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mgor

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acf-regs25-bonuses

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[ { "answer": "Aegina (“ih-JYE-nuh”)", "answer_primary": "Aegina", "clean_answers": [ "Aegina" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this island that minted coins depicting a turtle, and later a tortoise. Many Cycladic (“SICK-la-dik”) mints adopted this Greek island’s weight standard in the late Archaic period.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Miletus [or Mílētos; accept Aristagoras of Miletus]", "answer_primary": "Miletus", "clean_answers": [ "Mílētos", "Aristagoras of Miletus", "Miletus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "One Aegean island that notably did not use the standard of Aegina was Melos, which instead used that of this Ionian city. This home city of the tyrant Aristagoras had close connections with Sybaris (“SIB-uh-riss”).", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Delian League", "answer_primary": "Delian League", "clean_answers": [ "Delian League" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The decades after the Persian invasions of Greece saw a slow economic recovery for Aegina, which after a 457 BCE conflict was forced to pay tribute to this league led by Athens.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Kabbalah", "answer_primary": "Kabbalah", "clean_answers": [ "Kabbalah" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this mystical Jewish tradition followed by Isaac Luria whose foundational text is the Zohar.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "sefirot [or sephiroth]", "answer_primary": "sefirot", "clean_answers": [ "sefirot", "sephiroth" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In Kabbalistic tradition, these things are emanations of the Ohr Ein Sof (“or ane SOHF”) that are revealed in the world. These things are the nodes on Kabbalah’s tree of life diagram.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "flaming sword [or lahat chereb; accept answers indicating a sword on fire; accept the path of the flaming sword; prompt on swords; prompt on sword of Michael]", "answer_primary": "flaming sword", "clean_answers": [ "flaming sword", "lahat chereb", "answers indicating a sword on fire", "the path of the flaming sword" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The order in which the sefirot were created is known as the path of this object in Kabbalah. It’s not a bucket, but the Third Secret of Fátima describes seeing an angel holding this object and yelling the word “penance!”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "ego [or ich]", "answer_primary": "ego", "clean_answers": [ "ich", "ego" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this concept in Freudian psychology that mediates conflict between reality, the id, and a concept with the prefix “super-.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "horses [or stallions]", "answer_primary": "horses", "clean_answers": [ "horses", "stallions" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In The Ego and the Id, Freud used one of these animals to introduce the ego-id relationship. Wilhelm von Osten did not actually teach a “Clever” one of these animals to spell, instead prompting it with body language.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "narcissism [or On Narcissism]", "answer_primary": "narcissism", "clean_answers": [ "On Narcissism", "narcissism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A Freud essay titled for this trait introduced the “ego ideal,” a person’s image of what they want to become. A test for this trait was devised by Raskin and Hall.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Bruckner’s Symphony No. 9 [or Bruckner’s Ninth; or Anton Bruckner’s Symphony No. 9 in D minor; or WAB 109]", "answer_primary": "Bruckner’s Symphony No. 9", "clean_answers": [ "Bruckner’s Ninth", "Bruckner’s Symphony No. 9", "WAB 109", "Anton Bruckner’s Symphony No. 9 in D minor" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this symphony whose “heavenly finale” was left incomplete at its composer’s death, despite its dedication to “the beloved God.” This symphony’s third movement Adagio was described as a “farewell to life” and contains the entire chromatic scale in its main theme.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Te Deum [accept Te Deum laudamus]", "answer_primary": "Te Deum", "clean_answers": [ "Te Deum", "Te Deum laudamus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Performances of Bruckner’s Ninth often use his C major setting of this Latin hymn as a final movement. A setting of this hymn by Marc-Antoine Charpentier provides the opening theme for Eurovision.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Messiah [or HWV 56]", "answer_primary": "Messiah", "clean_answers": [ "Messiah", "HWV 56" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "While early drafts of Bruckner’s Ninth quote his Te Deum, later drafts instead quote the “Hallelujah” chorus from this oratorio by Handel.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Neoplatonism [accept word forms like Neoplatonic; prompt on Platonism]", "answer_primary": "Neoplatonism", "clean_answers": [ "Neoplatonism", "word forms like Neoplatonic" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Plotinus belonged to what philosophical tradition that interpreted, and was named for, the author of the dialogues Crito and Euthyphro?", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Porphyry of Tyre [or Porphyrios]", "answer_primary": "Porphyry of Tyre", "clean_answers": [ "Porphyrios", "Porphyry of Tyre" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This Neoplatonic philosopher from Tyre produced the first known exegesis of the Chaldean Oracles and also wrote Philosophy from Oracles. This author of the Isagoge edited and published the Enneads of his teacher Plotinus.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "theurgy [accept Theurgia; accept Julian the Theurgist; prompt on divine magic or divine-working]", "answer_primary": "theurgy", "clean_answers": [ "Theurgia", "theurgy", "Julian the Theurgist" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Chaldean Oracles are usually credited to a writer named Julian whose epithet references this practice. Iamblichus and Porphyry feuded over this branch of magic, which is contrasted with the practical thaumaturgy.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "soft [accept soft ionization or soft matter or soft condensed matter]", "answer_primary": "soft", "clean_answers": [ "soft", "soft matter", "soft condensed matter", "soft ionization" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this adjective that describes entropy-dominated materials that readily deform, such as polymers and gels. Low-energy ionization in mass spectrometry, such as electrospray, is described by this adjective.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "liquid crystals [or LC; accept liquid crystal displays or LCDs]", "answer_primary": "liquid crystals", "clean_answers": [ "LCDs", "LC", "liquid crystal displays", "liquid crystals" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Soft matter includes these materials, with which de Genne worked. These materials consist of parallel-aligned rods and are used in namesake electronic displays.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "self-assembly [accept self-organization; or word forms like self-assembled]", "answer_primary": "self-assembly", "clean_answers": [ "word forms like self-assembled", "self-assembly", "self-organization" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A hallmark property of some soft matter is the ability to undergo this process, which underlies “4D printing” and can be “template-guided.” Gold nanoparticles undergo this process due to the formation of metallophilic bonds.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Empress Elisabeth of Austria [accept Duchess Elisabeth Amalie Eugenie; accept Elisabeth of Bavaria; accept Sisi or Sissi]", "answer_primary": "Empress Elisabeth of Austria", "clean_answers": [ "Duchess Elisabeth Amalie Eugenie", "Elisabeth of Bavaria", "Sissi", "Empress Elisabeth of Austria", "Sisi" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this woman who commissioned a palace named after Achilles on Corfu as a summer refuge after a family tragedy. This woman was assassinated in Geneva by the anarchist Luigi Lucheni (“loo-KAY-nee”).", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mayerling incident", "answer_primary": "Mayerling incident", "clean_answers": [ "Mayerling incident" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Empress Elisabeth built the Achilleion (“ah-KILL-ee-on”) after this event. This event was named after the hunting lodge where her son Rudolf died, after the Habsburg family learned of his affair with the young Baroness Mary Vetsera.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Franz Ferdinand [or Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria; or Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria]", "answer_primary": "Franz Ferdinand", "clean_answers": [ "Franz Ferdinand", "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria", "Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Mayerling incident led to this man becoming the heir to the Austrian throne, though this man never inherited due to his assassination by Gavrilo Princip.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Somali [or Soomaali; or Af Soomaali]", "answer_primary": "Somali", "clean_answers": [ "Soomaali", "Af Soomaali", "Somali" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this language whose long oral tradition influenced the 1905 poem “Afbakayle.” An exiled author who grew up speaking this language wrote the novels Maps and From a Crooked Rib.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "arranged marriage [or marrying or having a wedding or matrimony; accept I Will Marry When I Want] (I Will Marry When I Want is by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o and Ngũgĩ wa Mirii.)", "answer_primary": "arranged marriage", "clean_answers": [ "matrimony", "arranged marriage", "having a wedding", "I Will Marry When I Want", "marrying" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "I Will Marry When I Want is by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o and Ngũgĩ wa Mirii.", "number": 2, "part": "Coercion into performing this action is central to Nuruddin Farah’s novel From a Crooked Rib and Faarax M. J. Cawl’s Somali novel Ignorance Is the Enemy of Love. A Kikuyu-language play is titled in English for doing this “When I Want.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "dictators [accept dictator novel; accept Variations on the Theme of an African Dictatorship]", "answer_primary": "dictators", "clean_answers": [ "Variations on the Theme of an African Dictatorship", "dictators", "dictator novel" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Farah also wrote a trilogy about an “African” leader of this type. One of these people known as The Ruler assumes control of the setting of Ngũgĩ’s Wizard of the Crow, part of a genre more common in Latin American fiction.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "time [prompt on t]", "answer_primary": "time", "clean_answers": [ "time" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this variable plotted on the x-axis of namesake “series” of data. Stochastic processes like Brownian motion and stock market returns are often indexed by this variable.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "partial [accept partial correlation or partial autocorrelation function; accept partial regression]", "answer_primary": "partial", "clean_answers": [ "partial autocorrelation function", "partial correlation", "partial", "partial regression" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Box–Jenkins method uses a variant of correlation denoted by this adjective, which first regresses off data at shorter lags. Similarly, this adjective denotes a regression diagnostics method that plots the response against the added variable, after regressing off all other variables.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "stationary [or stationarity]", "answer_primary": "stationary", "clean_answers": [ "stationary", "stationarity" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "An early step of the Box–Jenkins method is to transform or apply differencing to better attain this property. A time series with this property has the same joint probability at any point in time.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Apelles of Kos [accept The Calumny of Apelles]", "answer_primary": "Apelles of Kos", "clean_answers": [ "The Calumny of Apelles", "Apelles of Kos" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Ancient Greek painter of Aphrodite Anadyomene (“an-uh-dy-OM-uh-nee”). Botticelli painted a “Calumny” modeled on a lost work by this painter from Kos.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Leon Battista Alberti", "answer_primary": "Leon Battista Alberti", "clean_answers": [ "Leon Battista Alberti" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "A challenge posed by this author led many Renaissance artists to create versions of The Calumny of Apelles. This author devised geometric ideas on perspective in De pictura and built on Vitruvius in On the Art of Building.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The School of Athens [or Scuola di Atene]", "answer_primary": "The School of Athens", "clean_answers": [ "The School of Athens", "Scuola di Atene" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Raphael may have modeled his depiction of himself in this painting on Apelles, next to a man modeled on Protogenes. Plato points toward the sky in this painting.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "mock-epic [or mock-heroic; accept heroi-comic]", "answer_primary": "mock-epic", "clean_answers": [ "heroi-comic", "mock-heroic", "mock-epic" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this type of long poem that satirizes a trivial subject using elevated diction and epithets. English examples of poems in this two-word style include John Gay’s Trivia and The Dunciad.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Rape of the Lock", "answer_primary": "The Rape of the Lock", "clean_answers": [ "The Rape of the Lock" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This mock-epic opens by describing a “dire offence [which] from am’rous causes springs.” Sylphs led by Ariel fail to prevent the removal of Belinda’s hair in this poem by Alexander Pope.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mac Flecknoe (by John Dryden)", "answer_primary": "Mac Flecknoe", "clean_answers": [ "Mac Flecknoe" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "by John Dryden", "number": 3, "part": "This mock-epic by a different author begins with the title character, “pond’ring which of all his sons was fit / To reign, and wage immortal war with wit,” soon settling on a man who is “mature in dullness” and “stands confirm’d in full stupidity.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Cajamarca (“ka-ha-MAR-ka”) [or Kashamarka; accept Battle of Cajamarca; accept Massacre at Cajamarca]", "answer_primary": "Cajamarca", "clean_answers": [ "Massacre at Cajamarca", "Cajamarca", "Kashamarka", "Battle of Cajamarca" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this city. A battle named for this city allegedly began after that aforementioned ruler threw down a Bible presented to him by Vincente de Valverde.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Atahualpa [or Atawallpa; or Ataw Wallpa]", "answer_primary": "Atahualpa", "clean_answers": [ "Atawallpa", "Ataw Wallpa", "Atahualpa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This ruler was captured at the Battle of Cajamarca just months after defeating his brother Huáscar in a civil war. This final Inca ruler was executed on the orders of Francisco Pizarro.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Quizquiz (“KEES-kees”) [or Quisquis]", "answer_primary": "Quizquiz", "clean_answers": [ "Quisquis", "Quizquiz" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Following Atahualpa’s execution, Pizarro defeated this general at the Battle of Cusco, forcing him to flee to Quito. Along with Chalcuchima, this Inca general led Atahualpa’s forces during the Inca Civil War at the battles of Chimborazo and Quipaipán.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Dinaric Alps [or Dinarides; reject “Alps”]", "answer_primary": "Dinaric Alps", "clean_answers": [ "Dinaric Alps", "Dinarides; reject Alps" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this mountain range that feeds the heavily dammed Trebišnjica (“TREB-ish-neet-sa”) River. The topographical word “karst” derives from a German word describing this range’s geology.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Bosnia and Herzegovina [or Bosnia-Herzegovina; or Bosna i Hercegovina]", "answer_primary": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "clean_answers": [ "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Bosnia-Herzegovina", "Bosna i Hercegovina" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Vjetrenica Cave and Trebišnjica River are in this country at the southern end of the Dinaric Alps. The Miljacka (“mil-YAHTS-ka”) river flows through this country’s Sarajevo Valley.