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[ "Battle of Kyongju\nThe Battle of Kyongju was an engagement between United Nations (UN) and North Korean (NK) forces early in the Korean War from August 31 to September 15, 1950, in the vicinity of Kyongju in South Korea. It was a part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter, and was one of several large engagements fought simultaneously. The battle ended in a victory for the United Nations after large numbers of United States (US) and Republic of Korea (ROK) troops repelled a strong North Korean attack." ]

[ "Battle of Taegu\nThe battles around Taegu saw repeated attempts by the KPA to attack the city. However, the North Korean troops were repeatedly stopped or slowed by American and ROK troops and airstrikes. The five KPA divisions each suffered heavy casualties, and each of them finally collapsed under the strain of both mounting losses and lack of supplies. However, some of these division's troops were able to disperse into the mountains. Some of these troops later assembled for different battles. These final elements of the KPA were finally defeated in the Battle of the Bowling Alley.", "History of Sino-Korean relations\nUnder Emperor Hong Taiji, the Manchuria-based Qing dynasty invaded Korea twice, in 1627 and 1636. Following the Second Manchu invasion of Korea, the Qing claimed victory and forced Injo of Joseon into submission, severing its relations with the collapsing Ming dynasty, which eventually fell in 1644. Qing China's national strength gradually declined after its defeat in the First and Second Opium Wars. As such, China was forced to sign a series of concessions and \"unequal treaties\" with the Western colonial powers. At the same time, the Meiji Restoration occurred in Japan and led to the rise of the Empire of Japan, which gradually expanded its military power. The Donghak Peasant Revolution of Korea in 1894 became a catalyst for the First Sino-Japanese War, which saw the defeat of the Qing military. As part of the terms in the post-war Treaty of Shimonoseki, China recognized the independence of Korea and ceased its tributary relations. The Korean Empire established modern diplomatic relationship with Qing, but Korea was eventually annexed, against their will, by Japan under the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910.", "Battle of Kyongju\nWith this air action in the Kigye area, US naval vessels continued their efforts to help stop the NK 5th Division on the east coast. A cruiser and two destroyers concentrated their firepower on the Hunghae area 5 miles (8.0km) north of P'ohang-dong where the NK 5th Division's troop assembly and forward supply center were located. On August 29 and 30 the three vessels fired almost 1,500 5-inch shells at targets there in support of the ROK 3rd Division. Despite this aerial and naval support, on August 31 the battle continued to go against the ROK forces both at Kigye and P'ohang-dong.[31]", "Mongol invasions of Korea\nThe Mongols protested the move and immediately launched a second attack. The Mongol army was led by a traitor from Pyongyang called Hong Bok-won and the Mongols occupied much of northern Korea. Although they reached parts of the southern peninsula as well, the Mongols failed to capture Ganghwa Island, which was only a few miles from shore, and were repelled in Gwangju. The Mongol general there, Saritai (撒禮塔), was killed by the monk Kim Yun-hu (김윤후) amidst strong civilian resistance at the Battle of Cheoin near Yongin, forcing the Mongols to withdraw again.", "Battle of Sangju (1592)\nThe Battle of Sangju was a battle during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98). The Japanese First Division took Sangju.", "Seonjo of Joseon\nOn April 13, 1592, about 700 Japanese ships under Konishi Yukinaga invaded Korea. Konishi easily burned Fort Busan and Fort Donglae, killed commanders Jeong Bal and Song Sang-hyeon and marched northward. On the next day even more troops under Katō Kiyomasa and Kuroda Nagamasa landed, also marching toward Hanyang. A huge Japanese fleet under Todo Takatora and Kuki Yoshitaka supported them from the sea. General Yi Il faced Katō Kiyomasa at the Battle of Sangju, which was won by Japanese. Then Yi Il met General Sin Rip, but their combined forces were also defeated at the Battle of Chungju by Konishi Yukinaga. Then Seonjo appointed General Kim Myeong-won as Commander-in-Chief and Field Marshal, and ordered him to defend the capital. Then the king moved to Pyongyang, since the Japanese began to seize the capital. He later moved even further north to the border city of Uiju just before the fall of Pyongyang. While the king was absent from the capital, many people who had lost hope in the government plundered the palace and burned many public buildings. This resulted in even more damage than that perpetrated by the Japanese after they had captured the city.", "Battle of Yongju\nThe 27th British Commonwealth Brigade subsequently moved from Kumchon, with the Argylls capturing Sariwon, an industrial town south of Pyongyang, on 17 October. Supported by 3 RAR and US tanks, the Highlanders killed 215 North Koreans and took several thousand prisoners for the loss of one man killed and three wounded in a one-sided action. Prior to the attack the Australians had moved through the town to establish a blocking position to the north. During the evening 3 RAR encountered a North Korean force withdrawing north. Using the same road and moving in the same direction, the North Koreans mistook the Australians and Argylls for Russians in the poor light and were bluffed into surrendering, with the Australians capturing thousands of North Koreans and their weapons and equipment following a brief exchange. Mounted on a tank, the 3 RAR second-in-command, Major Ian Ferguson, captured over 1,600 North Korean soldiers with just an interpreter. Australian involvement had been limited, however, and they regarded their first exposure to the fighting in Korea as a relatively minor incident. The North Korean capital fell to US troops on 19 October. The 27th British Commonwealth Brigade then passed to the command of the US 24th Infantry Division on 21 October, under the overall command of Major General John H. Church, while the US 1st Cavalry Division remained in Pyongyang to complete its capture. Coad had hoped to rest his men at Pyongyang; however, the advance continued north with little respite and the brigade moved through the village of Sangapo. The British and Australians were subsequently ordered to seize Chongju.", "Battle of Kyongju\nThis forced Coulter to withdraw the 21st Infantry from the line northwest of P'ohang-dong and concentrate it in the vicinity of Kyongju.[32] The 2nd Battalion had joined the regiment on August 31, but Coulter had held it in the task force's reserve at An'gang-ni. That battalion now took up a horseshoe-shaped defense position around the town, with some elements on high ground 2 miles (3.2km) east where they protected the Kyongju to P'ohang-dong highway. The rest of the regiment closed into an assembly area north of Kyongju. At the same time, Walker started the newly activated ROK 7th Division toward the North Korean penetration. Its ROK 5th Regiment closed at Yongch'on that afternoon, and the ROK 3rd Regiment, less its 1st Battalion, closed at Kyongju in the evening. Walker also authorized Coulter to use the 3rd Battalion, 9th Infantry; the 9th Infantry Regimental Tank Company; and the 15th Field Artillery Battalion as he deemed advisable. These units, held at Yonil Airfield for its defense, had not previously been available for commitment elsewhere.[33]", "Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)\nUpon receiving the news of the Japanese attacks, the Joseon government appointed General Yi Il as the mobile border commander, as was the established policy. General Yi headed to Myongyong near the beginning of the strategically important Choryong pass to gather troops, but he had to travel further south to meet the troops assembled at the city of Daegu. There, General Yi moved all troops back to Sangju, except for the survivors of the Battle of Dongnae who were to be stationed as a rearguard at the Choryong pass. On April 25, General Yi deployed a force of less than 1,000 men on two small hills to face the approaching First Division. Assuming that the sight of rising smoke was from the burning of buildings by a nearby Japanese force, General Yi sent an officer to scout on horseback; however, as he neared a bridge, the officer was ambushed by Japanese musket fire from below the bridge, and was beheaded. The Korean troops, watching him fall, were greatly demoralized. Soon the Japanese began the Battle of Sangju with their arquebuses; the Koreans replied with their arrows, which fell short of their targets. The Japanese forces, having been divided into three, attacked the Korean lines from both the front and the two flanks; the battle ended with General Yi Il's retreat and 700 Korean casualties.", "Battle of Sangju (1950)\nMeeting at the battalion command post, the commanders of the US units planned a renewed assault for 05:00 the next morning. Artillery and mortars fired on the town ahead of the infantry advance, and soon the town was on fire from the shells. By this time, however, Yechon had likely been abandoned by the North Koreans. At Hamch'ang, Colonel Henry G. Fisher, commanding the US 35th Infantry Regiment, received an erroneous message early that morning stating that the North Koreans had driven the 24th Infantry from Yechon. He immediately left for Yechon. He found the battalion commander about west of the town, but was dissatisfied with the information that he received from him. Fisher and a small party then drove on into Yechon, which was still burning. He encountered no North Korean troops or South Korean civilians. The 3rd Platoon, 77th Engineer Combat Company, attached to Company K, entered the town with the infantrymen and attempted to halt the spread of flames but were unable to do so because of high, shifting winds. The 24th Infantry then met light resistance from North Korean troops counterattacking the town, but drove them off, securing the town after several hours of fighting at a cost of 2 killed and 12 wounded. North Korean casualties at the fight could not be estimated. However, the US Army, preoccupied by the Battle of Taejon, took little notice and credited the victory to the South Koreans. News of the capture was picked up by the US media as the first fight won by black soldiers of the mostly black unit. By 13:00 Yechon was secured, and 3rd Battalion turned over control of the town to the ROK 18th Regiment of the ROK Capital Division. The Capital Division then concentrated the bulk of its forces there, and opposed the NK 8th Division in that vicinity the remainder of the month.", "Battle of Kujin\nThe Korean War began early in the morning of 25 June 1950, following the surprise invasion of the Republic of Korea (ROK) by its northern neighbour, the communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Numerically superior and better-equipped, the Korean People's Army (KPA) crossed the 38th Parallel and rapidly advanced south, easily overcoming the South Koreans. In response, the United Nations (UN) decided to intervene on behalf of South Korea, inviting member states to send forces to restore the situation. As a consequence, American ground forces were hastily deployed in an attempt to prevent the South Koreans from collapsing; however, they too were understrength and poorly equipped, and by early August had been forced back by the North Koreans to an enclave around Pusan, known as the Pusan Perimeter. Key US allies—Britain, Canada and Australia—also committed forces, although these were initially limited to naval contingents and were largely viewed as token efforts in the US. Under diplomatic pressure the British agreed to deploy an infantry brigade in July, and would later dispatch a second brigade as the crisis worsened. The Canadians also agreed to provide an infantry brigade, although the first battalion would not arrive until December 1950. A total of 21 UN member states eventually contributed forces.", "First and Second Battles of Wonju\nAfter launching a surprise invasion of South Korea in June 1950, the North Korean People's Army (KPA) was shattered by the United Nations (UN) forces following the landing at Incheon in September 1950, with the remnants of the KPA fleeing northward while seeking sanctuaries in the mountainous region along the Sino-Korean border. The destruction of the KPA prompted China to intervene in the Korean War, and Chinese forces launched a series of surprise attacks against the UN forces near the border during November 1950. The resulting battles in the Ch'ongch'on River valley and at Chosin Reservoir forced the UN forces to retreat back to the 38th parallel by December 1950. On the eastern front, the US X Corps was trapped at the port of Hungnam near the Chosin Reservoir during the surprise Chinese offensive, and was forced to evacuate North Korea by sea on December 24, 1950. In its absence, the Republic of Korea (ROK) Army was forced to take over the defenses of the central and the eastern fronts along the 38th parallel, including the important road junction of Wonju located near the central front. The sudden defeat of the UN forces offered the decimated KPA a brief respite, and the shattered North Korean forces soon rebuilt their strength at the end of 1950.", "Donghak Peasant Revolution\nAlso by December, the Anti-Japanese Frontier had been pushed down to the southern coast of Korea. In December 7, the Japanese finally killed Kim Inbae, the Great Jeobju of Geumgu who had aided the Jinju rebels, in the Battle of Gwangyang Fortress. Kim Inbae's head was tied to a pole and displayed in Gwangyang. However, in Jangheung, the rebel leader Yi Bangeon captured Gangjin in December 7. In December 11, Son Hwajung was also captured.", "Battle of Pyongyang (1894)\nAfter the Battle of Pyongyang, command of Japanese First Army was turned over from Marshal Yamagata to General Nozu for reasons of health. Nozu's former command of the 5th division was assumed by Lieutenant General Oku Yasukata.\nAfter the Battle of Pyongyang, the Japanese advanced north to the Yalu River without opposition. The Chinese had decided (as would the Russians ten years later in the Russo-Japanese War) to abandon northern Korea and defend from the northern bank of the Yalu River.", "Battle of Yongju\nCut-off, about midnight the North Korean 239th Regiment attempted to break out to the north, launching a number of attacks against the Americans. During the first attack a small group of North Koreans succeeded in infiltrating the K Company command post at Yongju. In the close-quarter fighting that ensured Captain Claude K. Josey, the US company commander, tackled a North Korean machine-gunner, and despite being wounded twice he succeeded in disarming him before collapsing from his injuries. Josey was later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions. As the fighting continued the K Company executive officer was also wounded, yet the Americans eventually drove off the North Koreans, many of whom were subsequently killed. Nearby, the British and Australians could hear the sounds of heavy fighting between the Americans and North Koreans to the north. Half an hour later a small group of North Koreans attacked A Company, 1 ASHR with grenades, killing two men and wounding two more before being repulsed having suffered one killed and one wounded. A large concentration of around 300 North Koreans were subsequently observed assembling in Yongju by the K Company forward observer, however the US artillery had relocated during the fighting and was unable to engage the target. Two guns from C Battery, US 674th Artillery Battalion were ordered to reposition south of Sukchon to support US 3/187 RCT. Following two more North Korean attacks the Americans near Hill 163 were forced to abandon the roadblock after running out of ammunition. Detecting the withdrawal, the North Koreans attacked again at 04:00. Meanwhile, after forcing their way through heavy North Korean machine-gun and rifle fire the two US howitzers were successfully redeployed, coming into action at 04:15. To the south, the British and Australians could hear the sounds of renewed fighting, and they began to fear that the Americans had been overrun.", "Battle of Kyongju\nBecause the big gap between the ROK Capital and ROK 8th Divisions made it impossible for ROK I Corps at Kyongju to direct the action of the 8th Division, the ROK Army transferred that division to the control of the ROK II Corps on September 7, and attached to it the ROK 5th Regiment of the ROK 7th Division.[38] This shift of command came just as the NK 15th Division penetrated the ROK 8th Division lines to enter Yongch'on in the Taegu-P'ohang-dong corridor. From west of An'gang-ni the ROK 3rd Regiment drove toward Yongch'on, attempting to close the gap.[37]", "Battle of the Bowling Alley\nIn the Battle of the Bowling Alley (August 12–25, 1950), United Nations (UN) forces defeated North Korean forces early in the Korean War near the city of Taegu, South Korea. The battle took place in a narrow valley, dubbed the \"Bowling Alley\", which was north of Taegu. It followed a week of fighting between the Korean People's Army (KPA) 13th Division and the Republic of Korea Army's (ROK) 1st Division along the latter's last defensible line in the hills north of the city. Reinforcements, including the US Army's 27th and 23rd Infantry Regiments were committed to bolster the South Koreans' defenses. This battle and several others were smaller engagements of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter.", "Battle of Pyongyang (1950)\nNorth Korea's leadership and its main forces had already withdrawn to Kanggye, allowing the allied forces to capture Pyongyang on 19 October. The battle was followed by an airborne assault by the U.S. 187th Infantry Regiment north of Pyongyang, with the intention of cutting off North Korean units retreating from the city.", "Battle of Kyongju\nThe ROK 3rd Division followed the withdrawing NK 5th Division, and the ROK Capital Division advanced against the retreating survivors of the NK 12th Division.[26] On September 15 some elements of the Capital Division reached the southern edge of An'gang-ni. Reports indicated that North Korean troops were retreating toward Kigye. With the threat in the east subsiding, Eighth Army dissolved Task Force Church, effective at 12:00 September 15, and the ROK Army resumed control of the ROK I Corps. Eighth Army also ordered the US 24th Infantry Division to move to Kyongsan, southeast of Taegu, in a regrouping of forces. The US 21st Infantry Regiment had already moved there on the 14th. The US 9th Infantry was to remain temporarily at Kyongju in Eighth Army reserve.[41]", "Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)\nThe rest of the division, 10,000 men, continued north, and fought a battle on August 23 against the southern and northern Hamgyong armies under the command of Yi Yong at Songjin (present-day Kimchaek). A Korean cavalry division took advantage of the open field at Songjin, and pushed the Japanese forces into a grain storehouse. There the Japanese barricaded themselves with bales of rice, and successfully repelled a formation charge from the Korean forces with their arquebuses. While the Koreans planned to renew the battle in the morning, Katō Kiyomasa ambushed them at night; the Second Division completely surrounded the Korean forces with the exception of an opening leading to a swamp. Those that fled were trapped and slaughtered in the swamp.", "Battle of Kyongju\nWhile this action was in progress near Yonil Airfield, the week-long battle for Hill 300 north of Kyongju came to an end. A regiment of the ROK 3rd Division captured the hill on September 11. In midafternoon the 3rd Battalion, US 19th Infantry, relieved the South Korean troops there. Scattered over Hill 300 lay 257 counted North Korean dead and great quantities of abandoned equipment and weapons, some of it American. In this fighting for Hill 300, the US 3rd Battalion, 19th Infantry, 37 men killed.[40]", "First and Second Battles of Wonju\nIn the aftermath of the Chinese successes, China's Chairman Mao Zedong immediately ordered another offensive against the UN forces on the urging of North Korean Premier Kim Il-sung. The offensive, dubbed the \"Third Phase Campaign\", was a border intrusion into South Korea that envisioned the total destruction of South Korean forces along the 38th parallel, and was aimed at pressuring the UN forces to withdraw from the Korean Peninsula. The western sector of the offensive was under the control of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) 13th Army, and the 13th Army's action would later result in capture of Seoul on January 4. With the PVA 9th Army decimated at the Chosin Reservoir, however, the eastern sector of the offensive was handed over to the rehabilitated KPA, under the overall command of Lieutenant General Kim Ung and Commissar Pak Il-u. On December 23, 1950, General Walton Walker, commander of the US Eighth Army, died in a traffic accident, and Lieutenant General Matthew B. Ridgway assumed command of the Eighth Army on December 26, 1950.", "Battle of Kyongju\nThe ROK disorganization was so great in the face of continued North Korean pressure that Task Force Jackson could not launch its planned attack. The US 21st Infantry was in an assembly area north of An'gang-ni and ready for an attack the morning of the 28th, but during the night the ROK 17th Regiment lost its position on the high ridge northward at the bend of the Kigye valley, and the attack was canceled. The South Koreans regained their position in the afternoon but that night lost it again. At the same time, elements of the NK 5th Division penetrated the ROK 3rd Division southwest of P'ohang-dong. Coulter directed the 21st Infantry to repel this penetration. During the day on August 29, B Company, 21st Infantry, supported by a platoon of tanks of B Company, 73rd Medium Tank Battalion, successfully counterattacked northwest from the southern edge of P'ohang-dong for a distance of 1.5 miles (2.4km), with South Korean troops following. The American units then withdrew to P'ohang-dong. That night the ROK's withdrew, and the next day an American infantry-tank force repeated the action of the day before. The 21st Infantry then took over from the ROK 3rd Division a sector extending north and northwest of P'ohang-dong.