Patent Document

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to woven fabrics, and relates more specifically to woven fabrics for papermakers. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In the conventional fourdrinier papermaking process, a water slurry, or suspension, of cellulosic fibers (known as the paper “stock”) is fed onto the top of the upper run of an endless belt of woven wire and/or synthetic material that travels between two or more rollers. The belt, often referred to as a “forming fabric”, provides a papermaking surface on the upper surface of its upper run which operates as a filter to separate the cellulosic fibers of the paper stock from the aqueous medium, thereby forming a wet paper web. The aqueous medium drains through mesh openings of the forming fabric, known as drainage holes, by gravity alone or with assistance from one or more suction boxes located on the lower surface (ie., the “machine side”) of the upper run of the fabric. 
     After leaving the forming section, the paper web is transferred to a press section of the paper machine, in which it is passed through the nips of one or more pairs of pressure rollers covered with another fabric, typically referred to as a “press felt.” Pressure from the rollers removes additional moisture from the web; the moisture removal is often enhanced by the presence of a “batt” layer on the press felt. The paper is then conveyed to a drier section for further moisture removal. After drying, the paper is ready for secondary processing and packaging. 
     Typically, papermaker&#39;s fabrics are manufactured as endless belts by one of two basic weaving techniques. In the first of these techniques, fabrics are flat woven by a flat weaving process, with their ends being joined to form an endless belt by any one of a number of well-known joining methods, such as dismantling and reweaving the ends together (commonly known as splicing), or sewing a pin-seamable flap on each end or a special foldback, then reweaving these into pin-seamable loops. In a flat woven papermaker&#39;s fabric, the warp yarns extend in the machine direction and the filling yarns extend in the cross machine direction. In the second technique, fabrics are woven directly in the form of a continuous belt with an endless weaving process. In the endless weaving process, the warp yarns extend in the cross machine direction and the filling yarns extend in the machine direction. As used herein, the terms “machine direction” (MD) and “cross machine direction” (CMD) refer, respectively, to a direction aligned with the direction of travel of the papermaker&#39;s fabric on the papermaking machine, and a direction parallel to the fabric surface and traverse to the direction of travel. Both weaving methods described hereinabove are well known in the art, and the term “endless belt” as used herein refers to belts made by either method. 
     Effective sheet and fiber support and an absence of wire marking are typically important considerations in papermaking, especially for the forming section of the papermaking machine, where the wet web is initially formed. Wire marking is particularly problematic in the formation of fine paper grades, as it can affect a host of paper properties, such as sheet mark, porosity, “see through” and pin holing. Wire marking is typically the result of individual cellulosic fibers being oriented within the paper web such that their ends reside within gaps between the individual threads or yarns of the forming fabric. This problem is generally addressed by providing a permeable fabric structure with a coplanar surface that allows paper fibers to bridge adjacent yarns of the fabric rather than penetrate the gaps between yarns. As used herein, “coplanar” means that the upper extremities of the yarns defining the paperforming surface are at substantially the same elevation, such that at that level there is presented a substantially “planar” surface. Accordingly, fine paper grades intended for use in quality printing, carbonizing, cigarettes, electrical condensers, and like grades of fine paper have typically heretofore been formed on very finely woven or fine wire mesh forming fabrics. 
     Typically, such finely woven fabrics include at least some relatively small diameter machine direction or cross machine direction yarns. Regrettably, however, such yarns tend to be delicate, leading to a short surface life for the fabric. Moreover, the use of smaller yarns can also adversely effect the mechanical stability of the fabric (especially in terms of skew resistance, narrowing propensity and stiffness), which may negatively impact both the service life and the performance of the fabric. 
