Patent Document

[0001]    This U.S. patent application claims the priority filing date of U.S. Provisional Application 61/675,786 filed on Aug. 13, 2012, and U.S. Provisional Application 61/799,471 filed on Mar. 15, 2013, having inventors in common herewith, both of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention in this U.S. patent application relates to the field of biomedical simulation devices, and more specifically, to a patient simulator manikin for training for abdominal palpation examination. 
         [0003]    While many different types of patient manikin training simulators are available in today&#39;s market, they are generally limited by having one or more static or single-function organs or body elements for simulating a single, specific subject condition for medical students, nurses and paramedics to train on. A patient manikin simulator called “SimMan”, which is commercially available from Laerdal Medical AS, Wappingers Falls, N.Y., enables a training host to simulate a specific abdominal ailment, but is unable to replicate other abdominal disorders, such as appendicitis, ectopic pregnancy, and cancer of the abdomen. Commercially marketed simulators currently available are purely static and require a manual change to reconfigure the abdomen contents to simulate a different disorder. For example, to simulate a distended bladder, the “healthy” bladder model would be removed from the torso and replaced with a “distended” version. To simulate a different condition or a dynamically changing condition, different abdominal organ models or body elements must be manually interchanged into the manikin abdominal cavity. 
         [0004]    In order for trainees to gain a wide range of experience training on a patient manikin simulator, it is deemed desirable to provide a patient manikin simulator that can simulate a wide range of different or dynamically changing medical conditions, without having to manually interchange abdominal organ models or body elements. 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
       [0005]    In accordance with the present invention, a dynamically-changeable abdominal simulator system comprises a patient manikin having an abdominal cavity covered by a sheet of synthetic skin, which contains an array of inflatable elements covering distinct areas of pressurization over the length and width of the abdominal cavity. The inflatable elements are separately and independently supplied with a pressurized medium so that they can be dynamically configured to simulate a wide range of abdominal ailments and/or conditional expressions thereof, thereby providing an effective simulator training tool for practicing abdominal palpation exams. The inflation system for pressurization of the array of inflatable elements employs an electronic control module with an on-board microprocessor. The electronic control module communicates with an external computer that provides a graphical user interface for the user to run software-programmed simulation routines in conjunction with the operation of the manikin. 
         [0006]    In a preferred embodiment, the array of inflatable elements is arranged as a grid of inflatable cells in a plurality of x rows and y columns defining distinct unit areas of pressurization. An inflation manifold employs x-y electronically controlled valves controlled by the electronic control module to inject pressurized medium into or discharge it from the inflatable cells. The electronic control module is embedded in the manikin with the inflation manifold for portability, and communicates with an external computer, laptop, or mobile device that provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for the user to run software-programmed simulation routines. The GUI interface is designed to allow a user to readily select from a wide range of abdominal ailments and to operate the inflation system under software control. This enables the array of inflatable elements to be dynamically configured in the manikin&#39;s abdominal cavity to mimic any selected ailment and/or conditional expressions thereof. For example, an abdominal ailment such as hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) can be simulated by inflating several cells in the liver&#39;s position of the grid-array with varying pressures to replicate the outline shape and feel of a hepatomegaly condition. 
         [0007]    In a particularly preferred embodiment, the synthetic skin covers the manikin torso from the chest down to the pubis. Underneath the skin layer are several synthetic bone structures that will emulate the ribcage and iliac crests and are fused to the manikin torso. Additionally, the abdominal cavity contains a grid of inflatables made of rigid material to retain their shape and spanning the entire abdominal cavity. The inflatables are fixated in position at the top and bottom faces. Attached to the bottom of the abdominal cavity is an inflatable grid support structure that mimics the contour of the abdominal cavity. Tubing for each inflatable runs through the grid-like support structure and attaches to each inflatable. The top of each inflatable is fused to a single membrane of low elastic modulous material that spans the abdominal cavity region. This membrane is attached to the underside of the manikin walls to keep the inflatables fixated in place. Inflation is accomplished using a manifold system capable of both hydraulic and pneumatic fluid flow connected to the inflatables via tubing. The manifold is engineered using moveable piston shafts and either hydraulic or pneumatic valves aligned in a row/column format where each piston shaft is individually controlled using an electronic actuator that is either a liner actuator, push/pull solenoid, air valve, or the like. The hydraulic or pneumatic valves are also electronic and individually controlled. Each piston shaft is aligned with a valve in a row/column orientation. When fluid flow is supplied from a valve and a piston is energized in one direction, a pressure differential induces inflation of each balloon attached to a port on the manifold that is opened. The flow of pressurized medium into and out of the manifold is accomplished using separate supply and exhaust channels in the manifold. These channels are separated using ring gaskets fitted onto the piston shaft. Movement of the piston allows for opening and closing of the fill and exhaust channels. 
