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Audi introduced a new series of vehicles was by forward brought Audi by forward brought Audi , to Audi , used that effort that effort , Audi used examples , Audi used examples of Audi used examples of the Type 44 chassis The disadvantage of is the aluminium frame that of it is that the aluminium frame it is that the aluminium frame is is somewhat by offset the quattro four-wheel drive system somewhat which by offset the quattro four-wheel drive system which by offset the quattro four-wheel drive system is , the A8 is usually the lightest all-wheel drive car the A8 is usually the lightest all-wheel drive car in Audi has not adopted the transverse engine layout has not which adopted the transverse engine layout not which adopted the transverse engine layout is which adopted the transverse engine layout is typically of this layout - dates the axle line this layout - dates the axle line back this layout dates back to the DKW and Auto Union saloons BMW did not offer all-wheel drive , Audi had led the development Audi had led the development of L inline used was five-cylinder engine inline used was five-cylinder engine as Before there , were 1990 1990 , there were engines , there were engines produced there were engines produced with , Audi , uses the Audi A8L W12 the Audi A8L W12 , Audi uses the Volkswagen Group W12 engine , Audi uses the Volkswagen Group W12 engine instead Audi uses the Volkswagen Group W12 engine instead of The advantage of the W12 engine is its compact packaging Audi is , allowing its compact packaging W12 is smaller in overall dimensions In Volkswagen , introduced 2003 2003 , Volkswagen introduced the Direct-Shift Gearbox , Volkswagen introduced the Direct-Shift Gearbox ( Volkswagen introduced the Direct-Shift Gearbox ( DSG It is a type of automatic transmission in the system , includes the Group B S1 the Group B S1 , the system includes dual electro-hydraulically controlled clutches , the system includes dual electro-hydraulically controlled clutches instead the system includes dual electro-hydraulically controlled clutches instead of

Audi , implemented has 2005 , Audi has implemented white LED technology Audi has implemented white LED technology as The distinctive shape of become has the DRLs Audi , used has the 2003 Audi A8 , Audi has used a centralised control interface Audi has used a centralised control interface for in MMI , is 2011 MMI , is 2011 now Audi has assisted with technology Audi calls the synthetic diesel E - diesel Audi is planning an alliance with The alliance could result in Sanyo batteries Audi has competed in various forms Audi's tradition in began motorsport with In Audi , released 1980 1980 , Audi released the Quattro , Audi released the Quattro , Audi released the Quattro , a four-wheel drive (4WD) turbocharged car that released , a four-wheel drive (4WD) turbocharged car the Quattro It is considered one of Many critics doubted the viability of four-wheel drive racers been served 4WD was notice served notice 4WD was the future In Audi , launched 1984 1984 , Audi launched the short-wheelbase Sport Quattro , Audi which launched the short-wheelbase Sport Quattro Audi which launched the short-wheelbase Sport Quattro dominated which the short-wheelbase Sport Quattro launched dominated rally races in Walter Röhrl , finished mediocre finishes mediocre finishes , Walter Röhrl finished the season , Walter Röhrl finished the season in Walter Röhrl finished the season in his Sport Quattro S1 Audi also received rally honours in The climb race pits a driver and car Audi , left formally 1986 , Audi formally left international rally racing Audi formally left international rally racing following In Walter Röhrl , claimed 1987 1987 , Walter Röhrl claimed the title , Walter Röhrl claimed the title for Walter Röhrl Audi claimed for the title Audi claimed for the title setting The Audi S1 employed Audi's time-tested inline-five-cylinder turbocharged engine , with The engine was mated to a six-speed gearbox All of Audi's top drivers drove this car for they , turned the new formula the new formula , they turned their attention , they turned their attention to they turned their attention to the fast-growing Super Touring series

Audi first entered in the French Supertourisme In Champion Racing , entered 2003 2003 , Champion Racing entered an RS6 They returned in 2004 to the Audis , sanctioned were a row the Audis were sanctioned with several negative changes were that with sanctioned several negative changes that with sanctioned several negative changes deeply with Audi , returned Laurent Aïello Audi , returned Laurent Aïello as , Audi returned as a full factory effort Audi returned as a full factory effort to Audi began racing prototype sportscars in The factory-supported Joest Racing team won at Le Mans three driven by loaned " Joest drivers by loaned " Joest drivers " of Champion Racing , entered Le Mans Le Mans , Champion Racing entered two R8s , Champion Racing entered two R8s , Champion Racing entered two R8s , along average , the R8s were about 2–3 seconds , the R8s were about 2–3 seconds off the R8s were about 2–3 seconds off pace The Champion team was also the first American team to The R10 TDI employed many new and innovative features , the Audi had a win in the first diesel sports car Audi's sports car racing success would continue with the Audi R18's victory Audi Sport Team Joest's Benoît Tréluyer earned Audi their first pole position in Audi by entered run a factory racing team by a factory racing team run entered Joest Racing This the team was with a successful operation the team was with a successful operation winning Factory-backed Audi R8s were the dominant car in ALMS In Audi , sold 2003 2003 , Audi sold customer cars , Audi sold customer cars to Audi sold customer cars to Champion Racing Champion Racing won many races as a private team Audi participated in the 2003 1000km of The factory team Audi Sport UK won races and Audi Sport UK won races and the championship The French manufacturer's 908 HDi FAP became the car to beat In the FIA , sanctioned 2012 2012 , the FIA sanctioned a World Endurance Championship , the FIA which sanctioned a World Endurance Championship

the FIA which sanctioned a World Endurance Championship would which sanctioned a World Endurance Championship would be Audi competed won the first WEC race at Audi once again entered the Audi R18 The victory at was , Round 5, Circuit of the Americas it of was as particular significance For Audi , entered the 2014 season the 2014 season , Audi entered a redesigned and upgraded R18 e , Audi entered a redesigned and upgraded R18 e - Audi entered a redesigned and upgraded R18 e - tron in The team , competed the FIA Formula E Championship The team , competed the FIA Formula E Championship under , The team competed under the title The team competed under the title of The Audi emblem that is four overlapping rings represent that four overlapping rings is represent the four marques less prominence , given was 1977 , less prominence was given to less prominence was given to the four rings in the company , updated 2009 2009 , the company updated the logo , the company updated the logo , the company updated the logo , changing Audi developed a Corporate Sound concept , with Audi Sound Studio developed , with a Corporate Sound concept The Corporate Sound project began with sound agency Klangerfinder GmbH & Co KG Other Audi Sound Studio components include The Brand Music Pool , The Brand Voice Audi started using a beating heart sound trademark beginning The German-language tagline is used in many European countries , the American tagline was " Innovation the American tagline was " Innovation through Audi , used has 2007 , Audi has used the slogan Audi has used the slogan "Truth in Engineering this slogan , lambasted was September 2015 , an advertisement during promoted the 2015 Primetime Emmy Awards an advertisement during the 2015 Primetime Emmy Awards promoted Audi's latest advances Sir John Hegarty in used after English-language advertising the phrase , voiced was the original British television commercials the phrase was by voiced Geoffrey Palmer in the phrase , found advertising campaigns advertising campaigns , the phrase found its way

, the phrase found its way into the phrase found its way into popular culture originally by in created 1997 by in 1997 created Ole Schäfer Audi is a strong partner of different kinds In long partnerships , exist football long partnerships , exist football between , long partnerships exist between Audi and domestic clubs long partnerships exist between Audi and domestic clubs including Audi also sponsors winter sports : also The Audi FIS Alpine Ski World Cup sponsors : winter sports The Audi FIS Alpine Ski World Cup sponsors : winter sports is Additionally , Audi supports the German Ski Association , Audi supports the German Ski Association ( Audi supports the German Ski Association ( DSV Audi , engaged is sailing Audi is engaged in the Medcup regatta Further , Audi sponsors the regional teams , Audi sponsors the regional teams ERC Ingolstadt Audi sponsors the regional teams ERC Ingolstadt (hockey of the company , organized Audi's 100th anniversary Audi's 100th anniversary , the company organized the Audi Cup , the company organized the Audi Cup for the company organized the Audi Cup for the first time Audi also sponsor the New York Yankees as In they agreed October 2010 to October 2010 they agreed to a three sponsorship year-deal they agreed to a three sponsorship year-deal with of Audi , signed the Marvel Cinematic Universe the Marvel Cinematic Universe , Audi signed a deal , Audi signed a deal to Audi signed a deal to sponsor far these have been , "Iron Man these have been , "Iron Man " The R8 supercar became the personal vehicle for Tony Stark In Audi , promoted 2001 2001 , Audi promoted the new multitronic continuously variable transmission , Audi promoted the new multitronic continuously variable transmission with Audi promoted the new multitronic continuously variable transmission with television commercials in the company , began 2009 2009 , the company began Audi Mileage Marathon Audi is is developing technology Audi is developing is the e-tron electric drive powertrain system They have shown several concept cars , Power is by provided electric motors

is by provided electric motors at by provided electric motors at all four wheels The second concept was shown at the 2010 Detroit Motor Show Power is by provided two electric motors is by provided two electric motors at by provided two electric motors at the rear axle It is the only concept of the by Powered a 1.4 litre engine , and Audi has supported the European version of Audi is the first carmaker to develop On Audi , released 17 December 2009 17 December 2009 , Audi released two spaces , Audi released two spaces ; Audi released two spaces ; the Audi Home Terminal The Audi Home Terminal features an Audi TV channel delivering video content Players collect energy and race In there , are both the Home Terminal and Vertical Run spaces both the Home Terminal and Vertical Run spaces , there are teleports , there are teleports where there users are where teleports users are where teleports can An aircraft is a vehicle or machine that is or machine a vehicle It counters the force of gravity that surrounds called is aircraft Crewed aircraft are by flown an onboard pilot are by flown an onboard pilot , by flown an onboard pilot , but Aerostats use buoyancy to float They are by characterized one or more large cells are by characterized one or more large cells or by characterized one or more large cells or canopies A balloon was originally any aerostat , Frederick Handley Page , reported was 1919 these words to change began the way Non-rigid dirigibles are by characterized a moderately aerodynamic gasbag are by characterized a moderately aerodynamic gasbag with by characterized a moderately aerodynamic gasbag with stabilizing this , reduces both windy weather , this both reduces the strain this both reduces the strain on This dynamic movement through the air is the origin Aerodynamic lift involving is wings the A wing is a flat, horizontal surface , usually air must flow over the wing With the aircraft , directs powered lift its engine , the aircraft directs powered lift it as regarded because an aerodyne

The forerunner of the fixed-wing aircraft is the kite a kite , tethered is the wings a kite is tethered to the ground Kites were the first kind of aircraft craft capable of were controlled free-flight A "flying wing " has no fuselage , it has , though no fuselage An example the Russian ekranoplan is nicknamed the "Caspian Sea Monster the Russian ekranoplan is nicknamed the "Caspian Sea Monster " " Helicopters " have a rotor Helicopters " have a rotor turned " by have turned a rotor by a rotor turned have an engine-driven shaft The rotor pushes air downward to " Autogyros " have unpowered rotors Autogyros " have unpowered rotors , air blows upward across the rotor This spinning increases the speed of airflow " Compound rotorcraft " have wings Compound rotorcraft " that have wings " that have wings provide that wings have provide some That Ukrainian-built six-engine Russian transport of is the 1980s long It holds the world payload record , after it of , is a maximum loaded weight , it is also the heaviest aircraft it is also the heaviest aircraft built The largest military airplanes are the Ukrainian Antonov An-124 "Ruslan " aircraft ) was of the North American X-15A-2 it must descend in relation by and built designed the British scientist Balloons drift with the wind , in they ; rely the tether or kite line they ; rely the tether or kite line on ; they rely on virtual or real wind they rely on virtual or real wind blowing Powered aircraft have one or more onboard sources of mechanical power Most aircraft engines are either lightweight reciprocating engines or Propeller aircraft use one or more propellers ( airscrews Early airships used man power or steam engines The more practical internal combustion piston engine was used for virtually all fixed-wing aircraft Some types use turbine engines to drive Different jet engine configurations include the turbojet and turbofan Those with no rotating turbomachinery include the pulsejet These mechanically simple engines produce no thrust when stationary jet engines , provide can propellers

, jet engines can provide much higher thrust jet engines can provide much higher thrust , by , be powered a propeller , be by powered a variety be by powered a variety of by powered a variety of methods The approach to varies structural design widely paragliders , that comprise only flexible materials , that comprise only flexible materials act that comprise only flexible materials act in A balloon similarly relies on internal gas pressure covering to give stretched a reasonably smooth aeroshell Later aircraft employed semi-monocoque techniques , aircraft employed semi-monocoque techniques , where the skin employed , where semi-monocoque techniques In a true monocoque design there is no internal structure a true monocoque design there is no internal structure left - types characterised are air by types are characterised air types are by characterised one or more gasbags are by characterised one or more gasbags , by characterised one or more gasbags , typically - types characterised are air by types are characterised air types are by characterised one or more wings are by characterised one or more wings and by characterised one or more wings and a central fuselage The fuselage typically also carries a tail the wings attached are rigidly a fixed-wing aircraft Smaller designs sometimes use flexible materials for The flight envelope of refers an aircraft to it , said is too-high a speed the maximum flight time , limited is an unpowered aircraft the maximum flight time is by limited factors is by limited factors such by limited factors such as Many aircraft types are restricted to daylight hours Flight dynamics is the science of air vehicle orientation it is important for any design Pitch and yaw stabilities of conventional fixed wing designs require horizontal and vertical stabilisers conventional fixed wing designs which require , horizontal and vertical stabilisers which require , horizontal and vertical stabilisers act These stabilizing surfaces allow equilibrium of aerodynamic forces Flight control surfaces enable the pilot to control Aerospace engineers develop control systems for a vehicle's orientation The control systems which include , actuators which include , actuators exert

For a pitching moment , is example example , a pitching moment is a vertical force , a pitching moment is a vertical force applied a pitching moment is a vertical force applied at The two main aerodynamic forces acting on are any aircraft Aircraft permit long distance , high speed travel Aircraft have environmental and climate impacts beyond fuel efficiency considerations Commercial aircraft include types designed for The larger passenger-carrying types are the airliners , the largest are , the the airliners General aviation is a catch - all An experimental aircraft that is one has that is one has not A model aircraft is a small unmanned type made to he became fluent in six languages Nobel , inspired was a war profiteer Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm He was the third son of Immanuel Nobel The couple married in 1827 and Through Alfred Nobel , was his father his father , Alfred Nobel was a descendant , Alfred Nobel was a descendant of Alfred Nobel was a descendant of the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel's interest in inherited was technology Following Nobel's father , moved various business failures Nobel's father , moved various business failures to , Nobel's father moved to Saint Petersburg Nobel's father moved to Saint Petersburg , He which invented ( the veneer lathe which invented ( the veneer lathe made In the family , joined 1842 1842 , the family joined him , the family joined him in the family joined him in the city Nobel gained proficiency in Swedish He also developed sufficient literary skill to His "Nemesis " is a prose tragedy in Nobel was Lutheran and regularly Nobel travelled for much of He remained a solitary character , given In Austro-Bohemian Countess Bertha Kinsky , became 1876 1876 , Austro-Bohemian Countess Bertha Kinsky became his secretary , Austro-Bohemian Countess Bertha Kinsky became his secretary , Austro-Bohemian Countess Bertha Kinsky became his secretary , but she became , but his secretary Her contact with was Nobel brief She was awarded the 1905 Nobel Peace prize " Nobel's longest-lasting relationship was with Sofija Hess from

he afterward moved to a house , he stayed at his manor house he stayed at his manor house in There he met Ascanio Sobrero , he who met , Ascanio Sobrero who met , Ascanio Sobrero had Sobrero strongly opposed the use of as it ; had a commercially usable explosive a commercially usable explosive ; it had much more power ; it had much more power than it had much more power than gunpowder at he , went age 18 he , went age 18 to , he went to the United States he went to the United States for Nobel filed his first patent , an English patent The family factory produced armaments for the Crimean War In Nobel's father , left 1859 1859 , Nobel's father left his factory , Nobel's father left his factory in Nobel's father left his factory in the care by Nobel , founded the accident the accident , Nobel founded the company , Nobel founded the company Nitroglycerin Aktiebolaget AB Nobel founded the company Nitroglycerin Aktiebolaget AB in Nobel invented dynamite in 1867 Dynamite was patented in the US Nobel's brothers Ludvig and Robert founded the oil company Nobel invested in these and Nobel demonstrated his explosive for the first time It was adopted as the standard technology the death of caused Ludvig his brother of several newspapers Ludvig caused his brother several newspapers Ludvig caused his brother to several newspapers caused to publish obituaries One French newspaper condemned him for his invention Nobel read the obituary and was in Nobel , signed Paris Paris , Nobel signed his last will , Nobel signed his last will and Nobel signed his last will and testament Nobel 's will allocated 94% This converted to £ 1,687,837 The formulation for given being the literary prize For the Swedish Academy , interpreted many years the Swedish Academy , interpreted many years " , the Swedish Academy interpreted " ideal the Swedish Academy interpreted " ideal " There was room for interpretation In he , stipulated his one-page testament he , stipulated his one-page testament that

He had opened the door to Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank celebrated its 300th anniversary in 1968 he , so moved Italy so he moved from Paris he moved from Paris to On he , suffered 10 December 1896 10 December 1896 , he suffered a stroke , he suffered a stroke and he suffered a stroke and died He had left most of It was dedicated in 1991 Diplomat and Professor Arkady Melua were initiators Professor A. Melua has provided funds for The abstract metal sculpture was by designed local artists was by designed local artists Sergey Alipov by designed local artists Sergey Alipov and Many other inventions marked Bell's later life , including Alexander Bell was born in Edinburgh The family home was at South Charlotte Street , He had two brothers : Melville James Bell , and his mother was Eliza Grace Bell and his mother was Eliza Grace Bell ("née" Symonds his mother was Eliza Grace Bell ("née" Symonds ) at he , made age 10 age 10 , he made a plea , he made a plea to he made a plea to his father For his father , acquiesced his 11th birthday his father , acquiesced his 11th birthday and about he ; gathered his world his world ; he gathered botanical specimens ; he gathered botanical specimens and he gathered botanical specimens and ran His best friend was Ben Herdman , a neighbour whose family was , a neighbour Ben Herdman At Bell , built the age of 12 the age of 12 , Bell built a homemade device , Bell that built a homemade device Bell that built a homemade device combined that a homemade device built combined rotating paddles From Bell , showed his early years his early years , Bell showed a sensitive nature , Bell showed a sensitive nature and Bell showed a sensitive nature and a talent With he , mastered no formal training no formal training , he mastered the piano , he mastered the piano and he mastered the piano and became , he revelled in mimicry and "voice tricks

he revelled in mimicry and "voice tricks " by she ( began his mother's gradual deafness she ( began his mother's gradual deafness to she began to lose her hearing He also developed a technique of His father published a variety of works The Standard Elocutionist " appeared in 168 British editions In his father , explains this treatise this treatise , his father explains his methods , his father explains his methods of his father explains his methods of how Bell's father taught him and his brothers he , enrolled was an early age he was enrolled at the Royal High School undistinguished , by marked absenteeism , by marked absenteeism and by marked absenteeism and lacklustre grades His main interest remained in the sciences , leaving Bell , travelled school Bell , travelled school to , Bell travelled to London Bell travelled to London to a love of born was learning The elder Bell took great efforts to have his young pupil took to have great efforts the age of Bell , secured 16 16 , Bell secured a position , Bell secured a position as Bell secured a position as a "pupil-teacher Greek , he instructed classes , he instructed classes himself he instructed classes himself in The following year , he attended the University of Edinburgh , he attended the University of Edinburgh , he attended the University of Edinburgh , joining His father encouraged Bell's interest in speech larynx , Bell tackled the more difficult task , Bell tackled the more difficult task of Bell tackled the more difficult task of recreating His efforts that in resulted a remarkably lifelike head that in resulted a remarkably lifelike head could of Bell , continued the automaton Bell , continued the automaton to Bell would reach into its mouth little visitors , believed convincing his dog , visitors believed convincing of his experiments , convinced his playful nature his playful nature , his experiments convinced onlookers , his experiments convinced onlookers that his experiments they onlookers convinced that they onlookers convinced that saw At Bell , wrote age 19

