  
         [0039]    A cavity-preventing type reactor according to the present invention is not limited to the reactor  8  depicted in FIG. 1. Any reactor may be used on the condition that a cavity that developed in an introduction part  10  doesn&#39;t extend into a reaction part  20  and that the reactant in the introduction part  10  flows into the reaction part  20 . For example, a diameter of a reaction part and a diameter of an introduction part may be the same as depicted in the FIG. 1 or may be different from each other. The shape of a cavity preventing structure may be cylindrical as depicted in FIG. 1 or may be plate-like. The number of cavity preventing structures may be one as depicted in FIG. 1 or may be 2 or more. An introduction part may exist above a reaction part as depicted in FIG. 1 or vice versa. It is also possible that a reaction part may lie along with the axis of rotation and is encircled with an introduction part.  
         [0040]    FIGS.  3 ( a ) and  3 ( b ) illustrate cross-sectional views of another preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3( a ) shows a reactor  8  equipped with two cavity-preventing structures  30  having the same structure as depicted in FIG. 1. FIG. 3( b ) shows a reactor  8  equipped with alternative exemplary plate-like cavity-preventing structures  38  or  32  between an introduction part  10  and a reaction part  20 . The structure may have several flow paths  31  on the peripheral part of the plate as shown in plate-like cavity-preventing structure  38  or have a single flow path  21  as shown in plate-like cavity-preventing structure  32 . The number and type of plate-like cavity-preventing structures may be any combination of the above or some other appropriate geometric arrangement.  
         [0041]    The aforementioned embodiments are presented to exemplify the cavity-preventing type reactor of the present invention only, and are not as intended to be limiting of the scope of the present invention.  
         [0042]    Hereinafter, a fabrication method of a preform for a plastic optical fiber, using a cavity-preventing type reactor  8  according to the present invention is disclosed in detail.  
         [0043]    In the present invention, a reactant  36  is fed into the reaction part  20  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8 , and then is polymerized during the rotation to provide a preform for a plastic optical fiber. At this time, refractive index distribution in a radial direction of a preform for a plastic optical fiber is regulated by controlling the composition of the reactant  36  introduced to the reaction part  10  and the introduction part  20 , the rotation speed of a reactor, etc.  
         [0044]    Preferred embodiments of fabrication methods of a preform for a plastic optical fiber, wherein the cavity-preventing type reactor is used, are explained hereinafter. In the following embodiments, when particular things items are not explicitly referenced, the words such as ‘reactant’ should be interpreted as monomer(s), prepolymer(s) or polymer-dissolving monomer(s) containing a thermal or photo initiator and a chain transfer agent, which are available in polymerization reaction.  
         [0045]    In a first preferred embodiment according to the present invention, the refractive index gradient of a reactant  36  filling a reaction part  20  may be made to be different from that of a reactant filling an introduction part  10  by regulating the ratios of compositions of monomers.  
         [0046]    In a first step, two kinds of reactants  36  having the different ratios of composition of monomers are preferably prepared using two or more kinds of monomers having different refractive indexes. Then, a reaction part  20  of a reactor  8  is preferably filled with a reactant  36  having a low refractive index, and an introduction part  10  of a reactor  8  is thereafter filled with a reactant  36  having a high refractive index. Finally, the reactant in the reaction part  20  is polymerized while the reactor  8  is rotated in at either a constant or variable speed.  
         [0047]    At this time, volume shrinkage occurs in the reaction part  20  as reaction progresses and simultaneously, the reactant  36  having a high refractive index flows from the introduction part  10  to the center of the reaction part  20 . Thus, the volume shrinkage is transferred to the introduction part  20  and the refractive index of the center of the reaction part becomes high. Because volume shrinkage occurs during the polymerization process, the reactant introduced to the center of the reaction part diffuses into polymer or oligomer in the reaction part  20  to provide the preform with continuous refractive index gradient. As a result, when polymerization is completed, a preform for a plastic optical fiber with a continuous refractive index gradient in a radial direction is provided.  
