Patent Document

BACKGROUND  
         [0001]    1. Field  
           [0002]    The present invention generally relates to the transmission, relay, and receipt of messages in a wireless telephony network, and more particularly, to techniques for using internet protocol (IP) messages of a new format incompatible within legacy telephony equipment by encapsulating the IP messages within messages of recognized format.  
           [0003]    2. Background  
           [0004]    According to widely known standards, each entity that is coupled to the Internet is recognized by a unique code called an “IP address.” As one example, a computer receives an IP address when it activates a dialup modem to connect to the Internet. The same is true of Internet routers, servers, and other traditional components of the Internet. Some entities have a full-time, permanent IP address known as a “static” IP address, whereas other entities receive a new “dynamic” IP address each time they connect to the Internet.  
           [0005]    Until recently, the dominant standard governing IP addresses has been “IPv4,” promulgated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). IPv4 specifies a format for IP addresses including, among many other details, a length of 32 bits. The explosive use of the Internet is probably greater than the expectations of many including standards groups such as the IETF. Contributing to this are greater numbers of people going online, as well as the unforeseen mobility of the Internet through wireless phones, airport kiosks, coffee shops, and countless other connection points. With all conceivable 32 bit numbers, there soon will be a shortage to accommodate all of these people and devices.  
           [0006]    In response, the IETF has developed a new format of IP address called “IPv6.” Among other improvements, IPv6 provides for 128 bit IP addresses instead of 32 bits. Although IPv6 is likely to provide a number of improvements, including relief for the constraints of 32 bit IP addresses, there are new issues. For instance, most equipment is not compatible with the new IPv6 standard since Ipv6 was not even conceived when this equipment was manufactured. One solution is to simply replace the legacy components with new, IPv6 compatible machines. In some cases, hardware may be retained if the software and/or firmware is changed. Whether the upgrade is implemented in hardware, software, or both, money is required to purchase the equipment or software and to hire technicians to install it. There are also costs associated with system down-time while the upgrades are being done.  
           [0007]    Although the advent of IPv6 provides some improvements, then, certain problems are also caused by the need to upgrade equipment to achieve IPv6 compatibility.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0008]    In order to assist an exchange of data between one or mobile communications devices and the Internet in a mobile communications network, bidirectional tunneling of IPv6 messages inside IPv4 messages is performed between a home agent and one or more foreign agents. Optionally, where a mobile communications device is a wireless mobile unit, the mobile unit itself automatically engages in bidirectional tunneling of IPv6 messages inside IPv4 messages with the home agent whenever the wireless mobile unit detects loss of wireless coverage in the mobile communications network and presence of coverage in a type of wireless network lacking foreign agent functionality. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0009]    FIGS.  1 A- 1 B show the hardware components and interconnections of two different examples of wireless telephony network.  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 2 is an exemplary digital data processing machine.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 3 is an exemplary signal bearing medium.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a first registration sequence.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a second registration sequence.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a third registration sequence.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a first transmit/receive sequence.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a second transmit/receive sequence.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a multi-mode sequence. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0018]    The nature, objectives, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art after considering the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings.  
         [0019]    Hardware Components &amp; Interconnections  
         [0020]    Introduction  
         [0021]    One aspect of the present disclosure is a wireless communications system, which may be implemented in a variety of different ways. FIG. 1A shows one example  100 , and FIG. 1B shows another example  150 . In either case, a communications exchange network comprises a mobile IPv4 network, configured to relay IPv4 type messages between a mobile communications device (“mobile”) and the Internet  102 . In the case of FIG. 1A, the network  100  as illustrated comprises an IP-capable wireless telephone network such as a CDMA network, and the mobile  114  comprises an IP-capable wireless telephone. In the case of FIG. 1B, the network  150  as illustrated comprises a non-IP wireless network such as an 802.11 type network, and the mobile  154  comprises an IP capable wireless telephone.  
         [0022]    Network  100  (FIG. 1A)  
         [0023]    Referring to FIG. 1A in greater detail, the network  100  includes a number of components interconnecting the Internet  102  to numerous mobile communications devices (such as the illustrated mobile  114 ). These components include various base stations  112  (BTSs), base station controllers  110  (BSCs), and foreign agents  108 . An Internet link  106  is provided between the foreign agents  108  and a home agent  104 .  
         [0024]    Broadly, the home agent  104  serves to receive IP packets arriving from the mobile  114  via one of the foreign agents  108 , and direct the packets to the Internet  102 . In the opposite direction, the home agent  104  receives IP packets from the Internet  102 , and when these packets are directed to the IP address of the mobile  114 , the home agent  104  routes the packets to the mobile  114  via the appropriate foreign agent  108 .  
