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all only the second time was of them During they , re the appearance they , re the appearance - In the two women , expressed an interview an interview , the two women expressed their gratitude , the two women expressed their gratitude for the two women expressed their gratitude for the honorary award , PRS for announced Music PRS for announced Music that for the British public announced that Music the British public announced that Music voted the British public that announced voted ABBA On Ubisoft , released 15 November 2011 15 November 2011 , Ubisoft released a dancing game , Ubisoft released a dancing game called Ubisoft released a dancing game called ' the film ; released was May 2017 the film was released on 20 July 2018 it , announced was May 2020 , all four members of made ABBA all four members of ABBA made a public appearance On the quartet , appeared 6 June 2016 the quartet , appeared 6 June 2016 together the quartet appeared together at a private party British manager Simon Fuller announced in a statement in , all four original members of made ABBA all four original members of ABBA made a joint announcement ABBA they made that a joint announcement they made that a joint announcement had In Ulvaeus , stated September 2018 Ulvaeus , stated September 2018 that it , revealed was January 2019 In Ulvaeus , announced June 2019 Ulvaeus , announced June 2019 that In he , stated September he , stated September in , he stated in an interview he stated in an interview that there in stated that an interview In Ulvaeus , gave April 2020 April 2020 , Ulvaeus gave an interview , Ulvaeus gave an interview saying Ulvaeus gave an interview saying that by had been recorded the new album had been by recorded the two female members been by recorded the two female members , by recorded the two female members , and in Björn , said 2021 Björn , said 2021 " a new website , launched was 26 August 2021

visitors , prompted were the page new "ABBA Voyage" social media accounts , launched were the webpage the band , joined officially 29 August , the band officially joined TikTok the band officially joined TikTok with The announcement of accompanied was the new album of by was accompanied the new album the new album was by accompanied the release was by accompanied the release of by accompanied the release of the previously-announced new singles n't Shut Me Down " became the first ABBA release Shut Me Down " became the first ABBA release since on Lyngstad , stated 11 November Lyngstad , stated 11 November " on Andersson , stated 5 November Andersson , stated 5 November " ABBA were perfectionists in the studio The band created a basic rhythm track with a drummer Fältskog and Lyngstad contributed ideas Andersson and Ulvaeus played them they them played and the backing tracks " heavily by influenced Phil Spector's Wall heavily by influenced Phil Spector's Wall of by influenced Phil Spector's Wall of Sound widely its members for noted the colourful and trend-setting costumes its members for noted the colourful and trend-setting costumes wore : the cost of was the clothes the cost of was the clothes deductible ABBA their songs made because videos their songs made because videos were Fältskog and Ulvaeus had two young children In ABBA , participated 1976 ABBA , participated 1976 in , ABBA participated in an advertising campaign ABBA participated in an advertising campaign to band members Andersson and Ulvaeus criticised the right-wing Danish People's Party The band threatened to file a lawsuit ; 14 of made these 14 of made these the they did reach the Top Ten ABBA albums have made their way into In Voyage , became November 2021 November 2021 , Voyage became ABBA's highest charting album , Voyage became ABBA's highest charting album on Voyage became ABBA's highest charting album on the Billboard 200 peaking the "Billboard" Top Pop Catalog Albums topped chart in August 2008 ABBA , inducted were 15 March 2010 ABBA were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

were by into inducted the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted Bee Gees members Barry Gibb The ceremony was held at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in ABBA , received November 2021 November 2021 , ABBA received a Grammy nomination , ABBA received a Grammy nomination for ABBA received a Grammy nomination for Record The members of married were ABBA (the French "allegeance " comes from the English Traditionally , English legal commentators used the term "allegiance , English legal commentators used the term "allegiance " English legal commentators used the term "allegiance " in In it , referred one sense it , referred one sense to , it referred to the deference it referred to the deference which anyone to the deference referred which allegiance , asserted that the United States Allegiance which was the tie bound which the tie was bound the subject It was the mutual bond and obligation At allegiance , was common law common law , allegiance was a true and faithful obedience , allegiance was a true and faithful obedience of allegiance was a true and faithful obedience of the subject Natural allegiance and obedience is an incident Natural-born subjects they owe wherever allegiance they owe wherever allegiance may Allegiance is owed both to Loyalty requires affection also to There were four kinds of allegiances born they owe by birthright allegiance they owe by birthright allegiance and A natural-born subject they owes wherever allegiance they owes wherever allegiance may Acquired allegiance was by acquired naturalisation was by acquired naturalisation or by acquired naturalisation or denization All friendly resident aliens incurred all the obligations of subjects it , made was the Naturalisation Act 1870 , it was made possible it was made possible for was British subjects made for possible British subjects made for possible to , U.S. Congress declared in the preamble U.S. Congress declared in the preamble of the person , be may conflict , those of have the foreign land those of the foreign land have paramount authority The oath of allegiance is an oath

it , required was ancient common law it was required of all persons was first by imposed statute first by imposed statute in by imposed statute in the reign of the promise , was the revolution the promise , was the revolution " the oath is known as the Pledge the pledge , made is a monarch the pledge is made to the flag thee they , give their allegiance their allegiance , they give it , they give it but they give it but to The word is used for the oath The MessagePad is a discontinued series of personal digital assistant devices was by in undertaken Japan by in Japan undertaken the Sharp Corporation The devices were based on the ARM 610 RISC processor Jean-Louis Gassée ; his team includes Steve Capps ; his team includes Steve Capps , his team includes Steve Capps , co There , they brainstormed a way , they brainstormed a way of they brainstormed a way of saving Sculley suggested adding new features , The first MessagePad on unveiled was May 29, 1992 on by was unveiled May 29, 1992 May 29, 1992 was by unveiled Sculley was by unveiled Sculley at by unveiled Sculley at the summer Consumer Electronics Show A change of a setting rotates the contents 1.x ) the handwriting recognition gave extremely mixed results ) the handwriting recognition gave extremely mixed results for the handwriting recognition gave extremely mixed results for users The original handwriting recognition engine was called Calligrapher , it attempted to learn the user's natural handwriting By Palm Pilot's Graffiti , had contrast contrast , Palm Pilot's Graffiti had a less sophisticated design , Palm Pilot's Graffiti had a less sophisticated design than Palm Pilot's Graffiti had a less sophisticated design than Calligrapher The stroke alphabet which used letter shapes alphabet which used letter shapes resembled which letter shapes used resembled standard handwriting Palm Computing also released two versions of Later releases of the Newton operating system retained the original recognizer Rosetta is generally considered a significant improvement A vital feature of the Newton handwriting recognition system is the modeless error correction

, correction done in situ correction done in situ without the correct word , be will the time the correct word will be in the list the bottom of the user allows the list of the user allows the list to the user allows the list to edit the user allows to edit individual characters Other pen gestures could do such things as they would only see the best match Newton devices could also accept free-hand "Sketches " Ink text " captured the user's free-hand writing Ink text " captured the user's free-hand writing but it captured but allowed the user's free-hand writing a user direct could also any time a user could also direct their Newton device into both , were vector shapes both , were vector shapes unreliable The most reliable application of collecting was the Newton The MessagePad 100 series of devices used Macintosh's proprietary serial ports the eMate 300 ) have a small, proprietary "Newton InterConnect" port all Newton devices , infrared have addition , all Newton devices have infrared connectivity all Newton devices have infrared connectivity , all Newton devices , equipped are the Palm Pilot all Newton devices are equipped with a standard PC Card expansion slot Newton users have also written drivers Newton can also dial a phone number It is by powered 2 AA batteries is by powered 2 AA batteries , by powered 2 AA batteries , and , the choice of gives an easily replaceable/rechargeable cell format the choice of an easily replaceable/rechargeable cell format gives the user The eMate 300 was a Newton device in 300 did not have all the speed Many prototypes of spotted were additional Newton devices at it , cost the show it , cost the show $ , it cost $ 900 Critics also that panned the handwriting recognition also that panned the handwriting recognition was that panned the handwriting recognition was available It that was this problem was that was this problem was skewered Later versions of offered Newton OS versions of Newton OS offered improved handwriting recognition , Newtons still demand a sale price

Newtons still demand a sale price on In CNET , compared 2006 2006 , CNET compared an Apple MessagePad 2000 , CNET compared an Apple MessagePad 2000 to CNET compared an Apple MessagePad 2000 to a Samsung Q1 Locations included New York , Los Angeles The stores provided an informative educational venue to learn The stores had no traditional computer retail counters and featured oval desktops this that saying is version There were a number of projects that a number of were projects The device became known as the ARIF The development of was the ARIF system extremely Anyway & Company firm was involved with the Petronas Discovery Center project By they invested had 1998 they invested had 1998 heavily the Newton in they had 1998 in they had 1998 to they had 1998 to acquire they had to acquire as many Newtons It was estimated initially 1000 Newtons They placed an “Internet Call ” for Newtons were used as electronic diaries its ease of it made use of it made use possible it made use possible for His fragmented, bizarre narrative style influenced later science fiction writers , notably Philip K. Dick He was one of the most popular and influential practitioners He was the third of six children born to in father Henry , worked Winnipeg father Henry , worked Winnipeg as , father Henry worked as an agent father Henry worked as an agent for During Alfred , worked his teen years Alfred , worked his teen years as , Alfred worked as a farmhand Alfred worked as a farmhand and He began his writing career with stories in he , moved Ottawa he , moved Ottawa back he moved back to Winnipeg he , began also 1937 he also began writing short radio dramas He added the middle name "Elton " By van Vogt , decided 1938 van Vogt , decided 1938 to He was by inspired the August 1938 issue was by inspired the August 1938 issue of by inspired the August 1938 issue of "Astounding Science Fiction Van Vogt sent another story , entitled It featured a fierce ,

carnivorous alien a featured , fierce , in van Vogt married 1939 in 1939 van Vogt married Edna Mayne Hull 1939 van Vogt married Edna Mayne Hull , van Vogt married Edna Mayne Hull , a fellow Manitoban to he , accepted his poor eyesight his poor eyesight , he accepted a clerking job , he accepted a clerking job with he accepted a clerking job with the Canadian Department of National Defence Discord in was " Scarlet It was by accompanied interior illustrations was by accompanied interior illustrations created by by accompanied created interior illustrations Others saw van Vogt's talent from his first story throughout van Vogt , wrote this period this period , van Vogt wrote many , van Vogt wrote many of van Vogt wrote many of his more famous short stories van Vogt ; spend would Hollywood ; van Vogt would spend the rest van Vogt would spend the rest of He had been using the name Van Vogt systematized his writing method , using Several of hinge his stories on he that stated acquired many The characters in his very first story used a system He subsequently wrote a novel merging The novel recounts the adventures of an in van Vogt , was his fiction van Vogt , was his fiction consistently This was the case , for Van Vogt published "Enchanted Village " in Van Vogt had first met Hubbard van Vogt and his wife opened their own Dianetics center van Vogt , patched retrospectively the 1950s van Vogt retrospectively patched together many Van Vogt referred to the resulting books as were they ; were new stories they ; were new stories all ; they were all fix-ups they were all fix-ups , Examples include " The Weapon Shops of Isher " Hull and van Vogt closed it van Vogt had not published any wholly new fiction was profoundly by affected revelations profoundly by affected revelations of by affected revelations of totalitarian police states Accordingly , he wrote a mainstream novel , he wrote a mainstream novel that he he a mainstream novel wrote that

he a mainstream novel wrote that set Van Vogt explained that to research Into this book he incorporated his view this book he incorporated his view of he incorporated his view of "the violent male type van Vogt once again published new material His later novels included fix-ups such as Van Vogt's original novels included " Children of Tomorrow " many sequels to promised were his classic works On A. E. van Vogt died January 26, 2000, in January 26, 2000, A. E. van Vogt died in Los Angeles A. E. van Vogt died in Los Angeles from In van Vogt , received 1996 1996 , van Vogt received a Special Award , van Vogt received a Special Award from van Vogt received a Special Award from the World Science Fiction Convention In van Vogt , received 1996 1996 , van Vogt received a Special Award , van Vogt received a Special Award from van Vogt received a Special Award from the World Science Fiction Convention The works of translated were van Vogt were by into translated French by into French translated the surrealist Boris Vian born 7 June 1981 ) is a Russian former professional tennis player Her appearance and celebrity status made her one of winning she , reached a singles title a singles title , she reached No , she reached No . she reached No .   She achieved greater success playing doubles , where she achieved , where greater success playing doubles as she , won her partner her partner , she won Grand Slam titles , she won Grand Slam titles in she won Grand Slam titles in Australia Kournikova retired from professional tennis in She lives in Miami Beach , She was a new trainer for season 12 Kournikova was born in Moscow of he , was 2001 he , was 2001 still , he was still a part-time martial arts instructor he was still a part-time martial arts instructor there Kournikova received her first tennis racquet as a New Year gift me wanted to do something I would go to school In Kournikova , became 1986

1986 , Kournikova became a member , Kournikova became a member of Kournikova became a member of the Spartak Tennis Club at Kournikova , began the age of eight Kournikova , began the age of eight appearing Kournikova began appearing in junior tournaments in she , became the United States she , became the United States prominent she became prominent on the tennis scene At she , won the age of 14 the age of 14 , she won the European Championships , she won the European Championships and she won the European Championships and the Italian Open Junior tournament In she , became December 1995 December 1995 , she became the youngest player , she became the youngest player to she became the youngest player to win February–March 1996 , Kournikova won two ITF titles , Kournikova won two ITF titles , Kournikova won two ITF titles , in In she , started 1996 she , started 1996 playing she started playing under a new coach Her six-year association with was Nagel successful At she , made 15 15 , she made her Grand Slam debut , she made her Grand Slam debut , she made her Grand Slam debut , reaching After Kournikova's ranking , jumped this tournament Kournikova's ranking , jumped this tournament from Kournikova's ranking jumped from No . Kournikova was a member of the Russian delegation Kournikova entered the 1997 Australian Open as world No At Kournikova , lost the Italian Open Kournikova , lost the Italian Open to , Kournikova lost to Amanda Coetzer Kournikova lost to Amanda Coetzer in At Kournikova , made the French Open the French Open , Kournikova made it , Kournikova made it to Kournikova made it to the third round She also reached the third round in At Kournikova , became the Wimbledon Championships the Wimbledon Championships , Kournikova became only the second woman , Kournikova became only the second woman in Kournikova became only the second woman in the open era At she , lost the US Open she , lost the US Open in , she lost in the second round

she lost in the second round to with she , reached Likhovtseva Likhovtseva , she reached the third round , she reached the third round of she reached the third round of the women's doubles event Kournikova played her last WTA Tour event of 1997 In Kournikova , broke 1998 Kournikova , broke 1998 into , Kournikova broke into the WTA's top 20 rankings Kournikova broke into the WTA's top 20 rankings for At Kournikova , lost the Australian Open Kournikova , lost the Australian Open in , Kournikova lost in the third round Kournikova lost in the third round to She also partnered with Larisa Savchenko-Neiland in Kournikova , reached singles singles , Kournikova reached her second doubles , Kournikova reached her second doubles WTA Tour Kournikova reached her second doubles WTA Tour final They lost to Sabine Appelmans and Kournikova then reached two consecutive quarterfinals , At she , reached the German Open the German Open , she reached the semi , she reached the semi - she reached the semi - finals also her first Grand Slam reached doubles semi her first Grand Slam reached doubles semi - versus Kournikova , injured Steffi Graf Steffi Graf , Kournikova injured her thumb , Kournikova injured her thumb , Kournikova which injured , her thumb which injured , her thumb would However , she won that match , she won that match , she won that match , but Kournikova returned for the Du Maurier Open and with she , won Seles Seles , she won her first WTA doubles title , she won her first WTA doubles title , she won her first WTA doubles title , in of Kournikova , advanced the 1999 season Kournikova , advanced the 1999 season to , Kournikova advanced to the fourth round Kournikova advanced to the fourth round in However , Kournikova won her first doubles , Kournikova won her first doubles Grand Slam title Kournikova won her first doubles Grand Slam title , The two defeated Lindsay Davenport and two defeated Lindsay Davenport and Natasha Zvereva At Kournikova , reached the Tier I Family Circle Cup

the Tier I Family Circle Cup , Kournikova reached her second WTA Tour final , Kournikova reached her second WTA Tour final , Kournikova reached her second WTA Tour final , but She then defeated Jennifer Capriati , At Kournikova , reached The French Open The French Open , Kournikova reached the fourth round , Kournikova reached the fourth round before Kournikova reached the fourth round before losing in Kournikova , lost England Kournikova , lost England to , Kournikova lost to Nathalie Tauziat Kournikova lost to Nathalie Tauziat in At Kournikova lost Wimbledon, to Wimbledon, Kournikova lost to Venus Williams Kournikova lost to Venus Williams in She also reached the final had she , was a successful singles season she , was a successful singles season even she and Martina Hingis won tournaments On 22 November 1999 she reached the world 22 November 1999 she reached the world No she reached the world No . Kournikova opened her 2000 season winning the Gold Coast Open She then reached the singles semi At she , reached the Australian Open the Australian Open , she reached the fourth round , she reached the fourth round in she reached the fourth round in singles That season , Kournikova reached eight semi , Kournikova reached eight semi - Kournikova reached eight semi - finals On she broke 20 November 2000 into she broke 20 November 2000 into top she broke into top 10 She was also ranked No She reached the final of Her 2001 season was by plagued injuries was by plagued injuries , by plagued injuries , including She underwent surgery in April She reached her second career grand slam quarterfinals , at Kournikova then withdrew from several events With she , won Barbara Schett Barbara Schett , she won the doubles title , she won the doubles title in she won the doubles title in Sydney She then lost in the finals Kournikova regained some success in 2002 She reached the semi - finals With she , lost Martina Hingis she , lost Martina Hingis in she lost in the final

They also lost in the quarterfinals With Kournikova , played Chanda Rubin Chanda Rubin , Kournikova played the semi , Kournikova played the semi - Kournikova played the semi - finals with she , won Janet Lee Janet Lee , she won the Shanghai title In Anna Kournikova , achieved 2003 2003 , Anna Kournikova achieved her first Grand Slam match victory , Anna Kournikova achieved her first Grand Slam match victory in Anna Kournikova achieved her first Grand Slam match victory in two years She defeated Henrieta Nagyová in the first round She withdrew from Tokyo due of Kournikova , dropped her career Kournikova , dropped her career out Kournikova dropped out in the first round Her singles world ranking was 67 She reached the semi - finals She lost in the first round of doubles titles came in 1999 titles came in 1999 and Kournikova proved a successful doubles player on the professional circuit However , her singles career , her singles career plateaued her singles career plateaued after Her final playing years were by marred a string were by marred a string of by marred a string of injuries In she , participated late 2004 she , participated late 2004 in , she participated in three events she participated in three events organized by in participated organized three events In she , played January 2005 she , played January 2005 in , she played in a doubles charity event she played in a doubles charity event for In she , teamed November 2005 she , teamed November 2005 up she teamed up with Martina Hingis In Kournikova , showed September 2008 Kournikova , showed September 2008 up The Race raised funds for children's Hospital Los Angeles She won that race for women's K-Swiss team On Kournikova , played 27 September 2008 27 September 2008 , Kournikova played exhibition mixed doubles matches , Kournikova played exhibition mixed doubles matches in Kournikova played exhibition mixed doubles matches in Charlotte On Anna Kournikova , played 12 October 2008 12 October 2008 , Anna Kournikova played one exhibition match , Anna Kournikova played one exhibition match for

Anna Kournikova played one exhibition match for the annual charity event Kournikova competed alongside John McEnroe , she , named was 2008 , she was named a spokesperson she was named a spokesperson for In Kournikova , reunited June 2010 Kournikova , reunited June 2010 with , Kournikova reunited with her doubles partner Martina Hingis Kournikova reunited with her doubles partner Martina Hingis to She is a great player at the net Her playing style fits the profile for a doubles player Kournikova was in a relationship with The two met in 1999 two met in 1999 , and Kournikova both denied any engagement Kournikova started dating singer Enrique Iglesias in Iglesias , quoted was June 2008 Iglesias was by quoted the "Daily Star was by quoted the "Daily Star " by quoted the "Daily Star " as They reportedly split in October 2013 The couple have a son and daughter In Kournikova , became 2000 2000 , Kournikova became the new face , Kournikova became the new face for Kournikova became the new face for Berlei's shock absorber sports bras she , cast was that she was by cast the Farrelly brothers was by cast the Farrelly brothers for by cast the Farrelly brothers for a minor role Kournikova was named one of she , placed also 2002 She continued to be the most searched athlete In Kournikova , headed October 2010 Kournikova , headed October 2010 to , Kournikova headed to NBC's "The Biggest Loser Kournikova headed to NBC's "The Biggest Loser " it , announced was May 2011 He was born in Aschaffenburg from he , relocated Wilhelm Weygandt he , relocated Wilhelm Weygandt to , he relocated to Hamburg he relocated to Hamburg , in Jakob , succeeded 1913 1913 , Jakob succeeded him , Jakob succeeded him as Jakob succeeded him as prosector During he served World War I as World War I he served as an army physician he served as an army physician in In he , obtained 1919 1919 , he obtained his habilitation , he obtained his habilitation for he obtained his habilitation for neurology