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "sinking [or disappearing or influent; accept description or synonyms for going underground or recharging aquifers; accept flowing into a sinkhole; reject “shrinking” or “getting smaller”]", "answer_primary": "sinking", "clean_answers": [ "disappearing", "getting smaller", "flowing into a sinkhole; reject shrinking", "description", "synonyms for going underground", "recharging aquifers", "influent", "sinking" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Description acceptable. Some stretches of the Trebišnjica River with distinct names have this unusual quality common in karst regions. Both a stretch of the Danube starting at Memmingen and Idaho’s Big Lost River have this quality.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "bacteriophages [accept phage display or phage-assisted continuous evolution; accept lambda phage or M13 phage; prompt on viruses]", "answer_primary": "bacteriophages", "clean_answers": [ "phage-assisted continuous evolution", "phage display", "lambda phage", "M13 phage", "bacteriophages" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these organisms used in a namesake “assisted continuous evolution” technique. Libraries from these organisms undergo multiple rounds of affinity selection followed by amplification in a namesake “display.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "E. coli [or Escherichia coli]", "answer_primary": "E. coli", "clean_answers": [ "Escherichia coli", "E. coli" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The M13 phage used in phage-assisted continuous evolution replicates by infecting this pathogen. Hershey and Chase used a T2 phage to infect this rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria that can cause food poisoning.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "site-directed mutagenesis [or site-specific mutagenesis or oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis; prompt on SDM or mutagenesis or point mutation or mutation scanning or deep mutation scanning]", "answer_primary": "site-directed mutagenesis", "clean_answers": [ "site-specific mutagenesis", "oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis", "site-directed mutagenesis" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The M13 phage is also used in Kunkel’s method of performing this technique using mutated E. coli strains. Either this technique or error-prone PCR is used to generate libraries in alanine scanning.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Lopez [or Goss v. Lopez; or United States v. Lopez]", "answer_primary": "Lopez", "clean_answers": [ "United States v. Lopez", "Goss v. Lopez", "Lopez" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this surname of a student who carried a concealed revolver into a school, leading to a separate case that struck down the Gun-Free School Zones Act for going beyond Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Fourteenth Amendment", "answer_primary": "Fourteenth Amendment", "clean_answers": [ "Fourteenth Amendment" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Goss v. Lopez found that suspending students without a hearing violates this amendment’s Due Process Clause. This amendment passed after the Civil War includes the Equal Protection Clause.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "William Rehnquist [or William Hubbs Rehnquist]", "answer_primary": "William Rehnquist", "clean_answers": [ "William Rehnquist", "William Hubbs Rehnquist" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This justice dissented in Goss v. Lopez and was Chief Justice during United States v. Lopez. This clerk for Robert H. Jackson was Chief Justice for the 2003 Grutter and Gratz cases on affirmative action.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Mount Olympus [or Ólympos]", "answer_primary": "Mount Olympus", "clean_answers": [ "Mount Olympus", "Ólympos" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Ate (“AY-tee”) fell to Phrygia after her father Zeus threw her down from this home of the gods. Hephaestus fell to Lemnos after Hera threw him down from this mountain.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "honey [or méli]", "answer_primary": "honey", "clean_answers": [ "méli", "honey" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "While chasing a mouse, a son of Minos named Glaucus fell into a jar of this substance and died. In the Aeneid, the Cumaean Sibyl drugs Cerberus with a morsel of this substance and medicinal crops.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Elpenor [or Elpinor]", "answer_primary": "Elpenor", "clean_answers": [ "Elpinor", "Elpenor" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This youngest member of Odysseus’s crew fell to his death off Circe’s roof due to a hangover. This man was the first ghost Odysseus saw in the Underworld and begged to have a proper funeral.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "no-cloning theorem [reject “no-clone theorem”]", "answer_primary": "no-cloning theorem", "clean_answers": [ "reject no-clone theorem", "no-cloning theorem" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this result that asserts that no unitary time-evolution operator can generate an arbitrary separable quantum state. This result implies that arbitrary quantum states cannot also be “teleported” or “broadcasted.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "quantum entanglement [accept word forms like entangled]", "answer_primary": "quantum entanglement", "clean_answers": [ "word forms like entangled", "quantum entanglement" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The no-cloning theorem does not preclude states with this property, such as in teleportation that is [this property]-assisted. The EPR paradox concerns states with this property that are correlated despite being separated.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "monogamy [accept word forms like monogamous]", "answer_primary": "monogamy", "clean_answers": [ "word forms like monogamous", "monogamy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The extent to which entangled states can “bypass” the no-cloning theorem is limited by this property, which bounds the degree of entanglement between multiple states. The CKW inequality governs this property.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "hearts [or cœur; accept The Gas Heart or The Gas-Operated Heart or Le Cœur à gaz; accept Bearded Heart or Le Cœur à barbe]", "answer_primary": "hearts", "clean_answers": [ "The Gas Heart", "Le Cœur à barbe", "Bearded Heart", "The Gas-Operated Heart", "Le Cœur à gaz", "hearts", "cœur" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these objects, one of which is the last word in the English-language title of a play whose characters are named for body parts like Mouth, Ear, and Eyebrow.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Dada [or word forms like Dadaism or Dadaist]", "answer_primary": "Dada", "clean_answers": [ "Dada", "word forms like Dadaism", "Dadaist" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Tristan Tzara performed his play The Gas Heart at the Bearded Heart show, which aimed to highlight this avant-garde art movement whose name supposedly derives from the French word for “hobby horse.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "automatic writing [or automatism; prompt on randomness or chance or improvisational writing; reject “exquisite corpse”]", "answer_primary": "automatic writing", "clean_answers": [ "automatic writing", "automatism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The role of Eyebrow in The Gas Heart was originated by Philippe Soupault (“soo-POH”), who wrote The Magnetic Fields with André Breton using this technique. Breton defined Surrealism as a “pure psychic” form of this technique.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "butterfly [accept Madama Butterfly or Cio-Cio San]", "answer_primary": "butterfly", "clean_answers": [ "Madama Butterfly", "butterfly", "Cio-Cio San" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "An operatic character named after what sort of animal stabs herself after singing the aria “Con onor muore”? The soprano aria “Un bel dì, vedremo” appears in that Puccini opera, whose title character is named for this animal.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Florencia [or Florencia en el Amazonas; accept Florencia in the Amazon]", "answer_primary": "Florencia", "clean_answers": [ "Florencia", "Florencia in the Amazon", "Florencia en el Amazonas" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In a magical realist opera by Daniel Catán, this soprano transforms into a butterfly to reunite with her lover Cristóbal. This character titles that opera, which was the first in Spanish to be commissioned by an American company.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“The Star-Spangled Banner” [accept “To Anacreon in Heaven” or “The Anacreontic Song”; prompt on American national anthem or national anthem of the US] (The song was not yet the US’s national anthem at the time Puccini composed the opera.)", "answer_primary": "“The Star-Spangled Banner”", "clean_answers": [ "The Anacreontic Song", "The Star-Spangled Banner", "To Anacreon in Heaven" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The song was not yet the US’s national anthem at the time Puccini composed the opera.", "number": 3, "part": "On several occasions, Puccini’s score for Madama Butterfly represents Cio-Cio San’s husband with a motif based on this song.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "tennis [accept Enfield Tennis Academy; prompt on athletics or sports]", "answer_primary": "tennis", "clean_answers": [ "tennis", "Enfield Tennis Academy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this activity that a 2006 essay compares to a “religious experience” when spectating one of its professionals. In a novel, Michael Pemulis and John “No Relation” Wayne attend a prep school centered on this activity.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "David Foster Wallace", "answer_primary": "David Foster Wallace", "clean_answers": [ "David Foster Wallace" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This author of “Roger Federer As Religious Experience” wrote about the Enfield Tennis Academy in the lengthy novel Infinite Jest.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "mathematics [or math; accept trigonometry; accept calculus or derivatives; accept infinity; accept set theory or number theory; accept mathematical logic]", "answer_primary": "mathematics", "clean_answers": [ "derivatives", "mathematics", "set theory", "mathematical logic", "calculus", "math", "trigonometry", "number theory", "infinity" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "An essay from Wallace’s collection A Supposedly Fun Thing I’ll Never Do Again couples “Tennis” and “Tornadoes” with a branch of this field. Wallace’s book Everything and More examines the history of a concept in this field.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Abiy Ahmed [or Abiy Ahmed Ali; prompt on Ahmed]", "answer_primary": "Abiy Ahmed", "clean_answers": [ "Abiy Ahmed Ali", "Abiy Ahmed" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this leader of the Prosperity Party who agreed to end a border conflict by ceding the town of Badme. This leader launched a war with a northeastern neighbor in 2020 after winning the 2019 Nobel Peace Prize.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam [or Hidase Dam or Millennium Dam; accept Tālāqu ye-Ītyōppyā Hidāsē Gidib]", "answer_primary": "Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam", "clean_answers": [ "Millennium Dam", "Hidase Dam", "Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam", "Tālāqu ye-Ītyōppyā Hidāsē Gidib" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Under Abiy, Ethiopia has also raised tensions with nearby nations after finishing construction of this massive project on the Blue Nile, located near the country’s border with Sudan.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Egypt [or Misr]", "answer_primary": "Egypt", "clean_answers": [ "Misr", "Egypt" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Ethiopia has feuded with this country over the control it will have over waterflow that ends up in the Nile. This country has been governed by Abdel Fattah el-Sisi since 2014.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "wisdom [or sophia; accept wisdom literature; or hokhmah; or khokhmah; accept Pistis Sophia; reject “knowledge”]", "answer_primary": "wisdom", "clean_answers": [ "wisdom", "Pistis Sophia; reject knowledge", "wisdom literature", "sophia", "hokhmah", "khokhmah" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What concept names a genre of ancient literature that includes the Book of Job?", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Gnosticism [or Gnostic traditions]", "answer_primary": "Gnosticism", "clean_answers": [ "Gnostic traditions", "Gnosticism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Sophia is represented as a divine feminine figure in many of these traditions. Many of these traditions, named for their emphasis on spiritual knowledge, believe in a malevolent “demiurge.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "archons [or archontes; accept Hypostasis of the Archons]", "answer_primary": "archons", "clean_answers": [ "archons", "Hypostasis of the Archons", "archontes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In Gnosticism, Sophia is the creator of the first of these figures, Yaldabaoth. The Nag Hammadi library contains a Gnostic text about the Hypostasis of these figures, five of whom rule the “Kingdom of Darkness” in Manichaeism.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "vowel harmony", "answer_primary": "vowel harmony", "clean_answers": [ "vowel harmony" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this “long-distance” assimilation phenomenon. The Hungarian dative suffixes “nak” and “nek,” which match the class of earlier vowels, result from this phenomenon.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "phonology", "answer_primary": "phonology", "clean_answers": [ "phonology" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Vowel harmony is a rule in many Uralic languages studied in this subfield of linguistics that, in contrast to morphology, examines the organization of sound patterns.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "clitics [or enclitics]", "answer_primary": "clitics", "clean_answers": [ "enclitics", "clitics" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In Finnish, seven of these morphemes change according to vowel harmony, such as “-kO” and “-kA.” These morphemes resemble a word but depend phonologically on an adjoining word.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "stars [or ek’; accept star wars; accept Morning Star or Evening Star]", "answer_primary": "stars", "clean_answers": [ "stars", "Morning Star", "star wars", "ek’", "Evening Star" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these celestial objects whose “wars” name Mayan conflicts. The planet Venus was often referred to as the “morning” or “evening” one of these objects.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Tikal (“tih-KAHL”) [or Yax Mutal or Yax Mutul or First Mutal]", "answer_primary": "Tikal", "clean_answers": [ "Yax Mutul", "First Mutal", "Yax Mutal", "Tikal" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This city lost the first recorded “star war” in 562 CE to its main rival, beginning a namesake hiatus. This city later fought a cold war against that rival, Calakmul (“kah-lahk-MOOL”), using vassal cities it controlled in Guatemala’s Petén (“peh-TEN”) basin.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Caracol", "answer_primary": "Caracol", "clean_answers": [ "Caracol" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Altar 21 in this city, which was initially a vassal of Tikal before changing sides, records the 562 defeat of Tikal by Calakmul. The Hieroglyphic Stairway at Naranjo (“na-RAHN-ho”) records the reign of this city’s ruler K’an II.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Foucault’s Pendulum [or Il pendolo di Foucault]", "answer_primary": "Foucault’s Pendulum", "clean_answers": [ "Foucault’s Pendulum", "Il pendolo di Foucault" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this novel in which three men use the computer Abulafia to invent an intricate conspiracy theory called The Plan.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Knights Templar [or the Templars]", "answer_primary": "Knights Templar", "clean_answers": [ "the Templars", "Knights Templar" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The protagonists of Umberto Eco’s novel Foucault’s Pendulum discover a plot for world domination by this medieval order of Catholic knights, who are the guardians of the Holy Grail in The Da Vinci Code.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "telluric currents [prompt on Earth currents or currents]", "answer_primary": "telluric currents", "clean_answers": [ "telluric currents" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Templar plot revolves around controlling these currents of energy, which flow to an “Omphalos” at the center of the earth. Thomas Pynchon’s Mason & Dixon describes these forces as a secret communication system through a Hollow Earth.