     To combat these problems associated with fine weaves, multi-layer forming fabrics have been developed with fine-mesh yarns on the paper forming surface to facilitate paper formation and coarser-mesh yarns on the machine contact side to provide strength and durability. For example, fabrics have been constructed which employ one set of machine direction yarns which interweave with two sets of cross machine direction yarns to form a fabric having a fine paper forming surface and a more durable machine side surface. These fabrics form part of a class of fabrics which are generally referred to as “double layer” fabrics. Similarly, fabrics have been constructed which include two sets of machine direction yarns and two sets of cross machine direction yarns that form a fine mesh paper side fabric layer and a separate, coarser machine side fabric layer. In these fabrics, which are part of a class of fabrics generally referred to as “triple layer” fabrics, the two fabric layers are typically bound together by separate stitching yarns. As double and triple layer fabrics include additional sets of yarn as compared to single layer fabrics, these fabrics typically have a higher “caliper” (i.e., they are thicker than) comparable single layer fabrics. An illustrative double layer fabric is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,755 to Thompson, and illustrative triple layer fabrics are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,501,303 to Osterberg, U.S. Pat. No. 5,152,326 to Vohringer, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,437,315 and 5,967,195 to Ward. 
     Although these fabrics have performed successfully, they have some potential shortcomings. For example, the coarser CMD yarns used in the bottom layer of the fabric typically have long “floats” (segments that span multiple adjacent MD yarns in the weave pattern) that contact the papermaking machine and, accordingly, are subjected to a large degree of wear. On one hand, this is desirable, as it protects the machine direction yarns (which are forced to absorb and withstand much of the tension present in the fabric during operation); such a configuration does indicate that the cross-machine direction yarns that contact the paper machine should be wear-resistant. On the other hand, the CMD yarns should not be of a size or woven in a configuration that negatively impacts papermaking. As such, a weave pattern that can improve the wear resistance of the CMD yarns while still providing acceptable papermaking properties is desirable. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention to provide a paperniaker&#39;s fabric suitable for forming paper. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a forming fabric that addresses the wear issues of the bottom layer CMD yarns while still providing suitable papermaking properties. 
     These and other objects are satisfied by the present invention, which is directed to a papermaker&#39;s fabric that may have increased wear properties. The triple layer fabric comprises: a set of top machine direction yarns; a set of top cross machine direction yarns interwoven with the top machine direction yarns to form a top fabric layer; a set of bottom machine direction yarns; a set of bottom machine direction yarns interwoven with the bottom machine direction yarns to form a bottom fabric layer; and a plurality of stitching yarns interwoven with the top and bottom fabric layers. The bottom machine direction yarns and cross machine direction yarns are interwoven in a series of repeat units in which the bottom machine direction yarns pass below two nonadjacent bottom cross machine direction yarns to form bottom machine direction knuckles, and in which pairs of bottom machine direction yarns separated from one another by one or two bottom machine direction yarns form bottom machine direction knuckles under a common bottom cross machine direction yarn. 
     In this configuration, the bottom machine direction knuckles of a pair tend to bow toward one another, effectively lengthening floats present on either side of these knuckles. The increased length offers more bottom CMD yarn contact area to serve as a wear surface. In addition, the presence of these two bottom MD knuckles in close proximity can exert significant force on the common bottom CMD yarn, thereby causing it to crimp substantially. As a result of this crimping force, larger (and, in turn, more wear-resistant) bottom CMD yarns can be employed. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     FIG. 1 is a top view of a triple layer forming fabric of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a top section view of the fabric of FIG. 1 with the top layer removed. 
     FIGS. 3A-3J are section views taken along lines  3 A— 3 A through  3 J— 3 J of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 4A is an enlarged bottom view of the fabric of FIG. 1 showing an “extended” bottom CMD yarn float; FIG. 4B is an enlarged bottom view of a prior art fabric shown for comparative purposes. 
     FIG. 5 is a top view of another embodiment of a triple layer forming fabric of the present invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a top section view of the fabric of FIG. 5 with the top layer removed. 
     FIGS. 7A-7J are section views taken along lines  7 A— 7 A through  7 J— 7 J of FIG.  5 . 
     FIGS. 8A-8L are cross-sectional views of MD yarns of a bottom layer of a sixteen harness triple layer fabric of the present invention; wherein eight harnesses are used to form the paper side of the fabric and eight harnesses are used to form the machine side of the fabric. 
     FIGS. 9A-9L are cross-sectional views of MD yarns of a bottom layer of a twenty-four harness triple layer fabric of the present invention, wherein twelve harnesses are used to form the paper side of the fabric and twelve harnesses are used to form the machine side of the fabric. 
