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The programmer must translate the algorithm into Stone gives an example of this It is at this point that can be by computed a model be by computed a model known by computed a model known to Tausworthe augments the three Böhm-Jacopini canonical structures : SEQUENCE a flowchart , starts always a Minsky machine a flowchart always starts at the top Its primary symbols are only four : the directed arrow Jacopini canonical structures are made of these primitive shapes It is named after the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid who after named , the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid It is one of the oldest algorithms He defines " A number [ Euclid stipulated this so that he stipulated so that this it another , yields one another , it yields the number , it yields the number " it yields the number " 1 Does an algorithm its author do what an algorithm its author do what wants it do its author wants what A few test cases usually give some confidence in For one source , uses test cases test cases , one source uses 3009 , one source uses 3009 and one source uses 3009 and 884 is both numbers , are zero zero , both numbers are zero then the failures at indicate zero the failures at indicate zero that at the algorithm indicate that zero the algorithm indicate that zero ( Knuth " : demonstrates mathematical induction " : Knuth demonstrates the application : Knuth demonstrates the application of Knuth demonstrates the application of mathematical induction "Elegant , is " only six core instructions , "Elegant " is the clear winner "Elegant " is the clear winner , ( it arrives at HALT it arrives at HALT in this why indicates is the case much time is wasted doing a "B can be by improved the elimination be by improved the elimination of by improved the elimination of five steps Comparison with provides " "Elegant " these steps provides that a hint these steps provides that a hint , This change calls for the addition of At the algorithm needs only all times

the algorithm needs only all times to Different algorithms may complete the same task with In algorithm analysis , resembles this sense this sense , algorithm analysis resembles other mathematical disciplines , algorithm analysis resembles other mathematical disciplines in algorithm analysis resembles other mathematical disciplines in that it resembles in that other mathematical disciplines pseudocode is used for analysis it for used as analysis , speed improvements depend on special properties speed improvements depend on special properties of Every field of science has its own problems Some problems may have multiple algorithms of There are also mappings from However practical applications of are algorithms practical applications of are algorithms sometimes The earliest evidence of found is algorithms During the Hammurabi dynasty circa 1800-1600 BC, Babylonian clay tablets described algorithms the Hammurabi dynasty circa 1800-1600 BC, Babylonian clay tablets described algorithms for 1800-1600 BC, Babylonian clay tablets described algorithms for computing formulas deciphering by was developed encrypted code encrypted code was by developed Al-Kindi was by developed Al-Kindi , by developed Al-Kindi , a 9th-century Arab mathematician " : Bolter credits the invention : Bolter credits the invention of Bolter credits the invention of the weight-driven clock The technical problem was to reduce Boolean equations , I have reduced the system I have reduced the system to he This machine displayed in 1870 in he , observed Bell Laboratories Bell Laboratories , he observed the "burdensome' use , he observed the "burdensome' use of he observed the "burdensome' use of mechanical calculators Frege : is 's this kudos Frege 's is " perhaps the most important single work In the following appeared rapid succession : the following appeared rapid succession : Alonzo Church as Mrs. Turing ; had a boy a boy ; Mrs. Turing had a typewriter ; Mrs. Turing had a typewriter , Mrs. Turing had a typewriter , and he had , and a typewriter An annual plant that is a plant completes that a plant is completes its life cycle which they take vary place they take vary place according Summer annuals germinate during spring or rapa can go from seed

In many food plants , are cultivation many food plants , are cultivation , and parsley that are true biennials parsley that are true biennials are that are true biennials are usually annuals as grown are impatiens sometimes winter annuals are considered a pest winter annuals are considered a pest in it , discovered was 2008 the inactivation that discovered of only two genes Researchers which deactivated ( the SOC1 and FUL genes which deactivated ( the SOC1 and FUL genes control The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa Usually mouthwashes are antiseptic solutions intended mouthwashes are antiseptic solutions intended to , some rinses act as saliva substitutes some rinses act as saliva substitutes to This can lower the anti-cavity re - Fluoridated mouthwash may mitigate this effect or Common use involves rinsing the mouth with Most companies suggest not drinking water Gargling is practiced in Japan One commonly used way is with infusions or The most-commonly-used mouthwashes which are , commercial antiseptics which are , commercial antiseptics are Mouthwashes combine ingredients to treat its use and recommendation involves concerns their antiseptic and antiplaque mouthwashes of Some manufacturers that mouthwash state Minor and transient side effects of are mouthwashes very Alcohol-containing mouthwashes may make dry mouth and " Magic mouthwashes " are prescription mouthwashes Magic mouthwashes " are prescription mouthwashes compounded of it ; shows magic mouthwash magic mouthwash ; it shows no difference ; it shows no difference in it shows no difference in efficacy The first known references to is mouth rinsing in , mouth rinsing following became mechanical cleansing mouth rinsing following became mechanical cleansing common Before Europeans came to the Americas Europeans came to the Americas , Native North American and Mesoamerican cultures to came , the Americas ( we call now what what we now call dental plaque we now call dental plaque ) He also found organisms in He experimented with samples by Next he tried rinsing the mouth he tried rinsing the mouth of That remained the state of affairs commercial interest in been has mouthwashes Many of aim these solutions to of only a limited set shows that microbiotas

only a limited set shows that microbiotas of only a limited set that shows of microbes that research into led new mouthwash treatments of it , is the alcohol content it , is the alcohol content possible In alcohol , is addition addition , alcohol is a drying agent , alcohol is a drying agent , alcohol which is , a drying agent which is , a drying agent encourages In the authors , highlight addition addition , the authors highlight side effects , the authors highlight side effects from the authors highlight side effects from several mainstream mouthwashes that side effects from highlight several mainstream mouthwashes The review garnered media attention and conflicting opinions Yinka Ebo of Cancer Research UK disputed the findings In the American Dental Association , said a March 2009 brief the American Dental Association , said a March 2009 brief " Chlorhexidine digluconate is a chemical antiseptic and is However , there is no evidence , there is no evidence to there is no evidence to support It has anti-plaque action , but The proportion of increase Gram-negative rods as it , so is plaque so it is not a substitute it is not a substitute for chlorhexidine mouthwash , used is primary herpetic gingivostomatitis chlorhexidine mouthwash is used as a temporary substitute a tooth extraction with Rinsing before chlorhexidine mouthwash Chlorhexidine has good "substantivity " ( , chlorhexidine binds to tannins chlorhexidine binds to tannins , Chlorhexidine mouthwash can also cause taste disturbance Chlorhexidine mouthwashes increase staining of the use of called is oil mouthwashes Oil pulling has received little study and has there received and little study there received and little study is it , found was one small study The mouth is rinsed with approximately one tablespoon Essential oils which are oils have which are oils have been Anti-cavity mouthwashes use sodium fluoride to protect It kills anaerobic bacteria , and Oral lidocaine is useful for the treatment Methyl salicylate has some anti-plaque action , but A 2005 study gargling that found three times gargling that found three times a Sanguinarine is a toxic alkaloid herbal extract , obtained

the lesions , persist may the causative substance the lesions may persist for years , the potential for is malignant transformation the potential for is malignant transformation unknown by made dissolving 0.5–1 teaspoon Saline has a mechanical cleansing action and an antiseptic action The heat of the solution produces a therapeutic increase Hot saltwater mouthwashes also encourage the draining of it , cause may the mouth , it may cause a dental abscess it may cause a dental abscess to Some oral surgeons saltwater consider mouthwashes the mainstay saltwater consider mouthwashes the mainstay of hot saltwater mouthbaths , start should dental extractions Sucralfate is a mucosal coating agent , composed in it ( causes adults adults ( it causes red staining ( it causes red staining of it causes red staining of teeth minocycline mouthwashes of relieve can 0.5% concentrations Triclosan is a non-ionic chlorinate bisphenol antiseptic found in ) , there is moderate substantivity , there is moderate substantivity , there is moderate substantivity , broad spectrum anti-bacterial action Triclosan does not cause staining Astringents like zinc chloride provide a pleasant-tasting sensation he , born was the Argead dynasty he was born in Pella He succeeded his father King Philip II to he , created had the age of thirty , he had created one he had created one of Alexander , tutored was his youth Alexander was by tutored Aristotle was by tutored Aristotle until by tutored Aristotle until the age of 16 Alexander , awarded was Thebes , Alexander was awarded the generalship Alexander was awarded the generalship of In 334 BC he invaded the Achaemenid Empire 334 BC he invaded the Achaemenid Empire ( he invaded the Achaemenid Empire ( Persian Empire ) , Alexander broke the power , Alexander broke the power of Alexander broke the power of Persia He subsequently overthrew King Darius III and At his empire , stretched that point his empire , stretched that point from , his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to Alexander endeavored to reach the "ends Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion and syncretism

He that founded more than twenty cities bore that more than twenty cities founded bore his name which in resulted , Hellenistic civilization The Greek language became the lingua franca of the region Greek-speaking communities in survived central and far eastern Anatolia until Alexander became legendary as a classical hero enduring, unprecedented success in him made battle in him made battle the him made battle the measure Alexander was born in Pella He was the son of the king Several legends surround Alexander's birth and childhood to Olympias , dreamed Philip Olympias , dreamed Philip that Philip , said is the wedding Plutarch offered a variety of interpretations , Philip was preparing a siege Philip was preparing a siege on That same day , Philip received news , Philip received news that Philip his general Parmenion received that news his general Parmenion received that news had This led Hegesias of Magnesia to say Alexander , raised was his early years Alexander was by raised a nurse was by raised a nurse , by raised a nurse , Lanike, sister Alexander , tutored was his childhood Alexander was by tutored the strict Leonidas was by tutored the strict Leonidas , by tutored the strict Leonidas , a relative , a trader from brought Thessaly a trader from Thessaly brought Philip Alexander named it Bucephalas , Bucephalas carried Alexander as far was Philip , began 13 Philip , began 13 to In Philip , chose the end the end , Philip chose Aristotle , Philip chose Aristotle and Philip chose Aristotle and provided Mieza was like a boarding school for Many of become would these students Aristotle taught Alexander and his companions Among Artabazos II were them and Artabazos II were them and his daughter , Alexander's education under ended Aristotle , the Thracian tribe of revolted Maedi the Thracian tribe of revolted Maedi against Alexander , dispatched was Philip's return Alexander was dispatched with a small force Alexander , saved reportedly Perinthus , Alexander reportedly saved his father's life , the city of began Amphissa the city of began Amphissa to that to work began lands

Alexander , ordered was Thrace Philip and his army joined his son led by voted , Demosthenes by voted , Demosthenes to Both Athens and Philip sent embassies Philip marched on Amphissa ( south , his opponents blocked him , his opponents blocked him near his opponents blocked him near Chaeronea of Philip , commanded Chaeronea Chaeronea , Philip commanded the right wing , Philip commanded the right wing and Philip commanded the right wing and Alexander to the two sides , fought the ancient sources the two sides , fought the ancient sources bitterly the two sides fought bitterly for some time Philip deliberately commanded his troops to Alexander was the first to damaged Philip , ordered the enemy's cohesion the enemy's cohesion , Philip ordered his troops , Philip ordered his troops to Philip ordered his troops to press they , refused were Sparta At Philip , established Corinth Corinth , Philip established a "Hellenic Alliance , Philip established a "Hellenic Alliance " Philip established a "Hellenic Alliance " ( to he , fell Pella he , fell Pella in , he fell in love he fell in love with The marriage made Alexander's position as heir In Alexander , fled 337 BC 337 BC , Alexander fled Macedon , Alexander fled Macedon with Alexander fled Macedon with his mother He continued to Illyria , several of this suggested Alexander's friends of this suggested Alexander's friends showed Philip suggested this showed Alexander's friends Alexander reacted by sending an actor of he , stopped this this , he stopped the negotiations , he stopped the negotiations and he stopped the negotiations and scolded Philip , assassinated was Epirus Philip was by assassinated the captain was by assassinated the captain of by assassinated the captain of his bodyguards , he tripped over a vine he tripped over a vine and Alexander began his reign by eliminating He had his cousin , the former Amyntas IV He also had two Macedonian princes from about he , was this he , was this furious Attalus was at that time corresponding News of Philip's death roused many states

reached he , responded Alexander he , responded Alexander quickly use Alexander , mustered diplomacy diplomacy , Alexander mustered 3,000 Macedonian cavalry , Alexander mustered 3,000 Macedonian cavalry and Alexander mustered 3,000 Macedonian cavalry and rode He the Thessalian army found occupying the pass the Thessalian army found occupying the pass between the next day , they found Alexander , they found Alexander in they found Alexander in their Alexander stopped at Thermopylae , Athens sued for peace and This reply apparently delighted Alexander , apparently who delighted , Alexander who delighted , Alexander is At Alexander , took Corinth Corinth , Alexander took the title , Alexander took the title of Alexander took the title of "Hegemon to Alexander , wanted Asia Alexander , wanted Asia to Alexander wanted to safeguard his northern borders of he , advanced 335 BC he , advanced 335 BC to he advanced to suppress several revolts from he , travelled Amphipolis Amphipolis , he travelled east , he travelled east into he travelled east into the country The Macedonians marched into the country of Alexander then marched for three days News then reached Alexander that then Cleitus reached that Alexander Cleitus reached that Alexander , into Alexander , defeated Illyria Illyria , Alexander defeated each , Alexander defeated each in Alexander defeated each in turn The end of Thebes cowed Athens ) , Philip II began the work , Philip II began the work of Philip II began the work of establishing In 336 he sent Parmenion 336 he sent Parmenion , he sent Parmenion , with of the news revolted until Anatolia the news revolted until Anatolia arrived of Alexander's army , crossed Philip II Philip II , Alexander's army crossed the Hellespont , Alexander's army crossed the Hellespont in Alexander's army crossed the Hellespont in 334 BC He showed his intent to conquer he ; proceeded then Sardis he then proceeded along the Ionian coast held by required , Achaemenid forces by Achaemenid forces , required a delicate siege operation From Alexander , proceeded Halicarnassus Alexander , proceeded Halicarnassus into , Alexander proceeded into mountainous Lycia

Alexander proceeded into mountainous Lycia and At Alexander , humbled Termessos Alexander , humbled Termessos but a feat unsolvable Gordian Knot , said the hitherto a feat said to await the future "king 333 Alexander , crossed BC BC , Alexander crossed the Taurus , Alexander crossed the Taurus into Alexander crossed the Taurus into Cilicia to he , marched an illness he , marched an illness on he marched on towards Syria by he , marched Darius's significantly larger army he , marched Darius's significantly larger army back he marched back to Cilicia Darius fled the battle , causing his army fled , causing the battle He that offered a peace treaty included that a peace treaty offered included the lands Alexander proceeded to take possession Alexander was met with resistance impossible ... this encouraged Alexander ... this encouraged Alexander all this encouraged Alexander all the After the stronghold , fell three unsuccessful assaults the stronghold , fell three unsuccessful assaults , Egypt was only one of a large number Alexander , crowned was Siwa Alexander was crowned in the temple Alexander by restored neglected the temples by the temples neglected restored the Persians near he , built Karnak Karnak , he built a chapel , he built a chapel for he built a chapel for the sacred barge Alexander advanced on Egypt in of Alexander , made pharaohs pharaohs , Alexander made sacrifices , Alexander made sacrifices to Alexander made sacrifices to the gods He was pronounced son of Alexander often referred to Zeus-Ammon in he , founded Egypt Egypt , he founded Alexandria , he founded Alexandria , he which founded , Alexandria which founded , Alexandria would in Alexander , marched 331 BC Alexander , marched 331 BC eastward Alexander marched eastward into Achaemenid Assyria Darius once more fled the field Alexander fled , and the field Gaugamela would be the final and decisive encounter between From Alexander , went Babylon Alexander , went Babylon to , Alexander went to Susa Alexander went to Susa , He sent the bulk of his army Alexander himself took selected troops on

Alexander then chased Darius , The Persian king no longer controlled his own destiny his men had fatally stab the Great King Alexander buried Darius's remains next to Alexander viewed Bessus as a usurper Alexander founded a series of new cities by Spitamenes , raised a horse nomad army a horse nomad army , Spitamenes raised Sogdiana , Spitamenes raised Sogdiana in Spitamenes raised Sogdiana in revolt Alexander personally defeated the Scythians at During Alexander , adopted this time this time , Alexander adopted some elements , Alexander adopted some elements of Alexander adopted some elements of Persian dress This was one aspect of Alexander's broad strategy The Greeks however regarded the gesture of The latter were in many cases latter were in many cases additionally This created a problem for Alexander 334 BC he demonstrated awareness BC he demonstrated awareness of he demonstrated awareness of this Alexander wrote a letter in 332 BC of it " made the "entire Persian people it " made the "entire Persian people impracticable A plot against revealed was his life The death of the son necessitated the death a second plot against revealed was his life for he , left Asia Asia , he left his general Antipater , he left his general Antipater , he left his general Antipater , an experienced military and political leader Alexander's sacking of ensured Thebes that of Greece ensured that Thebes Greece ensured that Thebes remained The one exception was a call to arms Antipater referred the Spartans' punishment to the League of Corinth general , Greece enjoyed a period , Greece enjoyed a period of Greece enjoyed a period of peace Alexander sent back vast sums from with Alexander , turned his new satrapies Alexander , turned his new satrapies to , Alexander turned to the Indian subcontinent He invited the chieftains of the former satrapy Ambhi hastened to relieve Alexander Alexander not only returned Ambhi of Taxiles , accompanied the Macedonian king the Macedonian king , Taxiles accompanied him , Taxiles accompanied him with Taxiles accompanied him with a force After he sent was that victory

by he was sent that victory he was by sent Alexander was by sent Alexander in by sent Alexander in pursuit the two rivals were by reconciled the personal mediation were by reconciled the personal mediation of by reconciled the personal mediation of Alexander Alexander , led personally 327/326 BC , Alexander personally led a campaign Alexander personally led a campaign against The fort of reduced was Massaga only did Alexander slaughter the entire population did Alexander slaughter the entire population of Alexander slaughter the entire population of Massaga , numerous Assakenians fled to the fortress numerous Assakenians fled to the fortress of After Alexander , crossed Aornos Aornos , Alexander crossed the Indus , Alexander crossed the Indus and Alexander crossed the Indus and fought Alexander was by impressed Porus's bravery was by impressed Porus's bravery , by impressed Porus's bravery , and He appointed Porus as satrap Choosing a him helped local a him helped local control local him helped control these lands him helped control these lands so Alexander founded two cities on opposite sides The other was Nicaea (Victory ) other was Nicaea (Victory ) , of Alexander's army , mutinied campaigning Alexander's army , mutinied campaigning at , Alexander's army mutinied at the Hyphasis River (Beas Alexander's army mutinied at the Hyphasis River (Beas ) Alexander sent much of his army in Alexander , executed his absence his absence , Alexander executed several , Alexander executed several of Alexander executed several of them of he , paid thanks he , paid thanks off , he paid off the debts he paid off the debts of His troops misunderstood his intention and mutinied down , Alexander gave Persians command posts , Alexander gave Persians command posts in Alexander gave Persians command posts in the army The Macedonians quickly begged forgiveness , Alexander forgiveness , begged which to Alexander , learned Persia Alexander , learned Persia that guards that learned of the tomb Alexander admired Cyrus the Great , from , Alexander travelled to Ecbatana Alexander travelled to Ecbatana to Hephaestion's death devastated Alexander , and he devastated , and Alexander

On Alexander , died either 10 or 11 June 323 BC Alexander , died either 10 or 11 June 323 BC in , Alexander died in the palace Alexander died in the palace of There are two different versions of Alexander's death Alexander which developed , a fever which developed , a fever worsened he did not develop a fever all Alexander mentioned that the theory Alexander mentioned that the theory was of Plutarch , dismissed a poisoning conspiracy a poisoning conspiracy , Plutarch dismissed it , Plutarch dismissed it as Plutarch dismissed it as a fabrication from the plant proposed that the New Zealand National Poisons Centre the plant proposed that the New Zealand National Poisons Centre white " Veratrum album" poisoning can have a prolonged course Veratrum album" poisoning can have a prolonged course and can it have and a prolonged course it have and a prolonged course was A 1998 article in attributed " the "New England Journal of Medicine Other illnesses fit the symptoms , including Alexander's body was laid in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus was that in laid a gold anthropoid sarcophagus that in laid a gold anthropoid sarcophagus was to Ptolemy , seized Macedon Macedon , Ptolemy seized it , Ptolemy seized it and Ptolemy seized it and took This would fit with the intended destination Emperor Septimius Severus 200 , closed AD 200 , Emperor Septimius Severus closed Alexander's tomb , Emperor Septimius Severus closed Alexander's tomb to Emperor Septimius Severus closed Alexander's tomb to the public Demades likened the Macedonian army , after Alexander had no obvious or legitimate heir , his son bequeathed his laconic reply ; was his kingdom his laconic reply ; was his kingdom " ; his laconic reply was " tôi his laconic reply was " tôi kratistôi"—"to , they rejected since this arrangement they rejected since this arrangement had Instead , they supported Alexander's half-brother Philip Arrhidaeus out by Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon became power bases by Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon became power bases each Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon general became each power bases

general became each power bases used in Macedonian unity , collapsed 321 BC Macedonian unity , collapsed 321 BC , The enormous scale of led has these plans he ; lost never a military commander ; he never lost a battle he never lost a battle , This was due to use by and perfected developed Philip II Alexander also recognized the potential for at Alexander , used Granicus Granicus , Alexander used only a small part , Alexander used only a small part of Alexander used only a small part of his forces Alexander placed the phalanx at the center the Persian infantry , stationed was contrast the Persian infantry was stationed behind its cavalry with he , used Darius Darius , he used the same deployment , he used the same deployment , he used the same deployment , and Alexander personally led the charge in at Darius , equipped Gaugamela Gaugamela , Darius equipped his chariots , Darius equipped his chariots with Darius equipped his chariots with scythes Alexander arranged a double phalanx , with the center arranged , with a double phalanx India , Alexander adapted his forces , Alexander adapted his forces to Alexander adapted his forces to his opponents' style , Alexander successfully used his javelin throwers Alexander successfully used his javelin throwers and Historical sources frequently give conflicting accounts of Alexander , curated carefully his lifetime , Alexander carefully curated his image Alexander carefully curated his image by This included commissioning sculptures by Lysippos Nevertheless , Andrew Stewart highlights the fact , Andrew Stewart highlights the fact that Andrew Stewart artistic portraits highlights that the fact artistic portraits highlights that the fact , The Alexander Mosaic and contemporary coins portray Alexander general , Alexander's prominent personality traits reflected those , Alexander's prominent personality traits reflected those of Alexander's prominent personality traits reflected those of his parents His mother had huge ambitions , and Olympias's influence instilled a sense of destiny his father Philip was probably Alexander's most immediate and influential role model of he ; had his personality his personality ; he had a need