         [0048]    In a second preferred embodiment according to the present invention, a reaction part  20  and an introduction part  10  of a reactor  8  are filled with only one kind of reactant.  
         [0049]    In a first step, a monomer having a low refractive index and high density is preferably mixed with a monomer having a high refractive index and low density to provide a reactant The reactant is then fed into a reaction part  20  and an introduction part  10  of a cavity-preventing type reactor  8 . Thirdly, the reactant in the reaction part is thermally polymerized without rotation. When polymerization is performed to a certain degree, the reactor preferably begins rotating at a constant or variable speed until polymerization is completed. Finally, a preform for a plastic optical fiber with a continuous refractive index gradient in a radial direction is provided. Thus, even if the reaction part  20  and the introduction part  10  are filled with only one kind of reactant, a monomer having a low refractive index and high density may be diffused to the outer part of the reactor under the rotation of a reactor to provide a preform for a plastic optical fiber, with a refractive index distribution, wherein a refractive index corresponding to the central part of the perform is higher than that corresponding to the outer part of the perform.  
         [0050]    According to a third preferred embodiment of the present invention, prior to forming a core part, by filling partly the reaction part  20  with a reactant  36  and polymerizing the reactant  36  by rotating the reactor  8 , a clad part is preferably formed.  
         [0051]    In a first step, a reactant having a low refractive index is fed into reaction part  20  of a reactor  8  and is polymerized under the rotation at a constant speed to be formed as a clad part having desired thickness. Secondly, when the clad part is completely polymerized to be classified, the reaction part  20  and the introduction part  10  are respectively filled with different monomer mixtures distinguished from each other in mixing ratio of monomers as in the first preferred embodiment of the present invention or only a single monomer mixture in the same manner as in the second preferred embodiment of the present invention. Finally, the reactant is polymerized under the rotation in a constant or variable speed to provide a preform for a plastic optical fiber, with a continuous refractive index gradient in a radial direction.  
         [0052]    A fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention, features a first step, wherein crushed fragments of a polymer having a lower refractive index and higher density than those of a monomer mixture are preferably swelled or dissolved in the monomer mixture. In a second step, the reactant of the polymer-dissolving monomers is fed into a reaction part  20  and an introduction part  10  of a reactor  8 , and then is polymerized. When the reactant in the reaction part  20  is polymerized under the rotation of the reactor, the dissolved polymer having a higher density than that of the monomer mixture moves to the outer region of the reactor to form a clad part.  
         [0053]    This preferred embodiment of the present invention has the following advantages:  
         [0054]    a clad part may be formed by only one reactant introduction;  
         [0055]    relatively less heat is emitted during the polymerization process; and  
         [0056]    the volume shrinkage is significantly reduced, such that the fabrication process becomes more stable.  
         [0057]    In this preferred embodiment of the present invention, a reaction part and an introduction part are respectively filled with different monomer mixtures distinguished from each other in mixing ratio of monomers in the same manner as the first preferred embodiment of the present invention or with only one monomer mixture in the same manner as the second preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0058]    In a fifth preferred embodiment of the present invention, a monomer mixture and a prepolymer are used together as reactants.  
         [0059]    In a first step, the prepolymer, which has a lower refractive index and higher density than those of the monomer mixture, is prepared. Secondly, the prepolymer is mixed into the monomer mixture, and then is fed into reaction part  20  and introduction part  10 . Alternatively, a reaction part may be party filled with the prepolymer, and then the remainder of the whole reactor is filled with the monomer mixture. Thirdly, polymerization is carried out under the rotation of the reactor at a constant or variable speed to provide a preform for a plastic optical fiber with a continuous refractive index gradient in a radial direction. At this time, a composition ratio of the mixture filling the introduction part  10  may be controlled differently from that of the mixture filling the reaction part  20  as in the first preferred embodiment of the invention. The viscosity of a prepolymer is preferably 500 to 500,000 cps(at 25° C.), more preferably 1,000 to 10,000 cps(at 25° C.). If viscosity of a prepolymer is less than 500 cps, it is difficult to obtain effective prepolymer addition. If viscosity of a prepolymer is more than 500,000 cps, many bubbles may be formed in a preform and it may take a long time to introduce it to the reactor.  