[30]", "Battle of Chongju (1950)\nThat evening the North Koreans were strongly reinforced, attacking the Australian southern flank manned by D Company 3 RAR, and partially penetrating their perimeter. After two hours of fighting the assault was repulsed, and the North Koreans subsequently launched a furious assault against A Company 3 RAR on the northern position, which also failed amid heavy losses. The following day the Australians advanced to the high ground overlooking Chongju, killing and capturing a number of North Koreans in skirmishes. That afternoon the town itself was cleared by the remaining elements of the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade without opposition. North Korean casualties during the fighting were heavy, while Australian losses included their commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Charles Green, who was wounded in the stomach by artillery fire after the battle and died two days later.", "Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)\nOn June 5, 1592 the First Division of approximately 18,000 men led by Konishi Yukinaga left Sangju and reached an abandoned fortress at Mungyong by nightfall. The next day, the First Division arrived at Tangumdae in the early afternoon where they faced the Korean cavalry unit at the Battle of Chungju. Konishi divided his forces into three and attacked with arquebuses from both flanks as well as the front. The Korean arrows fell short of the Japanese troops, which were beyond their range, and General Sin's two charges failed to break the Japanese lines. General Sin then killed himself in the river, and the Koreans that tried to escape by the river either drowned or were decapitated by the pursuing Japanese.", "Battle of Yongju\nThe 27th British Commonwealth Brigade, which was leading the US Eighth Army general advance, was subsequently ordered forward to assist the US paratroopers. The British and Australians crossed the Taedong River at Pyongyang at noon on 21 October, and moved north on the main highway to Sukchon with the task of reaching the Chongchon River. The 1st Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highland Regiment (1 ASHR), subsequently pushed up the road until fired upon by North Korean forces in the hills to the south of Yongju. By nightfall the hills were cleared by the Argylls, while the 3rd Battalion, US 187 RCT occupied Yongju. Cut-off, about midnight the North Korean 239th Regiment attempted to break out, resulting in heavy fighting between the Americans and North Koreans. The North Korean attacks drove the US paratroopers from Yongju, forcing them back onto the battalion's main defensive position to the north. 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3 RAR) was ordered to take the lead the following morning. By dawn the Americans again requested assistance. At first light on 22 October, two companies of Argylls advanced into Yongju, before the Australians passed through them riding on US M4 Sherman tanks. Now leading the brigade, at 09:00 the Australians came under fire from a North Korean rearguard position in an apple orchard on their right flank.", "Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)\nJinju (진주) was a strategic stronghold that defended Gyeongsang Province. The Japanese commanders knew that control of Jinju would mean easy access to the ricebelts of Jeolla Province. Accordingly, a large army under Hosokawa Tadaoki approached Jinju. Jinju was defended by Kim Simin (김시민), one of the better generals in Korea, commanding a Korean garrison of 3,000 men. Kim had recently acquired about 170 new arquebuses that were equal in strength to the Japanese guns. As customary, the Japanese began to collect heads with the \"Taikōki\" mentioning how a samurai named Jirōza'emon \"took the first head and raised it aloft. The other five men also attacked and took some excellent heads\". The Japanese had usually had little trouble with taking Korean castles and towns, and a certain contempt for the fighting abilities of the Koreans were common among the samurai, so it was a great surprise for the Japanese when they assaulted Jinju to be hit with a barrage of fire as Kim's men dropped heavy stones and bombs while firing their arquebuses, stopping their assault cold.", "Battle of Chongju (1950)\nThe Korean War began early in the morning of 25 June 1950, following the surprise invasion of the Republic of Korea (ROK) by its northern neighbour, the communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Numerically superior and better-equipped, the Korean People's Army (KPA) crossed the 38th Parallel and rapidly advanced south, easily overcoming the South Koreans. In response, the United Nations (UN) decided to intervene on behalf of South Korea, inviting member states to send forces to restore the situation. As a consequence, American ground forces were hastily deployed in an attempt to prevent the South Koreans from collapsing, however they too were under strength and poorly equipped, and by early August had been forced back by the North Koreans to an enclave around Pusan, known as the Pusan Perimeter. Key US allies—Britain, Canada and Australia—also committed forces, although these were initially limited to naval contingents and were largely viewed as token efforts in the US. Under diplomatic pressure the British agreed to deploy an infantry brigade in July, and would later dispatch a second brigade as the crisis worsened. The Canadians also agreed to provide an infantry brigade, although the first battalion would not arrive until December 1950. A total of 21 UN member states eventually contributed forces.", "Battle of Kujin\nThe 27th British Commonwealth Brigade subsequently moved from Kumchon, with the Argylls capturing Sariwon on 17 October, killing 215 North Koreans and taking many prisoners for the loss of one man killed and three wounded. The brigade then passed to the command of the US 24th Infantry Division on 21 October, under the overall command of Major General John H. Church, while the US 1st Cavalry Division remained in Pyongyang to complete its capture. The 27th British Commonwealth Brigade was subsequently ordered to seize Chongju. Consequently, the brigade continued to advance north with little respite, and on 22 October the Australians fought their first major action at Yongju, killing 150 North Koreans and capturing 239 of the brigade's 800 prisoners, for the loss of seven men wounded. Intending to defeat the North Koreans and bring the war to a close, the UN forces pushed towards the Yalu River, on the Chinese border. Resistance continued to be met as the brigade crossed the Chongchon River however, and they now moved towards Pakchon. On 24 October, MacArthur had removed all restrictions on the movement of his forces south of the Yalu River and prepared for the final phase of the UN advance, defying a directive of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff and risking Chinese intervention in support of North Korea.", "Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)\nIn Ch'ungch'ong province, the Abbot Yǔnggyu proved to an active guerrilla leader and together with the Righteous Army of 1, 100 commanded by Cho Hǒn attacked and defeated the Japanese at the Battle of Cheongju on 6 September 1592. After the victory, the Korean leaders began to quarrel among themselves over who was most responsible, and it was that when the Koreans took the offensive, the regulars under Yun Songak refused to take part while the Righteous Army under Cho and the warrior monks under abbot Yŏnggyu marched separately. On 22 September 1592, Cho with 700 Righteous Army guerrillas attacked a Japanese force of 10, 000 under Kobayakawa Takakage. Turnbull described the Second battle of Geumsan as an act of folly on Cho's part as his outnumbered force took on \"10, 000 of the toughest samurai\", who encircled the Righteous Army and \"exterminated\" them, wiping out the entire Korean force as Kobayakawa ordered that no prisoners be taken. Feeling obligated to come to Cho's aid, the Abbot Yǔnggyu now led his warrior monks against Kobayakawa at the third battle of Geumsan, who likewise suffered the same fate-\"total annihilation\". However, as Geumsan salient had taken three successive Korean attacks in a row in a single month, the 6th Division under Kobayakawa was pulled back as Hideyoshi decided the salient was not worth the trouble to hold it, and to the suffering people of the region that was all that mattered. The Japanese withdrawal inspired further guerrilla attacks and one Righteous Army leader, Pak Chin, had an object hurled over the walls of the Japanese-held town of Kyǒngju, which caused \"the robbers\" as Korean accounts always called the Japanese to go examine it; the object turned out to be a bomb that killed 30 Japanese. Fearing his garrison was now under-strength, the Japanese commander ordered a retreat to the coastal \"wajo\" at Sŏsaengp'o.", "Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)\nAfter the debacle in Chilcheollyang, King Seonjo immediately reinstated Yi Sun-sin. Yi Sun-sin quickly returned to Yeosu, where he found the majority of his navy destroyed. Yi re-organized the navy, now reduced to thirteen ships and approximately 200 men from the previous battle. On September 16, 1597, in the Myeongnyang Strait, Yi Sun-sin encountered a large Japanese fleet of approximately 133 warships, with a further 200 logistical ships in support. By making use of a narrow passage, Yi positioned his ships in a battle line that prevented the Japanese Navy from making use of their numerical superiority. The Battle of Myeongnyang resulted in a Korean victory, with Yi Sun-sin retaking the naval initiative. The Koreans did not lose a single ship and destroyed approximately 30 Japanese combat ships, severely damaging another 30 (the oft-cited number of 333 ships in the Japanese fleet includes support ships, which would not be considered combat ships). The Battle of Myeongnyang is considered Yi Sun-sin's greatest battle, largely as a result of the disparity of numbers. Even after the victory, however, the Joseon navy was still outnumbered by the remaining Japanese navy, so Admiral Yi withdrew to the Yellow Sea to resupply his fleet and have more space for a mobile defense.\nAfter the Korean navy withdrew, the Japanese navy made an incursion into the western coast of Korea, near some islands in Yeonggwang County.\nBy late 1597, the Joseon and Ming allied forces achieved victory in Jiksan and pushed the Japanese further south. After the news of the loss at Myeongnyang, Katō Kiyomasa and his retreating army looted Gyeongju, the former capital of Unified Silla.", "Katō Kiyomasa\nKiyomasa was one of the three senior commanders during the Seven-Year (Imjin) War (1592–1598) against the Korean Joseon. Together with Konishi Yukinaga, he captured Seoul, Busan and many other cities. He defeated the last of the Korean regulars at the Battle of Imjin River and pacified Hamgyong.", "First and Second Battles of Wonju\nEncouraged by the heavy North Korean losses during the initial UN attacks, Almond again ordered the US 2nd Infantry Division to recapture Wonju on January 9. About four infantry battalions from the US 23rd and 38th Infantry Regiment supported by French and Dutch troops advanced toward Wonju on January 9, yet the attack was stalled at Hill 247 due to the cold weather and the lack of air support. As the UN forces tried to dislodge the North Koreans the next day, they were met by six defending North Korean battalions with an estimated strength of 7,000 soldiers. Under a heavy snowstorm and with no air support, the battle for Hill 247 continued for most of January 10, and the fighting around the French Battalion of the 23rd Infantry Regiment became particularly fierce. At one point, the French Battalion was forced to fend off several North Korean counterattacks with bayonet charges after running out of ammunition. The French Battalion's action at Wonju impressed Ridgway, who later encouraged all American units in Korea to utilize bayonets in battle. The North Koreans tried to encircle the attacking UN forces as the latter began to gain the upper hand, however artillery fire broke up the North Korean formations, and they had suffered an estimated 2,000 casualties in the aftermath of the battle. When air support returned on January 11, the attacking UN forces inflicted another 1,100 North Korean casualties and captured Hill 247 by January 12. Although the cold weather and the stubborn North Korean defenses prevented the UN forces from entering Wonju, the capture of Hill 247 had put all of Wonju within UN artillery range, and the village soon became a no man's land under the devastating bombardment.", "Battle of Kyongju\nAt 02:00 September 5, Lieutenant Colonel Rollins S. Emmerich, one of the ROK I Corps KMAG advisers, hastened to Yonil Airfield where he conferred with Lieutenant Colonel D. M. McMains, commanding the 3rd Battalion, 9th Infantry, stationed there, and informed him of the situation in P'ohang-dong. Emmerich obtained a platoon of tanks and returned with them to the town.[35] He placed the tanks in position and awaited the expected North Korean armored attack.[26] At 05:30 he received information that elements of the ROK 22nd Regiment had retreated in the face of North Korean attack. North Korean troops entered this gap and just before 11:00 the American tanks in P'ohang-dong were under heavy North Korean machine gun fire. Five NK SU-76 self-propelled guns approached and began firing. At a range of one city block the US tanks knocked out the lead gun, killing its three crew members. In the ensuing exchange of fire the other four withdrew. Emmerich then directed air strikes and artillery fire which destroyed the other four guns. But that afternoon at 14:35 the order came to evacuate all materiel and supplies from the Yonil airstrip.[35]", "Battle of Kyongju\nThe North Korean attack struck first on the UN's right flank on Korea's east coast.[20] Although the NK II Corps general attack in the north and east was planned for September 2, the NK 12th Division, now with a strength of 5,000 men, started to move forward from the mountains earlier than planned, from where it had reorganized after its defeat in the Kigye and P'ohang-dong area.[21] The division was low in food supply, weapons, and ammunition, and its men suffered from low morale.[22][23] On August 26, American and South Korean officers in the P'ohang-dong and Kigye area were optimistic; they congratulated each other on having repulsed what they thought was the last serious threat to the Pusan Perimeter.[21]", "Toyotomi Hideyoshi\nIn the first campaign, Hideyoshi appointed Ukita Hideie as field marshal, and had him go to the Korean peninsula in April 1592. Konishi Yukinaga occupied Seoul, which had been the capital of the Joseon dynasty of Korea, on May 10. After Seoul fell easily, Japanese commanders held a war council in June in Seoul and determined targets of subjugation called Hachidokuniwari (literally, dividing the country into eight routes) by each corps (the First Division of Konishi Yukinaga and others from Pyeongan Province, the Second Division of Katō Kiyomasa and others from Hangyong Province, the Third Division of Kuroda Nagamasa and others from Hwanghae Province, the Fourth Division of Mōri Yoshinari and others from Gangwon Province; the Fifth Division of Fukushima Masanori and others from Chungcheong Province; the Sixth Division by Kobayakawa Takakage and others from Jeolla Province, the Seventh Division by Mōri Terumoto and others from Gyeongsang Province, and the Eighth Division of Ukita Hideie and others from Gyeonggi Province). In only four months, Hideyoshi's forces had a route into Manchuria and occupied much of Korea. The Korean king Seonjo of Joseon escaped to Uiju and requested military intervention from China. In 1593, the Wanli Emperor of Ming China sent an army under general Li Rusong to block the planned Japanese invasion of China and recapture the Korean peninsula. The Ming army of 43,000 soldiers headed by Li Ru-song proceeded to attack Pyongyang. On January 7, 1593, the Ming relief forces under Li recaptured Pyongyang and surrounded Seoul, but Kobayakawa Takakage, Ukita Hideie, Tachibana Muneshige and Kikkawa Hiroie won the Battle of Byeokjegwan in the suburbs of Seoul. At the end of the first campaign, Japan's entire navy was destroyed by Admiral Yi Sun-sin of Korea whose base was located in a part of Korea the Japanese could not control. This, in effect, put an end to Japan's dream of conquering China as the Koreans simply destroyed Japan's ability to re-supply their troops who were bogged down in Pyongyang.", "Battle of Kyongju\nDuring the day on September 3, KMAG advisers at P'ohang-dong sent Coulter a message that the ROK 3rd Division commander was preparing to withdraw from P'ohang-dong. Coulter went immediately to the ROK I Corps commander and had him order ROK 3rd Division would not withdraw. Coulter checked every half-hour to see that the division stayed in its P'ohang-dong positions.[33] That night, September 3–4, the remainder of the ROK I Corps front collapsed.[24] Three North Korean T-34 tanks overran a battery of ROK artillery and then scattered two battalions of the newly arrived ROK 5th Regiment. Following a mortar preparation, the North Koreans entered An'gang-ni at 02:20. An hour later the command post of the Capital Division withdrew from the town and fighting became increasingly confused. By 0400 American tanks ceased firing because remnants of the Capital Division had become intermingled with North Korean forces. At daylight, G Company, US 21st Infantry, discovered that it was alone in An'gang-ni, nearly surrounded by the North Koreans. ROK troops had disappeared. At 18:10, G Company withdrew from the town and dug in along the road eastward near the rest of the 2nd Battalion, 21st Infantry at the bridge over the Hyongsan-gang. North Koreans held the town and extended southward along the railroad.[33]", "Battle of Cheongju\nJo Heon and the monk Yeonggyu gathered a force of 2,600 to attack Cheongju, which served as the administrative center of central Korea and contained a large government granary. It was previously taken on 4 June and was under the control of Hachisuka Iemasa.", "Battle of Chungju\nThe Battle of Chungju or the Battle of Tangeumdae was the last battle of the Chungju Campaign fought between the Koreans and Japanese during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. Chungju is located just south of the Han River and Seoul, Korea's capital. The failure to defend it led to the capture of the capital weeks later.", "Hwang Jin\nHwang Jin (Hangul: 황진, Hanja: 黃進, 1550–1593) was a general during Japanese invasions of Korea. He is best known for his defense at the castle of Jinju at the Siege of Jinju (1593). There were two battles of Jinju, the first was a great victory for the Koreans while at the second, the Japanese captured the castle, with Hwang Jin and the entire Korean garrison killed. Hwang Jin was killed by two arquebuse bullets.", "Battle of Yongju\nMacArthur had flown from Japan to watch the drop from the air, and after observing the landing aboard a US bomber accompanied by a number of war correspondents, he subsequently flew to Pyongyang where he announced to the press that the operation had achieved complete surprise. Estimating that 30,000 North Korean troops—perhaps half of those remaining in North Korea—had been caught between the US 187 RCT in the north and the US 1st Cavalry Division and ROK 1st Division to the south at Pyongyang, he predicted that they would soon be destroyed or captured by the UN advance. Yet, while the air drop itself had been a success, despite MacArthur's optimistic predictions the operation came too late to intercept any significant North Korean elements and the US landings initially met little resistance. Indeed, most of the North Korean Army had succeeded in withdrawing north, and had crossed the Chongchon River, or were in the process of doing so, while the government and most important officials had moved to Kanggye in the mountains southeast of Manpojin on the Yalu River. Most of the US and South Korean prisoners had also been moved to more remote parts of North Korea, and were unable to be rescued.", "Lee Kwon-mu\nLee subsequently led his division to the capture of Seoul in the First Battle of Seoul. He was awarded his decorations for this action. After Seoul, Lee was leading his division south when it encountered forces of Task Force Smith at Osan, defeating the US Army in its first engagement in Korea, the Battle of Osan on July 5. Lee's division went on to fight the US forces back further at the Battle of Pyongtaek, Battle of Chonan, and Battle of Chochiwon. At the Battle of Taejon from July 12–20, Lee's division was pivotal in routing and defeating the US 24th Infantry Division, a feat for which it was upgraded to the status of a guards unit. Lee also received the Hero of the Chosun Minjujui Inmun Kongwhakuk (Hero of the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea) and the Order of the National Flag, First Class for his accomplishments.", "Battle of Kyongju\nFighting was heavy and the two sides fought to capture and recapture P'ohang-dong and An'gang-ni, with the North Koreans seeking to break through the Kyongju corridor as a way to attack the UN base at Pusan. However, with large amounts of UN air and naval support, the US and South Korean ground forces were able to rout and force back the North Korean troops after two weeks of fighting.", "Battle of Kyongju\nThe next morning, September 11, the 19th Infantry passed through the left-hand ROK regiment just south of Hill 131 and, with the 1st Battalion leading, attacked west. At 09:30 it captured without opposition the first hill mass 2 miles (3.2km) west of its starting point. The 2nd Battalion then passed through the 1st Battalion and continued the attack toward Hill 482 (Unje-san), 1 mile (1.6km) westward across a steep-sided gorge. There, North Koreans held entrenched positions, and their machine gun fire checked the 2nd Battalion for the rest of the day. The morning of September 12 four Australian pilots from No. 77 Squadron RAAF struck the North Korean positions with napalm, and an artillery preparation followed the strike. The 2nd Battalion then launched its attack and secured Hill 482 about 12:00. That afternoon, ROK forces relieved Task Force Davidson on the hill mass, and the task force descended to the valley southwest of Yongdok-tong for the night. On September 13, Task Force Davidson returned to Kyongju.