Patent Document

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention relates to a technique for miniaturizing semiconductor integrated circuits. The invention disclosed in this specification includes in its scope an element formed using a compound semiconductor, in addition to that formed using a silicon semiconductor, as a component of a semiconductor integrated circuit, and discloses an element formed using a wide-gap semiconductor as an example. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0004]    As semiconductor memory devices, dynamic RAMs (DRAMs) are well-known products and currently used in a variety of electronic devices. A memory cell which is a key component in a DRAM includes a read and write transistor and a capacitor. 
         [0005]    Circuit patterns for DRAMs, like those for other semiconductor integrated circuits, have been miniaturized in accordance with the scaling law, and there was a time when it was considered difficult to achieve a design rule of 100 nm or less. One of the reasons is that in a transistor having a channel length of 100 nm or less, a punch-through current is likely to flow due to a short-channel effect and the transistor becomes incapable of functioning as a switching element, which has been considered to be a problem. In order to prevent a punch-through current, a silicon substrate may be doped with an impurity at high concentration. However, this is not an appropriate solution to the problem because it makes a junction leakage current likely to flow between a source and the substrate or between a drain and the substrate and eventually causes a deterioration of memory retention characteristics. 
         [0006]    Against such a problem, a method has been considered for reducing the area occupied by one memory cell and also maintaining an effective channel length so as not to cause a short-channel effect by forming a three-dimensional transistor in the memory cell. One example is a structure in which a U-shaped vertically long groove is formed in a region where a channel portion of a transistor is formed, a gate insulating film is formed along a wall surface in the groove, and a gate electrode is formed so as to fill the groove (see Reference 1). 
         [0007]    A transistor having a channel portion of such a structure has a long effective channel length because a current flows between a source region and a drain region via an indirect route across the groove portion. This provides an advantageous effect of reducing the area occupied by a transistor in a memory cell and suppressing a short-channel effect. 
       REFERENCE 
       [0000]    
       
         [Reference 1] Kinam Kim, “Technology for sub-50 nm DRAM and NAND Flash Manufacturing”, International Electron Devices Meeting 2005, IEDM Technical Digest, December 2005, pp. 333-336 
       
     
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    However, a conventional DRAM needs to be refreshed at an interval of several tens of milliseconds to hold data, which results in large power consumption. In addition, a transistor therein is frequently turned on and off; thus, deterioration of the transistor is also a problem. These problems become significant as the memory capacity increases and transistor miniaturization advances. 
         [0010]    Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide a technique that can improve data retention characteristics of a semiconductor memory device. Another object is to provide a technique that can reduce power consumption as well as improving data retention characteristics of a semiconductor memory device. 
         [0011]    In order to achieve any of the above objects, a circuit, specifically a semiconductor memory device, is formed using a transistor including a wide-gap semiconductor, particularly an insulated gate transistor including a wide-gap semiconductor. 
         [0012]    With the use of the transistor including a wide-gap semiconductor, the interval between refresh operations can be longer than that for a conventional DRAM, and power consumption can be reduced. In addition, the number of times a transistor is turned on and off per unit time can be reduced, and therefore, the lifetime of the transistor can be made longer than that in a conventional DRAM. 
         [0013]    Even in a transistor including a wide-gap semiconductor layer, a short-channel effect might be caused with the advancement of transistor miniaturization. In view of this, a novel transistor structure including a wide-gap semiconductor layer is proposed. 
         [0014]    One embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device which includes a first trench and a second trench in an insulating layer, a wide-gap semiconductor layer in contact with a bottom surface and an inner wall surface of the first trench, a gate insulating layer over the wide-gap semiconductor layer, a gate electrode over the gate insulating layer, and an insulating layer filling the second trench, in which the gate insulating layer is over a bottom surface and an inner wall surface of the second trench, and the gate electrode fills the first trench. The first trench is a trench for the gate electrode, and the second trench is a trench for element isolation. Note that an upper surface shape of the first trench is a stripe shape or a rod-like shape, and an upper surface shape of the second trench is a lattice shape, a stripe shape, or a rod-like shape. 
         [0015]    In the above structure, the semiconductor device may further include a source electrode or a drain electrode in contact with the wide-gap semiconductor layer. 
         [0016]    Examples of the wide-gap semiconductor are oxide semiconductors having a band gap larger than 1.1 eV which is the band gap of silicon (such as an In—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor (3.15 eV), an indium tin zinc oxide semiconductor (2.6 eV to 2.8 eV or more), indium oxide (about 3.0 eV), indium tin oxide (about 3.0 eV), indium gallium oxide (about 3.3 eV), indium zinc oxide (about 2.7 eV), tin oxide (about 3.3 eV), and zinc oxide (about 3.37 eV)), GaN (about 3.4 eV), and the like. 
         [0017]    The cross-sectional shape of the wide-gap semiconductor layer in the channel-length direction is a shape curved along the cross-sectional shape of the first trench, that is, a U shape. With this structure, as the first trench becomes deeper, the channel length of a transistor increases. 
         [0018]    In the transistor having a trench structure disclosed in this specification, the occurrence of a short-channel effect can be suppressed by appropriately setting the depth of the first trench even when the distance between the source electrode and the drain electrode is decreased. 
         [0019]    Improvement of data retention characteristics of a semiconductor memory device can be achieved. A reduction of power consumption as well as improvement of data retention characteristics of a semiconductor memory device can be achieved. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0020]      FIGS. 1A to 1C  are cross-sectional views and a top view of one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0021]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  are a cross-sectional view and a circuit diagram of one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0022]      FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0023]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  are a circuit diagram and a conceptual diagram of a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0024]      FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0025]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  are a cross-sectional view of a structure used for calculation and results of the calculation. 
           [0026]      FIGS. 7A and 7B  are a cross-sectional view of a structure used for calculation and results of the calculation. 
           [0027]      FIGS. 8A and 8B  are a cross-sectional view of a structure used for calculation and results of the calculation. 
           [0028]      FIGS. 9A and 9B  are circuit diagrams of one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0029]      FIG. 10  is a block diagram of a portable device of one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0030]      FIG. 11  is a block diagram of a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0031]      FIG. 12  is a block diagram of an electronic book of one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0032]      FIGS. 13A to 13E  illustrate structures of oxide materials according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0033]      FIGS. 14A to 14C  illustrate a structure of an oxide material according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0034]      FIGS. 15A to 15C  illustrate a structure of an oxide material according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0035]    Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to drawings. Note that the present invention is not limited to the description below, and it is easily understood by those skilled in the art that modes and details of the present invention can be modified in various ways. In addition, the present invention should not be construed as being limited to the description in the embodiments given below. 
       Embodiment 1 
       [0036]    In this embodiment, a structure of a transistor and a method for manufacturing the transistor according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to  FIGS. 1A to 1C .  FIG. 1A  is an example of a cross-sectional view of a transistor  162  in a channel-length direction.  FIG. 1B  is an example of a cross-sectional view of an element isolation region  165  between the transistor  162  and a transistor  163 .  FIG. 1C  is an example of a top view of the transistor  162  and the transistor  163 . Note that  FIG. 1B  is part of a cross-sectional view of the transistor  162  in a channel-width direction, and corresponds to a cross-sectional view taken along a dotted line D 1 -D 2  in  FIG. 1C .  FIG. 1A  corresponds to a cross-sectional view taken along a dotted line A 1 -A 2  in  FIG. 1C . 
         [0037]    First, an insulating layer  130  is formed with an oxide film over a semiconductor substrate. Then, a plurality of trenches (also referred to as grooves) is formed in the insulating layer  130 . Then, a wide-gap semiconductor layer  144  is formed so as to cover the trenches. The trenches can be formed using a known technique; in this embodiment, trenches having a depth of approximately 0.4 μm are formed. In addition, the trenches for gate electrodes are formed in a single etching step or through a plurality of etching steps. 
         [0038]    As the semiconductor substrate, an SOI substrate, a semiconductor substrate provided with a driver circuit including a transistor with a MOSFET structure, a semiconductor substrate provided with a capacitor, or the like is used. 
         [0039]    The insulating layer  130  can be formed using a silicon oxide film, a gallium oxide film, an aluminum oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, an aluminum oxynitride film, or a silicon nitride oxide film. 
         [0040]    The wide-gap semiconductor layer  144  can have a thickness of 1 nm to 100 nm and can be formed by a sputtering method, a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method, a CVD method, a pulse laser deposition method, an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method, a coating method, a printing method, or the like as appropriate. The wide-gap semiconductor layer  144  may be formed using a sputtering apparatus which performs film formation with surfaces of a plurality of substrates set substantially perpendicular to a surface of a sputtering target, which is so called a columnar plasma (CP) sputtering system. 