         [0060]    The fifth preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein a prepolymer is used, has the following advantages, which are similar to those of the fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein a polymer is dissolved:  
         [0061]    a clad part can be formed using only one reactant introduction;  
         [0062]    relatively less heat is emitted during the polymerization process; and  
         [0063]    the volume shrinkage is significantly reduced, such that the fabrication process becomes more stable.  
         [0064]    In a sixth preferred embodiment of the present invention, a reactor is preferably rotated while set at an angle from −90 to 90 degrees relative to the horizontal surface (see FIG. 5) in order to eliminate the refractive index gradient in an axial direction of a perform, which is caused by gravity.  
         [0065]    [0065]FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional view showing a cavity  34  formed in a reactor  8  rotating about a vertical axis z. In a cavity-preventing type reactor, as the reactant  36  in a reaction part  20  is polymerized, its volume is shrunk to provide an imaginary meniscus. If this imaginary meniscus is taken into account, we can estimate the amount of the reactant  36  that flows from an introduction part  10  to a reaction part  20 . This estimation can also provide a standard for a refractive index distribution profile and uniformity of refractive index gradient in an axial direction of a preform.  
         [0066]    The meniscus of the cavity  34  of reactor  8  preferably satisfies the formula:  
               z   +     z   0       =       (       Ω   2       2      g       )          r   2               (   1   )                               
 
         [0067]    wherein Ω is a rotation speed (rad/s); g is a gravitational acceleration constant (about 9.8 m/s 2 ); and z 0  is a height(m) from the bottom of the imaginary meniscus to the real bottom of the reactor.  
         [0068]    If a 20% volume shrinkage occurs when the reaction part  20  of the reactor  8  is filled with a monomer mixture, Z 0  may be induced according to the formula:  
               z   0     =           Ω   2          R   2         10      g       -       L   ′     2               (   2   )                               
 
         [0069]    A radius r 1  at z=0 and a radius r 2  at z=L′ may be calculated using the formula:  
               r   1     =               2      g       Ω   2            z   0                         r   2       =           2      g       Ω   2            (       L   ′     +     z   0       )                   (   3   )                               
 
         [0070]    By using these radii r 1  and r 2  of the above formula 3, for example, the condition under which r 2 −r 1 &lt;0.01R is satisfied is calculated as the formula:  
                 Ω   2     &gt;     223.6          gL   ′       R   2           =     223.6            gL   ·   sin                   θ       R   2                 (   4   )                               
 
         [0071]    As seen in the above formula 4, not only raising the rotation speed (Ω) of the reactor, but also reducing the height L′ along to the gravitational direction, contributes to obtaining uniformity of a refractive index gradient in an axial direction. In order to reduce the height L′, a reactor can be inclined as depicted in the FIG. 5, wherein the smaller the angle θ, the smaller the height L′. When the angle θ is sufficiently small, uniformity of refractive index gradient in an axial direction can be obtained even with a small rotation speed.  
         [0072]    In all the preferred embodiments of the present invention, a cavity due to volume shrinkage generated by polymerization is formed only in an introduction part  10 . Thus, the volume of reactant  36  charged into the introduction part  10  must be regulated to secure the condition that when volume shrinkage is completed, the diameter of the bottom of the cavity  34  formed in the introduction part  10  must be less than that of the cavity preventing structure  30  in order to prevent the cavity  34  from extending into the reaction part  20 .  