age 19 , Bell wrote a report , Bell wrote a report on Bell wrote a report on his work Bell " , pored a similar tuning fork "contraption , Bell pored over the German scientist's book about it , seemed the subject it , seemed the subject to , it seemed to me it seemed to me that to Bell , returned London Bell , returned London to , Bell returned to Weston House Bell returned to Weston House as Throughout his health , faltered late 1867 his health , faltered late 1867 mainly his health faltered mainly through exhaustion Upon Bell , returned his brother's death Bell , returned his brother's death home Bell returned home in 1867 His first two pupils who were deaf-mute girls made who deaf-mute girls were made remarkable progress starting Bell , continued a family Bell , continued a family as , Bell continued as a teacher in Melville , died May 1870 Melville , died May 1870 from , Melville died from complications Melville died from complications due His father had also suffered a debilitating illness Bell's parents embarked upon a long-planned move when they upon embarked when a long-planned move decisively , Alexander Melville Bell asked Bell , Alexander Melville Bell asked Bell to Alexander Melville Bell asked Bell to arrange In 23-year-old Bell , travelled 1870 23-year-old Bell , travelled 1870 with , 23-year-old Bell travelled with his parents 23-year-old Bell travelled with his parents and The Bell family soon purchased a farm of At Bell , set the homestead Bell , set the homestead up , Bell set up his own workshop Bell set up his own workshop in in Bell , found Canada Canada , Bell found the climate , Bell found the climate and Bell found the climate and environs He continued his interest in the study up Bell , continued his workshop his workshop , Bell continued experiments , Bell continued experiments based Bell continued experiments based on He also modified a melodeon ( Bell's father was by invited Sarah Fuller was by invited Sarah Fuller ,

by invited Sarah Fuller , principal in Bell , proved April 1871 April 1871 , Bell proved successful , Bell proved successful in Bell proved successful in training Bell abroad , continued six months abroad , Bell continued his experiments , Bell continued his experiments with Bell continued his experiments with his "harmonic telegraph he , contemplated first his future him helped set up his private practice in Alexander Bell , opened October 1872 October 1872 , Alexander Bell opened his "School of Vocal Physiology , Alexander Bell opened his "School of Vocal Physiology and Alexander Bell opened his "School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics , one of was his pupils one of his pupils was Helen Keller his pupils who was , Helen Keller who was , Helen Keller came Throughout Bell , sought his lifetime Bell , sought his lifetime to Bell sought to integrate the deaf in Bell , encouraged society society , Bell encouraged speech therapy , Bell encouraged speech therapy and Bell encouraged speech therapy and lip He outlined this in a 1898 paper often by negatively viewed those by negatively viewed those embracing In Bell , became 1872 1872 , Bell became professor , Bell became professor of Bell became professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution During he , alternated this period he , alternated this period between , he alternated between Boston he alternated between Boston and by up " swept the excitement He continued his research in sound Keeping he , worried "night owl" hours he , worried "night owl" hours that Bell he had where a specially made table he had where a specially made table could he as deteriorated suffered severe headaches up Bell , retained his lucrative private Boston practice his lucrative private Boston practice , Bell retained only two students , Bell retained only two students , Bell retained only two students , six-year-old "Georgie" Sanders Each pupil would play an important role in to it , was Bell's boarding house it , was Bell's boarding house clear The arrangement was for teacher and Mabel who was a bright, attractive girl was

who a bright, attractive girl was was ten years Bell's initial work on entered had the harmonic telegraph in Bell , experimented Brantford Bell , experimented Brantford with , Bell experimented with a "phonautograph Bell experimented with a "phonautograph " Orton had contracted with inventors using the two wealthy patrons , began a multi-reed device the two wealthy patrons , began a multi-reed device to Bell and Pollok visited the scientist Joseph Henry Pollok who visited , the scientist Joseph Henry who visited , the scientist Joseph Henry was have Henry , replied the necessary knowledge Henry , replied the necessary knowledge , That declaration greatly encouraged Bell to Hubbard , Bell hired Thomas Watson , Bell hired Thomas Watson as Bell hired Thomas Watson as his assistant Watson , plucked accidentally June 2, 1875 , Watson accidentally plucked one Watson accidentally plucked one of That demonstrated to Bell that only one reed to demonstrated that Bell In Bell , developed 1875 1875 , Bell developed an acoustic telegraph , Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and drew On Gray , filed February 14, 1876 February 14, 1876 , Gray filed a caveat , Gray filed a caveat with Gray filed a caveat with the U.S. Patent Office That same morning , Bell's lawyer filed Bell's application , Bell's lawyer filed Bell's application with Bell's lawyer filed Bell's application with the patent office There who is about considerable debate who is about considerable debate arrived Vibration of a needle caused the diaphragm of a needle caused the diaphragm to a needle caused the diaphragm to vibrate from Bell , used Gray Gray , Bell used Gray's water transmitter design , Bell used Gray's water transmitter design only Bell used Gray's water transmitter design only after Bell's patent used only after Gray's water transmitter design of by was raised the telephone the telephone was by raised the examiner was by raised the examiner before he by raised before the examiner He his claim told that Bell his claim told that Bell for Bell pointed to a variable resistance device in

He had filed the mercury application at In Gray , abandoned addition addition , Gray abandoned his caveat , Gray abandoned his caveat , Gray abandoned his caveat , and he in stated that an affidavit He he claimed showed Gray's patent caveat he claimed showed Gray's patent caveat to Bell they claimed discussed the patent they claimed discussed the patent only On Bell , used March 10, 1876 Bell , used March 10, 1876 " , Bell used " the instrument Bell used " the instrument " in Bell , brought Brantford Bell , brought Brantford home , Bell brought home a working model Bell brought home a working model of Ontario , Bell sent a tentative telegram , Bell sent a tentative telegram to Bell sent a tentative telegram to the village He a telephone call made via telegraph wires a telephone call made via telegraph wires and The following night , he amazed guests , he amazed guests as he amazed guests as well guests at heard distinctly the household This test was by said many sources was by said many sources to by said many sources to be The first two-way (reciprocal) conversation over occurred a line between The president of balked Western Union , Two years later , he told colleagues , he told colleagues that he told colleagues that if he told that if colleagues Bell began a series of public demonstrations Influential visitors to the exhibition included Emperor Pedro II on Bell , demonstrated the Isle of Wight the Isle of Wight , Bell demonstrated the device , Bell demonstrated the device to Bell demonstrated the device to Queen Victoria These were the first publicly witnessed long-distance telephone calls in the UK The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877 Bell Company engineers made numerous other improvements to the telephone In the Bell company , acquired 1879 1879 , the Bell company acquired Edison's patents , the Bell company acquired Edison's patents for the Bell company acquired Edison's patents for the carbon microphone Emperor Pedro II of Brazil was the first person simultaneous developments , occur can scientific discoveries

of the Bell Telephone Company , faced 18 years 18 years , the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges , the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges to the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges to its patents Bell's laboratory notes and family letters were the key The Bell company lawyers successfully fought off myriad lawsuits On the U.S. Government , moved January 13, 1887 the U.S. Government , moved January 13, 1887 to the U.S. Government moved to annul the patent reversals , the Bell company won a decision , the Bell company won a decision in the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court the U.S. prosecuting attorney , died had legal battles Italian inventor Antonio Meucci , claimed also the 1887 trial involved , Meucci took the stand , Meucci took the stand as Meucci took the stand as a witness Meucci's testimony in disputed was this case Meucci's "work , stated that June 11, 2002 Meucci's "work that stated in the invention This did not put an end The value of acknowledged was the Bell patent The Siemens company produced near-identical copies of the Bell telephone Bell was a British subject throughout his early life In he , characterized 1915 1915 , he characterized his status , he characterized his status as he characterized his status as : a new summer retreat , contemplated was 1885 That summer , the Bells had a vacation , the Bells had a vacation on the Bells had a vacation on Cape Breton Island in Bell , started 1886 Bell , started 1886 building , Bell started building an estate Bell started building an estate on a large house , christened , 1889 Bell also built the Bell Boatyard on He was an enthusiastic boater , and Bell was , and an enthusiastic boater The Bells were still in residence of his interests , were the telephone his interests , were the telephone extremely , Bell's work ranged " unfettered Bell's work ranged " unfettered across The range of represented is Bell's inventive genius by only in represented part

These included 14 for the telephone Bell worked extensively in medical research they could not develop a workable prototype Bell's own home used a primitive form of air conditioning He also anticipated modern concerns with in he , experimented Nova Scotia he , experimented Nova Scotia with he experimented with composting toilets Bell the photophone's principles believed were his life's "greatest achievement the photophone's principles believed were his life's "greatest achievement " The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which a precursor to was the fiber-optic communication systems to the metal detector , worked some accounts the metal detector , worked some accounts flawlessly the metal detector worked flawlessly in tests led by were , self-appointed chief physician Doctor Willard Bliss by were , self-appointed chief physician Doctor Willard Bliss skeptical the mattress , found was a duplicate of it , seemed the bed the bed , it seemed reasonable , it seemed reasonable to it seemed reasonable to conclude In Bell , adds a footnote Bell , adds a footnote , The March 1906 "Scientific American" article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane from he , began that article he , began that article to he began to sketch concepts Bell and assistant Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor They had rides in the Forlanini hydrofoil boat Baldwin described it as being a number of built were initial concepts In Dr. Bell , hired 1913 1913 , Dr. Bell hired Walter Pinaud , Dr. Bell hired Walter Pinaud , Dr. Bell hired Walter Pinaud , a Sydney yacht designer Pinaud soon took over the boatyard Pinaud's experience in boat-building enabled him After work , began the First World War work , began the First World War again Bell's report to the U.S. Navy permitted him Bell , begun had 1891 , Bell had begun experiments Bell had begun experiments to In Bell , experimented 1898 Bell , experimented 1898 with , Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites

Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and Cygnet I " crashed during a flight Bell was a supporter of aerospace engineering research over the biplane , lifted Keuka Lake the biplane , lifted Keuka Lake off the biplane lifted off on the first public flight , the AEA had depleted its initial reserves the AEA had depleted its initial reserves and On Bell , was February 23, 1909 Bell , was February 23, 1909 present in Bell , conducted Nova Scotia Nova Scotia , Bell conducted meticulously recorded breeding experiments , Bell conducted meticulously recorded breeding experiments with Bell conducted meticulously recorded breeding experiments with rams of Bell , sought more than 30 years Bell , sought more than 30 years to Bell sought to produce a breed In Bell , presented November 1883 November 1883 , Bell presented a paper , Bell presented a paper at Bell presented a paper at a meeting The paper is a compilation of data a hereditary tendency that indicated toward deafness the proportion that noted of deaf children In Bell , delved the paper Bell , delved the paper into , Bell delved into social commentary Bell delved into social commentary and He also that criticized educational practices also that criticized educational practices segregated that educational practices criticized segregated deaf children In Davenport , opened 1910 1910 , Davenport opened the Eugenics Records office , Davenport opened the Eugenics Records office at Davenport opened the Eugenics Records office at Cold Spring Harbor give Davenport , set the organization scientific credibility Davenport , set the organization scientific credibility up , Davenport set up a Board of Scientific Directors Davenport set up a Board of Scientific Directors naming a Second International Congress of Eugenics , held was 1921 a Second International Congress of Eugenics was held in New York he , named was the proceedings he was named as honorary president Bell died of complications arising he was had inhabited the land his long illness to tending after him Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges he , received also his life

, he also received dozens he also received dozens of In Bell , received 1880 1880 , Bell received the Volta Prize , Bell received the Volta Prize with Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse The Volta Prize was by conceived Napoleon III was by conceived Napoleon III in by conceived Napoleon III in 1852 affluent , he used his prize money , he used his prize money to he used his prize money to create These included the prestigious" 'Volta Laboratory Association' " ( The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to Bell , establish helped Gardiner Greene Hubbard , Bell helped establish the publication Bell helped establish the publication "Science Bell , elected was 1898 Bell was elected as the second president He also served for many years He was one of the founders In the US Patent Office , declared 1936 1936 , the US Patent Office declared Bell , the US Patent Office declared Bell first the US Patent Office declared Bell first on The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in by was marked 1997 1997 was by marked a special issue was by marked a special issue of by marked a special issue of commemorative £1 banknotes Additionally , the Government of Canada honored Bell , the Government of Canada honored Bell in the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 That first flight was by made an airplane was by made an airplane designed by made an airplane designed under Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey By this definition Anatolia comprises approximately the western two-thirds this definition Anatolia comprises approximately the western two-thirds of Anatolia comprises approximately the western two-thirds of the Asian part The ancient Anatolian peoples spoke the now-extinct Anatolian languages of the Indo-European language family The major Anatolian languages included Hittite , Luwian Hurro-Urartian languages were spoken in the southeastern kingdom The Turkification of began Anatolia under Anatolia , bounded is this definition Anatolia is bounded to the east is by to bounded the east

by to the east bounded the Armenian Highlands Western Armenia , renamed was the Armenian genocide , Western Armenia was renamed the Eastern Anatolia Region Western Armenia was by renamed the Eastern Anatolia Region was by the Eastern Anatolia Region renamed the newly established Turkish government the eastern provinces of placed were Turkey which into placed , the Eastern Anatolia Region Vazken Davidian terms the expanded use of Davidian terms the expanded use of "Anatolia the Armenian connect Highlands to the South Caucasus The English-language name "Anatolia " derives from the Greek The use of varied has Anatolian designations Such use of employed was Anatolian designations to that region , became Asia Minor Asia Minor , that region became the only remaining part , that region became the only remaining part of that region became the only remaining part of the "Byzantine East The Romans used it as the name Thus (land of became the) Rûm (land of the) Rûm became another name , mapmakers outside referred the Empire mapmakers outside referred the Empire to Geographers have variously used the terms Turkey's First Geography Congress in 1941 created two geographical regions , this changing of was toponyms this changing of was toponyms " Human habitation in dates Anatolia back Neolithic settlements include Çatalhöyük , Çayönü The earliest historical data related to appear Anatolia The earliest historically attested populations of Anatolia were the Hattians The Hattians whose main center were , an indigenous people whose main center were , an indigenous people was Affiliation of Hattian remains language unclear , Assyrian traders were bringing tin and the Hittites , centered were Mesopotamia the Hittites were centered at Hattusa They were speakers of an Indo-European language The Hittites that from originated local ancient cultures that from originated local ancient cultures grew around 2000 they , conquered BCE BCE , they conquered Hattusa , they conquered Hattusa in they conquered Hattusa in the 18th century BCE with themselves ) were the other Indo-European ancient Anatolians the other Indo-European ancient Anatolians ) themselves were relatively recent immigrants ) themselves were relatively recent immigrants to themselves were relatively recent immigrants to Anatolia

The empire reached its height in the 13th century BCE the Hittite advance toward halted was the Black Sea coast toward by was halted the Black Sea coast the Black Sea coast was by halted the semi-nomadic pastoralist was by halted the semi-nomadic pastoralist and by halted the semi-nomadic pastoralist and tribal Kaskians The Egyptians eventually withdrew from the region during the Hittite empire , disintegrated the Late Bronze Age collapse the Hittite empire , disintegrated the Late Bronze Age collapse into , the Hittite empire disintegrated into several independent Syro-Hittite states the Hittite empire disintegrated into several independent Syro-Hittite states , Their language belonged to the same linguistic branch as The general consensus amongst is scholars that amongst Luwian is that scholars Luwian is that scholars was Arameans encroached over the borders of The Neo-Assyrian empire collapsed due to a bitter series The last Assyrian city to fall was Harran This city was the birthplace of the last king The north-western coast of inhabited was Anatolia of by was inhabited Anatolia Anatolia was by inhabited Greeks was by inhabited Greeks of by inhabited Greeks of the Achaean/Mycenaean culture of by was settled Anatolia Anatolia was by settled Ionian Greeks was by settled Ionian Greeks , by settled Ionian Greeks , usurping numerous Ancient Greek city-states , established were several centuries numerous Ancient Greek city-states were established on the coasts Anatolia , described was classical antiquity Anatolia was by described Herodotus was by described Herodotus and by described Herodotus and later historians There were also several inland regions : Anatolia is known as the birthplace the Persians , usurped having the Persian Achaemenid Empire , the Persians having usurped the Medes the Persians having usurped the Medes as , which initiated , the Greco-Persian Wars which initiated , the Greco-Persian Wars ended Anatolia , ruled was his empire Anatolia was by ruled a series was by ruled a series of by ruled a series of Hellenistic kingdoms A period of followed peaceful Hellenization , In 133 BCE the last Attalid king bequeathed his kingdom 133 BCE the last Attalid king bequeathed his kingdom to

the last Attalid king bequeathed his kingdom to the Roman Republic of Anatolia , became the Roman Empire the Roman Empire , Anatolia became part , Anatolia became part of Anatolia became part of the East Roman Anatolia was one of the first places It was one of the wealthiest and most densely populated places Anatolia's wealth grew during the 4th and 5th centuries thanks Literary evidence about stems the rural landscape from Large urban centers included Ephesus , Pergamum , the Seljuk Turks from migrated Central Asia the Seljuk Turks from migrated Central Asia over In the Byzantines , managed the following century the Byzantines , managed the following century to the Byzantines managed to reassert their control In the Mongols , swept 1255 the Mongols , swept 1255 through , the Mongols swept through eastern and central Anatolia the Mongols swept through eastern and central Anatolia , The Ilkhanate garrison was stationed near Ankara most of controlled was Anatolia of by was controlled Anatolia Anatolia was by controlled various Anatolian beyliks Smyrna fell in 1330 , The Turkmen Beyliks were under the control of The Beyliks did not mint coins in they ; bear 1320s 1320s ; they bear the legend ; they bear the legend " they bear the legend " Minted by Osman Among the Ottomans , emerged the Turkish leaders the Ottomans , emerged the Turkish leaders as , the Ottomans emerged as great power the Ottomans emerged as great power under most remaining ethnic Anatolian Greeks , forced were 1919–1922 is that between wedged two folded mountain ranges that between wedged two folded mountain ranges converge True lowland is confined to a few narrow coastal strips Anatolia has a varied range of climates The central plateau is by characterized a continental climate is by characterized a continental climate , by characterized a continental climate , with The south and west coasts enjoy a typical Mediterranean climate , with There are temperate broadleaf , mixed and coniferous forests Apple Inc. that is an American multinational technology company specializes that is an American multinational technology company specializes in

Apple is the largest information technology company by revenue Apple was founded in 1976 was by in founded 1976 by in 1976 founded Steve Jobs It was by incorporated Jobs was by incorporated Jobs and by incorporated Jobs and Wozniak It went public in 1980 Over Apple , shipped the next few years the next few years , Apple shipped new computers , Apple shipped new computers featuring Apple shipped new computers featuring innovative graphical user interfaces throughout Apple , lost the 1990s the 1990s , Apple lost considerable market share , Apple lost considerable market share to Apple lost considerable market share to the lower-priced duopoly The board who recruited , CEO Gil Amelio who recruited , CEO Gil Amelio prepared to he ; replaced the company the company ; he replaced Amelio In it , opened 2001 2001 , it opened a retail chain , it opened a retail chain , it opened a retail chain , the Apple Stores In the company , launched 2007 2007 , the company launched the iPhone , the company launched the iPhone to the company launched the iPhone to critical acclaim Jobs resigned in 2011 for The company receives significant criticism regarding the labor practices In Apple , became August 2018 August 2018 , Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company , Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company to Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company to be Two years later , it became the first company , it became the first company valued it became the first company valued at Apple Computer Company was founded on April 1, 1976 by on founded , April 1, 1976 The company's first product is the Apple I , a computer finance Jobs , sold its creation its creation , Jobs sold his only motorized means , Jobs sold his only motorized means of Jobs sold his only motorized means of transportation Wozniak debuted the first prototype at the Homebrew Computer Club I was sold as a motherboard It went on sale soon Apple Computer, Inc. was incorporated on January 3, 1977