         [0008]    Depending on the abdominal ailment(s) being simulated, varying degrees of rigidity (pressure supplied to each inflatable element) are implemented to create a given tactile sensation when palpated. Pressure sensor control circuits determine the amount of pressurized medium inflated into each inflatable element and transmits user feedback indicating which inflatables were palpated. All sensor and manifold actuator and valve control is accomplished using an embedded system composed of a printed circuit board (PCB) with a microcontroller. Both the inflation manifold and PCB control module are housed inside the manikin chest cavity for added portability. 
         [0009]    In addition to the tactile sensation for palpation examination that the simulator system provides, various sounds associated to the configured ailment may be emitted from the manikin using software-programmed control of audio segments to attached speakers. Patient monitoring data associated with a dynamically changing condition in a simulation routine may be displayed for the user on the GUI interface. Furthermore, the simulator system may include other video displays on or in tandem with the user interface console for related graphical images (X-rays, etc.) and/or related training videos associated with the ailment simulated on the manikin. 
         [0010]    The abdominal simulator system of the present invention enables realistic and dynamically changeable abdominal conditions to be simulated for training medical, nursing, and paramedic students to palpate and accurately diagnose a wide range of abdominal ailments and/or conditional expressions thereof. The associated user control interface enables an operator to dynamically simulate a comprehensive training environment, including changing conditions, associated sounds, medical images, and training videos for a wide range of abdominal ailments (e.g., appendicitis, hernia, enlarged spleen) in an instantaneous fashion. 
         [0011]    Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be explained in the following detailed description of the invention having reference to the appended drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0012]      FIG. 1  is an external perspective view of a preferred embodiment of a patient manikin for abdominal training simulations in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is an external perspective view of the manikin torso with synthetic skin removed and inflatable grid and synthetic bone tissue is revealed. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3A  shows a side view of the manikin torso without synthetic skin to reveal the inflatables grid, and  FIG. 3B  shows the inflatables grid support structure with inflatables removed. 
           [0015]      FIGS. 4A ,  4 B and  4 C show angled views of the construction of an inflatable membrane and single cell of the support structure separated and combined. 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  is an angled view of the inflatable support structure that is attached to the inside of the manikin abdominal cavity and is used keep the inflatable membranes in place. 
           [0017]      FIG. 6A  shows an angled view of the piston shaft and  FIG. 6B  shows the inflation manifold. 
           [0018]      FIG. 7A  shows an external perspective cross-cut view of the piston shaft and  FIG. 7B  shows the inflation manifold. 
           [0019]      FIG. 8  is an external perspective cross-cut view of the inflation manifold with piston shafts inserted and valves and actuators connected. 
           [0020]      FIG. 9  is an external perspective cross-cut view of the inflation manifold with the piston shafts inserted and one piston is energized to represent the fill position. 
           [0021]      FIG. 10  is an external perspective cross-cut view of the inflation manifold with the piston shafts inserted and each piston shaft is energized to represent the exhaust position. 
           [0022]      FIG. 11  is a generalized diagram of the components that make up the inflation control system. 
           [0023]      FIG. 12  is a functional block diagram showing the components of an example of the electronic control module. 
           [0024]      FIG. 13  is a logic diagram showing the flow control of the embedded system. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0025]    In the following detailed description of the invention, certain preferred embodiments are illustrated providing certain specific details of their implementation. However, it will be recognized by one skilled in the art that many other variations and modifications may be made given the disclosed principles of the invention. 
       REFERENCED PARTS AS NUMBERED IN THE DRAWINGS 
       [0000]    
       