         [0025]    As one example, the foreign agent  108  may be implemented by a packet data switching node (PDSN) that incorporates foreign agent functionality, with one example being described by the well known IS-835 standard. The foreign agents  108  perform an IP routing function, receiving IP messages arriving from the home agent  104  via the Internet link  106  and redirecting the messages to the mobile  114 . The foreign agent  108  also perform the opposite function, forwarding IP messages from mobile communication devices  114  to the home agent  104  for relay to the Internet  102 .  
         [0026]    The BTS  112  and BSC  110  components comprise suitable electronic equipment to relay messages between mobiles  114  and foreign agents  108 . Many suitable examples are known in the art, some or all of which are commercially available.  
         [0027]    One example of the system  100  is a mobile IPv4 network such as a CDMA 2000 network. In this particular example, the components of the network  100  may be implemented as known in the art, with specific guidance being available from the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for Comments (rfc) document entitled “rfc 2000,” and also from the well known IS-835 standard.  
         [0028]    Nevertheless, to make an IPv4 network work with IPv6 packets according to the present disclosure, a number of changes are required. For example, the home agent  104  is reprogrammed so that it is capable of performing IPv6 inside IPv4 tunneling. From the perspective of the home agent  104 , this involves receiving IPv4 packets containing IPv6 messages from the foreign agents  108 , unencapsulating the inner IPv6 messages and transmitting them to the Internet  102 . The home agent  104  also performs the opposite task, namely, receiving IPv6 packets from the Internet  102 , encapsulating them within IPv4 messages, and forwarding them on to the appropriate foreign agent  108 . These modifications to the home agent  104  may be implemented, for example, by ensuring that the home agent has properties such as the following: a dual IPv4/v6 stack; the ability to understand any special RRQ extensions and generate appropriate RRP extensions to support IPv6 addressing through Mobile IPv4; the ability to unencapsulate IPv6 packets that will be carried inside the IPv4 tunnel.  
         [0029]    As for the foreign agents  108 , each is modified to include capability to perform IPv6-inside-IPv4 tunneling, namely, encapsulating IPv6 messages from the mobiles  114  inside IPv4 messages and transmitting them over the Internet link  106 , and likewise, unencapsulating IPv6-inside-IPv4 messages from the home agent  104  and forwarding the IPv6 message to the appropriate mobile  114 . Foreign agents  108  may be reprogrammed in this way by making a number of changes, such as the following. Ingress filtering requirements are relaxed when IPv6 packets are sent directly to the foreign agent and tunneled from foreign agent to home agent; instead, ingress filtering is left to the upstream home agent. Upon seeing the IPv6 protocol number in PPP, the foreign agent is reprogrammed not to drop the packet, but instead to forward it. In addition, the foreign agent is programmed to ignore the MN-HA extension to get the IPv6 address if used, to tunnel the IPv6 packets that it received over the link layer, and to accept the reverse tunneling requested by the mobile station.  
         [0030]    As for the mobile  114 , in order to work with the illustrated system  100  the mobile  114  must be capable of sending and receiving mobile IPv6 messages. The mobile  114  is also programmed to request reverse tunneling by the foreign agent  108  and/or home agent  104 . The mobile  114  is also programmed to perform IPv6 neighbor discover to get an IPv6 address from the home agent.  
         [0031]    Further details of the operation of components such as the home agent  104 , foreign agents  108 , and mobiles  114  is discussed in greater detail below in conjunction with FIGS.  4 - 9 .  
         [0032]    Network  150  (FIG. 1B)  
         [0033]    Referring to FIG. 1B in greater detail, the network  150  includes various components coupling the Internet  102  to a number of mobile communications devices such as the illustrated device  154 . These various components, as illustrated, include a wireless IP (non-Internet) link  156  and home agent  105 .  
         [0034]    The non-Internet link  156  comprises an appropriate system, network, machine, or other IP-compatible equipment to perform communications such as Ethernet, Bluetooth, WCDMA, 802.11, etc.  
         [0035]    As with the home agent  104  of FIG. 1A, the home agent  105  serves to direct IP packets arriving from the mobile communications device  154  to the Internet  102 . Rather than arriving from a foreign agent, however, IP packets arrive at the home agent  105  from the wireless non-Internet link  156 . The home agent also conducts similar communications in the reverse direction.  