; he had a need to he had a need to outdo from he , was his father he , was his father open he was open to reasoned debate He had a calmer side — perceptive He had a great desire for knowledge to Alexander ; was Aristotle's tutelage Alexander ; was Aristotle's tutelage intelligent was amply by demonstrated his ability amply by demonstrated his ability and by demonstrated his ability and success However , he had little interest , he had little interest in he had little interest in sports He had great charisma and force of Alexander , began Hephaestion Alexander , began Hephaestion to Alexander began to exhibit signs a theory , confirmed apparently Zeus a theory apparently confirmed to him He began to identify himself by " was disapproved "proskynesis " was by disapproved the Macedonians was by disapproved the Macedonians , by disapproved the Macedonians , and This behaviour cost him the sympathies of , Alexander also was a pragmatic ruler Alexander also who was a pragmatic ruler also who was a pragmatic ruler understood who a pragmatic ruler was understood the difficulties He apparently had two sons , Alexander also had a close relationship with Alexander's sexuality has been the subject of is also by told Plutarch also by told Plutarch , by told Plutarch , probably he did not produce an heir to Alexander , accumulated Diodorus Siculus Diodorus Siculus , Alexander accumulated a harem , Alexander accumulated a harem in Alexander accumulated a harem in the style Alexander's legacy extended beyond his military conquests , His campaigns greatly increased contacts and of he became founded the cities the cities he founded became major cultural centers he founded became major cultural centers , founded many became , major cultural centers many became , major cultural centers surviving Alexander's most immediate legacy was the introduction of Macedonian rule of Alexander's empire , covered his death his death , Alexander's empire covered some , Alexander's empire covered some , Alexander's empire covered some , and Many of remained these areas in The eastern borders of began Alexander's empire to

of Alexander , founded his conquests his conquests , Alexander founded some twenty cities , Alexander that founded some twenty cities Alexander that founded some twenty cities bore that some twenty cities founded bore his name The cities' locations reflected trade routes as well on he , slept the Mount Pagus he , slept the Mount Pagus under , he slept under a plane tree he slept under a plane tree at the goddess appeared and told him Alexander the Great In , 334 BC donated This inscription is one of the few independent archaeological discoveries " was by coined the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen was by coined the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to by coined the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to denote Alexander sought to insert Greek elements the Hellenistic culture promulgated by was the conquests promulgated by was the conquests essentially by was the conquests essentially Athenian Koine spread throughout the Hellenistic world , the New Testament was written in the Koine Greek language On Hellenistic culture , hybridized the Silk Road trade routes Hellenistic culture , hybridized the Silk Road trade routes with , Hellenistic culture hybridized with Iranian and Buddhist cultures The resulting syncretism known as influenced Greco-Buddhism : the concept of is Boddhisatvas the concept of is Boddhisatvas reminiscent The process of spurred also Hellenization to BC found were the 3rd century BC found were the 3rd century in BC were found in the Greco-Bactrian city , Hellenistic influence on was Indian art Hellenistic influence on was Indian art far his exploits were by admired many Romans were by admired many Romans , by admired many Romans , especially generals Polybius began his "Histories " by Pompey the Great adopted the epithet "Magnus " the Great adopted the epithet "Magnus " and Julius Caesar dedicated a Lysippean equestrian bronze statue but replaced The emperor Trajan also admired Alexander , The Itinerarium Alexandri which is a 4th-century Latin Itinerarium describes which a 4th-century Latin Itinerarium is describes Alexander the Great's campaigns Julius Caesar went to serve his quaestorship against it , became the Alamanni

it , became the Alamanni evident He began openly mimicking Alexander of Caracalla , decided the Parthian Empire Caracalla , decided the Parthian Empire to Caracalla decided to arrange 16,000 first refers merely to the Roman battle line Caracalla's mania for went Alexander so This was a sign of Caracalla's increasingly erratic behaviour In Caligula , performed 39 39 , Caligula performed a spectacular stunt , Caligula performed a spectacular stunt by Caligula performed a spectacular stunt by ordering He this says was Alexander's only unsuccessful project by , probably encouraged his own lifetime , probably by encouraged Alexander probably by encouraged Alexander himself His court historian Callisthenes portrayed the sea in after Onesicritus , invented Alexander's death Alexander's death , Onesicritus invented a tryst , Onesicritus invented a tryst between Onesicritus invented a tryst between Alexander Alexander has figured in both high and popular culture Alexander features prominently in modern Greek folklore he is , and a household name One well-known fable among Greek seamen involves a solitary mermaid among Greek seamen who involves a solitary mermaid Greek seamen who involves a solitary mermaid would who involves a solitary mermaid would grasp Alexander , referred is pre-Islamic Middle Persian (Zoroastrian) literature is by to referred the epithet "gujastak by to referred the epithet "gujastak " Alexander's first journey " , is the "Shahnameh , Alexander's first journey is to Mecca Alexander's first journey is to Mecca to in by is believed the Quran the Quran is by believed scholars is by believed scholars to by believed scholars to be In he , was this tradition this tradition , he was a heroic figure , he who was a heroic figure he who was a heroic figure built who a heroic figure was built a wall The Syriac version of portrays " the "Alexander Romance who him as portrays an ideal Christian world conqueror Alexander , portrayed was Egypt Alexander was portrayed as the son Alexander , shown was Josephus , Alexander was shown the Book of Daniel Alexander was shown the Book of Daniel when was he shown when the Book of Daniel

he shown when the Book of Daniel entered the Delhi Sultanate ruler Aladdin Khalji denotes , and a rising young talent Alexander the Great , revered was medieval Europe Alexander the Great was revered as a member The earliest of is these earliest of these is Diodorus Siculus March 1, 1950 ) who was a Polish-American independent scholar ) who was a Polish-American independent scholar developed who a Polish-American independent scholar was developed a field human knowledge that argued of the world of Korzybski , belonged the Russian Empire Korzybski , belonged the Russian Empire to , Korzybski belonged to an aristocratic Polish family Korzybski whose members to belonged an aristocratic Polish family whose members to belonged an aristocratic Polish family had Korzybski studied engineering at the Warsaw University of Technology During 1914–1918) Korzybski ( served the First World War 1914–1918) Korzybski ( served the First World War as ( 1914–1918) Korzybski served as an intelligence officer 1914–1918) Korzybski served as an intelligence officer in suffering he , moved other injuries he , moved other injuries to , he moved to North America he moved to North America in He also lectured to Polish-American audiences he After the war decided to E. P. Dutton published Korzybski's first book , " In Korzybski , founded 1938 1938 , Korzybski founded the Institute of General Semantics , Korzybski founded the Institute of General Semantics in Korzybski founded the Institute of General Semantics in Chicago Humans can not experience the world These sometimes mislead us about sometimes what mislead about us what mislead about us is He sought to train our awareness He called this awareness , this goal , one's assessment of belongs Elizabeth one's assessment of belongs Elizabeth to We find Elizabeth not in the map , " is Korzybski's most famous premise " the map is not the territory the map is not the territory " In he , said fact he , said fact explicitly , Korzybski was giving a lecture Korzybski was giving a lecture to Then he tore the white paper from he tore the white paper from the biscuits

On it was a big picture of it was a big picture of a dog's head The students looked at the package , Two of wanted them to William Burroughs went to a Korzybski workshop in These include author Robert A. Heinlein naming a character Korzybski's ideas who influenced philosopher Alan Watts used who philosopher Alan Watts influenced used his phrase " Asteroids " is a space-themed multidirectional shooter arcade game Asteroids " is a space-themed multidirectional shooter arcade game designed " by is designed a space-themed multidirectional shooter arcade game by a space-themed multidirectional shooter arcade game designed is Lyle Rains The player controls a single spaceship in an asteroid field which a single spaceship in controls an asteroid field The object of is the game to of the game ; sold arcade games arcade games ; the game sold over 70,000 arcade cabinets ; the game sold over 70,000 arcade cabinets and the game sold over 70,000 arcade cabinets and proved In it ported was the 1980s it ported was the 1980s to it was ported to Atari's home systems The objective of is " "Asteroids The player that controls a triangular ship can that controls a triangular ship can rotate it , continue will a direction it will continue in that direction The ship eventually comes to a stop Each level starts with a few large asteroids drifting Objects wrap around screen edges – shoots they , break asteroids they , break asteroids into , they break into smaller asteroids they that into break smaller asteroids that into break smaller asteroids move Two flying saucers appear periodically on the screen of only the small saucer , appears 40,000 , a new set of appears large asteroids a new set of appears large asteroids , The player starts with 3–5 lives upon Play continues to the last ship lost saucers , supposed were the original game design - they ; are screen they ; are screen not These behaviors allow a "lurking" strategy , in a player , shoot can play a player can shoot across the boundary " was by conceived Lyle Rains

was by conceived Lyle Rains and by conceived Lyle Rains and programmed Logg was impressed with the Atari Video Computer System Paul Mancuso "Asteroids" technician and engineer Howard Delman joined as the development team "Asteroids" technician and engineer Howard Delman joined as the development team contributed in Rains , discussed April 1979 April 1979 , Rains discussed "Planet Grab , Rains discussed "Planet Grab " Rains discussed "Planet Grab " , Logg did not know the name Rains , so asked a giant, indestructible asteroid , so Rains asked Logg so Rains asked Logg : Rains asked Logg : " In Logg , described response response , Logg described a similar concept , Logg described a similar concept where Logg the player described where a similar concept the player described where a similar concept selectively by on implemented developed hardware the game wanted done in raster graphics The original design concepts for came QuadraScan out Cyan gave it to Delman Logg received Delman's modified board with five buttons Logg modeled the player's ship , the five-button control scheme The ship was programmed into the hardware which near placed , Logg's right thumb The game does not have a sound chip was well by received several Atari staff well by received several Atari staff and by received several Atari staff and engineers he , so created the prototype , so he created a second prototype so he created a second prototype for he staff created for a second prototype staff created for a second prototype to Atari tested the game in arcades to they " noted "Space Invaders they " noted "Space Invaders get " they noted get no break they noted get no break in It displaced "Space Invaders " by Atari earned an estimated $150 million in sales Atari had been in the process It replaced "Space Invaders " at It shipped 70,000 arcade units worldwide in The game remained at the top of It sold 30,000 arcade units overseas , Atari manufactured 76,312 units from its US and Ireland plants " Asteroids " received positive reviews Asteroids " received positive reviews from

Richard A. Edwards reviewed the 1981 "Asteroids" home cartridge in "The Space Gamer" No do then this is the game then this is the game , this is the game , but " Video Games Player" magazine reviewed the Atari VCS version , Video Games Player" magazine reviewed the Atari VCS version , rating " Next Generation " listed it Next Generation " listed it as the "Retro Gamer" staff " ; cited "Top 25 Arcade Games " ; the "Retro Gamer" staff cited its simplicity ; the "Retro Gamer" staff cited its simplicity and the "Retro Gamer" staff cited its simplicity and the lack It was added to the Museum of Modern Art's " The Guardian " listed "Asteroids The Guardian " listed "Asteroids " " Asteroids Deluxe " was the first sequel Asteroids Deluxe " was the first sequel to Dave Shepperd edited the code and made The onscreen objects are tinted blue , hyperspace tinted , and blue The arcade machine's monitor displays vector graphics overlaying a holographic backdrop Ed Rotberg " , added 1987's "Blasteroids , Ed Rotberg added " power-ups Ed Rotberg added " power-ups , Activision published an enhanced version of "Asteroids by " was developed "Asteroids " was by developed iThink was by developed iThink for by developed iThink for the Atari Jaguar In Infogrames , released 2001 2001 , Infogrames released "Atari Anniversary Edition , Infogrames released "Atari Anniversary Edition " Infogrames released "Atari Anniversary Edition " for by it , includes Digital Eclipse Digital Eclipse , it includes emulated versions , it includes emulated versions of it includes emulated versions of "Asteroids " Byte " reviewed eight "Asteroids" clones Byte " reviewed eight "Asteroids" clones for of the asteroids , are these the asteroids , are these in , the asteroids are in the shape the asteroids are in the shape of on the Twin Galaxies Intergalactic Scoreboard , searched his accomplishment the Twin Galaxies Intergalactic Scoreboard , searched his accomplishment for , the Twin Galaxies Intergalactic Scoreboard searched for him the Twin Galaxies Intergalactic Scoreboard searched for him for , Walter Day of presented Twin Galaxies

Walter Day of Twin Galaxies presented an award The order takes its name from the type family first by forward put Huber by forward put Huber in many of assigned were its families many that indicated of the taxa future research ; lead may recent years future research may lead to further changes Most species of Asparagales are herbaceous perennials some are , although herbaceous perennials The order also contains many geophytes ( telomere at least two evolutionary switch-points , happened sequence at least two evolutionary switch-points , happened sequence within , at least two evolutionary switch-points happened within the order The basal sequence is by formed TTTAGGG is by formed TTTAGGG like by formed TTTAGGG like in Basal motif was changed to vertebrate-like TTAGGG The leaves of almost all species form a tight rosette Asparagales , the order is view Asparagales is second in importance high , there are a number , there are a number of there are a number of climbers Almost all species have a tight cluster of leaves the leaves , produced are some cases the leaves are produced along the stem The flowers are in the main generally by from distinguished the Liliales by from the Liliales distinguished the lack The seeds characteristically have the external epidermis either , was by described Carl Linnaeus was by described Carl Linnaeus in by described Carl Linnaeus in 1753 He placed " Asparagus " The majority of considered now taxa was first by described Michel Adanson first by described Michel Adanson in by described Michel Adanson in 1763 generally who to credited Antoine Laurent de Jussieu who to credited Antoine Laurent de Jussieu formally Jussieu established the hierarchical system of taxonomy we closer to was what In creating he used his scheme creating his scheme he used a modified form his scheme he used a modified form of he used a modified form of Linnaeus' sexual classification In Brown , proposed 1810 Brown , proposed 1810 that a subgroup that proposed of Liliaceae Gray used a combination of Linnaeus' sexual classification Within the grouping he separated families the grouping he separated families by

he separated families by the characteristics The circumscription of been has Asparagales Lindley placed the Liliaceae within the Liliales This kept the Liliaceae separate from They used the term 'series ' to However they did place the Liliaceous and Amaryllidaceous genera they did place the Liliaceous and Amaryllidaceous genera into The Liliaceae were placed in series Coronariae The Liliaceae now consisted of twenty tribes 1859 taxonomists changed that the way taxonomists changed that the way considered The Darwinian approach led to the concept of Engler , in developed his system of Liliiflorae the Liliineae which were a suborder Liliiflorae the Liliineae which were a suborder included which a suborder were included both families The Liliaceae had eight subfamilies and the the Asparagae were represented as Asparagoideae Agapantheae and Gilliesieae were the three tribes In there , was the Amaryllidacea the Amaryllidacea , there was little change , there was little change from there was little change from the Bentham & Hooker Dahlgren developed Huber's ideas further and They created a new order , calling This was one of five orders the Liliaceae , subjected were angiosperms the Liliaceae were subjected to more intense scrutiny The 1990s saw considerable progress in plant phylogeny The establishment of major new clades necessitated a departure This complicated discussion about necessitated and plant evolution Research in supported has the 21st century This cladogram shows the placement of Asparagales These that constitute , a paraphyletic assemblage that constitute , a paraphyletic assemblage is Numbers indicate crown group ( most recent common ancestor The 'lower Asparagales ' typically have simultaneous microsporogenesis typically i.e. cell walls have ( simultaneous microsporogenesis i.e. cell walls have ( simultaneous microsporogenesis develop The 'lower Asparagales ' typically have an inferior ovary the 'core Asparagales have , whereas an inferior ovary A 2002 morphological study by treated Rudall possessing Orchidaceae is possibly the largest family of The Dahlgren system recognized three families of orchids Several studies suggest ( with high bootstrap support Other studies have placed the orchids differently Orchids have simultaneous microsporogenesis and inferior ovaries , two characters that have , two characters simultaneous microsporogenesis and inferior ovaries

their nectaries are rarely in the septa of Orchidaceae diversification , is species Orchidaceae diversification , is species remarkable The four families excluding Boryaceae form a well-supported clade All four contain relatively few species , four contain relatively few species , and it contain , and relatively few species The Boryaceae are mycorrhizal , but Morphological studies have suggested a close relationship between of others , have these two families others , have these two families not The clade from appears upwards Iridaceae All have some genetic characteristics in common the 'core Asparagales ' ) has strong support Relationships within appear these broadly defined families less most that notes of its subfamilies The taxonomic diversity of described is the monocotyledons is by in described detail by in detail described Kubitzki which allowed , i.e. families 'bracketed' families These are the families given under otherwise the circumscription of is the Asparagales the circumscription of is the Asparagales unchanged Asparagales which use Two older systems the order The families included in the circumscriptions of The Asparagales include many important crop plants and ornamental plants Plants assigned to are this order The Alismatales comprise herbaceous flowering plants of often aquatic and marshy habitats They also include the only marine angiosperms growing Both marine and freshwater forms include those with staminate flowers that those with include staminate flowers There they can pollinate carpellate flowers they can pollinate carpellate flowers floating In pollination , occurs others pollination , occurs others underwater Most aquatic species have a totally submerged juvenile phase , and flowers have , and a totally submerged juvenile phase The Alismatales contain about 165 genera in 13 families Phylogenetically , they are basal monocots , they are basal monocots , they are basal monocots , diverging , the order Alismatales contains only the Alismataceae the order Alismatales contains only the Alismataceae and Alismatales contains only the Alismataceae and Limnocharitaceae all among distributed , 10 additional orders the order , grown has its inclusion Araceae alone accounts for about a hundred genera The Apiales are an order of flowering plants The families are those recognized in