         [0073]    Furthermore, it is preferable to pressurize the introduction part  10  of reactor  8  with inert gas such as argon. Such pressurization has the following advantages: reactant flow from the introduction part  10  to the reaction part  20  is aided, thus preventing a cavity  34  from forming in the reaction part  20  of a reactor  8 ; the polymerization reaction is made more stable; and the boiling temperature of monomer is raised. Thus, a reaction may be carried out at a higher temperature, allowing for shortened reaction time, and allowing for the reaction to be carried out without formation of bubbles due to vaporization of unreacted substances.  
         [0074]    At this time, if a cavity-preventing type reactor is made of fragile material such as glass, quartz, ceramics or plastics and so forth, it is difficult to pressurize inner part of the reactor more than 4 bar. However, if the outer part of the cavity-preventing type reactor is pressurized at the same time, the inner pressure of a reactor may be raised to 10 bars.  
         [0075]    [0075]FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an apparatus used for pressurizing both the inner part and the outer part of a cavity-preventing type reactor. The apparatus of FIG. 6 may be employed using the following procedure: firstly, a rotation reaction apparatus is preferably connected to an argon gas bomb through a quick connector  1  which is positioned in the upper part of the apparatus; secondly, a height-controllable lid  2  is raised; thirdly, argon gas is fed through a pressurization path  3  to an inner part of a cavity-preventing type reactor  5  and an inner part of the reaction apparatus  6 . In a fourth step, the lid  2  is lowered and an O-ring ( 4 ) is pressed to seal the reaction apparatus. Thus, inner and outer parts may be simultaneously pressurized.  
         [0076]    According to the present invention, in principle, a cavity  34  originating due to volume shrinkage in a reaction part  20  would not be formed. However, if a radical polymerization, wherein a monomer can be vaporized due to the heat generated during the radical polymerization, is carried out in a reaction part, the vaporized gas bubbles may gather together to form a cavity in the reaction part  20  under the rotation of a reactor  8 . As mentioned above, pressurizing the reaction part  20  prevents bubbles from collecting in the reaction part  20 , and thus a cavity-free preform may be fabricated. In all of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, polymerization in a reaction part may be carried out by using either heat or UV light.  
         [0077]    [0077]FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a reaction apparatus wherein UV light is used for polymerization. When UV light is used in polymerization, a photo initiator is preferably used instead of a thermal initiator to start the reaction.  
         [0078]    There are two significant advantages to using UV photopolymerization: 1) since there is no need to raise the temperature of a reactor, the vaporization of a monomer may be prevented thereby preventing formation of a cavity; and 2) since only the reaction part  20  is exposed to the UV light, there is no possibility that the reactant in the introduction part  10  may become classified and stop the flow of the reactant  36  to the reaction part  20 . Thus, the UV photopolymerization, provides a more stable fabrication process for creating cavity-free preforms for plastic optical fiber.  
         [0079]    In all of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, in order to obtain an improved refractive index profile, diverse changes may be given to rotation speed of the reactor  8 . For example, diverse changes in the rotation speed may be the simple repetition of rotating and stopping the reactor 8, according to a sinusoidal function or a function having a variable period, phase and/or amplitude.  
         [0080]    In general, the preferred radius of the preform is about 1 to 10 cm in order to make heat transfer for polymerization easy. The preferred length of the preform is 100 cm or less in order to achieve a proper thermal drawing.  
         [0081]    In the foregoing, two kinds of monomers having different refractive index used in the present invention are preferably selected from the group consisting of methylmethacrylate, benzylmethacrylate, phenylmethacrylate, 1-methylcyclohexylmethacrylate, cyclohexylmethacrylate, chlorobenzylmethacrylate, 1-phenylethylmethacrylate, 1,2-diphenylethylmethacrylate, diphenylmethylmethacrylate, furfurylmethacrylate, 1-phenylcyclohexylmetha-crylate, pentachlorophenylmethacrylate, pentabromophenylmetha-crylate, styrene, TFEMA(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate), PFPMA (2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylmethacrylate), HFIPMA(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropylmethacrylate) and HFBMA(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutylmethacrylate).  