     FIGS. 10A-10I are cross-sectional views of a bottom layer of an eighteen harness triple layer fabric of the present invention, wherein nine harnesses are used to form the paper side of the fabric, and nine harnesses are used to form the machine side of the fabric. 
     FIG. 11 is a top view of a triple layer forming fabric of the present invention. 
     FIG. 12 is a top section view of the fabric of FIG. 11 with the top layer removed. 
     FIGS. 13A-13J are section views taken along the lines of  13 A— 13 -A 13 J— 13 J of FIG.  11 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention will now be described more particularly hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. The invention, however, be embodied in many different forms and is not limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that the disclosure will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like components throughout. The dimensions and thicknesses for some components and layers may be exaggerated for clarity. 
     A twenty harness triple layer forming fabric, generally designated at  20 , is illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B, in which a single repeat unit of the fabric  20  is shown. As seen in FIG. 1A, the repeat unit of the fabric  20  includes a top layer  21  and a bottom layer  81 . The top layer  21  includes ten top MD yarns  22 ,  24 ,  26 ,  28 ,  30 ,  32 ,  34 ,  36 ,  38  and  40  and ten top CMD yarns  42 ,  46 ,  50 ,  54 ,  58 ,  62 ,  66 ,  70 ,  74  and  78 . These are interwoven such that each top CMD yarn passes over and beneath top MD yarns in an alternating fashion, with each top CMD yarn passing over and under the same top MD yarns. For example, top CMD yarn  42  passes under top MD yarn  22 , over top MD yarn  24 , under top MD yarn  26 , over top MD yarn  28  and so on until it passes over top MD yarn  40 . Similarly, top CMD yarn  46  passes under top MD yarn  22 , over top MD yarn  24 , under top MD yarn  26 , over top MD yarn  28  and so on until it passes over top MD yarn  40 . 
     Referring now to FIG. 1B, the repeat unit of the fabric  20  also includes the bottom layer  81 . The repeat unit includes ten bottom MD yarns  82 ,  84 ,  86 ,  88 ,  90 ,  92 ,  94 ,  96 ,  98  and  100  which are interwoven with ten bottom CMD yarns  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108 ,  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118  and  120 . Each of the bottom MD and CMD yarns is positioned substantially directly below a corresponding top MD or CMD yarn. The bottom MD yarns are interwoven with the bottom CMD yarns in a pattern in which each bottom MD yarn passes over five adjacent bottom CMD yarns, below the next bottom CMD yarn, over the next three adjacent bottom CMD yarns, and below the next bottom CMD yarn. For example, bottom MD yarn  88  passes above bottom CMD yarns  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108 ,  110 , below bottom CMD yarn  112 , above bottom CMD yarns  114 ,  116 ,  118 , and below bottom CMD yarn  120 . The other bottom MD yarns follow a similar “over 5/under 1/over 3/under 1” weave pattern, but each is offset in its weaving sequence from its nearest bottom MD yarn neighbors by three bottom CMD yarns. Consequently, bottom MD yarn  90  (which is adjacent bottom CMD yarn  88 ) passes above bottom CMD yarns  102 ,  104 , below bottom CMD yarn  106 , above bottom CMD yarns  108 ,  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 , above bottom CMD yarn  118 , and above bottom CMD yarn  120 . Thus, the bottom MD “knuckle” formed by bottom MD yarn  90  as it passes below bottom CMD yarn  118  is offset from the bottom “knuckle” formed by bottom MD yarn  88  as it passes below bottom CMD yarn  112  by three bottom MD yarns. 
     The top layer  21  also includes portions of twenty stitching yarns, designated herein as pairs  44   a ,  44   b ,  48   a ,  48   b ,  52   a ,  52   b ,  56   a ,  56   b ,  60   a ,  60   b ,  64   a ,  64   b ,  68   a ,  68   b ,  72   a ,  72   b ,  76   a ,  76   b  and  80   a ,  80   b . The stitching yarns are positioned in pairs between adjacent top and bottom CMD yarns; there is no bottom CMD yarn below each stitching yarn pair so that space is present for the stitching yarn to stitch. For example, stitching yarns  44   a  and  44   b  are positioned between top CMD yarns  42  and  46 . The stitching yarns interweave with the top MD yarns and bottom MD yarns to bind the top and bottom fabric layers together. It should be noted that, when the top and bottom fabric layers  21 ,  81  are joined, the top CMD yarns are positioned substantially directly above the bottom CMD yarns, such that space exists between adjacent bottom CMD yarns for the stitching yarns to stitch. 