         A 1  Manikin torso shell 
         A 2  Synthetic skin made from silicone compound 
         A 3  Fastening snaps for synthetic skin piece 
         A 4  Indented mounting rim for synthetic skin 
         A 5  Single membrane of low elastic modulus material fused to inflatables 
         A 6  Inflation manifold 
         A 7  Synthetic bone tissue for iliac crests 
         A 8  PCB for simulator control 
         A 9  synthetic bone tissue for ribcage 
         A 10  Single inflatable membrane cell made from rubber polymer 
         A 11  Inflatable grid 
         A 12  Tubing connecting the manifold, pressure sensor, and inflatable membrane together 
         A 13  Ported pressure sensor 
         A 14  Inflatable membrane support structure 
         A 15  Single cell of the inflatable support structure 
         A 16  Back of single cell of the inflatable support structure 
         A 17  Piston shaft 
         A 18  Cross-section view of piston shaft 
         A 19  Ring gasket 
         A 20  Cross-section view of ring gasket 
         A 21  Cylinder tube that houses the piston shaft 
         A 22  Cross-section view of A 21   
         A 23  Fill port; Cylinder tube connected to valve that allows or inhibits fluid flow 
         A 24  Cross-section view of A 23   
         A 25  Exhaust port; Cylinder tube used to exhaust inflatable membranes 
         A 26  Cross-section view of A 25   
         A 27  Port connecting inflatable tubing to the manifold 
         A 28  Areal cross-section of A 27   
         A 29  Threaded plug screwed into manifold used to stop fluid leakage 
         A 30  Electronic fluid valve (could be either pneumatic or hydraulic) 
         A 31  Electronic actuator (could be linear actuator, push/pull solenoid, air valve, or the like) 
         A 32  Connector type to attach tubing to manifold 
         B 1  Microcontroller 
         B 2  SPI level converter 
         B 3  Analog to digital converter 
         B 4  ADC connector 
         B 5  Input/Output expander 
         B 6  Input/Ouput expander connector 
         B 7  UART level converter 
         B 8  USB/Ethernet adapter 
         B 9  Bluetooth/WiFi converter 
       