         [0041]    As a material of the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144 , an oxide semiconductor having a wider band gap than at least silicon, gallium nitride, gallium oxynitride, or gallium zinc oxynitride is used. As the oxide semiconductor having a wider band gap than silicon, at least indium (In) or zinc (Zn) is preferably contained. In particular, In and Zn are preferably contained. As a stabilizer for reducing changes in electrical characteristics of a transistor including the oxide semiconductor, gallium (Ga) is preferably additionally contained. Tin (Sn) is preferably contained as a stabilizer. Hafnium (Hf) is preferably contained as a stabilizer. Aluminum (Al) is preferably contained as a stabilizer. 
         [0042]    As another stabilizer, one or more lanthanoids selected from lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and lutetium (Lu) may be contained. 
         [0043]    As the oxide semiconductor, for example, an indium oxide, a tin oxide, a zinc oxide, a two-component metal oxide such as an In—Zn-based oxide, a Sn—Zn-based oxide, an Al—Zn-based oxide, a Zn—Mg-based oxide, a Sn—Mg-based oxide, an In—Mg-based oxide, or an In—Ga-based oxide, a three-component metal oxide such as an In—Ga—Zn-based oxide (also referred to as IGZO), an In—Al—Zn-based oxide, an In—Sn—Zn-based oxide, a Sn—Ga—Zn-based oxide, an Al—Ga—Zn-based oxide, a Sn—Al—Zn-based oxide, an In—Hf—Zn-based oxide, an In—La—Zn-based oxide, an In—Ce—Zn-based oxide, an In—Pr—Zn-based oxide, an In—Nd—Zn-based oxide, an In—Sm—Zn-based oxide, an In—Eu—Zn-based oxide, an In—Gd—Zn-based oxide, an In—Tb—Zn-based oxide, an In—Dy—Zn-based oxide, an In—Ho—Zn-based oxide, an In—Er—Zn-based oxide, an In—Tm—Zn-based oxide, an In—Yb—Zn-based oxide, or an In—Lu—Zn-based oxide, a four-component metal oxide such as an In—Sn—Ga—Zn-based oxide, an In—Hf—Ga—Zn-based oxide, an In—Al—Ga—Zn-based oxide, an In—Sn—Al—Zn-based oxide, an In—Sn—Hf—Zn-based oxide, or an In—Hf—Al—Zn-based oxide can be used. 
         [0044]    Note that here, for example, an “In—Ga—Zn-based oxide” means an oxide containing In, Ga, and Zn as its main components and there is no limitation on the ratio of In:Ga:Zn. Further, a metal element in addition to In, Ga, and Zn may be contained. 
         [0045]    Alternatively, a material represented by InMO 3 (ZnO) m  (m&gt;0, where m is not an integer) may be used as the oxide semiconductor. Note that M represents one or more metal elements selected from Ga, Fe, Mn, and Co. Alternatively, a material represented by In 3 SnO 5 (ZnO) n  (n&gt;0, where n is an integer) may be used as the oxide semiconductor. 
         [0046]    For example, an In—Ga—Zn-based oxide with an atomic ratio of In:Ga:Zn=1:1:1 (=1/3:1/3:1/3) or In:Ga:Zn=2:2:1 (=2/5:2/5:1/5), or an oxide with an atomic ratio close to the above atomic ratios can be used. Alternatively, an In—Sn—Zn-based oxide with an atomic ratio of In:Sn:Zn=1:1:1 (=1/3:1/3:1/3), In:Sn:Zn=2:1:3 (=1/3:1/6:1/2), or In:Sn:Zn=2:1:5 (=1/4:1/8:5/8), or an oxide with an atomic ratio close to the above atomic ratios may be used. 
         [0047]    Further, an In—Sn—Zn-based oxide can be referred to as ITZO (registered trademark), and as a target, an oxide target having a composition ratio of In:Sn:Zn=1:2:2, 2:1:3, 1:1:1, 20:45:35, or the like in an atomic ratio is used. 
         [0048]    However, the composition is not limited to those described above, and a material having an appropriate composition may be used in accordance with necessary semiconductor characteristics (such as mobility, threshold voltage, and variation). In order to obtain necessary semiconductor characteristics, it is preferable that the carrier density, the impurity concentration, the defect density, the atomic ratio of a metal element to oxygen, the interatomic distance, the density, and the like be set as appropriate. 
         [0049]    For example, with the In—Sn—Zn-based oxide, a high mobility can be relatively easily obtained. However, the mobility can be increased by reducing the defect density in the bulk also in the case of using the In—Ga—Zn-based oxide. 
         [0050]    Note that for example, the expression “the composition of an oxide including In, Ga, and Zn at the atomic ratio, In:Ga:Zn=a:b:c (a+b+c=1), is in the neighborhood of the composition of an oxide including In, Ga, and Zn at the atomic ratio, In:Ga:Zn=A:B:C (A+B+C=1)” means that a, b, and c satisfy the following relation: (a−A) 2 +(b−B) 2 +(c−C) 2 ≦r 2 , and r may be 0.05, for example. The same applies to other oxides. 
         [0051]    The oxide semiconductor may be either single crystal or non-single-crystal. In the latter case, the oxide semiconductor may be either amorphous or polycrystalline. Further, the oxide semiconductor may have either an amorphous structure including a crystalline portion or a non-amorphous structure. 
         [0052]    An amorphous oxide semiconductor can have a flat surface with relative ease; therefore, when a transistor is manufactured with the use of the oxide semiconductor, interface scattering can be reduced, and relatively high mobility can be obtained with relative ease. 
         [0053]    In this embodiment, an oxide including a crystal with c-axis alignment, which has a triangular or hexagonal atomic arrangement when seen from the direction of an a-b plane, a surface, or an interface, will be described. In the crystal, metal atoms are arranged in a layered manner, or metal atoms and oxygen atoms are arranged in a layered manner along the c-axis, and the direction of the a-axis or the b-axis is varied in the a-b plane (the crystal rotates around the c-axis). Such a crystal is also referred to as a c-axis aligned crystal (CAAC). 
         [0054]    An oxide including CAAC means, in a broad sense, a non-single-crystal oxide including a phase which has a triangular, hexagonal, regular triangular, or regular hexagonal atomic arrangement when seen from the direction perpendicular to the a-b plane and in which metal atoms are arranged in a layered manner or metal atoms and oxygen atoms are arranged in a layered manner when seen from the direction perpendicular to the c-axis direction. 
         [0055]    The CAAC is not a single crystal, but this does not mean that the CAAC is composed of only an amorphous component. Although the CAAC includes a crystallized portion (crystalline portion), a boundary between one crystalline portion and another crystalline portion is not clear in some cases. 
         [0056]    In the case where oxygen is included in the CAAC, nitrogen may be substituted for part of oxygen included in the CAAC. The c-axes of individual crystalline portions included in the CAAC may be aligned in one direction (e.g., a direction perpendicular to a surface of a substrate over which the CAAC is formed or a surface of the CAAC). Alternatively, the normals of the a-b planes of the individual crystalline portions included in the CAAC may be aligned in one direction (e.g., a direction perpendicular to a surface of a substrate over which the CAAC is formed or a surface of the CAAC). 
         [0057]    The CAAC becomes a conductor, a semiconductor, or an insulator depending on its composition or the like. The CAAC transmits or does not transmit visible light depending on its composition or the like. 
         [0058]    As an example of such a CAAC, there is a crystal which is formed into a film shape and has a triangular or hexagonal atomic arrangement when observed from the direction perpendicular to a surface of the film or a surface of a supporting substrate, and in which metal atoms are arranged in a layered manner or metal atoms and oxygen atoms (or nitrogen atoms) are arranged in a layered manner when a cross section of the film is observed. 
         [0059]    An example of a crystal structure of the CAAC will be described in detail with reference to  FIGS. 13A to 13E ,  FIGS. 14A to 14C , and  FIGS. 15A to 15C . In  FIGS. 13A to 13E ,  FIGS. 14A to 14C , and  FIGS. 15A to 15C , the vertical direction corresponds to the c-axis direction and a plane perpendicular to the c-axis direction corresponds to the a-b plane, unless otherwise specified. When the expressions “an upper half” and “a lower half” are simply used, they refer to an upper half above the a-b plane and a lower half below the a-b plane (an upper half and a lower half with respect to the a-b plane). Furthermore, in  FIGS. 13A to 13E , O surrounded by a circle represents tetracoordinate O and O surrounded by a double circle represents tricoordinate O. 
         [0060]      FIG. 13A  illustrates a structure including one hexacoordinate In atom and six tetracoordinate oxygen (hereinafter referred to as tetracoordinate O) atoms proximate to the In atom. Here, a structure including one metal atom and oxygen atoms proximate thereto is referred to as a small group. The structure in  FIG. 13A  is actually an octahedral structure, but is illustrated as a planar structure for simplicity. Note that three tetracoordinate O atoms exist in each of an upper half and a lower half in  FIG. 13A . In the small group illustrated in  FIG. 13A , electric charge is 0. 