[40]", "Battle of Yongju\nIn the days prior, US I Corps had continued its movement northward as part of the general advance of the US Eighth Army. Following the capture of Pyongyang, the corps commander, Major General Frank W. Milburn, ordered the advance to continue to the MacArthur Line, running approximately south of the Yalu River. The US 24th Division, to which the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade was then attached, was ordered to lead this attack. On the division's right flank three South Korean divisions—the ROK 1st Division, under US I Corps, and the ROK 6th and 8th Divisions under the control of ROK II Corps—were deployed to the east and would also be committed to the attack northwards. The British and Australians had covered in the previous two days, advancing rapidly until slowed by rain. A Company, 3 RAR was subsequently engaged by snipers from a nearby village without suffering casualties. The Sherman tanks proceeded to heavily engage the North Korean positions in the village, which was then cleared by the Australian infantry who killed five North Koreans and took three prisoners. As the rain ceased a North Korean T-34 tank, which had remained concealed during the earlier fighting, engaged D Company, 3 RAR and was subsequently knocked out by the US tanks. An unmanned SU-76 self-propelled gun was also located nearby, and neither it nor the tank were found to have any petrol. Meanwhile, US 187 RCT's request for reinforcement had been received by the headquarters of the US 24th Infantry Division in Pyongyang. Yet, with the US division still well to the rear, the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade was the closest formation, and it was subsequently ordered forward to assist the US paratroopers.", "Battle of Jeonju\nThe Battle of Jeonju was one of the first battles fought in Korea during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598).", "Go Gyeong-myeong\nThe Japanese army, after repelling the attack on Geumsan, moved to take Jeonju. The ensuing Battle of Jeonju ended with a Korean victory.", "Korean nationalist historiography\nNationalist historiography celebrates various victories of \"Koreans\" over \"foreigners\" including the Goguryeo–Sui War (612), Goguryeo–Tang War (645), Goryeo–Khitan War (1018), Korean-Jurchen wars (1107), Mongol invasions of Korea (1231–73), and Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598). Accordingly, military heroes such as Eulji Mundeok of Goguryeo—and indeed all the generals of the Three contemporary kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla—are assigned a common, \"national\" identity of Korean. In the words of John Duncan, however, it is \"extremely unlikely\" that the people of those kingdoms would identify with \"a larger, 'Korean' collectivity that transcended local boundaries and state loyalties\". Yi Sang-ryong, who argued that history \"raised the dignity of the country and fostered patriotism\" (\"kungmin chŏngshin\") claimed that during the \"northern history\" of Koreans in Manchuria, from the time of Dangun to Balhae, the Sushen (\"Suksin\") and Japanese people were subordinate to Dangun.", "Battle of Sangju (1950)\nAt the same time, on the east coast, the NK 12th Division was resting from its heavy battles north of the town of Sangju, a crossroads center for all the mountain roads in that part of Korea. Situated south of the Mun'gyong plateau and the dividing watershed between the Han River and the Naktong River, Sangju had a commanding position in the valley of the Naktong, northeast of Taegu. There was a large amount of confused activity around Sangju during the end of July, as refugees and stragglers from the defeated ROK Army poured south through the town. Many ROK units were retreating to Sangju and some had passed south through it. Isolated fighting had already begun between North Koreans and Republic of Korea (ROK) forces for control of the Mun'gyong plateau when the US 25th Infantry Division under Major General William B. Kean, newly arrived in Korea on July 10–15, received orders from General Walker to concentrate there to bolster ROK defenses of the central mountain corridors. Eighth Army Commander Lieutenant General Walton Walker looked to the 25th Division to help the ROK forces in central Korea prevent a major North Korean movement into the valley of the upper Naktong. The division stood at a strength of 13,059 as of July 19.", "Siege of Jinju (1592)\nThe Siege of Jinju was one of two battles during the Japanese invasions of Korea; the first in 1592, and the second in 1593. The second battle of Jinju did not go as well for the Koreans, and it fell to the Japanese.", "Battle of Chungju\nA messenger brought the news quickly to King Seonjo. The loss at the Battle of Chungju left no hope for him, and his entire family and court took flight to Pyongyang, where he hoped the remaining garrison could delay the capture of the capital of Hanseong (Seoul).", "Hwang Jin\nHwang Jin commanded the castle of Jinju during Japanese invasions of Korea. In July 1593, the castle had around 3,800 Koreans, including irregular soldiers and civilians. Around mid July, Japanese commanders including Katō Kiyomasa, Ukita Hideie, and Konishi Yukinaga marched an army of 30,000 to Jinju. The Japanese were anxious to win a victory, as Toyotomi Hideyoshi was not happy with the results of the first battle.", "Battle of Chungju\nShin Rip lined up his cavalry division along the river. This classic Chinese strategy is known as \"bae-soo-jin\" ( in Korean). Although fighting on a flat plain seemed a reasonable strategy, the various vegetation that grew there at the time actually hindered mounted troop movements. Another factor that might have impeded the Korean cavalry would be their weapons. Their main weapon was the Korean composite bow. Considering that the Japanese employed a considerable number of pikemen, combined with the unfavourable terrain, the Korean cavalry might have had great difficulty charging the Japanese. ", "Battle of Chungju\n'Sangchon jip' written by 'Shinheum'\nAccording to the 'seonjo sujeong silrok' written by the Chosun royal family captain\n'Shinpyeong' is a collection of 80 officers and noble young men 8000 people who can shoot 8,000 bow in Seoul,\nand he took 8,000 soldiers near Seoul.", "Kim Chwa-chin\nWhen a Japanese military unit was sent to Manchuria in October for the purpose of the liberation of the Japanese army, it met with Japanese troops in Cheongsan-ri while moving its independence forces to Mount Baekdu. On October 21, the Battle of Cheongsan-ri took place after the Battle of Godonghae, starting with Baegun-ri, Baegung, on October 26. In particular, the Northern Korean military regime led by General Kim Jwa-jin contributed greatly to the victory in Cheongsan-ri by winning a great victory in the Battle of Baegun Pyeongjoon, Gonjeongjeon, and Eorang Village. His tactical strategy won a miraculous victory, marking a landmark in the battle for independence.", "Battle of Yongju\nDespite the uncertain situation and the lack of indirect support, Green's tactical handling of the Australian battalion had been bold, and his decision to move quickly through Yongju and to attack off the line of march proved decisive. Preoccupied with fighting the Americans to their north, the North Koreans were unprepared for the Australians to attack from the rear. Caught between the US paratroopers and the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade, the North Korean 239th Regiment was practically destroyed. North Korean casualties in the apple orchard were 150 killed, 239 wounded and 200 captured, while Australian casualties numbered just seven men wounded. Including those engaged by the Argylls, total North Korean losses during the fighting with the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade exceeded 200 killed and 500 captured. The survivors subsequently fled westwards. In their first major battle in Korea the Australians had distinguished themselves, and the battalion was later praised for its performance. The action became known as the \"Battle of the Apple Orchard\", while the Royal Australian Regiment was later granted the battle honour \"Yongju\". Boosting their confidence, the success prepared the Australians for the battles which they were to face in the months that followed. Meanwhile, US 3/187 RCT reported killing 805 North Koreans and capturing 681 in the fighting around Yongju. Altogether, US casualties during the Sukchon-Sunchon operation were 48 killed in action and 80 wounded, and a further one killed and 56 injured in the jump. US 3/187 RCT and the 2nd Section, Antitank Gun Platoon, Support Company were both awarded the US Distinguished Unit Citation.", "Battle of Kyongju\nThe situation at Kyongju during the evening of September 4 was tense. Kim Hong Il, The South Korean corps commander, proposed to evacuate the town. He said that the North Koreans were only 3 miles (4.8km) away on the hills to the north, and that they would attack and overrun the town that night.[36] Coulter told him that he would not move his command post. Coulter put four tanks around the building where the command posts were located. Out on the roads he stationed KMAG officers to round up ROK stragglers and get them into positions at the edge of the town. One KMAG Major stopped ROK troops fleeing south, sometimes having to do so with a pistol.[35]", "Battle of Yongju\nBy the time 3 RAR arrived in the theatre, the North Koreans had been broken and were in rapid retreat, with MacArthur's forces conducting a successful amphibious assault at Inchon and breaking out along the Naktong perimeter on the southern tip of the Korean peninsula. A steady advance began, driving the North Koreans northwards towards the 38th Parallel. The 27th British Commonwealth Brigade was airlifted from Taegu to Kimpo Airfield north of Seoul on 5 October, however its vehicles had to move by road, driving , and did not arrive until 9 October. It was subsequently attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division, under the command of Major General Hobart R. Gay. On 16 October the brigade took over from the US 7th Cavalry Regiment as the vanguard of the UN advance up the west coast, its axis intended to take it through Kaesong, Kumchon and Hungsu-ri to Sariwon, then through Hwangju to the North Korean capital of Pyongyang. Although the North Koreans had suffered heavily in the preceding weeks, they continued to resist strongly, while a lack of accurate maps and the narrowness of the roads made rapid movement difficult for the advancing UN forces. During this time 3 RAR had a platoon of US M4 Sherman tanks attached and a battery of field guns in direct support.", "Ku Yong-jo\nKu Yong-jo (July 17, 1955 – March 2001) was a boxer from North Korea, who won the gold medal in the bantamweight (–54 kg) division at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In the final, he defeated American boxer Charles Mooney. In 1980, he competed in the featherweight division and, after receiving a first-round bye, lost his first bout to Krzysztof Kosedowski of Poland.", "Gwak Jae-u\nGwak Jae-u disrupted Japanese supply lines around the Nakdong River in many guerrilla actions. Gwak also had the distinction of winning Korea's first land victory of the war in the Battle of Uiryeong. In part of a two-pronged offensive into Jeolla, Ankokuji Ekei led 6th division men from the south. Ankokuji needed to cross the Nam River to reach Uiryeong, an objective. He had his men find the shallowest parts of the river and mark them with stakes. While Ankokuji's army slept, Gwak's men moved the stakes to deeper sections of the river. When the crossing began, the Japanese soldiers foundered in the deep water, and Gwak's army attacked them. In multiple attempts to cross the river, Ankokuji suffered many losses, and was forced to abandon his attack on Uiryeong. The battle gave the Korean government respect for Gwak's abilities, and he was placed in command of the Korean forces in and around Uiryeong and the nearby Samga.", "Battle of Yongju\nAt 09:00 on 21 October, US 3/187 RCT began to advance south to clear the Sukchon to Yongju road towards Pyongyang. The US paratroopers advanced on two fronts, with I Company moving along the railway line and K Company along the highway. At 13:00 I Company reached Opa-ri, where it encountered a strong North Korean force estimated as a battalion, equipped with 120 mm mortars and 40 mm guns. I Company was caught in an ambush. The North Koreans subsequently attacked the paratroopers and after a battle lasting two-and-a-half hours, they overran two US platoons. I Company was forced to withdraw west of the railway to Hill 281 having suffered 90 men missing. Despite their success, the North Koreans subsequently withdrew to their own defensive positions in the high ground around Opa-ri. Amid the fighting, a US medic attached to I Company, Private First Class Richard G. Wilson, was killed while attempting to reach a wounded man who had been left behind, and he was later posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions. Wilson had repeatedly exposed himself to North Korean fire to render aid to the wounded, and later helped many to safety following the order to withdraw. On hearing that one of the Americans previously thought to be dead had been seen attempting to crawl to safety, he went back to the battlefield to search for him and had disappeared. Two days later a patrol found Wilson lying dead beside the man he had returned to rescue, having been shot while trying to shield him from further injury.", "Seonjo of Joseon\nAlthough the army continued to lose men and battles, the navy successfully cut the Japanese supply line from the sea; Admiral Yi Sun-sin defeated the Japanese fleet several times and did much damage to the supply ships. With the navy blocking supplies, Chinese forces under General Li Rusong arrived, and began to push the Japanese southward, eventually retaking Pyongyang. Konishi Yukinaga successfully blocked a Chinese advance at Battle of Byeokjegwan, and again tried to push the Koreans northward, but the crucial blow came at the Battle of Hangju, where General Gwon Yul defeated the Japanese with a much smaller force. The Japanese then decided to enter into peace negotiations, while both sides continued fighting. During these negotiations Koreans retook Seoul, but the palaces had all been burnt to the ground, so Seonjo repaired one of the old royal family's houses and renamed it Deoksugung, making it one of the official palaces.", "First and Second Battles of Wonju\nThe First and Second Battles of Wonju (), also known as the Wonju Campaign or the Third Phase Campaign Eastern Sector (), was a series of engagements between North Korean and United Nations (UN) forces during the Korean War. The battle took place from December 31, 1950 to January 20, 1951 around the South Korean town of Wonju. In coordination with the Chinese capture of Seoul on the western front, the North Korean People's Army attempted to capture Wonju in an effort to destabilize the UN defenses along the central and the eastern fronts.", "History of Japan–Korea relations\nUija, the last king of Baekje (reigned 641-660), formed an alliance with Japan and made Prince Buyeo Pung and King Zenko stay there as their guests. In 660, Baekje fell when it was attacked by Silla, who was in alliance with Tang China. Former generals of Baekje, including Gwisil Boksin, asked Japan to return Prince Buyeo Pung and ordered military aid. In 663, Japan, supporting Baekje, was defeated by the allied forces of Silla and Tang China in the Korean Peninsula (the Battle of Baekgang), and the restoration of Baekje ended up in failure. After the fall of Baekje, Japan took in many Baekje Korean refugees who were mainly craftspeople, architects and scholars who played a major role in the social development of Japan during that period. While at the same time hostility between Japan and Silla escalated. Empress Jitō honored King Zenko by giving him the hereditary title of Kudara no Konikishi and allowed him to pass on his royal lineage to future generations. According to the , Takano no Niigasa came from a background of the naturalized clansmen and was a 10th-generation descendant of King Muryeong of Baekje. She was chosen as a wife for Emperor Kōnin and subsequently became the mother of Emperor Kanmu.", "Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)\nKorean Court historian Ryu Seong-ryong stated that the Korean naval victory stalled the entire strategy of the invaders by \"cutting off one of the arms\" with which Japan tried to envelop Korea, isolating Konishi Yukinaga's army at P'yongyang and securing Chinese waters from the feared Japanese attack, such that \"the Celestial Army could come by land to the assistance\" of Korea.\nViewing the crisis in Choson, the Ming Dynasty Wanli emperor and his court were initially filled with confusion and skepticism as to how their tributary could have been overrun so quickly.", "Jeong Gi-ryong\nJeong Ki-ryong (1562–1622) was a prominent Korean Army general during the Joseon Dynasty. He fought against the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) (Seven Years' War), and won the battles of Geochang and Geumsan. He was one of those who recaptured the Sangju castle, captured the Japancese general in Goryeong, and recaptured Seongju, Hapcheon, Uiryeong, Kyungju and Ulsan.", "Battle of Yongju\nThe Korean War began early in the morning of 25 June 1950, following the surprise invasion of the Republic of Korea (ROK) by its northern neighbour, the communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Numerically superior and better-equipped, the Korean People's Army (KPA) crossed the 38th Parallel and rapidly advanced south, easily overcoming the South Koreans. In response, the United Nations (UN) decided to intervene on behalf of South Korea, inviting member states to send forces to restore the situation. As a consequence, American ground forces were hastily deployed in an attempt to prevent the South Koreans from collapsing, however they too were understrength and poorly equipped, and by early August had been forced back by the North Koreans to an enclave around Pusan, known as the Pusan Perimeter. Key US allies—Britain, Canada and Australia—also committed forces, although these were initially limited to naval contingents and were largely viewed as token efforts in the US. Under diplomatic pressure the British agreed to deploy an infantry brigade in July, and would later dispatch a second brigade as the crisis worsened. The Canadians also agreed to provide an infantry brigade, although the first battalion would not arrive until December 1950. A total of 21 UN member states eventually contributed forces.", "Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)\nBolstered by the victory at the Battle of Byeokjegwan, Katō and his army of 30,000 men advanced to the south of Hanseong to attack Haengju Fortress, an impressive mountain fortress that overlooked the surrounding area. An army of a few thousand led by Kwon Yul was garrisoned at the fortress, waiting for the Japanese. Katō believed his overwhelming army would destroy the Koreans and therefore ordered the Japanese soldiers to simply advance upon the steep slopes of Haengju with little planning at about 6am. Kwon Yul responded to the Japanese advance with fierce fire from the fortification using hwachas, rocks, handguns, and bows. The \"hwach'a\" (\"fire wagon\") was a cart that could fire either 100 rockets or 200 arrows at once; the \"hwach'a\" took much time to load, but were capable of bringing down deadly fire. Kwon had trained his men to fire their \"hwach'as\" all at once, and as the Japanese were packed closely together, the volley from the \"fire wagons\" inflicted heavy losses. The women of Hanseong joined their menfolk, bringing up rocks in their skirts. In the course of 9 assaults, the Japanese pushed the Koreans back to their second line, but could no further, losing about 10, 000 dead in the process. The \"Chingbirok\" wrote: \"Kwon Yul ordered his soldiers to gather the dead bodies of the enemy and vent their anger by tearing them apart and hanging them on the branches of the trees\". Facing unexpected resistance and mounting casualties, Katō burned his dead and finally pulled his troops back.", "Military history of Korea\nKorea's military history spans thousands of years, beginning with the ancient nation of Gojoseon and continuing into the present day with the countries of North Korea and South Korea, and is notable for its many successful triumphs over invaders. Throughout its history, Korea has boasted numerous exceptional leaders who gained outstanding victories against numerically superior enemies. Famed leaders credited with defending Korea against foreign invasions include: Eulji Mundeok of Goguryeo, who defeated Sui China during the Goguryeo–Sui War; Yeon Gaesomun of Goguryeo, who defeated Emperor Taizong of Tang China during the Goguryeo–Tang War; Gang Gam-chan of Goryeo, who defeated the Khitan Empire during the Goryeo-Khitan War; Choe Yeong and Yi Seong-gye of Goryeo, who defeated the Red Turbans, who later established Ming China, during the Red Turban Invasions; and Yi Sun-shin of Joseon, who defeated the Japanese at sea during the Imjin War. Other notable leaders include: Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo, who created a great empire in Northeast Asia through conquest, and subjugated the other Korean kingdoms of Baekje, Silla and Gaya to bring about a brief unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea; Geunchogo of Baekje, who captured Pyongyang and established overseas territories to control much of the Korean peninsula and dominate the seas; Munmu and Kim Yu-sin of Silla, who united the Three Kingdoms of Korea and defeated Tang China to gain complete control of the Korean peninsula; Dae Jo-yeong, who created Balhae from Goguryeo's ashes and reconquered Goguryeo lands lost during the Goguryeo-Tang War; Jang Bogo of Later Silla, who created a maritime empire and commanded a powerful fleet; Wang Geon, who united the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea and established Goryeo as the successor to Goguryeo; and Yun Gwan of Goryeo, who defeated the Jurchens and constructed nine fortresses in Manchuria.", "Imperial Japanese Navy\nA Japanese squadron intercepted and defeated a Chinese force near Korean island of Pungdo; damaging a cruiser, sinking a loaded transport, capturing one gunboat and destroying another.[44] The battle occurred before the war was officially declared on 1 August 1894.[44] On August 10, the Japanese ventured into the Yellow Sea to seek out the Beiyang Fleet and bombarded both Weihaiwei and Port Arthur. Finding only small vessels in either harbor, the Combined Fleet returned to Korea to support further landings off the Chinese coast. The Beiyang Fleet under the command of Admiral Ding was initially ordered to stay close to the Chinese coast while reinforcements were sent to Korea by land. But as Japanese troops had very quickly advanced northward from Seoul to Pyongyang the Chinese decided to rush troops to Korea by sea under a naval escort, in mid-September.[45] Concurrently, because there had been no decisive encounter at sea, the Japanese decided to send more troops to Korea. Early in September, the navy was directed to support further landings and to support the army on Korea's western coast. As Japanese ground forces then moved north to attack Pyongyang, Admiral Ito correctly guessed that the Chinese would attempt to reinforce their army in Korea by sea. On 14 September, the Combined Fleet went north to search the Korean and Chinese coasts and to bring the Beiyang Fleet to battle. On 17 September 1894, the Japanese encountered the off the mouth of the Yalu River, the Combined Fleet then devastated the Beiyang Fleet during the battle, in which the Chinese fleet lost eight out of 12 warships.[46] The Chinese subsequently retreated behind the Weihaiwei fortifications. However, they were then surprised by Japanese troops, who outflanked the harbour's defenses in coordination with the navy.