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Lagrangian [accept Lagrangian mechanics]", "answer_primary": "Lagrangian", "clean_answers": [ "Lagrangian", "Lagrangian mechanics" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this quantity defined as kinetic energy minus potential energy, which is used in a formulation of classical mechanics contrasted with Hamiltonian mechanics.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "coordinates [accept generalized coordinates or cyclic coordinates]", "answer_primary": "coordinates", "clean_answers": [ "generalized coordinates", "coordinates", "cyclic coordinates" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The variable q in the definition of the Lagrangian is a generalized one of these quantities. These quantities are called “cyclic” or “ignorable” if they correspond to a constant of motion.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Edward Routh (“rao’th”) [or Edward John Routh; accept Routh’s method or Routhian mechanics; accept Routh–Hurwitz criterion]", "answer_primary": "Edward Routh", "clean_answers": [ "Routh–Hurwitz criterion", "Edward John Routh", "Routh’s method", "Edward Routh", "Routhian mechanics" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In a system with cyclic coordinates, the equations of motion can be solved using a method named for this physicist, which defines a new quantity from the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian. With Hurwitz, this physicist names a stability criterion for control systems.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "enosis", "answer_primary": "enosis", "clean_answers": [ "enosis" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What Greek word meaning “union” names the political goal of Cyprus’s unification with the Greek mainland? This goal was pursued by members of the EOKA-B (“ay-OH-kuh B”) guerrilla group.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Georgios Grivas [accept Digenis]", "answer_primary": "Georgios Grivas", "clean_answers": [ "Georgios Grivas", "Digenis" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The EOKA-B was led by this general, who fought both Axis forces during World War II and British forces after the war. This general resisted both the military regime in Greece and Archbishop Makarios III before his death in 1974.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Turkey [or Türkiye; or Republic of Türkiye; or Türkiye Cumhuriyeti]", "answer_primary": "Turkey", "clean_answers": [ "Türkiye", "Turkey", "Republic of Türkiye", "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A pro-enosis coup supported by the Regime of the Colonels in Greece led to an invasion of Cyprus by this country. That invasion by this country installed a friendly government that controls the island’s north today.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Mycobacterium [or Mycobacteria; accept Mycobacterium leprae; accept Mycobacterium tuberculosis]", "answer_primary": "Mycobacterium", "clean_answers": [ "Mycobacterium", "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", "Mycobacterium leprae", "Mycobacteria" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this genus of bacteria. A species of bacteria in this genus attacks macrophages after entering the lungs, forming granulomas and causing infected patients to cough up blood.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "staining [or word forms; accept acid-fast staining or Ziehl–Neelsen staining]", "answer_primary": "staining", "clean_answers": [ "staining", "acid-fast staining", "word forms", "Ziehl–Neelsen staining" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Mycobacteria such as those that cause tuberculosis are often identified by an “acid-fast” form of this technique. This technique applies dyes to specimens to make them more visible under a microscope.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "carbol fuchsin [or carbolfuchsin; or Castellani’s paint; accept basic fuchsine]", "answer_primary": "carbol fuchsin", "clean_answers": [ "basic fuchsine", "carbolfuchsin", "Castellani’s paint", "carbol fuchsin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The presence of phenol in this dye allows it to penetrate the lipid-rich walls of Mycobacteria, making it the primary stain used in the acid-fast stain. This dye is also sometimes used instead of safranin as a counterstain in Gram staining.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "just intonation [or pure intonation; prompt on microtonal or xenharmonic or descriptions of using whole-number ratio intervals or unusual tuning or intonation; prompt on JI]", "answer_primary": "just intonation", "clean_answers": [ "just intonation", "pure intonation" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give the exact term used to describe the compositional system of Ben Johnston. Partch introduced the analysis of systems of this type via odd numbers of “limits.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Terry Riley", "answer_primary": "Terry Riley", "clean_answers": [ "Terry Riley" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This composer of A Rainbow in Curved Air recorded the albums Shri Camel and The Harp of New Albion in just intonation. Performers repeat 53 short fragments in a piece by this composer simply titled for its key.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "C major [accept In C]", "answer_primary": "C major", "clean_answers": [ "C major", "In C" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Terry Riley’s fragmented piece for an indefinite number of musicians is titled for being In [this key]. This fundamental major key of Johnston’s notation contains no sharps or flats.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "South Pacific Islands [accept Polynesia; accept Samoa; accept Tonga; prompt on Oceania] (Kisses in the Nederends is by Tongan author Epeli Hau’ofa. Albert Wendt is from Samoa.)", "answer_primary": "South Pacific Islands", "clean_answers": [ "Tonga", "South Pacific Islands", "Polynesia", "Samoa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Kisses in the Nederends is by Tongan author Epeli Hau’ofa. Albert Wendt is from Samoa.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this transnational region whose most acclaimed author, Albert Wendt, wrote The Leaves of the Banyan Tree and Black Rainbow.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "United States [or United States of America; or USA; accept America]", "answer_primary": "United States", "clean_answers": [ "United States of America", "USA", "United States", "America" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "A University Press based in this country has published Pacific literature like Victoria Nalani Kneubuhl’s (“NEW-bull’s”) Island Plays and the poems of Wayne Kaumualii Westlake. Asian-Pacific writers Cathy Song and Hanya Yanagihara were born in this country.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Māori", "answer_primary": "Māori", "clean_answers": [ "Māori" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The University of Hawaii’s Talanoa literature series has also published fiction by Witi Ihimaera (“WIT-ee ee-hee-MY-ruh”) and Patricia Grace, two members of this Indigenous ethnic group of New Zealand.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "hair", "answer_primary": "hair", "clean_answers": [ "hair" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Pieces in the exhibition by Mark Bradford and Kori Newkirk incorporated products like pomade, which is most often used with what material? This material is manipulated in Jheri curls and box braids.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "words [or text; or letters]", "answer_primary": "words", "clean_answers": [ "letters", "text", "words" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Glenn Ligon, who coined the term “post-Black” with Golden, made many works that place these elements over a white background. Barbara Kruger put these elements in a square overlaid on a hand in I shop therefore I am.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Who’s Afraid of [accept Who’s Afraid of Aunt Jemima?; accept Who’s Afraid of Post-Blackness?] (Who’s Afraid of Aunt Jemima? is a narrative quilt by Faith Ringgold.)", "answer_primary": "Who’s Afraid of", "clean_answers": [ "Who’s Afraid of Aunt Jemima?", "Who’s Afraid of Post-Blackness?", "Who’s Afraid of" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Who’s Afraid of Aunt Jemima? is a narrative quilt by Faith Ringgold.", "number": 3, "part": "The exhibition is a focus of a book by Touré (“too-RAY”) whose title precedes “Post-Blackness” with these three words. In an artwork whose title begins with these three words, a woman opens a Harlem restaurant with her husband, Big Rufus.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Stephen Karam (“CARE-um”)", "answer_primary": "Stephen Karam ", "clean_answers": [ "Stephen Karam" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this American playwright who depicted three teenagers’ plan to expose their predatory teacher in Speech and Debate. This author won a Tony Award for Best Play in 2016 for The Humans.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Crucible (by Arthur Miller)", "answer_primary": "The Crucible", "clean_answers": [ "The Crucible" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "by Arthur Miller", "number": 2, "part": "In Speech and Debate, the precocious Diwata performs a one-woman musical centered on a maid from this play. That character gives a pregnant woman a “poppet” stuck with a needle in this play.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Anton Chekhov", "answer_primary": "Anton Chekhov", "clean_answers": [ "Anton Chekhov" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In 2016, Karam produced a semi-translated vernacular adaptation of a play by this author. Christopher Durang’s play Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike riffs on Uncle Vanya and other plays by this Russian author.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Hangul [or Hangeul; or Chosongeul; accept Korean alphabet or Korean script; prompt on Korean; prompt on alphabet or script]", "answer_primary": "Hangul", "clean_answers": [ "Hangeul", "Hangul", "Korean script", "Chosongeul", "Korean alphabet" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this system said to be easy enough to understand that even a stupid man could learn how to use it in ten days.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Joseon dynasty [or Choson dynasty; or Great Joseon State]", "answer_primary": "Joseon dynasty", "clean_answers": [ "Great Joseon State", "Joseon dynasty", "Choson dynasty" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Hangul was created to replace the use of Chinese characters in Korea by Sejong the Great, a leader of this Korean dynasty that fell in 1910 after a Japanese invasion.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Sarim [or Saarim; accept “forest of scholars” faction]", "answer_primary": "Sarim", "clean_answers": [ "forest of scholars faction", "Sarim", "Saarim" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "During the 16th century, the use of Hangul was banned by the “tyrant king” Yeonsangun (“YUN-sahn-goon”), who initiated the sahwa, or literati purges, against this group. This neo-Confucian faction opposed the Hungu faction under King Sejo.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Sedna [or Sanna]", "answer_primary": "Sedna", "clean_answers": [ "Sanna", "Sedna" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "In Inuit mythology, the Northern Lights are believed to be children playing ball with the skull of a walrus, an animal created when this sea goddess’s fingers were cut off by her father Anguta.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Australia [or Commonwealth of Australia]", "answer_primary": "Australia", "clean_answers": [ "Commonwealth of Australia", "Australia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Gunai people of this country believe the Southern Lights to be fire from the spirit world. Nabunum the eel made the frog Tiddalik laugh, releasing all the world’s water, in the mythology of this country’s Aboriginal peoples.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Yellow Emperor [or Yellow Thearch or Huangdi or Xuānyuán] (Huangdi legendarily founded huaxia civilization after winning Zhuolu.)", "answer_primary": "Yellow Emperor", "clean_answers": [ "Yellow Emperor", "Huangdi", "Xuānyuán", "Yellow Thearch" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Huangdi legendarily founded huaxia civilization after winning Zhuolu.", "number": 3, "part": "In Chinese mythology, this figure was conceived either by an aurora or lightning from the Big Dipper. In the Records of the Grand Historian, this figure teamed up with the emperor Yuwang to win the battle of Zhuolu.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "The Quiet American (The Burdick and Lederer novel is The Ugly American.)", "answer_primary": "The Quiet American", "clean_answers": [ "The Quiet American" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The Burdick and Lederer novel is The Ugly American.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this novel in which the narrator is left by his mistress Phuong for a man he suspects is working for the CIA, the idealist Alden Pyle.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Graham Greene [or Henry Graham Greene]", "answer_primary": "Graham Greene", "clean_answers": [ "Henry Graham Greene", "Graham Greene" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This novelist set The Quiet American in Vietnam. This British author’s other novels set abroad include Our Man in Havana and The Power and The Glory.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "journalist [or reporter or member of the press or a foreign correspondent; accept newspaper writer; prompt on writer] (Waugh’s novel is Scoop.)", "answer_primary": "journalist", "clean_answers": [ "newspaper writer", "reporter", "journalist", "member of the press", "a foreign correspondent" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "Waugh’s novel is Scoop.", "number": 3, "part": "The narrator of The Quiet American, Thomas Fowler, holds this profession. William Boot travels to the fictional East African country of Ishmaelia as a member of this profession in a novel by Evelyn Waugh.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "entropy AND enthalpy [accept enthalpy–entropy compensation; accept S in place of “entropy”; accept H in place of “enthalpy”]", "answer_primary": "entropy AND enthalpy", "clean_answers": [ "S in place of entropy", "entropy AND enthalpy", "H in place of enthalpy", "enthalpy–entropy compensation" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name both of these two quantities subject to a “compensation effect” that is a sufficient condition for LFERs (“L-F-E-R’s”).", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Gibbs free energy [or G; or Gibbs energy or reaction energy; prompt on free energy or potential energy]", "answer_primary": "Gibbs free energy", "clean_answers": [ "G", "Gibbs energy", "reaction energy", "Gibbs free energy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "LFERs model linear relationships for this quantity, which is defined as the enthalpy of a system minus the product of temperature and entropy.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Jacobus Henricus van ’t Hoff (“van utt HOFF”) [accept van ’t Hoff equation or van ’t Hoff plot or van ’t Hoff factor]", "answer_primary": "Jacobus Henricus van ’t Hoff", "clean_answers": [ "van ’t Hoff factor", "Jacobus Henricus van ’t Hoff", "van ’t Hoff equation", "van ’t Hoff plot" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This scientist’s namesake plot of “log K-sub-eq” against inverse temperature has enthalpy and entropy in the formulas for its intercept and slope, respectively. A quantity named for this scientist is less than one for compounds that dimerize in solution.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "John Lee Hooker", "answer_primary": "John Lee Hooker", "clean_answers": [ "John Lee Hooker" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this blues guitarist who wrote the songs “Boogie Chillen’” and “Boom Boom.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Muddy Waters [or McKinley Morganfield; prompt on Waters]", "answer_primary": "Muddy Waters", "clean_answers": [ "Muddy Waters", "McKinley Morganfield" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Like Hooker, this guitarist who recorded “Hoochie Coochie Man” was able to quit his day job after his first hit. Mick Jagger named The Rolling Stones after that recording by this Chicago blues guitarist, who was known by a two-word nickname.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "United Kingdom [or UK; or United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; accept Great Britain; accept England; accept British Invasion]", "answer_primary": "United Kingdom", "clean_answers": [ "England", "United Kingdom", "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "UK", "British Invasion", "Great Britain" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A band from this country recorded blues classics like “Boom Boom” and “The House of the Rising Sun” for their debut self-titled album, The Animals. The US experienced a 1960s “invasion” of music acts from this country.