         [0061]      FIG. 13B  illustrates a structure including one pentacoordinate Ga atom, three tricoordinate oxygen (hereinafter referred to as tricoordinate O) atoms proximate to the Ga atom, and two tetracoordinate O atoms proximate to the Ga atom. All the tricoordinate O atoms exist on the a-b plane. One tetracoordinate O atom exists in each of an upper half and a lower half in  FIG. 13B . An In atom can also have the structure illustrated in  FIG. 13B  because an In atom can have five ligands. In the small group illustrated in  FIG. 13B , electric charge is 0. 
         [0062]      FIG. 13C  illustrates a structure including one tetracoordinate Zn atom and four tetracoordinate O atoms proximate to the Zn atom. In  FIG. 13C , one tetracoordinate O atom exists in an upper half and three tetracoordinate O atoms exist in a lower half. Alternatively, three tetracoordinate O atoms may exist in the upper half and one tetracoordinate O atom may exist in the lower half in  FIG. 13C . In the small group illustrated in  FIG. 13C , electric charge is 0. 
         [0063]      FIG. 13D  illustrates a structure including one hexacoordinate Sn atom and six tetracoordinate O atoms proximate to the Sn atom. In  FIG. 13D , three tetracoordinate O atoms exist in each of an upper half and a lower half. In the small group illustrated in  FIG. 13D , electric charge is +1. 
         [0064]      FIG. 13E  illustrates a small group including two Zn atoms. In  FIG. 13E , one tetracoordinate O atom exists in each of an upper half and a lower half. In the small group illustrated in  FIG. 13E , electric charge is −1. 
         [0065]    Here, a plurality of small groups forms a medium group, and a plurality of medium groups forms a large group (also referred to as a unit cell). 
         [0066]    Now, a rule of bonding between the small groups will be described. The three O atoms in the upper half with respect to the hexacoordinate In atom in  FIG. 13A  each have three proximate In atoms in the downward direction, and the three O atoms in the lower half each have three proximate In atoms in the upward direction. The one O atom in the upper half with respect to the pentacoordinate Ga atom in  FIG. 13B  has one proximate Ga atom in the downward direction, and the one O atom in the lower half has one proximate Ga atom in the upward direction. The one O atom in the upper half with respect to the tetracoordinate Zn atom in  FIG. 13C  has one proximate Zn atom in the downward direction, and the three O atoms in the lower half each have three proximate Zn atoms in the upward direction. In this manner, the number of the tetracoordinate O atoms above the metal atom is equal to the number of the metal atoms proximate to and below each of the tetracoordinate O atoms. Similarly, the number of the tetracoordinate O atoms below the metal atom is equal to the number of the metal atoms proximate to and above each of the tetracoordinate O atoms. Since the coordination number of the tetracoordinate O atom is 4, the sum of the number of the metal atoms proximate to and below the O atom and the number of the metal atoms proximate to and above the O atom is 4. Accordingly, when the sum of the number of tetracoordinate O atoms above a metal atom and the number of tetracoordinate O atoms below another metal atom is 4, the two kinds of small groups including the metal atoms can be bonded. For example, in the case where the hexacoordinate metal (In or Sn) atom is bonded through three tetracoordinate O atoms in the lower half, it is bonded to the pentacoordinate metal (Ga or In) atom or the tetracoordinate metal (Zn) atom. 
         [0067]    A metal atom whose coordination number is 4, 5, or 6 is bonded to another metal atom through a tetracoordinate O atom in the c-axis direction. In addition to the above, a medium group can be formed in a different manner by combining a plurality of small groups so that the total electric charge of the layered structure is 0. 
         [0068]      FIG. 14A  illustrates a model of a medium group included in a layered structure of an In—Sn—Zn—O-based material.  FIG. 14B  illustrates a large group including three medium groups. Note that  FIG. 14C  illustrates an atomic arrangement in the case where the layered structure in  FIG. 14B  is observed from the c-axis direction. 
         [0069]    In  FIG. 14A , a tricoordinate O atom is omitted for simplicity, and a tetracoordinate O atom is illustrated by a circle; the number in the circle shows the number of tetracoordinate O atoms. For example, three tetracoordinate O atoms existing in each of an upper half and a lower half with respect to a Sn atom are denoted by circled  3 . Similarly, in  FIG. 14A , one tetracoordinate O atom existing in each of an upper half and a lower half with respect to an In atom is denoted by circled  1 .  FIG. 14A  also illustrates a Zn atom proximate to one tetracoordinate O atom in a lower half and three tetracoordinate O atoms in an upper half, and a Zn atom proximate to one tetracoordinate O atom in an upper half and three tetracoordinate O atoms in a lower half. 
         [0070]    In the medium group included in the layered structure of the In—Sn—Zn—O-based material in  FIG. 14A , in the order starting from the top, a Sn atom proximate to three tetracoordinate O atoms in each of an upper half and a lower half is bonded to an In atom proximate to one tetracoordinate O atom in each of an upper half and a lower half, the In atom is bonded to a Zn atom proximate to three tetracoordinate O atoms in an upper half, the Zn atom is bonded to an In atom proximate to three tetracoordinate O atoms in each of an upper half and a lower half through one tetracoordinate O atom in a lower half with respect to the Zn atom, the In atom is bonded to a small group that includes two Zn atoms and is proximate to one tetracoordinate O atom in an upper half, and the small group is bonded to a Sn atom proximate to three tetracoordinate O atoms in each of an upper half and a lower half through one tetracoordinate O atom in a lower half with respect to the small group. A plurality of such medium groups is bonded, so that a large group is formed. 
         [0071]    Here, electric charge for one bond of a tricoordinate O atom and electric charge for one bond of a tetracoordinate O atom can be assumed to be −0.667 and −0.5, respectively. For example, electric charge of a (hexacoordinate or pentacoordinate) In atom, electric charge of a (tetracoordinate) Zn atom, and electric charge of a (pentacoordinate or hexacoordinate) Sn atom are +3, +2, and +4, respectively. Accordingly, electric charge in a small group including a Sn atom is +1. Therefore, electric charge of −1, which cancels +1, is needed to form a layered structure including a Sn atom. As a structure having electric charge of −1, the small group including two Zn atoms as illustrated in  FIG. 13E  can be given. For example, with one small group including two Zn atoms, electric charge of one small group including a Sn atom can be cancelled, so that the total electric charge of the layered structure can be 0. 
         [0072]    When the large group illustrated in  FIG. 14B  is repeated, an In—Sn—Zn—O-based crystal (In 2 SnZn 3 O 8 ) can be obtained. Note that a layered structure of the obtained In—Sn—Zn—O-based crystal can be expressed as a composition formula, In 2 SnZn 2 O 7 (ZnO) m  (m is 0 or a natural number). 
         [0073]    The above-described rule also applies to the following oxides: a four-component metal oxide such as an In—Sn—Ga—Zn-based oxide; a three-component metal oxide such as an In—Ga—Zn-based oxide (also referred to as IGZO), an In—Al—Zn-based oxide, a Sn—Ga—Zn-based oxide, an Al—Ga—Zn-based oxide, a Sn—Al—Zn-based oxide, an In—Hf—Zn-based oxide, an In—La—Zn-based oxide, an In—Ce—Zn-based oxide, an In—Pr—Zn-based oxide, an In—Nd—Zn-based oxide, an In—Sm—Zn-based oxide, an In—Eu—Zn-based oxide, an In—Gd—Zn-based oxide, an In—Tb—Zn-based oxide, an In—Dy—Zn-based oxide, an In—Ho—Zn-based oxide, an In—Er—Zn-based oxide, an In—Tm—Zn-based oxide, an In—Yb—Zn-based oxide, or an In—Lu—Zn-based oxide; a two-component metal oxide such as an In—Zn-based oxide, a Sn—Zn-based oxide, an Al—Zn-based oxide, a Zn—Mg-based oxide, a Sn—Mg-based oxide, an In—Mg-based oxide, or an In—Ga-based oxide; and the like. 
         [0074]    As an example,  FIG. 15A  illustrates a model of a medium group included in a layered structure of an In—Ga—Zn—O-based material. 
         [0075]    In the medium group included in the layered structure of the In—Ga—Zn—O-based material in  FIG. 15A , in the order starting from the top, an In atom proximate to three tetracoordinate O atoms in each of an upper half and a lower half is bonded to a Zn atom proximate to one tetracoordinate O atom in an upper half, the Zn atom is bonded to a Ga atom proximate to one tetracoordinate O atom in each of an upper half and a lower half through three tetracoordinate O atoms in a lower half with respect to the Zn atom, and the Ga atom is bonded to an In atom proximate to three tetracoordinate O atoms in each of an upper half and a lower half through one tetracoordinate O atom in a lower half with respect to the Ga atom. A plurality of such medium groups is bonded, so that a large group is formed. 