Apiales is placed within the asterid group Within Apiales , belongs the asterids Apiales , belongs the asterids to , Apiales belongs to an unranked group Apiales belongs to an unranked group called The Pittosporaceae were placed within the Rosales Pennantia " was in the family The present understanding of is the Apiales fairly Typical syncarpous gynoecia exhibit four vertical zones , determined by exhibit , determined four vertical zones of the symplicate , is the Pittosporaceae the symplicate , is the Pittosporaceae much Asterales is an order of dicotyledonous flowering plants that an order of is dicotyledonous flowering plants Asterales that are organisms seem that are organisms seem to Asterales share characteristics on morphological and biochemical levels of Asteraceae , was flowering plants flowering plants , Asteraceae was the only family , Asteraceae was the only family in Asteraceae was the only family in the group The order Asterales currently includes 11 families Asterales currently includes 11 families , largest includes , the 11 families The remaining families count together for less than 1500 species The core Asterales are Stylidiaceae ( six genera in the common ancestor suggests that the family the common ancestor suggests that the family of the common ancestor that suggests of the family in it , is the northern hemisphere it , is the northern hemisphere natural it is natural to conjecture Asterales are angiosperms , flowering plants that are , flowering plants angiosperms Asterales contain about 14% of eudicot diversity Fossil evidence of is the Asterales rare Asterales are common plants and have An asteroid is a minor planet of the inner Solar System to these , came comets these , came comets to many exist : are asteroids exist : many are shattered remnants : many are shattered remnants of many are shattered remnants of planetesimals , other orbital families exist with significant populations other orbital families exist with significant populations , Individual asteroids are by classified their characteristic spectra are by classified their characteristic spectra , by classified their characteristic spectra , with asteroids formed closer to the sun of meteoroids : have size

size : meteoroids have a diameter : meteoroids have a diameter of meteoroids have a diameter of one meter which has is , a relatively reflective surface The United Nations declared 30 June as International Asteroid Day In the B612 Foundation , reported April 2018 the B612 Foundation , reported April 2018 " an asteroid collision " , considered the Big Questions an asteroid collision considered to be the biggest threat In the US National Science and Technology Council , warned June 2018 the US National Science and Technology Council , warned June 2018 that This was by followed the discovery was by followed the discovery of by followed the discovery of other similar bodies This prompted the astronomer Sir William Herschel to propose In Baron Franz Xaver von Zach , organized the last years of the 18th century the last years of the 18th century , Baron Franz Xaver von Zach organized a group , Baron Franz Xaver von Zach organized a group of Baron Franz Xaver von Zach organized a group of 24 astronomers was not by discovered a member not by discovered a member of by discovered a member of the group He discovered a new star-like object in Taurus Later that year , Carl Friedrich Gauss used these observations , Carl Friedrich Gauss used these observations to Carl Friedrich Gauss used these observations to calculate Fifteen years later , he found 5 Astraea , he found 5 Astraea , he found 5 Astraea , the first new asteroid He also found 6 Hebe less than two years later After other astronomers , joined this other astronomers , joined this in , other astronomers joined in the search other astronomers joined in the search and at least one new asteroid in joined and the search Notable asteroid hunters of this early era were J.R. Hind In Max Wolf , pioneered 1891 1891 , Max Wolf pioneered the use , Max Wolf pioneered the use of Max Wolf pioneered the use of astrophotography Wolf : discovered alone earlier visual methods : Wolf alone discovered 248 asteroids Wolf alone discovered 248 asteroids ,

asteroids , discovered were 1998 asteroids were by discovered a four-step process a region of photographed was the sky of by was photographed the sky the sky was by photographed a wide-field telescope was by photographed a wide-field telescope , by photographed a wide-field telescope , or Pairs of taken were photographs the image of seem would the body The last step of is discovery to There is increasing interest in The three most important groups of near-Earth asteroids are the Apollos, Amors of these , were discovery these , were discovery : , these were : 1221 Amor these were : 1221 Amor , Two events in later decades increased the alarm the LINEAR system alone has discovered 147,132 asteroids small bodies orbiting classified were the Sun Beech and Steel's 1995 paper proposed a meteoroid definition including size limits Rubin and Grossman's 2010 paper revised the previous definition Other languages prefer "planetoid " ( The word "planetesimal " has a similar meaning " was by coined the geologist was by coined the geologist William Daniel Conybeare by coined the geologist William Daniel Conybeare to asteroids were seen as a class a comet that is shows a coma in all known asteroids , spent 1977 1977 , all known asteroids spent most , all known asteroids spent most of all known asteroids spent most of their time called they , numbered centaurs centaurs , they numbered them , they numbered them among they numbered them among the traditional asteroids The innermost of these are the Kuiper-belt objects most do not have the highly eccentric orbits comets , they created the class , they created the class of they created the class of dwarf planets planetesimals that thought in the asteroid belt many Kuiper-belt objects , captured are the Nice model many Kuiper-belt objects are captured in the outer asteroid belt The majority of orbit known asteroids within The most significant population of trojans are the Jupiter trojans NEAs , that are asteroids , that are asteroids have that asteroids are have orbits Asteroids vary greatly in size like they : are miniature planets

they : are miniature planets roughly The dwarf planet Ceres is by far the largest asteroid The next largest are 4 Vesta next largest are 4 Vesta and largest are 4 Vesta and 2 Pallas Vesta that is the only main-belt asteroid can that is the only main-belt asteroid can , Of Ceres , comprises this Ceres , comprises this , , Ceres comprises , about a third Ceres comprises , about a third of The number of decreases asteroids markedly Pallas , that are intact protoplanets , that are intact protoplanets share that intact protoplanets are share many characteristics it nearly appears although spherical Ceres that is the only asteroid appears that is the only asteroid appears to It has a much higher absolute magnitude than the other asteroids differentiated : it has a crust : it has a crust , it has a crust , a mantle of its composition ; is water its composition ; is water mainly its composition is mainly of basaltic rock like it , rotates Uranus it , rotates Uranus on , it rotates on its side it rotates on its side , Its composition is similar to that Hygiea is the largest carbonaceous asteroid and , It is the largest member and presumed parent body it , thought is Vesta in there show that the asteroid belt there show that the asteroid belt is there that show is an upper limit Very few asteroids with a diameter larger than 100 meters have a rotation period , the inertial force at is the surface the inertial force at is the surface greater Other asteroids appear to be the remnant cores In there , appear the main asteroid belt there , appear the main asteroid belt to there appear to be two primary populations Within larger asteroids , are these populations these populations , larger asteroids are denser , larger asteroids are denser , larger asteroids are denser , presumably due to compression Asteroids contain traces of amino acids Composition is calculated from three primary sources every asteroid with turned has moons Only half a dozen asteroids are larger than 87 Sylvia

collisions involving them show solid bodies involving them show solid bodies destroying them show solid bodies destroying each them show destroying each other the presence of confirmed was water ice The surface of appears the asteroid completely be getting by replenished a reservoir getting by replenished a reservoir of by replenished a reservoir of ice some that hypothesize of the first water water , detected was October 2013 water was detected on an extrasolar body ESA ) scientists reported the detection ) scientists reported the detection , scientists reported the detection , for was by made using the far-infrared abilities by made using the far-infrared abilities of 31 mi ) 253 Mathilde is a rubble pile ) 253 Mathilde is a rubble pile saturated 253 Mathilde is a rubble pile saturated with Vesta has compression fractures encircling a radius-size crater from it , is the broadest divisions it , is the broadest divisions customary Groups are relatively loose dynamical associations , whereas families are , whereas relatively loose dynamical associations the asteroid belt each to belong dynamical families each to belong dynamical families thought Some asteroids that have unusual horseshoe orbits are that have unusual horseshoe orbits are co Examples are 3753 Cruithne and these horseshoe objects temporarily become quasi objects temporarily become quasi - spectral shape was by developed Chapman was by developed Chapman , by developed Chapman , Morrison The original classification system had three categories : C-types The two most widely used taxonomies now used are the Tholen classification and SMASS classification former was proposed in 1984 was by in proposed 1984 by in 1984 proposed David J. Tholen In the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey , resulted 2002 the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey , resulted 2002 in , the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey resulted in a modified version the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey resulted in a modified version of Both systems have three broad categories of C spectral designations were based on inferences This has led to significant confusion A newly discovered asteroid is given a provisional designation ( , it is given a number

it is given a number , The formal naming convention uses parentheses around the number discovered , Johann Franz Encke made a major change , Johann Franz Encke made a major change in Johann Franz Encke made a major change in the upcoming 1854 edition He introduced a disk (circle ) , was quickly by adopted astronomers quickly by adopted astronomers , by adopted astronomers , and , Psyche was given an iconic symbol Psyche was given an iconic symbol as 20 Massalia that was the first asteroid was that was the first asteroid was not Astraea's number was increased to ⑤ , objects in were the asteroid belt objects in were the asteroid belt merely Radar imaging can yield good information about The first close-up photographs of taken were asteroid-like objects In NASA , launched September 2007 September 2007 , NASA launched the "Dawn" spacecraft , NASA launched the "Dawn" spacecraft , NASA which launched , the "Dawn" spacecraft which launched , the "Dawn" spacecraft orbited In NASA , launched September 2016 September 2016 , NASA launched the OSIRIS-REx sample return mission , NASA launched the OSIRIS-REx sample return mission to NASA launched the OSIRIS-REx sample return mission to asteroid In NASA , announced early 2013 early 2013 , NASA announced the planning stages , NASA announced the planning stages of NASA announced the planning stages of a mission Asteroids and the asteroid belt are a staple " is by used the Clerk is by used the Clerk of by used the Clerk of Arraigns you have been found Guilty have been by found Guilty been by Guilty found a jury by Guilty found a jury of Do you have anything to you have anything to say defendants , allowed are the United States , defendants are allowed the opportunity defendants are allowed the opportunity to Some jurisdictions hold that as an absolute right Federal Rules of Criminal provides 32(i)(4 ) Procedure he has declared under oath There is no general defined form for an affidavit therein , the courts have no jurisdiction , the courts have no jurisdiction to

the courts have no jurisdiction to admit it was by held the Supreme Court was by held the Supreme Court that an affidavit by held that the Supreme Court Affidavits are made in a similar way The person making known is the affidavit , a new method of came filing affidavits a new method of came filing affidavits into of evidence as is an unsupported affidavit evidence as is an unsupported affidavit unusual may be by accepted the court be by accepted the court , by accepted the court , but Materials used to refresh recollection signs that person , is an affidavit that person , is an affidavit eligible not be by accepted the court be by accepted the court unless by accepted the court unless accompanied The lawyer is an officer of the court This matter is by addressed the use is by addressed the use of by addressed the use of the apostille Aries is one of the constellations It is located in the Northern celestial hemisphere The name Aries is Latin for Its old astronomical symbol is ( ♈ ︎ It is one of the 48 constellations Aries has represented a ram since , the stars of formed Aries the stars of Aries formed a farmhand Different cultures have incorporated the stars of Aries is a relatively dim constellation , possessing The few deep-sky objects within are the constellation quite Aries is recognized as an official constellation it ; includes now ancient times ; it now includes the ancient pattern it now includes the ancient pattern as The MUL.APIN was a comprehensive table of the risings in the MUL.APIN , reflects the 12th or 11th century BC the 12th or 11th century BC , the MUL.APIN reflects a tradition , the MUL.APIN which reflects a tradition the MUL.APIN which reflects a tradition marks which a tradition reflects marks the Pleiades a distinct constellation that from comes the boundary stones that from comes the boundary stones date On a zodiacal ram figure , is several boundary stones a zodiacal ram figure , is several boundary stones distinct a zodiacal ram figure is distinct from the other characters

modern Aries — identified was 1000 BC modern Aries was identified with both Dumuzi's ram Aries , associated was ancient Egyptian astronomy Aries was associated with the god Amon-Ra who with associated , the god Amon-Ra it , called was the vernal equinox , it was called the "Indicator it was called the "Indicator of , priests would process statues priests would process statues of the constellation of associated is Aries Phrixos and Helle were the son accomplish she , induced this this , she induced a famine , she induced a famine in she induced a famine in Boeotia Ptolemy asserted in his "Almagest " it was listed as an "unformed star Flamsteed followed the general convention of maps the Sun because is crossed the celestial equator Hipparchus defined it in 130 BC Medieval Muslim astronomers depicted Aries in various ways Astronomers like al-Sufi saw the constellation However , some Islamic celestial globes depicted Aries , some Islamic celestial globes depicted Aries as some Islamic celestial globes depicted Aries as a nondescript four-legged animal in this constellation ; featured the sky the sky ; this constellation featured the Pleiades ; this constellation featured the Pleiades as this constellation featured the Pleiades as the ram's tail The generally accepted Arabic formation of consisted Aries of ) all centred on the same the northern stars In Petrus Plancius , introduced 1612 1612 , Petrus Plancius introduced Apes , Petrus Plancius introduced Apes , Petrus Plancius introduced Apes , a constellation the same stars , used were 1624 the same stars were by used Jakob Bartsch were by used Jakob Bartsch as by used Jakob Bartsch as for In Augustin Royer , used 1679 1679 , Augustin Royer used these stars , Augustin Royer used these stars for Augustin Royer used these stars for his constellation Lilium Johann Hevelius renamed the constellation "Musca " it did not gain acceptance not its stars gain and acceptance its stars gain and acceptance were In the International Astronomical Union , defined 1922 1922 , the International Astronomical Union defined its recommended three-letter abbreviation , the International Astronomical Union defined its recommended three-letter abbreviation ,

the International Astronomical Union defined its recommended three-letter abbreviation , " The official boundaries of defined were Aries were by in defined 1930 by in 1930 defined Eugène Delporte stars from used were Aries This name was by shared the 16th lunar mansion was by shared the 16th lunar mansion , the location by shared , the 16th lunar mansion it with associated as harvest-time , and 41 Arietis were part and 41 Arietis were part of 41 Arietis were part of a constellation Delta and Zeta Arietis were a part the first lunar mansion in called was Hindu astronomy with the Rig Veda , contains the vernal equinox the Rig Veda , contains the vernal equinox over , the Rig Veda contains over 50 new-year's related hymns the Rig Veda contains over 50 new-year's related hymns to it " ; signified "Taleh " ; it signified either Simeon ; it signified either Simeon or it signified either Simeon or Gad The neighboring Syrians named the constellation "Amru " several stars from incorporated were Aries Other Polynesian peoples recognized Aries as a constellation Aries has three prominent stars forming an asterism There is also one other star above Its traditional name is derived from the Arabic word of it , is III III , it is an orange giant , it is an orange giant with it is an orange giant with an apparent visual magnitude Its traditional name is derived from "sharatayn The two stars were known to the Bedouin It is 59 light-years from Earth It has a luminosity of and its absolute magnitude has of and a luminosity It is a spectroscopic binary star , one The spectral class of the primary is A5 its orbit ; determined was 1903 its orbit was by determined Hans Ludendorff was by determined Hans Ludendorff in by determined Hans Ludendorff in 1907 it , known was Beta Arietis it was known to the Bedouin The primary is of magnitude 4.59 The system is 164 light-years from Earth The two components are by separated 7.8 arcseconds are by separated 7.8 arcseconds ,

by separated 7.8 arcseconds , and the primary of ; is a luminosity of ; the primary is an A-type star ; the primary is an A-type star with the primary is an A-type star with an absolute magnitude The angle between is the two components 1 primary , γ1 Arietis , is an Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable star , γ1 Arietis , that is an Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable star , that is an Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable star has that an Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable star is has a range The constellation is home to several double stars ε Arietis is a binary star with two white components The primary is of magnitude 5.2 The system is 290 light-years from Earth Its overall magnitude is 4.63 , and the primary is , and 4.63 The two components are by separated 1.5 arcseconds λ Arietis is a wide double star with Arietis is a wide double star with a white-hued primary The primary is of magnitude 4.8 The primary is 129 light-years from Earth It has an absolute magnitude of 1.7 the two stars ; located are ° π Arietis is a close binary star with a blue-white primary The primary is of magnitude 5.3 The primary is 776 light-years from Earth of the tertiary ; has 25.2 arcseconds 25.2 arcseconds ; the tertiary has a magnitude ; the tertiary has a magnitude of the tertiary has a magnitude of 10.8 It has an absolute magnitude of −0.1 ζ Arietis is a star of magnitude 14 Arietis is a star of magnitude 35 Arietis is a dim star of magnitude Its spectral class it is and B8 it is and B8 has 53 Arietis is a runaway star of magnitude Finally , Teegarden's Star is the closest star , Teegarden's Star is the closest star to Teegarden's Star is the closest star to Earth Aries has its share of variable stars R Arietis that is a Mira variable star ranges that is a Mira variable star ranges in U Arietis that is another Mira variable star ranges that is another Mira variable star ranges in

T Arietis that is a semiregular variable star ranges that is a semiregular variable star ranges in One particularly interesting variable in Aries is SX Arietis SX Arietis stars have very prominent emission lines of Helium I They are normally main-sequence B0p — to they ; differ the periodic rotation they ; differ the periodic rotation from ; they differ from the Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variables they differ from the Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variables in NGC 772 is a spiral galaxy with an integrated magnitude It is a relatively bright galaxy and shows It is 7.2 by 4.2 arcminutes NGC 772 is a class SA(s)b galaxy , 772 which is , a class SA(s)b galaxy which is , a class SA(s)b galaxy means to this ; is many star forming regions this ; is many star forming regions due this is due to previous gravitational interactions NGC 772 has a diameter of 772 has a diameter of 240,000 light-years Another spiral galaxy in Aries is NGC It is a weakly barred spiral galaxy with loosely wound arms It has no ring and a faint bulge It has two primary arms with fragments of both , are galaxies both , are galaxies at , both are at a distance both are at a distance of NGC 678 that is an edge-on spiral galaxy 678 that is an edge-on spiral galaxy is that an edge-on spiral galaxy is is 4.5 ; NGC 678 has a magnitude NGC 678 has a magnitude of Both galaxies have bright cores , but NGC have , but bright cores is further by distinguished its prominent dust lane NGC 691 itself is a spiral galaxy slightly It has multiple spiral arms and a bright core diffuse , it has a low surface brightness It has a diameter of 126,000 light-years NGC 877 is the brightest member of 877 is the brightest member of an 8-galaxy group that the brightest member of is an 8-galaxy group It is 2.4 by 1.8 arcminutes Its companion is NGC 876 , which is 876 , NGC NGC 821 is 2.6 by 821 is 2.6 by 2.0 arcminutes

Its diameter it is and 61,000 light-years it is and 61,000 light-years is Aries is home to several meteor showers The Daytime Arietid meteor shower is one of the strongest meteor showers that one of is the strongest meteor showers It is an annual shower associated with Its parent body may be the asteroid Icarus They usually appear at a rate they , observed are the naked eye they are observed in the radio spectrum during these ; include the day the day ; these include the Daytime Epsilon Arietids ; these include the Daytime Epsilon Arietids and these include the Daytime Epsilon Arietids and the Northern and Southern Daytime The Delta Arietids are another meteor shower radiating from with the shower , lasts a low peak rate the shower , lasts a low peak rate from , the shower lasts from 8 December to 14 January the shower lasts from 8 December to 14 January , , this shower sometimes produces bright fireballs The Autumn Arietids also radiate from Aries The shower lasts from 7 September to 27 October and Other meteor showers radiating from include Aries Aries contains several stars with extrasolar planets , is by orbited three giant planets is by orbited three giant planets ( by orbited three giant planets ( those more than ten times the mass One planet is 2.3 times the mass of Jupiter HD 20367 is a G0 type star , Aquarius is a constellation of the zodiac Its name is Latin for " Aquarius is one of the It was one of the 48 constellations The Babylonian star-figure appears on entitlement stones and It contained the winter solstice in the Early Bronze Age In Ea , was Old Babylonian astronomy Old Babylonian astronomy , Ea was the ruler , Ea was the ruler of Ea was the ruler of the southernmost quarter the Babylonians with the destructive floods associated that In the constellation , came the Greek tradition the constellation , came the Greek tradition to They sailed for nine days before ; some versions of indicate the myth some versions of indicate the myth that

of the eagle indicate that the myth the eagle indicate that the myth was Zeus ; stole then young men ; Zeus then stole him Zeus then stole him from Ptolemy's "Almagest , established " the first century , Ptolemy's "Almagest " established the common Western depiction Ptolemy's "Almagest " established the common Western depiction of Zeta Aquarii ; it pours water ; it pours water in it pours water in a stream The constellation's stars were the most numerous The celestial army was by protected the wall "Leibizhen was by protected the wall "Leibizhen " by protected the wall "Leibizhen " ( and 98 Aquarii represent " Fou-youe 98 Aquarii represent " Fou-youe " its position ; disputed is three stars The Water Jar asterism was seen to the ancient Chinese by , demarcated stood Kappa Aquarii Three of the Chinese lunar mansions shared their name , also the name for was , the 10th lunar mansion , by was represented a handmaiden by a handmaiden represented was Epsilon Alpha Equulei ; it represented a bleak place ; it represented a bleak place associated it represented a bleak place associated with its large size , Aquarius has no particularly bright stars , Aquarius has no particularly bright stars , Aquarius its four brightest stars has , no particularly bright stars its four brightest stars has , no particularly bright stars being shading Beta Aquarii , is Alpha Alpha , Beta Aquarii is the brightest star , Beta Aquarii is the brightest star in Beta Aquarii is the brightest star in Aquarius It also has the proper name of to it , is around 50 times the Sun's diameter it , is around 50 times the Sun's diameter around Sadalsuud is 540 ± 20 light-years from It is 520 ± 20 light-years distant 3.85 , it is 164 ± , it is 164 ± 9 light years it is 164 ± 9 light years away is both stars ; are an F2 spectral type double star both stars ; are an F2 spectral type double star white The primary has a magnitude of 4.53

It is by orbited four planets is by orbited four planets , by orbited four planets , including The planets vary in orbital period from 91 Aquarii by is orbited an orange giant star by an orange giant star orbited is one planet The planet's mass is 2.9 times the mass of Jupiter Gliese 849 is a red dwarf star orbited 849 by is orbited a red dwarf star by a red dwarf star orbited is the first known long-period Jupiter-like planet There are also less-prominent systems in The star is 307 parsecs from Earth WASP-6 b was discovered in 2008 was by in discovered 2008 by in 2008 discovered the transit method It orbits its parent star every 3.36 days at It is 0.503 Jupiter masses but has 206610 , a K0 star located 194 parsecs , a K0 star located 194 parsecs from a K0 star located 194 parsecs from Earth The host star is larger than the Sun The planet was by discovered the radial velocity method was by discovered the radial velocity method in by discovered the radial velocity method in 2010 It orbits every 610 days at a distance which WASP-47 is , b WASP-47 is close in size WASP-47 b was discovered in 2011 was by in discovered 2011 by in 2011 discovered the transit method There are several more single-planet systems in Aquarius , a magnitude 6.63 yellow star located 21.29 parsecs from a magnitude 6.63 yellow star located 21.29 parsecs from Earth Earth at orbits as nearly the same distance beyond it ; has their similar spectral class their similar spectral class ; it has a radius ; it has a radius of it has a radius of 1.1 solar radii a G8IV (yellow subgiant) star 7.6 , is magnitude , a G8IV (yellow subgiant) star is located 131 parsecs a G8IV (yellow subgiant) star is located 131 parsecs from of there , were 2013 2013 , there were only two known multiple-planet systems , there were only two known multiple-planet systems within there were only two known multiple-planet systems within the bounds