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "thing-in-itself [or Ding an sich; or things-in-themselves; prompt on things]", "answer_primary": "thing-in-itself", "clean_answers": [ "thing-in-itself", "things-in-themselves", "Ding an sich" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give the English or German term for this concept that is often linked with the noumenon. The transcendental idealism presented in Critique of Pure Reason distinguishes this unknowable concept from its appearances.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Immanuel Kant", "answer_primary": "Immanuel Kant", "clean_answers": [ "Immanuel Kant" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This German philosopher expounded his view of the thing-in-itself in his Critique of Pure Reason.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "humility [accept Kantian humility or epistemic humility]", "answer_primary": "humility", "clean_answers": [ "Kantian humility", "epistemic humility", "humility" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In her first book, Rae Langton referred to Kant’s view that we cannot know the thing-in-itself as a “Kantian” form of this trait. The “epistemic” form of this trait refers to the view that one’s knowledge is always incomplete.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Illinois Confederation [or Illiniwek; or Illini]", "answer_primary": "Illinois Confederation", "clean_answers": [ "Illinois Confederation", "Illiniwek", "Illini" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these people who included the Moingwena and Tamaroa tribes. These people, who clashed with the Fox, formed a confederation that inhabited a region of New France called Upper Louisiana.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Cahokia", "answer_primary": "Cahokia", "clean_answers": [ "Cahokia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Illinois Confederacy included a tribe of this name that clashed with the Shawnee and Meskwaki. The largest center of Mississippian culture, located near St. Louis and known for burial mounds, had this name.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Beaver Wars", "answer_primary": "Beaver Wars", "clean_answers": [ "Beaver Wars" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The population of Illinois plummeted after disease spread during these 17th-century conflicts, primarily fought between the Iroquois and French-allied tribes. These conflicts ended with the Great Peace of Montreal.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "isostatic rebound [or post-glacial rebound; prompt on rebound; prompt on glacial isostasy or glacial isostatic adjustment]", "answer_primary": "isostatic rebound", "clean_answers": [ "isostatic rebound", "post-glacial rebound" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this phenomenon that creates forebulges due to elastic lateral stress on the lithosphere. The Arun River’s contribution to this phenomenon has been hypothesized to affect Mount Everest’s height.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "asthenosphere [prompt on mantle]", "answer_primary": "asthenosphere", "clean_answers": [ "asthenosphere" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The mechanism of isostatic rebound occurs due to pressure from this layer. This layer forms a low-velocity zone for seismic waves and causes seafloor spreading.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "mean sea level [or MSL]", "answer_primary": "mean sea level", "clean_answers": [ "MSL", "mean sea level" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Measurements of this quantity account for gravitational variations from isostatic rebound. Global warming has caused a several-inch increase in this quantity over the past century, some of which is from melting glaciers.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Haitian Vodou [or Voodoo] (Those images are vèvè.)", "answer_primary": "Haitian Vodou", "clean_answers": [ "Voodoo", "Haitian Vodou" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "Those images are vèvè.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this religion whose practitioners create those images, commonly using cornmeal, to depict important religious symbols such as a cross or a walking cane.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Palo [or Palo Mayombe; prompt on Reglas de Congo]", "answer_primary": "Palo", "clean_answers": [ "Palo", "Palo Mayombe" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Similar to Vodou vèvè (“veh-VEH”), practitioners of this religion create diagrams called firmas that connect mpungu spirits to the material world. This Kongo-inspired religion teaches that spirits inhabit vessels called nganga.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Cuba [or Republic of Cuba; or República de Cuba]", "answer_primary": "Cuba", "clean_answers": [ "República de Cuba", "Cuba", "Republic of Cuba" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Practitioners of a religion from this country, Abakuá, draw diagrams called anaforuanas based on Nsibidi symbols. Palo developed in this country, as did the Yoruba-Catholic syncretic religion Santería.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Niklas Luhmann (“LOO-mahn”)", "answer_primary": "Niklas Luhmann", "clean_answers": [ "Niklas Luhmann" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this author of Theory of Society. This German author developed a sociologically oriented systems theory that analyzes the role of, and disturbances in, communication in social organizations.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "cybernetics", "answer_primary": "cybernetics", "clean_answers": [ "cybernetics" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Luhmann’s systems theory was influenced by this transdisciplinary field led by Norbert Wiener and Gregory Bateson. This field studies feedback systems where outputs also serve as inputs.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "risk [prompt on volatility or beta]", "answer_primary": "risk", "clean_answers": [ "risk" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Luhmann wrote a “sociological theory” of this concept in an analysis of unexpected situations. In economics, people fearful of uncertain outcomes have an “aversion” to this concept.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "scheduling [accept word forms such as schedule]", "answer_primary": "scheduling", "clean_answers": [ "word forms such as schedule", "scheduling" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this task that dictates how CPU time is allocated among a computer’s processes. In general, this task aims to maximize throughput and minimize latency and resource starvation.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "kernel", "answer_primary": "kernel", "clean_answers": [ "kernel" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "For system processes, scheduling is done by this component of the operating system that performs system calls. This component is so named because it is the “core” of the operating system.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "niceness", "answer_primary": "niceness", "clean_answers": [ "niceness" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Some scheduling algorithms use this quantity that lets users manually adjust the priority of a process. In Linux, a maximal value of 19 for this quantity means that a process will only run if no other process wishes to.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Miyamoto Musashi [or Miyamoto Musashi; or Musashi Miyamoto; or Musashi; accept The Secret History of the Lord of Musashi]", "answer_primary": "Miyamoto Musashi", "clean_answers": [ "Musashi Miyamoto", "The Secret History of the Lord of Musashi", "Musashi", "Miyamoto Musashi" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this title character of a nearly thousand-page-long, 1935 novel by Eiji Yoshikawa that climaxes with a battle in which he wields a weapon carved from a boat’s oar.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Jun’ichiro Tanizaki [or Tanizaki Jun’ichiro]", "answer_primary": "Jun’ichiro Tanizaki", "clean_answers": [ "Tanizaki Jun’ichiro", "Jun’ichiro Tanizaki" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This novelist wrote that “Secret History” of Musashi. Edward Seidensticker translated two of this novelist’s titles that are idioms about “water pepper-eating bugs” and “falling snow,” Some Prefer Nettles and The Makioka Sisters.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Shōgun", "answer_primary": "Shōgun", "clean_answers": [ "Shōgun" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Perhaps the best-known fictional treatment of feudal Japanese history in the West is this 1975 James Clavell novel about John Blackthorne.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Cimmerians [or Kimmerioi or Cimmerii or Gimirrāya or Gimirri]", "answer_primary": "Cimmerians", "clean_answers": [ "Cimmerians", "Cimmerii", "Gimirri", "Kimmerioi", "Gimirrāya" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these agro-pastoralist people. These people’s 7th-century BCE ruler Tugdamme (“toog-da-MEH”) conquered territory stretching from Lydia to Urartu (“oo-RAR-too”) and was recognised as “king of the world” by a foreign astrologer.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Naram-Sin [or Naram-Suen]", "answer_primary": "Naram-Sin", "clean_answers": [ "Naram-Sin", "Naram-Suen" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Tugdamme’s Cimmerians were identified with the Ummān-manda, recalling a powerful enemy that opposed this earlier ruler in the Cuthean Legend. This fourth ruler of the Akkadian Empire created a “Victory Stele” that depicted himself as a god.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Neo-Assyrian Empire [or Assyria or māt Aššur]", "answer_primary": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "clean_answers": [ "Assyria", "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "māt Aššur" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Letters from this empire directly attest to the Cimmerians’ equipment, specifically requesting their leather straps, arrows and bows. This empire’s last major capital was Nineveh.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Mike Leigh (“lee”)", "answer_primary": "Mike Leigh", "clean_answers": [ "Mike Leigh" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this director whose scripting approach involves crafting characters in one-on-one sessions with actors. This director from Manchester set films like Hard Truths, Naked, and Secrets and Lies in London.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "BBC [or British Broadcasting Corporation; or BBC Studios]", "answer_primary": "BBC", "clean_answers": [ "BBC Studios", "British Broadcasting Corporation", "BBC" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Before making feature films, Leigh wrote and directed teleplays and shows produced by this public broadcaster. David Attenborough narrated this public broadcaster’s Planet Earth series of nature documentaries.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "teachers [or schoolteachers; or instructors]", "answer_primary": "teachers", "clean_answers": [ "teachers", "instructors", "schoolteachers" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In Leigh’s film Happy-Go-Lucky, Sally Hawkins plays a woman with this profession. Mads Mikkelsen played men with this profession in Thomas Vinterberg’s films The Hunt and Another Round.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "United Mine Workers of America [or UMWA]", "answer_primary": "United Mine Workers of America", "clean_answers": [ "United Mine Workers of America", "UMWA" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this union led by John Llewellyn (“loo-ELL-in”) Lewis, who enforced strikes during World War II. In 1914, strikers tried joining this union before being attacked by guards of the CF&I.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "AFL [or American Federation of Labor; accept AFL-CIO]", "answer_primary": "AFL", "clean_answers": [ "American Federation of Labor", "AFL-CIO", "AFL" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Lewis was instrumental in splitting the Congress of Industrial Organizations, or CIO, from this other labor union led by George Meany and founded by Samuel Gompers.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Jimmy Hoffa [or James Riddle Hoffa]", "answer_primary": "Jimmy Hoffa", "clean_answers": [ "Jimmy Hoffa", "James Riddle Hoffa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The AFL-CIO’s anti-corruption push led to conflict with David Beck, who succeeded this man. This man’s death, presumably outside Detroit, likely occurred after meeting with Anthony Giacalone and Anthony Provenzano.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "alloys [accept high-entropy alloys or multi-component alloys]", "answer_primary": "alloys", "clean_answers": [ "high-entropy alloys", "alloys", "multi-component alloys" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these materials said to be “high-entropy” or “multi-component” when they contain at least five different metals. More common two-component examples of these materials include bronze.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "spinodal [accept spinodal decomposition or spinodal curve]", "answer_primary": "spinodal", "clean_answers": [ "spinodal curve", "spinodal decomposition", "spinodal" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Cantor alloy undergoes a phase separation into metallic and intermetallic phases, an example of a decomposition described by this term. The zero set of the second derivative of Gibbs free energy with respect to composition percentage defines a curve described by this term.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "point defects [or crystallographic point defects; accept vacancy defects or substitutional defects or interstitial defects]", "answer_primary": "point defects", "clean_answers": [ "crystallographic point defects", "interstitial defects", "point defects", "substitutional defects", "vacancy defects" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The “sluggish diffusion” effect in high-entropy alloys results from unequal lattice potential energies around the “vacancy” type of these sites. Other types of these sites may be classified as “substitutional” or “interstitial.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "fifteen minutes [or quart d’heure; accept 15-minute city]", "answer_primary": "fifteen minutes", "clean_answers": [ "quart d’heure", "fifteen minutes", "15-minute city" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this number that names a city design concept begun by Carlos Moreno and embraced by Anne Hidalgo. That design named for this number aims to make daily needs reachable by cycling, walking, or public transit.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Paris", "answer_primary": "Paris", "clean_answers": [ "Paris" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Hidalgo adopted the 15-minute city concept while campaigning for re-election as mayor of this capital city that hosted the 2024 Summer Olympics.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Melbourne, Australia", "answer_primary": "Melbourne, Australia", "clean_answers": [ "Melbourne, Australia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This city has officially adopted the “20-minute neighborhood.” The Hoddle Grid created this city’s pedestrian laneways, while its shopping arcades were built after a mining boom ushered in this city’s 1880s “Marvellous” era.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Walt Whitman (The other poem is “A Supermarket in California” by Allen Ginsberg.)", "answer_primary": "Walt Whitman", "clean_answers": [ "Walt Whitman" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The other poem is “A Supermarket in California” by Allen Ginsberg.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this poet, described as a “childless, lonely old grubber, poking among the meats in the refrigerator” in a poem whose narrator also asks Federico Garcia Lorca, “what were you doing down by the watermelons?”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "bodies [accept “I Sing The Body Electric”]", "answer_primary": "bodies", "clean_answers": [ "I Sing The Body Electric", "bodies" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Allen Ginsberg’s “Love Poem on a Theme by Whitman” describes these things “fallen from heaven” and “locked shuddering naked,” drawing from a Whitman poem that begins, “I sing [this sort of thing] electric.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Adam [accept “As Adam Early in the Morning”]", "answer_primary": "Adam", "clean_answers": [ "Adam", "As Adam Early in the Morning" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In the essay “Taking a Walk Through Leaves of Grass,” Ginsberg highlights the eroticism of a Whitman poem titled for this figure. In the last poem preceding the Calamus poems, this figure is told “be not afraid of my body.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Swan Lake [or Lebedínoje ózero]", "answer_primary": "Swan Lake", "clean_answers": [ "Swan Lake", "Lebedínoje ózero" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "While the hardline Gang of Eight attempted to seize power, what musical work was broadcast on loop on state television?", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev [or Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev]", "answer_primary": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "clean_answers": [ "Mikhail Gorbachev", "Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "During the August Coup, the Gang of Eight arrested this politician, who starred in a famous Pizza Hut commercial. This politician was the last leader of the USSR.