         [0082]    Homopolymers or copolymers may be used as the polymers in the fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0083]    The homopolymer may be polymerized from a monomer such as methylmethacrylate, benzylmethacrylate, phenylmethacrylate, 1-methylcyclohexylmethacrylate, cyclohexylmethacrylate, chlorobenzylmethacrylate, 1-phenylethylmethacrylate, 1,2-diphenyl-ethylmethacrylate, diphenylmethylmethacrylate, furfurylmethacrylate, 1-phenylcyclohexylmethacrylate, pentachlorophenylmethacrylate, pentabromophenylmethacrylate, styrene, TFEMA (2,2,2-tri-fluoroethylmethacrylate), PFPMA (2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylmetha-crylate), HFIPMA(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropylmethacrylate) and HFBMA(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobuthylmethacrylate).  
         [0084]    The copolymer may include one or more selected form the group consisting of, for example, methylmethacrylate(MMA)-benzyl-methacrylate(BMA) copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer(SAN), MMA-TFEMA(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate) copolymer, MMA-PFPMA (2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylmethacrylate) copolymer, MMA-HFIPMA (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropylmethacrylate) copolymer, MMA-HFBMA (2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobuthylmethacrylate) copolymer, TFEMA-PFPMA copolymer, TFEMA-HFIPMA copolymer, styrene-methylmethacrylate(SM) copolymer and TFEMA-HFBMA copolymer.  
         [0085]    The prepolymer used in the fifth preferred embodiment of the present invention may be made from one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of methylmethacrylate, benzylmethacrylate, phenylmethacrylate, 1-methylcyclohexylmetha-crylate, cyclohexylmethacrylate, chlorobenzylmethacrylate, 1-pheny-lethylmethacrylate, 1,2-diphenylethylmethacrylate, diphenylmethylmethacrylate, furfurylmethacrylate, 1-phenylcyclohexylmethacrylate, pentachlorophenylmethacrylate, pentabromophenylmethacrylate, styrene, TFEMA(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate), PFPMA(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylmethacrylate), HFIPMA(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-isopropylmethacrylate), and HFBMA(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutylmethacrylate).  
         [0086]    The thermal initiator which is introduced for thermal polymerization may include, for example, 2,2′-azobis(iso-butyronitrile), 1,1′-azo-bis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile), 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(methyl-butyro-nitrile), acetyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, azo-tert-butane, azo-normal-butane and tert-butyl peracetate.  
         [0087]    The photo initiator that is introduced for photopoly-merization may include, for example, 4-(p-tolylthio)benzophenone, 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone and 2-methyl-4′-(methylthio)-2-morpholino-propiophenone, 1-hydroxyl-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone.  
         [0088]    The chain transfer agent that is introduced for regulating molecular weight may include, for example, n-butyl mercaptan, lauryl mercaptan and dodecyl mercaptan.  
         [0089]    A preform for a plastic optical fiber fabricated by the above process may be subjected to a thermal drawing to transform it to a graded index plastic optical fiber (GI-POF) having a desired diameter, or may be processed to a relatively thick strand to provide a refractive index-graded lens and an image guide for picture transmission.  
         [0090]    The present invention is now described in more detail using Examples and Comparative Examples. The Examples are intended to be only illustrative and, therefore, not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.  
       EXAMPLES  
       [0091]    The cavity-preventing type reactors used in the following examples are of the same shape as depicted in FIG. 1, wherein the diameter of reactor  8  is 40 mm, the height of the introduction part  10  of the reactor is 100 mm, the height of the reaction part  20  of reactor is 120 mm, and the total height of the cavity-preventing reactor, inducing 25 mm-high inlet, is 245 mm. At least 2 monomers were selected from the group consisting of styrene monomer(SM), methyl methacrylate(MMA) and trifluoroethyl methacrylate(TFEMA). As a thermal initiator, 2,2′-azobis isobutyronitrile(AIBN) was used in MMA-SM reaction and tert-butyl peroxybenzoate(t-BPOB) was used in MMA-TFEMA reaction. As a chain transfer agent, 1-butanethiol (1-BuSH) was used.  