         [0036]    As in FIG. 4A, the home agent  105  may be implemented by equipment according to IETF rfc 2000 and IS-835, further programmed to include the capability to perform IPv6 inside IPv4 tunneling. From the perspective of the home agent  105 , this involves receiving IPv4 packets containing IPv6 messages from the device  154 , unencapsulating the inner IPv6 messages and transmitting them to the Internet  102 . The home agent  105  also performs the opposite task, namely, receiving IPv6 packets from the Internet  102 , encapsulating them within IPv4 messages, and forwarding them on to the mobile communications device  154  via the link  156 .  
         [0037]    As for the mobile communications device  154 , in order to work with the illustrated system  150 , the device  154  must be capable of encapsulating IPv6 messages within IPv4 messages, that is, IPv6 inside IPv4 tunneling. The device  154  must also be capable of unencapsulating messages in the opposite direction.  
         [0038]    Exemplary Digital Data Processing Apparatus  
         [0039]    As mentioned above, data processing entities of the systems discussed herein may be implemented in various forms. One example is a general purpose digital data processing apparatus, exemplified by the hardware components and interconnections of the digital data processing apparatus  200  of FIG. 2.  
         [0040]    The apparatus  200  includes a processor  202 , such as a microprocessor, personal computer, workstation, controller, microcontroller, state machine, or other processing machine, coupled to a storage  204 . In the present example, the storage  204  includes a fast-access storage  206 , as well as nonvolatile storage  208 . The fast-access storage  206  may comprise random access memory (“RAM”), and may be used to store the programming instructions executed by the processor  202 . The nonvolatile storage  208  may comprise, for example, battery backup RAM, EEPROM, flash PROM, one or more magnetic data storage disks such as a “hard drive”, a tape drive, or any other suitable storage device. The apparatus  200  also includes an input/output  210 , such as a line, bus, cable, electromagnetic link, or other means for the processor  202  to exchange data with other hardware external to the apparatus  200 .  
         [0041]    In one particular implementation, the apparatus  200  may constitute a wireless communications device such as a CDMA phone, with additional components as applicable, such as one or more microphones, speakers, displays, amplifiers, drivers, CDMA processing circuitry, duplexers, antennae, and the like. The structure, interconnection, and operation of such components are generally known in the art to which ordinarily skilled artisans are familiar.  
         [0042]    Despite the specific foregoing description, ordinarily skilled artisans (having the benefit of this disclosure) will further recognize that the apparatus discussed above may be implemented in a machine of different construction, without departing from the scope of the invention. As a specific example, one of the components  206 ,  208  may be eliminated; furthermore, the storage  204 ,  206 , and/or  208  may be provided on-board the processor  202 , or even provided externally to the apparatus  200 .  
         [0043]    Logic Circuitry  
         [0044]    In contrast to the digital data processing apparatus discussed above, a different embodiment of the invention uses logic circuitry instead of computer-executed instructions to implement various processing entities such as those mentioned above. Depending upon the particular requirements of the application in the areas of speed, expense, tooling costs, and the like, this logic may be implemented by constructing an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) having thousands of tiny integrated transistors. Such an ASIC may be implemented with CMOS, TTL, VLSI, or another suitable construction. Other alternatives include a digital signal processing chip (DSP), discrete circuitry (such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, inductors, and transistors), field programmable gate array (FPGA), programmable logic array (PLA), programmable logic device (PLD), and the like.  
       Operation  
       [0045]    Having described the structural features of the present invention, the operational aspect of the present invention is now described. As mentioned above, one operational aspect of the present disclosure involves the transmission, relay, and receipt of messages in a wireless telephony network, and more particularly, to techniques for using IP messages of a new format incompatible within legacy telephony equipment by encapsulating the IP messages within messages of recognized format.  
         [0046]    Signal-Bearing Media  
         [0047]    Wherever any functionality of the invention is implemented using one or more machine-executed program sequences, such sequences may be embodied in various forms of signal-bearing media. In the context of FIG. 2, such a signal-bearing media may comprise, for example, the storage  204  or another signal-bearing media, such as a magnetic data storage diskette  300  (FIG. 3), directly or indirectly accessible by a processor  202 . Whether contained in the storage  206 , diskette  300 , or elsewhere, the instructions may be stored on a variety of machine-readable data storage media. Some examples include direct access storage (e.g., a conventional “hard drive”, redundant array of inexpensive disks (“RAID”), or another direct access storage device (“DASD”)), serial-access storage such as magnetic or optical tape, electronic non-volatile memory (e.g., ROM, EPROM, flash PROM, or EEPROM), battery backup RAM, optical storage (e.g., CD-ROM, WORM, DVD, digital optical tape), paper “punch” cards, or other suitable signal-bearing media including analog or digital transmission media and analog and communication links and wireless communications. In an illustrative embodiment of the invention, the machine-readable instructions may comprise software object code, compiled from a language such as assembly language, C, etc.  