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Radio Free Europe [or Radio Liberty; accept RFE or RL]", "answer_primary": "Radio Free Europe", "clean_answers": [ "Radio Liberty", "RL", "Radio Free Europe", "RFE" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Boris Yeltsin personally thanked this station for its coverage of the 1991 coup. Eastern Bloc citizens could tune in to Voice of America and this station if they bypassed jamming with short-wave equipment from the black market.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Friedrich Schiller [or Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller] (The trilogy is Wallenstein. The friend in the lead-in is Goethe.)", "answer_primary": "Friedrich Schiller", "clean_answers": [ "Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller", "Friedrich Schiller" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The trilogy is Wallenstein. The friend in the lead-in is Goethe.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this author whose lost skull is the focus of a poem at the end of the Wilhelm Meister novel series. This author included The Piccolomini in a trilogy of plays about a 17th-century military leader.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Hamlet", "answer_primary": "Hamlet", "clean_answers": [ "Hamlet" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The title character of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister novels portrays this Shakespeare character, who rhapsodizes on the skull of his former jester Yorick.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Emilia Galotti [or Emilie Galotti]", "answer_primary": "Emilia Galotti", "clean_answers": [ "Emilia Galotti", "Emilie Galotti" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "After growing bored of Hamlet, Wilhelm’s theater troupe puts on this Gotthold Ephraim Lessing play, a retelling of the myth of Virginia in which the title character is stabbed by her father Odoardo.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Maurice Ravel", "answer_primary": "Maurice Ravel", "clean_answers": [ "Maurice Ravel" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this composer of Miroirs (“meer-WAHR”) who abandoned work on orchestrations of Isaac Albéniz’s Iberia suite to compose Boléro.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“Une barque sur l’océan” (“oon bark soor lo-say-AWN”) [accept “A Boat on the Ocean”]", "answer_primary": "“Une barque sur l’océan”", "clean_answers": [ "Une barque sur l’océan", "A Boat on the Ocean" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The painter Paul Sordes (“sord”), who was called a “Ravel of the palette” by Les Apaches member Tristan Klingsor, was the dedicatee of this third movement of Ravel’s Miroirs. This movement is known for its lush arpeggios imitating sea currents.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Islamey [or Islamey: Oriental Fantasy]", "answer_primary": "Islamey", "clean_answers": [ "Islamey: Oriental Fantasy", "Islamey" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Viñes premiered Ravel’s Gaspard de la nuit (“gas-PARR duh la NWEE”), whose third movement was written to be more difficult than this “Oriental Fantasy” for piano by Mily Balakirev.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "authenticité [accept authenticity]", "answer_primary": "authenticité", "clean_answers": [ "authenticité", "authenticity" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this French-language term also used by Mobutu Sese Seko. This term describes the process of changing personal and place names to reject Western influence.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Zaire [or Republic of Zaire]", "answer_primary": "Zaire", "clean_answers": [ "Republic of Zaire", "Zaire" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "As part of his authenticité program, Mobutu renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo to this name, which he promoted as the first of the “Three Zs.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ahmed Sékou Touré [or Sheku Turay; or Sheku Ture] (Touré was the first president of Guinea. His nephew was Siaka Touré.)", "answer_primary": "Ahmed Sékou Touré", "clean_answers": [ "Sheku Turay", "Sheku Ture", "Ahmed Sékou Touré" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Touré was the first president of Guinea. His nephew was Siaka Touré.", "number": 3, "part": "This leader founded the record label Syliphone as part of his own authenticité program more focused on the arts. This leader’s nephew oversaw a facility in which this leader implemented the “black diet,” Camp Boiro.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "migration [or word forms; prompt on movement or navigation] (The insect with the longest migration is now thought to be the dragonfly species Pantala flavescens.)", "answer_primary": "migration", "clean_answers": [ "migration", "word forms" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "The insect with the longest migration is now thought to be the dragonfly species Pantala flavescens.", "number": 1, "part": "Until recently, monarch butterflies were thought to be the insect to undergo the longest type of this process. During this process, an organism travels across long distances, usually on a seasonal basis.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Müllerian mimicry", "answer_primary": "Müllerian mimicry", "clean_answers": [ "Müllerian mimicry" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This type of mimicry was first observed in the butterfly genus Heliconius. This type of mimicry relies on all involved species exhibiting aposematism and being unpalatable.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "metapopulations [prompt on populations]", "answer_primary": "metapopulations", "clean_answers": [ "metapopulations" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A study of the Glanville fritillary butterfly in Finland’s Åland Islands is the largest ever to examine these entities, which are approximated using the source-sink model. Richard Levins coined the term for these entities, which are patches of habitat linked by migration or dispersal of individuals.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "hermeneutics [accept “Existence and Hermeneutics”; prompt on interpretation]", "answer_primary": "hermeneutics", "clean_answers": [ "Existence and Hermeneutics", "hermeneutics" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this field that is applied to phenomenology in Time and Narrative by Paul Ricœur (“ree-CURR”). Many thinkers in this field conceptualize it as an interplay between the whole and its parts in a namesake “circle.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "suspicion [or soupçon]", "answer_primary": "suspicion", "clean_answers": [ "soupçon", "suspicion" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Ricoeur coined a hermeneutical school named for this concept that aims to find hidden meanings within texts. Ricoeur named Freud, Marx, and Nietzsche as the “masters” of this concept for their views on false consciousness.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "post [accept postcritique or postmodernism]", "answer_primary": "post", "clean_answers": [ "postmodernism", "postcritique", "post" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Rita Felski built on the school of suspicion to theorize a “critique” denoted by this prefix. Thomas Pynchon belongs to a movement containing this prefix that Frederic Jameson called the “cultural logic of late capitalism.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "solid-phase synthesis [accept on-resin synthesis; accept solid-phase peptide synthesis or on-resin peptide synthesis]", "answer_primary": "solid-phase synthesis", "clean_answers": [ "on-resin synthesis", "solid-phase synthesis", "on-resin peptide synthesis", "solid-phase peptide synthesis" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this form of synthesis that underpins “split and pool” synthesis. Peptides synthesized in this manner are immediately treated afterwards with a cocktail of 95-percent TFA supplemented with TIS and DODT.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "protecting groups [or protective groups]", "answer_primary": "protecting groups", "clean_answers": [ "protecting groups", "protective groups" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The aforementioned cocktail is used to remove the final products from the resin and to remove these modifications. The compounds Fmoc (“F-mock”) and Boc (“bock”) are used as these modifications.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "bases", "answer_primary": "bases", "clean_answers": [ "bases" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Each round of solid-phase peptide synthesis begins with the removal of Fmoc by adding one of these compounds while leaving Boc and Trt untouched. These compounds form solutions with a high pH.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Gayomart [or Kayomart; or Keyumars; or Kiomars]", "answer_primary": "Gayomart", "clean_answers": [ "Keyumars", "Kayomart", "Kiomars", "Gayomart" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this first human being from Avestan mythology. One epic begins by describing this figure’s rule during a time when humans still lived in caves and wore leopard skins.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Iran [or Islamic Republic of Iran; or Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran; prompt on Persia]", "answer_primary": "Iran", "clean_answers": [ "Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran", "Islamic Republic of Iran", "Iran" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Upon Gayomart’s death after ruling for 30 years, their grandson Hushang founded this modern-day country’s Pishdadian Dynasty. The story of Gayomart opens this country’s national epic, the Shahnameh.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ahriman [or Angra Mainyu]", "answer_primary": "Ahriman", "clean_answers": [ "Angra Mainyu", "Ahriman" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Gayomart’s son Siamak is killed while leading an army against the forces of this figure. In a story from the Shahnameh, kisses from this figure cause snakes to grow from the shoulders of the evil king Zahhak.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Lanark [or Lanark: A Life in Four Books]", "answer_primary": "Lanark", "clean_answers": [ "Lanark", "Lanark: A Life in Four Books" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this novel in which another character, Duncan Thaw, calmly anticipates an apocalyptic ending while sitting in a hilltop cemetery after meeting his creator, Alasdair Gray.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Glasgow", "answer_primary": "Glasgow", "clean_answers": [ "Glasgow" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Lanark is largely set in Unthank, a dystopian version of this city devoid of daylight. This city is the setting of Douglas Stuart’s Shuggie Bain and James Kelman’s How Late It Was, How Late.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Frankenstein [or Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus]", "answer_primary": "Frankenstein", "clean_answers": [ "Frankenstein", "The Modern Prometheus", "Frankenstein:" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Gray wrote Lanark a decade before Poor Things, a send-up of this Mary Shelley novel about a scientist who reanimates dead matter.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "busts [or portrait busts; prompt on character heads or Charakterköpfe]", "answer_primary": "busts", "clean_answers": [ "busts", "portrait busts" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Lavater’s studies influenced Franz Xaver Messerschmidt’s portrayal of the “canonical grimaces” in a series of these works. Jean-Antoine Houdon (“oo-DON”) made many of these sculptures that show a subject’s head and upper torso.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Henry Fuseli (“FUSE-lee”) [or Johann Heinrich Füssli] (The painting is The Nightmare.)", "answer_primary": "Henry Fuseli", "clean_answers": [ "Henry Fuseli", "Johann Heinrich Füssli" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The painting is The Nightmare.", "number": 2, "part": "This friend of Lavater made an English translation of his Essays on Physiognomy. This artist’s fantasies about Lavater’s niece, Anna Landolt, may have inspired a painting popularized by a Thomas Burke engraving.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "caricatures [accept political cartoons; prompt on satires or satirical; prompt on sketches or comic strips; prompt on lithographs or drawings] (The artist is Honoré Daumier.)", "answer_primary": "caricatures", "clean_answers": [ "caricatures", "political cartoons" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The artist is Honoré Daumier.", "number": 3, "part": "Thomas Rowlandson and James Gillray, who mainly worked in this genre, both made studies based on Lavater’s work. Charles Baudelaire wrote that an artist had “the accuracy of a Lavater” in works in this genre like Gargantua that often appeared in Le Charivari (“luh shah-ree-vah-REE”).", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "oxidation [accept Jones oxidation]", "answer_primary": "oxidation", "clean_answers": [ "Jones oxidation", "oxidation" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this type of reaction exemplified by the conversion of an alcohol to a carbonyl group, such as in one named for Jones. This type of reaction corresponds to a loss of electrons.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Swern oxidation", "answer_primary": "Swern oxidation", "clean_answers": [ "Swern oxidation" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This oxidation converts an alcohol to a carbonyl using oxalyl chloride in an “activated DMSO” reaction. The notoriously odorous dimethyl sulfide is produced as a byproduct of this reaction.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "succinimide [or N-chlorosuccinimide or N-bromosuccinimide; prompt on NCS or NBS]", "answer_primary": "succinimide", "clean_answers": [ "N-chlorosuccinimide", "N-bromosuccinimide", "succinimide" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Corey–Kim oxidation uses dimethyl sulfide and a chlorine derivative of this compound. Bromine radicals used for allylic bromination come from a derivative of this compound in the Wohl–Ziegler reaction.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "transfeminism [accept transfeminist studies; prompt on feminism or radical feminism; prompt on transgender studies]", "answer_primary": "transfeminism", "clean_answers": [ "transfeminism", "transfeminist studies" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this submovement of Julia Serano’s 2007 essay collection Whipping Girl. The activist group The Menace inspired Emi Koyama’s manifesto of this submovement within queer theory.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "intersectionality", "answer_primary": "intersectionality", "clean_answers": [ "intersectionality" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Serano’s concept of transmisogyny applies this sociological framework described by Kimberlé Crenshaw. This framework analyzes how people’s identities overlap to produce unique forms of oppression and privilege.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Eve Sedgwick [or Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick]", "answer_primary": "Eve Sedgwick", "clean_answers": [ "Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick", "Eve Sedgwick" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Serano cites this thinker’s essay “How to Bring Your Kids Up Gay” to describe forms of pathologization accompanying femininity. This queer theorist coined the term “homosocial” and wrote Epistemology of the Closet.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Paul Strand (His best-known photograph is Wall Street.)", "answer_primary": "Paul Strand", "clean_answers": [ "Paul Strand" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "His best-known photograph is Wall Street.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this photographer who shot half of the documentary Manhatta. The same borough is the setting of this photographer’s best-known image, which depicts four huge windows above people walking in shadow.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "291 [or Gallery 291; accept Photo-Secession Gallery or Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession]", "answer_primary": "291", "clean_answers": [ "Gallery 291", "Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession", "Photo-Secession Gallery", "291" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Strand’s interest in photography began when Lewis Hine took him to visit this gallery. Edward Steichen and Alfred Stieglitz co-founded this gallery, which is known by the three-digit number of its address on Fifth Avenue.