[46] The remnants of the Beiyang Fleet were destroyed at Weihaiwei. Although Japan turned out victorious, the two large German-made Chinese ironclad battleships (Dingyuan and Zhenyuan) remained almost impervious to Japanese guns, highlighting the need for bigger capital ships in the Imperial Japanese Navy. The next step of the Imperial Japanese Navy's expansion would thus involve a combination of heavily armed large warships, with smaller and innovative offensive units permitting aggressive tactics.[47]", "Battle of Chungju\nAfter having lost Busan, the Court in Hanseong (present-day Seoul) placed their hopes in a prominent general, Shin Rip, who had earned much recognition for his successes against the Jurchens in the North. The Korean King gave Shin Rip a sword and power to command so he was able to recruit the Royal Guards and many expert archers. ", "Battle of Kyongju\nThe expected North Korean attack on Kyongju, however, never came.[35] The North Koreans turned east, crossed the highway north of the town, and headed toward Yonil Airfield.[26] The next day the US Air Force, attacking North Korean gun positions 4 miles (6.4km) north of Kyongju along the road, found many targets in the Kigye-Kyongju-P'ohang-dong triangle as they caught the North Koreans advancing in the open.[35]", "Battle of Pyongyang (1592)\nZu Chengxun and Shi Ru arrived at Pyeongyang on 23 August 1592. The Japanese were completely caught unawares. The Ming army was able to take the \"Seven Stars Gate\" and entered the city. However the Japanese soon realized just how tiny the Ming army actually was, so they spread out, causing the enemy army to stretch out and disperse. The Japanese then took advantage of the situation and counterattacked with gunfire. Small groups of isolated Ming soldiers were picked off until the signal to retreat was sounded. The Ming army had been turned around, driven out of the city, its stragglers cut down. Shi Ru was killed while Zu Chengxun escaped back to Uiju. Some 3,000 Ming soldiers were killed.", "Battle of Chongju (1950)\nThe Battle of Chongju (29–30 October 1950) took place during the United Nations (UN) offensive towards the Yalu River, which followed the North Korean invasion of South Korea at the start of the Korean War. The battle was fought between Australian forces from 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3 RAR) and the 17th Tank Brigade of the Korean People's Army for control of Chongju, North Korea and the surrounding area. After detecting a strong North Korean armoured force equipped with T-34 tanks and SU-76 self-propelled guns on a thickly wooded ridgeline astride the line of advance, the Australians launched a series of company attacks with American M4 Sherman tanks and aircraft in support. Despite heavy resistance the North Koreans were forced to withdraw and the Australians captured their objectives after three hours of fighting.", "Battle of Kyongju\nBy 1200 on September 4, North Korean units had established roadblocks along the Kyongju-An'gang-ni road within 3 miles (4.8km) of Kyongju. A 2 miles (3.2km) gap existed between the ROK 3rd and Capital Divisions in the P'ohang-dong area.[24] But the big break in the United Nations line was in the high mountain mass west of the Hyongsan valley and southwest of An'gang-ni. In this area northwest of Kyongju there was an 8 miles (13km) gap between the Capital Division and the ROK 8th Division to the west. From that direction the North Koreans posed a threat to the railroad and the road net running south through the Kyongju corridor to Pusan. Faced with this big gap on his left flank, Coulter put the US 21st Infantry in the broad valley and on its bordering hills northwest of Kyongju to block any approach from that direction.[35]", "Battle of Haeju\nThe Battle of Haeju was a small naval battle during the main phase of Korean War. ", "Battle of Kyongju\nIn this second week of September elements of the NK 5th Division had spread out over the hills west, southwest, and south of P'ohang-dong.[39] One North Korean force, estimated to number 1,600 men, reached Hills 482 and 510, 4.5 miles (7.2km) southwest of Yonil Airfield.[26] Facing this force were two regiments of the ROK 3rd Division, which held a defensive position on the hills bordering the west side of the valley south of the airfield. North Korean pressure threatened to penetrate between the two ROK regiments.[39]", "First and Second Battles of Wonju\nIn coordination with the Chinese assaults against Seoul in the western sector of the Third Phase Campaign, the North Koreans deployed the KPA II, III and V Corps—an estimated total of 61,500 soldiers—against the UN forces on the central front. The North Korean plan was a frontal attack at Wonju by Major General Pang Ho San's KPA V Corps, while Major General Ch'oe Hyon's KPA II Corps would infiltrate the US X Corps rear as guerrillas and block Route 29. The aim of the offensive was to push the US X Corps back in concert with the Chinese attacks on Seoul, thereby isolating the South Korean forces in the Taebaek Mountains. As part of the Chinese attacks against Seoul, the Chinese 42nd and 66th Corps were deployed near Chuncheon in support of the KPA V Corps during the opening phase of the battle. Meanwhile, the KPA III Corps would act as reinforcements for the KPA II and V Corps. However, like the South Koreans they were facing, the North Korean forces were also badly depleted and understrength. Although the North Koreans fielded more than 10 infantry divisions for the battle, most were only equivalent in strength to an infantry regiment. In contrast with the professional mechanized army that had existed at the start of the Korean War, the newly rebuilt North Korean formations were poorly trained and armed. Nevertheless, the start date of the Third Phase Campaign was set for New Year's Eve in order to take advantage of the full moon and the low alertness of the UN soldiers during the holiday.", "Battle of Pyongyang (1894)\nThe Battle of Pyongyang (; ) was the second major land battle of the First Sino-Japanese War. It took place on 15 September 1894 in Pyongyang, Korea between the forces of Meiji Japan and Qing China. It is sometimes referred to archaically in Western sources as the \"Battle of Ping-yang\". Between 13,000 and 15,000 Chinese troops of the Beiyang Army under overall command of General Ye Zhichao had arrived in Pyongyang on 4 August 1894, and had made extensive repairs to its ancient city walls, feeling itself secure in its superior numbers and in the strength of the defenses.", "Battle of the Bowling Alley\nAfter the fight at Taejon, UN forces were pushed back repeatedly before finally halting the North Korean advance in a series of engagements in the southern section of the country. Forces of the 3rd Battalion, 29th Infantry, newly arrived in the country, were wiped out at Hadong in a coordinated ambush by North Korean forces on July 27, opening a pass to the Pusan area from the west. Soon after, North Korean forces took Chinju, east of Hadong, pushing back the US 19th Infantry Regiment and leaving routes to Pusan open to direct North Korean attacks. The UN formations were subsequently able to defeat the North Koreans in the Battle of the Notch on August 2, halting their advance from the west. Suffering mounting losses, the KPA force withdrew for several days to re-equip and receive reinforcements. This granted both sides a reprieve to prepare for the attack on the Pusan Perimeter.", "First and Second Battles of Wonju\nAfter a joint Chinese and North Korean assault breached the UN defenses at Chuncheon on New Year's Eve of 1951, the North Korean V Corps attacked the US X Corps at Wonju while the North Korean II Corps harassed US X Corps' rear by engaging in guerrilla warfare. In response, the US X Corps under the command of Major General Edward Almond managed to cripple the North Korean forces at Wonju, and the UN forces later carried out a number of anti-guerrilla operations against the North Korean infiltrators. In the aftermath of the battle, the North Korean forces on the central and the eastern fronts were decimated, allowing the UN front to be stabilized at the 37th parallel.", "Battle of Chungju\nApril 28, Konishi Yukinaga attacked Chungju. He occupied castle in secret. Japanese Troops were ambushed in the mountains. some unit were moved along the river. \nShin rip realized too late. Fire in town. Many peoples died. Korean cavalry fight back but already castle lost.\nThe trumpet sounded from the castle. Suddenly, the Japanese attacked. Koreans were killed on Japanese swords. \nThe Koreans were defeated and while Shin Rip escaped, he later killed himself. The Japanese killed 3,000 Koreans and took Chungju with minimal losses.", "Battle of Kujin\nMeanwhile, on 27 October the Middlesex continued the brigade's advance, and was involved in a sharp fight in the hills west of the river near the village of Yongsong-ni, killing 35 North Koreans and capturing 80 prisoners, while American aircraft destroyed 10 North Korean T-34 tanks and two SU-76 self-propelled guns. The following day the Argylls took over as the lead battalion. Intelligence indicated that the British and Australians were facing the North Korean 17th Tank Brigade, equipped with 20 tanks, and although the North Koreans had suffered heavy casualties during the previous fighting on the Taeryong River, Coad was now forced to adopt more cautious tactics as a result, advancing in shorter bounds and clearing high points en route. With the war considered all but over the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade continued to pursue the North Koreans towards Chongju over the next three days; however, the advance increasingly encountered strong resistance from North Korean infantry dug-in with tanks and self-propelled guns in support as they approached the Yalu River on the Manchurian border.", "Battle of Pyongyang (1894)\nAfter the victory over the Chinese at Seonghwan, the Japanese had a reinforced Brigade of about 8,000 soldiers in Korea under command of General Oshima. More than 7,000 of these troops were concentrated at Seoul and Chemulpo. The Japanese now had control of the southern and central part of the country. However, as the Chinese still had the bulk of their troops in the northern Korea, for the Japanese the military situation required an immediate deployment of reinforcements to Korea.", "Battle of Kuju\nAfter crossing the Aprok River, the Khitan troops invaded Korea. But the Korean general Gang Gam-chan dammed a stream and released it as the Khitan troops were crossing. Despite suffering significant casualties, some Khitan troops marched to Gaegyeong, the capital of Korea.", "Battle of Onjong\nThe Battle of Onjong (), also known as the Battle of Wenjing (), was one of the first engagements between Chinese and United Nations forces during the Korean War. It took place around Onjong in present-day North Korea from October 25 to October 29, 1950. As the main focus of the Chinese First Phase Campaign, the Chinese 40th Corps conducted a series of ambushes against the Republic of Korea II Corps, effectively destroying the right flank of the United States Eighth Army while stopping the UN advances north toward the Yalu River.", "Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)\nThe two sides remained at a stalemate between the Kaesong to Hanseong line for the next couple of months, with both sides unable and unwilling to commit to further offensives. The Japanese lacked sufficient supplies to move north, and the defeat at Pyongyang had caused part of the Japanese leadership such as Konishi Yukinaga and Ishida Mitsunari to seriously consider negotiating with the Ming dynasty forces. This got them into a heated debate with other hawkish generals such as Katō Kiyomasa, and these conflicts would eventually have further implications following the war in Japan when the two sides became rivals in the Battle of Sekigahara.", "Battle of Kyongju\nCoulter knew the NK 15th Division had crossed the Taegu lateral corridor at Yongch'on and was heading in the direction of Kyongju. On September 6, he ordered the US 21st Infantry to attack the next day up the valley and bordering hills that lead northwest from Kyongju into the high mountain mass in the direction of Yongch'on. When it attacked there on September 7 the 21st Infantry encountered virtually no opposition.[37]", "Battle of Yongju\nIn spite of these losses the North Koreans assaulted the US positions again, with a force of 300 men falling on L Company and a further 450 men assaulting Headquarters Company. At the bottom of the slope the North Koreans knocked out a US machine-gun, hitting three of the crew in quick succession. The Americans responded with .50 caliber heavy machine-guns, while a 3.5-inch bazooka engaged the North Koreans in a culvert as they attempted to overrun the L Company position. Master Sergeant Willard W. Ryals subsequently moved forward down the hill under heavy fire to man the now silenced machine-gun, and proceeded to engage the attackers. For his actions he was later awarded the US Silver Star. Hard-pressed, the beleaguered Americans again requested assistance. Overnight Coad had ordered 3 RAR to take the lead the following morning and Green subsequently decided to send a company through Yongju to advance north as rapidly as possible, intending to push through the Argylls which were tasked with clearing the town. By dawn, the North Koreans and Americans had fought each other to a standstill after heavy fighting overnight and the previous day; the North Korean 239th Regiment was almost exhausted, yet, in danger of being destroyed, it prepared for a final attempt to break out.", "Battle of Yongju\nFollowing the capture of Chongju the US 21st Infantry Regiment had set off rapidly along the road to Sonchon to the west. Encountering only one strong North Korean position which they quickly turned, by noon on 1 November the lead battalion had reached Chonggodong, just from the Yalu River where the Americans clashed with another North Korean armored force. To the north meanwhile, the US 5th and 9th Infantry Regiments of the US 24th Infantry Division secured Taechon and Kusong, before advancing to within of the Manchurian border. However, during the last weeks of October the Chinese had moved 18 divisions of the People's Volunteer Army across the Yalu River under the overall command of Marshal Peng Dehuai in order to reinforce the remnants of the KPA. Undetected by US and South Korean intelligence, the 13th Army Group crossed the border on 16 October and penetrated up to into North Korea, and were reinforced in early November by 12 divisions from the 9th Army Group; in total 30 divisions composed of 380,000 men. The Chinese subsequently ambushed MacArthur's forces which were now widely dispersed, decimating ROK II Corps at Onjong and encircling and overrunning the US 8th Cavalry Regiment at Unsan. With the US 24th Infantry Division ordered back to the Chongchon River as a result, the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade also began moving south as part of the UN general withdrawal in the face of the Chinese First Phase Offensive.", "Seonjo of Joseon\nThe peace negotiations between the Chinese and Japanese ended unsuccessfully, due to a lack of understanding between the two sides and misrepresentation of the Koreans. The Japanese again invaded Korea in 1597; but this time all three nations were ready for war, and the Japanese were not able to advance as easily as in 1592. The Japanese tried to take Hanyang from both land and sea routes. At first the plan seemed to work well when Todo Takatora defeated Admiral Won Gyun at the Battle of Chilchonryang, but the plan was abandoned when the Korean navy under Admiral Yi Sun-sin defeated the Japanese fleet under Todo Takatora in the Battle of Myeongnyang with only 13 ships. The battle effectively ended the war, and in 1598 the Japanese at last withdrew from Korea after the sudden death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The Battle of Noryang marked the end of the war, with the last Japanese units under Konishi Yukinaga leaving Korea.", "Battle of Chungju\nThere are records in a book by Luis Frois, but he is not seen war. It is imagined, only just heard from someone else. In his writings, Konishi Yukinaga defeated 80,000 Korean \nand 8000 cavalry and the ax-wielding knight. However, whether this claim is true or not, remains uncertain.", "Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)\nNamwon was located fifty kilometres southeast of Jeonju. Correctly predicting a Japanese attack, a coalition force of 6,000 soldiers (including 3,000 Chinese troops under Yang Yuan and civilian volunteers) were prepared to fight the approaching Japanese forces. The Japanese laid siege to the walls of the fortress with ladders and siege towers. The two sides exchanged volleys with arquebuses and bows. Eventually the Japanese forces scaled the walls and sacked the fortress. According to Japanese commander Okochi Hidemoto, author of the \"Chosen Ki\", the Siege of Namwon resulted in 3,726 casualties among the Korean and Chinese forces. The Korean forces and its leaders were almost entirely killed.", "Battle of Chungju\nApril 27, a Korean soldier, search out the enemy. but Shin rip killed him. He thought it was a lie.\nMeantime, Japanese General Konishi Yukinaga was staying in Sangju, and scouting around. He found out the strategies of Koreans. He was planning to invade.", "Battle of Sangju (1950)\nElements of the US 24th Infantry Regiment had a similar experience west of Sangju. On that day, the 2nd Battalion, 24th Infantry, and elements of the ROK 17th Regiment were advancing into the mountains northwest of the town. There, they came into contact with the NK 48th Regiment, 15th Division, the leading element of the North Korean troops. With E Company leading, 2nd Battalion moved along the dirt road into a gorge with precipitous mountain walls. Suddenly, a North Korean light mortar and one or two automatic weapons fired on E Company. It stopped and the men dispersed along the sides of the road.\nSoon North Korean rifle fire came in on the dispersed men and E and F Companies immediately began withdrawing in a disorderly manner. Troops began shying from the front and retreating without orders, ignoring officers' commands to stay in position. Colonel Horton V. White, the regimental commander, heard of the difficulty and drove hurriedly to the scene. He found the battalion coming back down the road in disorder and most of the men in a state of panic. Historians blame the retreat as much on officers' ineptitude as individual soldiers panicking. He mustered the men and ordered a retreat but by then many soldiers were withdrawing on their own. The next day the ROK 17th Regiment enveloped the North Korean position that had launched the attack and captured two light machine guns, one mortar, and about 30 North Koreans who appeared to be guerrillas. The ROK 17th Regiment fought in the hills for the next two days, making some limited gains, and then it moved back to Sangju to join other units as part of the ROK Army reorganization in progress around Pusan. This left only the US 24th Infantry Regiment guarding the west approach to Sangju from the Mun'gyong plateau.", "Battle of Kyongju\nSeptember 12 is considered as the day when the North Korean offensive in the east ended.[23] By that date, the NK 12th Division had been virtually destroyed and the NK 5th Division was trying to consolidate its survivors near P'ohang-dong. Aerial observers reported sighting many North Korean groups moving north and east.[41]", "Battle of Kyongju\nHolding a line north of P'ohang-dong, An'gang-ni, and Kyongju, the so-called \"Kyongju corridor,\" the Republic of Korea Army I Corps was unexpectedly hit with an attack by the North Korean People's Army's II Corps, part of the wider Great Naktong Offensive. The South Korean troops, already demoralized and struggling to maintain a strong defensive line, were easily pushed back from their positions. US Army units were called in to assist the South Koreans repel the attack.", "Korean People's Army\nBefore the outbreak of the Korean War, Joseph Stalin equipped the KPA with modern tanks, trucks, artillery, and small arms (at the time, the South Korean Army had nothing remotely comparable either in numbers of troops or equipment). During the opening phases of the Korean War in 1950, the KPA quickly drove South Korean forces south and captured Seoul, only to lose 70,000 of their 100,000-strong army in the autumn after U.S. amphibious landings at the Battle of Incheon and a subsequent drive to the Yalu River. On 4 November, China openly staged a military intervention. On 7 December, Kim Il-sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China. The KPA subsequently played a secondary minor role to Chinese forces in the remainder of the conflict. By the time of the Armistice in 1953, the KPA had sustained 290,000 casualties and lost 90,000 men as POWs.\nIn 1953, the Military Armistice Commission (MAC) was able to oversee and enforce the terms of the armistice. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC), made up of delegations from Czechoslovakia, Poland, Sweden and Switzerland, carried out inspections to ensure implementation of the terms of the Armistice that prevented reinforcements or new weapons being brought into Korea.\nSoviet thinking on the strategic scale was replaced since December 1962 with a people's war concept. The Soviet idea of direct warfare was replaced with a Maoist war of attrition strategy. Along with the mechanization of some infantry units, more emphasis was put on light weapons, high-angle indirect fire, night fighting, and sea denial.", "Gojong of Korea\nGojong proclaimed the Korean Empire in October 1897 to justify the country's ending of its traditional tributary subordination to China. He tried to promote the ultimately unsuccessful Gwangmu Reform.\nIn 1904-5, the Japanese military achieved a comprehensive victory in the Russo-Japanese War. Following the Protectorate Treaty of 1905 between Korea and Japan, which stripped Korea of its rights as an independent nation, Gojong sent representatives to the Hague Peace Convention of 1907 in order to try to re-assert his sovereignty over Korea. Although the Korean representatives were blocked by the Japanese delegates, they did not give up, and later held interviews with newspapers.", "First and Second Battles of Wonju\nBy the end of January, the KPA II Corps was decimated during its guerrilla operations, and its estimated strength was reduced from 16,000 to 8,000. The KPA V Corps' attempt to capture Wonju had also resulted in crippling casualties, and its estimated strength was reduced from 32,000 to 22,000 by the end of January. In contrast, the UN losses were relatively moderate during the same period. The defeat of the North Korean army enabled the UN forces to consolidate their positions along the Korean central and eastern front, and the retreating US Eighth Army on the Korean western front could finally return to the offensive after its rear and eastern flank were secured. As soon as the US X Corps regained full control of the central front at the end of January, Ridgway immediately ordered the US Eighth Army to launch Operation Thunderbolt against Chinese and North Korean forces on January 25, 1951." ]