     
         [0067]    In a simplified embodiment, the inflatable element is shaped like a balloon into which an inflation needle coupled to the end of the inflation tubing is inserted. The inlet to the balloon simply wraps around the inflation tubing end and is sealed using a tie fastener or small hose clamp. A manifold for distribution of a pressurized medium such as air or liquid couples the tubings from the inflatable elements to a source of pressurized medium, for example, a portable air compressor or tank of compressed air. The manifold may have an array of valve-control knobs that controls the supply of pressurized medium into the inflatable elements. Using a simulation control routine for a specific abdominal ailment, the operator can control inflation or deflation to each of the inflatable elements for a calculated amount of time, in order to configure the abdominal cavity for a desired ailment. 
         [0068]    In an alternative, more mechanically complex embodiment, the abdominal cavity contains a grid of rows and columns of inflatable elements made of semi-rigid material to retain a defined shape and spanning the entire abdominal cavity. Inflation is accomplished using an inflation manifold system connected to the inflatable elements via tubing. For a pressurized medium of compressed air, the manifold may have moveable ported slats aligned in row/column format where each slat is individually controlled using push/pull solenoids. An airbox is used in the manifold design to create a pressure differential to induce inflation of each element when a port to the element is opened. The flow of air into and out of the manifold is accomplished using a separate supply and exhaust valve solenoid. Depending on the abdominal ailment(s) being simulated, varying degrees of rigidity (or pressure in each element) are implemented to create a given tactile sensation when palpated. Pressure sensor control circuits determine the amount of air inflated into each element and transmits user feedback indicating which inflatables were palpated. 
         [0069]    A particularly preferred embodiment of the dynamically-changeable abdominal simulation system in accordance with the present invention will now be described. 
       Physical Layout 
       [0070]      FIG. 1  shows a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention in its fully assembled state. The manikin torso shell A 1  is presented with an attached synthetic skin covering A 2 . The synthetic skin covering is partially removed to reveal the synthetic bone tissue A 7 , inflatable membrane grid A 11 , and the fastening snaps A 3  used to attach the skin to the manikin torso. There are, however, many attachment methods that can be employed to keep the skin in place, such as polyethylene hard snaps, mushroom head DualLock Velcro™, hook and lock Velcro™, and the like. The synthetic skin covering the abdominal cavity of the manikin&#39;s torso may be a sheet of silicone underlined with thick foam, such as the synthetic skin sold by LifeLike BioTissues, of London, Ontario, Canada. The manikin torso is meant to be mobile and can be moved and placed on any flat surface. 
         [0071]      FIG. 2  shows a top view of the manikin A 1  with the synthetic skin piece removed and the inflatable cells A 10 , synthetic bone tissues A 7  and A 9  revealed. Additionally, the indented mounting rim A 4  and fastening snaps A 3  are revealed. The inflatable cells A 10  are aligned in a grid A 11  and held together by a single membrane of low elastic modulus material A 5  with the face of each A 10  inflatable fused onto the bottom of A 5 . 
         [0072]      FIG. 3A  shows a side view of the manikin torso with the synthetic skin removed and  FIG. 3B  shows it with the inflatable elements removed. In these views the sides of the synthetic bone tissues for the iliac crests A 7  and ribcage A 9  are shown.  FIG. 3A  shows the inflatable cells A 10  fused to a single membrane flap spanning the abdominal cavity. A portion of the membrane flap A 5  extends partially past the perimeter inflatables fused to it. This extra material of A 5  is used to attach A 5  to the underside of the abdominal cavity rim and the synthetic bone tissues to ensure the inflatable grid stays in place.  FIG. 3B  shows the inflatable membrane grid A 11  removed, revealing the underlying inflatable membrane support structure A 14 . A zoomed in view of a single cell of the inflatable support structure A 15  is also shown. 
         [0073]      FIG. 4  is an angled view of the components that make up the inflation structure. A 15  has a hole A 16  at its base that tubing A 12  connecting the inflatable membrane to the manifold is guided through. The inflatable membrane A 10  then seats inside of the cell structure A 15  and can be adhered to the cell in a number of way. Additionally, A 10  can be fused to the perimeter of the inflation support structure cell so that both A 10  and A 15  function as the inflatable membrane. The inflatable membranes A 10 , receive pressurized medium via tubing A 12  that will run from the base of the inflatable to the fitting A 32  of the manifold system. 