Multimillionaire Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of revenues , grew operations revenues , grew operations exponentially , also by invented Wozniak also by invented Wozniak , by invented Wozniak , was It differs from its major rivals , they , superseded were storage devices they were by superseded the introduction were by superseded the introduction of by superseded the introduction of a -inch floppy disk drive VisiCalc created a business market for the Apple II By Apple , had the end of the 1970s the end of the 1970s , Apple had a staff , Apple had a staff of Apple had a staff of computer designers The company introduced the Apple III in May 1980 he was pushed from the Lisa team Jobs then took over Wozniak's and Raskin's low-cost-computer project 300 millionaires , created were the end of the day Apple , issued had 1982 , Apple had issued an request Apple had issued an request for that an request for issued proposal from the scheme , has 1984 to 1990 1984 to 1990 , the scheme has vertical and horizontal stripes , the scheme has vertical and horizontal stripes for the scheme has vertical and horizontal stripes for decoration In Apple , launched 1984 1984 , Apple launched the Macintosh , Apple launched the Macintosh , Apple launched the Macintosh , the first personal computer was by signified " 1984 by signified " 1984 " you want to sell sugar water The board of directors instructed Sculley to Jobs , attempted Sculley's direction Jobs , attempted Sculley's direction to Jobs attempted to oust him by Sculley , found Jean-Louis Gassée Sculley , found Jean-Louis Gassée out Jobs resigned from Apple in Despite he , left Wozniak's grievances Wozniak's grievances , he left the company , he left the company amicably he left the company amicably and both Jobs left amicably and the company The outlook on improved Macintosh with Wozniak , the Macintosh product line underwent a steady change , the Macintosh product line underwent a steady change of the Macintosh product line underwent a steady change of focus

the company argued should produce products Newer models selling at offered higher price points of the high-right policy , was the market the high-right policy , was the market in , the high-right policy was in full force the high-right policy was in full force by The company lost its monopoly in this market The Christmas season of 1989 is the first in In Apple , introduced 1991 1991 , Apple introduced the PowerBook , Apple introduced the PowerBook , Apple introduced the PowerBook , replacing The same year , Apple introduced System , Apple introduced System 7 Apple introduced System 7 , It remained the architectural basis for the Classic Mac OS Apple , doing was some time In Apple , released October 1990 October 1990 , Apple released the Macintosh LC , Apple released the Macintosh LC , Apple released the Macintosh LC , and address management , introduced this this , management introduced several new brands , management introduced several new brands , management introduced several new brands , selling These were the high-end Quadra , the mid-range Centris line Apple also experimented with a number Throughout Microsoft , continued this period Microsoft , continued this period to Microsoft continued to gain market share instead , they sued Microsoft , they sued Microsoft for they sued Microsoft for using The lawsuit dragged on for years Apple , developing was the late 1980s , Apple was developing alternative platforms Apple was developing alternative platforms to Apple , facing was the 1990s , Apple was facing competition Apple was facing competition from Spindler , replaced was 1996 Spindler was by replaced Gil Amelio was by replaced Gil Amelio as by replaced Gil Amelio as CEO as Amelio , made a corporate rehabilitator a corporate rehabilitator , Amelio made deep changes , Amelio made deep changes , Amelio made deep changes , including , Apple in purchased 1997 Apple in 1997 purchased NeXT The NeXT acquisition was finalized on February 9, 1997 Amelio , ousted was July 9, 1997 Amelio was by ousted the board was by ousted the board of

by ousted the board of directors in Jobs , announced Boston Jobs , announced Boston that On Apple , introduced August 15, 1998 August 15, 1998 , Apple introduced a new all-in-one computer , Apple introduced a new all-in-one computer reminiscent Apple introduced a new all-in-one computer reminiscent of Around 1998 Apple completed numerous acquisitions 1998 Apple completed numerous acquisitions to Apple completed numerous acquisitions to create Of one notable transaction , was these these , one notable transaction was Apple's acquisition , one notable transaction was Apple's acquisition of one notable transaction was Apple's acquisition of Macromedia's Key Grip software project The sale was an outcome of Macromedia's decision it renamed " when "Final Cut Pro The development of led also Key Grip , Apple successfully acquired the German company Apple successfully acquired the German company Astarte which acquired Astarte , the German company Apple then employed the same technology to Apple renamed " when "iTunes The primary developers of moved the MP3 player and music library software to SoundJam was Apple's second choice for the core On Apple , opened May 19, 2001 May 19, 2001 , Apple opened its first official eponymous retail stores , Apple opened its first official eponymous retail stores in Apple opened its first official eponymous retail stores in Virginia of Apple , debuted the same year the same year , Apple debuted the iPod portable digital audio player Apple's iTunes Store , introduced was 2003 The iTunes Store quickly became the market leader in In Apple , purchased 2002 2002 , Apple purchased Nothing , Apple purchased Nothing Real Apple purchased Nothing Real for The purchase of Apple made Emagic of Apple made Emagic the Apple made Emagic the first The acquisition was by followed the development was by followed the development of by followed the development of Apple's consumer-level GarageBand application on Jobs , announced June 6, 2005 Jobs , announced June 6, 2005 that On the new MacBook Pro and iMac , became January 10, 2006 January 10, 2006 , the new MacBook Pro and iMac became the first Apple computers

, the new MacBook Pro and iMac became the first Apple computers to the new MacBook Pro and iMac became the first Apple computers to use By Apple , made August 7, 2006 August 7, 2006 , Apple made the transition , Apple made the transition to Apple made the transition to Intel chips Apple's success during was this period evident , the price of increased Apple's stock the price of increased Apple's stock more in Jobs , sent January 2006 January 2006 , Jobs sent an email , Jobs sent an email to Jobs sent an email to Apple employees Apple's design team has progressively abandoned the use on Jobs , announced January 9, 2007 Jobs , announced January 9, 2007 that This event also saw the announcement of The company sold 270,000 iPhone units during the first 30 hours Apple would achieve widespread success with on Jobs , wrote February 6, 2007 Jobs , wrote February 6, 2007 that In Apple , launched July 2008 July 2008 , Apple launched the App Store , Apple launched the App Store to Apple launched the App Store to sell Within the store , sold a month a month , the store sold 60 million applications , the store sold 60 million applications and the store sold 60 million applications and registered On Apple , announced December 16, 2008 Apple , announced December 16, 2008 that On Jobs , announced January 14, 2009 Jobs , announced January 14, 2009 in , Jobs announced in an internal memo Jobs announced in an internal memo that he in announced that an internal memo In Jobs , stated the email Jobs , stated the email that " , Apple unveiled a large screen , Apple unveiled a large screen , Apple unveiled a large screen , tablet-like media device The iPad ran the same touch-based operating system as the iPhone This gave the iPad a large app catalog on the iPad , launched was April 3, 2010 the iPad was launched in the US It sold more than 300,000 units on its first day In Apple , released June 2010

June 2010 , Apple released the iPhone , Apple released the iPhone 4 Apple released the iPhone 4 , which released 4 , the iPhone , Apple again refreshed its iPod line Apple again refreshed its iPod line of In Apple shares , hit October 2010 Apple shares , hit October 2010 an On Jobs , announced January 17, 2011 Jobs , announced January 17, 2011 in , Jobs announced in an internal Apple memo Jobs announced in an internal Apple memo that he in announced that an internal Apple memo Apple became the most valuable consumer-facing brand in the world Jobs , took surprisingly June 2011 , Jobs surprisingly took the stage Jobs surprisingly took the stage and Apple was featured in the documentary On Jobs , resigned August 24, 2011 August 24, 2011 , Jobs resigned his position , Jobs resigned his position as Jobs resigned his position as CEO He was by replaced Cook was by replaced Cook and by replaced Cook and Jobs On Steve Jobs , died October 5, 2011 Steve Jobs , died October 5, 2011 , Steve Jobs died , marking the end From Apple , released 2011 to 2012 2011 to 2012 , Apple released the iPhone 4S , Apple released the iPhone 4S and Apple released the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 On Apple's rising stock price , increased August 20, 2012 August 20, 2012 , Apple's rising stock price increased the company's market capitalization , Apple's rising stock price increased the company's market capitalization to Apple's rising stock price increased the company's market capitalization to a This beat the non-inflation-adjusted record for market capitalization On a US jury , ruled August 24, 2012 a US jury , ruled August 24, 2012 that Samsung which appealed , the damages award which appealed , the damages award was On Apple , confirmed November 10, 2012 November 10, 2012 , Apple confirmed a global settlement , Apple that confirmed a global settlement Apple that confirmed a global settlement dismissed that a global settlement confirmed dismissed all existing lawsuits his death was presented during the proceedings

In Apple , filed March 2013 March 2013 , Apple filed a patent , Apple filed a patent for Apple filed a patent for an augmented reality (AR) system that a patent for filed an augmented reality (AR) system The company also made several high-profile hiring decisions in On Apple , recruited July 2, 2013 July 2, 2013 , Apple recruited Paul Deneve , Apple recruited Paul Deneve , Apple recruited Paul Deneve , Belgian President Ahrendts previously oversaw Burberry's digital strategy for Alongside Cook , attended Google vice-president Vint Cerf and AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson Google vice-president Vint Cerf and AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson , Cook attended a closed-door summit , Cook attended a closed-door summit held Cook by attended held a closed-door summit by a closed-door summit held attended President Obama In Apple , reported the first quarter of 2014 the first quarter of 2014 , Apple reported sales , Apple reported sales of Apple reported sales of 51 million iPhones This was contrasted with a significant drop In the company , confirmed May 2014 May 2014 , the company confirmed its intent , the company confirmed its intent to the company confirmed its intent to acquire On Apple , invested May 12, 2016 May 12, 2016 , Apple invested $1 billion , Apple invested $1 billion in Apple invested $1 billion in DiDi On Fortune , released June 6, 2016 June 6, 2016 , Fortune released Fortune 500 , Fortune released Fortune 500 , Fortune released Fortune 500 , their list Apple ) , appeared the trailing fiscal year (2015 , Apple appeared on the list Apple appeared on the list as The app provides a way to produce In Apple , refreshed May 2017 May 2017 , Apple refreshed two , Apple refreshed two of Apple refreshed two of its website designs Their public relations "Apple Press Info" website was changed to an "Apple Newsroom" site In Apple , announced June 2017 June 2017 , Apple announced the HomePod , Apple announced the HomePod , Apple announced the HomePod , its smart speaker in Apple , appointed June 2017

June 2017 , Apple appointed Jamie Erlicht , Apple appointed Jamie Erlicht and Apple appointed Jamie Erlicht and Zack Van Amburg In Apple , announced November 2017 it , Apple announced November 2017 In Apple , signed June 2018 June 2018 , Apple signed the Writers Guild of America's , Apple signed the Writers Guild of America's minimum basic agreement Apple signed the Writers Guild of America's minimum basic agreement and Additional partnerships for original series include Sesame Workshop On Apple , deprecated June 5, 2018 June 5, 2018 , Apple deprecated OpenGL , Apple deprecated OpenGL and Apple deprecated OpenGL and OpenGL ES In Apple , purchased August 2018 August 2018 , Apple purchased Akonia Holographics , Apple purchased Akonia Holographics for Apple purchased Akonia Holographics for its augmented reality goggle lens On Apple , reported January 29, 2019 January 29, 2019 , Apple reported its first decline , Apple reported its first decline in Apple reported its first decline in revenues On Apple , acquired March 30, 2020 March 30, 2020 , Apple acquired local weather app maker Dark Sky , Apple acquired local weather app maker Dark Sky , Apple acquired local weather app maker Dark Sky , for acquired a Dublin based company , focused Voysis a Dublin based company , focused Voysis on , a Dublin based company focused on AI digital voice technology a Dublin based company focused on AI digital voice technology for On Apple , announced September 2, 2020 upcoming features , Apple announced September 2, 2020 Apple upcoming features announced of iOS upcoming features announced of iOS to to Apple , started consumers Apple , started consumers shipping , Apple started shipping devices Apple started shipping devices directly on Apple , announced June 22, 2020 it , Apple announced June 22, 2020 it announced will transition the Mac The announcement was by expected industry analysts was by expected industry analysts , by expected industry analysts , and On Apple , introduced October 23, 2001 October 23, 2001 , Apple introduced the iPod digital music player in Steve Jobs , introduced January 2007

January 2007 , Steve Jobs introduced the long-anticipated iPhone , Steve Jobs introduced the long-anticipated iPhone , Steve Jobs introduced the long-anticipated iPhone , a convergence iPhone was released on June 29, 2007 it , updated was February 5, 2008 It also includes web-based and Dashboard apps such This version added support for 3 Software capabilities were improved with the release On the App Store , surpassed April 24, 2009 April 24, 2009 , the App Store surpassed one billion downloads On Apple , announced June 8, 2009 June 8, 2009 , Apple announced the iPhone , Apple announced the iPhone 3GS on Apple , announced June 7, 2010 June 7, 2010 , Apple announced the redesigned iPhone 4 It featured a 960 × 640 display , the Apple A4 processor reception issues , discovered were its release reception issues were by discovered consumers were by discovered consumers , by discovered consumers , due The issue was by corrected a "Bumper Case was by corrected a "Bumper Case " by corrected a "Bumper Case " distributed In Apple , overtook June 2011 June 2011 , Apple overtook Nokia , Apple overtook Nokia to Apple overtook Nokia to become On Apple , unveiled October 4, 2011 October 4, 2011 , Apple unveiled the iPhone 4S , Apple unveiled the iPhone 4S , Apple which unveiled , the iPhone 4S which unveiled , the iPhone 4S was It features the Apple A5 processor and Siri voice assistant technology It also features an updated 8MP camera with it , help can Live Listen can the user help hear a conversation the user help hear a conversation in On Apple , introduced September 12, 2012 September 12, 2012 , Apple introduced the iPhone , Apple introduced the iPhone 5 It has a 4-inch display , 4G LTE connectivity Two million iPhones were sold in the first twenty-four hours iPhone 5C , Apple set a new record , Apple set a new record for Apple set a new record for first-weekend smartphone sales A patent filed in revealed July 2013 that the development of revealed a new iPhone battery system

Jonathan I ve used the iPhone I ve used the iPhone as On Apple , introduced September 9, 2014 September 9, 2014 , Apple introduced the iPhone , Apple introduced the iPhone 6 Apple introduced the iPhone 6 , One year later , Apple introduced the iPhone 6S , Apple introduced the iPhone 6S , Apple introduced the iPhone 6S , and On Apple , introduced September 12, 2017 September 12, 2017 , Apple introduced the iPhone , Apple introduced the iPhone 8 Apple introduced the iPhone 8 and On Apple , introduced September 12, 2018 September 12, 2018 , Apple introduced the iPhone XS , Apple introduced the iPhone XS , Apple introduced the iPhone XS , iPhone XS Max The iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max improved displays On Apple , introduced September 10, 2019 September 10, 2019 , Apple introduced the iPhone , Apple introduced the iPhone 11 Apple introduced the iPhone 11 , The iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max feature a new textured matte glass Pro Max also that feature a new Super Retina XDR OLED display also that feature a new Super Retina XDR OLED display is that feature a new Super Retina XDR OLED display is capable On Apple , announced April 15, 2020 April 15, 2020 , Apple announced a new second-generation iPhone SE It replicates the iPhone 8 design – has On Apple , introduced October 13, 2020 October 13, 2020 , Apple introduced the iPhone , Apple introduced the iPhone 12 Apple introduced the iPhone 12 , The new iPhones feature a new design with flat edges The iPhone 12 replaces its predecessor's Liquid Retina LCD display iPhone 12 replaces its predecessor's Liquid Retina LCD display with 12 replaces its predecessor's Liquid Retina LCD display with a Super Retina XDR OLED display The iPhone 12 Mini features a 5.4-inch display and a smaller design The iPhone 12 Pro Max features the largest display on any iPhone The four new iPhones also come with a ceramic-hardened front glass On Apple , launched September 14, 2021 September 14, 2021 , Apple launched the iPhone

, Apple launched the iPhone 13 Apple launched the iPhone 13 , The iPhone 13 Series is by powered Apple A15 Bionic is by powered Apple A15 Bionic chipset They sports an OLED Panel and comes iPhone 13 and iPhone 13 Mini comes with a 5.4-inch and 6.1-inch panels , On Apple , introduced January 27, 2010 January 27, 2010 , Apple introduced their much-anticipated media tablet , Apple introduced their much-anticipated media tablet , Apple introduced their much-anticipated media tablet , the iPad It offers multi-touch interaction with multimedia formats It also includes a mobile version of Content is downloadable via Wi-Fi On Apple , introduced March 2, 2011 March 2, 2011 , Apple introduced the iPad , Apple introduced the iPad 2 Apple introduced the iPad 2 with It also added support for The third-generation iPad was released on March 7, 2012 It added LTE service from AT&T On Apple's fourth-generation iPad , came October 23, 2012 Apple's fourth-generation iPad , came October 23, 2012 out It added the upgraded A6X processor and replaced iPad Air 2 was unveiled on October 16, 2014 It added better graphics and central processing iPad users , downloaded have its launch , iPad users have downloaded over three billion apps On Apple , announced September 9, 2015 September 9, 2015 , Apple announced the iPad Pro , Apple announced the iPad Pro , Apple announced the iPad Pro , an iPad iPad Mini 4 was announced at the same time A 9.7-inch iPad Pro was announced on March 21, 2016 On Apple , announced September 15, 2020 September 15, 2020 , Apple announced a re-designed iPad Air 4 , Apple announced a re-designed iPad Air 4 , Apple announced a re-designed iPad Air 4 , with It features Apple's A14 Bionic SoC as in On Apple , released April 20, 2021 April 20, 2021 , Apple released 5th generation , Apple released 5th generation iPad Pro Apple released 5th generation iPad Pro with It has the Apple M1 SOC with 8 or 16 Gigabytes This is the same chip as in It features a Thunderbolt 3/USB 4 port ( USB-C

The 12.9" model has a new Mini-LED display marketed as The front camera which is an ultrawide camera pans which an ultrawide camera is pans the camera The original Apple Watch smartwatch was by announced Tim Cook was by announced Tim Cook on by announced Tim Cook on September 9, 2014 It was released on April 24, 2015 the Series 7 is introduced on September 14, 2021 The headlining new feature on the new model was a larger screen on the new model that was a larger screen the new model that was a larger screen is that was a larger screen is almost 20% At Jobs , demonstrated the 2007 Macworld conference the 2007 Macworld conference , Jobs demonstrated the Apple TV , Jobs demonstrated the Apple TV ( Jobs Jobs demonstrated ( the Apple TV Jobs demonstrated ( the Apple TV accidentally The Apple TV originally incorporated a 40 GB hard drive for a 160 GB hard disk drive , released was May 30, 2007 a 160 GB hard disk drive was released alongside the existing 40 GB model In Apple , discontinued September 2009 September 2009 , Apple discontinued the original 40 GB Apple TV , Apple discontinued the original 40 GB Apple TV but Apple discontinued the original 40 GB Apple TV but continued On Apple , released September 1, 2010 September 1, 2010 , Apple released a completely redesigned Apple TV , Apple released a completely redesigned Apple TV running Apple released a completely redesigned Apple TV running on The new device is one-fourth the size , runs , Apple TV runs on an A4 processor It has HDMI out as Features include access to the iTunes Store Apple also reduced the price of , Apple , unveiled event event , Apple unveiled an overhauled Apple TV , Apple unveiled an overhauled Apple TV , Apple which unveiled , an overhauled Apple TV which unveiled , an overhauled Apple TV now At Apple , released the September 12, 2017, event the September 12, 2017, event , Apple released a new 4K Apple TV , Apple released a new 4K Apple TV with

Apple released a new 4K Apple TV with the same form factor The 4K model is by powered the A10X SoC is by powered the A10X SoC designed by powered the A10X SoC designed in On Apple , announced March 25, 2019 Apple TV+ , Apple announced March 25, 2019 TV+ features exclusive original shows , movies the HomePod was released on February 9, 2018 On Apple , announced September 12, 2018 Apple , announced September 12, 2018 that smart home products announced to make a partnership , Apple also develops its own software titles Apple also develops its own software titles , Apple's range of server software includes the operating system Apple " , wanted the "Sydney Morning Herald the company's name , inspired was Steve Jobs the company's name was by inspired his visit was by inspired his visit to by inspired his visit to an apple farm designed by depicts , Ron Wayne by Sir Isaac Newton , depicts Ron Wayne Sir Isaac Newton , depicts Ron Wayne sitting Sir Isaac Newton depicts sitting under an apple tree by replaced Rob Janoff's " rainbow Janoff presented Jobs with several different monochromatic themes The logo was designed with a bite , Apple officially dropped the rainbow scheme Apple officially dropped the rainbow scheme and Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak were fans This resulted in a series of made by criticized were later campaigns by criticized were later campaigns , Apple's product advertisements gained a lot of attention Apple they owns where a YouTube channel they owns where a YouTube channel release The company also has its own generic top-level domain.apple , also which has , its own generic top-level domain.apple which has , its own generic top-level domain.apple was A prominent use of was the domain " Semiotics how meaning is of the study how meaning is of the study is semiotician , that created a semiotic model , that created a semiotic model identifies that a semiotic model created identifies two parts The signifier we the perceptual component is that we the perceptual component is that physically In the sign , results Saussure’s model

the sign , results Saussure’s model from , the sign results from the recognition the sign results from the recognition of The second popular semiotic model that exists is the Peircean Model There is plenty of evidence , they both share the sign they both share the sign of Sir Isaac Newton , seen is Ronald Wayne In Rob Janoff , created 1977 Rob Janoff , created 1977 the , Rob Janoff created the iconic Rob Janoff created the iconic rainbow in the most common signifier , is the industry the industry , the most common signifier is the forbidden fruit , the most common signifier is the forbidden fruit from the most common signifier is the forbidden fruit from the Biblical reference The bite is the signified and The rainbow color of the logo portrays the message the logo its computer monitor portrays that the message its computer monitor portrays that the message could a monochromatic logo , implemented was 1998 a monochromatic logo was implemented with the release This is the first Mac to not were actively by engaged the company actively by engaged the company at by engaged the company at one time Apple evangelist Guy Kawasaki has called the brand fanaticism "something has that the brand fanaticism called "something that the brand fanaticism called "something was In a newlywed couple , took June 2017 June 2017 , a newlywed couple took their wedding photos , a newlywed couple took their wedding photos inside a newlywed couple took their wedding photos inside the then-recently opened Orchard Road Apple Store On Apple , surpassed September 30, 2013 September 30, 2013 , Apple surpassed Coca-Cola , Apple surpassed Coca-Cola to Apple surpassed Coca-Cola to become The New York Times " in stated 1985 Apple stated that " 1985 It was the marketing company of the decade by the average Apple consumer indicate that NetRatings the average Apple consumer indicate that NetRatings was Apple Inc.'s world corporate headquarters are located in Cupertino The building opened in April 2017 and Apple also operates from the Apple Campus The Apple Campus was the company's headquarters from its opening

the Apple Campus , Apple occupies an additional thirty office buildings , Apple occupies an additional thirty office buildings scattered Apple occupies an additional thirty office buildings scattered throughout of he , began the company's products the company's products , he began an effort , he began an effort in he began an effort in 1997 Jobs relaunched Apple's online store in 1997 Apple , expanded has the years , Apple has expanded the number Apple has expanded the number of consumers , get can purchasing products , consumers can get advice consumers can get advice and Many Apple Stores are located inside shopping malls It has been granted design patents The success of had have Apple Stores Apple's notable brand loyalty among consumers causes long lines of Apple , receives the brand the brand , Apple receives a large number , Apple receives a large number of Apple receives a large number of job applications the COVID-19 Apple , closed pandemic pandemic , Apple closed its stores , Apple closed its stores outside Apple closed its stores outside China Workers across allowed are the company Apple is one of several highly successful companies Jobs often walked around the office barefoot Apple's informal culture , become had the "1984" television advertisement , Apple's informal culture had become a key trait Apple's informal culture had that become a key trait had that become a key trait differentiated that a key trait become differentiated it this has resulted in a corporate culture it has arguably lost some , it has maintained a reputation it has maintained a reputation for of Apple , created its employees its employees , Apple created the Apple Fellows program , Apple which created the Apple Fellows program Apple which created the Apple Fellows program awards which the Apple Fellows program created awards individuals employees , intended are Apple who to be intended specialists Jobs saw this as a means This was by done Tim Cook was by done Tim Cook , who by done , Tim Cook Each project has a "directly responsible individual " or he , forced was the redesigned Maps app