         [0076]      FIG. 15B  illustrates a large group including three medium groups. Note that  FIG. 15C  illustrates an atomic arrangement in the case where the layered structure in  FIG. 15B  is observed from the c-axis direction. 
         [0077]    Here, since electric charge of a (hexacoordinate or pentacoordinate) In atom, electric charge of a (tetracoordinate) Zn atom, and electric charge of a (pentacoordinate) Ga atom are +3, +2, and +3, respectively, electric charge of a small group including any of an In atom, a Zn atom, and a Ga atom is 0. As a result, the total electric charge of a medium group having a combination of such small groups is always 0. 
         [0078]    In order to form the layered structure of the In—Ga—Zn—O-based material, a large group can be formed using not only the medium group illustrated in  FIG. 15A  but also a medium group in which the arrangement of the In atom, the Ga atom, and the Zn atom is different from that in  FIG. 15A . 
         [0079]    Next, electrodes  142   a  and  142   b  each of which functions as a source electrode or a drain electrode are formed in contact with the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144 . The electrodes  142   a  and  142   b  can be formed using a metal material such as molybdenum, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, aluminum, copper, chromium, neodymium, or scandium or an alloy material which contains any of these materials as its main component. 
         [0080]    In the case where GaN is used for the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144 , titanium or the like is used as a material of the electrodes  142   a  and  142   b  each functioning as a source electrode or a drain electrode, and aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) is used for a buffer layer for forming a two-dimensional electron gas between the electrodes  142   a  and  142   b  and the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144 . 
         [0081]    In addition, insulating layers  143   a  and  143   b  are formed in order to protect the electrodes  142   a  and  142   b . Next, planarization treatment is performed using chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) or the like. In this planarization treatment, the insulating layers  143   a  and  143   b  function as buffer layers for preventing the electrodes  142   a  and  142   b  from being removed. 
         [0082]    Next, trenches for element isolation in the channel-length direction and trenches for element isolation in the channel-width direction are formed. These trenches for element isolation may have a continuous upper surface pattern shape or separate upper surface pattern shapes. In this embodiment, division of the wide-gap semiconductor layer is achieved by formation of the trenches; thus, these trenches have a continuous upper surface pattern shape (a lattice shape) in  FIG. 1C . During the formation of the trenches for element isolation in the channel-width direction, division into the electrode  142   a  and the electrode  142   b  can also be achieved. Note that the timing of formation of the trenches for element isolation is not particularly limited. In addition, the depth of the trenches for element isolation is not limited to a depth at which the horizontal position of the bottoms thereof is the same as that of the bottoms of the trenches for the gate electrodes, as long as sufficient element isolation can be achieved. Element isolation can be ensured by setting the horizontal position of the bottoms of the trenches for element isolation to be deeper than that of the bottoms of the trenches for the gate electrodes. 
         [0083]    Then, a gate insulating layer  146  is formed so as to cover part of the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144 , the electrodes  142   a  and  142   b  each functioning as a source electrode or a drain electrode, and the insulating layers  143   a  and  143   b . The gate insulating layer  146  is also formed on the inner walls and bottoms of the trenches for element isolation in the channel-length direction and the inner walls and bottoms of the trenches for element isolation in the channel-width direction. 
         [0084]    The gate insulating layer  146  can have a thickness of 1 nm to 100 nm and can be formed by a sputtering method, an MBE method, a CVD method, a pulse laser deposition method, an ALD method, a coating method, a printing method, or the like as appropriate. The gate insulating layer  146  may be formed using a sputtering apparatus which performs film formation with surfaces of a plurality of substrates set substantially perpendicular to a surface of a sputtering target, which is so called a columnar plasma (CP) sputtering system. 
         [0085]    The gate insulating layer  146  can be formed using a silicon oxide film, a gallium oxide film, an aluminum oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, an aluminum oxynitride film, or a silicon nitride oxide film. Further, the gate insulating layer  146  is preferably formed in consideration of the size of a transistor to be formed and the step coverage with the gate insulating layer  146 . In this embodiment, a silicon oxide film of SiO 2+α  (α&gt;0) is used as the gate insulating layer  146 . By using the silicon oxide film as the gate insulating layer  146 , oxygen can be supplied to the In—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor and favorable characteristics can be obtained. 
         [0086]    When the gate insulating layer  146  is formed using a high-k material such as hafnium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium silicate (HfSi x O y  (x&gt;0, y&gt;0)), hafnium silicate to which nitrogen is added (HfSi x O y N z  (x&gt;0, y&gt;0, z&gt;0)), or hafnium aluminate (HfAl x O y  (x&gt;0, y&gt;0)), gate leakage current can be reduced. Further, the gate insulating layer  146  may have a single-layer structure or a stacked structure. 
         [0087]    Then, a gate electrode  148   a  is formed over the gate insulating layer  146  so as to fill the trench for the gate electrode. The gate electrode  148   a  can be formed using a metal material such as molybdenum, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, aluminum, copper, chromium, neodymium, or scandium or an alloy material which contains any of these materials as its main component. The gate electrode  148   a  may have a single-layer structure or a stacked structure. 
         [0088]    As one layer of the gate electrode  148   a  which is in contact with the gate insulating layer  146 , a metal oxide containing nitrogen, specifically, an In—Ga—Zn—O film containing nitrogen, an In—Sn—O film containing nitrogen, an In—Ga—O film containing nitrogen, an In—Zn—O film containing nitrogen, a Sn—O film containing nitrogen, an In—O film containing nitrogen, or a metal nitride (InN, SnN, or the like) film is used. These films each have a work function of 5 eV or higher, preferably 5.5 eV or higher, which enables the threshold voltage of the transistor to be positive when used as the gate electrode. Accordingly, a so-called normally off switching element can be provided. 
         [0089]    When the gate electrode  148   a  is formed in the trench for the gate electrode, the transistor  162  with a trench structure is formed. 
         [0090]    Then, an insulating layer  149  is formed so as to cover the gate electrode  148   a  and a gate electrode  148   b . As the insulating layer  149 , an insulating film providing favorable step coverage is preferably used. The insulating layer  149  can be formed using a silicon oxide film, a gallium oxide film, an aluminum oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, an aluminum oxynitride film, or a silicon nitride oxide film. In this embodiment, an aluminum oxide film is used as the insulating layer  149 . In  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the gate insulating layer  146  is formed in contact with a side surface of the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144 , and furthermore, the insulating layer  149  is formed. Accordingly, in this embodiment, a silicon oxide film of SiO 2+α  (α&gt;0) covers a side surface of the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144  and an aluminum oxide film covers the silicon oxide film, thereby blocking oxygen so as not to be diffused from the silicon oxide film and pass through the insulating layer  149 . 
         [0091]    After the insulating layer  149  is formed, an insulating layer  150  for filling the trenches for element isolation is formed by a CVD method or the like. By filling the trenches for element isolation with the insulating layer  150 , element isolation regions  161  and  165  are formed. Note that when the gate insulating layer  146  and the insulating layer  149  are stacked in the trenches for element isolation before the insulating layer  150  is formed, regions to be filled with the insulating layer  150  can be smaller and can be smoothly filled with the insulating layer  150 . After that, planarization treatment is performed using CMP or the like, whereby the structure illustrated in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  can be obtained. 
         [0092]    As illustrated in  FIG. 1B , a space between the gate electrode  148   a  of the transistor  162  and the gate electrode  148   b  of the transistor  163  adjacent thereto is also filled with the insulating layer  150 , which makes it possible to prevent a short-circuit between the gate electrodes. Furthermore, as illustrated in  FIG. 1A , a space between the electrode which functions as a source electrode or a drain electrode of the transistor  162  and an electrode which functions as a source electrode or a drain electrode of a transistor adjacent thereto in the channel-length direction is also filled with the insulating layer  150 , which makes it possible to prevent a short-circuit between these electrodes. 
         [0093]    In this embodiment, the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144  is formed in contact with the inner wall of the trench of 0.4 μm; thus, the channel length is approximately 0.8 μm or more. In the case where an In—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor is used as the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144 , a transistor with a channel length of 0.8 μm or more can be a normally off transistor, and the occurrence of short-channel effect can be prevented. In addition, by employing the trench structure, a reduction in the planar area of a transistor can be achieved, so that higher integration can be achieved. 
       Embodiment 2 
       [0094]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  illustrate an example of a semiconductor device which includes the transistor  162  illustrated in  FIGS. 1A to 1C , which can hold stored data even when not powered, and which has an unlimited number of write cycles. 
         [0095]    Since the off-state current of the transistor  162  is small, stored data can be held for a long time owing to such a transistor. In other words, the frequency of refresh operation can be extremely lowered, which leads to a sufficient reduction in power consumption. 
         [0096]      FIG. 2A  illustrates an example of a cross section of the semiconductor device. 
         [0097]    The semiconductor device illustrated in  FIG. 2A  includes a transistor  160  including a first semiconductor material in a lower portion, and a transistor  162  including a second semiconductor material in an upper portion. The transistor  162  is the same as that in Embodiment 1; thus, for description of  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the same reference numerals are used for the same parts as those in  FIG. 1A . 