Under the department grew Jakob's guidance rapidly Jakob was the author of five monographs His neuropathological research contributed greatly to the delineation He gained experience in neurosyphilis He suffered from chronic osteomyelitis for Agnosticism the existence is that the view the existence is that the view of Another definition provided is the view that human reason is that " the view The English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley coined the word " all Huxley , presented else else , Huxley presented agnosticism , Huxley presented agnosticism as Huxley presented agnosticism as a form A hypothesis with is no supporting, objective, testable evidence not , there would be no way there would be no way to would test be to no way test be to no way said Karl Popper would also describe himself Early Christian church leaders used the Greek word "gnosis " ( meaningful statements that contended about the universe Hume was Huxley's favourite philosopher , calling of Darwin , continued his faith Darwin , continued his faith to , in he wrote 1879 in he wrote 1879 that he wrote 1879 that " He was associated with Victorian Freethinkers it ; renamed was 1882 ; it was renamed "Agnostic Journal it was renamed "Agnostic Journal and Agnosticism was a temporary mindset in which one a temporary mindset in was which Part of stemmed the misunderstanding from homage ; religion was the practice ; religion was the practice of religion was the practice of it , " he criticized the Enlightenment's complete faith " he criticized the Enlightenment's complete faith in he criticized the Enlightenment's complete faith in human sensory perception and Thomas Aquinas revived among the scientific community there that believed were two other ways one how was expressed meaning In man , was summary summary , man was a scientist , man was a scientist , man was a scientist , artist all a person , became three a person , became three " Agnosticism is criticized from a variety strong agnosticism in particular contradicts itself The Catholic Church sees merit in examining About Dawkins , continues himself Dawkins , continues himself ,

Dawkins also identifies two categories of "agnosticism that states about the existence A related concept is ignosticism , the view coherent , the ignostic holds the noncognitivist view , the ignostic holds the noncognitivist view that the ignostic the existence holds that the noncognitivist view the existence holds that the noncognitivist view of Argon is a chemical element with the symbol Ar It is in group 18 Argon is the third-most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere ) in argon makes the outer atomic shell in argon makes the outer atomic shell stable argon makes the outer atomic shell stable and is by industrially extracted the fractional distillation by industrially extracted the fractional distillation of an argon atmosphere , used is example an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces Argon has approximately the same solubility in water it , form can a noble gas , it can form some compounds it can form some compounds under argon , form can HArF , argon can form clathrates argon can form clathrates with They first accomplished this by They trapped a mixture of atmospheric air The arc was by powered a battery was by powered a battery of by powered a battery of five Grove cells The alkali absorbed the oxides of nitrogen They no more reduction operated until the arc no more reduction operated until the arc of they , determined had the gas there that concluded was another gas Argon constitutes 0.934% by volume Air is the primary industrial source of purified argon products Argon is isolated from air is by from isolated air by from air isolated fractionation by , is made the Earth's atmosphere , is by made cosmic ray activity is by made cosmic ray activity , by made cosmic ray activity , primarily , the isotopic composition of varies argon the isotopic composition of varies argon greatly it be , as the dominant isotope Argon by directly produced stellar nucleosynthesis by directly produced stellar nucleosynthesis is Correspondingly , solar argon contains 84.6% , solar argon contains 84.6% ( solar argon contains 84.6% ( according The predominance of radiogenic is the reason

of radiogenic the standard atomic weight is the reason radiogenic the standard atomic weight is the reason of the standard atomic weight the reason is of terrestrial argon Mendeleev positioned the elements on his periodic table Argon's complete octet of electrons indicates full s and p subshells , was by formed researchers was by formed researchers at by formed researchers at the University of Helsinki This discovery argon caused that the recognition argon caused that the recognition could It is stable up to 17 kelvins by , is produced argon , is by produced the decay is by produced the decay of by produced the decay of 40K the primary constituents of used are air Argon is used in some high-temperature industrial processes ordinarily non-reactive substances in used where some high-temperature industrial processes the presence of cause might nitrogen or oxygen gases Argon is used in some types Argon is used in the poultry industry Argon is denser than air Liquid argon is used as the target and an argon nucleus that produces scintillation light an argon nucleus that produces scintillation light is that produces scintillation light is detected Two-phase detectors containing used are argon gas to argon , is xenon argon , is xenon cheaper On its intrinsic beta-ray background , is the other hand its intrinsic beta-ray background , is the other hand larger in by was produced the Earth's atmosphere the Earth's atmosphere was by produced electron capture was by produced electron capture of by produced electron capture of long-lived (+ e− The activity in maintained is the atmosphere in by is maintained the atmosphere the atmosphere is by maintained cosmogenic production is by maintained cosmogenic production through by maintained cosmogenic production through the knockout reaction This process results in a film usable of argon ( has the contents the contents ( argon has the European food additive code E938 ( argon has the European food additive code E938 ) that degrade retarded are the products Since the American National Archives , stores 2002 2002 , the American National Archives stores important national documents , the American National Archives stores important national documents such

the American National Archives stores important national documents such as Argon is preferred for the sputter coating It is used in a procedure Incandescent lights are filled with argon It is used for the specific way is it for used the specific way it for used the specific way ionizes Gas-discharge lamps filled with provide pure argon Argon is used for thermal insulation Argon is used as a propellant has been by used athletes been by used athletes as by used athletes as a doping agent Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol Arsenic occurs in many minerals , The primary use of is arsenic in Arsenic is a common n-type dopant in semiconductor electronic devices It is also a component of A few species of are bacteria able Trace quantities of arsenic are an essential dietary element , arsenic poisoning occurs in multicellular life arsenic poisoning occurs in multicellular life if quantities in occurs if multicellular life all forms that states of arsenic The United States' Agency for ranked Toxic Substances and Disease Registry arsenic between gray arsenic , is the layers gray arsenic , is the layers brittle Nearest and next-nearest neighbors form a distorted octahedral complex , with Gray arsenic is a semimetal , Both have four atoms arranged in Solid yellow arsenic is by produced rapid cooling is by produced rapid cooling of by produced rapid cooling of arsenic vapor rapidly by into transformed gray arsenic by into gray arsenic transformed light The yellow form has a density of 1.97 g It is glassy and brittle Arsenic occurs in nature as most stable of is these stable of these is 73As All other isotopes have half-lives of under one day Arsenic has a similar electronegativity and ionization energies to its lighter congener phosphorus ; the fumes from have this reaction the fumes from this reaction have an odor It burns in oxygen to Arsenic makes arsenic acid with concentrated nitric acid The most common oxidation states for are arsenic : One of the simplest arsenic compound is the trihydride Arsenic(V) acid the salts is and a weak acid

the salts is and a weak acid are Synthetic arsenates include Scheele's Green (cupric hydrogen arsenate , The protonation steps between are the arsenate and arsenic acid similar In arsenic , has As4S10 As4S10 , arsenic has a formal oxidation state , arsenic has a formal oxidation state of arsenic has a formal oxidation state of +2 which except known , the astatide so , it is a very strong fluorinating and oxidizing agent Arsenic is used as the group 5 element The valence electron count of is GaAs the A large variety of known are organoarsenic compounds Several were developed as chemical warfare agents Arsenic comprises about 1.5 ppm   ( In China , was 2014 2014 , China was the top producer , China was the top producer of China was the top producer of white arsenic in arsenic , sublimes air arsenic , sublimes air as arsenic sublimes as arsenic(III ) oxide The word "arsenic " has its origin The Greek word was adopted in Latin ( Another less sensitive but more general test is the Reinsch test . The isolation of described was arsenic of by was described arsenic arsenic was by described Jabir ibn Hayyan was by described Jabir ibn Hayyan before by described Jabir ibn Hayyan before 815 AD In Johann Schröder , published 1649 1649 , Johann Schröder published two ways , Johann Schröder published two ways of Johann Schröder published two ways of preparing This was a solid mixture of arsenic trioxide two other compounds , used were the toxicology mechanism and fungi led to its use fungi led to its use as For lead hydrogen arsenate , was example example , lead hydrogen arsenate was a common insecticide , lead hydrogen arsenate was a common insecticide on lead hydrogen arsenate was a common insecticide on fruit trees monosodium methyl arsenate (MSMA) and disodium methyl arsenate (DSMA) – less toxic organic forms of replaced – arsenic The biogeochemistry of is arsenic complex at arsenate , becomes a lower pH arsenate , becomes a lower pH more Arsenic is used as a feed An example which is , roxarsone

which is , roxarsone had the 1932 death that determined of the famous champion a number of used were arsenic compounds This isotope produces clearer PET scan images than the previous radioactive agent The main use of is arsenic in Lead components in strengthened are car batteries in by are strengthened car batteries car batteries are by strengthened the presence are by strengthened the presence of by strengthened the presence of a very small percentage is greatly by reduced the addition greatly by reduced the addition of by reduced the addition of arsenic Gallium arsenide is an important semiconductor material , Circuits made from are GaAs After the United States , built World War I World War I , the United States built a stockpile , the United States built a stockpile of the United States built a stockpile of 20,000 tons The stockpile was neutralized with bleach Some species of bacteria obtain their energy Under oxidative environmental conditions some bacteria use arsenite oxidative environmental conditions some bacteria use arsenite as some bacteria use arsenite as fuel bacteria , discovered were 2008 were that discovered employ a version that discovered employ a version of it , postulated was 2011 a strain that postulated of "Halomonadaceae arsenic that indicates is an essential trace mineral These include DNA methylation , histone modification arsenic cause significant DNA hypermethylation of p16 tumor suppressor genes significant DNA hypermethylation of p16 tumor suppressor genes and the mold "Scopulariopsis brevicaulis , produces " example , the mold "Scopulariopsis brevicaulis " produces trimethylarsine the mold "Scopulariopsis brevicaulis " produces trimethylarsine if " inorganic arsenic produces if trimethylarsine inorganic arsenic produces if trimethylarsine is The organic compound arsenobetaine is found in some marine foods Naturally occurring sources of include human exposure occurring sources of human exposure include volcanic ash Arsenic is by absorbed all plants is by absorbed all plants , by absorbed all plants , but Extensive arsenic contamination of led has groundwater approximately 57 million people that estimated in the Bengal basin in significant increases suggested that Taiwan significant increases suggested that Taiwan in significant increases that suggested in cancer mortality

The arsenic in is the groundwater of This groundwater was used after local and western NGOs Cambodia , that have geological environments , that have geological environments produce that geological environments have produce groundwater Arsenicosis was reported in Nakhon Si Thammarat more than 60 million people , exposed are Pakistan more than 60 million people are exposed to arsenic polluted drinking water by to exposed indicated arsenic polluted drinking water A 2009 research study observed an elevated presence of skin lesions Some Canadians are that drinking water are that drinking water contains that water drinking contains inorganic arsenic Private-dug–well waters are most at risk Researchers at modeled have the Geological Survey of Canada Epidemiological evidence from Chile shows a dose-dependent connection Analyzing multiple epidemiological studies on suggests inorganic arsenic exposure roughly 80 million people , consume worldwide the University of Cambridge the previously cited multiple epidemiological study analysis , predict would their drinking water , the previously cited multiple epidemiological study analysis would predict an additional 2,000 cases the previously cited multiple epidemiological study analysis would predict an additional 2,000 cases of This represents a clear underestimate of the overall impact iron as found was a coagulant This technology does not use any chemicals Another effective and inexpensive method to avoid is arsenic contamination funded by the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences' shows Superfund Research Program by the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences' shows Superfund Research Program that the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences' deep sediments shows that Superfund Research Program deep sediments shows that Superfund Research Program can Epidemiological studies have suggested a correlation between Around one-third of the world's population drinks water Arsenic is unique among the trace metalloids It is sensitive to mobilization Arsenic can occur in the environment Organic forms of produced are arsenic of by are produced arsenic arsenic are by produced biological activity are by produced biological activity , by produced biological activity , mostly may be by solubilized various processes be that from released surface binding sites that from released surface binding sites lose The aquatic transformations of affected are arsenic

of by are affected arsenic arsenic are by affected pH, reduction-oxidation potential are by affected pH, reduction-oxidation potential , by affected pH, reduction-oxidation potential , organic matter concentration Oxidation and reduction affects the migration the adsorption of reduced is arsenic The presence of sulfur is another factor of sulfur that is another factor sulfur that is another factor affects that another factor is affects the transformation metal when precipitate sulfides form arsenic , removed is this way arsenic is removed from the water its mobility from removed and the water Redox reactions involving appear also Fe The reduction of iron oxyhydroxides plays a key role can be by mobilized reductive desorption be by mobilized reductive desorption or by mobilized reductive desorption or dissolution Some species of bacteria catalyze redox transformations DARP ) speed up the reduction CAO combine the oxidation of As(III They use obtained energy to HAO can not obtain energy , abiotic redox reactions of are arsenic abiotic redox reactions of are arsenic slow , ratios ) were As(V)/As(III ratios ) were As(V)/As(III stable ratios were stable over periods Cherry found from experimental studies that the As(V)/As(III) ratios from found that experimental studies of US-based industries , consumed 2002 2002 , US-based industries consumed 19,600 metric tons , US-based industries consumed 19,600 metric tons of US-based industries consumed 19,600 metric tons of arsenic Ninety percent of used was this , this application is also one this application is also one of The vast majority of treated was older pressure-treated wood CCA lumber is still in widespread use is also by presented the burning also by presented the burning of by presented the burning of older CCA timber in the lethal human dose ; is humans humans ; the lethal human dose is approximately 20 grams ; the lethal human dose is approximately 20 grams of the lethal human dose is approximately 20 grams of ash Scrap CCA lumber from construction and demolition sites may TOXMAP is a Geographic Information System ( GIS of TOXMAP , enables the United States the United States , TOXMAP enables users , TOXMAP enables users to

TOXMAP enables users to visually Bioremediation of contaminated ground water with Arsenate (+5 oxidation state ) is the dominant form Many species of transform can bacteria This is a useful method in ground water remediation Bioremediation requires careful evaluation and design Some sites may require the addition of ) the FDA is and 10 ppb the FDA is and 10 ppb set The Department of Environmental Protection for New Jersey set a drinking water limit The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set the permissible exposure limit ( The PEL for organic arsenic compounds is a TWA it ; required also this level ; it also required recalls it also required recalls for In the national "Dr. Oz" television show , broadcast 2011 2011 , the national "Dr. Oz" television show broadcast a program highlighting tests , the national "Dr. Oz" television show broadcast a program highlighting tests performed the national "Dr. Oz" television show by broadcast performed a program highlighting tests by a program highlighting tests performed broadcast an independent lab between the tests ) showed organic and inorganic arsenic organic and inorganic arsenic ) the tests showed levels ) the tests showed levels of the tests showed levels of arsenic In FDA , tested response response , FDA tested the worst brand , FDA tested the worst brand from FDA tested the worst brand from the "Dr." "Oz" show Ongoing testing 95% found of the apple juice samples 95% found of the apple juice samples were Later testing by Consumer Reports showed inorganic arsenic Concern was raised about people was who about raised people who about raised people were The FDA released some testing results in September 2012 Arsenic is bioaccumulative in many organisms may be by affected root uptake be by affected root uptake of by affected root uptake of arsenate Arsenic's toxicity comes from the affinity of arsenic which inhibits , lipoic acid which inhibits , lipoic acid is These metabolic interferences lead to death Treatment of is chronic arsenic poisoning possible the long-term effects that states of arsenic exposure these tests can not foresee possible health outcomes

Antimony is a chemical element with the symbol Sb it is found in nature China is the largest producer of antimony The largest applications for are metallic antimony in It improves the rigidity of lead-alloy plates Antimony trioxide is a prominent additive for halogen-containing flame retardants Antimony is a member of group with it , is periodic trends it , is periodic trends more Antimony is a silvery, lustrous gray metalloid with a Mohs scale hardness in durability ; was 1931 durability ; was 1931 poor Four allotropes of known are antimony , molten antimony crystallizes into a trigonal cell molten antimony crystallizes into a trigonal cell , Black antimony is formed upon rapid cooling ; it oxidizes in air it oxidizes in air and it , transforms gradually 100 °C it gradually transforms into the stable form been by only generated oxidation by only generated oxidation of Elemental antimony adopts a layered structure ( space group Rm No The nearest and next-nearest neighbors form an irregular octahedral complex , with Antimony has two stable isotopes : 121Sb It also has 35 radioisotopes , most stable of is these stable of these is 120m1Sb it is found in more than 100 mineral species , the molecule of is the compound the molecule of is the compound , it is , but the compound be by only formed oxidation by only formed oxidation with Antimony also forms a mixed-valence oxide , Antimonic acid exists only as the hydrate, forming salts Many antimony ores are sulfides , including Antimony forms two series of halides The pentahalides antimony pentafluoride and antimony Stibine decomposes spontaneously at room temperature are typically by prepared alkylation typically by prepared alkylation of by prepared alkylation of antimony A large variety of known are compounds Examples include Sb(C6H5)3 ( triphenylstibine the artifact unconvinced was indeed a vase This weakens the evidence for a lost art The Roman scholar Pliny the Elder described several ways The intentional isolation of described is antimony of by is described antimony antimony is by described Jabir ibn Hayyan is by described Jabir ibn Hayyan before

by described Jabir ibn Hayyan before 815 AD The metal antimony was known to German chemist Andreas Libavius uncertain ; all suggestions have some difficulty ; all suggestions have some difficulty either all suggestions have some difficulty either of this ; mean would adherents ; this would mean "monk-killer this would mean "monk-killer " Another popular etymology is the hypothetical Greek word ἀντίμόνος "antimonos The early uses of include " "antimonium in the vowels , are hieroglyphs the vowels , are hieroglyphs uncertain Later Greeks also used στἰβι "stibi Greeks also used στἰβι "stibi " Pliny also gives the names "stimi Later Latin authors adapted the word to Latin authors adapted the word to Latin China that in reported 2005 Chinese production of expected is antimony , hurdles for are economic production hurdles for are economic production higher from Chinese production , is China Chinese production , is China critical antimony is ranked second highest antimony was identified as one in antimony xxx maintains Figure Figure xxx antimony maintains high supply risk xxx antimony maintains high supply risk relative antimony maintains high supply risk relative to the metal , imported is the U.S. , 68% of came America's antimony 68% of came America's antimony from a small subset that found of minerals The flame retarding effect of produced is antimony trioxide of by is produced antimony trioxide antimony trioxide is by produced the formation is by produced the formation of by produced the formation of halogenated antimony compounds Markets for these flame-retardants include children's clothing Antimony forms a highly useful alloy with lead varying amounts of used are antimony In this addition , improves lead–acid batteries lead–acid batteries , this addition improves plate strength , this addition improves plate strength and this addition improves plate strength and charging lead keels , used are sailboats Three other applications consume nearly all the rest of the world's supply Another is as a fining agent to Biology and medicine have few uses Antimony compounds are used as antiprotozoan drugs was subsequently by replaced praziquantel having the drugs , have low therapeutic indices low therapeutic indices , the drugs have minimal penetration