Unlike Apple , provides other major U.S. companies other major U.S. companies , Apple provides a relatively simple compensation policy , Apple provides a relatively simple compensation policy for Apple provides a relatively simple compensation policy for executives that a relatively simple compensation policy for provides executives In Apple , had 2015 2015 , Apple had 110,000 full-time employees This increased to 116,000 full-time employees the next year many how specify of its employees ... ] It enters a new market ] It enters a new market and It enters a new market and then refines personalize Apple , has results results , Apple has a strong pro-privacy stance , Apple has a strong pro-privacy stance , Apple has a strong pro-privacy stance , intentionally development that claims on Siri executives stalled , clashed Siri what debated had been a particularly devastating week The former had experienced a severe security vulnerability former had experienced a severe security vulnerability , Apple released a security fix within a day file sharing was broken for users than the "root" security vulnerability experienced that the then-newest 10.13.1 release the "root" security vulnerability experienced that the then-newest 10.13.1 release was On a date bug , caused iOS iOS devices , a date bug caused iOS that iOS devices caused received local app notifications Apple quickly released an update , Kingsley-Hughes also concluded his piece by In Apple's profit margins , were 2011 2011 , Apple's profit margins were 40 percent , Apple's profit margins were 40 percent , Apple's profit margins were 40 percent , compared In the company , announced May 2017 May 2017 , the company announced a $1 billion funding project , the company announced a $1 billion funding project for the company announced a $1 billion funding project for " of Apple , uses 2021 2021 , Apple uses components , Apple uses components from Apple uses components from 43 different countries During Apple refused generally the Mac's early history Apple refused generally the Mac's early history to Apple has since joined the industry standards groups Apple has gradually expanded its efforts

with CEO Tim Cook , said investors CEO Tim Cook , said investors that In Apple , opened May 2016 May 2016 , Apple opened an iOS app development center , Apple opened an iOS app development center in Apple opened an iOS app development center in Bangalore In Apple , initiated April 2019 April 2019 , Apple initiated manufacturing , Apple initiated manufacturing of Apple initiated manufacturing of iPhone 7 Employees regularly worked more than 60 hours per Apple immediately launched an investigation after In Apple , started 2007 2007 , Apple started yearly audits , Apple started yearly audits of Apple started yearly audits of all its suppliers the results after released from the company's probe , workers in planned China workers in planned China to workers , forced were a whole A 2014 BBC investigation found excessive hours and other problems The Pegatron factory was once again the subject In the Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights , published December 2014 December 2014 , the Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights published a report , the Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights which published a report the Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights which published a report documented which a report published documented inhumane conditions workers , pressured are the report workers are pressured into 65-hour work weeks are which into pressured 65-hour work weeks which into pressured 65-hour work weeks leaves Apple Energy , LLC is a wholly owned subsidiary , LLC is a wholly owned subsidiary of LLC is a wholly owned subsidiary of Apple Inc. that a wholly owned subsidiary of is Apple Inc. Apple , received has the company's solar energy production , Apple has received regulatory approval Apple has received regulatory approval to Apple will use the methane emissions to Following Apple , released a Greenpeace protest a Greenpeace protest , Apple released a statement , Apple released a statement on Apple released a statement on April 17, 2012 Apple , using was 2013 , Apple was using 100% renewable energy Apple was using 100% renewable energy to In Greenpeace , evaluated May 2015

May 2015 , Greenpeace evaluated the state , Greenpeace evaluated the state of Greenpeace evaluated the state of the Green Internet 100% that states of its U.S. operations Apple carbon , so offsets fossil and renewable sources , so Apple carbon offsets its electricity use consumers allows to see the effect Each product receives a Gold, Silver, or Bronze rank depending on that EPEAT ranks achieves a Gold rating EPEAT ranks achieves a Gold rating , on Apple , provided March 21, 2016 March 21, 2016 , Apple provided a status update , Apple provided a status update on Apple provided a status update on its environmental initiative by Apple in comes the product packaging Another partnership announced is with the World Wildlife Fund Featured was the company's installation of a 40 MW solar power plant This installation alone compensates for more Apple , worked has Singapore Apple has worked with the Singaporean government Liam was introduced to the world Apple announced on August 16, 2016 , The commitment is a large step in Apple's efforts On Apple , announced July 21, 2020 July 21, 2020 , Apple announced its plan , Apple announced its plan to Apple announced its plan to become in Apple , became 2008 2008 , Apple became the first electronics manufacturer , Apple became the first electronics manufacturer to Apple became the first electronics manufacturer to fully In Apple , began June 2007 Apple , began June 2007 replacing , Apple began replacing the cold cathode fluorescent lamp Apple began replacing the cold cathode fluorescent lamp ( Apple offers comprehensive and transparent information about the CO2e consumers Allowing to make informed purchasing decisions 3GS was free of PVC All Apple products now have mercury-free LED-backlit LCD displays , Apple , featured was November 2011 Apple was featured in Greenpeace's Guide Greenpeace praises Apple's sustainability , noting However , the guide criticizes Apple on the Energy , the guide criticizes Apple on the Energy criteria the guide criticizes Apple on the Energy criteria for In Apple , issued February 2016 February 2016 , Apple issued a US$1.5 billion green bond

, Apple issued a US$1.5 billion green bond ( Apple issued a US$1.5 billion green bond ( climate bond In Apple Inc. , reported its fiscal year ending in September 2011 its fiscal year ending in September 2011 , Apple Inc. reported a total , Apple Inc. reported a total of Apple Inc. reported a total of $108 billion The company's worldwide annual revenue in 2013 totaled $170 billion In Apple , entered May 2013 Apple , entered May 2013 the Apple entered the top ten Apple amassed 65% of all profits , Apple was the largest publicly traded corporation in Apple was the largest publicly traded corporation in the world On Apple , became August 2, 2018 August 2, 2018 , Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company , Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company to Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company to reach Apple has created subsidiaries in " in Apple was the 1980s in Apple was the 1980s among the 1980s Apple was among the first tech companies Apple was among the first tech companies to British Conservative Party Member of published Charlie Elphicke Parliament He followed this research by calling Apple Inc. claims to be the single largest taxpayer In Reuters , reported 2015 Reuters , reported 2015 that Apple that reported had earnings , the Central Statistics Office of announced Ireland the Central Statistics Office of announced Ireland that of 2015 Irish GDP announced that Ireland 2015 Irish GDP announced that Ireland had The figures attracted international scorn , and It was not until 2018 The affair required the Central Bank of Ireland to create after the EU Competition Commissioner , concluded a two-year investigation Apple , the EU Competition Commissioner concluded a two-year investigation the EU Competition Commissioner Apple concluded received "illegal state aid Apple concluded received "illegal state aid " The EU ordered Apple to pay It is the largest tax fine in history Apple , given was its double Irish structure , Apple was given a ruling Apple was given a ruling to Apple has been a participant in

Some litigation examples include " Apple v. On Nokia , announced December 21, 2016 Nokia , announced December 21, 2016 that Nokia announced that in the U.S. Apple has a notable pro-privacy stance , actively in the company , started 2014 the company , started 2014 encrypting , the company started encrypting all contents the company started encrypting all contents of of Apple , began cloud storage solutions cloud storage solutions , Apple began a technique , Apple began a technique in Apple began a technique in 2016 It also introduced "differential privacy " Apple 14 , required iOS 14 , Apple required all developers , Apple required all developers of Apple required all developers of iPhone protesting Apple , released App Tracking Transparency App Tracking Transparency , Apple released the update , Apple released the update in Apple released the update in mid-spring 2021 Apple 15 , announced iOS 15 , Apple announced new efforts , Apple announced new efforts at Apple announced new efforts at combating Apple is a partner of (PRODUCT)RED Apple contributes financially to fundraisers In it , donated November 2012 November 2012 , it donated $2.5 million , it donated $2.5 million to it donated $2.5 million to the American Red Cross The company has also used its iTunes platform Apple released a special page in the iTunes App Store Apple , committed has the arrangement Apple and WWF's Apps for Earth campaign raised more than $8 million in Apple has also received criticism Apple products that claimed combine stolen or purchased designs In Apple , faced 2018–19 2018–19 , Apple faced criticism , Apple faced criticism for Apple faced criticism for its failure In Apple , issued June 2019 June 2019 , Apple issued a recall , Apple issued a recall for Apple issued a recall for its 2015 MacBook Pro Retina 15 on the FTC , held devices devices , the FTC held a workshop , the FTC held a workshop to the FTC held a workshop to establish In a report , found December 2019 a report , found December 2019 that In an Apple engineer , said response

the Location Services icon , an Apple engineer said response On France , fined March 16, 2020 March 16, 2020 , France fined Apple , France fined Apple €1.1 billion France fined Apple €1.1 billion for The arrangement created aligned prices for Apple products In September 2020 Epic Games founded the Coalition September 2020 Epic Games founded the Coalition for Epic Games founded the Coalition for App Fairness in Facebook , agreed December 2020 Facebook , agreed December 2020 to Facebook agreed to assist Epic Apple Inc. , shareholders increased pressure , shareholders increased pressure on shareholders increased pressure on the company it , announced was November 19, 2020 Apple continues to face litigation On the Italian antitrust authority AGCM , fined November 30, 2020 November 30, 2020 , the Italian antitrust authority AGCM fined Apple , the Italian antitrust authority AGCM fined Apple $12 million the Italian antitrust authority AGCM fined Apple $12 million for Apple's claims that stated of the iPhone's water resistance In Apple , complied 2021 Apple , complied 2021 with , Apple complied with a request Apple complied with a request by the Chinese regime , conducting was the time , the Chinese regime was conducting a genocide the Chinese regime was conducting a genocide against In Apple , removed September 2021 September 2021 , Apple removed an app , Apple removed an app from Apple removed an app from its App Store It takes its name from the County of Aberdeen which its name from takes the County of Aberdeen The Aberdeenshire Council area includes all of the area Aberdeenshire Council is headquartered at Woodhill House Aberdeen itself forms a different council area ( Its land represents 8% of Scotland's overall territory It is the locus of a large number The area was settled in the Bronze Age was by in settled the Bronze Age by in the Bronze Age settled the Beaker culture hill forts , built were the Iron Age The Picts were the next documented inhabitants of the area The Romans also were in the area Since there been have medieval times

medieval times there have been a number there have been a number of that a number of been traditional paths Aberdeenshire played an important role in the fighting Clan MacBeth and the Clan Canmore were two Macbeth fell at Lumphanan in During other families , arrive the Anglo-Norman penetration other families , arrive the Anglo-Norman penetration such other families arrive such as House Edward I travelled across the area I travelled across the area twice In Robert the Bruce , was 1307 Robert the Bruce , was 1307 victorious Robert the Bruce was victorious near Inverurie These new families set the stage for the upcoming rivalries The Gordon family adhered to Catholicism and Aberdeenshire was the historic seat of the clan Dempster an extended peaceful period , interrupted was the end of the Revolution of 1688 was by only interrupted such fleeting events by only interrupted such fleeting events such The latter resulted in the end latter resulted in the end of During Aberdeenshire , was the 17th century the 17th century , Aberdeenshire was the location , Aberdeenshire was the location of Aberdeenshire was the location of more fighting The present council area is named after the historic county It was by replaced Grampian Regional Council was by replaced Grampian Regional Council and by replaced Grampian Regional Council and five district councils Local government functions were shared between the two levels The population of risen has the council area Aberdeenshire is one of the most homogeneous/indigenous regions , who by followed 12.3% who by followed 12.3% are The largest ethnic minority group are Asian Scottish / British This is lower than the Scottish average The majority of work employees within Almost 19% of is employment within 21.5% of raised is the revenue The current chief executive of Jim Savege is the council of Jim Savege is the council and Jim Savege is the council and the elected Council Leader The council has devolved power to Each area committee takes decisions on local issues There are numerous rivers and burns Aberdeenshire has a marine west coast climate on the Köppen climate classification

it , therefore has the Grampians , therefore it has a generally dry climate therefore it has a generally dry climate for it has a generally dry climate for a maritime region Aztlan Underground is a band from Los Angeles The band traces its roots to the late-1980s hardcore scene They have played rapcore , The band , featured was 1998 The band was featured in the independent films known by was ) other names by other names ) was a civil war The central cause of the war was the status Abraham Lincoln after came won the 1860 United States presidential election An initial seven southern slave states declared their secession from the country Confederate forces seized federal forts within territory they federal forts within seized territory ; both sides prepared for war Fighting broke out in April 1861 The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority in the Union , made the war's Western Theater the war's Western Theater , the Union made significant permanent gainsthough , the Union made significant permanent gainsthough in the Union made significant permanent gainsthough in the war's Eastern Theater the conflict significant permanent gainsthough in made the war's Eastern Theater In Lincoln , issued late 1862 late 1862 , Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , Lincoln which issued , the Emancipation Proclamation which issued , the Emancipation Proclamation made Effective January 1, 1863 the proclamation also freed slaves the proclamation also freed slaves in To the Union , destroyed the west the west , the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy , the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy by the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy by the summer of 1862 The successful 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy In Confederate General Robert E. Lee's incursion north , ended 1863 Confederate General Robert E. Lee's incursion north , ended 1863 at , Confederate General Robert E. Lee's incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg Western successes led to General Ulysses S. Grant's command of of the Union , marshaled Confederate ports Confederate ports , the Union marshaled resources

, the Union marshaled resources and the Union marshaled resources and manpower This led to the fall of The Civil War effectively ended on April 9, 1865 Confederate generals throughout the Confederate army followed suit lacks land forces : continued a clean end date land forces : continued a clean end date surrendering land forces continued surrendering until June 23 much of destroyed was the South's infrastructure The Civil War is one of the It remains the subject of cultural and historiographical debate The American Civil War was among the earliest In the war left total between 620,000 and 750,000 total the war left between 620,000 and 750,000 soldiers the war left between 620,000 and 750,000 soldiers dead The Civil War remains the deadliest military conflict in American history The causes of were secession complex been further by complicated historical revisionists further by complicated historical revisionists , who by complicated , historical revisionists Slavery was the central source of escalating political tension Many Southern leaders had threatened secession if had the Republican candidate threatened if secession the Republican candidate threatened if secession , disunion that felt was their only option In Lincoln , said his second inaugural address Lincoln , said his second inaugural address that the insurgents the object for was which Slavery was the main cause of disunion Slavery had been a controversial issue during The issue of confounded had slavery The issue was by exacerbated the rapid territorial expansion was by exacerbated the rapid territorial expansion of by exacerbated the rapid territorial expansion of the country The issue had dominated politics for of some Northern soldiers ; were their faction some Northern soldiers ; were their faction even Confederate soldiers fought the war primarily to From the issue , was the anti-slavery perspective the issue , was the anti-slavery perspective primarily The strategy of the anti-slavery forces was containment The slaveholding interests in the South denounced this strategy the emancipation that believed of slaves particular , many Southerners feared a repeat , many Southerners feared a repeat of many Southerners feared a repeat of 1804 Haiti massacre Historian Thomas Fleming points to the historical phrase "

They traced their philosophical roots back to The Revolution changed that and made the northern states , started quickly the Revolution the northern states quickly started outlawing slavery laws , changed were southern states President Thomas Jefferson supported it , and it supported , and it By 1840 more than 15,000 people were members 1840 more than 15,000 people were members of more than 15,000 people were members of abolitionist societies Abolitionism in the United States became a popular expression newspapers , reformers promoted an absolute and immediate rejection , reformers promoted an absolute and immediate rejection of reformers promoted an absolute and immediate rejection of slavery , even the main denominations split along political lines even the main denominations split along political lines , there ) proclaimed that Lincoln's cabinet there that proclaimed was an "irrepressible conflict Manifest destiny heightened the conflict over slavery Between 1803 and 1854 , the United States achieved a vast expansion , the United States achieved a vast expansion of the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory the new states carved out of these territories The Mexican–American War and its aftermath was a key territorial event 1848 , slaveholding looked interests , slaveholding looked interests forward slaveholding looked interests forward to But the states admitted following California the states admitted following California were Both the South and the North drew the same conclusion The power drew : " the same conclusion four doctrines , emerged had 1860 represented by argued , the Constitutional Union Party by argued , the Constitutional Union Party that the Missouri Compromise apportionment , argued that the Constitutional Union Party the Missouri Compromise apportionment that argued of territory thus Congress could restrict human bondage Congress could restrict human bondage , The ill-fated Wilmot Proviso announced this position in 1846 The Proviso was a pivotal moment in national politics Senator Stephen A. Douglas proclaimed the third doctrine : territorial or "popular" sovereignty The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 legislated this doctrine The fourth doctrine was by advocated Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis was by advocated Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis , by advocated Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis , one

, state sovereignty would empower states state sovereignty would empower states to , the "Southern demand for represented federal slave protection the "Southern demand for federal slave protection represented a demand states' rights is to what extent the Civil War The consensus among is historians that among the Civil War is that historians the Civil War is that historians was Before the Southern states , used the Civil War the Civil War , the Southern states used federal powers , the Southern states used federal powers in the Southern states used federal powers in enforcing Some Northern states resisted the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act It overrode numerous state and local laws and legal procedures the southern states " complained mostly historian Paul Finkelman Sectionalism resulted from the different economies , Regional tensions came to a head during economic differences whether debated between the mainly industrial North Most historians now disagree with the economic determinism Northern manufacturing interests supported tariffs and protectionism controlled by wrote , Southerners by Southerners , wrote the tariff laws The Republicans called for an increase in Southerners in enacted after 1861 , neo-Confederate writers have claimed it neo-Confederate writers have claimed it as Nationalism was a powerful force in the early 19th century The Republican national electoral platform of warned 1860 that of Republicans warned that 1860 Republicans warned that 1860 regarded Republicans that warned regarded disunion The election of Lincoln provoked the legislature Before South Carolina , did the war the war , South Carolina did more , South Carolina did more than South Carolina did more than any other Southern state It argued for states' rights for The rest make no mention of the slavery issue The Southern states believed slaveholding was a constitutional right These states agreed to form a new federal government They took control of federal forts the Dred Scott decision that said was proof These included the Morrill Tariff , land grant colleges the Crittenden Compromise , proposed was December 1860 it ; rejected was the Crittenden compromise it was by rejected Congress The Republicans proposed an alternative compromise to not