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Italy [or Italia; or Italian Republic; or Repubblica Italiana]", "answer_primary": "Italy", "clean_answers": [ "Italy", "Italian Republic", "Repubblica Italiana", "Italia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Strand photographed an old widow surrounded by her five sons in this country. This country’s genre of neorealism influenced that photo, which Strand took on a trip with the screenwriter of its film Bicycle Thieves.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "phase [accept phasors or phase-shift keying] (The I/Q data of a signal is its decomposition into in-phase and quadrature components.)", "answer_primary": "phase", "clean_answers": [ "phase", "phasors", "phase-shift keying" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The I/Q data of a signal is its decomposition into in-phase and quadrature components.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this quantity whose “keying” is plotted on “constellation diagrams” in digital modulation. This quantity names a class of time-invariant vectors that are generalized by analytic signal representations.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "sinusoidal [accept sine or cosine; prompt on periodic]", "answer_primary": "sinusoidal", "clean_answers": [ "sinusoidal", "cosine", "sine" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Phasors are representations of functions with this shape, since they encode the amplitude and phase of a signal. Functions with this shape are the usual terms in a Fourier series.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "impedance [prompt on Z]", "answer_primary": "impedance", "clean_answers": [ "impedance" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In circuit analysis, the ratio of two phasors corresponds to this complex quantity. A generalization of Ohm’s law for inductors and capacitors in AC circuits states that voltage equals current times this quantity.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "mēnin [accept rage, anger, wrath, or synonyms]", "answer_primary": "mēnin", "clean_answers": [ "synonyms", "rage, anger, wrath,", "mēnin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "The eta should be stressed in this opening word of the Iliad, an abstract noun. You may give the Greek word or any of its common English translations.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Achilles [or Achilleus; or Akhilaos]", "answer_primary": "Achilles", "clean_answers": [ "Achilleus", "Akhilaos", "Achilles" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The opening line attributes the mēnin, or wrath, to this Greek hero who is the protagonist of the Iliad.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "two stressed syllables [or two long syllables; accept stressed stressed or long long; accept macron macron or two syllables with macrons; accept two heavy or two emphasized syllables; prompt on two syllables]", "answer_primary": "two stressed syllables", "clean_answers": [ "two emphasized syllables", "stressed stressed", "two long syllables", "long long", "macron macron", "two syllables with macrons", "two heavy", "two stressed syllables" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Because the Iliad is in dactylic hexameter, its lines end with a spondee, which has this syllabic configuration.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Alexander Calder", "answer_primary": "Alexander Calder", "clean_answers": [ "Alexander Calder" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "In 1975, this artist began BMW’s Art Car series on a commission from driver Hervé Poulain (“air-VAY poo-LAN”). This American artist painted his Flying Colors on a Douglas airplane and designed a set for Erik Satie’s symphonic drama Socrate (“so-KRAT”).", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Tate Modern [prompt on Tate; reject “Tate Britain” or “Tate St. Ives” or “Tate Liverpool”]", "answer_primary": "Tate Modern", "clean_answers": [ "Tate Modern" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "BMW sponsors this museum’s program for live performance art exhibitions. Olafur Eliasson’s The Weather Project and Ai Weiwei’s Sunflower Seeds were hosted in this museum’s Turbine Hall.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum [or The Guggenheim]", "answer_primary": "Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum", "clean_answers": [ "Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum", "The Guggenheim" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "BMW collaborated with this museum for an exhibition on the Art of the Motorcycle, during which reflective panels covered its spiral ramp. Frank Lloyd Wright designed this New York City museum.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Antonio", "answer_primary": "Antonio", "clean_answers": [ "Antonio" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this name of a sea captain from Twelfth Night whose departure from Sebastian may be read as homoerotic. In The Tempest, a usurping Duke of Milan with this name is silent after being forgiven by his brother Prospero.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Measure for Measure", "answer_primary": "Measure for Measure", "clean_answers": [ "Measure for Measure" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Isabella stands silently after the Duke proposes marriage to her at the end of this problem play, in which the Duke wears a disguise after banning fornication in Vienna. Its title features the same word twice.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Silvia [accept “Who is Sylvia?”] (She appears in The Two Gentlemen of Verona.)", "answer_primary": "Silvia", "clean_answers": [ "Who is Sylvia?", "Silvia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "She appears in The Two Gentlemen of Verona.", "number": 3, "part": "Smith also points out this character’s pregnant silence after Valentine offers her to her would-be-rapist Proteus. A song addressed to this character asks “Is she kind as she is fair?”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Tanzimat reforms [or Reorganization period]", "answer_primary": "Tanzimat reforms", "clean_answers": [ "Reorganization period", "Tanzimat reforms" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this initiative that included the decriminalization of homosexuality and a “reform edict” granting religious freedom to all. This mid-19th century initiative’s goals were laid out in the “Supreme Edict of the Rosehouse.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Janissaries [or Janissary Corps; or Yeniçeri]", "answer_primary": "Janissaries", "clean_answers": [ "Yeniçeri", "Janissary Corps", "Janissaries" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Tanzimat reforms implemented a modern standing army for the Ottoman Empire after the loss of prestige of these earlier soldiers. Mahmud II disbanded this group of Ottoman soldiers in the Auspicious Incident.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Circassians [or Cherkess; accept Adyghe; accept Kabardians]", "answer_primary": "Circassians", "clean_answers": [ "Cherkess", "Adyghe", "Kabardians", "Circassians" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Tanzimat reforms outlawed the slave trade of women of this ethnicity, who were concubines in wealthy Ottoman harems. Voltaire claimed that women of this ethnicity introduced inoculation to the Ottoman Empire.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Ahmad ibn Hanbal [accept Hanbali school or Hanbalism]", "answer_primary": "Ahmad ibn Hanbal", "clean_answers": [ "Hanbalism", "Ahmad ibn Hanbal", "Hanbali school" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this religious scholar, a leader of the Ahl al-Hadith movement. Ibn Taymiyya adhered to an early school named for this scholar that rejects taqlid.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Saudi Arabia [or Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; or KSA]", "answer_primary": "Saudi Arabia", "clean_answers": [ "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia", "KSA", "Saudi Arabia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Most adherents of the Hanbali school are from Qatar and this country. The Wahhabism movement emerged in this country home to Medina.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "ijtihad [accept gates of ijtihad; accept independent reasoning; prompt on physical or mental effort or exertion]", "answer_primary": "ijtihad", "clean_answers": [ "ijtihad", "independent reasoning", "gates of ijtihad" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Movements adhering to the Hanbali school, such as Wahhabism and Salafism, reject taqlid in favor of this practice. Orientalist scholars claimed that the “gates” of this practice of independent interpretation had “closed.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Joh Bjelke-Petersen (“Joe BYELL-kee Peterson”) [or Johannes Bjelke-Petersen]", "answer_primary": "Joh Bjelke-Petersen ", "clean_answers": [ "Joh Bjelke-Petersen", "Johannes Bjelke-Petersen" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this long-serving premier of Queensland, who was nicknamed the “hillbilly dictator” for taking advantage of an electoral system that meant rural seats had fewer voters.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Canberra [accept “Joh for Canberra”]", "answer_primary": "Canberra", "clean_answers": [ "Joh for Canberra", "Canberra" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Bjelke-Petersen launched a bid for PM nicknamed “Joh for [this city],” but it petered out after an unsuccessful 1987 campaign. The location of this capital city was chosen to be between Melbourne and Sydney.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "National Party [accept New Zealand National Party]", "answer_primary": "National Party", "clean_answers": [ "New Zealand National Party", "National Party" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "To increase his party’s appeal to urban voters, Bjelke-Petersen’s Country party changed its name in 1974 to this name. New Zealand’s main center-right party also has this name.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Greek underworld [accept hell or Hades or land of the dead]", "answer_primary": "Greek underworld", "clean_answers": [ "hell", "Greek underworld", "Hades", "land of the dead" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Goddesses whose vengeful aspects are referred to as Brimo are often linked to this place, which includes the Fields of Elysium and Tartarus.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Hecate [or Hekate; prompt on Trivia]", "answer_primary": "Hecate", "clean_answers": [ "Hecate", "Hekate" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This goddess was given the epithet Brimo in her temple at Pherae in Thessaly. Lycophron’s Alexandra uses the name Brimo when describing queen Hecuba’s transformation into this goddess’s symbol of a black dog.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Eleusinian Mysteries [prompt on mysteries] (The “unrepeatables” held inside the Telesterion included reenacting the Demeter-Persephone myth and being shown sacred relics by a priest with commentary.)", "answer_primary": "Eleusinian Mysteries", "clean_answers": [ "Eleusinian Mysteries" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The “unrepeatables” held inside the Telesterion included reenacting the Demeter-Persephone myth and being shown sacred relics by a priest with commentary.", "number": 3, "part": "Hippolytus states that during this event, a priest announced that a goddess called Brimo gave birth to a son named Brimos. “Unrepeatables” of this event include “Things Done,” “Things Shown,” and “Things Said.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "gold standard [or gold bullion standard or gold bullion standard; or Gold Democrats]", "answer_primary": "gold standard", "clean_answers": [ "gold standard", "Gold Democrats", "gold bullion standard" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this policy in the nickname of the only third party endorsed by The New York Times. Alton B. Parker secured the Democratic presidential nomination in 1904 through a telegram endorsing this policy.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Henry M. Teller [or Henry Moore Teller; or Teller Amendment]", "answer_primary": "Henry M. Teller", "clean_answers": [ "Teller Amendment", "Henry M. Teller", "Henry Moore Teller" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "While Palmer and Buckner defected from the Democratic Party in 1896, this politician left to form the Silver Republicans. This politician names an amendment that forbade annexing Cuba and was superseded by the Platt Amendment.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "William McKinley", "answer_primary": "William McKinley", "clean_answers": [ "William McKinley" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Teller’s defection failed to stop the victory of this president in 1896, who started the Spanish-American War and was assassinated by Leon Czolgosz (“CHOL-gosh”) in 1901.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "T cells [accept cytotoxic T cells or helper T cells]", "answer_primary": "T cells", "clean_answers": [ "cytotoxic T cells", "T cells", "helper T cells" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this type of immune cell that comes in “cytotoxic” and “helper” varieties, and develops in the thymus.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "naive [accept naive T-cell or Th0]", "answer_primary": "naive", "clean_answers": [ "Th0", "naive", "naive T-cell" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Langerhans cells travel to lymph nodes to interact with T cells described by this word, which have differentiated and undergone central selection, but have not been exposed to their corresponding antigen.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "dendritic cells [or DCs or veiled cells; accept conventional dendritic cells or plasmacytoid dendritic cells or cDCs or pDCs; accept myeloid dendritic cells or mDCs; reject “dendrites”]", "answer_primary": "dendritic cells", "clean_answers": [ "plasmacytoid dendritic cells", "pDCs", "dendritic cells", "veiled cells", "conventional dendritic cells", "DCs", "cDCs", "mDCs; reject dendrites", "myeloid dendritic cells" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Langerhans cells are thought to be a specialized type of these antigen-presenting cells that act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune systems. These cells come in “conventional” and “plasmacytoid” types, and are named for resembling the branched projections of neurons.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "games [accept language-games or Sprachspiel] (The latter philosopher is Ludwig Wittgenstein.)", "answer_primary": "games", "clean_answers": [ "games", "Sprachspiel", "language-games" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The latter philosopher is Ludwig Wittgenstein.", "number": 1, "part": "Name these events that another philosopher cited as sharing “family resemblances.” That philosopher coined a type of these events exemplified by one involving a builder, an assistant, and words like “slab.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Finland [or Suomi; or Republic of Finland; or Suomen tasavalta; or Republiken Finland] (The first logician is Jaakko Hintikka.)", "answer_primary": "Finland", "clean_answers": [ "Finland", "Republic of Finland", "Suomi", "Suomen tasavalta", "Republiken Finland" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The first logician is Jaakko Hintikka.", "number": 2, "part": "A logician from this country pioneered game-theoretic semantics and developed epistemic logic in the book Knowledge and Belief. The inventor of deontic logic, G. H. von Wright, was from this country.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "negation [or word forms like negating; or “not P”; or complementation; or inverse or inversion]", "answer_primary": "negation", "clean_answers": [ "inverse", "complementation", "negation", "word forms like negating", "not P", "inversion" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In a semantic game, the roles of the Verifier and Falsifier essentially swap if a formula has this operation, which for a proposition P is often written “tilde P” or “exclamation point P.” This operation flips truth values.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Puerto Rico [or Commonwealth of Puerto Rico] (Santiago’s memoir is When I Was Puerto Rican.)", "answer_primary": "Puerto Rico", "clean_answers": [ "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico", "Puerto Rico" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "Santiago’s memoir is When I Was Puerto Rican.", "number": 1, "part": "The first sentence of Esmeralda Santiago’s memoir of growing up on this island mentions “guavas at the Shop & Save.” Spanish-speaking authors from this American island territory include Giannina Braschi and José Rivera.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "How the García Girls Lost Their Accents (by Julia Alvarez)", "answer_primary": "How the García Girls Lost Their Accents", "clean_answers": [ "How the García Girls Lost Their Accents" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "by Julia Alvarez", "number": 2, "part": "In this novel, Yolanda pretends not to speak Spanish after getting a flat tire in a guava field. This novel uses reverse chronology to detail the lives of four sisters in America after they flee the Trujillo (“troo-HEE-yo”) regime.