, the drugs have minimal penetration of the drugs have minimal penetration of the bone marrow Antimony(III) sulfide is used in the heads Antimony sulfides help to stabilize Antimony is used in bullets the gamma rays emitted by initiate antimony-124 emitted by antimony-124 initiate the photodisintegration by antimony-124 initiate the photodisintegration of The emitted neutrons have an average energy of 24 Elemental antimony metal does not affect human and environmental health Antimony chlorides are corrosive to skin Dermal absorption for estimated is metals Prolonged skin contact with cause may antimony dust it was agreed at the European Union level the skin rashes at agreed that the European Union level is by at set 0.5 mg/m3 by at 0.5 mg/m3 set the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Certain compounds of appear antimony to Occupational exposure may cause respiratory irritation , Actinium is a chemical element with the symbol Ac the element " ; got the name "emanium " ; the element got its name ; the element got its name by the element got its name by being Actinium gave the name to the actinide series many actinides , actinium assumes oxidation state +3 , actinium assumes oxidation state +3 in actinium assumes oxidation state +3 in nearly all its chemical compounds radioactivity , actinium has no significant industrial use He separated it from pitchblende residues In Debierne , described 1899 1899 , Debierne described the substance , Debierne described the substance as Debierne described the substance as similar Friedrich Oskar Giesel found in 1902 a substance This has led some authors to A less confrontational vision of proposed is scientific discovery of by is proposed scientific discovery scientific discovery is by proposed Adloff in he , notes the original papers he , notes the original papers that The name actinium originates from the Ancient Greek "aktis , Its estimated shear modulus is similar to that Actinium has similar chemical properties to lanthanum of actinium , gave the actinides the actinides , actinium gave the group , actinium gave the group its name actinium gave the group its name , , actinium exists in the oxidation state +3

actinium exists in the oxidation state +3 , The oxidation state +3 originates from the [Rn]6d17s2 electronic configuration of even this may in be reality only a limited number of known are actinium compounds These include : AcF3 , for they , are AcPO4 they , are AcPO4 all They all contain actinium in " the number is of formula units the number is of formula units per actinium metal , treated is the latter method actinium metal is treated with hydrogen fluoride vapors is by obtained reacting actinium by obtained reacting actinium hydroxide be by prepared hydrolyzing actinium trichloride by prepared hydrolyzing actinium trichloride with Actinium hydride was by obtained reduction was by obtained reduction of by obtained reduction of actinium trichloride occurring actinium is composed of two radioactive isotopes All remaining radioactive isotopes that have half-lives are that half-lives have are less than 10 hours The shortest-lived known isotope of is actinium ( Purified comes into equilibrium with It decays according to its 21.772-year half-life The actinium isotope 227Ac is a transient member isotope 227Ac is a transient member of The isotope 228Ac is a transient member of The reaction yield is about 2% of the radium weight 227Ac can further capture neutrons actinium , separated is the synthesis actinium is separated from radium An alternative procedure is anion exchange with an appropriate resin This rare isotope has potential applications in radiation therapy has been by prepared the reduction been by prepared the reduction of by prepared the reduction of actinium fluoride Higher temperatures resulted in evaporation of 225Ac is applied in medicine This isotope has a half-life of 10 days its daughters , which emit alpha particles , which emit alpha particles kill which alpha particles emit kill cancer cells of intravenous injection was that 225Ac intravenous injection was that 225Ac of intravenous injection that was of simple actinium complexes 225Ac , bound was this problem 225Ac was bound to a chelating agent but the excretion from remained the body the excretion from remained the body slow Much better results were obtained with such chelating agents be by with studied the required accuracy

by with the required accuracy studied direct measurements This occurs because of the mixing processes which because of occurs the mixing processes about 33% of deposited is actinium Americium is a synthetic radioactive chemical element with the symbol Am first by in produced 1944 by in 1944 produced the group it , discovered was the transuranic series The discovery was kept secret and Most americium is by produced uranium is by produced uranium or by produced uranium or plutonium Americium is a relatively soft radioactive metal with silvery appearance Its most common isotopes are 241Am and 243Am americium , assumes usually chemical compounds , americium usually assumes the oxidation state +3 americium usually assumes the oxidation state +3 , They used a 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley heavier curium , americium was the fourth transuranium element , americium was the fourth transuranium element to americium was the fourth transuranium element to be had been by restructured Seaborg been by restructured Seaborg to by restructured Seaborg to its present layout below it ; was its twin lanthanide element europium it ; was its twin lanthanide element europium thus it was thus by analogy The new element was isolated from its oxides the solution , evaporated was about 0.5 cm2 area the coating , dissolved was cyclotron irradiation the coating was dissolved with nitric acid The residue was dissolved in perchloric acid was by out carried ion exchange by out carried ion exchange , Initial experiments yielded four americium isotopes : 241Am to the results ; were the Manhattan Project the results ; were the Manhattan Project confidential Seaborg leaked the synthesis of the elements weighed they ; were a few micrograms they ; were a few micrograms barely Existing americium is concentrated in the areas A tonne of spent nuclear fuel contains about 100 grams Their prolonged radioactivity is undesirable for the disposal The associated procedure may involve several steps , americium involve , where several steps The plutonium present in contains spent nuclear fuel Most synthesis routines yield a mixture of different actinide isotopes For a 2003 EU-funded project , codenamed example

a 2003 EU-funded project , codenamed example " A "bis"-triazinyl bipyridine complex was proposed in 2009 such a reagent in proposed as 2009 Metallic americium is by obtained reduction is by obtained reduction from by obtained reduction from its compounds americium , located is the periodic table americium is located to the right prepared , it has a silvery-white metallic lustre , it has a silvery-white metallic lustre , it has a silvery-white metallic lustre , but / americium , is cm3 americium , is cm3 less At americium , is ambient conditions americium , is ambient conditions present americium is present in its most stable α form which present in is its most stable α form The crystal consists of a double-hexagonal close packing with to α-Am , transforms 5 GPa α-Am , transforms 5 GPa to , α-Am transforms to the β modification α-Am transforms to the β modification , which to transforms , the β modification This "fcc" structure is equivalent to the closest packing to americium , transforms 23 GPa americium , transforms 23 GPa to , americium transforms to an orthorhombic γ-Am structure americium transforms to an orthorhombic γ-Am structure similar There are no further transitions observed up to 52 GPa There is no consistency on the status The pressure of decreases the α-β transition with This effect makes somewhat uncertain the temperature at this behavior ; is room temperature this behavior ; is room temperature similar this behavior is similar to that Americium is paramagnetic in a wide temperature range The thermal expansion coefficient of is americium slightly the standard enthalpy change , from is which Americium metal readily reacts with oxygen The most stable oxidation state for americium is +3 The chemistry of has ) americium(III For trivalent americium , forms example example , trivalent americium forms insoluble fluoride, oxalate, iodate, hydroxide, phosphate and other salts This that is the widest range has that is the widest range has been americium compounds in is aqueous solution compounds in is aqueous solution as The absorption spectra have sharp peaks , due , Am(III ) has absorption maxima

Am(III ) has absorption maxima at Americium compounds with oxidation state +4 and In the ion is acidic aqueous solution unstable the ion is acidic aqueous solution unstable with the ion is unstable with respect can be by prepared oxidation be by prepared oxidation of by prepared oxidation of Am(III Americium(II) oxide was prepared in minute amounts Americium(III) oxide is a red-brown solid with a melting point oxide is the main form of solid americium which the main form of is solid americium at the decomposition , completes 300 °C the decomposition , completes 300 °C at , the decomposition completes at about 470 °C Another known form of solid tetravalent americium fluoride is KAmF5 black Am(OH)4 , dissolved was this purpose black Am(OH)4 was dissolved in 15 M. The resulting reddish solution which had a characteristic optical absorption spectrum is which had a characteristic optical absorption spectrum is similar americium(III ) halides form hexagonal crystals The fluoride is isotypic to LaF3 be by prepared dissolving americium dioxide by prepared dissolving americium dioxide in The known chalcogenides of americium include the sulfide AmS2 ) were by obtained reduction were by obtained reduction of by obtained reduction of americium(III with it , has LaSi LaSi , it has an orthorhombic crystal symmetry AmSix has a bright silvery lustre and a tetragonal crystal lattice (space group Borides of americium include AmB4 to americium , forms uranocene uranocene , americium forms the organometallic compound amerocene , americium forms the organometallic compound amerocene with americium forms the organometallic compound amerocene with two cyclooctatetraene ligands has been by confirmed EXAFS Americium is an artificial element of recent origin It is harmful to life The critical mass for is a bare 242mAm sphere about the uncertainty about is ( 9–14 kg Such small critical mass is favorable for portable nuclear weapons There are proposals of very compact 10-kW high-flux reactors 8 nuclear isomers are known for americium are 243Am ; has two long-lived alpha-emitters two long-lived alpha-emitters ; 243Am has a half-life ; 243Am has a half-life of 243Am has a half-life of 7,370 years 242m1Am ; it has a long half-life

; it has a long half-life of it has a long half-life of 141 years Americium-241 decays to emitting 237Np decays to 237Np emitting alpha particles Americium is used in the most common type This amount declines slowly as the americium decays , the americium in includes a smoke detector the americium in a smoke detector includes about 3% neptunium The radiation passes through an ionization chamber , Any smoke that enters absorbs the chamber that enters the chamber absorbs the alpha particles the chamber which absorbs , the alpha particles which absorbs , the alpha particles reduces electricity – the power yield is 114.7 mW/g – the power yield is 114.7 mW/g for the power yield is 114.7 mW/g for 241Am Another proposed space-related application of americium is a fuel It relies on the very high rate of Small thickness avoids the problem of self-absorption This problem is pertinent to uranium or plutonium rods directly they propel or the spaceship they propel or the spaceship can Its design relies not on the energy A single 3.2 kg 242mAm charge of provide could such battery The most widespread use of 241AmBe neutron sources is a neutron probe nobelium was produced at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research most of excreted is the americium The uptake to depends the liver on Americium often enters landfills from In 17-year-old David Hahn , extracted 1994 1994 , 17-year-old David Hahn extracted the americium , 17-year-old David Hahn extracted the americium from 17-year-old David Hahn extracted the americium from about 100 smoke detectors There have been a few cases of Astatine is a chemical element with the symbol It is the rarest naturally occurring element in the Earth's crust The first synthesis of was the element in is all its isotopes ; have an extremely radioactive element an extremely radioactive element ; all its isotopes have half-lives ; all its isotopes have half-lives of all its isotopes have half-lives of 8.1 hours Most of are its isotopes very Research is by limited its short half-life is by limited its short half-life , which by limited , its short half-life

been by ( estimated interpolation by ( estimated interpolation or yellow bromine , is green green , bromine is red brown , bromine is red brown , bromine is red brown , and iodine is , and red brown The structure of is solid astatine unknown of it have may iodine iodine it may have an orthorhombic crystalline structure it may have an orthorhombic crystalline structure composed it be may well this structure it may well be a superconductor its bond length , be would example its bond length would be , dissociation energy by is " clouded astatine is " by clouded the extremely low concentrations " by clouded the extremely low concentrations at by clouded the extremely low concentrations at which Astatine has some metallic characteristics as well Astatine has an electronegativity of 2.2 official IUPAC stoichiometric nomenclature is based on an idealized convention astatine , handled is this convention The marked reduction for predicted was At than astatine , is iodine iodine , astatine is the least reactive , astatine is the least reactive of astatine is the least reactive of the halogens as the iodine , ensures a carrier there , the iodine ensures a carrier the iodine there ensures is sufficient material there ensures is sufficient material for – was by noted the pioneers was by noted the pioneers of by noted the pioneers of astatine chemistry mentioned , there are grounds , there are grounds for there are grounds for instead ; acidification by gives dilute nitric acid acidification by dilute nitric acid gives the At0 or At+ forms the subsequent addition gives , and the At0 or At+ forms [ At(C5H5N)2]+ , forms ionic compounds At(C5H5N)2]+ , forms ionic compounds with by obtained , for example yields this ; is the perastatate ion this ; is the perastatate ion only in these reactions ; produce the vapor state these reactions ; produce the vapor state diatomic these reactions produce diatomic interhalogen compounds adding chloride ) showed that nitric acid solution adding chloride that showed turned the astatine it , suggested was chemical elements it , called was its officially recognized discovery

, it was called "eka-iodine it was called "eka-iodine " The first claimed discovery of made was eka-iodine of by was made eka-iodine eka-iodine was by made Fred Allison was by made Fred Allison and by made Fred Allison and his associates The discoverers named element 85 "alabamine " of Berkeley , disproved University of California University of California , Berkeley disproved Allison's method , Berkeley disproved Allison's method and Berkeley disproved Allison's method and the validity There was another claim in 1937 he ) , chose Bangladesh ) , he chose the name "dakin , he chose the name "dakin " he chose the name "dakin " for In they , published 1939 1939 , they published another paper , they which published another paper they which published another paper supported which published another paper supported and In Hulubei , published 1944 1944 , Hulubei published a summary , Hulubei published a summary of Hulubei published a summary of data he a summary of published data He chose the name "dor " , was effectively by rejected the Austrian chemist effectively by rejected the Austrian chemist Friedrich Paneth by rejected the Austrian chemist Friedrich Paneth , means to detect were it In the Swiss chemist Walter Minder , announced 1940 1940 , the Swiss chemist Walter Minder announced the discovery , the Swiss chemist Walter Minder announced the discovery of the Swiss chemist Walter Minder announced the discovery of element of radon-222 ( is his radon stream his radon stream ( radon-222 is the parent isotope ( radon-222 is the parent isotope of radon-222 is the parent isotope of polonium-218 , and Emilio Segrè isolated the element and Emilio Segrè isolated the element at Emilio Segrè isolated the element at the University of California, Berkeley in the scientists , created nature nature , the scientists created it , the scientists created it by the scientists created it by bombarding in chemists , were addition chemists , were addition reluctant astatine , found was 1943 astatine was found as a product Friedrich Paneth in called 1946 to Corson and his colleagues classified astatine

Subsequent investigators reported iodine - like There are 39 known isotopes of astatine Astatine's alpha decay energies follow the same trend as for Lighter astatine isotopes have quite high energies of alpha decay Astatine-211 has a significantly higher energy than the previous isotope the alpha decay probability ) , is astatine-211 The two following release isotopes two following isotopes release even more energy For it , is this reason this reason , it is the shortest-lived astatine isotope all isotopes that postulated of the element The most stable isotope which is , astatine-210 which is , astatine-210 has The primary decay mode is beta plus , In only five isotopes , have total total , only five isotopes have half-lives , only five isotopes have half-lives exceeding only five isotopes have half-lives exceeding one hour The least stable ground state isotope is astatine-213 , with Astatine which has , 24 known nuclear isomers which has , 24 known nuclear isomers are There may be more than one isomer for most stable of is these nuclear isomers stable of astatine-202m1 is these nuclear isomers of astatine-202m1 is these nuclear isomers , which is astatine-202m1 , these nuclear isomers by ) is estimated mass 2.36 × 1025 grams ) is by estimated some is by estimated some to by estimated some to be trace amounts occur naturally as a product Astatine-218 was the first astatine isotope discovered in first by produced bombarding bismuth-209 by produced bombarding bismuth-209 with using by is constrained this method this method is by constrained the limited availability is by constrained the limited availability of by constrained the limited availability of suitable cyclotrons microgram quantities of be might astatine The most important isotope is astatine-211 , the the metal , sputtered is the bismuth target the metal is sputtered onto a gold The target is kept under a chemically neutral nitrogen atmosphere alpha particles , collided are a cyclotron alpha particles are collided with the bismuth the reaction may occur in three possible ways The methods summarized below are modern adaptations The astatine-containing cyclotron target is heated to a temperature

Redistilling required may be the condensate The astatine is recovered from the trap Astatine is extracted from this acid Wet methods involve " multiple radioactivity handling Newly formed astatine-211 is the subject of ongoing research of this ; is 7.2 hours this ; is 7.2 hours long Astatine-211 has potential for targeted alpha-particle therapy - rays emitted as a result rays emitted as a result of iodine-131 ) is that medicine iodine-131 that is emits high-energy beta particles Beta particles have much greater penetrating power through tissues emitted by travel can iodine-131 by iodine-131 can travel nearly 30 World War II delayed research for close to a decade Results of indicated early experiments that of a cancer-selective carrier indicated that early experiments a cancer-selective carrier indicated that early experiments would Unlike astatine , shows iodine iodine , astatine shows a tendency , astatine shows a tendency to astatine shows a tendency to dehalogenate in this , emphasized the body the body , this emphasized the need , this emphasized the need to this emphasized the need to ensure it emphasized to ensure the need for more rapidly metabolized carriers , remain their efficacy their efficacy , more rapidly metabolized carriers remain a significant obstacle , more rapidly metabolized carriers remain a significant obstacle to more rapidly metabolized carriers remain a significant obstacle to the evaluation astatine , shows also iodine , astatine also shows a tendency astatine also shows a tendency to the form of it tends a radiocolloid of it tends a radiocolloid to it tends a radiocolloid to concentrate astatine-211 that suggest causes much greater damage in this conclusion ; remained breast tissue this conclusion ; remained breast tissue controversial this conclusion remained controversial for many years An atom is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that the smallest unit of is ordinary matter Every atom is composed of a nucleus The nucleus is made of one or more protons Only the most common variety of hydrogen has no neutrons More than 99.94% of is an atom's mass in have the electrons , have a positive electric charge a positive electric charge , the electrons have a negative electric charge

, the electrons have a negative electric charge , the electrons have a negative electric charge , and the neutrons have , and a negative electric charge The electrons of attracted are an atom by to each attracted other Under the repelling electromagnetic force , becomes certain circumstances the repelling electromagnetic force , becomes certain circumstances stronger the repelling electromagnetic force becomes stronger than the nuclear force it is " and the "atomic number any atom that contains is 29 protons that contains 29 protons is copper The number of neutrons defines the isotope Atoms can attach to one or more other atoms was by throughout used the ages by throughout the ages used thinkers the English chemist , compiled John Dalton the early 1800s , the English chemist John Dalton compiled experimental data the English chemist John Dalton compiled experimental data gathered John Dalton by compiled gathered experimental data by experimental data gathered compiled himself He noticed that in chemical compounds which that in noticed chemical compounds of one : is tin oxide tin oxide : one is a black powder : one that is a black powder one that is a black powder is that a black powder is is 88.1% tin , in there is the black oxide in the black oxide there is about 13.5 g the black oxide there is about 13.5 g of there is about 13.5 g of oxygen As Dalton , considered a second example a second example , Dalton considered two iron oxides , Dalton considered two iron oxides : Dalton considered two iron oxides : a black powder which considered : a black powder two iron oxides , in there is the black oxide in the black oxide there is about 28 g the black oxide there is about 28 g of there is about 28 g of oxygen 36.7% oxygen , nitric oxide is 44.05% nitrogen , nitric oxide is 44.05% nitrogen and nitric oxide is 44.05% nitrogen and 55.95% oxygen , in there is nitric oxide in nitric oxide there is about 160 g nitric oxide there is about 160 g of

there is about 160 g of oxygen , and 320 form a ratio and 320 form a ratio of 320 form a ratio of 1:2:4 , a number of found scientists a number of found scientists that of they found that scientists they found that scientists could In botanist Robert Brown , used 1827 1827 , botanist Robert Brown used a microscope , botanist Robert Brown used a microscope to botanist Robert Brown used a microscope to look In Albert Einstein , proved 1905 1905 , Albert Einstein proved the reality , Albert Einstein proved the reality of Albert Einstein proved the reality of these molecules In J. J. Thomson , discovered 1897 J. J. Thomson , discovered 1897 that within they — were the cathode the cathode — they were "subatomic" particles He called these new particles "corpuscles " electrons that recognized are the particles of these ( are alpha particles alpha particles ( these are positively-charged particles ( these are positively-charged particles emitted these by are emitted positively-charged particles by positively-charged particles emitted are certain radioactive substances were being by scattered the air being by scattered the air in by scattered the air in the detection chamber Thomson had encountered a similar problem in Rutheford and his colleagues performed a series explain Rutherford , proposed this Rutherford , proposed this that the positive charge that proposed of the atom , in radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered 1913 in radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered 1913 that there radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that 1913 The term isotope was by coined Margaret Todd was by coined Margaret Todd as by coined Margaret Todd as a suitable name In the physicist Niels Bohr , proposed 1913 1913 , the physicist Niels Bohr proposed a model , the physicist Niels Bohr proposed a model in the physicist Niels Bohr proposed a model in which the electrons a model in proposed which Later in Henry Moseley provided the same year in the same year Henry Moseley provided additional experimental evidence the same year Henry Moseley provided additional experimental evidence in Henry Moseley provided additional experimental evidence in favor