Abraham Lincoln , sworn was March 4, 1861 In he , argued his inaugural address he , argued his inaugural address that the Constitution that argued was a "more perfect union He had no intent to invade The government would make no move to No mention was made of bullion there ; be could its ports ; there could be no serious injury there could be no serious injury to The South sent delegations to Washington Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents Seward had been Lincoln's main rival for Seward , agreed only this defeat In Seward , attempted this role Seward , attempted this role to Fort Sumter is located in the middle Lincoln told its commander , Major Robert Anderson Confederate president Jefferson Davis ordered the surrender of the fort Anderson gave a conditional reply , which the Confederate government a conditional reply , gave which Lincoln called on all the states to so he called for only 75,000 volunteers he called for only 75,000 volunteers for In local secessionists , seized western Missouri western Missouri , local secessionists seized Liberty Arsenal On Lincoln , called May 3, 1861 Lincoln , called May 3, 1861 for , Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for and Kentucky that were slave states Kentucky that were slave states had that were slave states had divided Maryland's territory surrounded the United States' capital of Washington It who had numerous anti-Lincoln officials tolerated who numerous anti-Lincoln officials had tolerated anti-army rioting Lincoln responded by establishing martial law Lincoln rapidly took control of All were held without trial , an elected convention on voted secession an elected convention on voted secession decisively it , attacked was the state militia it was by attacked federal forces was by attacked federal forces under by attacked federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon for it , declared a time itself , it declared a time in neutrality , ended September 1861 neutrality , ended September 1861 and the state and ended reaffirmed its Union status in Confederate sympathizers , organized 1861

1861 , Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention , Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention , Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention , formed , a Unionist government in asked Wheeling a Unionist government in Wheeling asked 48 counties A voter turnout of 34 percent approved the statehood bill Twenty-four secessionist counties were included in the new state Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union A Unionist secession attempt occurred in East Tennessee , The Civil War by was marked a contest by a contest marked was the ferocity 237 named battles , fought were four years John Keegan "The American Civil War" , writes his book in the entire U.S. army , numbered Montgomery Montgomery , the entire U.S. army numbered 16,000 The Confederate Congress authorized the new nation up to 100,000 troops sent by the new nation authorized sent up to 100,000 troops of both sides , had the war the war , both sides had far more volunteers , both sides had far more volunteers than both sides they had than far more volunteers they had than far more volunteers could The U.S. Congress followed in July , were energetically by recruited the states energetically by recruited the states and by recruited the states and used States and local communities offered higher and higher cash bonuses Congress tightened the law in March 1863 selected in provide could the draft Many eligibles pooled their money to cover Families used the substitute provision to select which man used to select the substitute provision There was much evasion and in July 1863 who involved Irish immigrants July 1863 who involved Irish immigrants had who involved Irish immigrants had been In some 120,000 men , evaded the North the North , some 120,000 men evaded conscription , some 120,000 men evaded conscription , some 120,000 men many evaded , conscription many evaded , conscription of the Union and Confederate armies , grown had 1860 the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the "largest and most efficient armies , a system of operated paroles they were held in camps by in held run camps

The system of collapsed exchanges in the Confederacy in collapsed when 1863 Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports the main riverine war was fought in the West The U.S. Navy eventually gained control of The Civil War occurred during the early stages of Many naval innovations emerged during this time , Only half of these saw active service Many were equipped with ram bows up the Union Navy , used the Mississippi the Mississippi , the Union Navy used timberclads , the Union Navy used timberclads , the Union Navy used timberclads , tinclads The Confederacy experimented with the submarine , which with experimented , the submarine " Virginia " inflicted significant damage Virginia " inflicted significant damage to The resulting three-hour Battle of Hampton Roads was a draw it was , but a draw the Confederacy , forced was the battle build the Confederacy , attempted effective warships the Confederacy , attempted effective warships to the Confederacy attempted to obtain warships General Winfield Scott , devised had early 1861 , General Winfield Scott had devised the Anaconda Plan General Winfield Scott had devised the Anaconda Plan to a Union blockade that argued of the main ports Lincoln adopted parts of the plan realized it , was the mistake it , was the mistake too The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with The Confederates began the war short on Arms manufactures in restricted were the industrial North in by were restricted the industrial North the industrial North were by restricted an arms embargo were by restricted an arms embargo , by restricted an arms embargo , keeping to the Confederacy British investors that built small, fast, steam-driven blockade runners the Confederacy British investors that built small, fast, steam-driven blockade runners traded that small, fast, steam-driven blockade runners built traded arms Many of were the ships lightweight The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war the blockade that argues was a powerful weapon The measure of was the blockade's success not the blockade's success that not was the few ships that not was the few ships slipped fight the Confederacy , purchased an offensive war

an offensive war , the Confederacy purchased ships , the Confederacy purchased ships in the Confederacy purchased ships in Britain the same ships were reflagged with European flags Britain that demanded compensate them against this , was the Union this , was the Union never Southerners , embargoed voluntarily 1861 , Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments , Cotton diplomacy Europe proved as a failure Europe proved as a failure had European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic , there was still a European public there was still a European public with many Union diplomats such as realized Carl Schurz such as emphasizing realized Carl Schurz as Carl Schurz emphasizing realized the war Carl Schurz emphasizing realized the war against emphasizing realized the war against slavery U.S. minister to proved Britain Charles Francis Adams particularly The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial shipbuilders , the , did considerable damage the , did considerable damage and War loomed in late 1861 between Prince Albert had left his deathbed to he due to honored the respect the British response to toned was the United States In the British government , considered 1862 the British government , considered 1862 mediating the British government considered mediating between the Union The Union victory in the British caused the Battle of Antietam in the British caused the Battle of Antietam to the British caused the Battle of Antietam to delay the British caused to delay this decision The Emancipation Proclamation over reinforce would time Washington repeatedly protested France's violation of France's seizure of deterred ultimately Mexico Confederate offers late in the war Russia supported the Union , largely The primary Confederate force in the Eastern theater was the Army of Northern Virginia The Army originated as the (Confederate) Army of Units from merged were the Army of the Northwest The Army of renamed was the Potomac the army that asserts received its final name at Colonel Thomas J. Jackson , assigned Harper's Ferry Harper's Ferry , Colonel Thomas J. Jackson assigned Jeb Stuart , Colonel Thomas J. Jackson assigned Jeb Stuart to

Colonel Thomas J. Jackson assigned Jeb Stuart to command The Union had the upper hand at first begin McClellan , attacked offensive operations offensive operations , McClellan attacked Virginia , McClellan attacked Virginia in McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 in Stonewall Jackson , led the Shenandoah Valley the Shenandoah Valley , Stonewall Jackson led his Valley Campaign on Jackson's 17,000 men , marched interior lines Jackson's 17,000 men , marched interior lines 646 miles Johnston halted McClellan's advance at the Battle of Seven Pines by the Confederacy , made Second Bull Run Second Bull Run , the Confederacy made its first invasion , the Confederacy made its first invasion of the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North General Lee led 45,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to Lee's army checked at last , he , replaced was Antietam he was by replaced Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside to his Chancellorsville Campaign , proved one one , his Chancellorsville Campaign proved ineffective , his Chancellorsville Campaign proved ineffective and his Chancellorsville Campaign he proved and ineffective he proved and ineffective was Chancellorsville is known as Lee's "perfect battle Gen. Stonewall Jackson was shot in the arm was by in shot the arm by in the arm shot accidental friendly fire Lee on occurred as May 3 , John Sedgwick advanced across the Rappahannock River John Sedgwick advanced across the Rappahannock River , Gen. Hooker was by replaced Maj. Gen. George Meade was by replaced Maj. Gen. George Meade during by replaced Maj. Gen. George Meade during Lee's second invasion Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg This was the bloodiest battle of the war The primary Union forces in the Western theater were the Army After Lincoln , turned Meade's inconclusive fall campaign Lincoln , turned Meade's inconclusive fall campaign to , Lincoln turned to the Western Theater Lincoln turned to the Western Theater for The primary Confederate force in the Western theater was the Army The army was formed on November 20, 1862 the West who was , Ulysses S. Grant

who was , Ulysses S. Grant won Nathan Bedford Forrest rallied nearly 4,000 Confederate troops and led Leonidas Polk's invasion of Columbus ended Kentucky's policy Grant used river transport and Andrew Foote's gunboats at Grant , cut Belmont Grant , cut Belmont off , Grant cut off Columbus in the Confederates , made April 1862 April 1862 , the Confederates made a surprise attack , the Confederates that made a surprise attack the Confederates that made a surprise attack pushed that a surprise attack made pushed Union forces Overnight , the Navy landed additional reinforcements , the Navy landed additional reinforcements , the Navy landed additional reinforcements , and Grant and the Union won a decisive victory In the Union Navy , captured April 1862 April 1862 , the Union Navy captured New Orleans " The key to was the river The key to the river was New Orleans U.S. Naval forces under ran Farragut past Confederate forces abandoned the city , giving Memphis fell to Union forces on , the campaign ended with a meaningless victory the campaign ended with a meaningless victory over The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga , The Trans-Mississippi theater refers to military operations west The Trans-Mississippi District was by formed the Confederate Army was by formed the Confederate Army to by formed the Confederate Army to better The first battle of the Trans-Mississippi theater was the Battle Extensive guerrilla warfare characterized the trans-Mississippi region , as the Confederacy characterized , as the trans-Mississippi region By these violent activities , harmed 1864 1864 , these violent activities harmed the nationwide anti-war movement , these violent activities harmed the nationwide anti-war movement organizing these violent activities harmed the nationwide anti-war movement organizing against The Battle of Glorieta Pass was the decisive battle The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Mexico In civil war , broke the Indian Territory civil war , broke the Indian Territory out civil war broke out within tribes About 12,000 Indian warriors fought for the Confederacy and General Kirby Smith in informed was Texas

in by was informed Texas Texas was by informed Jefferson Davis was by informed Jefferson Davis that he by informed that Jefferson Davis beat he , built Union armies he , built Union armies up , he built up a formidable arsenal he built up a formidable arsenal at The Lower Seaboard theater that to refers military and naval operations that to refers military and naval operations occurred capture the Union military , tried Charleston Charleston , the Union military tried two approaches , the Union military tried two approaches ; the Union military tried two approaches ; by Fort Pulaski on the Georgia coast was an early target an expedition , organized was Port Royal an expedition was organized with engineer troops a Union naval task force commanded by attacked Commander David D. Porter commanded by Commander David D. Porter attacked Forts Jackson by Commander David D. Porter attacked Forts Jackson and bombarded other vessels , forced the forts the forts , other vessels forced a break , other vessels forced a break in other vessels forced a break in the obstructions A Union army force commanded by landed Major General Benjamin Butler commanded by landed Major General Benjamin Butler near by Major General Benjamin Butler landed near the forts the Union Army of the Gulf commanded by laid Major General Nathaniel P. Banks commanded by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks laid siege by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks laid siege to Several small skirmishes were fought in Florida At Lincoln , made the beginning of 1864 the beginning of 1864 , Lincoln made Grant commander , Lincoln made Grant commander of Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac Grant understood the concept of total war This was total war not in This policy I believe exercised a material influence I believe exercised a material influence in Grant that devised a coordinated strategy would that devised a coordinated strategy would strike Grant's army set out on the Overland Campaign intending These battles resulted in heavy losses on Each battle resulted in setbacks for

Grant finally found a commander , The Battle of New Market was the Confederacy's last major victory redoubling Sheridan , defeated his efforts , Sherman maneuvered from Chattanooga Sherman maneuvered from Chattanooga to Hood left the Atlanta area to swing of Sherman's army , marched supplies Sherman's army , marched supplies with , Sherman's army marched with an unknown destination Sherman's army marched with an unknown destination , He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah of there ; were freed slaves freed slaves ; there were no major battles ; there were no major battles along there were no major battles along the March Lee decided to evacuate his army The Confederate capital fell to the Union XXV Corps , Grant chased Lee and got After Lee , decided an initial battle Lee , decided an initial battle that Lee , permitted was the Union President Lincoln , shot was April 14, 1865 President Lincoln was by shot John Wilkes Booth was by shot John Wilkes Booth , by shot John Wilkes Booth , a Confederate sympathizer , Confederate forces across surrendered the South Confederate forces across surrendered the South as at General Joseph E. Johnston , surrendered a tobacco barn a tobacco barn , General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 men , General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 men of General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 men of the Army of Tennessee It proved to be the largest surrender Kirby Smith , surrendered officially June 2 , Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops in On Cherokee leader Stand Watie , became June 23 June 23 , Cherokee leader Stand Watie became the last Confederate general , Cherokee leader Stand Watie became the last Confederate general to Cherokee leader Stand Watie became the last Confederate general to surrender Confederate victory , argue that James McPherson the North's advantage that argues in population Lincoln was not a military dictator and of all , hope 1864 all , hope 1864 for , all hope for a political victory all hope for a political victory for

Lincoln , secured had that point , Lincoln had secured the support Lincoln had secured the support of the Union that argue held an insurmountable long-term advantage the North that think fought that war the South think ever had a chance A minority view among is historians that among the Confederacy is that historians the Confederacy is that historians lost However , most historians reject the argument they ; believed truly the end in he , says 1864–65 most Confederate soldiers , he says 1864–65 Historian Gary Gallagher who cites General Sherman in who General Sherman cites in early 1864 Lincoln's eloquence were in rationalizing the national purpose The Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President's war powers The Confederate government failed in its attempt to Southern leaders needed to get European powers Scholars have the effects debated what have the effects debated what of the effects what debated of the war the southern planter elite that is retained its powerful position The war resulted in at least 1,030,000 casualties ( Binghamton University historian J. David Hacker the number believes of soldier deaths the number believes of soldier deaths was analysis of that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people found census data of that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people found census data , that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people found census data , but About 56,000 soldiers died in prison camps during of they , amounted the Union death toll they , amounted the Union death toll to , they amounted to 15 percent they amounted to 15 percent of Losses among were African Americans high , approximately 20 percent of enrolled all African Americans approximately 20 percent of enrolled all African Americans in compiled by 74,524 killed historian William F. Fox list by 74,524 killed historian William F. Fox list and 74,524 killed historian William F. Fox list and died no records exist would bring the Confederate death toll both armies , counted only benefits , both armies only counted troops both armies only who counted troops only who counted troops died

who counted troops died during Deaths among proven has former slaves Abolishing slavery was not a Union war goal from Lincoln's initial claims preserving that were the Union preserving that were the Union was In the South , saw contrast contrast , the South saw itself , the South saw itself as the South saw itself as fighting in the motivation , was contrast the motivation , was contrast primarily the war dragged on became it slavery became clear that it ending slavery made a war goal Lincoln's decision to issue angered the Emancipation Proclamation flood Democrats , made the North the North , Democrats made gains , Democrats made gains in Democrats made gains in the 1862 elections Slavery for ended effectively the Confederacy's 3.5 million blacks Union armies in ended when each area The last Confederate slaves were freed on June 19, 1865 in the Emancipation Proclamation occupied before some former Confederate territory the Emancipation Proclamation occupied before some former Confederate territory were The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African-Americans , both free blacks abolition did not enjoy wide support In Lincoln , worried 1861 Lincoln , worried 1861 that premature attempts that worried at emancipation first , Lincoln reversed attempts , Lincoln reversed attempts at Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation Lincoln a more radical type warned that the border states a more radical type warned that the border states of But only the District of Columbia accepted Lincoln's gradual plan , only the District of Columbia which accepted , Lincoln's gradual plan which accepted , Lincoln's gradual plan was about Seward , advised his proposed emancipation proclamation his proposed emancipation proclamation , Seward advised Lincoln , Seward advised Lincoln to Seward advised Lincoln to wait Lincoln laid the groundwork for public support Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862 to Lincoln , explained Albert G. Hodges Albert G. Hodges , Lincoln explained his belief , Lincoln explained his belief that Lincoln explained his belief that " Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in inducing border states were not by covered the Emancipation Proclamation All abolished slavery on their the proclamation did not enjoy universal support

It caused much unrest in the Western states it , included only the President's war powers , it only included territory it only included territory held only by included held territory by territory held included Confederates However , the Proclamation became a symbol , the Proclamation became a symbol of the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union's growing commitment The Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy's hope of The war had utterly devastated the South The war destroyed much of the wealth that much of destroyed the wealth Reconstruction began during the war , It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve President Johnson took a lenient approach and saw Radical Republicans Confederate nationalism demanded that proof Confederate nationalism demanded that proof was They came to the fore after the "Liberal Republicans , argued " 1872 They ran a presidential ticket in 1872 The Compromise of closed 1877 with the Civil War with closed that a national consensus The Civil War would have a huge impact on The Civil War is one of the central events There are innumerable statues , commemorations The memory includes the home front , military affairs Professional historians have paid much more attention to Military history has largely developed outside academia The myth shaped regional identity and race relations for generations secession , said was any case the adoption that argues of the Lost Cause perspective He also deems the Lost Cause " The Lost Cause myth was by formalized Charles A. Beard was by formalized Charles A. Beard and by formalized Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard The Beards downplayed slavery , abolitionism Soldiers began erecting markers on In the United States government , established the 1890s the 1890s , the United States government established five Civil War battlefield parks , the United States government established five Civil War battlefield parks under the United States government established five Civil War battlefield parks under the jurisdiction The Shiloh National Military Park was established in 1894 Hollywood's take on been has the war Numerous technological innovations during the Civil War had a great impact The Civil War was one of the earliest examples

It was also in this war It saw the first action involving steam-powered ironclad warships during they ; were the Civil War the Civil War ; they were a revolutionary invention ; they that were a revolutionary invention they that were a revolutionary invention would that were a revolutionary invention would soon The Civil War is one of the most studied events His works explore the relationship between artistic expression Warhol , pursued initially Pittsburgh , Warhol initially pursued a successful career Warhol initially pursued a successful career as in he , began the late 1950s he , began the late 1950s to he began to receive recognition The Factory , that became a well-known gathering place , that became a well-known gathering place brought that became a well-known gathering place brought together He promoted a collection of personalities In he managed the late 1960s and he managed the late 1960s and produced he managed and produced the experimental rock band He authored numerous books , including He lived openly as a gay man was almost by killed radical feminist Valerie Solanas almost by killed radical feminist Valerie Solanas , who by killed , radical feminist Valerie Solanas Warhol has been the subject of Many of are his creations very Warhol was born on August 6, 1928 His parents were working-class Lemko emigrants from Mikó Warhol's father emigrated to the United States in The family lived at 55 Beelen Street and The family was Ruthenian Catholic and attended Andy Warhol Pavol had — two elder brothers Pavol had — two elder brothers ( In Warhol , had third grade third grade , Warhol had Sydenham's chorea , Warhol had Sydenham's chorea ( Warhol had Sydenham's chorea ( also Warhol later described this period as As Warhol , graduated a teenager Warhol , graduated a teenager from , Warhol graduated from Schenley High School Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in from his intentions , were high school his intentions , were high school to his intentions were to study art education Warhol there , joined his time there , Warhol joined the campus

, Warhol joined the campus Modern Dance Club Warhol joined the campus Modern Dance Club and He also served as art director Warhol earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in pictorial design Warhol's early career was dedicated to commercial and advertising art In Warhol , worked the 1950s Warhol , worked the 1950s as , Warhol worked as a designer Warhol worked as a designer for in Warhol , developed the shoe industry the shoe industry , Warhol developed his "blotted line" technique , Warhol developed his "blotted line" technique , Warhol developed his "blotted line" technique , applying him and ink allowed paper him allowed to repeat the basic image he , included was 1956 he was included in his first group exhibition Warhol habitually used the expedient of " the photographs would undergo a subtle transformation the photographs would undergo a subtle transformation during Warhol was an early adopter of the silk screen printmaking process Warhol , taught was 1962 , Warhol was taught silk screen printmaking techniques Warhol was by taught silk screen printmaking techniques was by silk screen printmaking techniques taught Max Arthur Cohn by silk screen printmaking techniques taught Max Arthur Cohn at Warhol , featured was May 1962 Warhol was featured in an article That painting became Warhol 's first In Warhol , has November 1962 November 1962 , Warhol has an exhibition , Warhol has an exhibition at Warhol has an exhibition at Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery The exhibit included the works "Gold Marilyn " Some of named were the canvases The others are by identified their background colors , was by bought the architect was by bought the architect Philip Johnson by bought the architect Philip Johnson and , New York City's Museum of hosted Modern Art New York City's Museum of Modern Art hosted a symposium Warhol had his second exhibition at the Stable Gallery For Warhol custom , ordered the exhibition the exhibition , Warhol custom ordered wooden boxes , Warhol custom ordered wooden boxes and Warhol custom ordered wooden boxes and silkscreened A pivotal event was "The American Supermarket" exhibition at Paul Bianchini's Upper East Side gallery