         [0048]    Logic Circuitry  
         [0049]    In contrast to the signal-bearing medium discussed above, some or all of the invention&#39;s functionality may be implemented using logic circuitry, instead of using a processor to execute instructions. Such logic circuitry is therefore configured to perform operations to carry out the method aspect of the invention. The logic circuitry may be implemented using many different types of circuitry, as discussed above.  
         [0050]    Registration Sequence—First Example  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 4 shows a sequence  400  to illustrate an exemplary technique for making the mobile communications device known to a home agent. The sequence  400  is described in the context of FIG. 1A, although the same principles apply to the environment of FIG. 1B.  
         [0052]    In step  402 , the mobile  114  transmits a registration request to the home agent  104 . The registration request advises the home agent  104  of the device  114 &#39;s presence in the network  100 . The registration request may resemble an IPv4 registration request conducted according to the well known IS-835 standard, except for an added component of the request that asks for an IPv6 address for the mobile  114  in addition to the IPv4 address. This added feature may be implemented, for example, in the form of a new extension to a known Mobile IPv4 request.  
         [0053]    In step  403 , the home agent sends a reply to the mobile  114 , including an IPv4 address and an IPv6 address as requested. The reply may also be conducted in accordance with IS-835, except for the feature that the reply includes an IPv6 address in addition to the IPv4 address.  
         [0054]    Registration Sequence—Second Example  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 5 shows a sequence  500  to illustrate an exemplary technique for making the mobile communications device known to a home agent. The sequence  500  is described in the context of FIG. 1A, although the same principles apply to the environment of FIG. 1B.  
         [0056]    In step  502 , the mobile  114  sends a registration request to the home agent  104 . The request may be conducted according to the IS-835 standard for Mobile IPv4 requests. In step  503 , the home agent  104  replies with information including an IPv4 address. The reply of step  503  may also be conducted according to IS-835.  
         [0057]    In step  506 , the mobile  114  sends an IPv6 router solicitation to the home agent  104 . Unlike the registration (step  502 ), the solicitation seeks an IPv6 prefix so that the mobile can acquire a IPv6 address.  
         [0058]    In step  508 , the home agent  104  responds with an IPv6 router advertisement, which provides some or all of an IPv6 address for use by the mobile  114 . For example, the advertisement may include a prefix portion of an IPv6 address, for completion of the mobile  114  itself. In this respect, step  510  shows the mobile  114  supplying a suffix, such as an Interface ID, to complete the IPv6 address. As one example, the steps  506 ,  508 ,  510  may be conducted, for example, according to a known standard for IPv6 solicitation/advertisement, such as rfc  2461 .  
         [0059]    Registration Sequence—Third Example  
         [0060]    [0060]FIG. 6 shows a sequence  600  to illustrate an exemplary technique for making the mobile communications device known to a home agent. The sequence  600  is described in the context of FIG. 1A, although the same principles apply to the environment of FIG. 1B.  
         [0061]    In step  602 , the mobile  114  sends an IPv4 registration request to the home agent  104 . The request may be conducted according to the IS-835 standard for Mobile IPv4 requests. In step  503 , the home agent  104  replies with information including an IPv4 address. The reply of step  503  may also be conducted according to IS-835.  
         [0062]    In step  611 , the home agent  104  detects that the mobile  114  has IPv6 capability. This may be achieved, for example, by cross-referencing an identifier for the mobile  114  (such as a NAI or other appropriate code) against a list of mobiles accessible through the AAA protocols. If the mobile  114  has IPv6 capability according to the database, the home agent  104  sends an IPv6 router advertisement to the mobile  114 . The advertisement, provides some or all of an IPv6 address for use by the mobile  114 . For example, the advertisement may include a prefix portion of an IPv6 address, for completion of the mobile  114  itself, in which case the mobile  114  provides an appropriate suffix. In this respect, step  613  shows the mobile  114  supplying a suffix, such as an Interface ID, to complete the IPv6 address. As one example, the steps  506 ,  508 ,  510  may be conducted, for example, according to a known standard for IPv6 solicitation/advertisement, such as rfc 2462 and rfc 2461.  