         [0098]    Here, the first semiconductor material and the second semiconductor material are preferably materials having different band gaps. For example, the first semiconductor material can be a semiconductor material (such as silicon) other than an oxide semiconductor, and the second semiconductor material can be an oxide semiconductor. A transistor including a material other than an oxide semiconductor can operate at high speed easily. On the other hand, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor can hold electric charge for a long time owing to its characteristics. 
         [0099]    Although both of the above transistors are n-channel transistors in the following description, it is needless to say that p-channel transistors can be used. The technical nature of the disclosed invention is to use a wide-gap semiconductor in the transistor  162  so that data can be held. Therefore, it is not necessary to limit a specific structure of the semiconductor device, such as a material of the semiconductor device or a structure of the semiconductor device, to the structure described here. 
         [0100]    The transistor  160  in  FIG. 2A  includes a channel formation region  116  provided in a substrate  100  including a semiconductor material (such as silicon), impurity regions  120  provided such that the channel formation region  116  is sandwiched therebetween, metal compound regions  124  provided in contact with the impurity regions  120 , a gate insulating layer  108  provided over the channel formation region  116 , and a gate electrode  110  provided over the gate insulating layer  108 . 
         [0101]    An electrode  126  is connected to part of the metal compound region  124  of the transistor  160 . Here, the electrode  126  functions as a source electrode or a drain electrode of the transistor  160 . Further, an element isolation insulating layer is formed on the substrate  100  so as to surround the transistor  160 , and an insulating layer  130  is formed so as to cover the transistor  160 . Note that for higher integration, it is preferable that, as in  FIG. 2A , the transistor  160  does not have a sidewall insulating layer. On the other hand, when the characteristics of the transistor  160  have priority, the sidewall insulating layer may be formed on a side surface of the gate electrode  110  and the impurity regions  120  may include a region having a different impurity concentration. 
         [0102]    As illustrated in  FIG. 2A , the transistor  162  includes the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144  and has a trench structure. 
         [0103]    Here, the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144  is preferably a purified wide-gap semiconductor layer. By using a purified wide-gap semiconductor, the transistor  162  which has extremely favorable electrical characteristics can be obtained. 
         [0104]    Note that for the transistor  162  in  FIG. 2A , an element isolation region  161  is provided in order to suppress leakage between elements due to miniaturization. Furthermore, the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144  which is processed in an island shape and smaller than a region surrounded by the element isolation region  161  is used; however, as described in Embodiment 1, a structure in which the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144  is not processed into an island shape until trenches for element isolation are formed may be employed. When the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144  is not processed into an island shape, the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144  can be prevented from being contaminated by etching during processing. It is needless to say that the number of steps can be reduced in the case where the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144  is not processed into an island shape. In the case of using the wide-gap semiconductor layer  144  which is processed in an island shape and smaller than the region surrounded by the element isolation region  161 , there is no need to divide the wide-gap semiconductor layer by formation of trenches for element isolation, and thus, the horizontal position of the bottoms of the trenches for element isolation can be shallower than that of the bottoms of trenches for gate electrodes, or the total area of the trenches for element isolation can be reduced. 
         [0105]    An insulating layer  151  is provided over the transistor  162 , and an electrode  153  which is electrically connected to the gate electrode  148   a  is provided over the insulating layer  151 . In addition, an insulating layer  152  is provided over the electrode  153 . An electrode  154  is provided in an opening formed in the gate insulating layer  146 , the insulating layer  150 , the insulating layer  151 , the insulating layer  152 , and the like, and a wiring  156  which is connected to the electrode  154  is formed over the insulating layer  152 . Note that although the metal compound region  124 , the electrode  142   b , and the wiring  156  are connected to one another through the electrode  126  and the electrode  154  in  FIG. 2A , the disclosed invention is not limited thereto. For example, the electrode  142   b  may be in direct contact with the metal compound region  124 . Alternatively, the wiring  156  may be in direct contact with the electrode  142   b.    
         [0106]    Next, an example of a circuit configuration corresponding to  FIG. 2A  is illustrated in  FIG. 2B . 
         [0107]    In  FIG. 2B , a first wiring (1st Line) is electrically connected to a source electrode of the transistor  160 . A second wiring (2nd Line) is electrically connected to a drain electrode of the transistor  160 . A third wiring (3rd Line) is electrically connected to one of a source and a drain electrodes of the transistor  162 , and a fourth wiring (4th Line) is electrically connected to a gate electrode of the transistor  162 . A gate electrode of the transistor  160  and the other of the source and drain electrodes of the transistor  162  are electrically connected to one electrode of a capacitor  164 . A fifth wiring (5th Line) is electrically connected to the other electrode of the capacitor  164 . 
         [0108]    The capacitor  164  can be formed with a pair of electrodes and an insulating layer interposed therebetween and serving as a dielectric, through the same process as the process for manufacturing the transistor  160  and the transistor  162 . Note that the present invention is not limited to formation of the capacitor  164  through the same process as the process for manufacturing the transistor  160  and the transistor  162 , and layers of the capacitor  164  may be separately provided above the transistor  162 . For example, a trench-type capacitor or a stack-type capacitor may be separately formed above the transistor  162  or below the transistor  160  so as to be three-dimensionally stacked, whereby the degree of integration may be increased. 
         [0109]    The semiconductor device in  FIG. 2B  utilizes a characteristic in which the potential of the gate electrode of the transistor  160  can be held, and thus enables data writing, holding, and reading as follows. 
         [0110]    Writing and holding of data will be described. First, the potential of the fourth wiring is set to a potential at which the transistor  162  is turned on, so that the transistor  162  is turned on. Accordingly, the potential of the third wiring is supplied to the gate electrode of the transistor  160  and to the capacitor  164 . That is, predetermined charge is supplied to the gate electrode of the transistor  160  (writing). Here, one of two kinds of charges providing different potentials (hereinafter referred to as a low-level charge and a high-level charge) is applied. After that, the potential of the fourth wiring is set to a potential at which the transistor  162  is turned off, so that the transistor  162  is turned off. Thus, the charge supplied to the gate electrode of the transistor  160  is held (holding). 
         [0111]    In addition, a back gate electrode may be provided, and it is preferable that the transistor  162  be surely a normally off transistor by application of the voltage to the back gate electrode. 
         [0112]    This embodiment can be freely combined with Embodiment 1. 
       Embodiment 3 
       [0113]    In this embodiment, a semiconductor device which includes the transistor  162  illustrated in  FIGS. 1A to 1C , which can hold stored data even when not powered, which has an unlimited number of write cycles, and which has a structure different from the structure described in Embodiment 2 will be described with reference to  FIG. 3 . 
         [0114]    The semiconductor device illustrated in  FIG. 3  includes a transistor  350  including a first semiconductor material in a lower portion, and a transistor  162  including a second semiconductor material in an upper portion. Although a plurality of transistors is formed using semiconductor materials in the upper and lower portions, the transistor  350  and the transistor  162  will be typically described. Note that  FIG. 3  which is taken along line B 1 -B 2  corresponds to a cross-sectional view perpendicular to the channel-length direction of transistors. 
         [0115]    Here, the first semiconductor material and the second semiconductor material are preferably materials having different band gaps. For example, the first semiconductor material can be a semiconductor material (such as silicon) other than an oxide semiconductor, and the second semiconductor material can be an oxide semiconductor. A transistor including a material other than an oxide semiconductor can operate at high speed easily. On the other hand, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor can hold electric charge for a long time owing to its characteristics. 
         [0116]    The transistor  162  including the second semiconductor material in the upper portion is the same as the transistor  162  described in Embodiments 1 and 2; thus, for description of  FIG. 3 , the same reference numerals are used for the same parts as those in  FIG. 1A . 
         [0117]    The transistor  350  formed using the first semiconductor material in the lower portion will be described below. 
         [0118]    The transistor  350  includes a semiconductor substrate  310 , a gate insulating layer  314 , a semiconductor layer  316 , a conductive layer  318 , a protective insulating layer  320 , a sidewall insulating layer  322 , impurity regions  324 , and an insulating layer  326 . Note that the semiconductor layer  316  and the conductive layer  318  function as a gate electrode, and the impurity regions  324  each function as a source region or a drain region. 
         [0119]    In addition, the transistor  350  is adjacently provided with shallow trench isolation (STI) regions  312 . 
         [0120]    The STI regions  312  can be formed as follows: first, trenches (also referred to as grooves) are formed by forming a protective insulating film in a desired region over the semiconductor substrate  310  and performing etching; then, after the formation of the trenches, the trenches are filled with an insulating dielectric film. As the insulating dielectric film, a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, or the like can be used. 