The show was presented as a typical small supermarket environment Warhol designed a $12 paper shopping bag — plain each $ cost while 1,500 in Warhol , used the 1950s the 1950s , Warhol used assistants , Warhol used assistants to Warhol used assistants to increase throughout this ; was his career this ; was his career particularly Malanga assisted the artist with the production Warhol , groomed also the 1960s , Warhol also groomed a retinue Warhol also groomed a retinue of These people all participated in the Factory films many in appear ( Warhol films On radical feminist writer Valerie Solanas , shot June 3, 1968 June 3, 1968 , radical feminist writer Valerie Solanas shot Warhol , radical feminist writer Valerie Solanas shot Warhol and radical feminist writer Valerie Solanas shot Warhol and Mario Amaya Solanas , been had the shooting , Solanas had been a marginal figure Solanas had been a marginal figure in She authored in 1967 the "SCUM Manifesto Amaya received only minor injuries and was was seriously by wounded the attack seriously by wounded the attack and by wounded the attack and barely He suffered physical effects for the rest of she , said explanation she , said explanation that Warhol had a retrospective exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art His famous portrait of created was Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong In he , published 1975 he , published 1975 " , he published " The Philosophy of Andy Warhol he published " The Philosophy of Andy Warhol " in the 1970s , were the 1960s the 1960s , the 1970s were a much quieter decade , the 1970s were a much quieter decade , the 1970s were a much quieter decade , as he were , as a much quieter decade He socialized at various nightspots in to Warhol , devoted Bob Colacello Bob Colacello , Warhol devoted much , Warhol devoted much of Warhol devoted much of his time Warhol had a re - emergence Critics panned his 1980 exhibition "Ten Portraits of Jews Warhol also had an appreciation for

Before he , teamed the 1984 Sarajevo Winter Olympics he , teamed the 1984 Sarajevo Winter Olympics with , he teamed with 15 other artists he teamed with 15 other artists , " Vanity Fair " commissioned Warhol Vanity Fair " commissioned Warhol to Prince is depicted in a pop color palette In Warhol , traveled January 1987 Warhol , traveled January 1987 to , Warhol traveled to Milan Warhol traveled to Milan for Warhol died in Manhattan at he had been making a good recovery His family sued the hospital for inadequate care before doctors , expected Warhol's death Warhol , doctors expected Warhol's death Warhol expected to survive the surgery Warhol's brothers took his body back to The solid bronze casket had gold-plated rails and white upholstery Warhol was dressed in a black cashmere suit The funeral liturgy was held at the Holy Ghost Byzantine Catholic Church The eulogy was by given Monsignor Peter Tay Yoko Ono and John Richardson were speakers The coffin was covered with white roses At the priest , said the grave the grave , the priest said a brief prayer , the priest said a brief prayer and the priest said a brief prayer and sprinkled His early paintings show images taken from Marilyn Monroe Warhol was that a pop art painting Warhol was that a pop art painting had Those drips emulated the style of successful abstract expressionists Warhol's first pop art paintings were displayed in April 1961 It who was Muriel Latow the gallerist who was Muriel Latow the gallerist came From he , developed these beginnings these beginnings , he developed his later style , he developed his later style and he developed his later style and subjects his later drawings ; traced were silk-screening his later drawings were traced from slide projections his subject ; be could both comic and serious works ; his subject could be a soup can his subject could be a soup can or Warhol , commissioned was 1979 Warhol was by commissioned BMW was by commissioned BMW to by commissioned BMW to paint It was reported at the time

was that at reported the time that at reported the time , , Warhol returned to painting Warhol returned to painting with In Warhol , began 1983 Warhol , began 1983 collaborating Warhol began collaborating with Basquiat Warhol and Basquiat created a series Warhol , commissioned was 1984 Warhol was by commissioned collector was by commissioned collector and by commissioned collector and gallerist Alexander Iolas by " was seen "The Last Supper " was by seen some was by seen some as by seen some as " The value of been has Andy Warhol's work In his works , accumulated 2014 2014 , his works accumulated $569 million , his works accumulated $569 million at his works accumulated $569 million at auction , there have been some dips pulled it : rises uphill it : rises uphill and She attributes this to the consistent influx Stefan Edlis and Gael Neeson sold Warhol's "Turquoise Marilyn ) was by sold Annibale Berlingieri was by sold Annibale Berlingieri for by sold Annibale Berlingieri for $100 million The work depicts Elvis Presley in a gunslinger pose Warhol made 22 versions of the "Double Elvis , Warhol's first self-portrait from sold 1963–64 Warhol's first self-portrait from sold 1963–64 for Warhol 's rarely seen 1963 diptych Warhol attended the 1962 premiere of the static composition to Warhol's static films , claims the Trio premiere Warhol's static films , claims the Trio premiere were Between 1963 and 1968 , he made more than 60 films , he made more than 60 films , he made more than 60 films , plus " Batman Dracula " is a 1964 film Batman Dracula " that is a 1964 film " that is a 1964 film was that is a 1964 film was produced Warhol's 1965 film "Vinyl " is an adaptation of Others record improvised encounters between record improvised encounters between Factory regulars His most popular and critically successful film was " Chelsea Girls " Warhol was a fan of filmmaker of a reclusive Warhol , relinquished the 1968 shooting the 1968 shooting , a reclusive Warhol relinquished his personal involvement

, a reclusive Warhol relinquished his personal involvement in a reclusive Warhol relinquished his personal involvement in filmmaking directed by pulled were Warhol by pulled were Warhol out by out of pulled circulation were slowly by restored the Whitney Museum slowly by restored the Whitney Museum and by restored the Whitney Museum and are In Warhol , adopted the mid-1960s the mid-1960s , Warhol adopted the band , Warhol adopted the band the Velvet Underground Warhol adopted the band the Velvet Underground , Andy , have would The Velvet Underground he , produced " 1966 he " produced " their first album His actual participation in amounted the album's production to He designed the cover art for The Rolling Stones' albums The original edition was limited to 190 numbered, hand-colored copies Most of given were these of by were given these these were by given Warhol were by given Warhol as by given Warhol as gifts Warhol created the fashion magazine "Interview " that created "Interview " the fashion magazine In he , told 1980 1980 , he told an interviewer , he told an interviewer that he he told that an interviewer he told that an interviewer was at it , felt the interview it , felt the interview was Warhol's assertion of seem would virginity also been by contradicted his lovers been by contradicted his lovers , by contradicted his lovers , including What seduced me was the Andy Warhol seduced me was the Andy Warhol who me I the Andy Warhol was who I the Andy Warhol was who saw he got kind of public Warhol that denied was only a voyeur Andy exuded it , along It brought a joy to the whole art world Warhol's lovers included John Giorno , Billy Name Throughout Warhol , produced his career his career , Warhol produced erotic photography , Warhol produced erotic photography and Warhol produced erotic photography and drawings furthermore , the artist recalls a conversation , the artist recalls a conversation with the artist recalls a conversation with the filmmaker to Warhol , writes this Warhol , writes this ,

Other people could change their attitudes but exploring many , turn Warhol's biography many , turn Warhol's biography to , many turn to this period many turn to this period — He regularly volunteered at homeless shelters Many of Warhol's later works depicted religious subjects Warhol , attended regularly his life , Warhol regularly attended Liturgy Warhol regularly attended Liturgy , Warhol's brother has described the artist as , in John Richardson depicted Warhol's eulogy in Warhol's eulogy John Richardson depicted it Warhol's eulogy John Richardson depicted it as John Richardson depicted it as devout His friends referred to his numerous collections , which to referred , his numerous collections Warhol's collections included a Coca-Cola memorabilia sign , and It also included significant works of One of his main collections was his wigs Warhol owned more than 40 and felt In a girl , snatched 1985 1985 , a girl snatched Warhol's wig , a girl snatched Warhol's wig off a girl snatched Warhol's wig off his head Andy Warhol also collected many books , His book collection reflects his eclectic taste and interests In the U.S. Postal Service , issued 2002 2002 , the U.S. Postal Service issued an 18-cent stamp , the U.S. Postal Service issued an 18-cent stamp commemorating the U.S. Postal Service issued an 18-cent stamp commemorating Warhol the stamp was unveiled at a ceremony , the Andy Warhol Foundation for began the Visual Arts The Artists Rights Society is the U.S. copyright representative for the Andy Warhol Foundation The U.S. copyright representative for Warhol film stills is the Warhol Museum , the Andy Warhol Foundation for has the Visual Arts the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts has agreements The Andy Warhol Foundation released its "20th Anniversary Annual Report " as The Foundation is in the process of Warhol founded "Interview" magazine , a stage He collaborated with others on he that say produced people Warhol , portrayed was his death Warhol was by portrayed Crispin Glover was by portrayed Crispin Glover in by portrayed Crispin Glover in Oliver Stone's film Warhol appears as a character in

Actor Mark Bringleson makes a brief cameo as Warhol Many films by caught have avant-garde cineast Jonas Mekas Sean Gregory Sullivan depicted Warhol in the film Guy Pearce portrayed Warhol in the film "Factory Girl " a group of are Andy Warhols a group of Andy Warhols are part Warhol is throwing a party at You got ta fake my death portrayed by is ) Tom Meeten by Tom Meeten ) is one In The Billionaire Boys Club" Cary Elwes " portrays the 2017 feature the 2017 feature " The Billionaire Boys Club" Cary Elwes portrays Warhol " The Billionaire Boys Club" Cary Elwes portrays Warhol in The Billionaire Boys Club" Cary Elwes portrays Warhol in a film Warhol appeared as a recurring character in Warhol was by portrayed Evan Peters was by portrayed Evan Peters in by portrayed Evan Peters in the ' episode Andy Warhol , commissioned was early 1969 Andy Warhol was by commissioned Braniff International was by commissioned Braniff International to by commissioned Braniff International to appear The campaign was by created the advertising agency was Lois Holland Calloway by created the advertising agency Lois Holland Calloway by created the advertising agency , who involved pairing The first commercial series unlikely people Two additional commercials for created were Braniff for that were created Braniff that were created Braniff featured were that created featured famous persons that created featured famous persons entering Lois succeeded Wells Rich Greene Agency on December 1, 1968 He greatly expanded the Seljuk territory and Alp Arslan was the son of Chaghri His grandfather who was , Mikail who was , Mikail in He was the father of numerous children His wives included the widow of his uncle Alp Arslan accompanied his uncle Tughril on to he , began Khorasan Khorasan , he began his work , he began his work in he began his work in administration of Alp Arslan , succeeded his father his father , Alp Arslan succeeded him , Alp Arslan succeeded him as Alp Arslan succeeded him as governor His uncle Tughril died in 1063 Kutalmish both which contested this succession

both which contested this succession was which contested this succession was resolved in Alp Arslan , invaded 1068 1068 , Alp Arslan invaded the Byzantine Empire the Turks , defeated were three arduous campaigns the Turks were defeated in detail The first two campaigns were by conducted the emperor were by conducted the emperor himself by conducted the emperor himself , Romanos , took again 1071 , Romanos again took the field Romanos again took the field and of the two forces , waged Lake Van Lake Van , the two forces waged the Battle , the two forces waged the Battle of the two forces waged the Battle of Manzikert The Cuman mercenaries among defected immediately the Byzantine forces the Western mercenaries , " rode this Romanos was by betrayed general Andronikos Doukas was by betrayed general Andronikos Doukas , by betrayed general Andronikos Doukas , son Alp Arslan's victories changed the balance in near , the victory at signalled Manzikert the victory at Manzikert signalled the beginning Domestic affairs were by handled his able vizier were by handled his able vizier , by handled his able vizier , Nizam al-Mulk by established , were Seljuq princes This type of military fiefdom enabled the nomadic Turks he ; appointed was Arslan's throne ; he was appointed governor he was appointed governor of , the dominion of extended Alp Arslan the dominion of extended Alp Arslan over With he advanced a powerful army to a powerful army he advanced to the banks he advanced to the banks of against Alp Arslan , gained his Qarakhanid enemy his Qarakhanid enemy , Alp Arslan gained the governor's submission , Alp Arslan gained the governor's submission by Alp Arslan gained the governor's submission by promising before the Sultan , ordered him the Sultan , ordered him that One of his wives was Safariyya Khatun She had a daughter , Sifri Khatun Safariyya died in Isfahan in Another of his wives was Akka Khatun She had been formerly the wife Alp Arslan married her after Tughril's death Another of his wives was Shah Khatun She was the daughter of Qadir Khan Yusuf

Another of his wives was the daughter He divorced her soon after His sons were Malik-Shah I , Tutush I One of married , his daughters AFI ) that is an American film organization ) that is an American film organization educates that an American film organization is educates filmmakers The institute is composed of leaders The board of chaired is trustees of by is chaired trustees trustees is by chaired Kathleen Kennedy is by chaired Kathleen Kennedy and by chaired Kathleen Kennedy and the board The American Film Institute was by founded a 1965 presidential mandate was by founded a 1965 presidential mandate announced by founded a 1965 presidential mandate announced in The institute established a training program for filmmakers The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in AFI moved its presentation of first-run and auteur films In the institute , established 1969 1969 , the institute established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies , the institute established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies at the institute established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies at Greystone The first class included filmmakers Terrence Malick , Caleb Deschanel That program grew into the AFI Conservatory , Mirroring Fellows , collaborate a professional production environment Fellows , collaborate a professional production environment to Fellows collaborate to make more films Brooks' artistic role at the AFI Conservatory has a rich legacy at the AFI Conservatory that has a rich legacy the AFI Conservatory that has a rich legacy includes that a rich legacy has includes Daniel Petrie Award-winning director Bob Mandel served as dean Jan Schuette took over as dean AFI Conservatory's alumni have careers in film for the catalog , consists film historians the catalog , consists film historians of , the catalog consists of entries the catalog consists of entries on in the AFI Awards , honor 2000 2000 , the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films , the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films ("Movies of the Year the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films ("Movies of the Year " The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists ,

AFI Fest is the American Film Institute's annual celebration of artistic excellence It is a showcase for the best festival films It is the only festival of its stature that the only festival of is its stature The AFI Silver Theatre and Cultural Center is a moving image exhibition , education The Directing Workshop for Women is a training program committed to AFI released a set of hour-long programs who was and painter a Japanese filmmaker Kurosawa entered the Japanese film industry in 1936 scriptwriter , he made his debut , he made his debut as he made his debut as a director The commercial and critical success of opened that film up Kurosawa directed approximately one film per year In he , accepted 1990 1990 , he accepted the Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement he was named " Asian Kurosawa was born on March 23, 1910 promoting Isamu Kurosawa , was physical exercise Isamu Kurosawa , was physical exercise open Isamu Kurosawa was open to Western traditions watch young Akira ; viewed films films ; young Akira viewed his first movies ; young Akira viewed his first movies at young Akira viewed his first movies at the age of six An important formative influence was his elementary school teacher Mr. Tachikawa , whose progressive educational practices was Mr. Tachikawa , his elementary school teacher Another major childhood influence was Heigo Kurosawa ( 1906-1933 of Heigo , took 1923 1923 , Heigo took the thirteen-year-old Akira , Heigo took the thirteen-year-old Akira to Heigo took the thirteen-year-old Akira to view In Heigo , became the late 1920s the late 1920s , Heigo became a benshi , Heigo became a benshi ( Heigo became a benshi ( silent film narrator With Akira , devoured Heigo's guidance Heigo's guidance , Akira devoured not only films , Akira devoured not only films but Akira devoured not only films but also , film narrators like began Heigo film narrators like began Heigo to In Heigo , committed July 1933 July 1933 , Heigo committed suicide Kurosawa has commented on the lasting sense as Kurosawa , submitted a profession

a profession , Kurosawa submitted the required essay , Kurosawa submitted the required essay , Kurosawa which submitted , the required essay which submitted , the required essay asked Kurosawa's essay earned him a call to as Kurosawa , worked an assistant director Kurosawa , worked an assistant director under , Kurosawa worked under numerous directors Kurosawa worked under numerous directors , as he , worked A.D. he , worked A.D. on , he worked on 17 he worked on 17 under Yamamoto nurtured Kurosawa's talent , promoting Yamamoto advised Kurosawa that a the potential earnings that realized from his scripts in Kurosawa , searched 1941 Kurosawa , searched 1941 for , Kurosawa searched for a story Kurosawa he for searched a story he for searched a story could on novelist Tsuneo Tomita , published Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor , novelist Tsuneo Tomita published his Musashi Miyamoto-inspired judo novel , novelist Tsuneo Tomita published his Musashi Miyamoto-inspired judo novel , novelist Tsuneo Tomita published his Musashi Miyamoto-inspired judo novel , " He bought the book on its publication day Kurosawa's initial instinct proved correct as , Shooting of began " "Sanshiro Sugata Kurosawa had just turned 33 He next turned to the subject from the director , had his actresses them , the director had his actresses them had live in a real factory , was by chosen her colleagues was by chosen her colleagues to by chosen her colleagues to present They married on May 21, 1945 , Kurosawa , pressured was his marriage Kurosawa was by pressured the studio was by pressured the studio against by pressured the studio against his will Kurosawa decided to write the script Japan , surrendered had this time the occupation and surrendered of Japan The new American censors interpreted the values allegedly promoted that to make sought films for the heroic central character , is the director the director , the heroic central character is a woman , the heroic central character is a woman , the heroic central character is a woman , Yukie "One Wonderful Sunday " premiered in July 1947

It is a relatively uncomplicated and sentimental love story dealing with The movie bears the influence of Frank Capra It marked the debut of the intense young actor Toshiro Mifune to Kurosawa , felt American censorship Kurosawa , felt American censorship that this that felt was the first film with it , was tuberculosis it , was tuberculosis also , it was also the first time it was also the first time that Kurosawa also was that the first time his explosive performance as dominates so the gangster so he dominates that the drama he dominates that the drama shifted for Kurosawa , turned Daiei studios Kurosawa , turned Daiei studios to , Kurosawa turned to a contemporary play Kurosawa turned to a contemporary play by released by was , Shintoho by was , Shintoho " It is a detective movie ( perhaps the first important Japanese film of it , was his, Georges Simenon his, Georges Simenon , it was the director's first collaboration , it was the director's first collaboration with it was the director's first collaboration with screenwriter Ryuzo Kikushima of it ; employed the gun thief the gun thief ; it employed actual documentary footage ; it employed actual documentary footage of it employed actual documentary footage of war-ravaged Tokyo neighborhoods by , was inspired April 1950 , was by inspired the director's personal experiences was by inspired the director's personal experiences with by inspired the director's personal experiences with , The work is an ambitious mixture of courtroom drama Kurosawa was by approached Daiei studios was by approached Daiei studios to by approached Daiei studios to make Kurosawa picked a script by an aspiring young screenwriter Their first joint effort was based on Ryūnosuke Akutagawa's experimental short story The shooting of began " "Rashomon Just one week was spent in hurried post The story is relocated from Russia A studio-mandated edit shortened it from Kurosawa's original cut in RKO , purchased Los Angeles Los Angeles , RKO purchased distribution rights , RKO purchased distribution rights to RKO purchased distribution rights to "Rashomon It had put out only one prior subtitled film

This success in led turn to "Rashomon released " was the end of 1952 commercial release in Kenji Mizoguchi were the West in Kenji Mizoguchi were the West ( Kenji Mizoguchi were the West ( " The movie stars Takashi Shimura as a cancer-ridden Tokyo bureaucrat For Kurosawa , brought the screenplay Kurosawa , brought the screenplay in , Kurosawa brought in Hashimoto Kurosawa brought in Hashimoto as Despite the screenwriters , took the work's grim subject matter the work's grim subject matter , the screenwriters took a satirical approach , the screenwriters took a satirical approach , the screenwriters took a satirical approach , which some a satirical approach , took which American pop songs figure prominently in the film rave it — won reviews reviews — it won Kurosawa — it won Kurosawa his second Kinema Junpo " it won Kurosawa his second Kinema Junpo " Best Film" award In Kurosawa , took December 1952 December 1952 , Kurosawa took his "Ikiru" screenwriters , Kurosawa took his "Ikiru" screenwriters , Kurosawa took his "Ikiru" screenwriters , Shinobu Hashimoto The ensemble work was Kurosawa's first proper samurai film , the genre Three months were spent in pre Shooting took up 148 days spread The film finally opened in April 1954, half a year by it , was Hollywood standards Hollywood standards , it was a quite modestly budgeted production , it was a quite modestly budgeted production , it was a quite modestly budgeted production , even The film received positive critical reaction and became is now by regarded some commentators now by regarded some commentators as by regarded some commentators as the greatest Japanese film nuclear tests in causing were the Pacific It is in this anxious atmosphere that Kurosawa's next film in is that this anxious atmosphere The story concerned an elderly factory owner ( Toshiro Mifune The film's score was by finished Hayasaka's student was by finished Hayasaka's student , by finished Hayasaka's student , Masaru Sato Record of opened " a Living Being Kurosawa instructed his leading actress , Isuzu Yamada It was filmed in 1956