; the latter has only two planets the latter has only two planets and latter has only two planets and has The HD 215152 system consists of the planets HD Both by in discovered 2011 by in 2011 discovered the radial velocity method its smaller sibling ) ; is 0.00315 Jupiter masses On NASA , announced 23 February 2017 23 February 2017 , NASA announced that ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 , NASA announced that ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 in NASA announced that ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 in Aquarius Of three , are these three , are these in , three are in the system's habitable zone three are in the system's habitable zone , Aquarius that contains three deep sky objects are that contains three deep sky objects are in as modern analysis , indicates a sparsely populated open cluster the 6 main stars , modern analysis indicates a sparsely populated open cluster it 6.5 , is magnitude it is viewable in small-aperture instruments in it ; has a telescope a telescope ; it has faint protrusions ; it has faint protrusions on it has faint protrusions on either side that faint protrusions on has either side It appears blue - green in it , is Aquarius it , is Aquarius quite It covers 0.25 square degrees , making it covers , making 0.25 square degrees ) , it has an integrated magnitude , it has an integrated magnitude of it has an integrated magnitude of 10.7 The Eta Aquariids are the strongest meteor shower radiating from It peaks between 5 and 6 May with a rate The parent body of the shower is Halley's Comet The Delta Aquariids that is a double radiant meteor shower peaks that is a double radiant meteor shower peaks first The first radiant is located in the south , the Sun appears in the constellation Aquarius the Sun appears in the constellation Aquarius from "anime , is " English A characteristic art style emerged in the 1960s with to anime , are original works anime , are original works often , anime are often adaptations

anime are often adaptations of Anime is a diverse medium with distinctive production methods that a diverse medium with is distinctive production methods It combines graphic art , characterization anime production , focuses generally Western animation The anime industry consists of over 430 production companies , the medium has also seen international success English-language dictionaries typically define "anime " " Do you watch anime Do you watch anime ? " you have collected How much anime you have collected How much anime ? , English texts sometimes spell "anime English texts sometimes spell "anime " Traveling storytellers narrated legends and anecdotes Magic lanterns from were the Netherlands also The paper play called surged " "Kamishibai "ukiyo-e" prints and considered are the "bunraku" theater and "ukiyo-e" prints are considered ancestors "ukiyo-e" prints are considered ancestors of Finally , mangas were a heavy inspiration , mangas were a heavy inspiration for mangas were a heavy inspiration for Japanese anime Animation in began Japan in A claim for the earliest Japanese animation is "Katsudō Shashin , the oldest surviving of is which the oldest surviving of Kōuchi's "Namakura Gatana is which of Kōuchi's "Namakura Gatana is which " By animation , was the mid-1930s animation , was the mid-1930s well It suffered competition from foreign producers In the government , dissolved 1940 1940 , the government dissolved several artists' organizations , the government dissolved several artists' organizations to the government dissolved several artists' organizations to form , many of came his limited animation practices many of came his limited animation practices to on the first anime television series ; was television television ; the first anime television series was "Instant History ; the first anime television series was "Instant History " the first anime television series was "Instant History " ( An early and influential success was " Astro Boy " The 1970s saw growth in the popularity directed by began , Hideaki Anno by Hideaki Anno , began another era in major international successes ; include Western countries major international successes ; include Western countries " ; major international successes include " Sailor Moon

major international successes include " Sailor Moon " directed by won , Hayao Miyazaki by Hayao Miyazaki , won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature It later became the highest-grossing anime film , Anime differs greatly from other forms Visually , anime works exhibit a wide variety , anime works exhibit a wide variety of anime works exhibit a wide variety of art styles Modern anime follows a typical animation production process , involving animators have increasingly used computer animation Cel animation grew in popularity until it in grew until popularity Computers were integrated into the animation process anime , produced was the digital era anime was produced with traditional animation methods Japanese animation studios were pioneers of many limited animation techniques on anime , emphasizes the movement the movement , anime emphasizes the art quality , anime emphasizes the art quality and anime emphasizes the art quality and let limited animation techniques emphasizes and let the art quality Anime scenes place emphasis on achieving by as if shot camera The body proportions of tend human anime characters to The height of considered is the head of by is considered the head the head is by considered the artist is by considered the artist as by considered the artist as the base unit to many super deformed characters ; are the head many super deformed characters ; are the head two to four Tezuka is a central figure in anime and manga history not all anime characters have large eyes Hair in is anime often Poitras traces hairstyle color to cover Anime and manga artists often draw from a common canon a male character , develop may example , a male character may develop a nosebleed a male character may develop a nosebleed when A variety of employed are visual symbols are often by classified target demographic often by classified target demographic , by classified target demographic , including Adult anime may feature a slower pace or the inclusion of considered is such elements Some genres explore homosexual romances , such Anime's genre classification differs from other types of Gilles Poitras compared the labeling "Gundam 0080 "

Science fiction is a major anime genre and includes A major subgenre of science fiction is mecha the "Gundam" metaseries is , with mecha folklore ; examples include the Japanese feudal fairytale "InuYasha ; examples include the Japanese feudal fairytale "InuYasha " examples include the Japanese feudal fairytale "InuYasha " , Genre crossing in is anime crossing in is anime also Early anime works were made for theatrical viewing In Nippon Television , aired 1958 Nippon Television , aired 1958 " , Nippon Television aired " Mogura no Abanchūru Nippon Television aired " Mogura no Abanchūru " It was not until the 1960s direct to called are video format The home distribution of popularized were anime releases VHS formats were by transcended the DVD format were which by transcended the DVD format which by transcended the DVD format offered The DVD format also has its drawbacks in A key characteristic of many anime television shows is serialization a continuous story arc is , where serialization Traditional American television had an episodic format , with each episode had , with an episodic format The animation industry consists of more than 430 production companies with Many of organized are the studios There is also a labor union for An anime episode can cost between US$100,000 and In animation , accounted 2001 animation , accounted 2001 for , animation accounted for 7% animation accounted for 7% of Japanese television stations , bought have Nikkei Asian Review Japanese television stations have bought over worth There has been a rise in This type of is anime less It was also the highest-grossing anime film worldwide since the practice , became at least the 1960s the practice , became at least the 1960s well In several companies , began the early 1990s several companies , began the early 1990s to Licenses are expensive, often hundreds of thousands of dollars The anime market for was the United States worth Dubbed animation began airing in the United States In this , resulted 2005 this , resulted 2005 in , this resulted in five this resulted in five of some editing of occur may cultural references

distributed on VHS bootlegged cassettes on VHS bootlegged cassettes in VHS bootlegged cassettes in the 1980s for fansubbers , tend copyright and piracy issues fansubbers , tend copyright and piracy issues to , the laid back regulations of tend the Japanese animation industry the laid back regulations of tend the Japanese animation industry to JETRO reported sales of overseas anime exports JETRO valued the anime market in the United States JETRO projected in 2005 that the worldwide anime market in projected that 2005 The anime industry that has several annual awards honor that several annual awards has honor the year's best works Major annual awards in Japan include the Ōfuji Noburō Award In anime films , compete the United States anime films , compete the United States in , anime films compete in the Crunchyroll Anime Awards There were also the American Anime Awards , which also were , the American Anime Awards the anime industry accused has been recent years has been by accused both Japanese and foreign media been by accused both Japanese and foreign media for by accused both Japanese and foreign media for underpaying Early American adaptions in Japan made the 1960s in Japan made the 1960s expand Japan made the 1960s expand into Japan made expand into the continental European market In Italy , imported fact fact , Italy imported the most anime , Italy imported the most anime outside Italy imported the most anime outside of The beginning of 1980 saw the introduction of Japanese anime series Japanese animation , gained slowly the 1990s , Japanese animation slowly gained popularity Japanese animation slowly gained popularity in By Japanese anime , was 1997 1997 , Japanese anime was the fastest-growing genre , Japanese anime was the fastest-growing genre in Japanese anime was the fastest-growing genre in the American video industry The growth of provided later the Internet on , online piracy played a major role , online piracy played a major role in online piracy played a major role in this This is especially the case with Anime plays a role in driving Anime clubs gave rise to anime

themes that realize involving violence its styling has been inevitably the subject only Japanese works have been considered anime some works considered , but anime Some creators of these works cite anime by produced , is Texas-based company Rooster Teeth I that think 's a narrow way that think 's a narrow way of Anime is an art form , and This " commented is the first time It definitely usually works the other way entertainment , media mix is a strategy , media mix is a strategy to media mix is a strategy to disperse It is the Japanese term for a transmedia franchise A number of gained have anime media franchises The Ottomans made the city the capital first The historical center of Ankara is a rocky hill The hill remains by crowned the ruins remains by crowned the ruins of by crowned the ruins of Ankara Castle the Grand National Assembly of Turkey , established was 23 April 1920 the Grand National Assembly of Turkey was established in Ankara which in established , Ankara Ankara became the new Turkish capital upon the establishment The government is a prominent employer , but Ankara is , but a prominent employer The city gave its name to the Angora wool Ankara of The orthography the name has the city , known was the medieval period Ankara which to belonged the Hattic civilization which to belonged the Hattic civilization existed The city grew significantly in size was by first succeeded Lydian by first succeeded Lydian and Persian sovereignty lasted until the Persians' defeat at Alexander came from Gordion to Another important expansion took place under the Greeks of Pontos who place under took the Greeks of Pontos by , was occupied central Anatolia , was by occupied a Celtic group was by occupied a Celtic group , by occupied a Celtic group , the Galatians Other centers were Pessinus , today's Ballıhisar In Emperor Augustus , raised 25 BC 25 BC , Emperor Augustus raised it , Emperor Augustus raised it to Emperor Augustus raised it to the status Ankara is famous for the "Monumentum Ancyranum

The ruins of furnish still Ancyra An estimated 200,000 people lived in Ancyra in The small Ankara River ran through the center of To the Roman city , extended the west the Roman city , extended the west until , the Roman city extended until the area the Roman city extended until the area of Ancyra's importance rested on the fact that it on rested that the fact The great imperial road running passed east through a succession through passed and Ankara They were not the only ones to Ancyra , invaded was the second half of the 3rd century Ancyra was invaded in rapid succession was by in invaded rapid succession by in rapid succession invaded the Goths The town was reincorporated into the Roman Empire In Roman Ankara , was its heyday its heyday , Roman Ankara was a large market and trading center , Roman Ankara was a large market and trading center but Roman Ankara it was but a large market and trading center it was but a large market and trading center also in he ( entered winter 363/364 winter 363/364 ( he entered his consulship ( he entered his consulship while he entered his consulship while in in Ancyra , remained 396/99 396/99 , Ancyra remained the civil capital , Ancyra remained the civil capital of Ancyra remained the civil capital of Galatia I In the rebel Marcian , attacked 479 479 , the rebel Marcian attacked the city , the rebel Marcian attacked the city , the rebel Marcian attacked the city , without it , captured was 622 it was by captured the Sassanid Persians was by captured the Sassanid Persians during by captured the Sassanid Persians during the Byzantine the city , captured was 654 the city was captured for the first time the themes , established were about the same time the themes were established in Anatolia Ancyra was attacked without success which strengthened , a fact its fortifications Ancara , razed was its inhabitants Ancara was razed to the ground the city , menaced was 872 who included and Hilarios Proklos

, the reign of marked Diocletian the reign of Diocletian marked the culmination In Ancyra , was 303 303 , Ancyra was one , Ancyra was one of Ancyra was one of the towns In their first target , was Ancyra Ancyra , their first target was the 38-year-old Bishop , their first target was the 38-year-old Bishop of their first target was the 38-year-old Bishop of the town Quite possibly this Clement marks where the site Clement marks where the site was of its 25 disciplinary canons ; constitute the early church the early church ; its 25 disciplinary canons constitute one ; its 25 disciplinary canons constitute one of its 25 disciplinary canons constitute one of the most important documents Ancyra quickly turned into a Christian city The town council or senate gave way In Emperor Julian , passed 362–363 Emperor Julian , passed 362–363 through , Emperor Julian passed through Ancyra Emperor Julian passed through Ancyra on In Ancyra , became the late 4th century the late 4th century , Ancyra became something , Ancyra became something of Ancyra became something of an imperial holiday resort emperors in retire would the 4th and 5th centuries The Metropolis of Ancyra continued to be a residential see The earlier Armenian genocide put an end to the residential eparchy in the Seljuk Turks , overran 1071 1071 , the Seljuk Turks overran much , the Seljuk Turks overran much of the Seljuk Turks overran much of Anatolia the Turkish settlers , reached had 1073 , the Turkish settlers had reached the vicinity the Turkish settlers had reached the vicinity of the city had been under Danishmend control The Crusaders captured the city , and , most of became Anatolia most of Anatolia became part The Levant Company maintained a factory in the town its population , estimated was the 19th century of by was occupied Anatolia Anatolia was by occupied the Allies was by occupied the Allies , who by occupied , the Allies ) , the Turkish nationalists replaced the Ottoman Empire , the Turkish nationalists replaced the Ottoman Empire with

the Turkish nationalists replaced the Ottoman Empire with the Republic of Turkey of new development , divided the newly founded Republic of Turkey the newly founded Republic of Turkey , new development divided the city , new development divided the city into new development divided the city into an old section Ankara has experienced a phenomenal growth since has it experienced since a phenomenal growth it experienced since a phenomenal growth was there , Ankara had about 35,000 residents By 1927 there were 44,553 residents 1927 there were 44,553 residents and there were 44,553 residents and by it , known became 1930 The city has exported mohair ( the city , exported also the 19th century , the city also exported substantial amounts the city also exported substantial amounts of The Central Anatolia Region is one of the primary locations Another renowned natural product of Ankara is its indigenous type Ankara is the center of the state-owned and private Turkish defence and aerospace companies The IDEF in Ankara is one A number of have also the global automotive companies in by is provided Ankara Ankara is by provided the state institutions is by provided the state institutions ; by provided the state institutions ; such The Çubuk Brook flows through the city center of Ankara has a cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification Under Ankara , has the Trewartha climate classification the Trewartha climate classification , Ankara has a temperate continental climate , Ankara has a temperate continental climate ( Ankara has a temperate continental climate ( " inland location , Ankara has cold and snowy winters , Ankara has cold and snowy winters , Ankara has cold and snowy winters , and Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn Ankara had a population of 75,000 it , designated was 1923 it was designated as a planned city , the city grew in a planned and orderly pace the city onward , grew the 1950s many illegal houses called built were gecekondu by have been replaced these gecekondus have been by replaced huge public housing projects been by replaced huge public housing projects in

by replaced huge public housing projects in the form The population of Ankara has a higher education level Ankara the country has than a higher education level the country has than a higher education level average to 15-years-higher literacy rate , creates 2008 data 2008 data , 15-years-higher literacy rate creates 88% , 15-years-higher literacy rate creates 88% of 15-years-higher literacy rate creates 88% of the total provincial population This ratio was 83% for Turkey Ankara is by served a suburban rail is by served a suburban rail named by served a suburban rail named Ankaray The Ankara Central Station is a major rail hub in Turkey The Turkish State Railways operates passenger train service from Ankara Commuter rail also runs between the stations On the new Yüksek Hızlı Tren (YHT) high-speed rail service , began 13 March 2009 13 March 2009 , the new Yüksek Hızlı Tren (YHT) high-speed rail service began operation , the new Yüksek Hızlı Tren (YHT) high-speed rail service began operation between the new Yüksek Hızlı Tren (YHT) high-speed rail service began operation between Ankara another YHT high-speed line , started commercially 23 August 2011 , another YHT high-speed line commercially started its service another YHT high-speed line commercially started its service between 17% of ride , public transit passengers 28% is , while sixteen minutes Ankara is politically a triple battleground between The province of divided is Ankara and almost only political stronghold in lies Ankara almost only political stronghold in lies Ankara within political support elsewhere throughout is Ankara the CHP , has allowed an extent the CHP allowed to take overall second place Overall , the AKP enjoys the most support , the AKP enjoys the most support throughout the AKP enjoys the most support throughout the city The electorate of tend thus Ankara , the 2013–14 protests against were the AKP government the 2013–14 protests against were the AKP government particularly The city suffered from a series of Melih Gökçek was the Metropolitan Mayor of Ankara he , re was the 1994 local elections In Gökçek , stood the 2014 local elections

Gökçek , stood the 2014 local elections for , Gökçek stood for a fifth term Gökçek , declared was a heavily controversial election , Gökçek was declared the winner Gökçek was by declared the winner was by declared the winner just 1% by declared the winner just 1% ahead rejecting Yavaş , declared his appeals his appeals , Yavaş declared his intention , Yavaş declared his intention to Yavaş declared his intention to take for most election observers , believe a fifth term most election observers , believe a fifth term that Yavaş that believe was the winner citadel were by laid the Galatians were by laid the Galatians on by laid the Galatians on a prominent lava outcrop There are also recreational areas to Ancyra then formed the capital of It is located in the Ulus quarter The Roman Baths of Ankara have all the typical features The baths were built during the reign was by in found 1995 by in 1995 found Turkish archeologist Cevdet Bayburtluoğlu Kocatepe Mosque is the largest mosque in the city it , constructed was the Kocatepe quarter Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque is located near the Presidency in it , is the Turkish neoclassical style the Turkish neoclassical style , it is one , it is one of it is one of the largest new mosques It can accommodate 6 thousand people during It is the largest Ottoman mosque in Ankara was subsequently by restored architect subsequently by restored architect Mimar Sinan by restored architect Mimar Sinan in The mosque was built in honor It was founded in the Ulus quarter The Alâeddin Mosque is the oldest mosque in Ankara ) was by crafted Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel was by crafted Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel in by crafted Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel in 1925 at this impressive monument , symbolizes Sıhhiye Square Sıhhiye Square , this impressive monument symbolizes the Hatti Sun Disc , this impressive monument symbolizes the Hatti Sun Disc ( this impressive monument which symbolizes ( the Hatti Sun Disc which symbolizes ( the Hatti Sun Disc was Suluhan is a historical Inn in Ankara

It is also called the "Hasanpaşa Han It is about southeast of Ulus Square There are 102 rooms ( now shops Çengelhan Rahmi Koç Museum is a museum of industrial technology The exhibits include industrial/technological artifacts from the 1850s Foreign visitors to like usually Ankara The symbol of the Armada Shopping Mall is an anchor there is , and an anchor There is also the newly expanded "ANKAmall " This mall is the largest throughout In a few more shopping malls , were 2014 a few more shopping malls , were 2014 open a few more shopping malls were open in Ankara Anıtkabir is located on an imposing hill which on located , an imposing hill in it , is 1953 1953 , it is an impressive fusion , it is an impressive fusion of it is an impressive fusion of ancient and modern architectural styles An adjacent museum houses a wax statue of Atatürk There is a fine collection of folkloric items Cer Modern is the modern-arts museum of Ankara It is situated in the renovated building The museum incorporates the largest exhibition hall in Turkey It was originally the first Parliament building ( The museum opened to the public in It is home to various missiles They were the Turkish Cup winners in 1972 They were the Turkish Cup winners in 1987 The club was reconstituted in 2014 Ankaraspor currently play in the TFF First League Ankara has a large number of minor teams There are many popular spots for skateboarding which are for skateboarding many popular spots Ankara has many parks and open spaces most important of are these parks important of are these parks : " ) which is an expansive recreational farming area ) which is an expansive recreational farming area houses which an expansive recreational farming area is houses a zoo It is a pleasant place to spend There is also an exact replica of Ankara is home to a world-famous domestic cat They mostly have a white, silky, medium to long length coat , There seems to be a connection for there , are their shimmery white coat

their shimmery white coat , there are more than twenty varieties , there are more than twenty varieties including there are more than twenty varieties including black, blue and reddish fur The first Angora goats were brought to Europe were by to brought Europe by to Europe brought Charles V A single goat produces between of hair Angoras have high nutritional requirements due to Angora goats , bred were time Angora goats were bred for their white coat the Colored Angora Goat Breeders Association , set was 1998 The Angora rabbit ( ) is a variety The Angora is one of the oldest types The rabbits were popular pets with French royalty They first appeared in the United States They have a humorous appearance , as they have , as a humorous appearance A condition called is " "wool block or ) that is a Semitic language ) that is a Semitic language first that is a Semitic language first emerged It is now the lingua franca of It is named after the Arabs a term after named , the Arabs The ISO assigns language codes to 32 varieties During Arabic , was the early Middle Ages the early Middle Ages , Arabic was a major vehicle , Arabic was a major vehicle of Arabic was a major vehicle of culture many European languages have also borrowed many words The Maltese language is a Semitic language developed from Arabic has influenced many other languages around Some of are the most influenced languages Persian Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.9 billion Muslims "Bloomberg Businessweek , ranked " 2011 , "Bloomberg Businessweek " ranked Arabic "Bloomberg Businessweek " ranked Arabic the fourth most useful language It is related to languages Arabia boasted a wide variety of Semitic languages the ancestors that believed of the Modern South Arabian languages the earliest attestation of thought was Old Arabic Scholars named its variant dialects after the towns most arguments for based were a single ANA language or language family the h- that argued is an archaism This is by followed the Namara inscription is by followed the Namara inscription ,

by followed the Namara inscription , an epitaph There are inscriptions in an undotted, 17-letter Arabic script , a transdialectal and transcommunal variety of emerged Arabic a transdialectal and transcommunal variety of emerged Arabic in Arabic which in emerged the Hejaz which in emerged the Hejaz continued both its classicizing and "lay" iterations have been termed Middle Arabic The standardization of Arabic reached completion Arabic spread with the spread of Following Arabic , gained the early Muslim conquests the early Muslim conquests , Arabic gained vocabulary , Arabic gained vocabulary from Arabic gained vocabulary from Middle Persian knowledge of become had Classical Arabic there that proposes were at least two considerably distinct types The modern dialects emerged from a new contact situation produced of the dialects , contain a single or multiple koines a single or multiple koines , the dialects contain several sedimentary layers , the dialects contain several sedimentary layers of the dialects contain several sedimentary layers of borrowed and areal features , colloquial Arabic dialects arose from pidginized Arabic colloquial Arabic dialects arose from pidginized Arabic formed The "Nahda " was a cultural and especially literary renaissance of "Nahda" writers to According , James L. Gelvin a bureau of added was Arabization standardization Classical Arabic is the language found in , it has discarded some grammatical constructions it has discarded some grammatical constructions and Much of used is the new vocabulary that to denote used concepts Modern Standard Arabic , removed is Classical Arabic Modern Standard Arabic is removed over a millennium Modern Standard Arabic are by described some scholars are by described some scholars as by described some scholars as not , there have been studies there have been studies reporting MSA is the variety used in MSA uses much Classical vocabulary ( e.g. MSA , borrowed has addition the current preference is to avoid direct borrowings " Colloquial" or "dialectal" Arabic refers to the many national or regional varieties Colloquial" or "dialectal" Arabic which to refers the many national or regional varieties which to refers the many national or regional varieties constitute geographically distant varieties ; differ usually many regional variants