[ 11.171875 ]

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[ "A lady and her dog running in a field." ]

[ "A boy sits with his dog in the living room.", "I'm not going to let them start recording just yet.", "It's fixed", "a person wearing red is in the ocean on his snowboard doing jumps", "There are cases where agencies focused attention on practices that began earlier.", "two adults play foosball", "A janitor is outside." ]

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[ "The web site is looking to maintain its web pages." ]

[ "The website does not need any maintenance.", "Men are standing around a water fountain talking.", "girl sleeps on pillow", "A human wearing clothes.", "There is a man jumping.", "Both in cost and workmanship, the glassware from Venice is problematic,", "There is not enough of it." ]

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[ "A female is seen near a game." ]

[ "A paper clip is on the floor.", "Walcott embraces all important aspects of history in The Bounty.", "player 15 runs with a ball.", "There are two people in the game, one wearing blue and the other in red.", "Annie intentionally provided us with this important evidence.", "The couple are on the plane.", "A cowboy rides a bull at a rodeo." ]

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[ "It was the best protection and more a huge lean-to than truly a building." ]

[ "Truly a building, it was a dangerous prospect to even enter.", "Schumer did not win.", "Boris kept his head down, the February revolution happened", "Everyone is playing ping-pong.", "Hanson was standing there all alone.", "A snowboarder on the halfpipe at the XGames.", "Two men are making pottery." ]

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[ "The kids are in a game on the field in uniforms." ]

[ "The children are inside playing video games.", "The boy is setting down.", "The security men wanted to throw me out.", "President? Never", "Local news should feature more serious stories to balance out the shocking video that they show.", "You do.", "A person jumps off a bridge and into the water." ]

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[ "Given name Chinese, Singapore, and Vietnam, among others), as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India, and in Hungary. This order is common also in Austria and Bavaria, and in France, Belgium, Greece and Italy, possibly because of the influence of bureaucracy, which commonly puts the family name before the given name. In China and Korea, part of the given name may be shared among all members of a given generation within a family and extended family or families, in order to differentiate those generations from other generations. The order \"given name – father's family name – mother's family name\"", "Jade (given name) for boys and girls in the United States with multiple spelling variants, is also sometimes seen as a variant of Jade. Jade has become increasingly popular in France since 1990. It was the 7th most given name for girls there in 2005. Jade (given name) Jade is a given name derived from the ornamental stone jade, which is used in artwork and in jewellery making. The name is derived from the Spanish \"piedra de la ijada\", which means \"stone of the colic.\" There was a belief that when jade was placed on the stomach, it could cure colic in babies." ]