     As can be seen in FIGS. 3A through 3J, corresponding pairs of stitching yarns interweave with the top MD yarns and bottom MD yarns in the following pattern. Each of the stitching yarns of the repeat unit can be subdivided into two portions: a fiber support portion which interweaves with the top MD yarns, and a binding portion which interweaves with a bottom MD yarn. These are separated at “transitional” top MD yarns, below which one stitching yarn of a pair crosses the other stitching yarn of the pair. The stitching yarns of each pair are interwoven relative to one another such that the fiber support portion of one yarn of the pair is positioned above the binding portion of the other yarn of the pair. The fiber support portion of the stitching yarn of each pair designated with an “a” (eg,  44   a ,  48   a ,  52   a ) interweaves in an alternating fashion with five top MD yarns (alternately passing over three top MD yarns and under two top MD yarns), and the other stitching yarn of the pair (those designated with a “b”) passes over two top MD yarns while passing below a top MD yarn positioned between those two MD yarns. In its fiber support portion, each stitching yarn passes over top MD yarns that the top CMD yarns pass beneath, and passes below top MD yarns that each top CMD yarn passes over. In this manner, the stitching yarns and top CMD form a plain weave pattern with the top MD yarns on the papermaking (i.e., top surface )(see FIG.  1 A). In its binding portion, each stitching yarn passes below one bottom MD yarn in the repeat unit such that an “over 4/under 1” pattern is established by the pair of stitching yarns on the bottom surface of the fabric  20  (se FIG.  1 B). This configuration is discussed in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,967,195 to Ward, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Referring back to FIGS. 1A and 1B, pairs of stitching yarns that are positioned adjacent to and on opposite sides of a top or bottom CMD yarn are interwoven with the top or bottom MD yarns such that there is an offset of two MD yarns between such stitching yarn pairs. For example, stitching yarn  44   a  passes above top MD yarns  30 ,  34  and  38  and below bottom MD yarn  84 . Stitching yarn  48   a  passes above top MD yarns  34 ,  38  and  22  (with top MD yarn  22  being a continuation of the pattern on the opposite side) and below bottom MD yarn  88 . Thus, stitching yarn  44   a  is offset from stitching yarn  48 a by two top and bottom MD yarns. This same two MD yarn offset is followed for the interweaving of the other stitching yarns. 
     It can also be seen in FIGS. 1A and 1B that the stitching yarns are interwoven with the top and bottom MD yarns as “reversed picks.” This term is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,967,195 to Ward and need not be discussed further herein. 
     Notably, each of the bottom MD knuckles formed on the bottom surface of the bottom layer  81  by the bottom MD yarns is separated from another bottom MD yarn knuckle formed under the same bottom CMD yarn by one bottom MD yarn. It has been discovered that, in this configuration, the bottom MD yarn knuckles tend to bow toward one another. This effect is illustrated in FIG. 4A, which shows bottom MD yarns  88  and  92  as they form bottom MD knuckles below bottom CMD yarn  112  (MD yarns  88  and  92  are seen as passing above CMD yarn  112  in FIG. 4A because this is a bottom view of the fabric  20 ). Because these two knuckles are located near one another (i.e., separated by one bottom MD yarn), they impart sufficient force to the intersecting CMD yarn to cause considerable crimping. As seen in FIG. 4A, the crimping of the bottom CMD yarn  112  enables the bottom side MD knuckles to bow toward one another (see prior art fabric in FIG. 4B for purposes of comparison, as the bottom side knuckles BMD 1  and BMD 2  fail to bow toward one another). The result is an effective lengthening of the long (in this instance, 7 bottom MD yarns long) bottom CMD yarn float that is present between these bottom side MD yarn knuckle pairs. In some instances, the lengthening of the float that occurs can be as much as would be provided by an additional bottom MD yarn (in other words, in this configuration the 7 bottom MD yarn long float may be the length of an 8 bottom MD yarn long float in other fabrics). This increase in length can improve wear of the fabric, as more bottom CMD yarn surface may be exposed to the papermaking machine for wear resistance. 