These results which refined , Ernest Rutherford's and Antonius van den Broek's model which refined , Ernest Rutherford's and Antonius van den Broek's model proposed Chemical bonds between explained were atoms between by were explained atoms atoms were by explained Gilbert Newton Lewis were by explained Gilbert Newton Lewis in by explained Gilbert Newton Lewis in 1916 in the American chemist suggested Irving Langmuir 1919 the American chemist suggested Irving Langmuir 1919 that The Bohr model of the atom was the first complete physical model It described the overall structure of the atom The Stern–Gerlach experiment of 1922 provided further evidence the beam , split was a specially shaped magnetic field the beam was split in a way In Werner Heisenberg , published 1925 1925 , Werner Heisenberg published the first consistent mathematical formulation , Werner Heisenberg published the first consistent mathematical formulation of Werner Heisenberg published the first consistent mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics this ; known became time this became known as the uncertainty principle The development of the mass allowed the mass spectrometer of the mass allowed the mass spectrometer of the mass spectrometer the mass allowed of atoms the mass allowed of atoms to The device uses a magnet to bend The chemist Francis William Aston used this instrument to varied by called , integer amounts by integer amounts , called the whole number rule The explanation for these different isotopes awaited the discovery Instead , his chemical experiments showed barium , his chemical experiments showed barium as his chemical experiments showed barium as a product Hahn's result that verified were the first experimental "nuclear fission In Hahn , received 1944 1944 , Hahn received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry scientists and particle detectors allowed improved particle accelerators scientists allowed to study the impacts in the atom composed is modern scientific usage the atom composed is modern scientific usage of the atom is composed of various subatomic particles It was the lightest particle with a positive rest mass electrons , bound are ordinary conditions electrons are bound to the positively charged nucleus are by to bound the positively charged nucleus

by to the positively charged nucleus bound the attraction a charged atom ; called is a whole ; a charged atom is called an ion Protons have a positive charge and a mass 1,836 times that nitrogen that observed under alpha-particle bombardment Neutrons have no electrical charge and have Neutrons are the heaviest of of electrons , are physics physics , electrons are truly elementary particles , electrons are truly elementary particles with electrons are truly elementary particles with no internal structure There are two types of quarks Protons are composed of two up quarks Neutrons consist of one up quark and are by together held the strong interaction by together held the strong interaction ( The radius of is a nucleus approximately are by together bound a short-ranged attractive potential by together bound a short-ranged attractive potential called Atoms of the same element have the same number the number of vary may neutrons the neutron are classified as fermions Fermions which obey the Pauli exclusion principle prohibits which the Pauli exclusion principle obey prohibits "identical" fermions Nuclear fission is the opposite process , causing a nucleus is , causing the opposite process be by through modified bombardment by through bombardment modified high energy subatomic particles — that usually is an exothermic process that usually is an exothermic process releases It that is this energy-releasing process makes that this energy-releasing process is makes nuclear fusion The electrons in attracted are an atom This force binds the electrons inside an electrostatic potential closer an electron is to the nucleus an electron is to the nucleus , The electron cloud is a region inside the potential well This behavior is by defined an atomic orbital is by defined an atomic orbital , by defined an atomic orbital , a mathematical function ) set of exist these orbitals set of exist these orbitals around The electron can change its state to an electron in drop can a higher energy state For it , requires example it , requires example only 13.6 it requires only 13.6   eV For all hydrogen atoms , admit example example , all hydrogen atoms admit exactly one proton

, all hydrogen atoms admit exactly one proton , all hydrogen atoms admit exactly one proton , but isotopes admit , but exactly one proton The known elements form a set of atomic numbers About 339 nuclides occur naturally on Earth An additional 34 radioactive nuclides have half-lives longer than 100 million years This collection of known are 286 nuclides of at least one stable isotope , exists the chemical elements As there , is a rule a rule , there is only a handful , there is only a handful of there is only a handful of stable isotopes Twenty-six elements have only a single stable isotope , while the largest number have , while only a single stable isotope Stability of affected is isotopes of by is affected isotopes isotopes is by affected the ratio is by affected the ratio of by affected the ratio of protons Of only four , have the 252 known stable nuclides the 252 known stable nuclides , only four have both an odd number , only four have both an odd number of only four have both an odd number of protons The large majority of comes an atom's mass from It is a positive integer and dimensionless This unit is defined as a twelfth The value of called is this number A given atom has an atomic mass approximately equal , chemists instead use the unit chemists instead use the unit of Atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary , so their dimensions lack , so a well-defined outer boundary This is a measure of the distance the atom assumes to exhibit a spherical shape The radius varies with the location of of atom size , tends the elements atom size , tends the elements to the shape of deviate may an atom The deformation depends on the field magnitude and Atomic dimensions are thousands of times a typical human hair , consider that the atom a typical human hair that consider is about 1 million carbon atoms A single drop of water contains about 2 sextillion Every element that has one or more isotopes have

that one or more isotopes has have unstable nuclei Other more rare types of radioactive decay include ejection that is — a process internal conversion Each radioactive isotope has a characteristic decay time period — the half-life This that is an exponential decay process steadily that is an exponential decay process steadily decreases Elementary particles possess an intrinsic quantum mechanical property known as This is analogous to the angular momentum Spin is measured in units — is by determined these various forms is by determined these various forms of by determined these various forms of angular momentum in electrons , bound the same quantum state electrons , bound the same quantum state pair the spins when achieved of unpaired electrons , the material can produce a measurable macroscopic field The nucleus of have will an atom will it have when no spin it have when no spin has nuclei with aligned are spin ; its dependence on reaches the electron's position its dependence on the electron's position reaches the minimum a bound electron , occupy can the quantum-mechanical model , a bound electron can occupy only a set a bound electron can occupy only a set of can be by measured the amount be by measured the amount of by measured the amount of energy The lowest energy state of called is a bound electron Electrons jump between orbitals in these specific energy levels , so appear its frequency so these specific energy levels appear as distinct bands these specific energy levels appear as distinct bands in some of absorbed are the photons of by are absorbed the photons the photons are by absorbed atoms are by absorbed atoms , by absorbed atoms , causing Thus the atoms behave like a filter the atoms that like behave a filter that like behave a filter forms Close examination of reveals the spectral lines that of some reveals that the spectral lines some reveals that the spectral lines display some that reveals display a fine structure splitting This occurs because of spin-orbit coupling into a phenomenon ; called three or more components three or more components ; a phenomenon called the Zeeman effect

This is by caused the interaction is by caused the interaction of by caused the interaction of the magnetic field Some atoms can have multiple electron configurations with an interacting photon with cause can the proper energy the electron must drop to a lower energy state must that to drop a lower energy state that to drop a lower energy state has the wave patterns of synchronized are the two photons Valency is the combining power of an element It is by determined the number is by determined the number of by determined the number of bonds that a useful approximation for is bonds Many elements display multiple valences , or , chemical bonding between takes these elements chemical bonding between these elements takes many forms that many forms of takes electron-sharing often that in displayed a periodic table that in displayed a periodic table is ( The horizontal rows correspond to the filling The horizontal rows correspond to the filling of Quantities of found are atoms materials , transition can the conditions materials can transition between solids An example of this is solid carbon this which is , solid carbon which is , solid carbon can atoms , form can zero , atoms can form a Bose–Einstein condensate atoms can form a Bose–Einstein condensate , which form , at a Bose–Einstein condensate The microscope which uses , the quantum tunneling phenomenon which uses , the quantum tunneling phenomenon allows Electrons tunnel through the vacuum between One electrode is a sharp tip ideally ending of the tip's height adjusted is the surface the tip's height adjusted is the surface so For the microscope , images low bias low bias , the microscope images the averaged electron orbitals , the microscope images the averaged electron orbitals across the microscope images the averaged electron orbitals across closely packed energy levels that observed correspond to individual atoms be easily by identified their mass turned by determined is the magnetic field by by is determined the magnetic field the magnetic field is by determined the mass is by determined the mass of by determined the mass of the atom

The mass spectrometer uses this principle to measure the mass spectrometer , determine can multiple isotopes , the mass spectrometer can determine the proportion the mass spectrometer can determine the proportion of both made can be proper focusing Baryonic matter forms about 4% of the total energy density as particles , have the Milky Way the Milky Way , particles have a much higher concentration , particles have a much higher concentration , particles have a much higher concentration , with Up to 95% of concentrated are the Milky Way's baryonic matter ; the remainder of is the mass the remainder of the mass is an unknown dark matter High temperature inside most "atoms makes stars inside most "atoms makes stars " most "atoms makes stars " fully which on relies , their binding energy than the matter , exists ionization potential the matter , exists ionization potential in , the matter exists in the form the matter exists in the form of below atoms , become the ionization potential atoms , become the ionization potential statistically , both of involve which both of which involve the capture up its inhabitants and were the Earth its inhabitants and were the Earth present its inhabitants were present in their current form The rest are the result of radioactive decay There are a few trace atoms on Earth that a few trace atoms on are Earth is continuously by generated cosmic rays continuously by generated cosmic rays in by generated cosmic rays in the atmosphere Transuranic elements have radioactive lifetimes shorter than 99% of bound is the atmosphere , an overwhelming majority of combine atoms an overwhelming majority of combine atoms to that to create combine materials Each particle of matter has a corresponding antimatter particle Thus , the positron is a positively charged antielectron , the positron is a positively charged antielectron and the positron the antiproton is and a positively charged antielectron the antiproton is and a positively charged antielectron is , they annihilate each other latter , the are matter and antimatter particles latter are rare in the universe can be by replaced a more massive muon

be by replaced a more massive muon , by replaced a more massive muon , forming Other non-arable land that includes land is that includes land is not For United States NRCS statistics , indicate example United States NRCS statistics , indicate example that about 59 percent that indicate of US non-federal pasture , 41 percent of is the provincial Agricultural Land Reserve area 41 percent of is the provincial Agricultural Land Reserve area unsuitable New arable land makes more food and can Making involves arable often non-arable land An alternative which is , the seawater greenhouse which is , the seawater greenhouse desalinates the land does not make artifices Rock still remains rock , The use of is artifice an The below described circumstances are not in perspective Aluminium has a density lower than It has a great affinity towards oxygen Aluminium visually resembles silver , for aluminium forms , compounds the group aluminium forms , compounds the group primarily aluminium forms compounds primarily in the +3 oxidation state The discovery of announced was aluminium was by in announced 1825 by in 1825 announced Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted The first industrial production of initiated was aluminium of by was initiated aluminium aluminium was by initiated French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville was by initiated French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville in by initiated French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville in 1856 II , aluminium was a crucial strategic resource , aluminium was a crucial strategic resource for aluminium was a crucial strategic resource for aviation In aluminium , became 1954 1954 , aluminium became the most produced non-ferrous metal , aluminium became the most produced non-ferrous metal , aluminium became the most produced non-ferrous metal , surpassing no living organism , known is the environment This situation is common for elements It is the only primordial aluminium isotope , i.e. Nearly all aluminium on is Earth present All other isotopes of are aluminium radioactive well , its half-life is only 717,000 years , its half-life is only 717,000 years and its half-life is only 717,000 years and therefore a detectable amount is and therefore only 717,000 years

minute traces of produced are 26Al An aluminium atom has 13 electrons , arranged , the combined first three ionization energies of are aluminium the combined first three ionization energies of are aluminium far A free aluminium atom has a radius of 143 pm , the radius shrinks to 39 pm the radius shrinks to 39 pm for allow thallium , has metallization metallization , thallium has a hexagonal close-packed structure , thallium has a hexagonal close-packed structure , thallium has a hexagonal close-packed structure , and gallium has , and a hexagonal close-packed structure Aluminium metal has an appearance ranging from A fresh film of serves aluminium as Aluminium mirrors are the most reflective The density of aluminium is 2.70 g Aluminium's low density compared to arises most other metals its nuclei from arises that the fact The only lighter metals are the metals of groups In various aluminium alloys used are most applications various aluminium alloys used are most applications instead The yield strength of pure aluminium is 7–11 MPa aluminium alloys is , while 7–11 MPa Aluminium is ductile , with Aluminium is an excellent thermal and electrical conductor , having Aluminium is capable of superconductivity Aluminium combines characteristics of pre- and post-transition metals like it , has its heavier group 13 congeners its heavier group 13 congeners , it has the characteristic physical properties , it has the characteristic physical properties of it has the characteristic physical properties of a post-transition metal The underlying core under aluminium's valence shell is that , the inner electrons of shield aluminium the inner electrons of aluminium shield the valence electrons such , aluminium is the most electropositive metal , aluminium is the most electropositive metal in aluminium is the most electropositive metal in its group to they ( have BX3 compounds BX3 compounds ( they have the same valence electronic structure ( they have the same valence electronic structure ) they have the same valence electronic structure ) , Aluminium has a high chemical affinity to oxygen however , aluminium forms a thin oxide layer , aluminium forms a thin oxide layer (

aluminium forms a thin oxide layer ( ~5 nm to aluminium , is corrosion corrosion , aluminium is one , aluminium is one of aluminium is one of the few metals that one of is the few metals — protective passivation under is these conditions protective passivation under is these conditions negligible Aluminium is by corroded dissolved chlorides is by corroded dissolved chlorides , by corroded dissolved chlorides , such by is also destroyed aluminium is also by destroyed contact also by destroyed contact with by destroyed contact with mercury The coordination number of varies such compounds , Al3 , exists + aqueous solution This is useful for clarification aluminium fluoride (AlF3 ) features six-coordinate aluminium ) which features , six-coordinate aluminium which features , six-coordinate aluminium explains Each aluminium atom is by surrounded six fluorine atoms is by surrounded six fluorine atoms in by surrounded six fluorine atoms in a distorted octahedral arrangement Such units also exist in complex fluorides With the coordination numbers , are heavier halides the coordination numbers , are heavier halides lower At those dissociate increasingly higher temperatures those dissociate increasingly higher temperatures into those increasingly dissociate into trigonal planar are by prepared treating aluminium metal by prepared treating aluminium metal with them makes useful as catalysts Aluminium forms one stable oxide with the chemical formula Al2O3 ; there is also a γ-alumina phase are impure corundum contaminated with trace amounts impure corundum contaminated with trace amounts of There are three main trihydroxides : bayerite Most are produced from ores are by from produced ores by from ores produced a variety Heating the hydroxides leads to formation These materials are of central importance to The only stable chalcogenides under normal conditions are aluminium sulfide three are by prepared direct reaction are by prepared direct reaction of by prepared direct reaction of their elements They are all III-V semiconductors isoelectronic Preparation involves heating fixed metals together There are few compounds with lower oxidation states the respective trihalide in exist when the gaseous phase A stable derivative of aluminium monoiodide is the cyclic adduct They catch fire spontaneously in

They often form dimers , usually by feature formed tetrahedral Al centers by tetrahedral Al centers formed feature dimerization They are hard acids and react The industrially most important aluminium hydride is lithium aluminium hydride ( LiAlH4 particle abundance in is the Solar System abundance in the Solar System is 3.15 ppm become this fusion : creates Type II supernovas Type II supernovas : this fusion creates 26Mg : this fusion creates 26Mg , this fusion which creates , 26Mg which creates , 26Mg , Some smaller quantities of created are 27Al Essentially all aluminium now in is existence for hydrogen burning , is 27Al 27Al , hydrogen burning is the primary source , hydrogen burning is the primary source of hydrogen burning is the primary source of 26Al Overall , the Earth is about 1.59% aluminium , the Earth is about 1.59% aluminium by the Earth is about 1.59% aluminium by mass Aluminium occurs in greater proportion in In aluminium , is the Earth's crust the Earth's crust , aluminium is the most abundant metallic element , aluminium is the most abundant metallic element ( aluminium is the most abundant metallic element ( 8.23% In the Earth's mantle , is contrast contrast , the Earth's mantle is only 2.38% aluminium , the Earth's mantle is only 2.38% aluminium by the Earth's mantle is only 2.38% aluminium by mass it is found in oxides Aluminium also occurs in the minerals beryl is not all aluminium minerals , are a common and widespread element a common and widespread element , not all aluminium minerals are economically viable sources , not all aluminium minerals are economically viable sources of not all aluminium minerals are economically viable sources of the metal Almost all metallic aluminium is produced from the ore bauxite Bauxite occurs as a weathering product of by has been shaped aluminium has been by shaped usage been by shaped usage of by shaped usage of alum made by dates , Greek historian Herodotus by dates , Greek historian Herodotus back The nature of remained alum unknown Around Swiss physician Paracelsus , suggested 1530

1530 , Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested alum , Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested alum was Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested alum was a salt In German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann , announced 1722 1722 , German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann announced his belief , German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann announced his belief that German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann the base announced that his belief the base announced that his belief of was by in completed 1824 by in 1824 completed Danish physicist He reacted anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium amalgam He presented his results and demonstrated In German chemist Friedrich Wöhler , repeated 1827 1827 , German chemist Friedrich Wöhler repeated Ørsted's experiments , German chemist Friedrich Wöhler repeated Ørsted's experiments but German chemist Friedrich Wöhler repeated Ørsted's experiments but did He conducted a similar experiment in the same year In he , was 1845 he , was 1845 able rare ; its cost exceeded that ; its cost exceeded that of its cost exceeded that of gold The first industrial production of established was aluminium was by in established 1856 by in 1856 established French chemist Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville The Hall–Héroult process converts alumina into metal Austrian chemist Carl Joseph Bayer discovered a way of purifying Prices of dropped aluminium and of aluminium dropped and aluminium aluminium dropped and aluminium became aluminium , become had the mid-20th century , aluminium had become a part aluminium had become a part of , production of surpassed aluminium production of aluminium surpassed that During aluminium , emerged the mid-20th century aluminium , emerged the mid-20th century as , aluminium emerged as a civil engineering material aluminium emerged as a civil engineering material , spheres of two separate aluminium semi consisted - the annual production , exceeded first 6,800 metric tons , the annual production first exceeded 100,000 metric tons the annual production first exceeded 100,000 metric tons in commodity ; it entered the London Metal Exchange ; it entered the London Metal Exchange , it entered the London Metal Exchange , the oldest industrial metal exchange The real price for declined aluminium from Extraction and processing costs were lowered over technological progress

of the real price ; began aluminium the real price ; began aluminium to Production moved from the industrialized countries to ; it also increased its consumption share it also increased its consumption share from most aluminium was consumed in transportation which from borrowed , French is who as credited the person who as credited the person named it was customary at the time This name was by criticized contemporary chemists was by criticized contemporary chemists from by criticized contemporary chemists from France One example was a writing in French among Berzelius , used other things other things , Berzelius used the name "aluminium , Berzelius used the name "aluminium " Berzelius used the name "aluminium " for Another article in refers also the same journal issue also whose oxide to refers the metal whose oxide to refers the metal forms The following year , Davy published a chemistry textbook , Davy published a chemistry textbook in Davy published a chemistry textbook in which he a chemistry textbook in published which In British scientist Thomas Young , wrote 1812 1812 , British scientist Thomas Young wrote an anonymous review , British scientist Thomas Young wrote an anonymous review of British scientist Thomas Young wrote an anonymous review of Davy's book Most scientists used ' throughout the world In American lexicographer Noah Webster , used 1828 1828 , American lexicographer Noah Webster used exclusively the "aluminum" spelling , American lexicographer Noah Webster used exclusively the "aluminum" spelling in American lexicographer Noah Webster used exclusively the "aluminum" spelling in his "American Dictionary of the English it , become had the 1860s , it had become the more common spelling it had become the more common spelling there In Hall , used 1892 1892 , Hall used the ' spelling , Hall used the ' spelling in Hall used the ' spelling in his advertising handbill however , Hall preferred "aluminum , Hall preferred "aluminum " Hall preferred "aluminum " since during the ' spelling , dominated the following decade the following decade , the ' spelling dominated American usage The production of starts aluminium with

After the slurry , is this reaction the slurry , is this reaction at , the slurry is at a temperature the slurry is at a temperature above The bauxite residue is separated from the solution this hydroxide ; causes aluminium hydroxide ; this causes decomposition ; this causes decomposition of this causes decomposition of the [Al(OH)4]− ions , the mixture is sent to the mixture is sent to classifiers to by is achieved aluminium metal aluminium metal is by achieved the Hall–Héroult process Anodes of made are the electrolysis cell former , also called Söderberg anodes Carbon for be should anodes The cathode is consumed at a rate The Hall–Heroult process produces aluminium with a purity can be by done the Hoopes process This process involves the electrolysis of molten aluminium Electric power represents about 20 to 40% of the cost Aluminium production consumes roughly 5% of electricity Recycling was a low-profile activity until the late 1960s Recycling involves melting the scrap , that useful quantities of contains aluminium The process produces aluminium billets , together It reacts with water , the common aluminium foils and beverage cans are alloys The main alloying agents are copper , zinc it is useful in highly reactive environments e.g. the Claus process ; convert to industrial processes ; e.g. the Claus process to convert hydrogen sulfide e.g. the Claus process to convert hydrogen sulfide to Many industrial catalysts are by supported alumina are by supported alumina , by supported alumina , meaning Several sulfates of aluminium have industrial and commercial application About two-thirds is consumed in water treatment The next major application is in the manufacture of Anhydrous aluminium chloride is used as a catalyst Aluminium hydroxychlorides are used in purifying water in aluminium , has the Earth's crust the Earth's crust , aluminium has no known function , aluminium has no known function in aluminium has no known function in biology Aluminium sulfate has an LD50 of 6207 al . discovered "significantly higher Aluminum" content in . discovered "significantly higher Aluminum" content in some brain regions A review published in said 1988

in there said that 1988 there said that 1988 was there that said was little evidence nevertheless some aluminium does pass the blood-brain barrier some aluminium does pass the blood-brain barrier and People with are kidney insufficiency especially the 1988 Camelford water pollution incident people in their drinking water had Camelford in their drinking water had Camelford contaminated their drinking water had Camelford contaminated with their drinking water had contaminated with aluminium sulfate Aluminium increases estrogen-related gene expression in human breast cancer cells aluminium , associated is very high doses aluminium is associated with altered function Exposure to cause can powdered aluminium or aluminium welding fumes Food is the main source of aluminium of the only treatment , is aluminium aluminium , the only treatment is deferoxamine mesylate , the only treatment which is deferoxamine mesylate the only treatment which is deferoxamine mesylate may which is deferoxamine mesylate may be small amounts of released are aluminium In aluminium , acts water aluminium , acts water as , aluminium acts as a toxiс agent aluminium acts as a toxiс agent on Aluminium is primary among the factors that primary among is the factors Wheat has developed a tolerance to Aluminium production possesses its own challenges to the environment These gases result from electrical consumption of The most potent of these gases are perfluorocarbons A Spanish scientific report from claimed 2001 that from the fungus "Geotrichum candidum claimed that 2001 the fungus "Geotrichum candidum claimed that 2001 " Advanced Chemistry is a German hip hop group from Heidelberg Advanced Chemistry was founded in 1987 was by in founded 1987 by in 1987 founded Toni L Advanced Chemistry is regarded as one They were one of the first groups Advanced Chemistry frequently rapped about their lives by ) was released your own nation ) was by released Advanced Chemistry was by released Advanced Chemistry in by released Advanced Chemistry in November 1992 The single became a staple in single became a staple in the German hip hop scene It made a strong statement about the status This idea of is national identity important guest workers ) children saw breakdance