[ "Political colour Political colour Political colours are colours used to represent a political party, either officially or unofficially. Parties in different countries with similar ideologies sometimes use similar colours. For example, the colour red symbolises left-wing ideologies in many countries (see the red flag, Red Army and Red Scare) while the colour orange symbolizes Christian democratic political ideology. However, the political associations of a given colour vary from country to country: red is also the colour associated with the conservative Republican Party in the United States. Politicians making public appearances will often identify themselves by wearing rosettes, flowers or ties in the", "India (given name) as a girls name since at least 1880, the earliest year records are available. The name has ranked in the top 1,000 most popular names for girls in the United States since 1970. It was the 690th most popular name for girls born in the United States in 2007, down from 567th place in 2006. Prior to 1970, it had last ranked among the top 1,000 names given to girls in that country between 1900 and 1910. India (given name) India is a feminine given name derived from the name of the country India, which takes its name from the", "Flag of the Black Country Flag of the Black Country The Black Country flag is the flag of the Black Country, England. It was registered with the Flag Institute as a regional flag in 2012. In April 2012 the Black Country Living Museum launched a competition to design a flag for the Black Country. The competition was launched in response to a campaign by the Parliamentary Flags & Heraldry Committee, encouraging local communities to develop their own flags to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II and the United Kingdom's hosting of the Olympics during 2012. The creation of the flag was used as the", "Increase (given name) Increase was \"... the never-to-be-forgotten increase, or every sort, wherewith God favoured the country about the time of his nativity.\" Increase (given name) Increase is a male given name. It is the English language literal translation of the name Joseph, which originates from Hebrew. Originating in England, the name was given primarily among Puritans in colonial New England and in the early 19th century in the United States. Since the 19th century, the name has declined in popularity and is now rare, if not extinct. The name Increase is the English literal translation of the name Joseph, which originates from", "Flag of the Black Country flag are: The Flag is one of very few regional, non-historic county, flags that may be flown without consent of a local planning authority, providing the flag is \"maintained in a condition that does not impair the overall visual appearance of the site\" and does not block official signs (such as road signs). In 2013, on Black Country Day (14 July), the Black Country flag was flown alongside the United Kingdom’s Union flag, at Eland House, the head quarters of the Department for Communities and Local Government in Victoria, London. Flag of the Black Country The Black Country flag is", "India (given name) female name since it is the name of a country and it had been used as a feminine given name for more than hundred years in England and the U.S. Although India is a feminine given name in the world, it is not a popular given name in India. Girls who are given this name are usually called with a nickname \"Indy\", or \"Indie\" which are also given names for girls in English speaking countries. It was the 217th most popular name for girls born in England and Wales in 2007. It has been in use in the United States", "Flag of Ethiopia with the first letter of his own name (the Amharic letter \"ም\") on the central stripe. In 1914, the flag was reversed to its current flag. The flag's tri-colour scheme has existed since the early 19th century, and the colours red, yellow, and green have carried special importance since at least the early 17th century. The royal flag often featured the emblem of a Lion of Judah, a crowned lion carrying a cross centred in the banner's yellow midsection. The flag is understood to be a link between the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the peoples, and the nation that was", "Flag of the Gambia In 1982, the Gambia formed a confederation with Senegal, which lasted for seven years before its dissolution in 1989. However, this closer union did not result in change of national symbols, and the Gambian flag continued to be flown during this time. The colours of the flag carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. The blue alludes to the Gambia River, which is the nation's key feature and is where the country derives its name from. The red evokes the sun – given the Gambia's close proximity to the Equator – as well as the savanna, while the thin white stripes", "Flag and coat of arms of Terengganu a wreath of rice stalks and a motto. Previously a plain white flag, the additional emblem, which is coloured yellow, was added to identify the flag to Terengganu's royal family. The design of the \"Pemaisuri\"s (Queen's) Royal Standard (which is given the name \"Tanah Kuning Tua\") is very similar to that of the Sultan's, but features a reversed arrangement of colours, with a white emblem against a yellow field. The Royal Standard of the \"Yang Di-pertuan Muda\" (Crown Prince) bears a similar colour configuration as the Queen's, but features only the partial rendition of the state emblem, which is significantly", "Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn war photograph in Finnish World War II history. It was compared to similar pictures, such as the American \"Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima\" and the Soviet \"Raising a Flag over the Reichstag\", although it was not considered to have become as symbolic as they were. In fact, the Finnish popular memory of the conflict relied equally on fictional pictures, such as the cover of \"The Unknown Soldier\", a 1954 war novel about the Continuation War. Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn is a historic photograph taken on 27 April 1945, which", "Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn is a historic photograph taken on 27 April 1945, which was the last day of the Second World War in Finland. It depicts a Finnish Army patrol of Battle Group Loimu, Infantry Regiment 1 (), raising the Finnish flag on the three-country cairn between Norway, Sweden, and Finland to celebrate the last German troops withdrawing from Finland. The photograph was taken by the commander of Infantry Regiment 1, Colonel Väinö Oinonen (alternatively V.J. Oinonen). It became a widely circulated symbol of World War II in Finland.", "India (given name) India (given name) India is a feminine given name derived from the name of the country India, which takes its name from the Indus River. The name was used for India Wilkes, a character in the novel and movie \"Gone with the Wind\". Its use for girls in England began during the British rule in India during the 19th century. It has been used for daughters of aristocratic families in England that had ties to Colonial India, such as India Hicks. Just like names derived from seasons like Summer, Dawn, Solstice, Autumn are feminine, India is internationally recognized as a", "Louie (given name) Louie (given name) Louie is a moderately common given name, related to the more common name Louis. It originated in the United Kingdom (where \"Louis\" is pronounced ) as a more regularly-spelled version without a silent ⟨s⟩. In 2011, it was the 74th most common forename for births in England and Wales, with Louis only slightly more common at 68th. In the United States, \"Louis\" (there pronounced ) is far more common. The name is unisex; it is usually considered a masculine given name, as a derivation of Louis, but is occasionally given to girls as a diminutive of Louise.", "Louie (given name) Louie (given name) Louie is a moderately common given name, related to the more common name Louis. It originated in the United Kingdom (where \"Louis\" is pronounced ) as a more regularly-spelled version without a silent ⟨s⟩. In 2011, it was the 74th most common forename for births in England and Wales, with Louis only slightly more common at 68th. In the United States, \"Louis\" (there pronounced ) is far more common. The name is unisex; it is usually considered a masculine given name, as a derivation of Louis, but is occasionally given to girls as a diminutive of Louise.", "Monica (given name) gradually waned since then, being 76th most popular in 1990, and 363rd in 2010. In the European tradition of name day celebration, the date for the name \"Monica\" or \"Monika\" varies from country to country. In Hungary it is 4 May, as it is in Sweden. In Slovakia it is 7 May, and in the Czech Republic it is celebrated on 21 May. In Poland it is celebrated on 27 August and 4 May. In Latvia it is celebrated on 6 October and in Greece on 15 June. Monica (given name) Monica is a female given name with many variant", "Flag of Karnataka flag for the state. After the committee submitted a report, a team of designers was instituted, which came up with the latest version that is now in effect. The current version is a symbolic confluence of the Indian flag—with tri-colour strips—and the old Karnataka flag, as well as the state's coat of arms charged in the centre of the flag, which, in majority, is a derivation of the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Mysore. The design was met with opposition from pro-Kannada political parties and groups, arguing that the old (Kannada Paksha) flag was more representative of the", "Given name a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a naming ceremony, with family and friends in attendance. In most jurisdictions, a child's name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate, or its equivalent. In western cultures, people normally retain the same given name throughout their lives. However, in some cases these names may be changed by following legal processes or by repute. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions. In certain jurisdictions, a government-appointed registrar of births may refuse to", "Flag of the United States author and U.S. naval officer George H. Preble: In the above quote, the Chinese words are written phonetically based on spoken Cantonese. The names given were common usage in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Vietnam has borrowed the term for the United States, as or (\"Flower Flag\") in Vietnamese language. Chinese now refer to the United States as . \"Měi\" is short for \"Měilìjiān\" (, phono-semantic matching of \"American\") and \"guó\" means \"country\", so this name is unrelated to the flag. However, the \"flower flag\" terminology persists in some places today: for example, American Ginseng is called \"flower flag", "Ruby (given name) was the 17th most popular name for girls in Ireland in 2009; was the second most popular name for girls in New Zealand in 2009; was among the top five names given to girls in several Australian states in 2009, 2010 and 2013; and was the 108th most popular name given to baby girls born in the United States in 2009. The name was also once rarely given to boys in the United States and was ranked in the top 1,000 names given to boys born in that country between 1900 and 1940. In its masculine form, it is occasionally", "Aimar (given name) it has a different meaning, it consists of two parts; \"A\" which means \"Un\" and \"mir\" which is the root of the verb \"Mordan مُرَدن\" ( to die ), so Amir in Persian means the one who [his spirit and his memory] will never die. There are references to the name in medieval texts from the 9th to 14th centuries in the Kingdom of Navarre. In later years it has been assimilated as a Basque name, and it has become a popular name for boys in Basque Country and Navarre. The name Aimar may refer to: Aimar (given name) Aimar", "Given name Given name A given name (also known as a first name, forename or Christian name) is a part of a person's personal name. It identifies a specific person, and differentiates that person from the other members of a group (typically a family or clan) who have a common surname. The term \"given name\" refers to the fact that the name usually is bestowed upon a person, normally to a child by his or her parents at or close to the time of birth. A Christian name, a first name which historically was given at baptism, is now also typically given", "Trooping the Colour Defence Staff, and the Regimental Colour is trooped instead. Jordan hosted its first Trooping the Colour - the first in the Middle East - in June 2016 celebrating the centenary of the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire. The Parade was the official celebrations of the centennial of the Great Arab Revolt () or Arab Revolt Parade on coverage online. In 2017, the Trooping of the Colour (officially known as the Flag Parade) was moved to September and is held annually. Around 1,000 troops take part in the parade, which is held yearly in Amman, the national capital. Al Rayah", "Iselilja (given name) Iselilja (given name) Iselilja is a Norwegian feminine given name. In 2015, in Norway 17 people had the name as a first name and 15 people had it as a middle name, according to SSB's name statistics. \"Iselilja\" is mentioned in the medieval Norwegian ballad , a song that has been recorded and released by Alf Cranner on the album \"Rosemalt Sound\" (1967), by the folk-rock band on \"\" (1978), and by Norwegian folk music band Gåte on their studio album \"Iselilja\" (2004) and their live album \"Liva\" (2006). The name is, according to Norwegian historian Harald S. Næss in", "Ashton (given name) Ashton (given name) Ashton is a given name derived from an English surname derived from a place name meaning \"ash tree town.\" The name is in use for both boys and girls in the United States. Ashton was used far more often on American females from years 1986–1997. The popularity for girls was from the Terri Garber character \"Ashton Main\" on 1985's North and South (miniseries). Since Ashton Kutcher's debut on television and film in the late 1990s, the name is now in favor more for boys, as it was always before 1986. Ashton was the 124th most popular name", "Given name is commonly used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain and Uruguay using \"given name – mother's family name – father's family name\". In many Western cultures, people often have more than one given name. One of those which is not the first in succession might be used exclusively as the name which that person goes by, such as in the cases of John Edgar Hoover and Mary Barbara Hamilton Cartland. A child's given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If", "Douglas (given name) of the given name is , which is pronounced ; a variant form of this name is \"Dougalasa\". The given name \"Doug\" is a common short form variant of \"Douglas\". Pet forms of the given name include: \"Dougie\" and \"Duggie\". In Scotland, while spelled \"Dougie\" like the above, there is a distinct Scottish pronunciation of \"Doogie\". Douglas (given name) Douglas is a Scottish masculine given name which originated from the surname \"Douglas\". Although today the name is almost exclusively given to boys, it was used as girls name in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in the north of England. The", "Angus (given name) Angus (given name) Angus is a masculine given name in English. It is an Anglicised form of the Irish and Scottish Gaelic \"Aonghas\", which is composed of Celtic elements meaning \"one\", and \"choice\". A variant spelling of the Scottish Gaelic name is \"Aonghus\". The Irish form of the Scottish Gaelic name is \"Aengus\". A pet form of the given name \"Angus\" is \"Angie\", pronounced \"\"an-ghee\"\", which represents the Scottish Gaelic \"Angaidh\". A short form of the given name \"Angus\" is \"Gus\", which may be lengthened to \"Gussie\". The feminine form of \"Angus\" is \"Angusina\". The earliest form of the given", "The Flag of His Country was strong and memberships still exceeded 200,000 persons in 1910. A review by \"The New York Dramatic Mirror\" stated, \"This is a sure enough 'classy' picture, full of human feeling and good acting. It is one of the kind that is giving the Thanhouser people the fine reputation they are gaining. ... The picture is strongly effective.\" One advertisement billed the film as a patriotic masterpiece and would have musical accompaniment by the vaudeville musician Etta Hyland. The Flag of His Country The Flag of His Country is a 1910 American silent short drama film produced by the Thanhouser Company.", "Flag of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic Flag of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic The flag of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (country) was adopted by the Georgian SSR on April 11, 1951. The flag was designed by the artist Severian Maysashvili Davidovich (1900–1980). On the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR in which the new national flag was adopted with the description: It was the only Union Republic flag in which the hammer and sickle was not gold in colour. Before 1937 the flag was red with the Georgian characters სსსრ (\"SSSR\") in gold in the top-left corner. Between 1922", "U S Navy Flag was named Champion two-year-old colt. In the official European Classification of two-year-olds for 2017, published in January 2018, U S Navy Flag was given a rating of 122, making him the best juvenile of the season, three pounds ahead of his stablemate Saxon Warrior. U S Navy Flag U S Navy Flag (foaled 6 February 2015) is an American-bred, Irish-trained Thoroughbred racehorse. In 2017 he became the first horse in 35 years to win both the Middle Park Stakes and the Dewhurst Stakes. As two-year-old he was beaten in his first four racecourse appearances, including the Coventry Stakes before winning", "Given to the Wild recording of the LP, which is the follow-up to 2009's \"Wall of Arms\". Speaking about the title of the album, singer Orlando Weeks told the NME: \"'Given to the wild' is the first line on the album and was a title idea we had pretty early on. But it wasn't until we'd finished recording that we could come back to it and know that it suited, it just felt right.\" On 12 January 2012 \"Given to the Wild\" entered the Irish Albums Chart at number 31. Given to the Wild Given to the Wild is the third studio album by", "The Flag of His Country The Flag of His Country The Flag of His Country is a 1910 American silent short drama film produced by the Thanhouser Company. The patriotic film focuses on a man aptly named Walter North who sides with the Union and whilst his wife sides with the Confederacy in the American Civil War. The family is reunited thirty years later at a Grand Army of the Republic reunion through the actions of their grandchild. Little is known about the production and cast of the film, but the role of granddaughter was played by Marie Eline. Released on July 1, 1910, the", "2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers bringing the athletes of the world together as \"one nation.\" The flags of each country were not necessarily carried by the same flag bearer as in the opening ceremony. The following is a list of each country's flag bearer. The list is sorted by the order in which each nation appears in the parade of nations. This table is sortable by country name in English, country name in simplified Chinese, country name in pinyin, flag bearer name, and flag bearer sport. The names are given in their official designations by the IOC, and the Chinese names follow their official designations", "Logan (given name) Logan (given name) The given name Logan is derived from the Scottish surname \"Logan\", which is in turn derived from a place name. The likely origin of this surname is a place located near Auchinleck, in Ayrshire. The place name is derived from the Scottish Gaelic \"lagan\", which is a diminutive of \"lag\", which in turn means \"hollow\". The given name is borne by males and females. The given name was the 17th most popular name for baby boys born in the United States in 2007 and was the 455th most popular name for baby girls born there in 2007.", "Flag of the Netherlands the 15th century, when the majority of the Netherlands provinces were united under the Duke of Burgundy, the Cross of Burgundy Flag of the Duke of Burgundy was used for joint expeditions, which consisted of a red saltire resembling two crossed, roughly-pruned (knotted) branches, on a white field. Under the later House of Habsburg this flag remained in use. In 1572 provinces of the Low Countries rose in revolt against King Philip II of Spain, and William Prince of Orange (1533–1584) placed himself at the head of the rebels. The colour \"orange\" is a reference to the name of the", "Trooping the Colour and one weeks preceding the Queen's Birthday Parade respectively. The salute is taken, respectively, by the Major-General commanding the Household Division and the Colonel of the Regiment which is trooping its colour. On the day of Trooping the Colour, the Royal Standard is flown from Buckingham Palace and from Horse Guards Building, while the Union Flag (colloquially known as the Union Jack), is flown from public buildings as well as the flags of the British Commonwealth of Nations, especially in recent years. Participants and positioning: \"Nos 1-6 Guards\" - six companies of Foot Guards, each comprising 3 officers and 71", "Blue Is the Colour Blue Is the Colour Blue Is the Colour is the fifth studio album from English band The Beautiful South, released in October 1996 through Go! Discs and in America through Ark 21 Records. Following the two singles \"Pretenders to the Throne\" and \"Dream a Little Dream\", which never featured on any album until the release of the second greatest hits \"Solid Bronze\" in 2001, it was named after a pub in Sheffield. The album continued the melancholic tone of its predecessor \"Miaow\", and is generally considered to be the band's darkest effort, reflecting Heaton's life at the time. This comes", "2000 Summer Olympics national flag bearers in which each nation appears in the parade of nations. This table is sortable by country name (in English), the flag bearer's name, and the flag bearer's sport. The names are given in their official designations by the IOC. 2000 Summer Olympics national flag bearers During the Parade of Nations portion of the 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, athletes from each country participating in the Olympics paraded in the arena, preceded by their flag. The flag was borne by a sportsperson from that country chosen either by the National Olympic Committee or by the athletes themselves to represent their country.", "Angus (given name) dialects underwent changes which included the loss of the final syllables and unstressed vowels, which affected \"*Oinogustos\" thus: \"*Oin<del>o</del>gust<del>os</del>\". Angus (given name) Angus is a masculine given name in English. It is an Anglicised form of the Irish and Scottish Gaelic \"Aonghas\", which is composed of Celtic elements meaning \"one\", and \"choice\". A variant spelling of the Scottish Gaelic name is \"Aonghus\". The Irish form of the Scottish Gaelic name is \"Aengus\". A pet form of the given name \"Angus\" is \"Angie\", pronounced \"\"an-ghee\"\", which represents the Scottish Gaelic \"Angaidh\". A short form of the given name \"Angus\" is \"Gus\",", "Green Is the Colour Green Is the Colour \"Green Is the Colour\" is a track on Pink Floyd's 1969 \"More\". It was composed and written by Roger Waters and sung by David Gilmour. A tin whistle is heard in the song, played by drummer Nick Mason's then-wife Lindy. A live version of the song was released as the third single to promote \"The Early Years 1965–1972\" box set in October 2016. Live arrangements of the song were performed as a full electric band piece and at a slower tempo. Richard Wright built a calm sheen of warbling organ sound throughout, which created a more", "1996 Summer Olympics national flag bearers announced flag bearer. The list is sorted by the order in which each nation appears in the parade of nations. This table is sortable by country name (in English), the flag bearer's name, and the flag bearer's sport. The names are given in their official designations by the IOC. 1996 Summer Olympics national flag bearers During the Parade of Nations portion of the 1996 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, athletes from each country participating in the Olympics paraded in the arena, preceded by their flag. The flag was borne by a sportsperson from that country chosen either by the National Olympic", "2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers together as \"one nation.\" The flags of each country were not necessarily carried by the same flag bearer as in the opening ceremony. The flag-bearers entered in \"ganada\" order of the Korean alphabet. The following is a list of each country's flag bearer. The list is sorted by the order in which each nation appears in the parade of nations. This table is sortable by country name in English, country name in Korean, the flag bearer's name, or the flag bearer's sport. Names are given as were officially designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony", "2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers world together as \"one nation.\" The flags of each country were not necessarily carried by the same flag bearer as in the opening ceremony. The following is a list of each country's flag bearer. The list is sorted by the order in which each nation appears in the parade of nations. This table is sortable by country name in English, country name in Brazilian Portuguese, the flag bearer's name, or the flag bearer's sport. Names are given as were officially designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers During the closing ceremony of the", "Given name by the parents at birth. In informal situations, given names are often used in a familiar and friendly manner. In more formal situations, a person's surname is more commonly used—unless a distinction needs to be made between people with the same surname. The idioms \"on a first-name basis\" and \"being on first-name terms\" refer to the familiarity inherent in addressing someone by their given name. By contrast, a surname (also known as a family name, last name, or \"gentile\" name), which is normally inherited, is typically shared with other members of one's immediate family. Regnal names and religious or monastic", "Love (given name) name. There were also 531 women with the name, of which 128 had it as their given name. In 2003, 344 boys got the name, and of those, 182 got it as given name. The same year, 24 girls got the name, of which 6 got it as given name. The name day in Sweden is 2 October (1986-1992: 3 December; 1993-2000: 26 November). SCB Love (given name) Love (), or more uncommon Lowe, is a Swedish version of the French name \"Louis\". It can also be a version of Lovisa, and can thus be used both for men and", "Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag of the Philippines, which echoes the last four lines of the pledge of allegiance. In English translation, the motto is \"For God, People, Nature and Country\". The Philippine Motto can also be read as the oath at the Text of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine flag. Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag The Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag () is the pledge to the flag of the Philippines. It is one of two national pledges, the other being the Patriotic Oath, which is the Philippine national pledge. The Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag", "Riley (given name) Riley (given name) Riley is a unisex given name, which first appeared as \"Raghallach\", which was originated on a man who died in the Battle of Clontarf. Its source gives its meaning as \"valiant\". Riley in the United States is mostly a girl's name. In 2017, it was the twenty-fifth most popular girl's name, and the 253rd most popular boy's name. The opposite is true for the UK, where it is primarily a boy's name, being the fortieth most popular name given to baby boys in 2016. Riley is also a popular surname. The surname's first variant is Ó Raghallaigh", "Douglas (given name) Douglas (given name) Douglas is a Scottish masculine given name which originated from the surname \"Douglas\". Although today the name is almost exclusively given to boys, it was used as girls name in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in the north of England. The Scottish surname \"Douglas\" was borne by one of the most powerful families of the Kingdom of Scotland (the Earls of Douglas, Angus, Morton, Dukes of Hamilton and others). It has sometimes been stated that the given name is connected with the given name \"Dougal\", although it is more likely derived from the surname already mentioned. Linguistically,", "Parisa (given name) does not mean angel. \"Fereshteh\" () is a feminine given name which actually happens to mean angel. The Pari (or Peri) in Persian mythology are described to be a race of beautiful and benevolent supernatural fairy beings, earlier regarded as malevolent. Risa (given name) can be used as a nickname also. Notable people with the name Parisa include: Parisa (given name) Parisā () (pronounced pə-REE-sa) is a Persian given name for girls that means 'like a fairy'. The ancient Persian name \"Parysatis\" () is related to this name. Two notable women with the name \"Parysatis\" are: Parysatis, who was the", "Raven (given name) Raven (given name) Raven is a unisex given name in the English language. In the United States of America, the name is more commonly used as a feminine name, and has ranked amongst the top 1,000 feminine names given to baby girls since 1977. The name originates from the English vocabulary word \"raven\", which in turn is ultimately derived from the Old English \"hræfn\". As a masculine name, \"Raven\" parallels the Old Norse \"Hrafn\", and the Old English \"*Hræfn\", which both mean \"raven\". As a feminine name, \"Raven\" is among several other names derived from birds; names such as \"Dove\",", "Flag of Mengjiang flag formerly used by the Republic of China. Flag of Mengjiang The flag used by the Mengjiang United Autonomous Government consists of a horizontal colour pattern of yellow, blue, white, red, white, blue and again yellow. The colors on the flag were used to represent major ethnic groups in Mengjiang: the Mongols (blue); the Japanese (red); the Han (yellow) and the \"Hui\" (the name given to the Muslims at that time) (white). South Chahar, North Shanxi and Mongol Military Government each had their respective flag before merged with Mengjiang United Autonomous Government. The colors on the flag of Mengjiang is", "Julie (given name) may be given to males as well, though mostly as a second or third given name. In 2006, 204 Frenchmen had \"Julie\" among their given names. The first appearance of \"Julie\" in a popular non-French literary work occurred with Swedish playwright August Strindberg's tragedy \"Miss Julie\" in 1888. As it became one of the most widely performed plays in the English-speaking world, the choice of \"Julie\" as a name expanded along with it. Mononyms: Given name: Julie (given name) Julie is a popular Latin first name which originally comes from the Latin \"Julia\" which could mean youthful, soft-haired, beautiful or", "Flag of the Black Country catalyst for starting an official Black Country Day & Festival in 2014. Black Country Day was first introduced in March 2013 but later moved to July 14th to mark the anniversary of the invention of the Newcomen beam engine. In July 2017, West Midlands newspaper the \"Express & Star\" reported that recently-elected local MP Eleanor Smith had described the flag as \"racist\" and \"offensive\" and wanted it to be scrapped, citing possible slavery connotations of the chain imagery and colours. Responding to criticism, Smith said the flag made her feel \"uneasy\", and that she had been expressing the concerns of", "Aurora (given name) name include \"\" (\"Avrorka\"), \"\" (\"Ava\"), \"\" (\"Ara\"), and \"\" (\"Rora\"). The Sanksrit name Aarushi (Arushi) meaning first rays of the sun in the dawn, is closely related. The name Arushi stems from the word Arusha which appears in the Rig Veda. The Vedic hymns composed in praise of the fire god Agni refer to the red colour of the dawn as Arusha. The name Aurora or Arora is also used by the Khatri community of West Pakistan as a surname; the name has an Indo-Greek origin of the name Aurora. It can be written the same as Aurora or", "2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers world together as \"one nation.\" The flags of each country were not necessarily carried by the same flag bearer as in the opening ceremony. Below is a list of all parading countries with their announced flag bearer, sorted in the order in which they appeared in the parade. This is sortable by country name under which they entered, the flag bearer's name, or the flag bearer's sport. Names are given as were officially designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers During the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, the flag", "Blue Is the Warmest Colour Wong Kar-wai's most matured effort in cinema, \"Happy Together\", director Abdellatif Kechiche knows love and relationship well and the details he goes about everything is almost breathtaking to endure. There is a scene in the restaurant where two meet again, after years of separation, the tears that dwell on their eyes shows precisely how much they love each other, yet there is no way they will be together again. \"Blue Is the Warmest Colour\" is likely to be 2013's most powerful film and easily one of the best.\" At Cannes, the film shocked some critics with its long and graphic", "Flag of Georgia (country) flag. In the four corners there are four \"bolnur-katskhuri\" crosses (Also refer as Georgian Crosses aside with Grapevine cross) of the same colour (as the large cross). The first Georgian flag design came about during the era of the early Georgian state, the Principality of Iberia which had a red cross against a white background, similar to the flag of England). The subsequent Principality of Tao-Klarjeti, shared this same flag. The flag of the Kingdom of Abkhazia had 4 green strips in a dextral position on the right side, while the left side contained the cross seen on the current", "Increase (given name) Increase (given name) Increase is a male given name. It is the English language literal translation of the name Joseph, which originates from Hebrew. Originating in England, the name was given primarily among Puritans in colonial New England and in the early 19th century in the United States. Since the 19th century, the name has declined in popularity and is now rare, if not extinct. The name Increase is the English literal translation of the name Joseph, which originates from the Hebrew language. The Hebrew version of Joseph, \"Yosef\" (\"יוֹסֵף\"), translates as meaning \"Yahweh will/shall increase/add,\" or \"He will add.\"", "Avery (given name) the 634th most common given name for males in the United States in the 1910 census. In the Russian language, Avery () is a colloquial form of the male given name Averky. Avery (given name) Avery is a given name, which was originally an English surname, that was itself derived from an Old French version of the name Alfred or the Ancient Germanic name Alberich. The meaning of the name is derived from the Old English words \"aelf\", meaning \"elf\", and \"raed\", meaning \"counsel.\" Avery was originally more common as a boys' name, but it is becoming more popular and", "Flag of Lewin Brzeski Flag of Lewin Brzeski Flag of Lewin Brzeski - a town flag of the town of Lewin Brzeski, Opole Voivodeship in Poland. The flag of Lewin Brzeski is arranged in a tri-colour of: yellow, blue and green; with a shield, presenting the Coat of Arms of Lewin Brzeski in the top-left corner of the flag. The Coat of Arms of Lewin Brzeski was first recorded on a seal from the year of 1333. The main element of the shield is a golden half-lion, standing upwards, with two tails; appearing out of three green hills. The Coat of Arms has relations", "1988 Summer Olympics national flag bearers Republic of the Congo\" while the Democratic Republic of Congo entered under its former name, Zaire. The following is a list of each country's announced flag bearer. The list is sorted by the order in which each nation appears in the parade of nations. This table is sortable by country name (in Korean and its Roman transliteration), the flag bearer's name, and the flag bearer's sport. The names are given in their official designations by the IOC. 1988 Summer Olympics national flag bearers During the Parade of Nations portion of the 1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, athletes from each country", "Flag of Mengjiang Flag of Mengjiang The flag used by the Mengjiang United Autonomous Government consists of a horizontal colour pattern of yellow, blue, white, red, white, blue and again yellow. The colors on the flag were used to represent major ethnic groups in Mengjiang: the Mongols (blue); the Japanese (red); the Han (yellow) and the \"Hui\" (the name given to the Muslims at that time) (white). South Chahar, North Shanxi and Mongol Military Government each had their respective flag before merged with Mengjiang United Autonomous Government. The colors on the flag of Mengjiang is similar to the Five Races Under One Union", "Emilia (given name) Emilia (given name) Emilia is a feminine given name of Romanic origin. The name is found all over Europe and the Americas. The corresponding masculine name is Emil or Emilio. Emilia is also referenced as the Italian form of the English name, Emily. Emilia is a feminine given name derived from \"Aemilia\", the feminine form of the Latin nomen \"Aemilius\". The name is likely derived from the same root as the Latin word \"aemulus\", which means to rival, excel, or emulate, but this may be a folk etymology. Although similar Germanic names like Amalia may appear to be related to", "June (given name) June (given name) June is a female given name, but it is also used as a male given name in English-speaking countries. It comes from the name of the month, which is derived from Juno, the name of a Roman goddess. It is also a short form of the names Juniper, Junia, Junius and Junior. June was a very popular girl's name and somewhat popular boy's name in the early to mid 20th century in the United States. As a girl's name, it reached a peak in 1925 as the 39th most popular name, but then gradually declined until it", "Rosie (given name) has been rare as a given name for newborns in the United States since the 1980s. Rosie (given name) Rosie is a feminine given name of English origin. It is a diminutive form of the English language given name Rose, which is of Latin origin. Similar diminutives in other languages include: ' becoming ' in Spanish, and ' becoming ' in Slavic languages. Rosie is a nickname for variations of \"Rose\" such as \"Rosalie\", \"Rosemary\", \"Roseanne\", \"Rosalyn\", and others. Historically, Rosie has been a reasonably popular given name for infants in England and Wales during the early 21st century, as", "Heather (given name) For example, the name Heidi in German resembles \"Heidekraut\", which is the German word for the Heather shrubs, though the name Heidi usually is attributed to \"ruler\". The name Erica actually has two meanings, one of which is related to the Heather plant whose Latin name is \"Ericaceae\". Its other meaning is equal to that of the German meaning of Heidi, meaning \"ruler\". This leaves the impression that the shrub name and the meaning of \"ruler\" are similar, or it is a large coincidence. Heather (given name) Heather is a common English speaking nation given name, for girls. The name", "Hanif (given name) Najranites used the term Ḥanīf to designate the Yemenis, it would have been easier for the Meccans to adopt it in the sense of monotheism. Notable people with the given name Hanif include: Hanif (given name) Hanif (Arabic: حنيف) is an Arabic masculine given name, which means a righteous person or a true believer. The origin of the word is uncertain, although it is generally agreed that it is derived from the Syriac word \"hanpe\", which means 'heathen'. It is generally agreed that the word Ḥanīf (plural: ḥunafā') is derived from the Syriac word \"hanpe\", which means 'heathen'. However, there", "Flag of the President of Ukraine Flag of the President of Ukraine The Flag (Standard) of the President of Ukraine () is the official flag of the President of Ukraine. The Presidential Flag of Ukraine was confirmed by the decree of the President of Ukraine as of November 29, 1999 and used during inaugural ceremony. It is the chairman of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine that presents it to the president. On delivering his inaugural address, the president takes a special seat at the session hall of the Verkhovna Rada next to which the president’s colour is placed. President’s colour represents a blue square cloth bearing", "Aonghas (given name) Aonghas (given name) Aonghas is a masculine given name in Scottish Gaelic. It is composed of Celtic elements meaning \"one\", and \"choice\". A variant spelling of the Scottish Gaelic name is \"Aonghus\". The Irish form of the Scottish Gaelic names is \"Aengus\". A pet form of the Scottish Gaelic name is \"Angaidh\", which is represented in English as \"Angie\", pronounced \"\"an-ghee\"\". The earliest form of the given name \"Angus\", and its cognates, occurs in Adomnán's \"Vita Columbae\" (English: \"\"Life of Columba\"\") as \"Oinogusius\", \"Oinogussius\". This name likely refers to a Pictish king whose name is recorded variously as \"Onnust\", \"Hungus\".", "Opal (given name) in the 1950s. It was the 344th most common name for females in the United States in the 1990 census. Eighty girls born in the United States in 2010 were given the name and 92 girls born in 2011 were given the name. Opal (given name) Opal is a feminine given name derived from the name of the gemstone opal. The gemstone is the birthstone for October. Its name is derived from the Sanskrit उपल or \"upala\", which means \"\"jewel\". It came into use along with other gemstone names during the late Victorian era. Opal was among the 100 most", "Brandon (given name) Brandon (given name) Brandon is a masculine given name which originates from two or possibly three separate sources, two Celtic, the other, Anglo-Saxon, and has historically been used by these different cultures independently. Today, most people with the name do not have any connection or lineage with any of these sources and use them as if they were the same name. In the instances of the Celtic origins, it is either a variant of the Irish masculine given name, Breandán, or descended from the Old Welsh name Brân, meaning \"crow\". The Anglo-Saxon origin is the surname \"Brandon\". The given name", "Craig (given name) Craig (given name) Craig is a Scottish, Irish & Welsh masculine given name, all variations derive from the same Celtic branch. The name has two origins. In some cases it can originate from a nickname, derived from the Scottish Gaelic word \"creag\", meaning \"rock,\" similar to Peter. In other cases, the given name originates from the Scottish surname \"Craig\", which is also derived from the same Scottish Gaelic word. Cognate forms of \"creag\" include the Irish \"creig\", Manx \"creg\", and Welsh \"craig\". The English word \"crag\" also shares an origin with these Celtic words. The given name \"Craig\" is popular", "Spencer (given name) Spencer (given name) Spencer is a given name of British origin, meaning \"steward\" or \"administrator\". It is a shortened form of the English word \"dispenser\", which derives from Anglo-French \"dispensour\", from Old French \"dispenseor\", from Latin \"dispensatorem\", the agent noun of \"dispensare\", meaning \"to disperse, administer, and distribute (by weight)\". The name originated as the surname Spencer, but later gradually came to be used as a given name as well. From its origin as a surname, it has been given to both males and females, but it has historically been more common as a name for males. According to the", "Hayden (given name) Hayden (given name) Hayden is a given name in the English language. The name is variant of the given name \"Haydn\", which is derived from the surname \"Haydn\" in honour of composer Joseph Haydn (1732–1809). The surname \"Haydn\" originated as a respelling of the nickname \"Heiden\", meaning \"\". The name is derived from the Middle High German \"heiden\", and from the Old High German \"heidano\". The form \"Haydn\" was generally considered a masculine given name up until the mid 20th century. The popularity of \"Hayden\" has been influenced by the popularity of similar-sounding names such as \"Aidan\", \"Braden\", \"Caden\", and", "Hayden (given name) but down from No. 52 in 2012 and No. 43 in 2011. Hayden (given name) Hayden is a given name in the English language. The name is variant of the given name \"Haydn\", which is derived from the surname \"Haydn\" in honour of composer Joseph Haydn (1732–1809). The surname \"Haydn\" originated as a respelling of the nickname \"Heiden\", meaning \"\". The name is derived from the Middle High German \"heiden\", and from the Old High German \"heidano\". The form \"Haydn\" was generally considered a masculine given name up until the mid 20th century. The popularity of \"Hayden\" has been influenced", "Berber flag on Las Palmas in the Canary Islands, which were formerly inhabited by the Guanches, an ancient Berber people. The flag is composed of blue, green, and yellow horizontal bands of the same height, and a Tifinagh letter \"yaz\" or \"aza\". Each colour corresponds to an aspect of Tamazgha, the territory inhabited by Berbers in North Africa: The \"yaz\" (ⵣ) symbolizes the \"free man\", which is the meaning of the Berber word \"amazigh\", the Berbers' own name for themselves (endonym). It is in red, the colour of life, and also the colour of resistance. The Berber flag thus symbolizes the entire", "Barak (given name) Barak (given name) The given name Barak, also spelled Baraq, from the root \"B-R-Q\", is a Hebrew name meaning \"lightning\". It appears in the Hebrew Bible as the name of Barak ( \"\"), an Israelite general. It is also an Arabic name from the root \"B-R-K\" with the meaning of \"blessed\" though it is mostly in its feminine form \"Baraka(h)\". The Semitic root \"B-R-Q\" has the meaning \"to shine\"; \"lightning\". The biblical name \" is given after Barak, a military commander who appears in the Book of Judges. The Arabic cognate is ' (not to be confused with ', which", "Jane (given name) Jane (given name) Jane is a feminine given name. It is the English form of the Old French name Jehanne, which was an old feminine form of the male name Johannes or Ioannes (also the source of the English name John), a Latin form of the Greek name (Iōannēs), which is derived from the Hebrew name יוֹחָנָן (Yochanan), a short form of the name יְהוֹחָנָן (Yehochanan), meaning \"Yahweh is merciful\". The name was first used in large numbers in the mid-16th century for the daughters of aristocrats as an alternative to the more commonplace Joan. The two names have alternated", "Aonghus (given name) Aonghus (given name) Aonghas is a masculine given name in Irish and Scottish Gaelic. It is composed of Celtic elements meaning \"one\", and \"choice\". A variant spelling of the Scottish Gaelic name is \"Aonghus\". The Irish form of the Scottish Gaelic names is \"Aengus\". A pet form of the Scottish Gaelic names is \"Angaidh\", which is represented in English as \"Angie\", pronounced \"\"an-ghee\"\". The earliest form of the given name \"Angus\", and its cognates, occurs in Adomnán's \"Vita Columbae\" (English: \"\"Life of Columba\"\") as \"Oinogusius\", \"Oinogussius\". This name likely refers to a Pictish king whose name is recorded variously as", "Kelsey (given name) in 1996. It was the 528th most common name for women in the United States in the 1990 census. Kelsey was ranked among the top 100 names for girls born in Scotland in 2007. It was also among the top 100 names for girls born in England and Wales in the late 1990s. People with the given name Kelsey: Kelsey (given name) Kelsey Is a unisex given name of English origin. The name most probably derives from an Old English given name \"Ceolsige\", which meant \"ship's victory\", or it could be a place name meaning \"Cenel's island\". \"Cenel's Island\" is", "Brendan (given name) There is no etymological link between \"Brendan\" and \"Brenda\". This feminine given name, pronounced , is thought to be derived from the Old Norse element \"brand\", meaning \"(flaming) sword\". In most cases, the masculine given name \"Brandon\", pronounced , is considered to be derived from the surname \"Brandon\", which is in turn derived from two Old English elements. In some cases, the masculine given name \"Brennan\" may be used as a contracted form of \"Brendan\". Brennan is etymologically unrelated to \"Brendan\". It is derived from the surname \"Brennan\", which is an Anglicised form of the Irish \"Ó Braonáin\". The popularity", "Kiri (given name) name include: Kiri (given name) Kiri is a given name appearing in various cultures. In Māori, \"kiri\" means \"skin\", \"bark\", or \"rind\". In Korean, the meaning of the name differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name; there are 68 hanja with the reading \"ki\" and 26 hanja with the reading \"ri\" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names. In Finland, Kiri (male) name is listed in Finnish orthodox calendar. The name is a short version of Kyriakos (Saint Cyriacus the Anchorite. Notable people", "Rosie (given name) Rosie (given name) Rosie is a feminine given name of English origin. It is a diminutive form of the English language given name Rose, which is of Latin origin. Similar diminutives in other languages include: ' becoming ' in Spanish, and ' becoming ' in Slavic languages. Rosie is a nickname for variations of \"Rose\" such as \"Rosalie\", \"Rosemary\", \"Roseanne\", \"Rosalyn\", and others. Historically, Rosie has been a reasonably popular given name for infants in England and Wales during the early 21st century, as it was in Victorian times. It continues to be popular in Scotland, as well. However, it", "Dakota (given name) was in the top 100 most popular boy names from 1993 to 2001, reaching its peak at number 56 in 1995. Since 2010, it is slightly more frequently given to girls. As of 2016, it was the 233rd most common girl name and the 344th most common boy name. Dakota (given name) Dakota is a unisex given name derived from the name of an indigenous Native American tribe: Dakota people or from the name of two states in the United States: North Dakota and South Dakota which are also derived from the Dakota people local to that area. The name", "Jane (given name) when she was plaintiff in the landmark American case Roe v. Wade. Jane Doe is used in United States police investigations when the identity of a female victim is unknown or incorrect, and by hospitals to refer to a female corpse or patient whose identity is unknown. Jane (given name) Jane is a feminine given name. It is the English form of the Old French name Jehanne, which was an old feminine form of the male name Johannes or Ioannes (also the source of the English name John), a Latin form of the Greek name (Iōannēs), which is derived from", "June (given name) dropped off the top 1000 list of names in 1987. In recent years, it has started to make a comeback: in 2017 it ranked 244th. As a boy's name, June reached a peak in 1922 at 697th, but then also declined and left the top 1000 list in 1939. June (given name) June is a female given name, but it is also used as a male given name in English-speaking countries. It comes from the name of the month, which is derived from Juno, the name of a Roman goddess. It is also a short form of the names Juniper,", "Flag of Hong Kong the flowers are bright pinkish purple in colour, they are depicted in white on the Flag of Hong Kong. The design of the flag comes with cultural, political, and regional meanings. The colour itself is significant; red is a festive colour for the Chinese people, used to convey a sense of celebration and nationalism. Moreover, the red colour is identical to that used in the national PRC flag, chosen to signify the link re-established between post-colonial Hong Kong and China. The position of red and white on the flag symbolises the \"one country two systems\" political principle applied to the", "Flag of Libya after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 (which also formed the basis of the flags of Egypt, Iraq, Syria, and Yemen). In 1972 when Libya joined the Federation of Arab Republics its flag was adopted by the country, linking it to Egypt and Syria. It featured a golden hawk (the \"Hawk of Qureish\"), holding a scroll with the Arabic name of the Federation. The flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya was adopted on 11 November 1977 and consisted of a green field. It was the only national flag in the world with just one colour and no design, insignia, or other", "Spencer (given name) late 2000s, but has been rising exponentially since 2009. 244 baby girls were named Spencer in 2016. Spencer (given name) Spencer is a given name of British origin, meaning \"steward\" or \"administrator\". It is a shortened form of the English word \"dispenser\", which derives from Anglo-French \"dispensour\", from Old French \"dispenseor\", from Latin \"dispensatorem\", the agent noun of \"dispensare\", meaning \"to disperse, administer, and distribute (by weight)\". The name originated as the surname Spencer, but later gradually came to be used as a given name as well. From its origin as a surname, it has been given to both males", "Randall (given name) Randall (given name) Randall is a masculine given name in English and German . Its modern use as a given name originates from the transferred use of the English–language surname \"Randall\", which in turn is derived from \"Randolph\". There are several variant spellings of the English given name; these include Randal, Randel, Randell, and Randle. The pet form is \"Randy\". The form \"Randal\" has also used as an Anglicisation of an etymologically unrelated Irish and Scottish Gaelic name \"Raghnall\". This Anglicisation has been noted as being particularly common amongst several Irish families of note. \"Randal\" has not been among the", "Kiri (given name) Kiri (given name) Kiri is a given name appearing in various cultures. In Māori, \"kiri\" means \"skin\", \"bark\", or \"rind\". In Korean, the meaning of the name differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name; there are 68 hanja with the reading \"ki\" and 26 hanja with the reading \"ri\" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names. In Finland, Kiri (male) name is listed in Finnish orthodox calendar. The name is a short version of Kyriakos (Saint Cyriacus the Anchorite. Notable people with the", "Isla (given name) Isla (given name) Isla ( ) is a feminine given name traditionally of primarily Scottish usage, derived from \"Islay\", which is the name of an island off the west coast of Scotland. It is also the name of two Scottish rivers. In 2016, it was both the fourth most popular name for baby girls born in Scotland and the fourth most popular name for girls born in England and Wales. It was among the top 10 names given to girls born on the Isle of Man in 2009 and one of the top five names for girls born in Guernsey", "Rose (given name) of Old English rōse from the Latin rosa; phonetically linked to the Greek rhódon, which is independent of the etymology of the surname Rose. Distinctions can sometimes be made between individuals who derive this given name after the surname and those who are named after the flower. Rhoda, as in Acts 12:12-15, is the Greek equivalent. Rosalia was the name of a 12th-century Sicilian saint. St. Rose of Lima was the first person born in the Americas to be canonized. Rose (given name) Rose is a given female name. It is a late Latin name derived from \"rosa\", meaning \"rose\".", "Tri Coloured Dutch Tri Coloured Dutch The Tri-Colour Dutch (also known as the \"Japanese Dutch\" or \"Harlequin Dutch\") is a breed of domestic rabbit created in the Netherlands by crossing tortoiseshell Dutch rabbits with Harlequin rabbits. The Tri-Colour Dutch breed is recognized by the British Rabbit Council but not by the American Rabbit Breeders Association (although there are breeders of Harlequin Dutch rabbits in the USA). The coat of the Tri-Colour Dutch is white in the same places as a Dutch rabbit, but the coloured portions of the coat are a mix of orange with either black, blue or chocolate. The BRC Breed", "Kimberly (given name) means \"royal fortress\"; the second element is \"lēah\", which means \"woodland\" or \"clearing\". The place name roughly means: the \"woodland clearing of the royal fortress.\" This place name was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as \"Chineburlai\". Kimberly is a given name with many variants. \"Kimberley\" is used for males and females, while \"Kimberlee\", \"Kimberleigh\", and \"Kimberli\" are common feminine variant forms. The common Korean surname Kim is not related to Kimberley. Kimberly (given name) Kimberly is a male and female given name of Old English origin. John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley, a place in Norfolk, England, popularised", "Matthew (given name) Matthew (given name) Matthew is an English language given name. It ultimately derives from the Hebrew name \"מתתיהו\" (\"Matityahu\") which means \"Gift of Yahweh\". The Hebrew name \"\" (Matityahu) was transliterated into Greek to \"Ματταθίας\" (\"Mattathias\"). It was subsequently shortened to Greek \"Ματθαῖος\" (\"Matthaios\"); this was Latinised as \"Matthaeus\", which became \"Matthew\" in English. The popularity of the name is due to Matthew the Apostle who in Christian theology is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus and the author of the Gospel of Matthew. Maiú and Maidiú are Gaelic forms of the name Matthew, and were brought to Ireland", "Maria (given name) Maria (given name) Maria is a feminine given name. It is given in many languages influenced by Latin Christianity. It has its origin as the feminine form of the Roman name Marius (see Maria (gens)), and, after Christianity religion has spread across the Roman empire, it became the Latinised form of the name of Miriam - Mary, mother of Jesus. \"Maria\" (Μαρία) is a form of the name used in the New Testament, standing alongside \"Mariam\" Μαριάμ. It reflects the Syro-Aramaic name \"Maryam\", which is in turn derived from the Biblical Hebrew name \"Miriam\". As a result of their similarity", "Brendan (given name) Brendan (given name) Brendan is an Irish masculine given name in the English language. It is derived from the Gaelic name Breandán, which is in turn derived from the earlier Old Irish Brénainn. The Old Welsh \"breenhin\" is the root of the name, meaning Prince or King. The mediaeval Latin form of the name, Brendanus, has also influenced the modern English and Irish forms. Variant spellings of \"Brendan\" are Brendon and Brenden. In some cases it is possible that the given name \"Brandon\" is also a variant of \"Brendan\". A variant spelling of the Irish \"Breandán\" is Breanndán. The English" ]