     Another consequence of the arrangement of the bottom MD knuckles is that, when the bottom MD knuckles induce the aforementioned crimping of the bottom CMD yarn, they tend to recede somewhat toward the top layer. As the bottom MD knuckles are drawn toward the top layer, they are less exposed to the bottom wear surface of the bottom fabric layer  81 . The additional crimping force present in the knuckle arrangement described herein enables the knuckles to induce crimping in larger diameter bottom CMD yarns (which tend to be stiffer) than may be the case for prior art fabrics. Consequently, higher diameter bottom CMD yarns (which tend to have better wear resistance than lower diameter yarns) can be employed. 
     It should also be noted that when a stitching yarn passes below a bottom MD yarn, it does so between two bottom CMD yarns that are forming bottom CMD long floats. In this position, the CMD yarns can protect the stitching yarns from contact with the paper machine and from the resultant wear. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 5,  6  and  7 A- 7 J, an alternative embodiment of a triple layer fabric, designated broadly at  200 , is illustrated therein. The triple layer fabric  200  includes a top layer  201  and a bottom layer  301 . The top layer  201  includes ten top MD yarns  222 ,  224 ,  226 ,  228 ,  230 ,  232 ,  234 ,  236 ,  238  and  240  interwoven with ten top CMD yarns  242 ,  244 ,  248 ,  250 ,  254 ,  256 ,  260 ,  262 ,  266 , and  268 , as well as five pairs of stitching yarns  246   a ,  246   b ,  252   a ,  252   b ,  258   a ,  258   b ,  264   a ,  264   b , and  270   a ,  270   b . The top CMD yarns and stitching yarns are arranged such that a pair of stitching yarn follows every two top CMD yarns in a repeating pattern; for example, the top layer  201  sequentially includes top CMD yarn  242 , top CMD yarn  244 , stitching yarn pair  246   a ,  246   b , top CMD yarn  248 , top CMD yarn  250 , stitching yarn pair  250   a ,  250   b , and so on. The top CMD yarns and fiber support portions of the stitching yarns are interwoven with the top MD yarns to form a plain weave surface in much the same manner as that of the fabric  20  described above, although with stitching yarn pairs replacing only every third top CMD yarn. 
     The bottom layer  301  includes ten bottom MD yarns  302 ,  304 ,  306 ,  308 ,  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316 ,  318  and  320  interwoven with ten bottom CMD yarns  322 ,  324 ,  326 ,  328 ,  330 ,  332 ,  334 ,  336 ,  338  and  340 . The weaving pattern of the bottom MD yarns relative to the bottom CMD yarns is identical to that described above for the fabric  20 ; namely, each bottom MD yarn follows an “over 5/under 1/over 3/under 1” pattern relative to the bottom CMD yarns, and adjacent MD yarns are offset from one another by three bottom CMD yarns. As a result, the characteristic bottom MD knuckles formed under a common bottom CMD yarn separated by one bottom MD yarn is also present in the bottom layer  301 . Accordingly, the performance advantages discussed above for the embodiment of FIGS. 1 through 4 may also be achieved with the fabric  200 . 
     When the bottom layer  301  is joined with the top layer  201 , each of the bottom CMD yarns is positioned substantially directly below a corresponding top CMD yarn. There is no bottom CMD yarn positioned substantially directly below the stitching yarn pairs, thereby providing a space in which the stitching yarns can stitch below a bottom CMD yarn. Of course, those skilled in this art will appreciate that the fabric may have differing numbers of top and bottom CMD yarns in a repeat unit; for example, there may be 1.5, two or three times as many top CMD yarns as bottom CMD yarns. In addition, in some embodiments bottom CMD yarns may be present below the stitching yarn pairs; in such embodiments, it is preferred that the stitching yarns of a pair stitch on opposite sides of the underlining bottom CMD yarn. 