) children saw breakdance , children saw breakdance , graffiti as Advanced Chemistry , understand an aesthetic art form an aesthetic art form , Advanced Chemistry understand hip hop , Advanced Chemistry understand hip hop as Advanced Chemistry understand hip hop as being For hip hop , is Advanced Chemistry Advanced Chemistry , hip hop is a “vehicle , hip hop is a “vehicle of hip hop is a “vehicle of general human emancipation Advanced Chemistry ” , separated Land ” , Advanced Chemistry separated itself , Advanced Chemistry separated itself from Advanced Chemistry separated itself from the rest This single was the first single was the first of non-white German citizens with the widespread racism dealt that , an abundance of emerged anti-immigrant sentiment an abundance of emerged anti-immigrant sentiment , Advanced Chemistry came to prominence in Advanced Chemistry's attitudes revolve around their attempts to the Americans , " said What do they seems What to For it 's me more it 's me more exciting For it , 's me it , 's me interesting Advanced Chemistry were the first to In their rap , represents this sense this sense , their rap represents a complex social discourse , their rap represents a complex social discourse internal their rap represents a complex social discourse internal to It is quite possibly the feelings be Andy Bennett in seen what Andy Bennett in seen what refers These alternative local hip hop cultures the members include , oriental hip hop the members include , oriental hip hop of Advanced Chemistry's work was rooted in German history , they also drew inspiration they also drew inspiration from I 'll never forget the lyrics The Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion after the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches in the communion , has London London , the communion has more than 85 million members , the communion has more than 85 million members within the communion has more than 85 million members within the Church of England The traditional origins of summarised are Anglican doctrine currently Justin Welby ) in acts England

The churches of themselves consider the Anglican Communion of themselves consider the Anglican Communion to themselves consider the Anglican Communion to be themselves consider to be part the Anglican Communion itself , includes the Church of England itself , the Anglican Communion includes the broad spectrum , the Anglican Communion includes the broad spectrum of the Anglican Communion includes the broad spectrum of beliefs Most of live its members in to ("ecclesia anglicana means " England ("ecclesia anglicana means " England " ("ecclesia anglicana " means " English church the Scottish and American Episcopal churches , that have official names , that have official names do that have official names do not The Anglican Communion has no official legal existence nor any governing structure which has nor any governing structure no official legal existence There is an Anglican Communion Office in London following Anglicanism , developed the English Reformation the English Reformation , Anglicanism developed a vernacular prayer book , Anglicanism developed a vernacular prayer book , Anglicanism developed a vernacular prayer book , called never been by governed a magisterium been by governed a magisterium nor by governed a magisterium nor by the communion sought to establish new vehicles first by in convened 1867 by in 1867 convened Charles Longley in these international bodies , are the Anglican Communion the Anglican Communion , these international bodies are a vehicle , these international bodies are a vehicle for these international bodies are a vehicle for consultation persuasion , tipped has recent times The most notable example has been the objection of Those who objected condemned these actions who objected condemned these actions as The Primates' Meeting voted to request the two churches expulsion , require would Canterbury , expulsion would require the Archbishop of Canterbury expulsion would require the Archbishop of Canterbury 's The Anglican communion consists of forty-one autonomous provinces each meeting the provincial standing committee of approved the Church of Southern Africa the provincial standing committee of the Church of Southern Africa approved a plan The Anglican Communion traces much of its growth As such it was a distinctly national phenomenon

This is also the oldest surviving non-Roman Catholic church in It remained part of the Church of England first all these colonial churches were under the jurisdiction all these colonial churches were under the jurisdiction of , the parishes in found the newly independent country the parishes in it found the newly independent country in it found the newly independent country necessary it found the newly independent country necessary to to the Church of England , began the crown the Church of England , began the crown to the Church of England began to appoint colonial bishops in several more colleagues appointed were time several more colleagues appointed were time to several more colleagues were appointed to other cities in the first bishop sent was 1824 the first bishop sent was 1824 to the first bishop was sent to the West Indies By there were 1840 still 1840 there were still only ten colonial bishops there were still only ten colonial bishops for In it , became time it , became time natural in it ruled was 1861 it ruled was 1861 that the bishops that demonstrated of disparate churches The Lambeth Conference of what included 1998 of what included 1998 has what included 1998 has been The 1998 Lambeth Conference considered the issue of the theology One effect of been has the Communion's dispersed authority disagreements over strained have homosexuality Some churches were founded outside the Anglican Communion The Church of England does not allow same-gender marriages The Church of England also permits clergy to The Church of Ireland has no official position on civil unions Stadens : " ljus Swedish Den svenska historiska infrastrukturens utveckling och framtida utmaningar historiska infrastrukturens utveckling och framtida utmaningar " Kaijser is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences Examples of include archipelagos : are sometimes by defined political boundaries Archipelagos may be found isolated Oceanic islands are mainly of volcanic origin Continental fragments that to correspond land masses that to correspond land masses have are they considered when continental archipelagos they considered when continental archipelagos form An author is the creator or originator

, the first owner of is a copyright the first owner of a copyright is the person of a copyright who is the person a copyright who is the person created who the person is created the work can be some criteria made provided be some criteria made provided are some criteria made provided are met of there , is various jurisdictions various jurisdictions , there is a necessity , there is a necessity for there is a necessity for little flexibility ] certain other intellectual works " gives rights certain other intellectual works " gives rights to of the copyright , expires time the copyright , expires time on , the copyright expires on intellectual work the copyright expires on intellectual work and it on expires and intellectual work , copyright is merely the legal reassurance copyright is merely the legal reassurance that one merely is that the legal reassurance Technically , someone owns their work , someone owns their work from someone owns their work from the time it their work from owns the time A notable aspect of emerges authorship with Questions arise as to the application fans , the limit is what , the limit is what before what the limit is before legal constraints the limit is before legal constraints from does copyright apply to fan-generated stories copyright apply to fan-generated stories for Authors may portion out different rights may they out portion different rights they out portion different rights hold In critics , find literary theory literary theory , critics find complications , critics find complications in critics find complications in the term "author Barthes a text challenges that the idea a text challenges that the idea can He writes , in his essay Every line of written text is a mere reflection the perspective of removed is the author Michel Foucault argues in his essay " Foucault's author function an author is that the idea an author is that the idea exists upon Alexander Nehamas , writes Foucault's position Alexander Nehamas , writes Foucault's position that It is this distinction between producing They warn of the dangers interpretations could

an ISBN , required is the public ISBN is a global standard used for it ; be may direction it may be in the best interest There are a variety of book formats book this , is costs costs , this is a popular option , this is a popular option for this is a popular option for self-publishers E-book publishing platforms include Pronoun, Smashwords , Blurb ) publishing refers to the ability publishing refers to the ability to For this , is self-published books this , is self-published books often , this is often a more economical option this is often a more economical option than The author of receive may a work In this practice , occurred Canada this practice , occurred Canada during , this practice occurred during the 1890s this practice occurred during the 1890s , Established and successful authors may receive advance payments , Most independent publishers pay royalties as a percentage the author does not pay anything are all by carried the publisher all by carried the publisher , who by carried , the publisher This type of charges normally publisher the work usually must attract the attention Pierre Bourdieu's essay "The Field of Cultural Production " depicts the publishing industry "The Field of Cultural Production " depicts the publishing industry as , their authorship in makes their work their authorship in their work makes their work part However , it is the editor , it who is the editor it who is the editor has who is the editor has " An advance is a lump sum paid in Royalty payment is the sum paid to An author's book must earn the advance before must any further royalties earn before the advance any further royalties earn before the advance are the book – need will book authors , earn also some countries , authors also earn income authors also earn income from Andrey Markov was born on 14 June 1856 He attended the St. Petersburg Grammar School , where some teachers attended , where the St. Petersburg Grammar School In he performed his academics poorly

he performed his academics poorly in he performed poorly in most subjects Later in he attended life in life he attended Saint Petersburg Imperial University life he attended Saint Petersburg Imperial University ( he attended Saint Petersburg Imperial University ( now Saint Petersburg State University He completed his studies at the university He later taught at high schools In this time he found a practical use this time he found a practical use for he found a practical use for his mathematical skills He also contributed to many other mathematical aspects In Markov , defended April 1880 April 1880 , Markov defended his master's thesis , Markov defended his master's thesis " Markov defended his master's thesis " On His pedagogical work began after the defense of As he lectured a privatdozent on a privatdozent he lectured on differential and integral calculus Markov , appointed was his doctoral thesis , Markov was appointed extraordinary professor Markov was appointed extraordinary professor ( of Markov , became Viktor Bunyakovsky Viktor Bunyakovsky , Markov became an extraordinary member , Markov became an extraordinary member of Markov became an extraordinary member of the academy Markov , elected was 1896 , Markov was elected an ordinary member Markov was elected an ordinary member of he , appointed was 1905 , he was appointed merited professor he was appointed merited professor and Markov refused to accept this decree In he , protested 1912 1912 , he protested Leo Tolstoy's excommunication , he protested Leo Tolstoy's excommunication from he protested Leo Tolstoy's excommunication from the Russian Orthodox Church In the council of St. Petersburg , elected 1913 the council of St. Petersburg , elected 1913 nine Markov was among them , Angst is fear or anxiety ("anguish is or anxiety fear It is attested since the 19th century , the derived words differ in meaning the derived words differ in meaning ; the term "angst , carries " existentialist philosophy , the term "angst " carries a specific conceptual meaning Kierkegaard ) , used the translation ) , Kierkegaard used the word , Kierkegaard used the word "

Kierkegaard used the word " Angest solely by said , instinct by Kierkegaard , said instinct Kierkegaard , said instinct , It is the anxiety of understanding Kierkegaard's concept of reappeared angst in Existential angst makes its appearance in classical musical composition Dread was expressed in works Anxiety by is characterized an emotion by an emotion characterized is an unpleasant state Anxiety is a feeling of uneasiness is often by accompanied muscular tension often by accompanied muscular tension , by accompanied muscular tension , restlessness to anxiety ; involves a real or perceived immediate threat a real or perceived immediate threat ; anxiety involves the expectation ; anxiety involves the expectation of anxiety involves the expectation of future threat Though anxiety is a normal human response , anxiety is a normal human response , when There are multiple forms of anxiety disorder Anxiety is distinguished from fear which from distinguished , fear Anxiety is related to the specific behaviors There that is a false presumption often that is a false presumption often circulates David Barlow defines anxiety as " Another description of is anxiety agony be that with experienced long, drawn-out daily symptoms that with experienced long, drawn-out daily symptoms reduce Symptoms of range can anxiety The behavioral effects of include may anxiety which withdrawal from include situations The emotional effects of include may anxiety The cognitive effects of include may anxiety You you feel when an intense fear you feel when an intense fear think There are various types of anxiety a person when occur faces angst People can also face mathematical anxiety The theologian Paul Tillich characterized existential anxiety as " , an optimal level of is arousal an optimal level of is arousal necessary Test anxiety is the uneasiness , apprehension who have experience may test anxiety of debate , exists negative evaluation debate , exists negative evaluation as to many workers , share students students , many workers share the same experience , many workers share the same experience with many workers share the same experience with regard Humans generally require social acceptance and It may persist into adulthood

it ; called is a developmentally common stage ; it is called social anxiety Social anxiety varies in degree and it , characterized is some people is by characterized experiencing discomfort by characterized experiencing discomfort or some people , experience may unfamiliar others , some people may experience anxiety some people may experience anxiety particularly of intergroup anxiety , has social anxiety social anxiety , intergroup anxiety has behavioral, cognitive, and affective effects anxiety can occur when information processing such is consistent with related work Anxiety can be either a short-term "state " Trait anxiety reflects a stable tendency across the lifespan a high level that showed of neuroticism Personality can also be a trait In Capgemini , wrote 2004 Capgemini , wrote 2004 : that emotional responses in trigger anxious individuals There are primarily two forms of The first form refers to a choice in Panic disorder may share symptoms of Panic disorder that is an anxiety disorder occurs that is an anxiety disorder occurs without can be by distinguished unexpected and repeated episodes be by distinguished unexpected and repeated episodes of by distinguished unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear It is by reported the Cleveland Clinic is by reported the Cleveland Clinic that panic disorder by reported that the Cleveland Clinic Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders Anxiety is a worry about future events These feelings may cause physical symptoms , There are a number of anxiety disorders Anxiety disorders are by caused a complex combination are by caused a complex combination of by caused a complex combination of genetic and environmental factors Without anxiety disorders , tend treatment anxiety disorders , tend treatment to Treatment may include lifestyle changes , Counselling is typically with a type About 12% of affected are people of by are affected people people are by affected an anxiety disorder are by affected an anxiety disorder in by affected an anxiety disorder in a given year The most common are specific phobia most common which are specific phobia common which are specific phobia affects which specific phobia are affects nearly 12%

They affect those between the ages Anxiety can be either a short-term "state " Anxiety disorders often occur with other mental health disorders individual-specific environments that show have a large influence People who have tend anxiety who have tend anxiety to This suggests a link between circuits The microbes of connect can the gut There are various pathways along which this communication various pathways along are which The neurotransmitters signal to the nervous system of Another key pathway is the HPA axis , as The microbes can control the levels of The HPA axis regulates production of cortisol the potential comes to treat anxiety For genetic differences , account example genetic differences , account example for , genetic differences account for about 43% genetic differences account for about 43% of by is mainly influenced adulthood is mainly by influenced stability mainly by influenced stability in by influenced stability in genetic influence Many studies in the past used a candidate gene approach These investigations were based on hypotheses how certain known genes on based about hypotheses None of are these findings well anxiety that is is a complex trait studies of using are anxiety This that includes conditions affect that conditions includes affect the ability same ; the is anxiety same is true for some sexual dysfunctions certain organic diseases may present with anxiety by and perpetuated linked the person's own pessimistic outcome expectancy mental filter can result in anxiety persistent parental discouragement of result may anger Such conflicts can be targets for increased anxiety that is serves the purpose There anxiety is that ample empirical evidence anxiety is that ample empirical evidence can tastes , PET-scans show increased blood flow , PET-scans show increased blood flow in PET-scans show increased blood flow in the amygdala the participants , reported also these studies , the participants also reported moderate anxiety A 2019 comprehensive systematic review of showed over 50 studies that of food insecurity showed that over 50 studies food insecurity showed that over 50 studies in food insecurity that showed in the United States , the recognition of is which the recognition of is which essential

As most anxiety disorders , respond a general rule most anxiety disorders , respond a general rule well most anxiety disorders respond well to first-line agents Benzodiazepines produce an anxiolytic response by modulating A third common treatment involves a category of drug The above risk factors give natural avenues for prevention The amygdala is central to the processing Milne was a noted writer , primarily Alan Alexander Milne was born in Kilburn He grew up at Henley House School One of his teachers was H. G. Wells his teachers who was , H. G. Wells who was , H. G. Wells taught Milne attended Westminster School and Trinity College He collaborated with his brother Kenneth Milne's work came to the attention of Considered Milne , played a talented cricket fielder Milne , played a talented cricket fielder for , Milne played for two amateur teams Milne that for played two amateur teams that for played two amateur teams were Milne joined the British Army in World War I He was commissioned into the 4th Battalion His commission was confirmed on 20 December 1915 he , injured was 7 July 1916 he was injured in the Battle of the Somme he was recruited into Military Intelligence He was discharged on 14 February 1919 After he , wrote the war the war , he wrote a denunciation , he wrote a denunciation of he wrote a denunciation of war During Milne , was World War II World War II , Milne was one , Milne was one of Milne was one of the most prominent critics Wodehouse made radio broadcasts about his internment of Milne , accused the Germans the Germans , Milne accused Wodehouse , Milne accused Wodehouse of Milne accused Wodehouse of committing Wodehouse got some revenge on his former friend Milne married Dorothy "Daphne" de Sélincourt ( 1890–1971 During Milne , was World War II World War II , Milne was a captain , Milne was a captain in Milne was a captain in the British Home Guard He retired to the farm after During this period he published 18 plays

this period he published 18 plays and he published 18 plays and three novels His son was born in August 1920 Milne was an early screenwriter for the nascent British film industry These were "The Bump " , Some of survive these films in Milne ) , observed 1926 the only excuse that " concluded which The Pooh " comes from a swan E. H. Shepard illustrated the original Pooh books , using The fictional Hundred Acre Wood of derives the Pooh stories from Milne lived on the northern edge of E. H. Shepard drew on the landscapes of as he , made Pooh Pooh , he made his first appearance , he made his first appearance in he made his first appearance in a poem Pooh first appeared in the "London Evening News All four books were by illustrated E. H. Shepard Milne also published four plays in he ; produced had the Atlantic ; he had produced a witty piece he had produced a witty piece of he , was that Winnie-the-Pooh In Milne , adapted 1930 1930 , Milne adapted Kenneth Grahame's novel , Milne adapted Kenneth Grahame's novel "The Wind in the Willows Milne adapted Kenneth Grahame's novel "The Wind in the Willows " The title such chapters was that an implicit admission such chapters was that an implicit admission as A. A. Milne died at his home in The rights to left were A. A. Milne's Pooh books after his widow , sold his 74th birthday his 74th birthday , his widow sold her rights , his widow sold her rights to his widow sold her rights to the Pooh characters In the other beneficiaries , sold 2001 2001 , the other beneficiaries sold their interest , the other beneficiaries sold their interest in the other beneficiaries sold their interest in the estate The estate of received also E. H. Shepard This applies to all of The illustrations in remain will the Pooh books the same amount under remain until copyright Winnie the Pooh merchandising products alone had annual sales the Pooh merchandising products alone had annual sales of

Milne once wrote of Ashdown Forest the Pooh , Winnie received 2006 , Winnie the Pooh received a star Winnie the Pooh received a star on the Pooh received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , in a new story sees 2016 in Winnie a new story sees 2016 the Pooh a new story sees Winnie 2016 the Pooh Winnie sees meet the Queen Several of set were Milne's children's poems were by to set music by to music set the composer The bulk of housed are A. A. Milne's papers The library division holds several books formerly belonging Hitler was a crusader against God been by in found 1898 by in 1898 found students Alumni was the most successful team during the first years Alumni is still considered the first great football team Alumni was reorganised in 1908 This was the last try to develop of they , decided the students they , decided the students to they decided to establish a club The team achieved good results and in Alumni has played at the highest level or assumption that is a statement assumption that is a statement is that is a statement is taken The term has subtle differences in definition in an axiom , is classic philosophy classic philosophy , an axiom is a statement , an axiom that is a statement an axiom that is a statement is that is a statement is so In a non-logical axiom , is most cases a non-logical axiom , is most cases simply , a non-logical axiom is simply a formal logical expression a non-logical axiom is simply a formal logical expression used Any axiom that is a statement serves that is a statement serves as Ancient geometers maintained some distinction between axioms on Proclus , remarks Euclid's books Proclus , remarks Euclid's books that by ) was developed inference ) was by developed the ancient Greeks was by developed the ancient Greeks , by developed the ancient Greeks , and They are accepted without demonstration The ancient Greeks considered geometry as just they developed and used the logico-deductive method