         [0092]    In a UV photoreaction, as a photo initiator, 4,4′-bis (dimethylamino) benzophenone (DMABP) was used. The loss of light of a plastic optical fiber was measured by using a optical power meter using a light source having the wavelength of 660 nm after the perform was transformed into an optical fiber having a thickness of 1 mm.  
       Example 1  
       [0093]    A solution consisting of 150 g of the monomer mixture made of SM and MMA at a weight ratio of 20:80, 0.066% by weight of AIBN and 0.2% by weight of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant mixed solution was charged into the reaction part  20  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8  to the full. A solution consisting of 110 g of the monomer mixture made of SM and MMA at a weight ratio of 40:60, 0.066% by weight of AIBN and 0.2% by weight of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant mixed solution was charged into the introduction part  10  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8  up to a height of 85 mm. The unoccupied space of the introduction part  10  was charged with argon gas having the purity of 99.999% until the inner pressure reached 1 bar. After the reactor was closed with a lid, the reaction was performed at a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm at a temperature of 70° C. for 12 hours. Subsequently, the rotation of the reactor was paused for 5 minutes, followed by rotation in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm for 10 minutes. These procedures were repeated several dozens of times to obtain a cavity-free preform for a plastic optical fiber. The loss of light of the resultant fiber was measured at 300 dB/km.  
       Example 2  
       [0094]    A solution consisting of 260 g of the monomer mixture made of SM and MMA at a weight ratio of 30:70, 0.066% by weight of AIBN and 0.2% by weight of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant mixed solution was charged into the reaction part  20  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8  to the full. Simultaneously, the solution was charged into the introduction part  10  of the cavity-preventing type reactor up to a height of 85 mm. The unoccupied space of the introduction part  10  was charged with argon gas having the purity of 99.999% until the inner pressure reached 1 bar. After the reactor was closed with a lid, the reaction was performed in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm at a temperature of 70° C. for 12 hours. Subsequently, the rotation of the reactor was paused for 5 minutes, followed by rotation in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm for 10 minutes. These procedures were repeated several dozens of times to obtain a cavity-free preform for a plastic optical fiber. The loss of light of the resultant fiber was measured at 300 dB/km.  
       Example 3  
       [0095]    A solution consisting of 50 g of methylmethacrylate (MMA), 0.066% by weight of AIBN and 0.2% by weight of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant solution was charged into the reaction part  20  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8  up to a height of 40 mm. The unoccupied space of the reactor was charged with argon gas having the purity of 99.999% until the inner pressure reached 1 bar. After the reactor was closed with a lid, the reaction was performed in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm at a temperature of 70° C. for 12 hours to form a clad layer. Subsequently, a solution consisting of 110 g of the monomer mixture made of SM and MMA at a weight ratio of 20:80, 0.066% by weight of AIBN and 0.2% by weight of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant mixed solution was heated to a temperature of 70° C., and then was charged into the reaction part  20  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8 . Subsequently, a solution consisting of 110 g of the monomer mixture made of SM and MMA at a weight ratio of 40:60, 0.066% by weight of AIBN and 0.2% by weight of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant mixed solution was heated to a temperature of 70° C., and then was charged into the introduction part  10  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8  up to a height of 85 mm. The unoccupied space of the introduction part  10  was charged with argon gas having the purity of 99.999% until the inner pressure reached 1 bar. After the reactor was closed with a lid, the reaction was performed in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm at a temperature of 70° C. for 12 hours. Subsequently, the rotation of the reactor was paused for 5 minutes, followed by rotation in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm for 10 minutes. These procedures were repeated several dozens of times to obtain a cavity-free preform for a plastic optical fiber. The loss of light of the resultant fiber was measured at 260 dB/km.  