     Those skilled in this art will appreciate that, although the illustrated fabrics employ ten top MD yarns and ten bottom MD yarns (i.e., they are “twenty harness fabrics”), other numbers of top and bottom MD yarns may be employed in fabrics of the present invention. For example, fabrics employing eight, nine, eleven or even twelve top and bottom MD yarns may also be suitable for fabrics of the present invention. An example of this is illustrated in FIGS. 8A-8H, which show MD cross-sections of a bottom layer  401  of a  16  harness triple layer fabric (not shown in its entirety). In FIGS. 8A-8H, eight bottom MD yarns  402 ,  404 ,  406 ,  408 ,  410 ,  412 ,  414  and  416  interweave with eight bottom CMD yarns  420 ,  422 ,  424 ,  426 ,  428 ,  430 ,  432 , and  434 . As they interweave, each bottom MD yarn follows an “over 5/under 1/over 1/under 1” weave pattern relative to the bottom CMD yarns, with adjacent bottom MD yarns being offset from one another by these bottom CMD yarns. 
     As another example, FIGS. 9A-9L illustrate the MD yarns of a bottom layer  501  of a twenty-four harness triple layer fabric (not shown in its entirety), which includes twelve bottom MD yarns  502 ,  504 ,  506 ,  508 ,  510 ,  512 ,  514 ,  516 ,  518 ,  520 ,  522  and  524  interwoven with twelve bottom CMD yarns  530 ,  532 ,  534 ,  536 ,  538 ,  540 ,  542 ,  544 ,  546 ,  548 ,  550  and  552 . As they interweave, each bottom MD yarn follows an “over 9/under 1/over 1/under 1” weave pattern relative to the bottom CMD yarns, with adjacent bottom MD yarns being offset from one another by five bottom CMD yarns. 
     As a further example, FIGS. 10A-10I illustrate the MD yarns of a bottom layer  601  of an eighteen harness triple layer fabric (not shown in its entirety), which includes nine bottom MD yarns  602 ,  604 ,  606 ,  608 ,  610 ,  612 ,  614 ,  616 , and  618  interwoven with nine bottom CMD yarns  620 ,  622 ,  624 ,  626 ,  628 ,  630 ,  632 ,  634 , and  636 . As they interweave, each bottom MD yarn follows an “over 4/under 1/over 3/under 1” weave pattern relative to the bottom CMD yarns, with adjacent bottom MD yarns being offset from one another by two bottom CMD yarns. 
     It should be understood that all of the embodiments of FIGS. 8 through 10 will include a top layer that is stitched to the illustrated bottom layer; the top layer and stitching yarns are omitted herein for clarity. 
     Another embodiment of a triple layer fabric of the present invention, designated broadly at  700 , is illustrated in FIGS. 11-13. The fabric  700  includes a top layer  701  and a bottom layer  751 . The upper layer  701  includes ten top MD yarns  702 ,  704 ,  706 ,  708 ,  710 ,  712 ,  714 ,  716 ,  718  and  720  interwoven with ten top CMD yarns  722 ,  724 ,  726 ,  728 ,  730 ,  732 ,  734 ,  736 ,  738  and  740 . In addition, ten pairs of stitching yarns, designated herein as pairs  722   a ,  722   b ,  724   a ,  724   b ,  726   a ,  726   b ,  728   a ,  728   b ,  730   a ,  730   b ,  732   a ,  732   b ,  734   a ,  734   b ,  736   a ,  736   b ,  738   a ,  738   b  and  740   a ,  740   b  are also interwoven with the top MD yarns to form a plain weave papermaking surface like that illustrated in FIG.  1 . 
     Referring now to FIG. 12, the bottom layer  751  includes ten bottom MD yarns  752 ,  754 ,  756 ,  758 ,  760 ,  762 ,  764 ,  766 ,  768 ,  770 , interwoven with ten bottom CMD yarns  772 ,  774 ,  776 ,  778 ,  780 ,  782 ,  784 ,  786 ,  788  and  790 . The bottom MD yarns are interwoven with the bottom CMD yarns in an “under 1/over 4/under 1/over 4” repeat pattern. The weaving pattern for adjacent bottom MD yarns is such that each bottom MD yarn is offset from one adjacent bottom MD yarn by two bottom CMD yarns, and is offset from its other adjacent bottom MD yarn by one bottom CMD yarn. For example, bottom MD yarn  752  passes below bottom CMD yarns  772  and  782 . Adjacent bottom MD yarn  754  passes below bottom CMD yarns  778  and  788 , so bottom MD yarn  754  is offset from bottom MD yarn  752  by two bottom CMD yarns (ije., a bottom MD knuckle moves from bottom CMD yarn  782  to  778 ). On the other side of bottom MD yarn  752 , bottom MD yarn  770  passes below bottom CMD yarns  774  and  784 , so it is offset from bottom MD yarn  752  by one bottom CMD yarn (i.e., a bottom MD knuckle moves from bottom CMD yarn  772  to  774 ). 