A good example would be the assertion that of the various sciences that lay certain additional hypotheses the various sciences that lay certain additional hypotheses were that lay certain additional hypotheses were accepted Such a hypothesis was termed a "postulate " , the postulates of were each particular science the postulates of were each particular science different by mathematics in is the last 150 years in it is that the last 150 years it is that the last 150 years is One must concede the need for Such abstraction or formalization makes mathematical knowledge The truth of rests these complicated facts on one , get can Euclid's fifth postulate , one can get theories one can that get theories can that get theories have that theories get have meaning the mathematician ; works now any one particular application the mathematician now works in complete abstraction Rather , the field axioms are a set , the field axioms are a set of the field axioms are a set of constraints Modern mathematics formalizes its foundations to such an extent , a set of is axioms a set of axioms is any collection In logic , becomes this view this view , logic becomes just another formal system It was the early hope of modern logicians In there , was a wider context a wider context , there was an attempt , there was an attempt to there was an attempt to base The formalist project suffered a decisive setback , when at there , is present present , there is no known way , there is no known way of there is no known way of demonstrating a deductive reasoning general founding assertions from have which A set of mathematical axioms gives a set that a set of gives rules a set of allow shall postulates shall that deducing allow results that deducing allow results match they do not set a scientific conceptual framework , the comparison with allows experiments the comparison with allows experiments falsifying This is due to the heavy use the introduction of establishes rarely Newton's laws two sets of coexisted have postulates

which for coexisted , some time that an operational approach with developed a complete mathematical formalism But it has the unsatisfactory aspect of it has the unsatisfactory aspect of not another 'hidden variables' approach , developed was this reason another 'hidden variables' approach was developed for some time was by for developed some time by for some time developed Albert Einstein John Bell seriously , derived this ideas , John Bell derived in 1964 John Bell derived in 1964 a prediction that in 1964 derived a prediction was by first conducted Alain Aspect by first conducted Alain Aspect in These are certain formulas in a formal language that certain formulas in are a formal language Each of these patterns is an "axiom schema Non-logical axioms that are formulas play that formulas are play the role involve the non-logical axioms ; aim the same logical axioms the non-logical axioms ; aim the same logical axioms to This section gives examples of mathematical theories that examples of gives mathematical theories The Peano axioms are the most widely used "axiomatization " of , list of are axioms list of axioms are the 4 + 1 Euclid's postulates This choice gives us two alternative forms of The objectives of are the study within expressing these properties as requires axioms The Löwenheim–Skolem theorems tell us that if we tell that if us A desirable property of is a deductive system that of it is that a deductive system it is that a deductive system be of there exists actually formula 61 formula 61 there actually exists a "deduction there actually exists a "deduction " that as " expressed everything Early mathematicians regarded axiomatic geometry as a model Galois showed just before his untimely death the abstract parallels between seen were algebraic systems of it , has Greek numerals Greek numerals , it has a value , it has a value of it has a value of one Alpha is derived from the Phoenician letter aleph which from derived , the Phoenician letter aleph alpha , pronounced was Ancient Greek In the shift , took Ionic Ionic , the shift took place

, the shift took place in the shift took place in all positions the shift did not take place Privative a is the Ancient Greek prefix ἀ- The letter alpha represents various concepts in physics Alpha also stands for thermal expansion coefficient the letter alpha , used is mathematics it , used is ethology the letter , used is aerodynamics the letter is used as a symbol the letter alpha presents on why a discussion Ammonius he Plutarch asks what he Plutarch asks what , himself declaring to be the "Alpha Toffler was an associate editor of "Fortune" magazine In he focused his early works on his early works he focused on technology he focused on technology and In he , foresaw it it , he foresaw such technological advances , he foresaw such technological advances as he foresaw such technological advances as cloning He founded Toffler Associates , a management consulting company Alvin Toffler was born on October 4, 1928 He was the son of Rose (Albaum " They were Depression-era literary intellectuals , They were Depression-era literary intellectuals , " Toffler were , " Depression-era literary intellectuals Toffler graduated from New York University in He met his future wife , Adelaide Elizabeth Farrell He compared his own desire for experience In Heidi , became their first factory jobs their first factory jobs , Heidi became a union shop , Heidi became a union shop steward Heidi became a union shop steward in Alvin became a millwright and welder They returned to New York City in in Toffler , began 1962 1962 , Toffler began a freelance career , Toffler began a freelance career , Toffler began a freelance career , writing Toffler was by hired IBM was by hired IBM to by hired IBM to conduct Xerox invited him to write In the Tofflers , began the mid-1960s the mid-1960s , the Tofflers began five years , the Tofflers began five years of the Tofflers began five years of research It has sold over 6 million copies worldwide Toffler coined the term "future shock " He continued the theme in "

he coined , represents the current information He forecast the spread of the Internet one that claimed of the side effects with they , co American business consultant Tom Johnson they , co American business consultant Tom Johnson - The firm worked with businesses , Toffler stated many of his ideas " Society who needs people Society who needs people work who needs people work in You ca n't run the society ; he will be the man he will who be the man will who be the man has who be the man has not The "Third Wave " he was a term " he was a term coined he was a term coined to His description of dovetails this period with who with dovetails , other futurist writers U.S. House Speaker Newt Gingrich publicly lauded his ideas about Toffler that said was a "real pioneer In Ted Turner , founded 1980 1980 , Ted Turner founded CNN , Ted Turner founded CNN , Ted Turner which founded , CNN he founded , which CNN Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim was by influenced his works was by influenced his works , by influenced his works , and people , tried had the 1960s Musician Curtis Mayfield released a disco song called "Future Shock Science fiction author John Brunner wrote " The Shockwave Rider , the "People's Daily , classed " 2006 , the "People's Daily " classed him the "People's Daily " classed him among who him among classed the 50 foreigners was greatly by influenced Toffler Newt Gingrich became close to the Tofflers Toffler was married to Heidi Toffler Alvin Toffler died in his sleep on No cause of given was death " The Amazing Spider-Man " is an American comic book series The Amazing Spider-Man " is an American comic book series published " by is published an American comic book series by an American comic book series published is Marvel Comics of it , began the franchise the franchise , it began publication , it began publication in it began publication in 1963 In the series , reverted 2003

the series , reverted 2003 to , the series reverted to the numbering order the series reverted to the numbering order of it , been had 2011 , it had been the highest-numbered American comic it had been the highest-numbered American comic still The title ended its 50-year run as a was by replaced " The Superior Spider-Man by replaced " The Superior Spider-Man " the series , relaunched was late 2015 the series was relaunched with a 4th volume Ditko left after the 38th issue , The Amazing Spider-Man " has been the character's flagship series on this new title , reverted Spider-Man's 40th anniversary this new title , reverted Spider-Man's 40th anniversary to this new title reverted to using the numbering , Spider-Man was given his own ongoing series Spider-Man was given his own ongoing series in Peter balanced his career as Spider-Man Lee and Ditko created a groundbreakingly flawed, self-doubting superhero the first major teenaged superhero created , and a groundbreakingly flawed, self-doubting superhero It included the hero's first encounter with the superhero team The Molten Man was introduced in No Peter began attending Empire State University in the "full page Ditko image stated from " The Amazing Spider-Man" No The story was chosen as No Editor Robert Greenberger wrote in his introduction to storytelling , Ditko delivers one , Ditko delivers one of Ditko delivers one of the great sequences Ditko would eventually plot the stories , the Green Goblin nemesis discovers Spider-Man's secret identity the Green Goblin nemesis discovers Spider-Man's secret identity and The Lee-Romita era saw the introduction of such characters introduced during Mary Jane Watson was the Romita era during Mary Jane Watson was the Romita era , who was Mary Jane Watson , the Romita era Peter David wrote in 2010 that Romita in wrote that 2010 who introduced the Kingpin , the highly enduring criminal mastermind A short-lived series titled began " "Giant-Size Spider-Man The flagship title's second decade took a grim turn with a story One such story took place in the controversial issues Writer-editor Lee defied the Comics Code Authority with this story

Lee wrote this story upon a request in the CCA , refused an anti-drug context the CCA , refused an anti-drug context to the CCA refused to put its seal of Lee , had Marvel publisher Martin Goodman Marvel publisher Martin Goodman , Lee had the comics , Lee had the comics published Lee had the comics published without The second installment was the first "Amazing Spider-Man" story not written by was not written the first "Amazing Spider-Man" story Romita which penciled , Conway's first half-dozen issues which penciled , Conway's first half-dozen issues introduced Gil Kane , succeeded was 1973 Gil Kane was by succeeded Ross Andru was by succeeded Ross Andru , whose run by succeeded , Ross Andru 129 (Feb. 1974 ) introduced the Punisher , ) who introduced , the Punisher who introduced , the Punisher would Archie Goodwin and Gil Kane produced the title's 150th issue J. Jonah Jameson was introduced to his eventual second wife Keith Pollard succeeded Ross Andru as artist penciler Keith Pollard both by left the title both by the title left mid-year by the title left mid-year , penciler John Romita Jr. O'Neil wrote two issues of "The Amazing Spider-Man Annual The 1980 "Annual " featured a team-up with on Stern , augmented the title the title , Stern augmented the backgrounds , Stern augmented the backgrounds of Stern augmented the backgrounds of long-established Spider-Man villains Fans engaged with the mystery of One lasting change was the reintroduction of Mary Jane Watson DeFalco helped establish Parker and ) , Watson tells Parker , Watson tells Parker that Watson she tells that Parker she tells that Parker knows to Owsley ; wrote 1988 1988 ; Owsley wrote the book ; Owsley wrote the book for Owsley wrote the book for the first half of 1987 David Michelinie took over as writer messy, knotted, convoluted webbing – virtually all subsequent artists influenced the way – virtually all subsequent artists influenced the way would virtually all subsequent artists influenced the way would draw McFarlane's other significant contribution to the Spider-Man canon was the design

the Spider-Man canon what was for the design what was for the design would Other notable issues of the Michelinie-McFarlane era include No , the Spider-Man of was the 1990s the Spider-Man of was the 1990s different McFarlane left the title in 1990 Larsen was by succeeded Mark Bagley was by succeeded Mark Bagley , who by succeeded , Mark Bagley Bagley penciled the flagship Spider-Man title from 1991 to 1996 Amazing " stopped running stories The Clone Saga tied into a publishing gap after Bagley completed his 5½-year run by September 1996 Other elements included the introduction of a new Spider-Woman # John Romita Jr. , took 13–14 13–14 , John Romita Jr. took his place , John Romita Jr. took his place soon John Romita Jr. took his place soon after J. Michael Straczynski took over as writer Straczynski the plot point resurrected of Aunt May the plot point resurrected of Aunt May discovering Issue # 30 began a dual numbering system the original series began , with a dual numbering system Other longtime , rebooted Marvel Comics titles , the title ) , reverted Nov. 2003 the title reverted completely to its original numbering That year Peter Parker revealed his Spider-Man identity year Peter Parker revealed his Spider-Man identity on Peter Parker revealed his Spider-Man identity on live television This knowledge was erased from the world , the demon Mephisto makes a Faustian bargain the demon Mephisto makes a Faustian bargain with Mephisto makes a Faustian bargain with Parker Following Marvel , made this this , Marvel made "The Amazing Spider-Man , Marvel made "The Amazing Spider-Man " the company's sole Spider-Man title Marvel made "The Amazing Spider-Man " the company's sole Spider-Man title , Parker now exists in a changed world he in exists where a changed world Marvel " , tried "Brand New Day Mark Waid scripted the opening of "The Gauntlet" storyline The "Gauntlet" story was by concluded "Grim Hunt was by concluded "Grim Hunt " by concluded "Grim Hunt " ( The series became a twice-monthly title with Dan Slott Eight additional pages were added per issue

Mac Gargan ) , returned Mary Jane , Mac Gargan returned as Scorpion Mac Gargan returned as Scorpion after Ends of was " the Earth the Earth " that was the next event " that was the next event ran that was the next event ran from This publishing format lasted until issue No The Amazing Spider-Man " ended with this issue the first 33 issue run " , goes The Amazing Spider-Man , the first 33 issue run goes towards the legacy the first 33 issue run goes towards the legacy numbering Issues # 1–6 were a story arc Issues #7–8 featured a team-up between In Marvel , started 2015 2015 , Marvel started the universe , Marvel started the universe wide Secret Wars event Marvel started the universe wide Secret Wars event where the core the universe started where wide Secret Wars event Battleworld was divided into sections most into divided with sections several that announced of these self-contained universes in Marvel , started September 2017 September 2017 , Marvel started the Marvel Legacy event , Marvel which started the Marvel Legacy event Marvel which started the Marvel Legacy event renumbered which the Marvel Legacy event started renumbered several Marvel series Issues 789 through focused 791 Peter on focused of the aftermath Red " was the story for which the story for was the next three issues the story , included also 23 , the story also included four ".HU" issues the story also included four ".HU" issues for Issue 45 kicked off the "Sins Rising" story 45 which off kicked the "Sins Rising" story which off kicked the "Sins Rising" story saw The story concluded with issue 49 the story 55 , saw issue Kindred's plans saw come to fruition Kindred that revealed is Harry Osborn It consists of two major islands , The permanent population number is about 97,120 ( 2019 The island of explored was Antigua of by was explored Antigua Antigua was by explored Christopher Columbus was by explored Christopher Columbus in by explored Christopher Columbus in 1493 Antigua and Barbuda joined the West Indies Federation

of it , became the federation the federation , it became one , it became one of it became one of the West Indies Associated States independence , granted was its internal affairs independence was granted from the United Kingdom ; Caribs possibly called Barbuda was first by settled archaic age hunter-gatherer Amerindians first by settled archaic age hunter-gatherer Amerindians called by settled archaic age hunter-gatherer Amerindians called the Ciboney has the earliest settlements established started around 3100 BC They were by succeeded the ceramic age pre-Columbian Arawak-speaking Saladoid people were who by succeeded the ceramic age pre-Columbian Arawak-speaking Saladoid people who by succeeded the ceramic age pre-Columbian Arawak-speaking Saladoid people migrated They introduced agriculture , raising Christopher Columbus was the first European in Christopher Codrington ; settled 1632 Christopher Codrington ; settled 1632 on ; Christopher Codrington settled on Barbuda Christopher Codrington settled on Barbuda in The English maintained control of the islands Slavery was abolished in the British Empire This was by exacerbated natural disasters was by exacerbated natural disasters such by exacerbated natural disasters such as Antigua and Barbuda became part The 1970s were by dominated discussions were by dominated discussions as by dominated discussions as to on Vere Bird ; became 1 November 1981 1 November 1981 ; Vere Bird became Prime Minister ; Vere Bird became Prime Minister of Vere Bird became Prime Minister of the new country The first two decades of dominated were Antigua's independence by were dominated politically Antigua's independence were by politically dominated the Bird family by politically dominated the Bird family and The ABLP's dominance of ended Antiguan politics with which with ended , the 2004 Antiguan general election Winston Baldwin Spencer was Prime Minister of Antigua However the UPP lost the 2014 Antiguan general election , the UPP lost the 2014 Antiguan general election , with the ABLP lost , with the 2014 Antiguan general election Most of devastated was Barbuda was by in devastated early September 2017 by in early September 2017 devastated Hurricane Irma The storm damaged or destroyed 95% both whose terrain generally are low-lying islands whose terrain generally are low-lying islands has

The islands are by rimmed reefs are by rimmed reefs and by rimmed reefs and shoals There rainfall are as few streams rainfall are as few streams is The most populous city on Barbuda is Codrington The islands generally experience low humidity and published by indicated " "Time by indicated " "Time that over $100 million " indicated that "Time He summarised the situation as follows I have never seen something Antigua has a population of , The ethnic distribution consists of 91% Black , An increasingly large percentage of lives the population abroad A minority of Antiguan residents are immigrants Generally , the upper and middle classes shun Antiguan Creole Elizabeth II is the present Queen of Antigua is currently by represented Governor-General Sir Rodney Williams A council of appointed is ministers of by is appointed ministers ministers is by appointed the governor is by appointed the governor general by appointed the governor general on Executive power is by exercised the government is by exercised the government while legislative power by exercised while the government have been by won the populist Antigua Labour Party Vere Bird was Prime Minister from 1981 Gaston Browne defeated his predecessor Lester Bryant Bird at The party then altered its name from The Judicial branch is the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court ( based Antigua is also a member of The Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force has around 260 members Tourism dominates the economy , accounting Antigua is famous for its many luxury resorts Access to is biocapacity lower Antigua and Barbuda had 0.8 global hectares Antigua and Barbuda used 4.3 global hectares This they means use more biocapacity they means use more biocapacity than a new source of established was revenue Other popular sports include football , boat racing There are three newspapers : the "Antigua Daily Observer available ( it is the only station ( it that is the only station it that is the only station shows that the only station is shows exclusively local programs The Antigua and Barbuda national cricket team represented the country at the 1998 Commonwealth Games Antigua is a Host of Stanford

Antigua which has a national football team entered which a national football team has entered World Cup qualification A professional team was formed in 2011 The nation's team had a major achievement in 2012 The name is attested as "Aisincurt Henry VIII , supposed is 1509 The battle , as was the tradition John Cassell wrote in 1857 that now been by replaced the Centre historique médiéval been by replaced the Centre historique médiéval d'Azincourt by replaced the Centre historique médiéval d'Azincourt (CHM)a more professional museum 1 September 1981 ) who was a German architect ) who was a German architect served who was a German architect served as by Speer , joined training training , Speer joined the Nazi Party , Speer joined the Nazi Party in Speer joined the Nazi Party in 1931 Hitler commissioned him to design In Hitler , appointed 1937 1937 , Hitler appointed Speer , Hitler appointed Speer as Hitler appointed Speer as General Building Inspector In he was this capacity responsible he was this capacity responsible for he was responsible for the Central Department for Resettlement that responsible for was the Central Department for Resettlement Speer , appointed was February 1942 Speer was appointed as Reich Minister Using he , promoted misleading statistics misleading statistics , he promoted himself , he promoted himself as he promoted himself as having In Speer , established 1944 1944 , Speer established a task force , Speer established a task force to Speer established a task force to increase After Speer , was the war Speer , was the war among , Speer was among the 24 "major war criminals Speer was among the 24 "major war criminals " He was found guilty of Speer , released was his full term Speer was released in 1966 He used his writings from the time the public ; fascinated was a success the public was by fascinated an inside view was by fascinated an inside view of by fascinated an inside view of the Third Reich Speer died of a stroke in , Speer carefully constructed an image Speer carefully constructed an image of

He continued to deny explicit knowledge This image dominated his historiography in the decades Adam Tooze wrote in " The Wages of Destruction Speer was born in Mannheim He was the second of In the family , leased 1918 1918 , the family leased their Mannheim residence , the family leased their Mannheim residence and the family leased their Mannheim residence and moved Love said , " Speer Speer was active in sports Speer began his architectural studies at the University of Karlsruhe , he transferred to the "much more reputable" Technical University of Munich In he , transferred 1925 he , transferred 1925 again in Speer , became 1927 1927 , Speer became Tessenow's assistant , Speer became Tessenow's assistant , Speer became Tessenow's assistant , a high honor such , Speer taught some , Speer taught some of Speer taught some of his classes In Speer , began mid-1922 Speer , began mid-1922 courting , Speer began courting Margarete (Margret) Weber Speer began courting Margarete (Margret) Weber ( was by upon frowned Speer's class-conscious mother by upon frowned Speer's class-conscious mother , The couple would have six children together In Speer , applied January 1931 Speer , applied January 1931 for , Speer applied for Nazi Party membership Speer applied for Nazi Party membership , amid Speer , surrendered the Depression the Depression , Speer surrendered his position , Speer surrendered his position as Speer surrendered his position as Tessenow's assistant so , his father gave him , his father gave him a part-time job his father gave him a part-time job as In the Speers , visited July 1932 July 1932 , the Speers visited Berlin , the Speers visited Berlin to the Speers visited Berlin to help The organizers of the 1933 Nuremberg Rally asked Speer into he , began power he , began power to he began to make plans At he , contracted the end of 1933 the end of 1933 , he contracted Paul Troost , he contracted Paul Troost to he contracted Paul Troost to renovate Hitler whose work appointed , Speer whose work appointed , Speer for

As Hitler , had Chancellor Chancellor , Hitler had a residence , Hitler had a residence in Hitler had a residence in the building of Hitler , invited these briefings these briefings , Hitler invited Speer , Hitler invited Speer to Hitler invited Speer to lunch he ; expected was Hitler's inner circle of Speer , says his memoirs Speer , says his memoirs that After he , claimed the war he , claimed the war to in he , was the Third Reich he , was the Third Reich not , he was not an ideologue he was not an ideologue , discussing he , said Speer he , said Speer did Speer , replaced effectively 21 January 1934 , Speer effectively replaced him Speer effectively replaced him as It was used for Nazi propaganda rallies Nuremberg was the site of many official Nazi buildings the German Stadium would have accommodated 400,000 spectators He that added a stone exterior pleased that a stone exterior added pleased Hitler On Hitler , appointed 30 January 1937 30 January 1937 , Hitler appointed Speer , Hitler appointed Speer as Hitler appointed Speer as General Building Inspector This carried with it the rank Hitler ordered Speer to develop he ; referred also Magnificence he also referred to it of Speer , planned the boulevard Speer , planned the boulevard to Speer planned to build the "Volkshalle Speer hired Wolters as part had been by purchased the end of 1934 been by purchased the end of 1934 and by purchased the end of 1934 and starting He completed the preliminary work for the new chancellery In June 1936 he charged a personal honorarium June 1936 he charged a personal honorarium of he charged a personal honorarium of 30,000 Reichsmark Detailed plans were completed in July 1937 the first shell in completed and July 1937 On Speer , received 27 January 1938 27 January 1938 , Speer received plenipotentiary powers , Speer received plenipotentiary powers from Speer received plenipotentiary powers from Hitler For Hitler claimed propaganda during propaganda Hitler claimed during the topping-out ceremony Hitler claimed during the topping-out ceremony on