; geographically distant varieties usually differ enough geographically distant varieties usually differ enough to official language status which is , Maltese which is , Maltese is It is descended from Classical Arabic during there , were Muhammad's lifetime Muhammad's lifetime , there were dialects , there were dialects of there were dialects of spoken Arabic Muhammad spoke in the dialect of the dialects of considered were the eastern Arabian peninsula It that is this phonology underlies that this phonology is underlies the modern pronunciation " Tawleed " is the process Tawleed " is the process of lexicographically , whose sound means the one , whose sound means the one is whose sound means the one is heard which to constitute considered separate languages When educated Arabs of engage different dialects in it , in charged the same way for Levantine and Gulf speakers , understand example Levantine and Gulf speakers , understand example each , Levantine and Gulf speakers understand each other Levantine and Gulf speakers understand each other much the various spoken varieties that said of Arabic This is an apt comparison in a number The influence of been has Arabic Arabic is also an important source of In English , has addition addition , English has many Arabic loanwords , English has many Arabic loanwords , English has many Arabic loanwords , some Examples of such words include admiral Terms borrowed range from religious terminology Most Islamic religious terms are direct borrowings from Arabic Older Arabic loanwords in borrowed were Hausa Arabic words also made their way into were by from coined Arabic roots by from Arabic roots coined non-native Arabic speakers There have been many instances of The major head of this movement was Louis Massignon Massignon's attempt at failed Romanization as at the Academy failed as Romanization the Academy failed as Romanization and Egyptians , looking were Egypt Egyptians were looking for a way There was also the idea of , Salama Musa agreed with the idea Salama Musa agreed with the idea of two Egyptian intellectuals , agreed with Musa He was the chairman for the Writing and Grammar Committee

the Egyptian people as failed felt a strong cultural tie The Quran introduced a new way of writing The Quran inspired musicality in poetry of how certain sounds , create words words , how certain sounds create harmony , how certain sounds create harmony , how certain sounds create harmony , and the agreement create , and harmony The repetition in the true power introduced the Quran in the true power introduced the Quran and the true power introduced the Quran and impact repetition them and phrases made certain words them made appear more firm The Quran uses constant metaphors of blindness however the strength of was extended metaphors The explicit imagery in the Quran inspired many poets The poet ibn al-Mu'tazz wrote a book regarding ibn al-Mu'tazz wrote a book regarding the figures The Quran uses figurative devices in order segments can transition into other segments only constant in is their structure constant in is their structure that longest is that the their structure The Quran introduces to poetry the idea The Quran is written in a language is that in written a language that in written a language is The simplicity of the writing inspired later poets culture how explains is a required element seen , Hadith were the main source , Hadith were the main source of Hadith were the main source of chronological order the tradition of memorizing became the verses the greater the amount that believed of the Quran some writers such as believe Al-Baqillani as poetry believe that Al-Baqillani poetry believe that Al-Baqillani and it ) ; is news it is also mainly the language most often by accompanied the original text Some Muslims present a monogenesis of languages " Colloquial Arabic " is a collective term Colloquial Arabic " is a collective term for The main dialectal division is between the varieties within This has led researchers to These features are present to varying degrees Within the largest difference , is the non-peninsula varieties the largest difference , is the non-peninsula varieties between , the largest difference is between the non-Egyptian North African dialects

the largest difference is between the non-Egyptian North African dialects ( , a much more significant factor for is most dialects a much more significant factor for is most dialects , so minor differences , ignored were a broad IPA transcription so minor differences were ignored for easier comparison Various other consonants have changed their sound too it , become has most modern dialects , it has become an emphatic stop it has become an emphatic stop with thoroughly recorded and different reconstructions not is of the sound system The Classical Arabic language as recorded was a poetic koine as recorded that was a poetic koine recorded that was a poetic koine reflected that a poetic koine was reflected a consciously archaizing dialect it ) is that Classical Arabic it that is contains certain features final became as in the Classical language in its pronunciation , varies Quran its pronunciation , varies Quran somewhat its pronunciation varies somewhat from country The "colloquial" spoken dialects of learned are Arabic of it , is the language it , is the language technically it is technically not the native language speakers ) , tend people In there , is fact fact , there is a continuous range , there is a continuous range of there is a continuous range of " ) used depends on the social class and education level used depends on the social class and education level of it will vary within a single encounter is its pronunciation , varies a unitary language its pronunciation , varies a unitary language somewhat its pronunciation varies somewhat from country It is important in descriptions they are not the same that derives from has Classical Arabic Another reason of different pronunciations is influence , the "emphatic" allophones spread throughout the entire word the "emphatic" allophones spread throughout the entire word , Modern Standard Arabic has six pure vowels ( while most modern dialects has ( while six pure vowels The pronunciation of differs the vowels from Nonetheless , there are some common trends Arabic , is has only three short vowel phonemes " that in vary ways

that in vary ways reflect , the consonants triggering are "emphatic" allophones the consonants triggering "emphatic" allophones are the pharyngealized consonants , the fricatives also trigger emphatic allophones the fricatives also trigger emphatic allophones ; Many dialects have multiple emphatic allophones of each vowel , the vowel in tends the diphthong the vowel in tends the diphthong to The phoneme is by represented the Arabic letter is by represented the Arabic letter ' by represented the Arabic letter ' ( it , be may some Sudanese and Yemeni dialects , it may be either it may be either or The medieval Arabs actually termed their language ' This simultaneous articulation is described as "Retracted Tongue Root by as described " "Retracted Tongue Root doubled consonants , held are actual pronunciation Arabic has two kinds of syllables Superheavy syllables in occur Classical Arabic in ) ' they wrote it ' they wrote it ' they wrote it ' = dialect carry may not a heavy syllable This also affects the way that also Modern Standard Arabic affects that the way Modern Standard Arabic affects that the way is above , many spoken dialects have a process , many spoken dialects have a process of many spoken dialects have a process of " in it , spreads many Levantine dialects it , spreads many Levantine dialects indefinitely Many sporadic examples of occurred have short vowel change Most spoken dialects have monophthongized original to there , be may most dialects , there may be more or fewer phonemes there may be more or fewer phonemes than Pharyngealization of tends the emphatic consonants to the "emphatic" allophone , triggers automatically addition , the "emphatic" allophone automatically triggers pharyngealization the "emphatic" allophone automatically triggers pharyngealization of it , difficult may a result in Arabic , has other Semitic languages other Semitic languages , Arabic has a complex and unusual morphology , Arabic has a complex and unusual morphology ( Arabic has a complex and unusual morphology ( i.e. method has A root : consists a nonconcatenative "root-and-pattern" morphology A root : consists a nonconcatenative "root-and-pattern" morphology of

: A root consists of a set A root consists of a set of Nouns in Literary Arabic have three grammatical cases often by marked ـَة /-at/ by marked ـَة /-at/ , Definite nouns include all proper nouns , all nouns Adjectives in marked are Literary Arabic Pronouns in marked are Literary Arabic There are two varieties , independent pronouns Enclitic pronouns are attached to the end The first-person singular pronoun has a different enclitic form used for a verb in marked is a verb-initial sentence Verbs in marked are Literary Arabic The following shows a paradigm of following shows a paradigm of a regular Arabic verb a given root , occur can verbs a given root can occur in many different derived verb are by to referred Western scholars by to referred Western scholars as These stems encode grammatical functions such as Stems sharing the same root consonants represent separate verbs This is similar to the process The spoken dialects have lost the case distinctions and They have lost the mood distinctions other The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic through calligraphers ; held are a major art form calligraphers are held in great esteem Arabic script , used is the Latin script There are a number of different standards There are various conflicting motivations involved , which are involved , various conflicting motivations Some are interested in transliteration the same letter , used is example who to help intended readers These less "scientific" systems tend to avoid diacritics Western-invented text communication technologies , become have the 1990s Most of had originally these technologies There is no universal name for this type Other systems of exist transliteration , the lowest-valued position , placed is Arabic the lowest-valued position is placed on the right Academy of the Arabic Language is the name most active are in Damascus active are in Damascus and They review language development , monitor Universities around the world have classes around the world that have classes the world that have classes teach that classes have teach Arabic There are many Arabic language schools in the Arab world

the educated upper classes in taken have the Arab world Yasir Suleiman wrote in 2011 that 29 April 1980 ) who was an English filmmaker ) who was an English filmmaker was who an English filmmaker was was one spanning he , directed six decades six decades , he directed over 50 feature films , he directed over 50 feature films , he many directed , over 50 feature films many directed , over 50 feature films of he " , became Suspense Hitchcock initially trained as a technical clerk His directorial debut was the British-German silent film "The Pleasure Garden " By he , had 1939 1939 , he had international recognition , he had international recognition and he had international recognition and producer David O. Selznick A string of followed successful films , " Rebecca " won the Academy Award for Best Picture Rebecca " won the Academy Award for Best Picture , Hitchcock won , with the Academy Award for Best Picture The "Hitchcockian" style includes the use of camera movement the meaning that wrote of a Hitchcock film A Hitchcock film is an organism , with the whole is , with an organism Hitchcock made multiple films with some starring Orson Welles' "Citizen Kane , displaced Stewart Orson Welles' "Citizen Kane , displaced Stewart " Hitchcock was born on 13 August 1899 There was a large extended family , including Every summer , his uncle rented a seaside house , his uncle rented a seaside house for his uncle rented a seaside house for the family as his father — called a well-behaved boy a well-behaved boy — his father called him — his father called him his "little lamb his father called him his "little lamb without ; the policeman looked at the note the policeman looked at the note and they lived above the former Hitchcock attended his first school , the Howrah House Convent in Poplar to he , stayed biographer Patrick McGilligan he , stayed biographer Patrick McGilligan at , he stayed at Howrah House he stayed at Howrah House for He also attended a convent school ,

The priests used a hard rubber cane on the boys He told Peter Bogdanovich : " The Jesuits told : " Peter Bogdanovich His favourite subject was geography , and he was , and geography He also had a particular interest in An overwhelming majority of his films include rail or tram scenes A clapperboard shows the number of the scene Hitchcock he told that his parents he told that his parents wanted in he , told 1962 1962 , he told François Truffaut , he told François Truffaut that he he told that François Truffaut he told that François Truffaut had then — Hitchcock took a job — Hitchcock took a job , Hitchcock took a job , for He continued night classes , this He joined a cadet regiment of the Royal Engineers After Hitchcock , took the war the war , Hitchcock took an interest , Hitchcock took an interest in Hitchcock took an interest in creative writing In he , became June 1919 June 1919 , he became a founding editor , he became a founding editor and he became a founding editor and business manager Henley 's promoted him to examine he ; told the proofs the proofs ; he told Truffaut ; he told Truffaut that he this told that Truffaut this told that Truffaut was he 's , read Henley , he read in a trade paper he read in a trade paper that Famous Players-Lasky in read that a trade paper he , so produced Marie Corelli , so he produced some drawings so he produced some drawings for he produced some drawings for the title cards most that wrote of the staff The Times " wrote in February 1922 the few finished scenes — lost are financial problems Hitchcock , hired was 1922 Hitchcock was hired as an assistant director was by as hired an assistant director by as an assistant director hired a new firm run Hitchcock worked on " Woman to Woman He also worked as an assistant In Balcon , asked the summer of 1925 the summer of 1925 , Balcon asked Hitchcock

, Balcon asked Hitchcock to Balcon asked Hitchcock to direct liked a "Daily Express" headline ; called Hitchcock's work Hitchcock's work ; a "Daily Express" headline called him ; a "Daily Express" headline called him the "Young man a "Daily Express" headline called him the "Young man with on budget overruns ; meant her period budget overruns ; meant her period that In Hitchcock , observed Germany Germany , Hitchcock observed the nuances , Hitchcock observed the nuances of Hitchcock observed the nuances of German cinema , he would visit Berlin's art galleries he would visit Berlin's art galleries , Balcon asked him to direct to Elliot Stannard , assisted his name his name , Elliot Stannard assisted him , Elliot Stannard assisted him with Elliot Stannard assisted him with the writing to Hitchcock , was England England , Hitchcock was one , Hitchcock was one of Hitchcock was one of the early members Through he , became the Society he , became the Society fascinated he became fascinated by the work Hitchcock's luck came with his first thriller , her lodger that suspects is the killer from Hitchcock , had an upper floor a glass floor , Hitchcock had an upper floor Hitchcock told Truffaut : " You told : " Truffaut ( He had the same problem years He had the same problem years later " The Lodger " was a commercial and critical success The Lodger " was a commercial and critical success in Hitchcock the film told that Truffaut the film told that Truffaut was On Hitchcock , married 2 December 1926 2 December 1926 , Hitchcock married the English screenwriter Alma Reville , Hitchcock married the English screenwriter Alma Reville at Hitchcock married the English screenwriter Alma Reville at the Brompton Oratory pregnant , the Hitchcocks purchased "Winter's Grace , the Hitchcocks purchased "Winter's Grace " the Hitchcocks purchased "Winter's Grace " , The Hitchcock touch : " had 1982 : " The Hitchcock touch had four hands " The Hitchcock touch had four hands , The Hitchcock touch had four hands , and two had , and four hands

in he , said 1979 he , said 1979 that third , the is a scriptwriter , the third is the mother the third is the mother of third is the mother of my daughter And their names are Alma Reville . Hitchcock began work on his tenth film this " ; followed the first British "talkie " ; this followed the rapid development ; this followed the rapid development of this followed the rapid development of sound films " Blackmail " began the Hitchcock tradition Blackmail " began the Hitchcock tradition of It also features one of he how explained used early sound recording During Hitchcock , directed this period this period , Hitchcock directed segments , Hitchcock directed segments for Hitchcock directed segments for a BIP revue In Hitchcock , signed 1933 1933 , Hitchcock signed a multi-film contract , Hitchcock signed a multi-film contract with Hitchcock signed a multi-film contract with Gaumont-British This film was one of the Hitchcock released two spy thrillers in 1936 Hitchcock , became also this time These jokes ranged from simple and For he , hosted instance instance , he hosted a dinner party , he hosted a dinner party where he he hosted where a dinner party he hosted where a dinner party dyed The film Hitchcock saw receive the 1938 New York Film Critics Circle Award Hitchcock saw receive the 1938 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Benjamin Crisler of wrote " the "New York Times By Hitchcock was 1938 aware Hitchcock was 1938 aware that He had received numerous offers from However , producer David O. Selznick offered him , producer David O. Selznick offered him a concrete proposal producer David O. Selznick offered him a concrete proposal to he ; featured was a celebrity he was featured in magazines In Hitchcock , met Hollywood Hollywood , Hitchcock met Selznick , Hitchcock met Selznick for Hitchcock met Selznick for the first time Selznick signed Hitchcock to a seven-year contract The Hitchcocks lived in a spacious flat on Hitchcock discovered his taste for fine food He was impressed with Hollywood's filmmaking culture

each their working arrangements , were other their working arrangements , were other sometimes Selznick suffered from constant financial problems , , Selznick generously lent Hitchcock Selznick generously lent Hitchcock to always Hitchcock have for projects Hitchcock have for projects to In Hitchcock , said a later interview Hitchcock , said a later interview : of he — said control I — he said control he I said was the 'only director I said was the 'only director ' his first American film was set in England Selznick insisted on a faithful adaptation of Joan Fontaine , who concerns an unnamed naïve young woman , who concerns an unnamed naïve young woman marries who an unnamed naïve young woman concerns marries a widowed aristocrat She lives in his large English country house , the statuette ; given was the 13th Academy Awards Hitchcock's second American film was the thriller "Foreign Correspondent " ( It was nominated for Best Picture at his concern ; resulted war his concern ; resulted war in ; his concern resulted in a film his concern that in resulted a film that in resulted a film overtly it , inspired was 1939 it was by inspired the rapidly changing events was by inspired the rapidly changing events in by inspired the rapidly changing events in Europe In September 1940 the Hitchcocks bought the Cornwall Ranch September 1940 the Hitchcocks bought the Cornwall Ranch near the Hitchcocks bought the Cornwall Ranch near Scotts Valley Their primary residence was an English-style home in Bel Air in Hitchcock ; used England England ; Hitchcock used the north coast ; Hitchcock used the north coast of Hitchcock used the north coast of Santa Cruz The film is the first of Grant plays Johnnie Aysgarth , an English conman whose actions plays , an English conman Johnnie Aysgarth to the light ; ensures his wife the light ; ensures his wife that Grant's character is actually a killer , Hitchcock therefore settled for an ambiguous finale Hitchcock was by forced Universal was by forced Universal to by forced Universal to use The story depicts a confrontation between a suspected saboteur

Hitchcock took a three-day tour of New York City ; she died on 26 September 1942 she died on 26 September 1942 at his brother , died William 4 January 1943 his brother William died of an overdose His New Year's resolution in was 1943 to was Hitchcock , released which Hitchcock , released which had Charlotte "Charlie" Newton (Teresa Wright , suspects ) the film , Charlotte "Charlie" Newton (Teresa Wright ) suspects her beloved uncle Charlotte "Charlie" Newton (Teresa Wright ) suspects her beloved uncle Charlie Oakley before his weight loss had been a roast chicken his weight loss had been a roast chicken , Hitchcock returned to the UK for In Hitchcock , served June and July 1945 Hitchcock , served June and July 1945 as , Hitchcock served as "treatment advisor Hitchcock served as "treatment advisor " The film was assembled in London it was transferred in 1952 Hitchcock worked for David Selznick again envisioned ; Selznick edited it ; Selznick edited it to Selznick edited it to make it edited to make it Gregory Peck plays amnesiac Dr. Anthony Edwardes under - shots achieved were view by shots were achieved view were by achieved building a large wooden hand by achieved building a large wooden hand ( impact , the climactic gunshot was hand-coloured red , the climactic gunshot was hand-coloured red on the climactic gunshot was hand-coloured red on some copies Hitchcock Selznick told that François Truffaut Selznick told that François Truffaut sold Hitchcock and Hecht consulted Robert Millikan Hitchcock formed an independent production company , Transatlantic Pictures He made two films with Transatlantic , Hitchcock experimented with marshalling suspense Hitchcock experimented with marshalling suspense in The film appears as a very limited number of Some transitions between hidden were reels Hitchcock used those points to hide The film features James Stewart in the leading role It was by inspired the Leopold and Loeb case was by inspired the Leopold and Loeb case of by inspired the Leopold and Loeb case of the 1920s He again used Technicolor in Transatlantic Pictures became inactive after the last two films