       Example 4  
       [0096]    A solution of 50 g of methylmethacrylate (MMA), 0.066% by weight of AIBN and 0.2% by weight of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant solution was reacted at a temperature of 70° C. for 24 hours to provide a polymer. Subsequently, the polymer was dissolved in a solution consisting of 110 g of the monomer mixture made of SM and MMA at a weight ratio of 20:80, 0.066% by weight of AIBN and 0.2% by weight of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant mixed solution. The polymer-dissolved solution was charged into the reaction part  20  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8 . Subsequently, A solution consisting of 110 g of the monomer mixture made of SM and MMA at a weight ratio of 40:60, 0.066% by weight of AIBN and 0.2% by weight of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant mixed solution was heated to a temperature of 70° C., and was charged into the introduction part  10  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8  up to a height of 85 mm. The unoccupied space of the introduction part was charged with argon gas having the purity of 99.999% until the inner pressure reached 1 bar. After the reactor was closed with a lid, the reaction was performed in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm at a temperature of 70° C. for 12 hours. Subsequently, the rotation of the reactor was paused for 5 minutes, followed by continuous rotation having a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm for 10 minutes. These procedures were repeated several dozens of times to obtain a cavity-free preform for a plastic optical fiber. The loss of light of the resultant fiber was measured at 250 dB/km.  
       Example 5  
       [0097]    50 g of methylmethacrylate (MMA), 0.066% by weight of AIBN and 0.2% by weight of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant solution were polymerized at a temperature of 70° C. for 4 hours to provide a prepolymer. The resultant prepolymer was introduced into the reaction part of the the cavity-preventing type reactor to a height of 40 mm. Subsequently, a solution consisting of 110 g of the monomer mixture made of SM and MMA at a weight ratio of 20:80, 0.066% by weight of AIBN and 0.2% by weight of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant mixed solution was charged into the remaining reaction part  20  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8  to the full. After that, a mixed solution consisting of 110 g of the monomer mixture made of SM and MMA at a weight ratio of 40:60, 0.066% by weight of AIBN and 0.2% by weight of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant mixed solution was charged into the introduction part  10  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8 . The unoccupied space of the introduction part  10  was charged with argon gas having the purity of 99.999% until the inner pressure reached 1 bar. After the reactor was closed with a lid, the reaction was performed in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm at a temperature of 70° C. for 9 hours. Subsequently, the rotation of the reactor was paused for 5 minutes, followed by continuous rotation in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm for 10 minutes. These procedures were repeated several dozens of times to obtain a cavity-free preform for a plastic optical fiber. The loss of light of the resultant fiber was measured at 230 dB/km.  
       Example 6  
       [0098]    A solution consisting of 260 g of the monomer mixture made of SM and MMA at a weight ratio of 30:70, 0.066% by weight of AIBN and 0.2% by weight of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant mixed solution was charged into the reaction part  20  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8  and simultaneously, was introduced into the introduction  10  part of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8  up to a height of 85 mm. The unoccupied space of the introduction part  10  was charged with argon gas having the purity of 99.999% until the inner pressure reached 1 bar. After the reactor was closed with a lid, the reactor was set to an angle of +15 degrees relative to the horizontal surface and then, was rotated in a rotation speed of 1,000 rpm at a temperature of 70° C. for 12 hours. Subsequently, the rotation of the reactor was paused for 5 minutes, followed by continuous rotation in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm for 10 minutes. These procedures were repeated several dozens of times to obtain a cavity-free preform for a plastic optical fiber. The loss of light of the resultant fiber was measured at 290 dB/km.  
       Example 7  
       [0099]    A solution consisting of 260 g of the monomer mixture made of SM and MMA at a weight ratio of 30:70, 0.066 wt % of DMABP and 0.2 wt % of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant solution was charged into the reaction part  20  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8  and simultaneously, into the introduction part  10  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8  up to a height of 85 mm. The unoccupied space of the introduction part  10  was charged with argon gas having the purity of 99.999% until the inner pressure reached 1 bar. After the reactor was closed with a lid, the reactor was rotated in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm at a temperature of 40° C. for 12 hours with being exposed to UV by use of the same UV radiation apparatus as depicted in FIG. 7. Subsequently, the rotation of the reactor was paused for 5 minutes, followed by continuous rotation in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm for 10 minutes. These procedures were repeated several dozens of times to obtain a cavity-free preform for a plastic optical fiber. The loss of light of the resultant fiber was measured at 300 dB/km.  