Shortages of the construction workers meant labor of the construction workers meant labor had the construction workers meant labor had to Speer there , stated the poor conditions The chancellery was completed in early January 1939 Speer made no mention of it It was only on the urgent advice " Kristallnacht " accelerated Speer's ongoing efforts Kristallnacht " accelerated Speer's ongoing efforts to Speer's Department on , used 1939 on , Speer's Department used the Nuremberg Laws , Speer's Department used the Nuremberg Laws to Speer's Department used the Nuremberg Laws to evict 75,000 Jews were by displaced these measures I presumably had a sense of Speer used forced Jewish labor on these projects Construction stopped on the Berlin and , this slowed to a halt this slowed to a halt as more resources to slowed as a halt Speer's offices undertook building work for each branch Speer , elected was 1941 Speer was elected to the Reichstag , Reich Minister of died Armaments and Munitions Fritz Todt Reich Minister of died Armaments and Munitions Fritz Todt in Speer cancelled some hours before take-off Hitler appointed Speer in Todt's place Speer was loyal to Hitler Speer succeeded Todt not only Hitler , appointed also the same time , Hitler also appointed Speer Hitler also appointed Speer as he ; left was any clear remit As he , wanted an example he , wanted an example to However Speer secured Hitler's support , Speer secured Hitler's support , and Speer was fêted at the time Other factors probably contributed to the increase Naval armaments were not under Speer's supervision Yet each showed comparable increases in each showed comparable increases in production , oil from was the Romanian fields oil from was the Romanian fields no As Armaments, Speer of was Minister Armaments, Speer of was Minister responsible With he , decided Hitler's full agreement he , decided Hitler's full agreement to he decided to prioritize tank production This delayed the program , and Speer delayed , and the program little of spent was the armaments budget He agreed to expand Auschwitz Speer realized that with six million workers

In Hitler , appointed response response , Hitler appointed Fritz Sauckel , Hitler appointed Fritz Sauckel as Hitler appointed Fritz Sauckel as a "manpower dictator Hitler gave Sauckel a free hand to Sauckel had whole villages in France Sauckel obtained new workers often using Sauckel , supplied had April 1943 , Sauckel had supplied 1,568,801 "voluntary" laborers Sauckel had supplied 1,568,801 "voluntary" laborers , as Armaments, Speer of was Minister Armaments, Speer of was Minister in of Armaments, Speer was in control Armaments, Speer was in control of He coveted control of the production He set about extending his power His close relationship with Hitler provided him Hitler's cabinet was dismayed at his tactics he , gained had July 1943 , he had gained control he had gained control of In he , took August 1943 August 1943 , he took control , he took control of he took control of most His formal title was changed on 2 September 1943 of the shipbuilding industry believed that submarine construction Otto Merker the shipbuilding industry believed that submarine construction Otto Merker was This belief proved incorrect , and The designs were rushed into production In Speer , visited December 1943 December 1943 , Speer visited Organisation Todt workers , Speer visited Organisation Todt workers in Speer visited Organisation Todt workers in Lapland He was under the dubious care of In Speer , had mid-January 1944 mid-January 1944 , Speer had a lung embolism , Speer had a lung embolism and Speer had a lung embolism and fell he did not appoint a deputy Speer's illness coincided with the Allied "Big Week " His political rivals used the opportunity to undermine to Adolf Hitler , authorized the Allied Big Week the Allied Big Week , Adolf Hitler authorized the creation , Adolf Hitler authorized the creation of Adolf Hitler authorized the creation of a Fighter Staff committee Its aim was to ensure the preservation The task force was by established 1 March 1944 was by established 1 March 1944 , by established 1 March 1944 , orders The SS provided 64,000 prisoners for 20 separate projects

Prisoners worked for Junkers , increase Speer , introduced production production , Speer introduced a system , Speer introduced a system of Speer introduced a system of punishments who feigned slacked , illness 140,000 people , working were this time 140,000 people were working in Speer's underground factories were discipline ; was death-traps discipline ; was death-traps brutal There were so many corpses at the Dora underground factory The largest technological advance under came Speer's command through It began in 1932 but Speer enthusiastically supported the program and The rockets were researched at a facility The V-2's first target was Paris on 8 September 1944 The rockets were built at an underground factory Labor to build came the A4 rockets On Speer , lost 14 April 1944 14 April 1944 , Speer lost control , Speer lost control of Speer lost control of Organisation Todt He opposed the assassination attempt against Hitler After the plot Speer's rivals attacked some the plot Speer's rivals attacked some of Speer's rivals attacked some of his closest allies Air attacks on were the transport network particularly In Speer , told January 1945 January 1945 , Speer told Goebbels , Speer told Goebbels that Speer armaments production told that Goebbels armaments production told that Goebbels could During Speer , claimed January and February Speer , claimed January and February that Speer , accepted had mid-March he , supported still the war , he still supported the war's continuation Speer provided Hitler with a memorandum he also proposed to Hitler Germany's remaining military resources to proposed that Hitler This ignored military realities , as the German armed forces ignored , as military realities Hitler rejected Speer's proposal to cease Instead , he issued the "Nero Decree , he issued the "Nero Decree " he issued the "Nero Decree " on Speer was by appalled this order was by appalled this order , by appalled this order , and on Hitler , rescinded 28/29 March 28/29 March , Hitler rescinded the decree , Hitler rescinded the decree and Hitler rescinded the decree and gave little , left was April

little was left of the armaments industry Speer visited the "Führerbunker " on He met Hitler and toured committing Hitler , dictated suicide suicide , Hitler dictated a final political testament , Hitler which dictated a final political testament Hitler which dictated a final political testament dropped which a final political testament dictated dropped Speer After Speer , offered Hitler's death Hitler's death , Speer offered his services , Speer offered his services to Speer offered his services to the so-called Flensburg Government He took a role in that short-lived regime Speer provided information to the Allies Speer was taken to several internment centres he , told was September 1945 Robert H. Jackson , of said the U.S. Supreme Court Speer said , " the U.S. Supreme Court Speer was found guilty of He was acquitted on the other two counts he , sentenced was 1 October 1946 he was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment Speer , transferred was 18 July 1947 Speer was transferred to Spandau Prison he was known as Prisoner Number Five she had greatly enjoyed dining Spandau , they did what , they did what could they did what could to In Wolters , opened 1949 1949 , Wolters opened a bank account , Wolters opened a bank account for Wolters opened a bank account for Speer They paid for Toni Proost to of he , sent the fund the fund , he sent detailed instructions , he sent detailed instructions about he sent detailed instructions about what He had completed his memoirs by Much of dedicated was Speer's energy Spandau inmates had where a large enclosed yard inmates had where a large enclosed yard were Speer created an elaborate garden complete with each day , he mapped distances , he mapped distances to he mapped distances to the real-world geography In Speer , claimed his writings Speer , claimed his writings to Speer's supporters maintained calls for his release Willy Brandt was an advocate of his release Speer's efforts for came an early release to Speer's release from prison was a worldwide media event Reporters and photographers crowded both the street

he hoped to resume an architectural career Instead , he revised his Spandau writings , he revised his Spandau writings into he revised his Spandau writings into two autobiographical books He supported Hermann , his brother from Speer , donated Spandau Spandau , Speer donated the "Chronicle , Speer donated the "Chronicle " Speer donated the "Chronicle " , had been by edited Wolters been by edited Wolters and by edited Wolters and made David Irving discovered discrepancies between the deceptively edited "Chronicle Speer asked Wolters to destroy Wolters' friendship with deteriorated Speer and The public was by fascinated an inside view was by fascinated an inside view of by fascinated an inside view of the Third Reich Importantly , he provided an alibi , he provided an alibi to he provided an alibi to older Germans who an alibi to provided older Germans then they could tell themselves they could tell themselves and they tell and others themselves In he , made October 1973 October 1973 , he made his first trip , he made his first trip to he made his first trip to Britain In he , appeared the same year he , appeared the same year on , he appeared on the television programme he appeared on the television programme "The World at War Speer returned to London in from Speer , portrayed Spandau Spandau , Speer portrayed himself , Speer portrayed himself as Speer portrayed himself as the "good Nazi , he had distorted the truth he had distorted the truth and Speer took his myth-making to a mass media level Isabell Trommer writes in her biography of In they paid were return they paid were return handsomely around he ; heard him him ; he heard their outrageous orders ; he heard their outrageous orders and he heard their outrageous orders and understood of Speer , accepted all his work all his work , Speer accepted the consequences , Speer accepted the consequences and Speer accepted the consequences and acted After Matthias Schmidt , published Speer's death Speer's death , Matthias Schmidt published a book

, Matthias Schmidt that published a book Matthias Schmidt that published a book demonstrated that published a book demonstrated that The film began a process of demystification Speer "The Wages of Destruction " said his book Speer said had manoeuvred himself instead , he was one , he was one of he was one of the most powerful and unscrupulous leaders he said had deceived the Nuremberg Tribunal The image of supported was the good Nazi of by was supported the good Nazi the good Nazi was by supported numerous Speer myths was he , claimed an apolitical technocrat he , he claimed an apolitical technocrat Speer that posits revolutionized the German war machine He was credited with a dramatic increase Another myth centered around a faked plan to The idea for came this myth to he to came after him The journalist described an invented scenario in which Speer an invented scenario in described which Speer liked the scenario so much he , claimed falsely the 20 July plot he falsely claimed in his memoirs This formed a key element of the myths Speer a key element of formed the myths Speer maintained at the Nuremberg trials and broadly , Speer accepted responsibility , Speer accepted responsibility for Speer accepted responsibility for the Nazi regime's actions he ; visited also 31 March 1943 ; he also visited Gusen concentration camp about Taylor , writes Speer's visit Taylor , writes Speer's visit that The grave decision : " had his speech a letter that reported from Speer is I — was no doubt I — was no doubt present Speer was credited with an "armaments miracle the war to come that the conclusion that to seek was a political solution Speer in response used his propaganda expertise He produced spectacular statistics , claiming Speer ; used had a myth ; Speer had used statistical manipulation Speer had used statistical manipulation to this was due to the normal causes By Speer's armaments propaganda became July 1943 irrelevant Speer's armaments propaganda became July 1943 irrelevant because by Speer during are the Nazi era

The cylinder is now a protected landmark and was largely by destroyed air raids largely by destroyed air raids and by destroyed air raids and in Most species of are Asteraceae annual The family has a widespread distribution , from Most occur in hot desert and The oldest known fossils are pollen grains from the Late Cretaceous Asteraceae is an economically important family , providing Members of are the Asteraceae mostly of Asteraceae produce generally the family the family Asteraceae generally produce taproots Asteraceae generally produce taproots , Some species have underground stems in Nearly all Asteraceae bear their flowers in dense flower heads They are by surrounded involucral bracts are by surrounded involucral bracts , by surrounded involucral bracts , and appears to be is a single flower The word "aster " means "star On the outside the flower heads are small bracts the outside the flower heads that are small bracts the flower heads that are small bracts look that are small bracts look like These are called "phyllaries " the smaller individual flowers have arranged on a round or dome-like structure The individual flowers in a head have 5 fused petals by made , is children A "ray flower " is a 3-tipped (3-lobed), strap-shaped, individual flower in The corolla of have may the ray flower A "ligulate flower " is a 5-tipped, strap-shaped, individual flower in A "ligule " is the strap-shaped tongue of which in flower , the head A "radiate head " has disc flowers surrounded " by has surrounded disc flowers by disc flowers surrounded has ray flowers have it , is both male and female parts both male and female parts , it is a "discoid head , it is a "discoid head " " Disciform heads " have only disc flowers Disciform heads " have only disc flowers , " Pistillate heads " have all female flowers " Staminate heads " have all male flowers A set of bracts forms an involucre These are called "phyllaries " They may simulate the sepals of may be by subtended a bract be by subtended a bract ,

by subtended a bract , called These bracts are often called "chaff The florets have five petals fused at The latter is the only kind of latter is the only kind of floret above three very long fused petals , form the fused corolla tube the fused corolla tube , three very long fused petals form the ligule , three very long fused petals form the ligule , three very long fused petals form the ligule , with the other two petals form , with the ligule The Cichorioideae has only ray florets , with A 4+1 scheme is found in the Barnadesioideae The calyx of be may the florets The filaments are fused to the corolla members of the fruit is the Asteraceae of the fruit is the Asteraceae achene the fruit is the Asteraceae achene - are there , is two fused carpels two fused carpels , there is only one locule , there is only one locule , there is only one locule , and only one seed is , and only one locule The pollen of is composites typically In the energy store , is Asteraceae the energy store , is Asteraceae generally the energy store is generally in the form They produce iso/chlorogenic acid , sesquiterpene lactones Asteraceae produce secondary metabolites , such first by in described 1740 by in 1740 described Dutch botanist Adriaan van Royen The family includes over 32,000 currently accepted species , in is by only rivaled Orchidaceae the precise cause whether known of their great success The genus name comes from the Classical Latin word , Asteraceae species have a widespread distribution , from Most occur in hot desert and The largest proportion of occur the species in Many members of pollinated are Asteraceae of by are pollinated Asteraceae Asteraceae are by pollinated insects are by pollinated insects , which by pollinated , insects Seeds are ordinarily dispersed intact Some members of are Asteraceae economically Some are invasive species in particular regions Examples include various tumbleweeds , " Asteraceae is an economically important family , providing Several genera are of horticultural importance ,

Plants are used as herbs The wormwood genus "Artemisia " includes absinthe ("A. absinthium " Many members of grown are the family the sesquiterpene lactone compounds in featured because medical and phytochemical journals Allergy to these compounds is the leading cause and "Tanacetum " contain species "Tanacetum " contain species with Several members of the family are copious nectar producers Apiaceae or Umbelliferae is a family Most Apiaceae are annual, biennial or perennial herbs ( frequently Their leaves are of variable size and There the petioles are but no stipules the petioles are but no stipules are that , be may terminal umbels There is often variation in Some flowers are functionally staminate ( where a pistil are ( where functionally staminate The gynoecium consists of two carpels fused Stylopodia support two styles and secrete nectar The fruit is a schizocarp consisting of The fruits of dispersed are many species of by are dispersed many species many species are by dispersed wind are by dispersed wind but others by dispersed but wind The seeds have an oily endosperm and often was first by described John Lindley first by described John Lindley in by described John Lindley in 1836 The name is derived from the type genus "Apium The family was one of the "Papilio polyxenes " , uses the family Many members of cultivated are this family " ) that produce tap roots ) that produce tap roots are that produce tap roots are large Many species produce essential oils in their leaves Examples are parsley ("Petroselinum crispum " Almost every widely cultivated plant of is this group a They then prey upon insect pests Many species in produce Apiaceae the family Phototoxic species include " Ammi majus " The function of is the axon to , the axons are called afferent nerve fibers the axons are called afferent nerve fibers and Nerve fibers are classed into three types These groups include both sensory fibers and motor fibers of the other type ; is a neuron a neuron ; the other type is a dendrite Axons are distinguished from dendrites are by from distinguished dendrites

by from dendrites distinguished several features Some types of neurons have no axon axons , emanate can some species axons can emanate from dendrites the cytoplasm of called is an axon The end branches of called are an axon The swollen end of known is a telodendron is which as known the axon terminal which as known the axon terminal joins Axons make contact with other cells the axon of form may one neuron the membrane of adjoins closely the axon — these are called "en passant these are called "en passant " A bundle of axons make a nerve tract Axons are the primary transmission lines of the nervous system Some axons can extend up to one meter or The longest axons in the human body are those The diameter of is axons also Most individual axons are microscopic in diameter The largest mammalian axons can reach a diameter of the cerebellar granule cell axon , characterized is comparison the cerebellar granule cell axon is by characterized a single T-shaped branch node is by characterized a single T-shaped branch node from by characterized a single T-shaped branch node from which There are two types of axons Myelin is a layer of a fatty insulating substance In the peripheral nervous system Schwann cells form the myelin sheath the peripheral nervous system Schwann cells form the myelin sheath of Schwann cells form the myelin sheath of a myelinated axon The myelinated axons from the cortical neurons form the bulk The myelin gives the white appearance to the tissue A similar arrangement is seen in the cerebellum Bundles of make myelinated axons up Where these tracts cross the midline of these tracts cross the midline of the brain The Nissl bodies that produce are the neuronal proteins that produce are the neuronal proteins absent The axon hillock is the area formed from of another function ; is the neuron another function ; is the neuron to It is between approximately 20 and 60 µm in AIS is associated with a greater excitability This is by achieved a high concentration is by achieved a high concentration of

by achieved a high concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels The ion channels are by accompanied a high number are by accompanied a high number of by accompanied a high number of cell adhesion molecules The axoplasm is the equivalent of cytoplasm Microtubules form in the axoplasm at They are arranged along the length This is by noted the positive endings is by noted the positive endings of by noted the positive endings of the microtubules This overlapping arrangement provides the routes for the transport Ingoing retrograde transport carries cell waste materials from the axon terminal Outgoing and ingoing tracks use different sets of motor proteins Outgoing transport is by provided kinesin is by provided kinesin , by provided kinesin , and There are many forms of kinesin and dynein motor proteins This is the provision of an insulating layer In by are myelinated the peripheral nervous system axons the peripheral nervous system axons are by myelinated glial cells are by myelinated glial cells known by myelinated glial cells known as In the myelin sheath provided is the central nervous system by the myelin sheath is provided the central nervous system the myelin sheath is by provided another type is by provided another type of by provided another type of glial cell The composition of is myelin different the axon , reduced is Ranvier the axon is reduced in diameter These nodes action potentials are where areas action potentials are where areas can An axon can divide into many branches Axon terminals that contain synaptic vesicles store that synaptic vesicles contain store the neurotransmitter This multiple synaptic connections makes with other neurons multiple synaptic connections makes with other neurons possible Most axons carry signals in the form The defining characteristic of is an action potential that of it is that an action potential it is that an action potential is reaches it , activates a presynaptic terminal a presynaptic terminal , it activates the synaptic transmission process The first step is rapid opening of calcium ion channels The resulting increase in intracellular calcium concentration causes synaptic vesicles The neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic nerve

the effect on be can the target cell This entire sequence of takes often events a new set of moved is vesicles Extracellular recordings of is axon action potential propagation distinct 1 . The signal has a shorter peak-trough duration . The signal has a shorter peak-trough duration ( The signal has a shorter peak-trough duration ( ~150μs Activity recorded on a tetrode is to the axon , is axonal terminals the axon , is axonal terminals able Studies done on cultured hippocampal neurons suggest This alteration of occurs only polarity the axon only occurs when polarity , the longest neurite will become the future axon the longest neurite will become the future axon and will it make become an axon propagate through surrounding neurons play the extracellular matrix through the extracellular matrix surrounding neurons play a prominent role the extracellular matrix surrounding neurons play a prominent role in surrounding neurons play a prominent role in axonal development the activity of increased is PI3K Disrupting the activity of inhibits PI3K The neurite with become will the lowest actin filament content Growing axons move through their environment via The growth cone has a broad sheet-like extension called a lamellipodium which a broad sheet-like extension called has a lamellipodium The filopodia are the mechanism by which the entire process the mechanism by are which Actin plays a major role in the mobility This seems to provide a "sticky" surface also axons provide for a sticky substrate axons provide for a sticky substrate to Examples of these molecules include laminin Some of these are surface Cells called guidepost cells assist in that help are , axon guidance , that typically are other neurons that typically are other neurons are Nogo-A is a type of neurite outgrowth It has a crucial role in restricting Axons vary largely in length motor proteins that discovered play an important role on researchers , developed this observation this observation , researchers developed an explicit model , researchers developed an explicit model for researchers developed an explicit model for axonal growth Erlanger and Gasser proved this hypothesis Axons are classified in two systems

introduced by grouped , Erlanger and Gasser by Erlanger and Gasser , grouped the fibers Later findings by other researchers identified two groups that two groups of identified Aa fibers then that into introduced a system that into introduced a system only Different sensory receptors innervate different types of nerve fibers Concussion is considered a mild form of Axonal injury can also cause central chromatolysis , an active process of takes axonal degeneration an active process of axonal degeneration takes place This degeneration takes place quickly following This is known as Wallerian degeneration Dysmyelination is the abnormal formation of the myelin sheath A severe traumatic brain injury can result in widespread lesions This can lead to a persistent vegetative state Kölliker named the axon in 1896 Louis-Antoine Ranvier was the first to axons that proposed were the output components formulae detailing extended were axonal conductance detailing extended were axonal conductance to Its size ranges from a half ( such axons ; said are a dendrite Some axons with have similarly dendritic origin dendritic origin similarly that have a "proximal" initial segment similarly that have a "proximal" initial segment starts that have a "proximal" initial segment starts directly many species some of have the neurons some of the neurons have axons of the neurons that have axons the neurons that have axons emanate that have axons emanate from such axons ; said are the soma The ancient Aramaic alphabet was by adapted Arameans was by adapted Arameans from by adapted Arameans from the Phoenician alphabet That is primarily from the widespread usage in the Hebrew alphabet , bears modern use modern use , the Hebrew alphabet bears the closest relation , the Hebrew alphabet bears the closest relation to the Hebrew alphabet bears the closest relation to the Imperial Aramaic script have been by called abjads been by abjads called Peter T. Daniels by abjads called Peter T. Daniels to The earliest inscriptions in the Aramaic language use the Phoenician alphabet Over the alphabet , developed time the alphabet , developed time into , the alphabet developed into the form the alphabet developed into the form shown