The film premiered in September 1957 , He recognized this , and " The Hidden Fortress " became an enormous box office success The Hidden Fortress " became an enormous box office success in he , suggested that this development risking Kurosawa , chose his own money his own money , Kurosawa chose a story , Kurosawa that chose a story Kurosawa that chose a story was that chose a story was more who a revenge drama about is a young man Its theme proved topical : while the film proved : while topical The film opened in September 1960 to The director used this work to play Some commentators have seen the Sanjuro character in and the film , premiered Takao Saito the film , premiered Takao Saito in , the film premiered in April 1961 the film premiered in April 1961 and Kurosawa " , found "Yojimbo " , Kurosawa found himself , Kurosawa found himself under Kurosawa found himself under pressure Kurosawa he to turned a script he to turned a script had ( the others would be "Red Beard the others would be "Red Beard " It is lighter in tone Kurosawa had meanwhile instructed Toho The director intended to create a work It broke Kurosawa's box office record ( the third film he ( received himself this time ( he himself received kidnapping threats he himself received kidnapping threats directed " , it is a period film , it is a period film , it is a period film , set who plays was , Yasumoto Red Beard " premiered in April 1965 It remains one of Kurosawa's best-known and most-loved works critics , been have Japan The film marked something of an end The director himself recognized this at in television , began the late 1950s television , began the late 1950s increasingly Red Beard " also marked the midway point , he had directed twenty-three films he had directed twenty-three films , Red Beard " would be his final film the 56-year-old director was seriously contemplating change For Kurosawa , chose his first foreign project

his first foreign project , Kurosawa chose a story , Kurosawa chose a story based Kurosawa chose a story based on But the language barrier proved a major problem , the language barrier proved a major problem , and the English version proved , and a major problem He spent several months working on The director of turned the American sequences out Shooting began in early December , Kurosawa was examined at Kyoto University Hospital was by at examined Kyoto University Hospital by at Kyoto University Hospital examined a neuropsychologist On the Americans , announced Christmas Eve 1968 the Americans , announced Christmas Eve 1968 that He had spent years of his name had removed from the credits He became estranged from his longtime collaborator The project had inadvertently exposed corruption Kurosawa moved quickly to a new project To friends came his aid and friends came his aid and famed directors Keisuke Kinoshita by quickly ( shot Kurosawa's standards the dynamic editing and complex compositions of set were his earlier pictures It was released in Japan The picture lost money and caused the Club of lost and caused money Kurosawa " , turned "Dodesukaden , Kurosawa turned to television work Kurosawa turned to television work the following year It featured a voice - over in the small crew ; included Kurosawa's filmography Kurosawa's filmography ; the small crew included his frequent collaborator ; the small crew included his frequent collaborator Masaru Sato the small crew included his frequent collaborator Masaru Sato , who included Masaru Sato , his frequent collaborator on he , slit December 22, 1971 December 22, 1971 , he slit his wrists , he slit his wrists and he slit his wrists and throat the Soviet studio , approached Mosfilm early 1973 , the Soviet studio Mosfilm approached the film-maker the Soviet studio Mosfilm approached the film-maker to Kurosawa proposed an adaptation of Russian explorer Vladimir Arsenyev's autobiographical work "Dersu Uzala destroyed by was , encroaching civilization by encroaching civilization , was one , he one was that he one was that had In the 63-year-old Kurosawa , set December 1973

the 63-year-old Kurosawa , set December 1973 off the 63-year-old Kurosawa set off for the Soviet Union Shooting began in May 1974 in to he , had him him , he had no interest , he had no interest in he had no interest in working In American director George Lucas , released 1977 American director George Lucas , released 1977 " , American director George Lucas released " Star Wars American director George Lucas released " Star Wars " him revered and considered Kurosawa The two met in San Francisco two met in San Francisco in Production began the following April , with He was by replaced Tatsuya Nakadai was by replaced Tatsuya Nakadai , by replaced Tatsuya Nakadai , in It quickly became a massive hit in The film was also a critical and box office success abroad The international success of allowed " "Kagemusha of Kurosawa " allowed "Kagemusha Kurosawa " allowed "Kagemusha to time it came from French producer Serge Silberman it came from French producer Serge Silberman , who from came , French producer Serge Silberman Kurosawa returned to finish his film " Ran " won several awards Ran " won several awards in ( Sydney Pollack ultimately won the award Sydney Pollack ultimately won the award for For Kurosawa , chose his next movie his next movie , Kurosawa chose a subject , Kurosawa chose a subject very Kurosawa chose a subject very different "Dreams , was " brief dream sequences Kurosawa , so turned his productions so Kurosawa turned to another famous American fan Kurosawa turned to another famous American fan , it made easier for Kurosawa's son Shooting took more than eight months to complete In he , accepted 1990 1990 , he accepted the Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement he , said famously his acceptance speech Kurosawa now turned to a more conventional story It was adapted from a Kiyoko Murata novel This was his only movie to include by the film , follows Hyakken Uchida Hyakken Uchida , the film follows the life , the film follows the life of the film follows the life of a Japanese professor

Filming began in February 1992 and He wrote the original screenplays " The Sea is Watching in Kurosawa , slipped 1995 Kurosawa , slipped 1995 and Kurosawa slipped and broke the base he , use would the accident , he would use a wheelchair he would use a wheelchair for After Kurosawa's health , began his accident Kurosawa's health , began his accident to On Kurosawa , died September 6, 1998 Kurosawa , died September 6, 1998 of , Kurosawa died of a stroke Kurosawa died of a stroke in of Kurosawa , had his death his death , Kurosawa had two children , Kurosawa had two children , Kurosawa had two children , his son he , worked also a film-maker he also worked in theater he ; involved was it he was involved with all aspects He was a gifted screenwriter and worked He frequently served as editor Kurosawa's style is by marked a number is by marked a number of by marked a number of devices , he frequently employs the "axial cut he frequently employs the "axial cut " In Kurosawa , favored the film's soundtrack the film's soundtrack , Kurosawa favored the sound-image counterpoint , Kurosawa favored the sound-image counterpoint , Kurosawa favored the sound-image counterpoint , in Teruyo Nogami's memoir gives several such examples from " Kurosawa employed a number of recurring , some critics of began the French New Wave some critics of began the French New Wave to They viewed him to center Joan Mellen " , argued Seven Samurai certain shots that argued of the samurai characters Kambei with Kurosawa , defended Mellen Mellen , Kurosawa defended himself , Kurosawa defended himself , Kurosawa defended himself , saying have been by influenced Kurosawa's work Ingmar Bergman called his own film " The Virgin Spring I was almost a samurai myself ! I saw it three times Andrei Tarkovsky cited Kurosawa as one Sidney Lumet called Kurosawa the "Beethoven of movie directors Werner Herzog reflected on film-makers with ... all come to mind I like Dreyer ’s "The Passion of Joan of Arc

to Stanley Kubrick , considered an assistant Kurosawa , Stanley Kubrick considered an assistant by released , was Takashi Koizumi it , reported was September 2011 remake rights that reported to most by were then held Kurosawa's works were then by held Kurosawa Production then by held Kurosawa Production and by held Kurosawa Production and the film studios Kurosawa Production works closely with the Akira Kurosawa Foundation Anaheim University's Akira Kurosawa School of Film was launched in spring 2009 he , named was 1999 he was named " Asian a project called launched was AK100 is partially by inspired Kurosawa's filming techniques Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Africa Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power by or conquered invaded a number The success of came ancient Egyptian civilization partly the fertile valley which produced , surplus crops which produced , surplus crops supported spare , the administration sponsored mineral exploitation , the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques of the ancient Egyptians that include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques the ancient Egyptians that include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques supported that the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques include supported the building Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of The Nile has been the lifeline of The fertile floodplain of the Nile gave humans Nomadic modern human hunter-gatherers began living in the Nile valley Large regions of covered were Egypt The Badari was by followed the Naqada culture was by followed the Naqada culture : by followed the Naqada culture : the Amratian (Naqada I These brought a number of technological improvements as predynastic Egyptians , imported the Naqada I Period the Naqada I Period , predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian , predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian from predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia In early evidence , exists Naqada II times early evidence , exists Naqada II times of , early evidence exists of contact

early evidence exists of contact with of the Naqada culture , developed about 1,000 years the Naqada culture , developed about 1,000 years from , the Naqada culture developed from a few small farming communities the Naqada culture developed from a few small farming communities into at Naqada III leaders , expanded Abydos Abydos , Naqada III leaders expanded their control , Naqada III leaders expanded their control of Naqada III leaders expanded their control of Egypt northwards The Naqada culture manufactured a diverse selection of material goods They also developed a ceramic glaze known a system , used still 30 dynasties The transition to happened a unified state more the first of solidified the Dynastic kings first of the Dynastic kings solidified control who and officials arose educated scribes who arose were granted estates Kings also made land grants to five centuries that believe of these practices , regional governors called began nomarchs regional governors called began nomarchs to of the provinces , became their own resources the provinces , became their own resources economically to local rulers , began the king local rulers , began the king competing , rulers in controlled Herakleopolis rulers in Herakleopolis controlled Lower Egypt , a clash between became the two rival dynasties a clash between became the two rival dynasties inevitable the northern Theban forces under defeated finally Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II The kings of the Middle Kingdom restored the country's stability , the kings of undertook the Twelfth Dynasty the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty undertook a far-sighted land reclamation and irrigation scheme With the kings having secured the country the kings having secured the country militarily towards the Middle Kingdom , displayed the gods the gods , the Middle Kingdom displayed an increase , the Middle Kingdom displayed an increase in the Middle Kingdom displayed an increase in expressions Middle Kingdom literature featured sophisticated themes and characters , Semitic-speaking Canaanite settlers allowed from the Near East Semitic-speaking Canaanite settlers allowed from the Near East into a Western Asian people weakened , called the Middle Kingdom kings weakened , a Western Asian people called the Hyksos

, a Western Asian people called the Hyksos , a Western Asian people who called , the Hyksos who called , the Hyksos had The king was treated as a vassal The Hyksos ("foreign rulers " ) retained Egyptian models themselves found trapped between the Canaanite Hyksos of Thebes , gathered vassalage vassalage , Thebes gathered enough strength , Thebes gathered enough strength to Thebes gathered enough strength to challenge That task fell to Kamose's successor , The New Kingdom pharaohs established a period of unprecedented prosperity Military campaigns I under waged Tuthmosis I under waged Tuthmosis and The New Kingdom pharaohs began a large-scale building campaign to promote They also constructed monuments to the stability of threatened was the New Kingdom Amenhotep IV was threatened when the New Kingdom Amenhotep IV when threatened ascended the throne to he , touted Akhenaten Akhenaten , he touted the previously obscure sun deity , he touted the previously obscure sun deity Aten he touted the previously obscure sun deity Aten as He was devoted to his new religion The effects of exacerbated were external threats of by were exacerbated external threats external threats were by exacerbated internal problems were by exacerbated internal problems such by exacerbated internal problems such as in Smendes , assumed 1078BC 1078BC , Smendes assumed authority , Smendes assumed authority over Smendes assumed authority over the northern part was effectively by controlled the High Priests effectively by controlled the High Priests of by controlled the High Priests of Amun Libyan princes took control of the delta Shoshenq also gained control of Around the Kushite king invaded Piye 727BC the Kushite king invaded Piye 727BC northward During Pharaoh Taharqa , created the 25th Dynasty the 25th Dynasty , Pharaoh Taharqa created an empire , Pharaoh Taharqa created an empire nearly Pharaoh Taharqa created an empire nearly as Egypt's far-reaching prestige declined considerably toward the end of Its foreign allies had fallen under the Assyrian sphere and 667BC the Assyrians began the Assyrian conquest 667BC the Assyrians began the Assyrian conquest of the Assyrians began the Assyrian conquest of Egypt The Assyrians left control of Egypt

Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of Egypt , joined was Persia Egypt was joined with Cyprus the Thirtieth , proved , these dynasties The city showcased the power and prestige Hellenistic culture did not supplant native Egyptian culture the Ptolemies supplant , as native Egyptian culture They built new temples in Egyptian style the Ptolemies , challenged were the Egyptians the Ptolemies were by challenged native rebellion were by challenged native rebellion , by challenged native rebellion , bitter family rivalries from the Romans , took Egypt Egypt , the Romans took great interest , the Romans took great interest in the Romans took great interest in the political situation Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire The Romans relied heavily on grain shipments The art of flourished mummy portraiture , some Roman emperors flourished , and mummy portraiture The former lived outside Egypt former lived outside Egypt and From Christianity , took the mid-first century AD the mid-first century AD , Christianity took root , Christianity took root in Christianity took root in Egypt However , it was an uncompromising religion , it that was an uncompromising religion it that was an uncompromising religion sought that was an uncompromising religion sought to This led to the persecution of In Theodosius the Christian emperor introduced 391 391 the Christian emperor Theodosius introduced legislation the Christian emperor Theodosius that introduced legislation Theodosius that introduced legislation banned that legislation introduced banned pagan rites Alexandria became the scene of great anti-pagan riots As Egypt's native religious culture , was a consequence Egypt's native religious culture , was a consequence continually Egypt's native religious culture was continually in decline divided , Egypt found itself , Egypt found itself in Egypt found itself in the Eastern Empire of Egypt , fell the Empire Egypt , fell the Empire to , Egypt fell to the Sasanian Persian army Egypt fell to the Sasanian Persian army in The pharaoh was the absolute monarch of the country The king was the supreme military commander and head the country , divided was a regional level the country was divided into as many as 42 administrative regions

The temples formed the backbone of the economy they , use did the Late period , they did use a type they did use a type of a simple laborer ; earn might grain ; a simple laborer might earn 5 sacks a simple laborer might earn 5 sacks ( ; for a shirt cost example for example a shirt cost five copper deben example a shirt cost five copper deben , a shirt cost five copper deben , while a cow cost , while five copper deben money was introduced into Egypt Farmers made up the bulk of Scribes and officials formed the upper class The upper class prominently displayed their social status in Below the priests were the nobility , the priests were the nobility , physicians The ancient Egyptians viewed men and women as they , were indentured servants they , were indentured servants able Both men and women had the right Married couples could own property jointly around ancient Egyptian women , had the world the world , ancient Egyptian women had a greater range , ancient Egyptian women had a greater range of ancient Egyptian women had a greater range of personal choices others became , while pharaohs The head of was the legal system officially who officially was , the pharaoh from court documents , show ancient Egypt survive court documents , show ancient Egypt survive that In the state , took some cases the state , took some cases on , the state took on both the role the state took on both the role of Punishment for minor crimes involved either imposition tomb robbery were by punished execution were by punished execution , by punished execution , carried in oracles , played the New Kingdom the New Kingdom , oracles played a major role , oracles played a major role in oracles played a major role in the legal system The procedure was to ask the god A combination of contributed favorable geographical features to Land management was crucial in ancient Egypt Farming in was Egypt dependent The Egyptians recognized three seasons : "Akhet

Farmers plowed and planted seeds farmers , so relied little rainfall so farmers relied on the Nile farmers relied on the Nile to to farmers , used May May , farmers used sickles , farmers used sickles to farmers used sickles to harvest The ancient Egyptians cultivated emmer and barley These fibers were split along their length were the administration ; collected the most important livestock the most important livestock ; the administration collected taxes ; the administration collected taxes on the administration collected taxes on livestock to the ancient Egyptians , kept cattle cattle , the ancient Egyptians kept sheep , the ancient Egyptians kept sheep , the ancient Egyptians kept sheep , goats The Nile provided a plentiful source of fish The ancient Egyptians used donkeys and oxen The slaughter of was a fattened ox also Horses were by introduced the Hyksos were by introduced the Hyksos in by introduced the Hyksos in the Second Intermediate Period There is also evidence to more exotic pets were , while common family pets the Egyptians that observed were the only people Egypt is rich in building the ancient Egyptians allowed to build monuments Embalmers used salts from the Wadi Natrun Ore-bearing rock formations were found in distant, inhospitable wadis There were extensive gold mines in Nubia The Wadi Hammamat was a notable source of granite Flint was the first mineral collected and The Egyptians worked deposits of the lead ore galena Copper was the most important metal for toolmaking Workers collected gold by washing Iron deposits found in upper Egypt were in the ancient Egyptians ; quarried Egypt Egypt ; the ancient Egyptians quarried limestone ; the ancient Egyptians quarried limestone all the ancient Egyptians quarried limestone all along The ancient Egyptians engaged in trade with In they , established the Predynastic Period the Predynastic Period , they established trade , they established trade with they established trade with Nubia They also established trade with An Egyptian colony stationed in dates southern Canaan the Second Dynasty at latest, ancient Egyptian trade with yielded Byblos at latest, ancient Egyptian trade with Byblos yielded a critical source

, trade with provided Punt trade with Punt provided gold Egypt relied on trade with The ancient Egyptians which prized , the blue stone lapis lazuli which prized , the blue stone lapis lazuli had The Egyptian language is a northern Afro-Asiatic language closely related It has the second longest known history of any language The phases of ancient Egyptian are Old Egyptian Ancient Egyptian was a synthetic language , but it was , but a synthetic language Late Egyptian which developed , prefixal definite and indefinite articles which developed , prefixal definite and indefinite articles replaced There was a change from the older verb were eventually by replaced the more phonetic Coptic alphabet Ancient Egyptian has 25 consonants similar to These include pharyngeal and emphatic consonants , voiced It which has , three long and three short vowels which has , three long and three short vowels expanded Adjectives are derived from nouns The word order is in verbal and adjectival sentences , nouns are by negated the particle are by negated the particle " by negated the particle " n A hieroglyph can represent a word , Hieroglyphs were a formal script , used In scribes , used day-to-day writing day-to-day writing , scribes used a cursive form , scribes used a cursive form of scribes used a cursive form of writing Around the Coptic alphabet , started the first century AD the Coptic alphabet , started the first century AD to Coptic is a modified Greek alphabet with the addition Writing first appeared in association It was primarily an occupation of which in written , Classical Egyptian Late Egyptian was spoken from the New Kingdom the tradition of evolved had writing the Westcar Papyrus at written was this time The Instruction of considered is Amenemope The former tells the story of former tells the story of a Most ancient Egyptians were farmers tied to Their dwellings were restricted to immediate family members Each home had a kitchen with an open roof Ceramics served as household wares for Walls were painted white and The ancient Egyptians placed a great value on hygiene

Most bathed in the Nile and perfumes and aromatic ointments covered bad odors Clothing was made from simple linen sheets was that from made simple linen sheets that from made simple linen sheets were Children went without clothing until Music and dance were popular entertainments who popular entertainments for were those Early instruments included flutes and harps In the Egyptians , played the New Kingdom the Egyptians , played the New Kingdom on , the Egyptians played on bells the Egyptians played on bells , The ancient Egyptians enjoyed a variety of leisure activities from another similar game ; was the earliest times the earliest times ; another similar game was mehen ; another similar game was mehen , another similar game which was , mehen which was , mehen had also known as is 58 holes known as 58 holes is another example The first complete set of discovered was this game , the cuisine of retains modern Egypt the cuisine of modern Egypt retains some striking similarities The staple diet consisted of bread and by enjoyed all on feast days The architecture of ancient Egypt includes some by and funded organized the state Peasants lived in simple homes , In architects , added the New Kingdom the New Kingdom , architects added the pylon , architects added the pylon , architects added the pylon , the open courtyard The earliest and most popular tomb architecture in the Old Kingdom was the mastaba The step pyramid of Djoser is a series Pyramids were built during the Old and Middle Kingdoms The ancient Egyptians produced art to serve For artists , adhered over 3500 years artists , adhered over 3500 years to , artists adhered to artistic forms artists adhered to artistic forms and example , that displays figures , that displays figures can that displays figures can also Ancient Egyptian artisans used stone as a medium Paints were obtained from minerals Pharaohs used reliefs to record Common citizens had access to pieces Minoan-style frescoes , found were the Second Intermediate Period Minoan-style frescoes were found in Avaris pharaonic rule ; based was its inception

pharaonic rule was based on the divine right The Egyptian pantheon was by populated gods was who by populated gods who by populated gods had The structure of changed this pantheon continually new deities changed continually as this pantheon Gods were worshiped in cult temples by in worshiped administered cult temples Temples were not places of Common citizens could worship private statues in to each person , had the body the body , each person had a "šwt , each person had a "šwt " each person had a "šwt " ( the spiritual aspects , released were death the spiritual aspects were released from the body The ultimate goal of the was deceased the deceased could continue their existence deceased could continue their existence on The ancient Egyptians maintained an elaborate set of burial customs that an elaborate set of maintained burial customs These customs involved preserving the body by by were naturally preserved desert pits were naturally by preserved desiccation The arid , desert conditions were a boon , desert conditions were a boon throughout desert conditions were a boon throughout the history of the best technique ; took mummification mummification ; the best technique took 70 days ; the best technique took 70 days and the best technique took 70 days and involved Wealthy Egyptians were buried with larger quantities shabti statues , so were the New Kingdom the deceased in Rituals which was The military protected mining expeditions to the Sinai Typical military equipment included bows and arrows In the military , began the New Kingdom the military , began the New Kingdom using , the military began using chariots the military that using began chariots that using began chariots had spears , tipped were a bronze buckle spears were tipped with a bronze point mathematics , ancient Egypt achieved a relatively high standard , ancient Egypt achieved a relatively high standard of ancient Egypt achieved a relatively high standard of productivity by papyri and Ebers the Edwin Smith the ancient Egyptians , developed had the Old Kingdom , the ancient Egyptians had developed a glassy material

the ancient Egyptians had developed a glassy material known Faience is a non-clay ceramic made of By the ancient Egyptians , produced a related technique a related technique , the ancient Egyptians produced a pigment , the ancient Egyptians produced a pigment known the ancient Egyptians produced a pigment known as The ancient Egyptians could fabricate a wide variety of , they did have technical expertise they did have technical expertise in The medical problems of stemmed the ancient Egyptians directly The diets of the were wealthy Ancient Egyptian physicians were renowned in the ancient Near East there that remarked was a high degree Training of physicians took place by treated bandaging with raw meat The earliest records of burn treatment describe burn dressings of burn treatment describe that burn dressings burn treatment describe that burn dressings use that dressings burn use the milk Prayers were made to the goddess Isis woven straps , found were New York University 2500BC , that is a full-size surviving example , that is a full-size surviving example may that is a full-size surviving example may have an ancient north–south canal , discovered was 1977 , and Egypt excavating a dried-up lagoon and Egypt excavating a dried-up lagoon known Egypt excavating a dried-up lagoon known as to by is suggested an educated Egyptian an educated Egyptian is by suggested a New Kingdom fictional letter is by suggested a New Kingdom fictional letter in by suggested a New Kingdom fictional letter in which than they , had one they , had one to they had to write fractions For they , resolved example example , they resolved the fraction , they resolved the fraction "two-fifths they resolved the fraction "two-fifths " Standard tables of values facilitated this Genetic kinship analyses revealed identical haplotypes in both mummies Two were assigned to West Asian J one to assigned and West Asian J the affinities that cautioned of the examined ancient Egyptian specimens , the authors of said this study the authors of this study said the Abusir el-Meleq mummies The genetics of remained the mummies remarkably A wide range of found were mtDNA haplogroups