Hitchcock filmed "Stage Fright " ( He paired one of Warner Bros.' most popular stars Hitchcock combined many elements from his preceding films He approached Dashiell Hammett to write to he ; suggests murder he ; suggests murder that Farley Granger's role was as the innocent victim of " was by followed three colour films was by followed three colour films starring by followed three colour films starring Grace Kelly " , Ray Milland plays the villain , Ray Milland who plays the villain Ray Milland who plays the villain tries who plays the villain tries to Milland , so manipulates self-defence , so Milland manipulates the evidence so Milland manipulates the evidence to Milland manipulates the evidence to make it manipulates to make the evidence Hitchcock moved to Paramount Pictures and Stewart's character is a photographer called Jeff of he , begins boredom he , begins boredom observing , he begins observing his neighbours he begins observing his neighbours across the principal characters are depicted in confined or cramped quarters From Hitchcock , was 1955 to 1965 1955 to 1965 , Hitchcock was the host , Hitchcock was the host of Hitchcock was the host of the television series it is composed of only nine strokes His introductions always included some sort of He directed 18 episodes of the series It became " The Alfred Hitchcock Hour " in these ; included his name these ; included his name " ; these included " Alfred Hitchcock's Anthology these included " Alfred Hitchcock's Anthology " HSD Publications , licensed also 1956 , HSD Publications also licensed the director's name HSD Publications also licensed the director's name to In Hitchcock , became 1955 1955 , Hitchcock became a United States citizen it is set in the French Riviera Grant who plays , retired thief John Robie who plays , retired thief John Robie becomes A thrill-seeking American heiress played by surmises Kelly played by Kelly surmises his true identity by Kelly surmises his true identity and the good-natured acting ) and proved double entendres ) and the good-natured acting proved a commercial success

and the good-natured acting proved a commercial success . with she ; married Kelly Kelly ; she married Prince Rainier ; she married Prince Rainier of she married Prince Rainier of Monaco Hitchcock then remade his own 1934 film " time , the film starred James Stewart , the film starred James Stewart and the film starred James Stewart and Doris Day They whose son play a couple is whose son play a couple is kidnapped This was the only film of Hitchcock Hitchcock , admitted was the summer of 1957 Hitchcock was admitted to hospital he , returned immediately a successful surgery he immediately returned to work Vera Miles wanted to play the lead He told Oriana Fallaci : " I told : " Oriana Fallaci We 'd have spent a heap I hate pregnant women , because Stewart " , plays "Vertigo " , Stewart plays Scottie , Stewart plays Scottie , Stewart plays Scottie , a former police investigator Scottie's obsession leads to tragedy , " Vertigo " contains a camera technique Vertigo " contains a camera technique developed " by contains developed a camera technique by a camera technique developed contains Irmin Roberts The film premiered at the San Sebastián International Film Festival , ; the critic from opined "Variety" magazine the critic from opined "Variety" magazine that from the film opined that "Variety" magazine the film opined that "Variety" magazine was Bosley Crowther of thought " the "New York Times of it " thought the "New York Times it " thought the "New York Times was The picture was also the last collaboration between , the rest of was 1958 the rest of 1958 was a difficult year in Hitchcock , kept hospital hospital , Hitchcock kept himself , Hitchcock kept himself occupied Hitchcock kept himself occupied with Hitchcock followed up with three more successful films Cary Grant " , portrays Northwest " , Cary Grant portrays Roger Thornhill , Cary Grant portrays Roger Thornhill , Cary Grant portrays Roger Thornhill , a Madison Avenue advertising executive who portrays , a Madison Avenue advertising executive Roger Thornhill

He is pursued across the United States is by across pursued the United States by across the United States pursued enemy agents he ; learns later an enemy agent at the film , grossed Radio City Music Hall the film , grossed Radio City Music Hall $ , the film grossed $ 404,056 the film grossed $ 404,056 ( the film , produced was Ed Gein the film was produced on a tight budget the innocent lives extinguished by became a disturbed murderer extinguished by a disturbed murderer became the hallmarks by a disturbed murderer became the hallmarks of The film proved popular with audiences He subsequently swapped his rights to , the French director François Truffaut began a 50-hour interview the French director François Truffaut began a 50-hour interview of it ; published was the images it was published as a book The audio tapes were used as the basis Truffaut it sought because the interview it sought because the interview was It was obvious from his films 1964 , he recruited Evan Hunter , he recruited Evan Hunter , he recruited Evan Hunter , author He hired Tippi Hedren to play : " I signed her " I signed her because I she signed because her she signed because her is Movies do n't have them Grace Kelly was the last . in Jessica Tandy ; plays a bird shop a bird shop ; Jessica Tandy plays his possessive mother Hedren visits him in Bodega Bay Suddenly waves of start birds waves of start birds gathering Hitchcock made the film with equipment He it said was his most technically challenging film it said was his most technically challenging film , on she ; said set she ; said set that He reportedly isolated her from she was placed in a caged room two men in placed while a caged room one leg of attached was each bird of by was attached each bird each bird was by attached nylon thread was by attached nylon thread to by attached nylon thread to elastic bands In Grace Kelly , announced June 1962

Grace Kelly , announced June 1962 that Hedren had signed an exclusive seven-year, $500-a-week contract with The film : " is Hedren He suffered all his life from furious sexual desire She applies for a job at she is shown having a panic attack Mark tracks her down and Hitchcock the camera told that cinematographer Robert Burks the camera told that cinematographer Robert Burks had Failing health reduced Hitchcock's output during the last two decades Biographer Stephen Rebello Universal claimed imposed two films Universal claimed imposed two films on Both were spy thrillers with Cold War-related themes Hitchcock was unhappy with Herrmann's score Hitchcock returned to Britain to After the plot , marked two espionage films two espionage films , the plot marked a return , the plot marked a return to the plot marked a return to the murder-thriller genre Hitchcock " , allowed "Frenzy " , Hitchcock allowed nudity , Hitchcock allowed nudity for Hitchcock allowed nudity for the first time Hitchcock would add subtle hints of It relates the escapades of "Madam" Blanche Tyler ) , the novel's tone is more sinister Hitchcock , working was his life Hitchcock was working on the script Hitchcock , appointed was 1962 , Hitchcock was appointed a Knight Commander Hitchcock was appointed a Knight Commander of so on the British consul general presented 3 January 1980 on 3 January 1980 the British consul general presented him 3 January 1980 the British consul general presented him with the British consul general presented him with the papers His last public appearance was on 16 March 1980 , He died of kidney failure the following month Hitchcock , wrote that Hitchcock's biographers Hitchcock was by survived his wife was by survived his wife and by survived his wife and daughter His funeral was held at Good Shepherd Catholic Church Hitchcock's film production career evolved from small-scale silent films to His silent films between 1925 and 1929 were in the crime and suspense genres in Hitchcock ; referred cinema Hitchcock ; referred cinema to ; Hitchcock referred to this emphasis Hitchcock referred to this emphasis on

In he , honed Britain Britain , he honed his craft , he honed his craft so he honed his craft so that his British work that said was the "sensation Afterward , he discovered Soviet cinema , he discovered Soviet cinema , he discovered Soviet cinema , and " was by inspired both German and Soviet aesthetics was by inspired both German and Soviet aesthetics , by inspired both German and Soviet aesthetics , styles found several British reviewers , criticised some success some success , several British reviewers criticised Hitchcock's films , several British reviewers criticised Hitchcock's films for several British reviewers criticised Hitchcock's films for being have it , 's a nightmare it , 's a nightmare awfully Hitchcock " , explained Northwest " , Hitchcock explained his reasons , Hitchcock explained his reasons for Hitchcock explained his reasons for recreating it is to get photography His films explored audience as a voyeur human beings that understood enjoy voyeuristic activities Of eleven , revolved his fifty-three films eleven , revolved his fifty-three films around , eleven revolved around stories eleven revolved around stories of In it , is most cases most cases , it is an ordinary, everyday person , it who is an ordinary, everyday person it who is an ordinary, everyday person finds who an ordinary, everyday person is finds themselves Hitchcock told Truffaut : " That told : " Truffaut to Hitchcock , had Robin Wood Robin Wood , Hitchcock had mixed feelings , Hitchcock had mixed feelings towards Hitchcock had mixed feelings towards homosexuality During the Motion Picture Production Code , prohibited the 1950s the 1950s , the Motion Picture Production Code prohibited direct references , the Motion Picture Production Code prohibited direct references to the Motion Picture Production Code prohibited direct references to homosexuality "Shadow of has " a Doubt Also , he used the "MacGuffin"—the use , he used the "MacGuffin"—the use of he used the "MacGuffin"—the use of an object Hitchcock appears briefly in most Hitchcock's portrayal of been has women Bidisha wrote in " The Guardian" , that is of the heterosexual male protagonist

, Roger Ebert wrote in 1996 Roger Ebert wrote in 1996 : They were imprisoned in costumes They who mesmerised , the men who mesmerised , the men often Madeleine Carroll is put in handcuffs she to help offers a man Kim Novak and Eva Marie Saint play the blonde heroines Janet Leigh's character " , steals "Psycho , Janet Leigh's character steals $ 40,000 Janet Leigh's character steals $ 40,000 and played by is , Hedren by Hedren , is a thief the mistress , played was blonde heroines the mistress was by played brunette Karin Dor Hitchcock's last blonde heroine was Barbara Harris as a phony psychic turned amateur sleuth His films often feature characters struggling ) by is ridiculed an innocent man by an innocent man ridiculed is his mother Carole Lombard ) , brought 1941 ) , Carole Lombard brought three cows , Carole Lombard brought three cows onto Carole Lombard brought three cows onto the set on Dick Cavett , stated 8 June 1972 Dick Cavett , stated 8 June 1972 as , Dick Cavett stated as fact Dick Cavett stated as fact that Hitchcock as stated that fact He told Bryan Forbes in 1967 We are given an idea and we given and then an idea Hitchcock that said regarded actors For the actors , were Hitchcock Hitchcock , the actors were part , the actors were part of the actors were part of the film's setting He told François Truffaut : " The chief requisite told : " François Truffaut the camera allow to determine the proper emphasis He also used this as has been by challenged Bill Krohn been by challenged Bill Krohn , by challenged Bill Krohn , the American correspondent the myth that noted of storyboards that scenes were shot differed Another example Krohn notes is the American remake Krohn notes is the American remake of notes is the American remake of " Krohn's work also sheds light on Hitchcock's tendency is to shoot alternative takes This differed from coverage in Hitchcock was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame In John Russell Taylor , described 1978

1978 , John Russell Taylor described him , John Russell Taylor described him as John Russell Taylor described him as " 2007 " The Daily Telegraph" critics' poll ranked him " The Daily Telegraph" critics' poll ranked him Britain's greatest director His flair was for narrative , In the "Sight & Sound" Critics' Poll , ranked 1992 1992 , the "Sight & Sound" Critics' Poll ranked Hitchcock , the "Sight & Sound" Critics' Poll ranked Hitchcock at the "Sight & Sound" Critics' Poll ranked Hitchcock at No Hitchcock , ranked was 2002 , Hitchcock was ranked 2nd Hitchcock was ranked 2nd in Hitchcock was voted the "Greatest Director of " Entertainment Weekly " ranked Hitchcock Entertainment Weekly " ranked Hitchcock at Hitchcock was ranked at No He won two Golden Globes , eight Laurel Awards Hitchcock , selected was 2012 Hitchcock was by selected artist Sir Peter Blake was by selected artist Sir Peter Blake , by selected artist Sir Peter Blake , author The Alfred Hitchcock Collection is housed at the Academy Film Archive includes 16mm film , shot home movies 16mm film , shot home movies on , 16mm film shot on the set 16mm film shot on the set of The Academy Film Archive has preserved many of The Alfred Hitchcock Papers are housed at the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library Anacondas or water boas are a group They are found in tropical South America Ray used a catalogue of snakes Henry Yule in notes his Hobson-Jobson that in the word notes that his Hobson-Jobson the word notes that his Hobson-Jobson became Edwin described a 'tiger ' being Altaic (; also called Transeurasian ) many comparative linguists , rejected have the 1950s , many comparative linguists have rejected the proposal many comparative linguists have rejected the proposal , supposed cognates rejected , after the proposal Opponents of proposed the theory that of the similarities proposed that the theory the similarities proposed that the theory are The original proposal was sometimes called "Micro-Altaic sometimes by called " "Micro-Altaic by "Micro-Altaic " called retronymy Most proponents of continue Altaic to been tentatively by reconstructed Sergei Starostin

tentatively by reconstructed Sergei Starostin and by reconstructed Sergei Starostin and others Micro-Altaic includes about 66 living languages , to The earliest known texts in a Turkic language are the Orkhon inscriptions They were deciphered in 1893 were by in deciphered 1893 by in 1893 deciphered the Danish linguist evidence is known as Middle Mongol is first by attested an inscription first by attested an inscription dated by attested an inscription dated to The earliest Para-Mongolic text is the Memorial for Yelü Yanning which is " , the "Kojiki Tungusic languages was published in 1730 was by in published 1730 by in 1730 published Philip Johan von Strahlenberg the Finnish philologist , proposed Matthias Castrén 1844 , the Finnish philologist Matthias Castrén proposed a broader grouping the Finnish philologist Matthias Castrén proposed a broader grouping , Matthias Castrén that proposed , a broader grouping that proposed , a broader grouping later The name "Altaic " referred to the Altai Mountains G.J. Ramstedt and E.D. Polivanov advocated the inclusion in Ramstedt , rejected his 1952 book his 1952 book , Ramstedt rejected the Ural–Altaic hypothesis , Ramstedt rejected the Ural–Altaic hypothesis but Ramstedt rejected the Ural–Altaic hypothesis but again In Nicholas Poppe , published 1960 what , Nicholas Poppe published 1960 what published was in effect Poppe the issue considered of the relationship the issue considered of the relationship of " Japanese most Altaicists convinced that Japanese most Altaicists convinced that also However , many linguists dispute the alleged affinities , many linguists dispute the alleged affinities of many linguists dispute the alleged affinities of Korean In Martine Robbeets , proposed 2017 Martine Robbeets , proposed 2017 that the ancestral home that proposed of the Turkic our results , speak indirectly the Altaic typology our results indirectly speak in favour In John C. Street , proposed 1962 1962 , John C. Street proposed an alternative classification , John C. Street proposed an alternative classification , John C. Street proposed an alternative classification , with also by in posited 2000–2002 by in 2000–2002 posited Joseph Greenberg not widely by accepted Altaicists Among Gerard Clauson were the earlier critics (

Gerard Clauson were the earlier critics ( 1956 A major continuing supporter of been has the Altaic hypothesis has who been , Sergei Starostin who been , Sergei Starostin published The list below who comprises linguists below who comprises linguists have who comprises linguists have worked The dates given are those of Tungusic languages are distributed across most Some Tungusic languages are extinct or endangered languages as a consequence Mongolic languages are spoken in three geographic areas Linguisitically two branches emerge , the Common Mongolic two branches emerge , the Common Mongolic and that a set of proposes sound change laws Starostin claimed in 1991 that the members in claimed that 1991 The 2003 "Etymological Dictionary " includes a list of All other combinations between occur also the five branches there that noted was little vocabulary over the earlier forms : are time the earlier forms : are time more Japanese were spoken in a relatively small area Janhunen is sceptical about an affiliation Supporters of set formerly the Altaic hypothesis It has the highest sociolinguistic prestige locally , At the written standard , was the time the time , the written standard was "Oberdeutsche Schreibsprache , the written standard was "Oberdeutsche Schreibsprache " the written standard was "Oberdeutsche Schreibsprache " ( Another option was to create a new standard is Austrian German , is a pluricentric language a pluricentric language , Austrian German is one , Austrian German is one among Austrian German is one among several varieties , the spoken standard in was Austria the spoken standard in Austria was the For Austria , had many years many years , Austria had a special form , Austria had a special form of Austria had a special form of the language It is a very traditional form of the language , this form of is the language this form of is the language generally verbs that express tend a state that express tend a state to which fall into include this category to communication , is northern Germans communication , is northern Germans much Simple words in are the various dialects very

of other Tyroleans , are the Tyrol other Tyroleans , are the Tyrol often by from each distinguished other by have been influenced the dialects have been by influenced contact been by influenced contact with by influenced contact with non-Germanic linguistic groups , the axiom of says choice the axiom of says choice that it states that for every indexed family of this ; is choice this ; is choice in this is in particular the case An illustrative example is sets picked from , the set containing is each smallest element is , the choice function provides the set , the choice function provides the set of the choice function provides the set of chosen elements no choice function is known for the collection obtain this ; makes an appropriate selection it ; this makes an appropriate selection One motivation for is this use that for a number is that this use a number is that this use of a number that is of generally accepted mathematical results Contemporary set theorists also that study axioms also that study axioms are that study axioms are not There are many other equivalent statements of the axiom who use speak often this formulation Its domain is the power set of " the collection whether specify of nonempty sets is easily by proved mathematical induction has this ; holds an element this ; holds an element trivially Not every situation requires the axiom of choice , the axiom of follows choice the axiom of follows choice from In it , is that case it , is that case equivalent do We : start this We : start this at : We start at the first box We start at the first box , , our choice procedure comes to an end The result is an explicit choice function : a function that is : a function an explicit choice function A formal proof for use would all finite sets in it may make the collection it may make the collection possible each member , suppose that example each member that suppose of the collection "X

Every such subset has a smallest element , so there when appears is no natural choice we might try specifying the least element Namely , these are rotations , these are rotations by these are rotations by angles which rotations by are angles we , pick could choice , we could pick a single point we could pick a single point from The set of translates partitions those of those translates partitions the circle those translates partitions the circle into translates partitions the circle into a countable collection : every nonempty subset of has the natural numbers every nonempty subset of the natural numbers has a unique least element Then our choice function can choose the least element our choice function can choose the least element of of there , are the real numbers the real numbers , there are models , there are models of there are models of set theory The axiom of choice proves the existence of it is that choice it is that choice implies it that is implies the existence One example is the Banach – Tarski paradox which is – Tarski paradox the Banach Despite most mathematicians , accept these seemingly paradoxical facts these seemingly paradoxical facts , most mathematicians accept the axiom , most mathematicians accept the axiom of most mathematicians accept the axiom of choice that to The restriction any claim ZF renders it alone : is ZF all the statements listed below require which in Tarski paradox – exists the Banach Tarski paradox – exists the Banach . , the axiom of is choice the axiom of is choice able the axiom that shows of choice Thus the axiom of is choice the axiom of is choice not Some results in constructive set theory use the axiom In Kurt Gödel , showed 1938 Kurt Gödel , showed 1938 that In Paul Cohen , employed 1963 1963 , Paul Cohen employed the technique , Paul Cohen employed the technique of Paul Cohen employed the technique of forcing the axiom that establish of choice adding harmless because is another axiom not be by made appeal

be by made appeal to by made appeal to other axioms of it is that choice it is that choice is every ideal of are : an elegant general character The proof of shows also the independence result a wide class also shows that the independence result a wide class that shows of mathematical statements Statements in this class include the statement this class P the statement include that P the statement include that = in it , makes this class this class , it makes no difference , it makes no difference whether it ZF makes whether no difference ZF makes whether no difference or The axiom of is choice not choice which not is the only significant statement which not is the only significant statement is set there , is theory theory , there is an axiom , there is an axiom called there is an axiom called the axiom The axiom of follows global choice from There that are important statements , that are important statements , assuming most important among are them important among them are Zorn's lemma There are several results in category theory which several results in are category theory there , then is sets , then there is no category then there is no category of there is no category of all sets There that are several weaker statements are that are several weaker statements are not One example is the axiom of dependent choice A still weaker example is the axiom of countable choice that some statements are require the axiom There by are implied several historically important set-theoretic statements by several historically important set-theoretic statements implied are AC , was by cited Zermelo was by cited Zermelo as by cited Zermelo as a justification In Russell , declared 1906 PP , Russell declared 1906 BP , then is Baire three of refuted are these results of by are refuted these results these results are by refuted AC are by refuted AC itself by refuted AC itself ) There are models of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory We shall abbreviate "Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory plus one can often prove restricted versions

He was also the leader of During he , was his reign his reign , he was one , he was one of he was one of the most feared enemies He crossed the Danube twice and His unsuccessful campaign in followed was Persia was by in followed 441 by in 441 followed an invasion He subsequently invaded Italy , He planned for further campaigns against was first by proposed Jacob first by proposed Jacob and by proposed Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm this derivation that notes of the name Other scholars have argued for a Turkic origin Omeljan Pritsak considered "Ἀττίλα " ( It is a nominative , King George VI that notes of the United Kingdom The historiography of faced is Attila Attila's contemporaries left many testimonials of his life Priscus was a Byzantine diplomat and historian who was and historian a Byzantine diplomat was obviously by biased his political position obviously by biased his political position , by biased his political position , but was by extensively cited 6th-century historians Procopius by extensively cited 6th-century historians Procopius and He describes the legacy of Attila by orally , transmitted means fragments of reached have this oral history Archaeological investigation has uncovered some details about The Huns were a group of Eurasian nomads Their main military techniques were mounted archery and One scholar suggests a relationship to Yeniseian Attila's father Mundzuk was the brother of This form of was diarchy recurrent His family was from a noble lineage , historian Iaroslav Lebedynsky and archaeologist prefer Katalin Escher Attila grew up in a rapidly changing world His people who were nomads had who were nomads had only They crossed the Volga river during the 370s They whose mounted archers were , a very mobile people whose mounted archers were , a very mobile people had Vast populations fleeing moved the Huns from In the Goths , crossed 376 376 , the Goths crossed the Danube , the Goths crossed the Danube , the Goths crossed the Danube , initially The Huns dominated a vast territory with nebulous borders Some were assimilated to Hunnic nationality