         [0074]      FIG. 5  shows each individual support cell A 15  is combined into a grid of cells to form the overall inflation support structure A 14 . The support structure A 14  is attached to the base of the manikin&#39;s abdominal cavity and the shape of the structure follows the contour of the manikin&#39;s abdomen. Since the manikin torso shell is open on the sides of the abdominal cavity, this allows for the inflatables to be positioned and palpated on the sides of the abdomen, which is what takes place during an abdominal examination. The mechanical and electrical components can be mounted in the upper region of the hollow manikin or under support structure A 14 . There are two main parts to this area: the printed circuit board A 8  and the manifold A 6 , all connected by wires. The PCB will contain the microcontroller and integrated circuits required to control the dynamics of the system. The manifold will contain the actuators, valves, piston shafts, and the grid assembly. 
       Mechanical Operation 
       [0075]      FIG. 11  is a side view of a block diagram presenting the functional components of the inflation control system. From the manifold A 6 , tubing A 12  is used to connect a ported pressure sensor A 13  and the inflatable membrane A 10  together. Using this connection method the pressure sensor A 13  is able to evaluate the pressure of the inflatable it is connected to without having to be located inside the inflatable A 10 . Pressurized medium flows into and out of the manifold A 6  (described in more detail in  FIG. 9  and  FIG. 10 ) and is moderated with electronic valves A 30 , which are controlled by the microcontroller A 8 . Valves A 30  control whether or not pressurized medium is flowing into the manifold as well as what channel it flows into. Electronic actuators A 31  control pressurized medium flow into the inflatable membranes by shifting in a direction that opens access to a specific port A 28 . Valves A 30  can either be pneumatic and connected to an air compressor as the air source for gaseous fluid, or they can be hydraulic valves connected to a hydraulic pump as a liquid source for liquid fluid. For pressurized medium to reach the inflatables, it must pass through valve A 30  and into a specific channel (formed by the seals from the ring gaskets A 20  on the piston shaft A 18 ). 
         [0076]    An example channel for pressurized medium flow can be seen in  FIG. 9  in the shaded region for clarity. In this figure pressurized medium is flowing from a source and through the valve A 30  that has been opened by electronic control via the software interface and PCB. The pressurized medium fills the channel (shaded area) established by the seals made from the ring gaskets A 20 . The top actuator A 31  has been energized and has shifted to the right making one of the ports A 28  (shaded) open. The pressurized medium flowing into the manifold creates a pressure differential between the channel and the inflatable membrane which causes pressurized medium to flow into the inflatable A 10 . Once the inflatable A 10  reaches a predefined pressure reading (configured by the software and sensed by the pressure sensor A 13 ), the PCB A 8 , energizes the actuator A 31  again to shift the piston shaft A 18  into a neutral state as shown in  FIG. 8 . This state does not allow any pressurized medium to flow out of the inflatable and therefore the pressure configured for is maintained. A display of the construction and operation of the manifold system is described with respect to  FIG. 6  to  FIG. 10 . 
         [0077]      FIG. 6A  shows a piston shaft for and  FIG. 6B  shows a manifold system with 6 inflatables. To increase the number of inflatables the manifold can control, a manifold can be fabricated with more intersecting tubes that will connect to valves and actuators. The manifold block A 6  is made from one piece of machined metal or hard plastic. There is a grid of intersecting tubes that are threaded at the edge in the portion of each tube that is of larger diameter. One end of each tube is sealed by a threaded plug A 29 . The threaded ports A 27  intersect with each of the cylinder tubes A 21  that houses the piston shafts A 28 . One set of intersecting tubes A 23  connect to valves that will pump pressurized medium into the manifold. Another set of tubes A 25  are used as the exhaust channel to empty fluid from the inflatables. The electronic actuators A 31  are physically connected to the piston shafts  17 B. To reduce the wear the piston shafts will experience over time due to friction and to keep the system sealed, well-lubricated ring gaskets A 19  are attached to machined grooves in the shaft A 17 .  FIG. 11  presents a side view of the inflation manifold with two inflatables and their corresponding pressure sensors attached. This view is meant to show how the manifold system will look when it is assembled. 
         [0078]      FIG. 7A  shows a cross-cut view of the piston shaft and  FIG. 7B  shows the inflation manifold. The channels for pressurized medium flow are shown without a piston inserted. 
         [0079]      FIG. 8  shows a cross-cut view of the inflation manifold with the piston shafts inserted into the neutral position (no pressurized medium flow into or out of the inflatables) and actuators and valves attached. One piston shaft is shaded for clarity. 