     The resulting pattern of the bottom layer  751  is such that the bottom MD knuckles are separated from one another by two bottom MD yarns. As a result, they may be in sufficient proximity to one another to induce the crimping described for the embodiments of FIGS. 1-10. As such, the fabric  700  may enjoy the same performance advantages attributable to the embodiment described in relation to FIGS. 1-10. 
     Those skilled in this art will recognize that other fabric embodiments can be conceived which incorporate the configuration of the fabric  700 ; i.e., that in which bottom layer MD knuckles passing under a common bottom CMD yarn are separated by two bottom MD yarns. For example, some of the fabrics may be woven on  16 ,  18 ,  20 ,  22  or even  24  harnesses and utilize the configuration found in fabrics of the present invention. Also, as noted above, the top fabric layer  701  may take other patterns such as a twill, broken twill or satin, and still be suitable for use with the present invention. 
     Although illustrated embodiments employ plain weave pattern top layers, the fabrics of the present invention may also employ other top layer weave patterns; for example, twills, satins, broken twills, and the like may also be employed. The stitching yarns may comprise an integral portion of the top surface weave or may not. Further, stitching yarns that are not arranged as stitching yarn pairs may also be employed in the fabrics of the present invention; examples of such stitching yarns are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,987,929 and 5,518,042 to Wilson, 4,989,647 to Marchand, U.S. Pat. No. 5,052,448 to Givin, U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,315 to Ward, U.S. Pat. No. 5,564,475 to Wright, U.S. Pat. No. 5,152,326 to Vohringer, U.S. Pat. No. 4,501,303 to Osterberg, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,238,536 to Danby, the disclosures of each of which are hereby incorporated herein in their entireties. 
     The form of the yarns utilized in the fabrics of the present invention can vary, depending upon the desired properties of the final papermakers&#39; fabric. For example, the yarns may be multifilament yarns, monofilament yarns, twisted multifilament or monofilament yarns, spun yarns, or any combination thereof. Also, the materials comprising yarns employed in the fabric of the present invention may be those commonly used in papermaker&#39;s fabric. For example, the yarns may be formed of cotton, wool, polypropylene, polyester, aramid, nylon, or the like. The skilled artisan should select a yarn material according to the particular application of the final fabric. In particular, round monofilament yarns formed of polyester or nylon are preferred. 
     Yarn sizes should also be selected according to the desired papermaking properties of the fabric. Generally, top MD yarns have a diameter of between about 0.13 mm and 0.27 mm, top CMD yarns have a diameter of between about 0.13 mm and 0.30 mm, stitching yarns have a diameter of between about 0.11 mm and 0.25 mm, bottom MD yarns have a diameter of between about 0.17 mm and 0.35 mm, and bottom CMD yarns have a diameter of between about 0.20 mm and 1.0 mm. It should be noted that, because the fabrics of the present invention can employ larger than typical bottom CMD yarns, the ratio of diameter of bottom CMD yarn to bottom MD yarn can be from about 1:1 to 2.5:1. Preferably, top MD yarns have a diameter of between about 0.13 mm and 0.17 mm, top CMD yarns have a diameter of between 0.13 mm and 0.20 mm, stitching yarns have a diameter of between about 0.1 mm and 0.20 mm, bottom MD yarns have a diameter of between about 0.7 mm and 0.25 mm, and bottom CMD yarns have a diameter of between about 0.20 mm and 0.60 mm. 
     The foregoing embodiments are illustrative of the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting thereof. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.

Technology Category: 6