Egyptian civilization significantly influenced the Kingdom of Kush and Meroitic is the oldest written language in Africa The Romans also imported building materials from , Egyptian pagan culture was in decline Egyptian pagan culture was in decline after This renewed interest sent collectors to Egypt Analog Brothers were an experimental hip hop band featuring Tracy "Ice Oscillator" Marrow (Ice-T that a group of are rare neurodegenerative disorders Motor neuron diseases affect both children and adults , they all cause movement-related symptoms they all cause movement-related symptoms , Most of seem these diseases to shorten others , do one's life expectancy others , do one's life expectancy not Various patterns of seen are muscle weakness One can have difficulty breathing Those that affect tend children that affect tend children to Those that affect tend adults that affect tend adults to The clinical course depends on the specific disease , Motor neuron diseases are on a spectrum in Some have just lower or upper motor neuron findings , while others have , while just lower or upper motor neuron findings it to recruited where double-strand breaks About 95% of ALS patients have abnormalities Motor neuron disease describes a collection of clinical disorders the term "motor neuron disease " has varying meanings degenerative motor neuron disorders Similarly, the literature inconsistently classifies which can be Sporadic or acquired MNDs occur in patients with Inherited or genetic MNDs adhere to one of UMNs that are motor neurons project that are motor neurons project from LMNs originate in the anterior horns of There are no known curative treatments for the majority of there , are similar diseases similar diseases , there are numerous other diseases , there are numerous other diseases of there are numerous other diseases of motor neurons that numerous other diseases of are motor neurons An abjad ( ) is a writing system only consonants a writing system in is which This contrasts with true alphabets , which with contrasts , true alphabets by introduced in The term 1990 Impure abjads represent vowels with either optional diacritics of abjads , differ Peter T. Daniels

abjads , differ Peter T. Daniels from , abjads differ from alphabets abjads differ from alphabets in in the vowel sound , is abjads the vowel sound , is abjads " Abugidas mark all vowels ( other Some abugidas use a special symbol to " has been by rejected some scholars been by rejected some scholars because abjad by rejected because some scholars This caused fatal effects on terminology The first abjad to gain was widespread usage , the Phoenician script consisted of only a few dozen symbols Phoenician gave rise to a number Impure abjads have characters for some vowels The term pure abjad refers to scripts entirely are abjadsthat " is "impure abjadsthat " is "impure , In the 9th century the Greeks adapted BC the 9th century BC the Greeks adapted the Phoenician script BC the Greeks adapted the Phoenician script for the Greeks adapted the Phoenician script for use so these symbols were assigned vocalic values In the South Arabian abjad , evolved this way the South Arabian abjad , evolved this way into , the South Arabian abjad evolved into the Ge'ez abugida the South Arabian abjad evolved into the Ge'ez abugida of initially by in developed the 1840s by in the 1840s developed missionary and linguist James Evans Evans used features of Devanagari script in other missionaries , adapted the 19th century the 19th century , other missionaries adapted Evans' system , other missionaries adapted Evans' system to other missionaries adapted Evans' system to other Canadian aboriginal languages The abjad form of is writing well words because is in Semitic languages he derived ' ( the forms each unit ; based is units each unit is based on a consonant letter This contrasts with a full alphabet , by independently in introduced 1948 Abugidas include the extensive Brahmic family of scripts the units of consist may the writing system "abugida " traditionally meant letters in others , include the world the world , others include Brahmic scripts , others include Brahmic scripts and others include Brahmic scripts and Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics used an abugida , is the word

an abugida , is the word in , an abugida is in contrast an abugida is in contrast with This description is expressed in terms The syllables are written as a linear sequences Each syllable that is either a letter represents that either a letter is represents the sound The first complication that is syllables consist that is syllables consist of every syllable in arise because some languages this issue arise need not such languages a zero consonant letter , used is some languages In the earliest method , was the Indic scripts the earliest method , was the Indic scripts simply Often there has been a change there has been a change to by may be indicated combination may be by indicated a diacritic be by indicated a diacritic on by indicated a diacritic on one There are three principal families of abugidas Indic scripts originated in India and All surviving Indic scripts are descendants The primary division is into North Indic scripts used Indic scripts indicate vowels through dependent vowel signs has this , indicates no vowel sign no vowel sign , this indicates a default vowel The most widely used Indic script is Devanagari , shared by is , shared Devanagari including it , becomes Hindi Hindi , it becomes a final closing consonant , it becomes a final closing consonant at it becomes a final closing consonant at the end , the game cricket in is Hindi the game cricket in is Hindi क्रिकेट In there , is many abugidas there , is many abugidas also , there is also a diacritic there is also a diacritic to In क् , is Devanagari क् , is Devanagari " , क् is " k क् is " k , This is called the "virāma" or "halantam " Instead , it keeps its vowel another popular method of used is special conjunct forms is two or more consonant characters in used which two or more consonant characters in used which are some fonts that Note display this This expedient is by used ISCII is by used ISCII and by used ISCII and South Asian scripts

The Róng script used for goes the Lepcha language that " have " diacritics vowels , indicated are India in all rotations , have each each , all rotations have equal status , all rotations have equal status and all rotations none have and equal status none have and equal status can The imperial Mongol script called derived was Phagspa Pahawh Hmong that is a non-segmental script indicates that a non-segmental script is indicates syllable onsets , it superficially resembles an abugida it superficially resembles an abugida with Most syllables are written with two letters an inherent "a" (one symbol did not indicate ancient Sudan Several systems of shorthand use diacritics vowels ; shown are consonants vowels are shown as light and heavy dots abugidas have been considered an intermediate step They contrast with syllabaries , Ge'ez derived from a different abjad , The group's name is an acronym of the first letters In ABBA , were 1974 1974 , ABBA were Sweden's first winner , ABBA were Sweden's first winner of ABBA were Sweden's first winner of the Eurovision Song Contest During it , consisted the band's main active years it , consisted the band's main active years of , it consisted of two married couples it consisted of two married couples : of their personal lives , suffered their popularity their personal lives , suffered their popularity , The relationship changes were reflected in the group's music the group broke up , a compilation ABBA's music , adapted was 1999 In the group , reunited 2016 the group , reunited 2016 and Newly recorded songs were announced in 2018 ABBA is one of the best-selling music artists ABBA were the first group from a non-English-speaking country They are the best-selling Swedish band of all time ABBA had eight consecutive number-one albums in the UK The group also enjoyed significant success in ABBA were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame The group were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame They also set up Hep House Andersson played the keyboard and eventually Ulvaeus started writing English-language songs for

Stig Anderson was the manager of the Hootenanny Singers He saw potential in the collaboration Andersson wrote and submitted the song The song tied for first place , On Andersson met briefly that occasion that occasion Andersson briefly met his future spouse Andersson briefly met his future spouse , the two had become a couple She also formed her own band , In she , won the middle of 1967 the middle of 1967 , she won a national talent competition , she won a national talent competition with she won a national talent competition with " The first prize was a recording contract with EMI Sweden in she , had 1971 1971 , she had her first number-one single, "Min egen stad , she had her first number-one single, "Min egen stad " she had her first number-one single, "Min egen stad " ( Lyngstad linked up with her future bandmates On she , participated 1 March 1969 she , participated 1 March 1969 in , she participated in the Melodifestival she participated in the Melodifestival , they met again during a concert tour Andersson produced her single "Peter Pan " in Andersson would then produce Lyngstad's debut studio album Lyngstad also played in several revues by with sang headed a local dance band locate he , arranged the singer he , arranged the singer for This led to Agnetha at was soon by noticed the critics soon by noticed the critics and by noticed the critics and songwriters Fältskog's main inspiration in her early years was singers with she , recorded her own compositions her own compositions , she recorded covers , she recorded covers of she recorded covers of foreign hits Most of were her biggest hits self in Fältskog , met May 1969 May 1969 , Fältskog met Ulvaeus , Fältskog met Ulvaeus and Fältskog they met and Ulvaeus they met and Ulvaeus married In Fältskog , starred 1972 Fältskog , starred 1972 as , Fältskog starred as Mary Magdalene Fältskog starred as Mary Magdalene in The cabaret show attracted generally negative reviews , except It was during 1971 that

the four artists during was that 1971 he , " predicted a worldwide hit Stig Anderson encouraged Ulvaeus and Andersson The first signs of came foreign success as Stig Anderson released it as a The song peaked at number 17 This association with Playboy caused much confusion Playboy many caused , much confusion many caused , much confusion mistaking The studio sessions were by handled Michael B. Tretow were by handled Michael B. Tretow , who by handled , Michael B. Tretow Stig Anderson arranged an English translation of the lyrics thus it never reached the Eurovision Song Contest it never reached the Eurovision Song Contest itself Nevertheless , the group released their debut studio album , the group released their debut studio album , the group released their debut studio album , also first , this was a play , this was a play on this was a play on words outside Anderson , came Sweden Anderson , came Sweden to it in held and a Gothenburg newspaper The group negotiated with the canners for Fred Bronson reported for " Billboard " ABBA " is an acronym ABBA " is an acronym formed , was by designed Rune Söderqvist was by designed Rune Söderqvist , who by designed , Rune Söderqvist The idea for made was the official logo for by was made the official logo the official logo was by made the German photographer was by made the German photographer on by made the German photographer on a velvet jumpsuit photo shoot In the ABBA members , held the photo the photo , the ABBA members held giant initial letters , the ABBA members held giant initial letters of the ABBA members held giant initial letters of their names " ; this prompted discussions ; this prompted discussions about this prompted discussions about the mirrored "B of PolyGram , began the group's catalogue PolyGram , began the group's catalogue using , PolyGram began using variations PolyGram began using variations of In Polygram , added 1992 1992 , Polygram added a crown emblem , Polygram added a crown emblem to

Polygram added a crown emblem to it , control of returned the group's catalogue control of returned the group's catalogue to Stig Anderson , started immediately the 1973 Swedish entry ABBA won their nation's hearts on Swedish television the band ; thus saw major television shows ; thus the band saw the "Waterloo" single chart thus the band saw the "Waterloo" single chart in the band saw the "Waterloo" single chart in many European countries " Waterloo " was ABBA's first major hit Waterloo " was ABBA's first major hit in In the song , peaked the United States the song , peaked the United States at , the song peaked at number the song peaked at number six Albeit it , included a short promotional visit a short promotional visit , it included their first performance , it included their first performance on it included their first performance on American television In ABBA , embarked November 1974 ABBA , embarked November 1974 on , ABBA embarked on their first European tour ABBA embarked on their first European tour , They played to full houses everywhere Live performances continued in the middle of 1975 when ABBA in continued when the middle of 1975 Their Stockholm show at the Gröna Lund amusement park had an estimated audience it were was successful which "SOS " peaked at number in that time had until the United States that time had until the United States been the group , had already early 1976 , the group already had four Top 30 singles the group already had four Top 30 singles on The eponymous "ABBA " album generated three American hits , but it generated , but three American hits were by , voiced "Creem by , voiced "Creem " Nevertheless , the group enjoyed warm reviews , the group enjoyed warm reviews from the group enjoyed warm reviews from the American press In the band , released March 1976 March 1976 , the band released the compilation album , the band released the compilation album "Greatest Hits the band released the compilation album "Greatest Hits "

It became their first UK number-one album , and single ; the went Canada " Fernando " occupied the top position Fernando " occupied the top position for It still remains as one in the group , received 1976 1976 , the group received its first international prize , the group received its first international prize , the group received its first international prize , with It topped the "Billboard" Adult Contemporary chart , ABBA The real sensation was the first single All three songs were number-one hits in Mexico In ABBA , had South Africa South Africa , ABBA had astounding success , ABBA had astounding success with ABBA had astounding success with each By ABBA were this time popular ABBA were this time popular in ABBA were popular in the UK In ABBA , embarked January 1977 ABBA , embarked January 1977 on , ABBA embarked on their first major tour They opened their much anticipated tour in Oslo The concert attracted immense media attention from across They continued the tour through Western Europe Tickets for were these two shows available ) , there were complaints , there were complaints that there were complaints that " ABBA were that " complaints in ABBA , played March 1977 March 1977 , ABBA played 11 dates , ABBA played 11 dates in ABBA played 11 dates in Australia of by was marred 20,000 20,000 was by marred torrential rain was by marred torrential rain with by marred torrential rain with Lyngstad all four members would later recall this concert a civic reception , held was Melbourne a civic reception was held at the Melbourne Town Hall ABBA at held and the Melbourne Town Hall In the group , gave Melbourne Melbourne , the group gave three concerts , the group gave three concerts at the group gave three concerts at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl At an additional 16,000 people , gathered the first Melbourne concert an additional 16,000 people , gathered the first Melbourne concert outside , an additional 16,000 people gathered outside the fenced-off area an additional 16,000 people gathered outside the fenced-off area to

In the group , performed Adelaide Adelaide , the group performed one concert , the group performed one concert at the group performed one concert at Football Park in there , was Perth Perth , there was a bomb scare , there was a bomb scare with there everyone was with a bomb scare everyone was with a bomb scare having The Movie " produced some ABBA lore , During she , performed the Australian tour she , performed the Australian tour in , she performed in a skin-tight white jumpsuit she performed in a skin-tight white jumpsuit , In ABBA , followed December 1977 ABBA , followed December 1977 up , ABBA followed up "Arrival ABBA followed up "Arrival " " The Name of the Game " was a number two hit The Name of the Game " was a number two hit in " Take a Chance on Me " was a number one hit Take a Chance on Me " was a number one hit in Both songs were Top 10 hits in countries top it , proved the American charts it , proved the American charts to The Album " topped the album charts in sales that indicate in Poland By ABBA , were 1978 1978 , ABBA were one , ABBA were one of ABBA were one of the biggest bands They converted a vacant cinema into the Polar Music Studio During the group , went May 1978 the group , went May 1978 to , the group went to the United States the group went to the United States for Recording sessions for were " the single "Summer Night City On the group , performed 9 January 1979 9 January 1979 , the group performed "Chiquitita , the group performed "Chiquitita " the group performed "Chiquitita " at ABBA donated the copyright of this The news caused interest from the media ABBA assured the press and their fan base they assured and their fan base the press the media continued to confront them The album topped the charts across Europe All four singles reached number one in

" I Have a Dream " became ABBA's second number I Have a Dream " became ABBA's second number one Ulvaeus sings was , lead vocals It did better in North America in the group , released 1979 1979 , the group released their second compilation album , the group released their second compilation album , the group released their second compilation album , " On ABBA , began 13 September 1979 ABBA , began 13 September 1979 at , ABBA began at Northlands Coliseum ABBA began at Northlands Coliseum in During the next four weeks they played a total the next four weeks they played a total of they played a total of 17 sold-out dates They appeared at the Boston Music Hall for The tour ended with a show in " ABBA plays with surprising power ABBA plays with surprising power and In ABBA , travelled March 1980 ABBA , travelled March 1980 to , ABBA travelled to Japan ABBA travelled to Japan where The group performed eleven concerts to full houses In ABBA , released July 1980 ABBA , released July 1980 the , ABBA released the single ABBA released the single " she stated was not the loser single , the peaked the United States the single peaked at number-eight single peaked at number-eight on It set a record for the most pre - a record for set the most pre in ABBA , recorded 1980 1980 , ABBA recorded a compilation , ABBA recorded a compilation of ABBA recorded a compilation of Spanish-language versions This was released in Spanish-speaking countries The album became a major success , and In Ulvaeus , married January 1981 January 1981 , Ulvaeus married Lena Källersjö , Ulvaeus married Lena Källersjö , Ulvaeus married Lena Källersjö , and manager Stig Anderson married , and Lena Källersjö For ABBA , recorded this occasion this occasion , ABBA recorded the track , ABBA recorded the track "Hovas Vittne ABBA recorded the track "Hovas Vittne " At the group , recorded the end of April the end of April , the group recorded a TV special

, the group recorded a TV special , the group recorded a TV special , " , speculation increased of tension speculation increased of tension within songwriting sessions , started had the spring of 1982 The recording sessions in May and June 1982 were a struggle only three songs were , and a struggle of they : settled the year they : settled the year for : they settled for a Christmas release they settled for a Christmas release of New songwriting and recording sessions took place , and The album went to number one " I Am the City " I Am the City " and A reworked version of ended the verses up The group travelled to London to that with came " the musical "Abbacadabra The song was a cover of ABBA's 1976 instrumental track "Arrival" Abbacadabra " premiered on 8 December 1983 their made ( at the time They sang a self-written song titled "Der Kleine Franz The four members were guests at the 50th birthday Hanser was a long-time friend of all four Andersson has on performed several occasions in Andersson , joined Stockholm Stockholm , Andersson joined the cast , Andersson joined the cast for Andersson joined the cast for an encore Andersson frequently adds an ABBA song to He also played the piano during ABBA never officially announced the end In Fältskog , started January 1983 Fältskog , started January 1983 recording , Fältskog started recording sessions Fältskog started recording sessions for Björn and Benny denied the split the band members and escalated sold their shares there that said was nothing ] There is simply no motivation There is simply no motivation to Money is not a factor and we not is and a factor I Led Zeppelin remember saying Robert Plant Led Zeppelin remember saying Robert Plant were I that think hit the nail that think hit the nail on In she , reiterated April 2013 April 2013 , she reiterated her hopes , she reiterated her hopes for she reiterated her hopes for reunion It said : " a new recording - ABBA's music , experienced late-1980s

late-1980s , ABBA's music experienced a resurgence , ABBA's music experienced a resurgence in ABBA's music experienced a resurgence in the early 1990s in the band , paid June of that year June of that year , the band paid homage , the band paid homage to the band paid homage to ABBA September 1992 saw the release of ' The single "Dancing Queen " received radio airplay in "Gold , is " 30 million , "Gold " is the best-selling ABBA album "Gold " is the best-selling ABBA album , sales of it is 5.5 million copies of 5.5 million copies it is the second-highest selling album 5.5 million copies it is the second-highest selling album of it is the second-highest selling album of all time In two Australian cult films , caught 1994 1994 , two Australian cult films caught the attention , two Australian cult films caught the attention of two Australian cult films caught the attention of the world's media American critic Chuck Klosterman , " wrote the end of the twentieth century Tanita Tikaram , Blancmange and Steven Wilson paid tribute Cliff Richard covered " Lay All Your Love on Me " Swedish metal guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen covered " Gimme ! A second 12-track album was released in 1999 featured notable tracks : were all new cover versions notable tracks : were all new cover versions by : notable tracks were by Madness notable tracks were by Madness ("Money, Money, Money an ABBA tribute group , formed was 1998 The group disbanded in 2004 due The concert was a success , and It later toured Scandinavia and in all four members , made Brighton Brighton , all four members made cameo appearances , all four members made cameo appearances in all four members made cameo appearances in a special comedy video The video was made using puppet models , all four members of appeared ABBA all four members of appeared ABBA at all four ABBA members , reunited were 4 July 2008 all four ABBA members were reunited at the Swedish premiere It all was only the second time of