         [0121]    Next, the transistor  350  will be described in detail. The gate insulating layer  314  of the transistor  350  can be formed as follows. An insulating film is formed over the semiconductor substrate  310  provided with the STI regions  312 , and then, patterning and etching are performed in a desired position, whereby a trench having a depth different from that of the STI regions  312  is formed in the semiconductor substrate  310 . After that, heat treatment is performed in an oxygen atmosphere, whereby the semiconductor substrate  310  in the trench is oxidized. In this manner, the gate insulating layer  314  can be formed. 
         [0122]    After the gate insulating layer  314  is formed, a silicon film is formed using an LPCVD method or the like. Note that the silicon film is subjected to n +  or p +  doping treatment, heat treatment, or the like so as to obtain a polysilicon film, whereby a highly conductive semiconductor layer is formed. After that, a metal film is formed over the semiconductor layer by a sputtering method or the like. As the metal film, tungsten, titanium, cobalt, or nickel or an alloy film, a metal nitride film, a silicide film, or the like containing tungsten, titanium, cobalt, or nickel can be used. Patterning is performed on a desired region over the metal film, and etching is performed, whereby the conductive layer  318  is formed. In addition, the semiconductor layer is etched using the conductive layer  318  as a mask, whereby the semiconductor layer  316  can be formed. Note that the conductive layer  318  and the semiconductor layer  316  function as a gate electrode of the transistor  350 . 
         [0123]    Next, the protective insulating layer  320  is formed over the conductive layer  318 . The protective insulating layer  320  can be formed in such a manner that a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, or the like is formed using a plasma CVD method or the like and patterning and etching treatments are performed on a desired region. 
         [0124]    Next, a silicon nitride film is formed using a plasma CVD method or the like so as to cover the semiconductor substrate  310  and the protective insulating layer  320  and is etched back, whereby the sidewall insulating layer  322  can be formed. 
         [0125]    Next, the impurity regions  324  are formed by performing doping treatment using the protective insulating layer  320  and the sidewall insulating layer  322  as a mask. Note that as a dopant, boron, phosphorus, or the like may be used, and as the impurity regions  324 , n +  regions, p +  regions, or the like can be formed as appropriate depending on the dopant used. Note that the impurity regions  324  each function as a source region or a drain region of the transistor  350 . 
         [0126]    Next, the insulating layer  326  is formed so as to cover the impurity regions  324 , the protective insulating layer  320 , and the sidewall insulating layer  322 . The insulating layer  326  can be formed using a silicon oxide film or the like by a plasma CVD method or the like. 
         [0127]    Next, openings are provided in desired regions of the insulating layer  326 , and a connection electrode  325  and a connection electrode  331  are formed so as to be electrically connected to the impurity regions  324 . Note that after the connection electrode  325  and the connection electrode  331  are formed, CMP treatment or the like may be performed to planarize surfaces of the insulating layer  326 , the connection electrode  325 , and the connection electrode  331 . 
         [0128]    Next, a conductive film is formed using a sputtering method or the like over the insulating layer  326 , the connection electrode  325 , and the connection electrode  331 , and patterning and etching are performed on a desired region, whereby an electrode  328  and an electrode  332  are formed. As a material of the electrode  328  and the electrode  332 , tungsten, copper, titanium, or the like can be used as appropriate. 
         [0129]    Next, an insulating layer  329  is formed over the insulating layer  326 , the electrode  328 , and the electrode  332 . The insulating layer  329  can be formed using a material and a method similar to those for the insulating layer  326 . 
         [0130]    Through the above-described process, the semiconductor material  310  provided with the transistor  350  formed using a first semiconductor substrate can be formed. 
         [0131]    Here, connections between the transistor  350  including the first semiconductor material in the lower portion and the transistor  162  including the second semiconductor material in the upper portion will be described below. 
         [0132]    The transistor  350  is electrically connected to the transistor  162  through the impurity region  324 , the connection electrode  325 , the electrode  328 , and a connection electrode  330 . On the other hand, another transistor  350  is electrically connected to the wiring  156  through the impurity region  324 , the connection electrode  331 , the electrode  332 , a connection electrode  334 , an electrode  336 , and a connection electrode  338 . 
         [0133]    In addition, the gate electrode of the transistor  350  (i.e., the semiconductor layer  316  and the conductive layer  318 ) is electrically connected to a source electrode of the transistor  162 . Note that the connection between the gate electrode of the transistor  350  and the source electrode of the transistor  162  is not illustrated in  FIG. 3 , and the connection is established in a three-dimensional direction. 
         [0134]    As described above, the plurality of memory cells is formed in the upper portion with the transistors including an oxide semiconductor which is one of wide-gap semiconductors. Since the off-state current of the transistor including an oxide semiconductor is small, stored data can be held for a long time owing to such a transistor. In other words, the frequency of refresh operation can be extremely lowered, which leads to a sufficient reduction in power consumption. On the other hand, for the peripheral circuit, a semiconductor material other than the oxide semiconductor is used. The semiconductor material other than the oxide semiconductor may be, for example, silicon, germanium, silicon germanium, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide, or the like and is preferably a single crystal semiconductor. A transistor including such a semiconductor material can operate at sufficiently high speed. Therefore, the transistor including the material other than the oxide semiconductor can favorably realize a variety of circuits (e.g., a logic circuit or a driver circuit) which needs to operate at high speed. 
         [0135]    A semiconductor device having a novel feature can be obtained by being provided with both a peripheral circuit including the transistor including a material other than an oxide semiconductor (in other words, a transistor capable of operating at sufficiently high speed) and a memory circuit including the transistor including an oxide semiconductor (in a broader sense, a transistor whose off-state current is sufficiently small). In addition, with a structure where the peripheral circuit and the memory circuit are stacked, the degree of integration of the semiconductor device can be increased. 
         [0136]    This embodiment can be implemented in appropriate combinations with the configurations described in the other embodiments. 
       Embodiment 4 
       [0137]    In this embodiment, a semiconductor device which includes the transistor  162  illustrated in  FIGS. 1A to 1C , which can hold stored data even when not powered, which has an unlimited number of write cycles, and which has a structure different from the structures described in Embodiments 2 and 3 will be described with reference to  FIGS. 4A and 4B  and  FIG. 5 . 
         [0138]      FIG. 4A  illustrates an example of a circuit configuration of a semiconductor device, and  FIG. 4B  is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a semiconductor device. First, the semiconductor device illustrated in  FIG. 4A  will be described, and then, the semiconductor device illustrated in  FIG. 4B  will be described. 
         [0139]    In the semiconductor device illustrated in  FIG. 4A , a bit line BL is electrically connected to a source electrode or a drain electrode of the transistor  162 , a word line WL is electrically connected to a gate electrode of the transistor  162 , and a source electrode or a drain electrode of the transistor  162  is electrically connected to a first terminal of a capacitor  254 . 
         [0140]    The transistor  162  including an oxide semiconductor as a wide-gap semiconductor has a characteristic of a significantly small off-state current. For that reason, a potential of the first terminal of the capacitor  254  (or a charge accumulated in the capacitor  254 ) can be held for an extremely long period by turning off the transistor  162 . Further, in the transistor  162  including an oxide semiconductor as a wide-gap semiconductor, a short-channel effect is not likely to be caused, which is advantageous. 
         [0141]    Next, writing and holding of data in the semiconductor device (a memory cell  250 ) illustrated in  FIG. 4A  will be described. 
         [0142]    First, the potential of the word line WL is set to a potential at which the transistor  162  is turned on, so that the transistor  162  is turned on. Accordingly, the potential of the bit line BL is supplied to the first terminal of the capacitor  254  (writing). After that, the potential of the word line WL is set to a potential at which the transistor  162  is turned off, so that the transistor  162  is turned off. Thus, the charge at the first terminal of the capacitor  254  is held (holding). 
         [0143]    Because the off-state current of the transistor  162  is extremely small, the potential of the first terminal of the capacitor  254  (or the charge accumulated in the capacitor) can be held for a long time. 
         [0144]    Next, reading of data will be described. When the transistor  162  is turned on, the bit line BL which is in a floating state and the capacitor  254  are electrically connected to each other, and the charge is redistributed between the bit line BL and the capacitor  254 . As a result, the potential of the bit line BL is changed. The amount of change in potential of the bit line BL varies depending on the potential of the first terminal of the capacitor  254  (or the charge accumulated in the capacitor  254 ). 
         [0145]    For example, the potential of the bit line BL after charge redistribution is (C B *V B0 +C*V)/(C B +C), where V is the potential of the first terminal of the capacitor  254 , C is the capacitance of the capacitor  254 , C B  is the capacitance of the bit line BL (hereinafter also referred to as bit line capacitance), and V B0  is the potential of the bit line BL before the charge redistribution. Therefore, it can be found that assuming that the memory cell  250  is in either of two states in which the potentials of the first terminal of the capacitor  254  are V 1  and V 0  (V 1 &gt;V 0 ), the potential of the bit line BL in the case of holding the potential V 1 (=(C B *V B0 +C*V 1 )/(C B +C)) is higher than the potential of the bit line BL in the case of holding the potential V 0 (=(C B *V B0 +C*V 0 )/(C B +C)). 