         [0080]      FIG. 9  shows a cross-cut view of the inflation manifold with the piston shafts inserted and one piston shaft is energized to represent the fill position. One valve is energized to allow pressurized medium to flow. The channel (separated by ring gaskets) that is filled with pressurized medium is shaded for clarity, and the port A 28  connecting the inflatable membrane that is being filled is shaded for clarity. 
         [0081]      FIG. 10  shows a cross-cut view of the inflation manifold with the piston shafts inserted and each piston shaft is energized to represent the exhaust position. No valves A 30  are energized to hinder pressurized medium flow into the manifold. The channels (separated by ring gaskets) that are being exhausted are shaded for clarity, and the ports A 28  connecting the inflatable membranes that are being exhausted are shaded for clarity. 
         [0082]    During a simulation run, the user selects a preset ailment or uses a custom setup via the GUI. The microcontroller then commands the specified actuators and valves to let pressurized medium flow through the manifold and into the proper inflatable membranes A 10 . The fluid flows into the inflatable until the pressure sensor A 13  tells the microcontroller that the proper pressure has been reached, at which time the piston shaft A 17  for that particular inflatable will close, leaving it inflated at a specific pressure. The system then successfully alternatives to each set of inflatables until the ailment is properly simulated. When the simulation is finished, the entire grid is opened (i.e., all actuators A 31  are energized), the valves A 30  are closed to stop pressurized medium flow into the manifold. This causes the pressure differential between the inflatable membranes A 10  and the exhaust channels to reverse, which deflates all inflatables. 
         [0083]    The system can be compared to a coordinate grid, where each inflatable is located at position (x,y), where x is the piston shaft A 17  corresponding to row x, and y is the valve fill channel A 23  corresponding to column y. Using this solution, any inflatable in the array can be sourced with fluid by actuating one valve A 30  and one actuator A 31 . This also reduces the amount of mechanical parts needed, which reduces the cost. 
       Software Control (Embedded System) 
       [0084]    As shown in an example depicted in  FIG. 12 , the functions of the printed circuit board A 8  are controlled by an on-board microcontroller B 1 . The microcontroller B 1  is directly connected to the external analog to digital converters (ADC) B 3 . Each ADC B 3  will have multiple analog inputs to reduce the number of required devices. The ADCs B 3  get analog signals from connector B 4 , which connects to pressure sensors A 13 . The input/output expanders B 5  are used for controlling the electronic actuators A 31  and valves A 30  digitally. The electronic actuators A 31  push and pull the piston shaft to dictate fluid flow to the inflatable membranes and the electronic valves A 30  control pressurized medium flow into the manifold A 6 . The array of B 5  chips are daisy-chained to reduce the number of connections. A 30  and A 31  are plugged into connector B 6  on the PCB. To provide a higher voltage digital signal, the I/O expanders use a higher voltage and are controlled by digital signals amplified through an SPI level converter B 2 . An external interface to control the board is provided through a UART level converter B 7  and USB or Ethernet adapter B 8 , or using a UART to Bluetooth or WiFi converter from the microcontroller B 1 . 
       Software Control (Device to Control PCB) 
       [0085]      FIG. 13  is a flow chart illustrating an example of the logic steps executed by the microcontroller for the embedded system. For a simulation run, the user can select a preset ailment or establish a custom setup via the GUI to initialize the UART, SPI, and I/O expanders of the microcontroller B 1 . The microcontroller B 1  commands the specified valves A 30  and actuators A 31  to let pressurized medium flow through the manifold and into the proper inflatable cells to their proper set points. Pressurized medium flows into the inflatable cells until the pressure sensor A 13  tells the microcontroller that the proper pressure has been reached, at which time the valves A 30  and actuators A 31  for that particular inflatable cell will close, leaving it inflated at a specific pressure. The system continues to set all the inflatable cells so that the selected ailment is properly simulated. When the simulation is finished, the entire grid is opened (i.e., all the actuators shift the pistons as in  FIG. 10 ). This causes the inflatables A 10  to deflate. 
         [0086]    TABLE 1 illustrates an example of a software routine in pseudocode that may be programmed for execution by the microcontroller for the embedded inflation system control. 
         [0087]    The user control GUI can operate on any associated computer, laptop and/or mobile device to control and monitor the abdominal simulator system. The GUI interface is designed to be intuitive for the first-time user and provide advanced features for more experienced users. A quick-start feature may use a dropdown menu to select an abdominal ailment and a start button to begin simulation. Additional features may allow experienced users to set inflatable parameters to customize their own medical condition simulations. Each inflatable having its own pressure sensor also enables the system to monitor and collect data on which inflatable areas were pressed during a palpation exam. This allows teachers and trainers to determine if the student demonstrated proper technique in their palpation examination, thereby providing an effective simulator training tool for students, teachers, and trainers. 