         [0063]    Transmission Sequence—CDMA Network  
         [0064]    [0064]FIG. 7 shows a sequence  700  showing transmission of data from a mobile  114  to the Internet  102  in the environment  100  of FIG. 1A. The sequence  700  is conducted after the mobile  114  is registered with the home agent  104 , which may be achieved by one of the sequences such as  400 ,  500 ,  600  discussed above.  
         [0065]    In step  702 , the mobile  114  sends IPv6 data to a selected one of the foreign agents  108 . The foreign agent  108  may be determined by known algorithms which consider factors such as loading on the PDSN, hashing based on mobile IMSI, which BTS is communicating with the mobile  114 , etc. In step  703 , the foreign agent  108  performs reverse tunneling in order to encapsulate the mobile&#39;s IPv6 data into IPv4 format. For instance, the foreign agent  108  may add an IPv4 header to the IPv6 data to structure it as an IPv4 message. The foreign agent  108  then routes the encapsulated message to the home agent  104  via the Internet link  106 . Encapsulation of this message guarantees that it is passed-on by the Internet link  106 , even if the link  106  includes components incompatible with IPv6. In step  704 , the home agent  104  receives the encapsulated message, unencapsulates it to reveal the underlying IPv6 message, and transmits the IPv6 message to the Internet  102 .  
         [0066]    Messages from the Internet  102  to the mobile  114  occur in the opposite sequence.  
         [0067]    Transmission Sequence—Non-CDMA Network  
         [0068]    [0068]FIG. 8 shows a sequence  800  showing transmission of data from a mobile  154  to the Internet  102  in the environment  150  of FIG. 1B. In this sequence, the mobile  154  performs tunneling since there is no foreign agent. Accordingly, the mobile  154  acts as a co-located foreign agent. The sequence  800  is conducted after the mobile  154  is registered with the home agent  105 , which may be achieved by one of the sequences such as  400 ,  500 ,  600  discussed above.  
         [0069]    In step  802 , the mobile  154  performs reverse tunneling in order to encapsulate the mobile&#39;s IPv6 data into IPv4 format. For instance, the mobile  154  may add an IPv4 header to the IPv6 data to structure it as an IPv4 message. Then, in step  803 , the mobile  154  routes the encapsulated message to the home agent  105  via the link  156 . The message is sent directly to the home agent  105  since there is no foreign agent.  
         [0070]    In step  804 , the home agent  154  receives the encapsulated message, unencapsulates it to reveal the underlying IPv6 message, and transmits the IPv6 message to the Internet  102 .  
         [0071]    Messages from the Internet  102  to the mobile  154  occur in the opposite sequence.  
         [0072]    Transmission Sequence—Dual Mode  
         [0073]    [0073]FIG. 9 shows a multi-mode sequence  900  showing transmission of data from a mobile to the Internet  102 , which is applicable to both of the environments  100 ,  150  (FIGS.  1 A- 1 B). In this sequence, tunneling is performed by the foreign agent some times, and by the mobile at other times. The sequence  900  is conducted after the mobile is registered with the home agent, which may be achieved by one of the sequences such as  400 ,  500 ,  600  discussed above.  
         [0074]    In step  902 , the mobile determines whether it is receiving service, or sufficiently strong or error free service, from the network  100 . If so, the mobile is apparently present in the network  100  (FIG. 1A), and step  904  is performed. In step  904 , the foreign agent  108  performs the IPv6 within IPv4 tunneling. This is achieved by the sequence  700  (FIG. 7). Compared with step  906  (described below), step  904  offers less air bandwidth consumption since the messages between mobile and foreign agent are shorter.  
         [0075]    On the other hand, if service from the network  100  is absent, the mobile is apparently in the network  150  (FIG. 1B) and step  906  is performed. In step  906 , the mobile performs IPv6 within IPv4 tunneling. This is achieved by performing the sequence  800  (FIG. 8). Step  906  therefore offers the benefit of usability of many different networks since a foreign agent is not required.  
         [0076]    Steps  908 ,  910  reevaluate network coverage on a period basis, whenever service is lost, or another schedule. If coverage changes, step  912  or  914  re-registers the mobile as appropriate to the new coverage (or lost coverage), after which the respective one of steps  904 ,  906  is performed. That is, step  904  is performed if step  906  was performed previously, or step  906  is performed if step  904  was performed previously.  
       Other Embodiments  
       [0077]    Those of skill in the art will understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.  
         [0078]    Those of skill will further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present invention.  
         [0079]    The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.  
         [0080]    The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC.  
         [0081]    Moreover, the previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.  
         [0082]    The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments.

Technology Category: 5