         [0146]    Then, by comparing the potential of the bit line BL with a predetermined potential, data can be read. 
         [0147]    As described above, the semiconductor device illustrated in  FIG. 4A  can hold charge that is accumulated in the capacitor  254  for a long time because the off-state current of the transistor  162  is extremely small. In other words, refresh operation becomes unnecessary or the frequency of the refresh operation can be extremely lowered, which leads to a sufficient reduction in power consumption. Moreover, stored data can be held for a long period even when power is not supplied. 
         [0148]    Next, the semiconductor device illustrated in  FIG. 4B  will be described. 
         [0149]    The semiconductor device illustrated in  FIG. 4B  includes a memory cell array  251  including a plurality of memory cells  250  illustrated in  FIG. 4A  and a memory cell array  252  including a plurality of memory cells  250  illustrated in  FIG. 4A  as memory elements in the upper portion, and a peripheral circuit  253  in the lower portion which is necessary for operating the memory cell array  251  and the memory cell array  252 . Note that the memory cell array  252  is provided in an intermediate position between the memory cell array  251  and the peripheral circuit  253  and is provided over the peripheral circuit  253 ; thus, the memory cell array  251  and the memory cell array  252  are regarded as being provided in the upper portion. 
         [0150]    In the structure illustrated in  FIG. 4B , the peripheral circuit  253  can be provided under the memory cell array  251  and the memory cell array  252 , and the memory cell array  251  and the memory cell array  252  can be stacked. Thus, the size of the semiconductor device can be decreased. 
         [0151]    Next, a specific structure of the semiconductor device illustrated in  FIG. 4B  will be described with reference to  FIG. 5 . 
         [0152]    The semiconductor device illustrated in  FIG. 5  includes a plurality of memory cells (a memory cell  452   a  and a memory cell  452   b ) formed in multiple layers in the upper portion, and a peripheral circuit  400  in the lower portion. The peripheral circuit  400  in the lower portion includes a transistor  450  including a first semiconductor material, and the plurality of memory cells (the memory cell  452   a  and the memory cell  452   b ) formed in multiple layers in the upper portion each include a transistor  162  including a second semiconductor material. Note that  FIG. 5  which is taken along line C 1 -C 2  corresponds to a cross-sectional view perpendicular to the channel-length direction of transistors. 
         [0153]    Here, the first semiconductor material and the second semiconductor material are preferably materials having different band gaps. For example, the first semiconductor material can be a semiconductor material (such as silicon) other than an oxide semiconductor, and the second semiconductor material can be an oxide semiconductor. A transistor including a material other than an oxide semiconductor can operate at high speed easily. On the other hand, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor can hold electric charge for a long time owing to its characteristics. 
         [0154]    The transistor  162  including the second semiconductor material in the upper portion is the same as the transistor  162  described above in Embodiments 1 to 3; thus, for description of  FIG. 5 , the same reference numerals are used for the same parts as those in  FIG. 1A  and are not described in detail. Here, the transistor  450  including the first semiconductor material in the lower portion will be described below. 
         [0155]    The transistor  450  in  FIG. 5  includes a channel formation region  404  provided in a substrate  402  including a semiconductor material (such as silicon), impurity regions  406  and high-concentration impurity regions  408  (collectively, simply also referred to as impurity regions) provided such that the channel formation region  404  is sandwiched therebetween, metal compound regions  410  provided in contact with the high-concentration impurity regions  408 , a gate insulating layer  411  provided over the channel formation region  404 , a gate electrode layer  412  provided in contact with the gate insulating layer  411 , and a source or drain electrode  418   a  and a source or drain electrode  418   b  electrically connected to the impurity regions. 
         [0156]    Here, a sidewall insulating layer  414  is provided on a side surface of the gate electrode layer  412 . Further, an element isolation insulating layer  403  is formed on the substrate  402  so as to surround the transistor  450 , and an interlayer insulating layer  420  and an interlayer insulating layer  422  are formed so as to cover the transistor  450 . The source or drain electrode  418   a  and the source or drain electrode  418   b  are electrically connected to the metal compound regions  410  through openings formed in the interlayer insulating layer  420  and the interlayer insulating layer  422 . In other words, the source or drain electrode  418   a  and the source or drain electrode  418   b  are electrically connected to the high-concentration impurity regions  408  and the impurity regions  406  through the metal compound regions  410 . Note that in some cases, the sidewall insulating layer  414  is not formed, in order to achieve a higher degree of integration of the transistor  450  or the like. In addition, an electrode  424   a , an electrode  424   b , and an electrode  424   c  which are electrically connected to the source or drain electrode  418   a  and the source or drain electrode  418   b  of the transistor  450  are provided over the interlayer insulating layer  422 , and planarization is achieved with an insulating layer  425  which covers the interlayer insulating layer  422 , the electrode  424   a , the electrode  424   b , and the electrode  424   c.    
         [0157]    The electrode  424   c  is electrically connected to an electrode  428  through a connection electrode  426 . Note that the electrode  428  is formed using the same layer as the source electrode layer and the drain electrode layer of the transistor  162 . 
         [0158]    In addition, a wiring  432  is electrically connected to the electrode  428  through a connection electrode  430  and is electrically connected to an electrode  436  which is formed using the same layer as the source electrode layer and the drain electrode layer of the transistor  162 , through a connection electrode  434 . In addition, the electrode  436  is electrically connected to a wiring  440  through a connection electrode  438 . 
         [0159]    With the electrode  424   c , the wiring  432 , and the wiring  440 , an electrical connection between memory cells, an electrical connection between the peripheral circuit  400  and memory cells, or the like can be established. 
         [0160]    Note that  FIG. 5  illustrates, as an example, the semiconductor device in which two memory cells (the memory cell  452   a  and the memory cell  452   b ) are stacked; however, the number of memory cells to be stacked is not limited thereto. Three or more memory cells may be stacked. 
         [0161]    In addition,  FIG. 5  illustrates, as an example, the semiconductor device in which the memory cell  452   a , the memory cell  452   b , and the peripheral circuit  400  are connected through the electrode  424   c , the electrode  428 , the wiring  432 , the electrode  436 , and the wiring  440 ; however, the present invention is not limited thereto. Two or more wiring layers and electrodes may be provided between the memory cell  452   a , the memory cell  452   b , and the peripheral circuit  400 . 
         [0162]    As described above, the plurality of memory cells formed in multiple layers in the upper portion is each formed with a transistor including an oxide semiconductor as a wide-gap semiconductor layer. Since the off-state current of the transistor including an oxide semiconductor as a wide-gap semiconductor layer is small, stored data can be held for a long time owing to such a transistor. In other words, the frequency of refresh operation can be extremely lowered, which leads to a sufficient reduction in power consumption. On the other hand, for the peripheral circuit, a semiconductor material other than the oxide semiconductor is used. The semiconductor material other than the oxide semiconductor may be, for example, silicon, germanium, silicon germanium, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide, or the like and is preferably a single crystal semiconductor. Alternatively, an organic semiconductor material or the like may be used. A transistor including such a semiconductor material can operate at sufficiently high speed. Therefore, the transistor including the material other than the oxide semiconductor can favorably realize a variety of circuits (e.g., a logic circuit or a driver circuit) which needs to operate at high speed. 
         [0163]    A semiconductor device having a novel feature can be obtained by being provided with both a peripheral circuit including the transistor including a material other than an oxide semiconductor (in other words, a transistor capable of operating at sufficiently high speed) and a memory circuit including the transistor including an oxide semiconductor (in a broader sense, a transistor whose off-state current is sufficiently small). In addition, with a structure where the peripheral circuit and the memory circuit are stacked, the degree of integration of the semiconductor device can be increased. 
         [0164]    This embodiment can be implemented in appropriate combinations with the configurations described in the other embodiments. 
       Embodiment 5 
       [0165]    In this embodiment, examples of application of the semiconductor device described in any of the above embodiments to portable devices such as cellular phones, smartphones, or electronic books will be described with reference to  FIGS. 9A and 9B  and  FIGS. 10 to 12 . 
         [0166]    In a portable device such as a cellular phone, a smartphone, or an electronic book, an SRAM or a DRAM is used so as to store image data temporarily. The reason why an SRAM or a DRAM is used is that a flash memory is slow in responding and is not suitable for image processing. On the other hand, an SRAM or a DRAM has the following characteristics when used for temporary storage of image data. 