The Huns were also the indirect source of It was Aëtius , later They exchanged ambassadors and hostages The Romans agreed to return the fugitives The Huns remained out of Roman sight They were defeated in Armenia were by in defeated Armenia by in Armenia defeated the Sassanids Crossing they , laid the Danube the Danube , they laid waste , they laid waste to they laid waste to the cities Their advance began at Margus , led by captured ) Geiseric by Geiseric ) captured the Western Roman province Africa was the richest province of the Western Empire The Romans stripped the Balkan area of forces This left Attila and Bleda The Hunnish army sacked Margus and Viminacium During Theodosius , recalled 442 442 , Theodosius recalled his troops , Theodosius recalled his troops from Theodosius recalled his troops from Sicily Attila responded with a campaign in his forces were equipped with battering rams We halted at a short distance from the Huns , took next the Nišava River , the Huns next took Serdica the Huns next took Serdica ( They encountered and destroyed a Roman army Their demands were met for a time Bleda died following the Huns' withdrawal from Attila , rode again 447 In Attila , proclaimed 450 450 , Attila proclaimed his intent , Attila proclaimed his intent to Attila proclaimed his intent to attack Aëtius had spent a brief exile among However , Valentinian's sister was Honoria , Valentinian's sister was Honoria , Valentinian's sister who was , Honoria who was , Honoria had only the influence of convinced Galla Placidia his mother He also wrote to Attila Attila interfered in a succession struggle after Attila supported the elder son , while Aëtius supported , while the elder son Attila gathered his vassals — Gepids On he , captured April 7 April 7 , he captured Metz Servatus ; alleged is Rheims Aëtius moved to oppose Attila The combined armies reached Orléans ahead of Aëtius gave chase and caught Theodoric was killed in the fighting Attila returned in 452 to His army sacked numerous cities and razed

Aëtius lacked the strength to offer Attila finally halted at the River Po Emperor Valentinian III sent three envoys , the high civilian officers Prosper of Aquitaine gives a short description Italy had suffered from a terrible famine would have which required supplies have which required supplies were which required supplies were not Marcian (Flavius Marcianus ) was the successor across he , planned the Danube he , planned the Danube to The conventional account from says Priscus that from Attila says that Priscus Attila says that Priscus was however , he suffered severe bleeding , he suffered severe bleeding and he suffered severe bleeding and died He may have had a nosebleed who Ostrogothic co attacked ( -ruler Valamir His brother Dengizich attempted a renewed invasion across relatives are by known name are by known name and by known name and some This has not stopped many genealogists the end of the 12th century the royal court of proclaimed Hungary the royal court of Hungary proclaimed their descent Lampert of report Hersfeld's contemporary chronicles that An anonymous chronicler of the medieval period represented the meeting Some histories and chronicles describe him This refers to the so-called historical poems about In Ludwig van Beethoven , conceived 1812 1812 , Ludwig van Beethoven conceived the idea , Ludwig van Beethoven conceived the idea of Ludwig van Beethoven conceived the idea of writing In Allied propaganda , referred World War I Allied propaganda , referred World War I to , Allied propaganda referred to Germans Allied propaganda referred to Germans as , in there are Budapest in Budapest there are 10 Attila Streets Budapest there are 10 Attila Streets , there one are , 10 Attila Streets one are , 10 Attila Streets of The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea It is located between the Balkans the Aegean , connected is the north the Aegean is connected to the Marmara Sea The Aegean Islands are located within the sea some within located and the sea The sea reaches a maximum depth of 3,544 meters Lesbos is part of the North Aegean Islands

with Thracians , lived the Greeks Thracians , lived the Greeks among , Thracians lived among the northern coast The Romans conquered the area under the Roman Empire The Fourth Crusade weakened Byzantine control of the area The Greek War of Independence allowed a Greek state on the coast Notable cities on the Aegean coastline include Athens The Aegean dispute has had a large effect on Late Latin authors referred the name "Aegaeus " He was the father of Theseus Aegeus had told Theseus to The sea was known in Latin The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea The Aegean Islands are found within its waters The Anatolian peninsula marks the eastern boundary of the sea The Aegean sea is connected to the Sea of Marmara is by to connected the Sea of Marmara by to the Sea of Marmara connected the Dardanelles The Dardanelles are located to the northeast It ultimately connects with the Black Sea The climate of reflects largely the Aegean Sea most of classified is the Aegean , high temperatures during are summers high temperatures during are summers generally The largest cities are Athens and Thessaloniki Greece has established several marine protected areas along four Greek MPAs are participating in the Network The current coastline dates back to about 4000 BC The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization on the island It represented the first advanced civilization in Europe The Minoan period saw extensive trade between Crete, Aegean The most notable Minoan palace is that of Knossos The Mycenaean Greeks arose on the mainland , the site that believed of Mycenae The Mycenaeans introduced several innovations in the fields Mycenaean Greece was by dominated a warrior elite society was by dominated a warrior elite society and by dominated a warrior elite society and consisted The civilization of perished Mycenaean Greeks with what undetermined is cause the collapse The Archaic period followed the Greek Dark Ages in the 8th century Greece became divided into small self-governing communities several cities BC emerged had the 6th century Each of brought had them In many Greeks BC emigrated the 8th and 7th centuries

many Greeks BC emigrated the 8th and 7th centuries to many Greeks emigrated to form colonies The Aegean Sea was the setting for one that a series of led conquests his empire was divided among his generals Cassander became king of the Hellenistic kingdom The Kingdom of Lysimachus had control over the sea's eastern coast The Macedonian Wars were a series of conflicts They resulted in Roman control or The Fall of its successor state allowed the Western Roman Empire of its successor state allowed the Western Roman Empire , its successor state allowed the Western Roman Empire , the Byzantine Empire later be by threatened the Early Muslim conquests be by threatened the Early Muslim conquests initiated by by threatened initiated the Early Muslim conquests , and North Africa left the Byzantine Empire and North Africa left the Byzantine Empire weakened Crete , conquered was the 820s Crete was by conquered a group was by conquered a group of by conquered a group of Berbers Andalusians exiles The Byzantine Empire that launched a campaign took that a campaign launched took most , the emirate of was Crete the emirate of Crete was one Crete commanded the sea lanes of the Eastern Mediterranean Meanwhile , the Bulgarian Empire threatened Byzantine control , the Bulgarian Empire threatened Byzantine control of the Bulgarian Empire threatened Byzantine control of Northern Greece the Bulgarian Empire managed to obtain a small portion Simeon I of Bulgaria led Bulgaria the area around fragmented was the Aegean sea The Venetians created the maritime state of the Duchy of the Archipelago ; the Ottomans would conquer the area the Ottomans would conquer the area around By the Byzantine Empire lost had the late 14th century the late 14th century the Byzantine Empire had lost all control the Byzantine Empire had lost all control of The Greek War of Independence allowed a Greek state on the coast The Ottoman Empire held a presence over the sea During Greece , gained the war the war , Greece gained control , Greece gained control over Greece gained control over the area of Italy , captured 1912

1912 , Italy captured the Dodecanese islands , Italy captured the Dodecanese islands , Italy captured the Dodecanese islands , and The Greco-Italian War took place from October 1940 to April 1941 The Italian war aim was to establish a Greek puppet state The German invasion resulted in the Axis occupation of The German troops evacuated Athens on 12 October 1944 , navigation through was the sea navigation through was the sea easier Many of are the islands volcanic The Armenian king dynasty Achaemenids made one of the greatest highways its length , " was Royal road , " its length was 2400km " its length was 2400km , its length was 2400km , and it was , and 2400km ; the rest belong to Greece Between there , are the two countries the two countries , there are political disputes , there are political disputes over there are political disputes over several aspects Multiple ports are located along the Greek and Turkish coasts Piraeus , placed is 1.4 million TEUs Piraeus is placed among the top ten ports Piraeus is also the commercial hub of - annually acts as the focus Piraeus is currently Greece's third-busiest port in of the Port of Thessaloniki , was 2007 2007 , the Port of Thessaloniki was the second-largest container port , the Port of Thessaloniki was the second-largest container port in the Port of Thessaloniki was the second-largest container port in Greece In the Port of Thessaloniki , handled 2007 2007 , the Port of Thessaloniki handled 14,373,245 tonnes , the Port of Thessaloniki handled 14,373,245 tonnes of the Port of Thessaloniki handled 14,373,245 tonnes of cargo Fish are Greece's second-largest agricultural export , and Greece are , and Greece's second-largest agricultural export Fish captured include sardines , There is a considerable difference between fish catches has been by impacted the Great Recession Overfishing and habitat destruction is also a concern , Greek fishermen have been offered a compensation The Aegean islands within the Aegean Sea are significant tourist destinations Tourism to the Aegean islands contributes a significant portion Greece is one of the most visited countries

The certification is awarded for beaches the Blue Flag has been awarded to " A Clockwork Orange " is a dystopian satirical black comedy novel A Clockwork Orange " is a dystopian satirical black comedy novel by It is set in a near-future society is that in set a near-future society that in set a near-future society has Alex is a 15-year-old gang leader living in in they , break a stolen car they , break a stolen car into , they break into an isolated cottage they break into an isolated cottage and In the husband , is a metafictional touch a metafictional touch , the husband is a writer , the husband is a writer working the husband is a writer working on at Alex , strikes the Korova the Korova , Alex strikes Dim , Alex strikes Dim for Alex strikes Dim for his crude response Alex feigns illness to his parents " , Alex visits a record store , Alex visits a record store , Alex visits a record store , where he visits , where a record store He invites them back to after Alex , finds a nap a nap , Alex finds his droogs , Alex finds his droogs in Alex finds his droogs in a mutinous mood Georgie challenges Alex for leadership Alex is convicted of murder he , obtained has his term , he has obtained a job he has obtained a job in Alex is only reading Scripture he , chosen is death The technique is a form of aversion therapy The effectiveness of demonstrated is the technique Alex returns to his parents' flat , homeless , he wanders the streets , he wanders the streets and he wanders the streets and enters Two policemen come to Alex's rescue , They take Alex outside town , brutalise He does not recognise Alex he ; removed is the home invasion he is removed from the cottage Alex wakes up in a hospital Alex is offered a well-paying job if is he offered if a well-paying job he offered if a well-paying job agrees

A round of reveals tests that of his old violent impulses reveals that tests his old violent impulses reveals that tests have for himself — finds the nation's musical recording archives himself — finds the nation's musical recording archives halfheartedly Alex himself finds taking less and less pleasure himself finds taking less and less pleasure in The book has three parts , each the total that stated of 21 chapters The 21st chapter was omitted from the editions At Burgess , allowed the American publisher's insistence their editors , Burgess allowed the American publisher's insistence their editors allowed to cut the redeeming final chapter by based , is Stanley Kubrick Kubrick called Chapter 21 "an extra chapter " England was by gripped fears was by gripped fears over by gripped fears over juvenile delinquency the novel's inspiration that stated was his first wife This title alludes to the protagonist's negative emotional responses to Alex , forced is this conditioning narrated by contains , Alex by Alex , contains many words It is a mix of modified Slavic words Burgess Some words invented himself or One of Alex's doctors explains the language But most of are the roots most of the roots are Slav propaganda " the old in-out " means sexual intercourse " ; this is rhyming slang ; this is rhyming slang , this which is , rhyming slang which is , rhyming slang is no key , provided was the book which includes do " the phrase in it removed was 1977 it removed was 1977 from it was removed from high school classrooms it , removed was 1982 it was removed from two Anniston in a bookseller arrested was 1973 a bookseller arrested was 1973 for Malcolm Bradbury wrote " All of Mr Burgess’s powers you , enjoy ’ll the horrors , you ’ll enjoy the manner you ’ll enjoy the manner " Roald Dahl called it "a terrifying and marvellous book " Many reviewers praised the inventiveness of the language " The Spectator " praised Burgess's "extraordinary technical feat The Spectator " praised Burgess's "extraordinary technical feat "

" New Statesman " acclaimed Burgess New Statesman " acclaimed Burgess for The Times " also reviewed the book Burgess dismissed "A Clockwork Orange " as In Burgess , published 1985 1985 , Burgess published "Flame , Burgess published "Flame into Burgess published "Flame into Being it , known became three weeks it became known as the raw material In Burgess , published 1987 1987 , Burgess published a stage play , Burgess published a stage play titled Burgess published a stage play titled "A Clockwork Orange: A Play with Music another musical version , produced was February 1990 another musical version was produced at the Barbican Theatre it " , received "A Clockwork Orange: 2004 " , it received mostly negative reviews , it received mostly negative reviews , it received mostly negative reviews , with John Peter received , with mostly negative reviews he " , called "The Evening Standard " , he called the score , he called the score , he called the score , written by called , written the score he , criticised heavily that score , he heavily criticised the band's experimental mix he heavily criticised the band's experimental mix of Lise Hand of reported " "The Irish Independent , Jane Edwardes of said "20/20" magazine Jane Edwardes of said "20/20" magazine that of watching said that "20/20" magazine this production said that watching "20/20" magazine In Chicago's Steppenwolf Theater , put 1994 Chicago's Steppenwolf Theater , put 1994 on , Chicago's Steppenwolf Theater put on a production Chicago's Steppenwolf Theater put on a production of In Godlight Theatre Company , presented 2002 2002 , Godlight Theatre Company presented the New York Premiere adaptation , Godlight Theatre Company presented the New York Premiere adaptation of Godlight Theatre Company presented the New York Premiere adaptation of "A Clockwork Orange at the production , received Edinburgh Edinburgh , the production received rave reviews , the production received rave reviews from the production received rave reviews from the press Los Angeles director Brad Mays and the ARK Theatre Company staged a multi-media adaptation Vanessa Claire Smith won Best Actress for her gender-bending portrayal

This production utilised three separate video streams outputted to control the city's name ; derives flooding the city's name ; derives flooding from ; the city's name derives from the Amstel dam in Amsterdam , became the late 12th century the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one , Amsterdam became one of Amsterdam became one of the most important ports In the city , expanded the 19th and 20th centuries the city , expanded the 19th and 20th centuries and Amsterdam's main attractions include its historic canals , the Rijksmuseum It drew more than 5 million international visitors in 2014 The Amsterdam Stock Exchange is considered the oldest "modern" securities market stock exchange in Amsterdam , considered is Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha world city Amsterdam is considered an alpha world city by The city is also the cultural capital of Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters in the city many of based are the world's largest companies Amsterdam , ranked was 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second-best city Amsterdam was ranked the second-best city to The city was ranked 4th place globally , the founding of is Amsterdam the founding of is Amsterdam of became local farmers , settled Amsterdam local farmers , settled Amsterdam as early as three millennia ago They lived along the prehistoric IJ river and The prehistoric IJ was a shallow and quiet stream in peatland The origins of linked is Amsterdam In land reclamation , started this area land reclamation , started this area as Amestelle was located along a side arm This side arm took the name from the eponymous land Amestelle was by inhabited farmers was by inhabited farmers , who by inhabited , farmers These farmers were starting the reclamation around of the shallow river IJ , turned time the shallow river IJ , turned time into , the shallow river IJ turned into a wide estuary the shallow river IJ turned into a wide estuary , which into turned , a wide estuary This the water flow made of the Amstel the water flow made of the Amstel more

With the downstream Amstel mouth , became drier banks the downstream Amstel mouth , became drier banks attractive the downstream Amstel mouth became attractive for permanent habitation the river had grown from an insignificant peat stream The settlement first appeared in a document This the inhabitants allowed of the village the inhabitants allowed of the village to Amsterdam was granted city rights in Amsterdam on , flourished the 14th century , an alleged Eucharistic miracle in rendered Kalverstraat an alleged Eucharistic miracle in Kalverstraat rendered the city the devotion , revitalised was 1845 of up to 90,000 pilgrims , came the Silent Walk up to 90,000 pilgrims , came the Silent Walk to , up to 90,000 pilgrims came to Amsterdam In the Dutch , rebelled the 16th century the Dutch , rebelled the 16th century against , the Dutch rebelled against Philip II the Dutch rebelled against Philip II of The main reasons for the uprising were the imposition The revolt escalated into the Eighty Years' War , which into escalated , the Eighty Years' War the Dutch Republic became known for its relative religious tolerance The 17th century is considered Amsterdam's "Golden Age " Ships sailed from Amsterdam to Amsterdam's merchants had the largest share in both the Dutch East India Company Amsterdam was Europe's most important point for the shipment the Amsterdam office of became Dutch East India Company the international trading with France and took England England and France took their toll and France took their toll on France took their toll on Amsterdam During Amsterdam's significance , reached the Napoleonic Wars the Napoleonic Wars , Amsterdam's significance reached its lowest point , Amsterdam's significance reached its lowest point , Amsterdam's significance reached its lowest point , with Holland reached , with its lowest point The end of the 19th century is sometimes called Amsterdam's second Golden Age in the Industrial Revolution , reached this same time this same time , the Industrial Revolution reached the city Both projects dramatically improved commerce with before the city , started the First World War the city , started the First World War to

in Amsterdam , suffered this war this war , Amsterdam suffered a food shortage , Amsterdam suffered a food shortage , Amsterdam suffered a food shortage , and heating fuel suffered , and a food shortage The shortages sparked riots in which several people riots in sparked which These riots are known as the "Aardappeloproer Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 Some Amsterdam citizens sheltered Jews , thereby More than 100,000 Dutch Jews were deported to Nazi concentration camps In the Dutch Communist Party , organized response response , the Dutch Communist Party organized the February strike , the Dutch Communist Party organized the February strike attended the Dutch Communist Party by organized attended the February strike by the February strike attended organized 300,000 people Perhaps the most famous deportee was the young Jewish girl Anne Frank the most famous deportee was the young Jewish girl Anne Frank , who was Anne Frank , the young Jewish girl Many citizens traveled to the countryside to These suburbs contained many public parks and wide-open spaces almost the entire city centre , fallen had the 20th century almost the entire city centre had fallen into disrepair politicians and other influential figures made plans There was an increasing demand for office buildings A metro started operating in 1977 The new city hall was built on the almost completely demolished Waterlooplein , efforts for are further restoration efforts for are further restoration still The entire city centre has reattained its former splendour and , the annual number of rose visitors the annual number of rose visitors from renewed focus has been given to Amsterdam is located in the Western Netherlands The river Amstel ends in the city centre Amstel ends in the city centre and Amsterdam is about below sea level the city , has proper land , the city proper has 4,457 inhabitants the city proper has 4,457 inhabitants per Amsterdam has more than of Amsterdam , surrounded was the Middle Ages Amsterdam was by surrounded a moat was by surrounded a moat , by surrounded a moat , called is also by served a seaport

In Amsterdam's population , was 1300 1300 , Amsterdam's population was around 1,000 people during Amsterdam's population , grew the 15th and 16th centuries Amsterdam's population , grew the 15th and 16th centuries , By its population , was 1600 1600 , its population was around 50,000 During Amsterdam's population , reached the 1660s the 1660s , Amsterdam's population reached 200,000 In Amsterdam , was 1750 1750 , Amsterdam was the fourth largest city , Amsterdam was the fourth largest city in Amsterdam was the fourth largest city in Western Europe The city's population declined in the early 19th century , By industrialisation , spurred the second half of the 19th century the second half of the 19th century , industrialisation spurred renewed growth Amsterdam's population hit an all-time high of 872,000 Between 1970 and 1980 , Amsterdam experienced its sharp population decline , Amsterdam experienced its sharp population decline , Amsterdam experienced its sharp population decline , peaking By 1985 the city had only 675,570 residents was soon by followed reurbanisation soon by followed reurbanisation and by followed reurbanisation and gentrification , much of was Amsterdam's population growth much of was Amsterdam's population growth due , non-Dutch immigrants to were Amsterdam non-Dutch immigrants to were Amsterdam mostly Huguenots came after the Edict of Fontainebleau in for their influx – continued economic reasons their influx – continued economic reasons through – their influx continued through the 18th and 19th centuries , 10% of was the city population 10% of was the city population Jewish The first mass immigration in was the 20th century by and Spain emigrated to Amsterdam , a large wave of settled Surinamese a large wave of settled Surinamese in , many 'old' Amsterdammers moved to 'new' cities many 'old' Amsterdammers moved to 'new' cities like This bill promoted suburbanisation and arranged The non-Western immigrants settled mostly in the social housing projects , people of make non-Western origin people of make non-Western origin up by make ) now the Dutch census Only one in three inhabitants under 15 is an "autochthon " In Christians , formed 2000 2000 , Christians formed the largest religious group

, Christians formed the largest religious group in Christians formed the largest religious group in the city The next largest religion was Islam ( 8% In Christians , formed 2015 2015 , Christians formed the largest religious group , Christians formed the largest religious group in Christians formed the largest religious group in the city , the largely Catholic city of joined Amsterdam the largely Catholic city of Amsterdam joined the revolt all churches , converted were the Dutch takeover all churches were converted to Protestant worship This led to the establishment of This led to the establishment of Jewish , the received 1603 , the Jewish received permission the Jewish received permission to Jewish received permission to practice the first synagogue , consecrated was 1639 other Christian denominations , converted used the city , other Christian denominations used converted Catholic chapels other Christian denominations used converted Catholic chapels to the Huguenots , integrated soon Calvinists the Huguenots soon integrated into the Dutch Reformed Church In Amsterdam , experienced the second half of the 17th century the second half of the 17th century , Amsterdam experienced an influx , Amsterdam experienced an influx of Amsterdam experienced an influx of Ashkenazim Jews often fled the pogroms in who arrived in were Amsterdam They not only founded their own synagogues of most Jews , preferred an official Jewish ghetto most Jews , preferred an official Jewish ghetto to The main street of this Jewish neighbourhood was Jodenbreestraat The neighbourhood comprised the Waterlooplein and the Nieuwmarkt Buildings in fell this neighbourhood into This led to riots , in numerous Catholic prelates ; visited Amsterdam Amsterdam ; numerous Catholic prelates visited the city ; numerous Catholic prelates visited the city , numerous Catholic prelates visited the city , where festivities visited , where the city by have been changed Amsterdam have been by changed immigration been by changed immigration from by changed immigration from former colonies Islam is now the largest non-Christian religion in Amsterdam experienced an influx of religions With Amsterdam , is 180 different nationalities 180 different nationalities , Amsterdam is home , Amsterdam is home to