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Kiran Desai [reject “Anita Desai”]", "answer_primary": "Kiran Desai", "clean_answers": [ "reject Anita Desai", "Kiran Desai" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This author wrote about Sampath, who lives in a guava tree after getting fired from the post office, in her novel Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard. This author also wrote The Inheritance of Loss.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Owain Glyndŵr (“OH-wyne glin-DOOR”) [or Owen Glendower; accept Owain ap Gruffydd]", "answer_primary": "Owain Glyndŵr", "clean_answers": [ "Owain ap Gruffydd", "Owen Glendower", "Owain Glyndŵr" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this rebel Prince of Wales who restored the medieval laws of Hywel and created the first Welsh Parliament at Machynlleth (“MACK-in-leth”) in 1404.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Percy family [accept House of Percy or de Percy; accept Henry Percy]", "answer_primary": "Percy family", "clean_answers": [ "Henry Percy", "de Percy", "Percy family", "House of Percy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Owain Glyndŵr was allied with a noble from this family, who earned a nickname from his fast campaigns against Scotland. Glyndŵr negotiated the Tripartite Indenture with Edmund Mortimer and a member of this family.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Henry [accept Henry IV; accept Henry V; accept Henry VII or Henry Tudor]", "answer_primary": "Henry", "clean_answers": [ "Henry V", "Henry", "Henry IV", "Henry VII", "Henry Tudor" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Glyndŵr rebellion was crushed by the fourth and fifth kings of England with this name. The seventh king of England with this name, the founder of the Tudor Dynasty, was born in Wales.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "“The Swimmer”", "answer_primary": "“The Swimmer”", "clean_answers": [ "The Swimmer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this short story that ends as the protagonist cries upon discovering his house empty and his wife Lucinda gone.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The New Yorker", "answer_primary": "The New Yorker", "clean_answers": [ "The New Yorker" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "John Cheever’s story “The Swimmer” first appeared in this magazine, which also published Shirley Jackson’s story “The Lottery.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "babysitter (The other story is “The Babysitter” by Robert Coover.)", "answer_primary": "babysitter", "clean_answers": [ "babysitter" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The other story is “The Babysitter” by Robert Coover.", "number": 3, "part": "The protagonist of Cheever’s story “The Country Husband” notes there is “not a trace of autumn” in his lust for a woman with this job. The title character either drowns or peacefully falls asleep in a self-contradictory 1982 story titled for this job.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "viola", "answer_primary": "viola", "clean_answers": [ "viola" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Paul Hindemith premiered William Walton’s concerto for what string instrument? This instrument uses alto clef and shares its tuning with the larger cello.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "James MacMillan [or James Loy MacMillan]", "answer_primary": "James MacMillan", "clean_answers": [ "James MacMillan", "James Loy MacMillan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Lawrence Power also premiered this composer’s 2013 viola concerto, whose third movement flute solo was inspired by Japanese shakuhachi. This Scottish composer wrote the choral anthem “Who shall separate us?” for Elizabeth II’s funeral.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Jennifer Higdon [or Jennifer Elaine Higdon]", "answer_primary": "Jennifer Higdon", "clean_answers": [ "Jennifer Elaine Higdon", "Jennifer Higdon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This composer’s viola concerto was premiered by Roberto Díaz in 2015. This composer imagined the soloist as an Olympic athlete in the “Fly Forward” finale of a violin concerto she wrote for Hilary Hahn.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Big Shot [accept Mr. Big Shot or Big Shot Rob or Big Shot Bob]", "answer_primary": "Big Shot", "clean_answers": [ "Mr. Big Shot", "Big Shot Rob", "Big Shot", "Big Shot Bob" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this nickname shared by two NBA players, reflecting their clutch plays. A role player with this nickname has won the most titles of all non-Boston players and hit a winner in game 4 of a controversial 2002 series against the Kings.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Chauncey Billups [or Chauncey Ray Billups]", "answer_primary": "Chauncey Billups", "clean_answers": [ "Chauncey Billups", "Chauncey Ray Billups" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "“Mr. Big Shot” was the nickname of this player, who was the Finals MVP during the Pistons’ 2004 championship run. This player currently coaches the Portland Trail Blazers.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "San Antonio Spurs [or San Antonio Spurs]", "answer_primary": "San Antonio Spurs", "clean_answers": [ "San Antonio Spurs" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Robert Horry, or “Big Shot Rob,” was the bigger Big Shot against Billups’s Pistons during the 2005 Finals, where he played on this team alongside Tony Parker and Tim Duncan. Victor Wembanyama plays for this team.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "torus [or tori; accept S-one cross S-one]", "answer_primary": "torus", "clean_answers": [ "torus", "tori", "S-one cross S-one" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "A common joke holds that a coffee mug is the same as this surface since they are homeomorphic. Donuts and bagels are shaped like this surface.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "covering maps [or covers; accept covering projections or covering spaces; accept universal covers]", "answer_primary": "covering maps", "clean_answers": [ "covering spaces", "universal covers", "covering maps", "covers", "covering projections" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This type of map is often visualized as flattening a stack of pancakes, the union of which is the preimage of a neighborhood in the base. Up to equivalence, a simply connected space has only one of these maps.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "hyperplanes [prompt on planes]", "answer_primary": "hyperplanes", "clean_answers": [ "hyperplanes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Borsuk–Ulam theorem gives an algebraic topology proof of the ham sandwich theorem, which concerns one of these subspaces that “cuts” n objects in half. These affine subspaces have dimension one less than the full space and generalize a two-dimensional analog.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Luis Barragán [or Luis Ramiro Barragán Morfín]", "answer_primary": "Luis Barragán", "clean_answers": [ "Luis Ramiro Barragán Morfín", "Luis Barragán" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this architect whose Satellite Towers are painted in bright, monochromatic colors. This architect’s house and studio is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mexico City.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Switzerland [or Swiss Confederation; or Schweiz; or Suisse; or Svizzera; or Svizra]", "answer_primary": "Switzerland", "clean_answers": [ "Svizzera", "Swiss Confederation", "Switzerland", "Svizra", "Schweiz", "Suisse" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Jill Magid turned Barragán’s ashes into a diamond ring to convince this country’s furniture company Vitra to publicize his archive. This country’s firm Herzog and de Meuron (“duh mur-ON”) used 300 thousand LEDs in their design for the Allianz Arena.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Diego Rivera [or Diego María Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez]", "answer_primary": "Diego Rivera", "clean_answers": [ "Diego Rivera", "Diego María Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This artist, who advised Barragán on his design for the Jardines del Pedregal, died before the completion of his Anahuacalli (“ah-nah-wah-KAH-lee”) Museum. This muralist lived in his wife’s Casa Azul, or “blue house,” in Mexico City.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Roy Cohn [or Roy Marcus Cohn] (The play in the lead-in is G. David Schine in Hell.)", "answer_primary": "Roy Cohn", "clean_answers": [ "Roy Marcus Cohn", "Roy Cohn" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The play in the lead-in is G. David Schine in Hell.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this historical figure. In another play, the ghost of a woman persecuted by this man sings the Yiddish folk song “Tumbalalaika” as he dies, then guides a kaddish over his body.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Angels in America [or Angels in America: a Gay Fantasia on National Themes]", "answer_primary": "Angels in America", "clean_answers": [ "Angels in America: a Gay Fantasia on National Themes", "Angels in America" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Roy Cohn’s final days are fictionalized in this two-part Tony Kushner play, whose subtitle is “A Gay Fantasia on National Themes.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "octopuses [or octopi; or octopodes]", "answer_primary": "octopuses", "clean_answers": [ "octopodes", "octopuses", "octopi" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In his introductory monologue, Cohn wishes he were one of these animals. In his final line, Cohn tells the ghost of Ethel Rosenberg he wants to be reincarnated as one of these animals before dying.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Riemann hypothesis [or RH]", "answer_primary": "Riemann hypothesis", "clean_answers": [ "RH", "Riemann hypothesis" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this unsolved problem that asserts that the real part of every non-trivial zero of the zeta function is one-half.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "states [or automaton states]", "answer_primary": "states", "clean_answers": [ "automaton states", "states" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Riemann hypothesis is computationally equivalent to a Turing machine with 29 of these things halting. The input of the Busy Beaver function is the number of these things, which are denoted Q in the definition of a DFA.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "recursively enumerable [reject “recursive”]", "answer_primary": "recursively enumerable", "clean_answers": [ "reject recursive", "recursively enumerable" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The equivalence arises from the DPRM theorem, which asserts that functions with this property can be written as Diophantine equations. Languages with this property are type 0 in Chomsky’s hierarchy, opposite regular languages at type 3.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Azerbaijani [or Azeri; or Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish; accept Northern Azerbaijani, Southern Azerbaijani, or Iranian Azerbaijani; accept Turki or Torki; reject “Farsi” or “Persian”; reject “Turkish”] (“Heydar Babaya Salam” is by Mohammad Hossein Shahriar. The ruler is Ismā‘īl I, the first Safavid shah.)", "answer_primary": "Azerbaijani", "clean_answers": [ "Iranian Azerbaijani", "Persian; reject Turkish", "Azerbaijani", "Azeri Turkish", "Turki", "Azeri", "Torki; reject Farsi", "Azeri Turkic", "Northern Azerbaijani, Southern Azerbaijani," ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "“Heydar Babaya Salam” is by Mohammad Hossein Shahriar. The ruler is Ismā‘īl I, the first Safavid shah.", "number": 1, "part": "What language’s poetry was pioneered by a ruler who named his progeny after Shahnameh characters? That ruler used the pen name “Khaṭā’ī” to write the Dahnama in a predecessor to this modern Turkic language.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mikhail Lermontov [or Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov] (The novel is A Hero of Our Time.)", "answer_primary": "Mikhail Lermontov", "clean_answers": [ "Mikhail Lermontov", "Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The novel is A Hero of Our Time.", "number": 2, "part": "This author’s parents took him to Azerbaijan to cure his childhood maladies, inspiring him to transcribe the folk tale “Ashik Kerib.” Princess Mary appears in a novel by this Russian author of “Death of a Poet.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Joseph Stalin [or Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin; or Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; or Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; accept “Stalin Epigram”]", "answer_primary": "Joseph Stalin", "clean_answers": [ "Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin", "Stalin Epigram", "Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili", "Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili", "Joseph Stalin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This leader supported the recognition of Nizami as Azerbaijan’s national poet. A namesake epigram by Osip Mandelstam criticizes this Soviet leader, who used the pen name Soselo to write Georgian poetry.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "ligands", "answer_primary": "ligands", "clean_answers": [ "ligands" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these compounds whose binding to metal cations to form coordination complexes is described by crystal field theory. The spectrochemical series sorts these compounds by increasing strength.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "t-sub-2g OR e-sub-g", "answer_primary": "t-sub-2g OR e-sub-g", "clean_answers": [ "t-sub-2g OR e-sub-g" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In crystal field theory, ligand binding causes the five d orbitals to split into two orbitals, one of which is triply degenerate and lower in energy and the other of which is doubly degenerate and higher in energy. Name either.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Orgel diagrams", "answer_primary": "Orgel diagrams", "clean_answers": [ "Orgel diagrams" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "These diagrams qualitatively describe electronic energies in weak field transition metal complexes. These diagrams describe the symmetries of spin-allowed transitions and can be denoted D, F, or P.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Max Reger (“RAY-gur”) [or Johann Baptist Joseph Maximilian Reger]", "answer_primary": "Max Reger", "clean_answers": [ "Johann Baptist Joseph Maximilian Reger", "Max Reger" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this German composer who borrowed a lilting, dotted theme in A major from an earlier composer for a set of variations and a fugue.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "answer_primary": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "clean_answers": [ "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Reger took the theme from his Variations and Fugue from this composer’s 11th piano sonata, whose third movement is a “Rondo alla Turca.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "clarinet [accept basset clarinet]", "answer_primary": "clarinet", "clean_answers": [ "basset clarinet", "clarinet" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A rare example of a triple-sharp appears in the second of Reger’s two sonatas for this instrument. Mozart’s Kegelstatt trio features piano, viola, and this instrument played by Anton Stadler.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "balance of trade [or trade balance; or net trade or net exports or nx; accept exports minus imports; prompt on trade; reject “exports” or “imports”]", "answer_primary": "balance of trade", "clean_answers": [ "net trade", "exports minus imports", "balance of trade", "trade balance", "net exports", "nx" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this quantity often abbreviated as “X minus M.” This quantity is added to consumption, investment, and government spending to calculate a country’s GDP.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "mercantilism [or mercantilist policy]", "answer_primary": "mercantilism", "clean_answers": [ "mercantilist policy", "mercantilism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This nationalist economic policy, which was prevalent in 17th-century Europe, tries to maximize exports while minimizing imports.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "J curve", "answer_primary": "J curve", "clean_answers": [ "J curve" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This curve represents how the balance of trade changes over time following a currency devaluation, making its imports more expensive.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "aesthetic taste [accept “Of the Standard of Taste”]", "answer_primary": "aesthetic taste", "clean_answers": [ "Of the Standard of Taste", "aesthetic taste" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this concept that can have either “variety” or “unanimity” among people, according to an essay titled for this concept from a thinker’s Four Dissertations, which uses an example about John Ogilby and John Milton.