       Example 8  
       [0100]    A solution consisting of 170 g of the monomer mixture made of MMA and TFEMA at a weight ratio of 70:30, 0.066 wt % of t-BPOB and 0.25 wt % of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant solution was charged into the reaction part  20  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8 . After the reactor was closed with a lid, the reaction was carried out at a temperature of 70° C. for 12 hours without rotation. Additionally, the reaction was carried out in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm at a temperature of 70° C. for 12 hours to form a clad layer. Subsequently, a solution consisting of 150 g of the monomer mixture made of MMA and TFEMA at a weight ratio of 90:10, 0.066 wt % of t-BPOB and 0.25 wt % of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant solution was heated up to 70° C. and then charged into the reaction part  20  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8 . After that, a mixed solution consisting of 120 g of MMA, 0.066% by weight of t-BPOB and 0.2% by weight of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant solution was heated to a temperature of 70° C., and was charged into the introduction part  10  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8  up to a height of 85 mm. The unoccupied space of the introduction part  10  was charged with argon gas having the purity of 99.999% until the inner pressure reached 1 bar. The reactor was closed with a lid, the reaction was carried out in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm at a temperature of 70° C. for 12 hours. After that, the rotation of the reactor was paused for 5 minutes, followed by rotation in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm for 10 minutes. These procedures were repeated several dozens of times to obtain a cavity-free preform for a plastic optical fiber. The loss of light of the resultant fiber was measured at 150 dB/km.  
       Example 9  
       [0101]    A solution consisting of 150 g of the monomer mixture made of SM and MMA at a weight ratio of 10:90, 0.066 wt % of AIBN and 0.2 wt % of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant solution was charged into the reaction part  20  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8  to the full. Subsequently, a solution consisting of 110 g of the monomer mixture made of SM and MMA at a weight ratio of 20:80, 0.066 wt % of AIBN and 0.2 wt % of 1-BuSH, based to the weight of the resultant solution was charged into the introduction part  10  of the cavity-preventing type reactor  8  up to a height of 85 mm. The same rotation reaction apparatus as depicted in FIG. 6 was equipped with the cavity-preventing type reactor  8 , and then argon gas was led through a pressurization path ( 3 ) to an inner part of the the cavity-preventing type reactor ( 5 ) and an inner part of the reaction apparatus ( 6 ) and was simultaneously pressurized to 10 bar. After that, the lid ( 2 ) was lowered and an O-ring ( 4 ) was pressed. After the reaction was carried out in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm at a temperature of 110° C. for 4 hours, the temperature was lowered to 90° C. The rotation of the reactor was paused for 5 minutes, followed by rotation in a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm for 10 minutes at a temperature of 110° C. The procedures were repeated several dozens of times. After 8 hours, a cavity-free preform for a plastic optical fiber was obtained. The loss of light of the resultant fiber was measured at 250 dB/km.  
         [0102]    The reactivity of SM is so analogous to that of MMA that the preform made therefrom is an amorphous random copolymer. Even if the reactivity of TFEMA is lower to that of MMA, a transparent amorphous copolymer is made therefrom in all the aforementioned composition ratios.  
         [0103]    The present invention provides a new cavity-preventing type reactor and a method for fabricating a preform for a plastic optical fiber having a continuous refractive index gradient and thus no discontinuity of refractive index profile in a radial direction by using the same wherein it is needless to introduce reactants additionally.  
         [0104]    A preferred embodiment of the present invention has been disclosed herein and, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation. Accordingly, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.

Technology Category: 7