Amsterdam is home to one The oldest area of known is the town It lies to the east of The Amsterdam canal system is the result of conscious city planning a comprehensive plan , developed was a peak The fourth and outermost canal which is , the Singelgracht which is , the Singelgracht is The canals served for defense , The defenses took the form of a moat and earthen dikes Construction started in 1613 and The canal construction in completed was the southern sector , the construction of proceeded residential buildings the construction of proceeded residential buildings slowly the land , used was the following centuries the land was used for parks During Samuel Sarphati , devised the 19th century the 19th century , Samuel Sarphati devised a plan , Samuel Sarphati devised a plan based Samuel Sarphati devised a plan based on The plan envisaged the construction of new houses two plans , designed were overcrowding two plans were designed at the beginning of the 20th century were which at designed the beginning of the 20th century which at designed the beginning of the 20th century were large new neighbourhoods , built were the Second World War large new neighbourhoods were built in the western, southeastern, and northern parts The neighbourhoods consisted mainly of large housing blocks The oldest building in Amsterdam is the Oude Kerk The oldest wooden building is "Het Houten Huys " at It was constructed around 1425 It is also one of wooden buildings , razed were the 16th century many buildings , constructed were this period many buildings were constructed in the architectural style Buildings of are this period very the most striking buildings designed by is Hendrick de Keyser designed by Hendrick de Keyser is the Westerkerk This roughly coincided with Amsterdam's Golden Age Philip Vingboons designed splendid merchants' houses throughout the city was heavily by influenced French culture This is reflected in the architecture Around architects , broke 1815 architects , broke 1815 with , architects broke with the baroque style architects broke with the baroque style and At the Jugendstil or Art Nouveau style , became the end of the 19th century

the Jugendstil or Art Nouveau style , became the end of the 19th century popular Amsterdam had its own version of the style Amsterdam has many parks , open spaces Yearly , the park has around 10 million visitors Annually , almost 4.5 million people visit the park , almost 4.5 million people visit the park , almost 4.5 million people which visit , the park which visit , the park has The Amstelpark in the Zuid borough houses the Rieker windmill the Zuid borough which houses , the Rieker windmill which houses , the Rieker windmill dates Other parks include the Sarphatipark in the De Pijp neighbourhood The city has many open squares ("plein " Museumplein hosts various museums , including Other squares include Rembrandtplein , Muntplein by Amsterdam – is global real estate consultant Cushman & Wakefield global real estate consultant Cushman & Wakefield – Amsterdam is one – Amsterdam is one of Amsterdam is one of the top European cities The adjoining municipality of Amstelveen is the location The Port of Amsterdam is the fourth-largest port , this is excluding the 16 million day-trippers this is excluding the 16 million day-trippers visiting Two-thirds of located are the hotels Hotels with 4 or 5 stars contribute 42% The room occupation rate was 85% in 2017 The largest group of come non-European visitors from Certain years have a theme in Amsterdam the year 2006 , designated was example , the year 2006 was designated "Rembrandt the year 2006 was designated "Rembrandt 400 Some hotels offer special arrangements or activities This neighbourhood has become a famous attraction for It consists of a network of Amsterdam's high-end shops are found in the streets One of Amsterdam's busiest high streets is the narrow, medieval Kalverstraat Other shopping areas include the "Negen Straatjes " and " Negen Straatjes " are nine narrow streets Negen Straatjes " are nine narrow streets within The Negen Straatjes differ from other shopping districts with These streets have as the "Negen Straatjes " The city also features a large number of Some of held are these markets Fashion designers include Iris van Herpen , Mart Visser

Amsterdam has its garment centre in the World Fashion Center Amsterdam's Rederijkerskamer (Chamber of rhetoric , organised ) the 16th-century , Amsterdam's Rederijkerskamer (Chamber of rhetoric ) organised contests Amsterdam's Rederijkerskamer (Chamber of rhetoric ) organised contests between the first theatre in built was Amsterdam The first ballet performances in given were the Netherlands In French theatre , became the 18th century French theatre , became the 18th century popular ; the Hollandse Opera of built was Amsterdam the Hollandse Opera of built was Amsterdam in popular culture , centred was the 19th century popular culture was centred on the Nes area An improved metronome was invented in 1812 was by in invented 1812 by in 1812 invented Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel the Concertgebouworkest orchestra , established was 1888 who work in live the television industry The most important museums of located are Amsterdam It was created in the last quarter of the 19th century The northeastern part of bordered is the square of by is bordered the square the square is by bordered the large Rijksmuseum This is transformed into an ice rink The northwestern part of bordered is the square of by is bordered the square the square is by bordered the Van Gogh Museum is by bordered the Van Gogh Museum , by bordered the Van Gogh Museum , House The southwestern border of the Museum Square is the Van Baerlestraat the Museum Square which is , the Van Baerlestraat which is , the Van Baerlestraat is The Concertgebouw is located across this street the square one are , several large houses one are , several large houses of The current appearance of realised was the square The square itself is the most prominent site in It also houses paintings from from the collection , consists paintings the collection , consists paintings of , the collection consists of a large variety the collection consists of a large variety of This ranges from Delftware to The architect of the gothic revival building was P.J.H. Cuypers The museum underwent a 10-year, 375 million euro renovation starting in Van Gogh lived in Amsterdam for

The museum is housed in one The building was by designed Gerrit Rietveld A new building was added to the museum by , was designed the performance wing , was by designed Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa Its purpose is to house temporary exhibitions Next to the Stedelijk Museum stands the Van Gogh museum This is Amsterdam's most important museum of modern art The permanent collection consists of works of Amsterdam contains many other museums throughout the city They range from small museums such Amsterdam's musical culture includes a large collection of songs that a large collection of includes songs including the best-known version ; is John Kraaijkamp Sr. the best-known version ; is John Kraaijkamp Sr. probably ; the best-known version is probably that the best-known version is probably that by Jordaan sang especially about his own neighbourhood Another notable Amsterdam song is " Amsterdam " Both focus on broad programming , Other more subcultural music venues are OCCII , OT301 Jazz has a strong following in Amsterdam AFAS Live is also host to in the city , hosts October October , the city hosts the Amsterdam Dance Event , the city hosts the Amsterdam Dance Event ( the city hosts the Amsterdam Dance Event ( ADE Another popular dance festival which is , 5daysoff which is , 5daysoff takes Amsterdam has a world-class symphony orchestra , the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra Their home which is , the Concertgebouw which is , the Concertgebouw is It is by considered critics is by considered critics to by considered critics to be The building contains three halls , Grote Zaal The opera house of located is Amsterdam a word called , ( the Stopera This huge modern complex , opened in 1986 The "Stopera " is the home base of Muziekgebouw aan 't IJ which is , a concert hall which is , a concert hall is The Stadsschouwburg at the Leidseplein is the home base Most plays are performed in the Grote Zaal (Great Hall The normal program of events encompasses all sorts Theater Amsterdam : located is other established venues Theater Amsterdam is located in the west part

It is housed in a modern building of there , is town town , there is a small theatre , there is a small theatre in there is a small theatre in a converted bathhouse The Netherlands has a tradition of cabaret Cabaret dates back to the 1930s In the Kleinkunstacademie is Amsterdam (English the Kleinkunstacademie is Amsterdam (English : Contemporary popular artists are Youp van 't Hek , Freek de Jonge The English spoken comedy scene was established with the founding Amsterdam is famous for its vibrant and diverse nightlife Amsterdam has many "cafés " ( These brown cafés mostly offer a wide range of Most "cafés " have terraces in The two main nightlife areas for tourists are the Leidseplein The Paradiso , Melkweg and Sugar Factory are cultural centres Melkweg and Sugar Factory which are , cultural centres which are , cultural centres turn In recent years ' 24-hour' clubs opened their doors recent years ' 24-hour' clubs opened their doors , 24-hour' clubs opened their doors , most notably Radion De School — hundreds of thousands of travel people hundreds of thousands of travel people to The yearly Holland Festival attracts international artists and visitors Amsterdam Gay Pride is a yearly local LGBT parade of boats The annual Uitmarkt is a three-day cultural event at the start Amsterdam is home of the "Eredivisie" football club AFC Ajax The stadium Johan Cruyff Arena is the home of It is located in the south-east In Amsterdam , hosted 1928 1928 , Amsterdam hosted the Summer Olympics The city holds the Dam to Dam Run , a race The ice hockey team Amstel Tijgers play in the Jaap Eden ice rink Amsterdam holds two American football franchises : the Amsterdam Crusaders There are three field hockey teams : Amsterdam , the city of honours Amsterdam the city of Amsterdam honours the best sportsmen The city of Amsterdam is a municipality It is by governed a directly elected municipal council is by governed a directly elected municipal council , by governed a directly elected municipal council , a municipal executive board

a total of created were 15 boroughs Amsterdam , governed is all Dutch municipalities Amsterdam is by governed a directly elected municipal council is by governed a directly elected municipal council , by governed a directly elected municipal council , a municipal executive board The mayor is a member of the municipal executive board She replaces Eberhard van der Laan (Labour Party ) who replaces Laan (Labour Party ) Eberhard van der it , announced was 18 September 2017 it was by announced Eberhard van der Laan was by announced Eberhard van der Laan in by announced Eberhard van der Laan in an open letter Amsterdam , subdivided is most other Dutch municipalities Amsterdam is subdivided into eight boroughs The boroughs are responsible for many activities that responsible for are many activities , the number of reached Amsterdam boroughs the number of Amsterdam boroughs reached fifteen Fourteen of those had their own district council The fifteenth , Westpoort , covers the harbour municipal decisions , made are the borough system municipal decisions are made at borough level the borough system , restructured was 2010 many smaller boroughs , in restructured which The municipal council of voted Amsterdam to Statistics Netherlands uses three other definitions of Amsterdam The Amsterdam Department for Research and Statistics uses a fourth conurbation The city region is similar to Greater Amsterdam The smallest of is these areas smallest of these areas is the municipality The conurbation had a population of 1,096,042 It includes the municipalities of Zaanstad, Wormerland Greater Amsterdam includes 15 municipalities , and , the population of is this area the population of is this area only It includes for instance Zaanstad , Under Amsterdam , is the Dutch Constitution the Dutch Constitution , Amsterdam is the capital , Amsterdam is the capital of Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands Since the constitution , mentions the 1983 constitutional revision the constitution , mentions the 1983 constitutional revision " , the constitution mentions " Amsterdam the constitution mentions " Amsterdam " Previous versions of mentioned only the constitution The ceremony traditionally takes place at , the Parliament sits in The Hague

the Parliament sits in The Hague , loans , Maximilian I awarded Amsterdam , Maximilian I awarded Amsterdam the right Maximilian I awarded Amsterdam the right to this , replaced was 1508 this was replaced with Maximilian's imperial crown he with replaced when Maximilian's imperial crown The lions date from the late 16th century , Currently , there are sixteen tram routes , there are sixteen tram routes and there are sixteen tram routes and five metro routes Four fare-free GVB ferries carry pedestrians and cyclists , are by operated Connexxion are by operated Connexxion and by operated Connexxion and EBS Amsterdam was intended in 1932 The A3 to cancelled was Rotterdam The A10 ringroad surrounding the city connects Amsterdam Interchanges on cars allow the A10 on cars allow the A10 to cars allow the A10 to enter cars allow to enter the city These city roads are regional roads without grade separation Most are accessible by cyclists , driving discouraged is a car Amsterdam is by served ten stations is by served ten stations of by served ten stations of the Nederlandse Spoorwegen Five are intercity stops : Sloterdijk The stations for are local services : From the station there are regular services the station there are regular services to there are regular services to destinations Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is less than 20 minutes by train Schiphol is the largest airport in the Netherlands It handles over 68 million passengers per year Schiphol was the fifth busiest airport in the world This airport is 4 meters below sea level about 83,000 bicycles , stolen were 2011 about 83,000 bicycles were stolen in Amsterdam Amsterdam has two universities : the University of Amsterdam Other institutions for higher education include an art school Amsterdam's International Institute of Social History is one of the world's largest documentary and research institutions There are over 200 primary schools in Amsterdam Some of these primary schools base their teachings The biggest Montessori high school in Amsterdam is the Montessori Lyceum Amsterdam This used to be primarily Roman Catholicism the gymnasia have recently experienced a revival Most secondary schools in Amsterdam offer a variety

Amsterdam is a prominent centre for national and international media Amsterdam is home to the second-largest Dutch commercial TV group Amsterdam is not considered 'the media city Hilversum is the principal centre for radio and television broadcasting several movies were filmed in Amsterdam The museum is located in the "Strykjärn the museum , houses also 2009 , the museum also houses the EWK the museum also houses the EWK — Center The museum is a national central museum with the task It has , among other things The history of Alva Karlsson is the only exhibition that the only exhibition in is the museum The exhibition connects to the museum's building and One of the museum long-term exhibitions is Industriland Sweden is — when Industriland the exhibition , inaugurated was 2014 It that is an exhibition investigates that an exhibition is investigates what The exhibition that of consists materials that of consists materials are The exhibition addresses themes such as the Museum , houses also 2009 , the Museum also houses EWK the Museum also houses EWK — The origins of are the company complex The modern era of began essentially Audi Auto Union in began when the 1960s The company name is based on the Latin translation The four rings of represent each the Audi logo that one of represent four car companies In he , moved 1902 he , moved 1902 with , he moved with his company he moved with his company to , the August Horch Automobilwerke GmbH. His former partners sued him the August Horch Automobilwerke GmbH. His former partners sued him for His former partners sued him for trademark infringement in he , called his new car business his new car business , he called a meeting , he called a meeting with he called a meeting with close business friends of they , discussed Franz Fikentscher they , discussed Franz Fikentscher how Franz's son was quietly studying Latin was enthusiastically by accepted everyone enthusiastically by accepted everyone attending by accepted everyone attending the meeting Audi started with a 2,612 cc inline-four engine model Type A ,

August Horch left the "Audiwerke " in In Audi , became September 1921 September 1921 , Audi became the first German car manufacturer , Audi became the first German car manufacturer to Audi became the first German car manufacturer to present In Rasmussen , bought the same year the same year , Rasmussen bought the remains , Rasmussen bought the remains of Rasmussen bought the remains of the U.S. automobile manufacturer Rickenbacker models ) manufactured were a Peugeot engine In Audi , merged 1932 Audi , merged 1932 with , Audi merged with Horch Audi merged with Horch , It was during this period that the company during was that this period Before Auto Union , used World War II World War II , Auto Union used the four interlinked rings , Auto Union that used the four interlinked rings Auto Union that used the four interlinked rings make that used the four interlinked rings make up of Auto Union , concentrated the time Auto Union , concentrated the time increasingly Auto Union concentrated increasingly on smaller cars of the factories dismantled were the Soviet Union military administration the factories dismantled were the Soviet Union military administration as the factories were dismantled as part the company's entire assets , expropriated were this the company's entire assets were expropriated without compensation Auto Union AG of deleted was Chemnitz These actions had the effect of liquidating in Auto Union executives , began Soviet-controlled East Germany Soviet-controlled East Germany , Auto Union executives began the process , Auto Union executives began the process of Auto Union executives began the process of relocating what began of relocating the process The former Audi factory in Zwickau restarted assembly These DKW models were renamed to IFA F8 A new West German headquartered Auto Union was launched in Ingolstadt This included production of a small but sturdy 125 cc motorcycle shareholder , Daimler-Benz took an 87% holding , Daimler-Benz took an 87% holding in Daimler-Benz took an 87% holding in the Auto Union company , small two-stroke cars were not the focus small two-stroke cars were not the focus of

In Volkswagen , acquired 1964 1964 , Volkswagen acquired a 50% holding , Volkswagen acquired a 50% holding in Volkswagen acquired a 50% holding in the business Eighteen months later , Volkswagen bought complete control , Volkswagen bought complete control of Volkswagen bought complete control of Ingolstadt the DKW F102 , fitted was September 1965 the DKW F102 was fitted with a four-stroke engine Volkswagen dumped the DKW brand because of developments of named were the model Volkswagen was hostile to the idea Then VW chief Heinz Nordhoff explicitly forbade Auto Union VW chief Heinz Nordhoff explicitly forbade Auto Union from with Nordhoff , was a finished prototype Nordhoff , was a finished prototype so In Auto Union , merged 1969 Auto Union , merged 1969 with , Auto Union merged with NSU Auto Union merged with NSU , NSU , been had the 1950s , NSU had been the world's largest manufacturer NSU had been the world's largest manufacturer of NSU then focused on new rotary engines In the new NSU Ro 80 , was 1967 1967 , the new NSU Ro 80 was a car , the new NSU Ro 80 was a car well the new NSU Ro 80 was a car well ahead teething problems with put the rotary engines The new merged company was incorporated on 1 January 1969 Volkswagen introduced the Audi brand to the United States the Audi in followed and 1972 The Audi 50 was a seminal design Audi 50 was a seminal design because 50 it was because a seminal design it was because a seminal design was the Prinz models ; dropped were the fading NSU range the Prinz models were dropped in 1973 the fatally flawed NSU Ro80 in dropped whilst 1973 The Audi image at this time was a conservative one the "Ur-" prefix " ( is the "Ur-Quattro However , its modern and dynamic exterior belied the low performance , its modern and dynamic exterior belied the low performance of its modern and dynamic exterior belied the low performance of its base engine In Audi , put 1987

Audi , put 1987 forward , Audi put forward a new and very elegant Audi 90 Audi put forward a new and very elegant Audi 90 , which forward put , a new and very elegant Audi 90 of Audi , set the 21st century Audi , set the 21st century forth Audi set forth on a German racetrack Through Audi , began the early 1990s Audi , began the early 1990s to Audi began to shift its target market upscale This began with the release of By Audi , had 1991 1991 , Audi had the four-cylinder Audi 80 , Audi had the four-cylinder Audi 80 , Audi had the four-cylinder Audi 80 , the 5-cylinder Audi 90 in Audi , introduced 1992 1992 , Audi introduced a 2.8L V6 engine It was fitted to the Audi Coupé Sales in fell the United States after in a series fell after the United States a series fell after the United States of a series after fell of recalls A "60 Minutes" report aired 23 November 1986 , featuring the majority that concluded of unintended acceleration cases Audi 5000 contributed to the severity Audi idle-stabilization systems : " were the time Audi idle-stabilization systems were prone to defects which prone to were defects These accelerations could not be the sole cause The defective idle-stabilization system performed a type of electronic throttle control multiple "intermittent malfunctions of observed were the electronic control unit the ; adjusted first several modifications ; the first adjusted the distance the first adjusted the distance between In Audi , introduced the mid-to-late 1990s the mid-to-late 1990s , Audi introduced new technologies , Audi introduced new technologies including Audi introduced new technologies including the use to the Audi A2 , was 2005 2005 , the Audi A2 was a futuristic super mini , the Audi A2 was a futuristic super mini , the Audi A2 was a futuristic super mini , born In the A2 Audi further expanded their TDI technology the A2 Audi further expanded their TDI technology through The Audi A2 was criticised for its high price

The next major model change came in 1995 when the Audi A4 in came when 1995 also the S4 meant became the S6 the S4 meant became the S6 and The engines available throughout were the range available throughout were the range now The V6s were by replaced new 2.4 L were by replaced new 2.4 L and by replaced new 2.4 L and 2.8 L Audi's sales grew strongly in the 2000s The largest sales increases came from Eastern Europe ( in Audis is that China Audis is that China have May 2011 saw record sales for Audi of America In Audi , announced September 2012 September 2012 , Audi announced the construction , Audi announced the construction of Audi announced the construction of its first North American manufacturing plant the Wireless Power Consortium , which operated a booth , which operated a booth demonstrated which a booth operated demonstrated a phone compartment the Audi A7 falsely claimed that the UK In Audi , admitted 2015 Audi , admitted 2015 that through Audi , reported the month of September Audi , reported the month of September that U.S. sales that reported for the month In the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , implicated November 2015 November 2015 , the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency implicated the 3-liter diesel engine versions , the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency implicated the 3-liter diesel engine versions of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency implicated the 3-liter diesel engine versions of the In Audi , expressed November 2016 November 2016 , Audi expressed an intention , Audi expressed an intention to Audi expressed an intention to establish Approval of lead would the plan In Volkswagen AG , announced February 2020 Volkswagen AG , announced February 2020 that Audi AI by is offered a driver assist feature by a driver assist feature offered is Audi The company's stated intent is to offer fully autonomous driving On Audi , stated 4 June 2017 Audi , stated 4 June 2017 that The Audi A8 will therefore be the first production car Audi produces 100% galvanised cars to prevent the full-body zinc coating , proved has other precautionary measures