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "David Hume [or David Home]", "answer_primary": "David Hume", "clean_answers": [ "David Home", "David Hume" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This philosopher acknowledged subjectivity in his essay “Of the Standard of Taste.” This Scot wrote A Treatise of Human Nature and posed the problem of induction.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "moral sense [or moral sentiments; or moral sentimentalism; accept moral sense theory; accept The Theory of Moral Sentiments]", "answer_primary": "moral sense", "clean_answers": [ "The Theory of Moral Sentiments", "moral sentiments", "moral sense", "moral sentimentalism", "moral sense theory" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Hume’s aesthetics drew on the Earl of Shaftesbury and Francis Hutcheson’s theory named for this ethical concept. Adam Smith’s book titled for this two-word concept considers the “sympathy” of the “impartial spectator.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Mwindo", "answer_primary": "Mwindo", "clean_answers": [ "Mwindo" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this hero of the Nyanga people who chases his evil father into the underworld, where this hero uses his conga scepter to grow a banana forest in a single day and beat up the death god Muisa.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "rivers", "answer_primary": "rivers", "clean_answers": [ "rivers" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Ashanti hero Kwase Benefo is assisted by the psychopomp Amokye in travelling on one of these natural features. In Greek mythology, Charon ferries souls across one of these natural features.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Zulu [or Amazulu; prompt on Bantu or Nguni]", "answer_primary": "Zulu", "clean_answers": [ "Amazulu", "Zulu" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In the mythology of these people, the hero Uncama accidentally enters the underworld while chasing a porcupine that ate his millet garden. Unkulunkulu is the chief god of these people, who believe death came from a lizard who outran a chameleon.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Philip II [or Phillip Augustus; or Philippe Auguste; prompt on Philip]", "answer_primary": "Philip II", "clean_answers": [ "Philippe Auguste", "Philip II", "Phillip Augustus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Paris’s main market for centuries was named Les Halles (“lay ahl”) for the halls built by this king, who included it within his new city walls. This king defeated a coalition of Otto IV and King John at a battle in Flanders.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "banking [or money lending or money changing; accept synonyms for finance or banking]", "answer_primary": "banking", "clean_answers": [ "money changing", "synonyms for finance", "banking", "money lending" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "People working in this profession were installed by Philip IV along the Grand Pont. Many Jews and Italians worked in this profession in Paris because of Catholic customs around the sin of usury.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "hospitals [accept infirmaries; accept hôtels or Hôtel-Dieu; accept muristan]", "answer_primary": "hospitals", "clean_answers": [ "hôtels", "Hôtel-Dieu", "muristan", "infirmaries", "hospitals" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "An island in the Seine was home to “God’s” one of these places. Another of these places was founded by merchants from Amalfi, given a charter by Baldwin I, and led by Blessed Gerard.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Ivan Turgenev [or Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev]", "answer_primary": "Ivan Turgenev", "clean_answers": [ "Ivan Turgenev", "Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this author of the autobiographical novel Torrents of Spring. This author fictionalized his affair with his father’s mistress in the novella First Love.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "crosses [or crucifixes; accept cross necklaces; prompt on necklaces or chains]", "answer_primary": "crosses", "clean_answers": [ "crucifixes", "crosses", "cross necklaces" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Torrents of Spring begins as Sanin comes across one of these objects, prompting his memories of Gemma. In Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov receives one of these objects from Sonya before going to confess his murders.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Don Quixote [or Don Quixote de la Mancha; or Alonso Quijano; or Alonso Quijano]", "answer_primary": "Don Quixote", "clean_answers": [ "Don Quixote", "Don Quixote de la Mancha", "Alonso Quijano" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Turgenev’s affair with the Spanish-French opera singer Pauline Viardot inspired his interest in this character, whom he compared to Hamlet in a famous essay. This chivalry-obsessed knight titles a Miguel de Cervantes novel.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Southern bread riots [accept mobs, protests, or other equivalents in place of “riots”; prompt on riots or protests by asking “what resource is it named for?”]", "answer_primary": "Southern bread riots", "clean_answers": [ "Southern bread riots", "other equivalents in place of riots", "mobs, protests," ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these events mostly led by women, including the pistol-brandishing Mary Jackson. These events took place after the Greyback became nearly worthless.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Richmond, Virginia", "answer_primary": "Richmond, Virginia", "clean_answers": [ "Richmond, Virginia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The largest bread riots occurred in this city, which also housed the Tredegar Iron Works. Jefferson Davis governed from this city, which was the capital of the Confederate States of America for four years.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Siege of Petersburg [or Richmond-Petersburg Campaign]", "answer_primary": "Siege of Petersburg", "clean_answers": [ "Richmond-Petersburg Campaign", "Siege of Petersburg" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Inflation riots occurred at Chimborazo Hospital, which was evacuated after Robert E. Lee’s retreat during this campaign named for a city outside Richmond. During this campaign, Ambrose Burnside led a charge at the Battle of the Crater.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "helium-3 [or He-3; prompt on helium or He]", "answer_primary": "helium-3", "clean_answers": [ "He-3", "helium-3" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this lighter of the two isotopes used in a standard dilution refrigerator. Tritium undergoes beta-minus decay to generate this isotope.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "superfluidity [or word forms]", "answer_primary": "superfluidity", "clean_answers": [ "superfluidity", "word forms" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Because helium-3 atoms are fermions, they do not readily exhibit this low-temperature property in which a substance exhibits zero viscosity.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Alexei Abrikosov", "answer_primary": "Alexei Abrikosov", "clean_answers": [ "Alexei Abrikosov" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "With Ginzburg and Leggett, this physicist won the 2003 Nobel Prize for theories on superfluid helium-3. This Russian physicist and Khalatnikov expanded Landau’s theory of Fermi liquids to model low-temperature helium-3.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Harappa [accept Harappan Civilization]", "answer_primary": "Harappa", "clean_answers": [ "Harappan Civilization", "Harappa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this archaeological site. This city is the type-site and sometimes-namesake of a culture that also originated the “Priest-King” and the Pashupati seal.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Margiana [or Marguš or Margush or Margianḗ or Marv; accept Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex; accept Frāda of Margiana]", "answer_primary": "Margiana", "clean_answers": [ "Marguš", "Margiana", "Margush", "Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex", "Marv", "Margianḗ", "Frāda of Margiana" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "An “archaeological complex” named for Bactria and this region was home to Gonur Depe (“go-NOOR deh-PEH”), where Harappan seals have been found. A much later mention of this region’s name appears in the Behistun Inscription, which records the rebellion of Frāda there.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "chariots [accept scythed chariots]", "answer_primary": "chariots", "clean_answers": [ "scythed chariots", "chariots" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A horse burial at Gonur Depe may predate similar ones from the Urals’ Sintashta culture, which made early examples of these objects. Blades could be added to these objects’ wheels to make their “scythed” form.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "rhyme [or word forms like rhyming; accept end rhymes; accept Rhyme’s Rooms]", "answer_primary": "rhyme", "clean_answers": [ "end rhymes", "word forms like rhyming", "rhyme", "Rhyme’s Rooms" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this property of line endings in heroic couplets. Capital letters are used to mark the “end” form of this sound property of verse.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Paradise Lost (by John Milton)", "answer_primary": "Paradise Lost", "clean_answers": [ "Paradise Lost" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "by John Milton", "number": 2, "part": "Leithauser’s book Rhyme’s Rooms wryly notes that a Funesian would dispute that this poem is unrhymed, since its first line-ending word, “fruit,” rhymes with “pursuit” 170 lines later. This poem’s preface calls rhyme an “invention of a barbarous age.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "trochee (“TRO-kee”) [or choree]", "answer_primary": "trochee", "clean_answers": [ "trochee", "choree" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Leithauser argues that had Milton died after only completing 100 lines of Paradise Lost, scholars could still predict where he would replace its iambs with these feet. In this metrical foot, an accented syllable is followed by an unaccented one.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Edwards syndrome [or trisomy 18]", "answer_primary": "Edwards syndrome", "clean_answers": [ "Edwards syndrome", "trisomy 18" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this genetic disorder that causes various malformations including heart defects and rocker-bottom feet, and is the second most common trisomy disorder after Down syndrome.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "prenatal ultrasound [or ultrasonography; accept ultrasonogram]", "answer_primary": "prenatal ultrasound", "clean_answers": [ "ultrasonography", "prenatal ultrasound", "ultrasonogram" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Trisomy disorders like Edwards syndrome are scanned for during pregnancy using this technique. Echocardiography is a type of this technique, which uses high-frequency acoustic waves to look at the uterus.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "cerebellum [accept cerebellum vermis or cerebellar tonsil; prompt on brain]", "answer_primary": "cerebellum", "clean_answers": [ "cerebellar tonsil", "cerebellum", "cerebellum vermis" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Edwards syndrome may cause a Dandy–Walker malformation, in which a portion of this structure called the vermis is absent. This structure is displaced down through the foramen magnum in a Chiari (“kee-AH-ree”) malformation, and receives information via mossy and climbing fibers.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Timur [or Tamerlane; or Timur the Lame; accept Timurid Empire]", "answer_primary": "Timur", "clean_answers": [ "Tamerlane", "Timur", "Timur the Lame", "Timurid Empire" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Central Asian leader who conquered the Golden Horde and founded a namesake empire centered at Samarkand.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Battle of Karnal", "answer_primary": "Battle of Karnal", "clean_answers": [ "Battle of Karnal" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Swivel guns placed on camels, known as zamburak, played an important role in cutting down infantry at this battle. The Koh-i-Noor diamond was plundered in a sack of Delhi following this victory for Nader Shah.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Panipat [accept First Battle of Panipat; accept Third Battle of Panipat]", "answer_primary": "Panipat", "clean_answers": [ "First Battle of Panipat", "Panipat", "Third Battle of Panipat" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Zamburak artillery units were used by Ahmad Shah Durrani during a battle at this location. The Delhi Sultanate collapsed after Ibrahim Lodi died in an earlier battle at this location.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Edvard Munch", "answer_primary": "Edvard Munch", "clean_answers": [ "Edvard Munch" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "This painter depicted people ranging from a young girl to an old woman in both Four Stages of Life and The Dance of Life. This artist also painted The Frieze of Life and The Scream.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Hilma af Klint [reject “Klimt”]", "answer_primary": "Hilma af Klint", "clean_answers": [ "Hilma af Klint", "reject Klimt" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Stages ranging from childhood to old age are represented abstractly in this artist’s series The Ten Largest. This Theosophist and member of The Five was inspired by a séance to start the massive series Paintings for the Temple.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "boats [or ships] (Thomas Cole’s series is The Voyage of Life.)", "answer_primary": "boats", "clean_answers": [ "boats", "ships" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "Thomas Cole’s series is The Voyage of Life.", "number": 3, "part": "Caspar David Friedrich’s The Stages of Life represents its title subject via five of these objects in the distance. A man in red and an angel in white use one of these objects in a Thomas Cole series allegorizing the stages of life.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Shakers [or United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing]", "answer_primary": "Shakers", "clean_answers": [ "Shakers", "United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this group whose “Mother Hymn” commemorates its founder, Mother Ann Lee. The writer of the song “Simple Gifts,” Joseph Brackett, belonged to this religious group named for their movement during worship.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Lebanon [accept Mount Lebanon; accept New Lebanon]", "answer_primary": "Lebanon", "clean_answers": [ "Mount Lebanon", "Lebanon", "New Lebanon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Isaac Newton Youngs collected Shaker music into A Short Abridgment of the Rules of Music while working in a town named after this country. The first Shakers settled in a society named “Mount [this country].”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "millennial [or thousand years; accept word forms like millennialism or millennium; accept Millennial Praises; accept premillennialism or postmillennialism; reject “millenarianism”]", "answer_primary": "millennial", "clean_answers": [ "thousand years", "premillennialism", "millennial", "Millennial Praises", "millennium", "postmillennialism; reject millenarianism", "word forms like millennialism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Bates contributed to the first collection of Shaker hymns, a set of “praises” named for this amount of time. A belief named for this amount of time holds that Christ will reign over Earth for the namesake amount of years prior to the Last Judgment.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Bahia (“ba-EE-uh”)", "answer_primary": "Bahia", "clean_answers": [ "Bahia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this state where Caatinga (“ka-ah-CHEEN-ga”) landscapes dominate the Chapada Diamantina National Park. This state’s second-largest city is Feira de Santana (“FAY-ra jee sun-TAH-na”).", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Salvador [or Salvador da Bahia]", "answer_primary": "Salvador", "clean_answers": [ "Salvador", "Salvador da Bahia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Point of St. Antonio is in this city, which is a center of African-influenced culture home to several mestres of capoeira. The historic Pelourinho (“pay-lo-REEN-yoo”) neighborhood is in this capital of Bahia.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Brazil [or Brasil; or Federative Republic of Brazil; or República Federativa do Brasil]", "answer_primary": "Brazil", "clean_answers": [ "Federative Republic of Brazil", "Brazil", "Brasil", "República Federativa do Brasil" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Bahia is a state in the eastern part of this country, whose other states include Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul, and Belo Horizonte.", "value": 10 } ]