         [0167]    In an ordinary SRAM, as illustrated in  FIG. 9A , one memory cell includes six transistors, that is, transistors  801  to  806 , which are driven with an X decoder  807  and a Y decoder  808 . The transistor  803  and the transistor  805 , and the transistor  804  and the transistor  806  form inverters, which enables high-speed driving. However, because one memory cell includes six transistors, a large cell area is one disadvantage. Provided that the minimum feature size of a design rule is F, the area of a memory cell in an SRAM is generally 100 F 2  to 150 F 2 . Therefore, the price per bit of an SRAM is the most expensive among memory devices. 
         [0168]    In a DRAM, as illustrated in  FIG. 9B , a memory cell includes a transistor  811  and a storage capacitor  812 , which are driven with an X decoder  813  and a Y decoder  814 . One cell is configured with one transistor and one capacitor and has a small area. The area of a memory cell in a DRAM is generally 10 F 2  or less. Note that the DRAM needs to be refreshed periodically and consumes electric power even when a rewriting operation is not performed. 
         [0169]    On the other hand, the memory cell of the semiconductor device described in any of the above embodiments has an area of approximately 10 F 2  and does not need to be refreshed frequently. Therefore, the area of a memory cell can be decreased, and power consumption can be reduced. 
         [0170]    Next,  FIG. 10  is a block diagram of a portable device. The portable device illustrated in  FIG. 10  includes an RF circuit  901 , an analog baseband circuit  902 , a digital baseband circuit  903 , a battery  904 , a power supply circuit  905 , an application processor  906 , a flash memory  910 , a display controller  911 , a memory circuit  912 , a display  913 , a touch sensor  919 , an audio circuit  917 , a keyboard  918 , and the like. The display  913  includes a display portion  914 , a source driver  915 , and a gate driver  916 . The application processor  906  includes a CPU  907 , a DSP  908 , and an interface  909  (IF  909 ). In general, the memory circuit  912  includes an SRAM or a DRAM. By employing the semiconductor device described in any of the above embodiments for that portion, data can be written and read at high speed and can be held for a long time, and power consumption can be sufficiently reduced. 
         [0171]    Next,  FIG. 11  illustrates an example of using the semiconductor device described in any of the above embodiments in a memory circuit  950  for a display. The memory circuit  950  illustrated in  FIG. 11  includes a memory  952 , a memory  953 , a switch  954 , a switch  955 , and a memory controller  951 . The memory circuit  950  is connected to a display controller  956  that reads and controls image data input through a signal line (input image data) and data stored in the memory  952  and the memory  953  (stored image data), and is also connected to a display  957  that displays an image based on a signal input from the display controller  956 . 
         [0172]    First, image data (input image data A) is produced by an application processor (not illustrated). The input image data A is stored in the memory  952  through the switch  954 . Then, the image data stored in the memory  952  (stored image data A) is transmitted to the display  957  through the switch  955  and the display controller  956 , and is displayed on the display  957 . 
         [0173]    When the input image data A remains unchanged, the stored image data A is read from the memory  952  through the switch  955  by the display controller  956  normally at a frequency of approximately 30 Hz to 60 Hz. 
         [0174]    Next, for example, when a user performs an operation to rewrite a screen (i.e., when the input image data A is changed), the application processor produces new image data (input image data B). The input image data B is stored in the memory  953  through the switch  954 . Also during that time, the stored image data A is regularly read from the memory  952  through the switch  955 . After the completion of storing the new image data (the stored image data B) in the memory  953 , from the next frame for the display  957 , the stored image data B starts to be read, transmitted to the display  957  through the switch  955  and the display controller  956 , and displayed on the display  957 . This reading operation continues until the next new image data is stored in the memory  952 . 
         [0175]    By alternately writing and reading image data to and from the memory  952  and the memory  953  as described above, images are displayed on the display  957 . Note that the memory  952  and the memory  953  are not limited to separate memories, and a single memory may be divided and used. By employing the semiconductor device described in any of the above embodiments for the memory  952  and the memory  953 , data can be written and read at high speed and held for a long time, and power consumption can be sufficiently reduced. 
         [0176]    Next,  FIG. 12  is a block diagram of an electronic book.  FIG. 12  includes a battery  1001 , a power supply circuit  1002 , a microprocessor  1003 , a flash memory  1004 , an audio circuit  1005 , a keyboard  1006 , a memory circuit  1007 , a touch panel  1008 , a display  1009 , and a display controller  1010 . 
         [0177]    Here, the semiconductor device described in any of the above embodiments can be used for the memory circuit  1007  in  FIG. 12 . The memory circuit  1007  has a function to temporarily hold the contents of a book. For example, a user may use a highlight function. In some cases, a user wants to mark a specific portion while reading an electronic book. This marking function is called highlight function and is used to make a difference from the other portions by changing the display color, underlining, making characters bold, changing the font of characters, or the like. The function makes it possible to store and hold data of a portion specified by a user. In order to store the data for a long time, the data may be copied to the flash memory  1004 . Also in such a case, by employing the semiconductor device described in any of the above embodiments, data can be written and read at high speed and held for a long time, and power consumption can be sufficiently reduced. 
         [0178]    As described above, the portable devices described in this embodiment each incorporates the semiconductor device according to any of the above embodiments. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a portable device which is capable of reading data at high speed, holding data for a long time, and reducing power consumption. 
         [0179]    The configurations, methods, and the like described in this embodiment can be combined as appropriate with any of the configurations, methods, and the like described in the other embodiments. 
       Example 1 
       [0180]    In this example, calculations were carried out to determine whether or not a short-channel effect is caused in the transistor having a trench structure which is described in Embodiment 1. 
         [0181]    For the calculations, device simulation software Sentaurus Device manufactured by Synopsys, Inc. was used. 
         [0182]      FIG. 6A  shows a structure used for the calculation and the sizes of components. The thickness of the gate insulating layer is set to 5 nm, the thickness of the wide-gap semiconductor layer is set to 5 nm, and the depth of the trench for the gate electrode is set to 0.4 μm.  FIG. 6A  shows a transistor having a trench structure in which the length of the bottom of the trench (the length in the channel-length direction) is 90 nm and the distance between the source electrode and the drain electrode (the length in the channel-length direction) is 110 nm. A material of the wide-gap semiconductor layer is an In—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor (with a band gap of 3.15 eV, an electron affinity of 4.6 eV, and an electron mobility of 10 cm 2 /Vs), the work function of the electrodes in contact with the wide-gap semiconductor layer (the source electrode and the drain electrode) is 4.6 eV, and the work function of the gate electrode is 5.5 eV.  FIG. 6B  shows the result of a calculation of Vg-Id characteristics of the transistor having the trench structure (with Vds=1 V at a temperature of 27° C.). 
         [0183]      FIG. 7A  shows a transistor having a trench structure in which the length of the bottom of the trench (the length in the channel-length direction) is 60 nm and the distance between the source electrode and the drain electrode (the length in the channel-length direction) is 80 nm  FIG. 7B  shows the result of a calculation carried out with the same conditions as in  FIG. 6B  except the length of the bottom of the trench and the distance between the source electrode and the drain electrode. 
         [0184]      FIG. 8A  shows a transistor having a trench structure in which the length of the bottom of the trench (the length in the channel-length direction) is 30 nm and the distance between the source electrode and the drain electrode (the length in the channel-length direction) is 50 nm  FIG. 8B  shows the result of a calculation carried out with the same conditions as in  FIG. 6B  except the length of the bottom of the trench and the distance between the source electrode and the drain electrode. 
         [0185]    The results of the calculations show that all the transistors having the structures in  FIGS. 6A ,  7 A, and  8 A have substantially the same characteristics. The threshold voltage (Vth) of each transistor is 0.8 V and the subthreshold swing (S value) thereof is 60 mV/dec, which are favorable values. 
         [0186]    These calculation results reveal that a short-channel effect such as a negative shift of the threshold voltage or an increase in the subthreshold swing is not caused even when the distance between the source electrode and the drain electrode (the length in the channel-length direction) is decreased to 50 nm, and favorable transistor characteristics are obtained. 
         [0187]    For comparison, similar calculations were carried out using transistors having not a trench structure but a planar structure. As the distance between the source electrode and the drain electrode (the length in the channel-length direction) decreased, the channel length also decreased. A short-channel effect such as a negative shift of the threshold voltage or an increase in the subthreshold swing was caused. Furthermore, an increase in leakage current (off-state current) generated when a negative bias was applied to the gate was also observed. 
         [0188]    Compared with the results of the comparative calculations, the results of the calculations in  FIGS. 6B ,  7 B, and  8 B are favorable. With the transistor structure described in Embodiment 1, the change in substantial channel length is small even when the distance between the source electrode and the drain electrode (the length in the channel-length direction) is decreased. Therefore, a short-channel effect is not caused, and off-state current can be small. Accordingly, a memory cell having favorable retention characteristics can be produced. 
         [0189]    This application is based on Japanese Patent Application serial no. 2011-014628 filed with Japan Patent Office on Jan. 26, 2011 and Japanese Patent Application serial no. 2011-112673 filed with Japan Patent Office on May 19, 2011, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Technology Category: 5