         [0088]    In addition to the tactile sensation for palpation examination that the simulator system provides, various sounds associated to the configured ailment may be emitted from the manikin using software-programmed control of audio segments to attached speakers. Patient monitoring data associated with a dynamically changing condition in a simulation routine may be displayed for the user on the GUI interface. Furthermore, the simulator system may include other video displays on or in tandem with the user interface console for related graphical images (X-rays, etc.) and/or related training videos associated with the ailment simulated on the manikin. 
         [0089]    Other embodiments for the array of inflatable elements, inflation manifold, and/or electronic control module may be designed consistent with the principles of the present invention disclosed herein. For example, instead of an x-y grid of inflatable cells, the array of inflatable elements may employ anatomically-correct and/or anatomically-simulated organ and tissue elements for emplacement in the manikin abdominal cavity. The inflation manifold may be formed as an array valve unit under microprocessor control, which is coupled to the tubings supplying pressurized medium to the inflatable elements. Instead of an embedded unit, the electronic control unit may be configured as an external component integrated with an external computer for the user interface, which communicates by wireless Bluetooth links to electronically-actuated valve actuators embedded with the inflation manifold for the inflatable elements. 
         [0090]    The array of inflatable elements may be designed for a wide range of simulated abdominal ailments, such as appendicitis, hernia, and enlarged spleen, as well as other disorders such as ectopic pregnancy, abdominal cancers, tumors, infections, and other ailments that may occur within the torso, both large and small. Other types of patient simulator systems for other areas of the body may be designed consistent with the principles of the present invention, such as for internal surgical training, for tactile cranial, vaginal, birth canal, rectal or intestinal examinations, etc., and/or for tactile examination of animal species, such as livestock. 
         [0091]    It is to be understood that many modifications and variations may be devised given the above description of the general principles of the invention. It is intended that all such modifications and variations be considered as within the spirit and scope of this invention, as defined in the following claims. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 initialize UART 
               
               
                   
                 initialize SPI 
               
               
                   
                 initialize IO Expanders 
               
               
                   
                 do forever 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 update mode 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 check UART receiver buffer 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 update setpoint array 
               
               
                   
                 end update mode 
               
               
                   
                 inflation mode 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 for all i 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                  update setpoint[i] 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                  update sensor[i] 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 while(sensor[i] != setpoint[i]) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 if sensor[i] &lt; setpoint[i] 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 inflate balloon[i] 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                  else if sensor[i] &gt; setpoint[i] 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 deflate balloon[i] 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 update sensor[i] 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                  end while 
               
               
                   
                 end for 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 end inflation mode 
               
               
                   
                 monitor mode 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 for each sensor 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                  update each ADC 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 convert ADC to pressure 
               
               
                   
                  transmit sensor 
               
               
                   
                 end for 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 end monitor mode 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 end do forever

Technology Category: 3