Old Aramaic , adopted was Darius I Old Aramaic was by adopted the Persians was by adopted the Persians as by adopted the Persians as the "vehicle an analysis , discovered of which by or inspired derived Aramaic the name given to was the modern-Hebrew script which script in written , the Syriac alphabet Mandaic is written in the Mandaic alphabet an Aramaic institute was established in 2007 was by in established 2007 by in 2007 established Damascus University The institute's activities were suspended in 2010 Waw and Yodh serve a double function Originally , they represented only the consonants , they represented only the consonants " they represented only the consonants " w The purpose of is the composition to complex dialogue scenes is to allow the composition Howard Hawks legitimized this style in his films Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ( ADEM , ADEM also attacks the nerves ADEM also attacks the nerves of ADEM's symptoms resemble the symptoms of multiple sclerosis However , ADEM has several features , ADEM that has several features ADEM that has several features distinguish that several features has distinguish it Unlike ADEM , occurs MS ADEM , occurs MS usually ADEM occurs usually in children Relapses following reported are ADEM It affects about 8 per 1,000,000 people per year in most reported cases , are all ages most reported cases , are all ages in , most reported cases are in children most reported cases are in children and The disease affects males and females ADEM shows seasonal variation with higher incidence full recovery is seen in 50 to 75% ADEM produces multiple inflammatory lesions in the brain and spinal cord the disease is then called recurrent disseminated encephalomyelitis ADEM has an abrupt onset and a monophasic course Symptoms usually begin 1–3 weeks after Major symptoms include fever , headache they worsen rapidly over the course Neurological symptoms were the main presentation of COVID-19 is likely by caused an immune response likely by caused an immune response to by caused an immune response to the disease of neurological impairment , was an infectious process neurological impairment , was an infectious process not

involve they , differ autoimmune demyelination they , differ autoimmune demyelination in they differ in many clinical , ADEM appears in children ADEM appears in children following The pathology of is ADEM very The pathological hallmark of ADEM is perivenular inflammation it is seen in about 2% Death is common in the first week The widely accepted first-line treatment is high doses of intravenous corticosteroids Oral tapers of less than three weeks duration show a higher chance immunoglobulin , two remained paraplegic , two remained paraplegic , two one remained , paraplegic one remained , paraplegic had 70% ) found that the cases 70% that found of children with IVIg showed that ADEM IVIg showed that ADEM seems average time to recover is one to six months Poorer outcomes are associated with unresponsiveness Children tend to have more favorable outcomes ADEM can progress to MS there shown even when cognitive deficits Group means for each cognitive domain were average age 3.8 years old ( tested , the time ( average age 3.8 years old , tested an average average age 3.8 years old , tested an average of all groups means were within one standard deviation Ataxia is a neurological sign consisting of Ataxia is a clinical manifestation indicating dysfunction Several possible causes exist for these patterns of Dystaxia is a mild degree of ataxia Friedreich's ataxia has gait abnormality as the most commonly presented symptom many conditions affecting produce do the cerebellum People with have may cerebellar ataxia which with present , poor balance walking is by characterized a widened base is by characterized a widened base and by characterized a widened base and high stepping Cerebellar ataxia could result with incoordination Interaction torques are created at an associated joint the primary joint at created when an associated joint flexion at create would the shoulder These torques increase as the speed of is generally by caused dysfunction generally by caused dysfunction of by caused dysfunction of the dorsal columns Physicians can find evidence of ; this is called a positive Romberg's test the finger-pointing test with closed is the eyes

with the eyes closed is another feature the eyes closed is another feature of closed is another feature of sensory ataxia The three types of overlapping have ataxia The most common example is ethanol ( alcohol Other examples e.g. most antiepileptic drugs include ( various prescription drugs e.g. most antiepileptic drugs include ( various prescription drugs have Symptoms of be may neurological dysfunction These include reversible cerebellar ataxia , dementia Peripheral neuropathies may cause generalised or localised sensory ataxia (e.g. a limb of most cases ; feature the spine the spine ; most cases feature both ; most cases feature both to most cases feature both to some extent ataxia causing Hereditary disorders include autosomal dominant ones Arnold–Chiari malformation is a malformation of the brain Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is an autosomal-recessive gene disorder where mutations Wilson's disease is an autosomal-recessive gene disorder whereby an Gluten ataxia by is triggered an autoimmune disease by an autoimmune disease triggered is the ingestion The effectiveness of depends the treatment on It accounts for 40% of people with any gastrointestinal symptom present gluten ataxia with any gastrointestinal symptom present gluten ataxia and any gastrointestinal symptom present gluten ataxia and only about 40% Malfunction of be may the sodium-potassium pump GAD related ataxia antibodies is part related ataxia antibodies is part of Cerebellar circuitry has capacities to compensate Diseases include vitamin E deficiency , abetalipoproteinemia by can be managed ataxia can be by managed pharmacological treatments be by managed pharmacological treatments and by managed pharmacological treatments and through Physical therapy requires a focus on adapting it independently , is the program These outcomes include balance tasks , gait also therapists be that an effective strategy therapists be that an effective strategy may Their therapy which of consisted constraint-induced movement therapy which of consisted constraint-induced movement therapy resulted Treatment should likely include strategies coexisting motor deficits obtain , possible better results Examples include optic ataxia ( lack may be by caused lesions be by caused lesions to by caused lesions to the posterior parietal cortex Outputs of the posterior parietal cortex include the spinal cord Some neurons in modulated are the posterior parietal cortex

in by are modulated the posterior parietal cortex the posterior parietal cortex are by modulated intention She was the first to Ada Byron was the only child of poet All of born were Byron's other children Byron separated from his wife a month Four months later , he commemorated the parting , he commemorated the parting in he commemorated the parting in a poem that the parting in commemorated a poem He died in Greece when Ada in died when Greece Despite Ada , remained this Ada , remained this interested Ada remained interested in him she , buried was her death in Ada , pursued her childhood her childhood , Ada pursued her studies , Ada pursued her studies assiduously She married William King in 1835 Her educational and social exploits brought her into contact ) , her mathematical talents led her , her mathematical talents led her to her mathematical talents led her to a long working relationship Between 1842 and 1843 , Ada translated an article , Ada by translated an article Ada by an article translated Italian military engineer Luigi Menabrea by an article translated Italian military engineer Luigi Menabrea about Lovelace's notes are important in the early history Other historians reject this perspective and point She also developed a vision of his child expected to be a "glorious boy The child was named after Byron's half-sister at Lady Byron , left Lord Byron's command Lady Byron , left Lord Byron's command for , Lady Byron left for her parents' home Lady Byron left for her parents' home at On Lord Byron , signed 21 April 21 April , Lord Byron signed the deed , Lord Byron signed the deed of Lord Byron signed the deed of separation from Lady Byron , continued an acrimonious separation Lady Byron , continued an acrimonious separation throughout , Lady Byron continued throughout her life Lady Byron continued throughout her life to This set of Lovelace made events of Lovelace made events infamous Lovelace made events infamous in Lovelace made infamous in Victorian society Ada did not have a relationship He died in 1824 when

she in died when 1824 Her mother was the only significant parental figure in her life Lovelace did not have a close relationship as Lady Byron — had mitigation Lady Byron — had mitigation to Lady Byron had to present herself This included writing anxious letters to to she , referred Lady Milbanke she , referred Lady Milbanke to , she referred to her daughter she referred to her daughter as by her teenage daughter watched had close friends At she , experienced the age of eight the age of eight , she experienced headaches , she that experienced headaches she that experienced headaches obscured that headaches experienced obscured her vision she , paralyzed was June 1829 she was paralyzed after a bout She was subjected to continuous bed rest By she , was 1831 she , was 1831 able Ada Byron had an affair with a tutor Lady Byron and her friends covered the incident Lovelace never met her younger half-sister , Allegra died in 1822 at Lovelace became close friends with her tutor She had a strong respect and affection Other acquaintances included the scientists Andrew Crosse , She was presented at Court By Ada was 1834 a 1834 Ada was a regular Ada was a regular at This description followed their meeting on 24 February 1834 On she , married 8 July 1835 8 July 1835 , she married William , she married William , she married William , 8th Baron King They had three homes : Ockham Park They spent their honeymoon at Worthy Manor It later became their summer retreat and They had three children : Byron of Lady King , experienced Annabella Lady King , experienced Annabella " , Lady King experienced " a tedious and suffering illness Lady King experienced " a tedious and suffering illness , which " experienced , a tedious and suffering illness Ada was a descendant of the extinct Barons Lovelace In Ada's mother , assigned 1843–44 1843–44 , Ada's mother assigned William Benjamin Carpenter , Ada's mother assigned William Benjamin Carpenter to Ada's mother assigned William Benjamin Carpenter to teach

He quickly fell for her by ) were told Lord Byron's half-sister Augusta Leigh ) were by told Ada's mother were by told Ada's mother that Ada's father by told that Ada's mother On Ada , wrote 27 February 1841 Ada , wrote 27 February 1841 to , Ada wrote to her mother Ada wrote to her mother : She did not blame the incestuous relationship In Ada , flirted the 1840s Ada , flirted the 1840s with , Ada flirted with scandals Ada flirted with scandals : She apparently lost more than £3,000 on her to led forming a syndicate She had a shadowy relationship with Andrew Crosse's son John Crosse destroyed most of their correspondence She her father him bequeathed the only heirlooms her father him bequeathed the only heirlooms had which she accused was Byron she accused Byron was one In the mathematician Augustus De Morgan , extended the 1840s the 1840s , the mathematician Augustus De Morgan extended her , the mathematician Augustus De Morgan extended her "much help the mathematician Augustus De Morgan extended her "much help in to De Morgan , suggested Lady Byron De Morgan , suggested Lady Byron that Ada's skill that suggested in mathematics at I , is first sight I , is first sight think , I is think one I is think one of She valued metaphysics as much Lovelace died at the age of 36 on Under Ada , had her mother's influence her mother's influence , Ada had a religious transformation , Ada had a religious transformation and Ada had a religious transformation and was She lost contact with her husband It is not known what is not she known what not she known what told she what known told him Throughout Lovelace , was her life Lovelace , was her life strongly with Lovelace , continued Babbage Lovelace , continued Babbage to In she , commented 1844 she , commented 1844 to , she commented to a friend she commented to a friend Woronzow Greig She never achieved this , , her interest in came the brain

her interest in came the brain from into she , visited this project this project , she visited the electrical engineer , she visited the electrical engineer Andrew Crosse she visited the electrical engineer Andrew Crosse in in Lovelace , translated 1842–43 1842–43 , Lovelace translated the Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea's article , Lovelace translated the Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea's article on Lovelace translated the Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea's article on Babbage's newest proposed machine With she , appended the article the article , she appended a set , she appended a set of she appended a set of notes Explaining the Analytical Engine's function was a difficult task , many other scientists was , as a difficult task is now by considered many now by considered many to by considered many to be It can do " whatever can we " do whatever we " do whatever know It can follow analysis ; it follow ; but analysis , Babbage wrote to Lovelace Babbage wrote to Lovelace asking This was the first that she the first was that of Lovelace , wrote cancer Lovelace , wrote cancer to , Lovelace wrote to him Lovelace wrote to him asking Babbage , invited was 1840 Babbage's friend Charles Wheatstone commissioned Ada Lovelace to She then augmented the paper with Ada Lovelace spent the better part of a year note she , describes G G , she describes an algorithm , she describes an algorithm for she the Analytical Engine describes for an algorithm the Analytical Engine describes for an algorithm to Ada Lovelace's notes on republished were Babbage's Analytical Engine This analysis was an important development from previous ideas Walter Isaacson ascribes Ada's insight regarding the application Babbage specialist Doron Swade : Ada saw something : Ada saw something that Ada Babbage something saw that Babbage something saw that in In his engines bound were Babbage's world by his engines were bound Babbage's world his engines were by bound number was that number could represent entities that number could represent entities other then the machine could manipulate symbols the machine could manipulate symbols of

Bromley by notes prepared several dozen sample programs by several dozen sample programs prepared notes Babbage Dorothy K. Stein regards Lovelace's notes as "more a reflection Ada that explained was only a "promising beginner " , Stephen Wolfram defends Lovelace's contributions to Wolfram , argues Lovelace's notes Wolfram , argues Lovelace's notes that Lovelace and Babbage are the main characters by , is portrayed Ada Augusta Byron , is by portrayed Lily Lesser is by portrayed Lily Lesser in by portrayed Lily Lesser in the second season She is employed as an "analyst The brass workings of are the machine reminiscent Emerald Fennell portrays Lovelace in the episode Lovelace is a primary character in the 2019 Big Finish Doctor Who audio a primary character in is the 2019 Big Finish Doctor Lovelace features as a character in The character was by portrayed Sylvie Briggs was by portrayed Sylvie Briggs , by portrayed Sylvie Briggs , alongside In the Association for Women in Computing , inaugurated 1981 1981 , the Association for Women in Computing inaugurated its Ada Lovelace Award BCSWomen sponsors the Lovelace Colloquium , an annual conference Ada Lovelace Day is an annual event celebrated on Events have included Wikipedia edit-a-thons with Ada Developers Academy , founded was 2013 On Senator Ron Wyden , submitted 27 July 2018 Senator Ron Wyden , submitted 27 July 2018 , Senator Ron Wyden submitted , in the United States Senate Three are held at Harvard University the sixth copy , sold was 20 July 2018 the sixth copy was sold at auction A 1938 Guggenheim Fellow , Derleth considered his most serious work , Derleth considered his most serious work to Derleth considered his most serious work to be Derleth grew up in Sauk City He was educated in local parochial and public high school Derleth wrote his first fiction at age 13 He would save his money to to he , sold anthologist Jim Stephens anthologist Jim Stephens , he sold his first story , he sold his first story , he sold his first story , " Derleth wrote throughout his four years at

in Derleth , worked the summer of 1931 Derleth , worked the summer of 1931 in , Derleth worked in a local canning factory Derleth worked in a local canning factory and In Derleth , organized the mid-1930s the mid-1930s , Derleth organized a Ranger's Club , Derleth organized a Ranger's Club for Derleth organized a Ranger's Club for young people , Derleth in founded 1939 Derleth in 1939 founded Arkham House Its initial objective was to publish the works In he , became 1941 1941 , he became literary editor , he became literary editor of he became literary editor of " Derleth ( used reportedly fencing, swimming, chess, philately and comic-strips ( Derleth reportedly used the funding Derleth reportedly used the funding from I , " write his writing methods Derleth retained custody of the couple's two children April earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English She became majority stockholder , President She remained in that capacity until She was known in the community Derleth died of a heart attack on The U.S. 12 bridge over named is the Wisconsin River Derleth wrote an expansive series of novels He writes of a land and In there , is his fictional world his fictional world , there is a unity , there is a unity much there is a unity much deeper Derleth : " argues what The author inaugurated the "Sac Prairie Saga " with four novellas inaugurated " with the "Sac Prairie Saga "A book of recreates ... instant sensitive responsiveness by " was published Spring " was by published Charles Scribners & Sons " The New Yorker " considered it The New Yorker " a story considered it " a story considered it told a story considered it told " These were followed in 1943 Derleth's work was by attacked his one-time admirer was by attacked his one-time admirer and by attacked his one-time admirer and mentor Lewis " , observed Esquire He is a champion and a justification Yet he is also a burly, bounding, bustling, self-confident, opinionated, and highly-sweatered young man he is also a burly, bounding, bustling, self-confident, opinionated, and highly-sweatered young man with

he , become might a blue pencil A lighter side to is " the "Sac Prairie Saga by , is considered 1961 , is by considered many Derleth's finest work Detective fiction represented another substantial body of Derleth's work These included one published novel as well The series features a (Sherlock Holmes-styled) British detective named Solar Pons , Ellery Queen wrote of Derleth's "The Norcross Riddle Ellery Queen wrote of Derleth's "The Norcross Riddle " to Pons , lived Doyle's creation Pons , lived Doyle's creation in , Pons lived in the post-World War I era Pons lived in the post-World War I era , editor Peter Ruber " , wrote The Hound of the Baskervilles Derleth wrote many and varied children's works , including by " was noted the "Sac Prairie Saga " was by noted the "Chicago Tribune was by noted the "Chicago Tribune " by noted the "Chicago Tribune " : Derleth was a correspondent and friend Derleth and Donald Wandrei assembled a collection Derleth and Wandrei founded Arkham House In Arkham House , published 1939 Arkham House , published 1939 " , Arkham House published " The Outsider and Others Arkham House published " The Outsider and Others " Following Derleth , wrote Lovecraft's death Lovecraft's death , Derleth wrote a number , Derleth wrote a number of Derleth wrote a number of stories There are indeed tales wherein Derleth's protagonists indeed are wherein tales by are widely acknowledged literary oblivion are widely by acknowledged practitioners widely by acknowledged practitioners in by acknowledged practitioners in the horror field Ramsey Campbell , acknowledged has instance , Ramsey Campbell has acknowledged Derleth's encouragement Ramsey Campbell has acknowledged Derleth's encouragement and Arkham House and Derleth published "Dark Carnival Brian Lumley cites the importance of Derleth Derleth also wrote many historical novels , The work was one in a series Additionally , Derleth wrote a number , Derleth wrote a number of Derleth wrote a number of volumes He also wrote introductions to The Alpine arch generally extends from Nice The mountains were formed over tens of millions Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border , and

in precipitation levels , vary the mountains precipitation levels , vary the mountains greatly Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with In Napoleon , crossed 1800 1800 , Napoleon crossed one , Napoleon crossed one of Napoleon crossed one of the mountain " Albania " is a related derivation An "alp " refers to a high mountain pasture The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that a crescent shaped geographic feature of are central Europe The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above The highest portion of divided is the range of by is divided the range the range is by divided the glacial trough is by divided the glacial trough of by divided the glacial trough of the Rhône valley Series of run lower mountain ranges parallel the Colle di Cadibona to it runs Col de Tende to Col de Tende it runs westwards Col de Tende it runs westwards , it runs westwards , before In by were established the medieval period hospices the medieval period hospices were by established religious orders were by established religious orders at by established religious orders at the summits Crossing the Brenner Pass , separates the Italian-Austrian border the Italian-Austrian border , the Brenner Pass separates the Ötztal Alps , the Brenner Pass separates the Ötztal Alps and the Brenner Pass separates the Ötztal Alps and Zillertal Alps , it has seen continuous use the Great St. Bernard Pass of , is a summit of , the Great St. Bernard Pass is one , the Great St. Bernard Pass is one of the Great St. Bernard Pass is one of the The Mont Cenis pass has been a major commercial and military road between The pass was by crossed many troops was by crossed many troops on by crossed many troops on their way in the Saint Gotthard Railway Tunnel opened was 1882 the Saint Gotthard Railway Tunnel opened was 1882 connecting the Saint Gotthard Railway Tunnel was opened connecting Lucerne The list includes not only mountains , but most of climbed were the Alpine four-thousanders He completed his series of ascents

The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788 ; By Swiss mountaineers ascended had the mid-1850s the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the Alpine orogeny ) that was an episodic process ) that was an episodic process began that was an episodic process began about 300 million of it ; broke a single tectonic plate it ; broke a single tectonic plate into ; it broke into separate plates it broke into separate plates during a layer of deposited was marine flysch sediments The Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through The Alps are by subdivided different lithology are by subdivided different lithology ( by subdivided different lithology ( rock composition in the two areas , show the Cretaceous Period the Cretaceous Period , the two areas show distinct differences , the two areas show distinct differences in the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations High "massifs " with are external sedimentary cover , the structure of consists the Alps the structure of consists the Alps of The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin , The Matterhorn is an example of the ongoing orogeny to earthquakes , continue the ever-present geologic instability earthquakes , continue the ever-present geologic instability in , earthquakes continue in the Alps earthquakes continue in the Alps to The Alps are a source of minerals that a source of are minerals the Romans ; later mined copper ; later the Romans mined gold later the Romans mined gold for the Romans mined gold for coins Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because the mountains underwent severe erosion because of Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s Glaciers pick up rocks and This causes erosion and the formation The Inn valley is an example of a valley Alpine glaciers can be straight rivers of The stress of the ice causes the movement