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[ "A man has on a red hat." ]

[ "A man has a blue hat.", "Birds are being watched by numerous people", "The teenaged girl plays in the waves at sunset.", "They are planning a court case against her for drug abuse because of her access to the pills.", "He remembered that he has not been in Tubaca long.", "Adrin thought about rainbows and unicorns.", "There is a truck next to a beach near birds" ]

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[ "I'm studying to be a legal assistant so I know, but currently I'm a homemaker." ]

[ "I'm working as a legal assistant even as I am in school right now, so I attained that knowledge already.", "the child was 18 years old", "I wouldn't recommend the comedy channel.", "A woman participates in a yoga class.", "The little kid is walking on the sidewalk.", "A group of people are sitting a table with bowels and spoons.", "Thorn's clown nose fell off." ]

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[ "Bob Dole was born in Kansas." ]

[ "Bob Dole was born in Paris, France.", "They play with the different colored carp swimming around.", "Agencies will have to make inefficient administrative processes more modern as part of the requirement.", "Yardley's book reviewers had great things to say about the book.", "Service is not available in the Pyrenees.", "The girl is at the ocean.", "Tommy called the butler \"dear old whiskers.\"" ]

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[ "Remember that you don't have to attest to the data's reliability." ]

[ "It is important to note that you are required to attest to the data's reliability.", "There is nothing impressive about the pagoda, Toji.", "Men playing music", "When it came down to it, none of them recognized The Moodies at all.", "A man relaxes in a chair.", "A woman is eating in Restaurant.", "The children are playing together." ]

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[ "It was a thing that gave reassurance." ]

[ "It panicked all even more.", "The Altar of Zeus was built to memorialize the Romans defeating the Gauls in 190 B.C.", "a white dog barking.", "Italy and Germany took sides with Franco and the Soviet Union took sides with the Republicans.", "A young girl is going to blow on a dandelion.", "A man fishes from the shore of a pond.", "I would like to have owned my own car dealership." ]

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[ "A group of people are enjoying themselves." ]

[ "A baby sleeps in his crib.", "The institute was founded to battle AIDS infections.", "The 23 attorneys had assignments.", "People sitting together.", "These assets should be allocated to accounting periods.", "They exist and are on the way.", "A person in purple leggings walks away." ]

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[ "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) The 17th Panzer Division (German: \"17. Panzer-Division\" ) was a formation of the Wehrmacht in World War II. It was formed in November 1940 from the 27th Infantry Division. It took part in Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and in the winter of 1941–42 participated in the Battle of Moscow. In November 1942, the division was sent to the southern sector of the Eastern Front where it participated in Operation Winter Storm, the failed attempt to relieve the surrounded troops at Stalingrad. The division was held in reserve during the Battle of Kursk in 1943, and thereafter retreated through Ukraine and Poland, before ending the war in Czechoslovakia.", "Operation Winter Storm Operation \"Winter Storm\" (German: \"Unternehmen Wintergewitter\" ) was a German offensive in World War II in which the German 4th Panzer Army unsuccessfully attempted to break the Soviet encirclement of the German 6th Army during the Battle of Stalingrad." ]

[ "Panzer IV The \"Panzerkampfwagen\" IV (PzKpfw IV), commonly known as the Panzer IV, was a German medium tank developed in the late 1930s and used extensively during the Second World War. Its ordnance inventory designation was Sd.Kfz. 161.", "2/4th Armoured Regiment (Australia) The 2/4th Armoured Regiment was an armoured regiment of the Australian Army, which served during World War II. The regiment was formed in November 1942 as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force by amalgamating a number of previously existing armoured units and was disbanded in September 1946 after seeing action in New Guinea and Bougainville Island, where it provided individual squadron-group sized elements which operated in support of infantry operations against the Japanese. During its service the regiment received 10 battle honours.", "23rd Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) The 23rd Panzer Division (English: 23rd Tank Division ) was an armoured division in the German Army during World War II. Formed in France in late 1942, the division spent its entire combat history on the Eastern Front.", "Operation Crusader Operation Crusader was a military operation during the Second World War by the British Eighth Army against the Axis forces in North Africa between 18 November and 30 December 1941. The operation was intended to relieve the 1941 Siege of Tobruk; the Eighth Army tried to destroy the Axis armoured force before advancing its infantry. The plan failed when, after a number of inconclusive engagements, the British 7th Armoured Division was defeated by the \"Afrika Korps\" at Sidi Rezegh.", "114th Jäger Division (Wehrmacht) 114th \"Jäger\" Division (German: \"114. Jäger-Division\" ) was a light infantry division of the German Army in World War II. It was formed in April 1943, following the reorganization and redesignation of the 714th Infantry Division. The 714th Division had been formed in May 1941, and transferred to Yugoslavia to conduct anti-partisan and Internal security operations. It was involved in Operation Delphin which was an anti-partisan operation in Croatia that took place between 15 November and 1 December 1943. The objective of the mission was to destroy the Partisan elements on the Dalmatian islands off central Dalmatia.", "2nd Panzer Army The 2nd Panzer Army (German: \"2. Panzerarmee\" ) was a German armoured formation during World War II, formed from the 2nd Panzer Group on October 5, 1941.", "Western Allied invasion of Germany The Western Allied invasion of Germany was coordinated by the Western Allies during the final months of hostilities in the European theatre of World War II. The Allied invasion of Germany started with the Western Allies crossing the Rhine River in March 1945 before fanning out and overrunning all of western Germany from the Baltic in the north to Austria in the south before the Germans surrendered on 8 May 1945. This is known as the \"Central Europe Campaign\" in United States military histories.", "4th Division (Reichswehr) The 4th Division was a unit of the Reichswehr.", "Kholm Pocket The Kholm Pocket (German: \"Kessel von Cholm\" ; Russian: Холмский котёл ) was the name given for the encirclement of German troops by the Red Army around Kholm south of Leningrad, during World War II on the Eastern Front, from 23 January 1942 until 5 May 1942. A much larger pocket was simultaneously surrounded in Demyansk, about 100 km to the northeast. These were the results of German retreat following their defeat during the Battle of Moscow.", "7th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) The 7th Panzer Division was an armored formation of the German Army in World War II. It participated in the Battle of France, the invasion of the Soviet Union, the occupation of Vichy France, and on the Eastern Front until the end of the war. The Seventh Panzer Division is sometimes known by its nickname, Ghost Division.", "4th Fighter Division (Germany) 4th Fighter Division (\"4. Jagd Division\") was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II. It was formed in August 1942 in Döberitz from the sub units of the 2nd Air Corps. The Division was redesignated 1st Fighter Division on 15 September 1943 and reformed 15 September 1943 in Metz from 3rd Fighter Division of the 2nd Fighter Corps. The unit was disbanded on 8 September 1944.", "XXXXVIII Panzer Corps XXXXVIII Panzer Corps (also: XXXXVIII Army Corps or XXXXVIII. \"Armeekorps\") , was a corps-level formation of the German Army which saw extensive action on both the eastern and western fronts during World War II.", "1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) The 1st Panzer Division (English: 1st Tank Division ) was an elite armoured division in the German Army, the Wehrmacht, during World War II.", "XXVII Army Corps (Wehrmacht) The XXVII Corps (German: \"XXVII. Armeekorps\" , or \"XXVII.AK\") was an infantry corps in the German Army. It fought in several notable actions during World War II.", "10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) The 10th Panzer Division was a formation of the German Army during World War II. It was formed in Prague in March 1939, and served in the Army Group North reserve during the invasion of Poland of the same year. The division participated in the Battle of France in 1940, including the Siege of Calais, and in Operation Barbarossa attached to Army Group Center in 1941.", "5th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) The 5th Panzer Division (English: 5th Tank Division ) was an armoured division in the German Army, the Wehrmacht, during World War II, established in 1938.", "Battle of Łomianki The Battle of Lomianki was a part of the opening campaign of World War II during the 1939 German invasion of Poland, fought between Polish and German forces. It was a failed counter-offensive attempt by the Polish forces.", "North-West Europe 1942 (Battle honour) North-West Europe 1942 was a battle honour awarded to units of the British and Imperial Armies that took part in one or more of the following operations in the Second World War:", "Battle of Alam el Halfa The Battle of Alam el Halfa took place between 30 August and 5 September 1942 south of El Alamein during the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War. \"Panzerarmee Afrika\"—a German–Italian force commanded by \"Generalfeldmarschall\" Erwin Rommel—attempted an envelopment of the British Eighth Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery. In the last major Axis offensive (Operation Brandung/\"Unternehmung Brandung\") of the Western Desert Campaign, Rommel had planned to defeat the Eighth Army before Allied reinforcements made an Axis victory in Africa impossible.", "Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa (German: \"Unternehmen Barbarossa\") was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, starting Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II." ]

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