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id
string | url
string | title
string | text
string | avg_embed
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
20460173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf%20al-Din%20Ghazi%20II | Sayf al-Din Ghazi II | Sayf al-Din Ghazi (II) ibn Mawdud (; full name: Sayf al-Din Ghazi II ibn Mawdud ibn Zengi; died 1180) was a Zangid Emir of Mosul, the nephew of Nur ad-Din Zengi.
He became Emir of Mosul in 1170 after the death of his father Qutb ad-Din Mawdud. Saif had been chosen as the successor under the advice of eunuch ’Abd al-Masish, who wanted to keep the effective rule in lieu of the young emir; the disinherited son of Mawdud, Imad ad-Din Zengi II, fled to Aleppo at the court of Nur ad-Din. The latter, who was waiting for an excuse to annex Mosul, conquered Sinjar in September 1170 and besieged Mosul, which surrendered on 22 January 1171. After ousting al-Masish, he put Gümüshtekin, one of his officers, as governor, leaving Saif ud-Din nothing but the nominal title of emir. The latter also married the daughter of Nur ad-Din.
At Nur ad-Din's death (May 1174), Gümüshtekin went to Damascus to take control of his son and entitled himself of atabeg of Aleppo. Saif ud-Din rejected his tutorage and restored his independence. The nobles of Damascus, worried by Gümüshtekin's increasing power, offered Saif ud-Din their city, but he could not intervene since he was busy in retaking Mosul. Thenceforth Damascus was given to Saladin.
Saladin took control of Biladu-Sham (Syria) but Saif ud-Din wanted to take over Aleppo, so he sent his brother Izz ad-Din Mas'ud at the head of an army to fight Saladin: they met in an area near Hama called Kron Hama (Arabic: قرون حماه) where Saif ud-Din was defeated. Later he prepared for another battle at Tell al-Sultan (Arabic: تل سلطان) near Aleppo, where he was also defeated; he went back to Mosul and sent messengers to Saladin offering his alliance, which was accepted.
Saif ud-Din died from tuberculosis, and his brother Izz ad-Din Mas'ud succeeded him in 1180.
References
Sources
1180 deaths
Zengid emirs of Mosul
Muslims of the Crusades
12th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Year of birth unknown
12th-century monarchs in the Middle East
Tuberculosis deaths in Iraq | [
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20460199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20Bhavani%20Project%20Canal | Lower Bhavani Project Canal | Lower Bhavani Project Canal is a long irrigation canal which runs in Erode district in Tamil Nadu, India. The canal is a valley-side contour canal, fed by Bhavanisagar Dam and irrigates 2.07 lakh hectares of land. The main canal feeds Thadapalli and Arakkankottai channels which irrigate the cultivable lands. The canal was the brainchild M.A Eswaran, member of the legislative assembly of the Erode constituency in the early 1950s.
References
See also
Kalingarayan Canal
Erode district
Canals in Tamil Nadu
Gobichettipalayam
Bhavani River | [
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20460204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayanhat%20Union | Narayanhat Union | Narayanhat Union () is a union of Bhujpur Thana of Chittagong District.
Geography
Area of Narayanhat : 14,800 acres (59.9 km2.)।
Location
North: Dantmara Union
East: Manikchhari Upazila
South: Bhujpur Union
West: Sitakunda Mountain Range and Mirsarai Upzillah
Population
At the 1991 Bangladesh census, Narayanhat Union had a population of 23,370.
Education
Narayanhat Degree College.
Narayanhat (Collegiate) High School.
Narayanhat Senior Madrasha.
Narayanhat (Chanpur) High School.
Shatchora Govt Primary School.
Narayanhat Govt. Primary School.
Jujkhola Govt. Primary School.
Mirzarhat High School.
Mirzarhat Govt. Primary school.
Mohanagor Reg. Primary School
Sahtchora Hedaytul Islam Madrasha
Marketplaces and bazaars
Narayanhat and Mirzarhat is the main marketplace in the union. Shatchora bazar
Villages and mouzas
Chanpur, Dhamarkhil, Shouilkopa,
s jujkhola,N Jujkhola, Hapania, Sundarpur. West Chandpur Shatchora.
References
Unions of Bhujpur Thana | [
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20460215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Albin%20Boniecki | Maria Albin Boniecki | Maria Albin Bończa-Boniecki (1908–1995) was a Polish artist. A survivor of the Nazi concentration camp Majdanek, he emigrated to the United States of America in 1957.
Biography
Early life
Boniecki's father, a Polish patriot, was deported to Siberia when Boniecki was five. Boniecki's mother chose to follow with her children. The circumstances following the Russian Revolution produced an opportunity for Boniecki, his mother and his siblings to slip away. With much difficulty they found a way to Poland, arriving in 1921.
Boniecki studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, and graduated in 1929. He produced many sculptures before the war, notably Birth of Thought, presently held at the National Museum, Warsaw. He was awarded a permanent membership of Zachęta, the Polish Masters National Museum of Fine Arts.
World War II
After the war broke out, Boniecki joined the Polish underground resistance. In 1939 he worked as a volunteer medic, and from 1940 to 1942 took part in counterintelligence in Warsaw, Sub-district II under the pseudonym "Adam".
He was arrested by the Gestapo in October 1942 and imprisoned and interrogated at the infamous Pawiak prison. Thence he was sent to Majdanek concentration camp.
Despite being a subject of Nazi experiments and appalling conditions at the camp, Boniecki continued fashioning sculptures out of whatever he could find to encourage hope and endurance in his fellow prisoners, and in memory of those murdered. His heavily symbolic sculptures included:
The Frog (fountain)
The Tortoise
The Three Eagles Mausoleum (also known as the Column of Three Eagles)
The Seal with Fish
The Lizard
The Shrine
When presented with an opportunity, Boniecki proposed a sculpture of three eagles to the camp officials, who accepted the offer, believing the eagles were a German symbol. But the Three Eagles Mausoleum that he produced symbolized, among other things, the freedom of Poland, brotherhood, and triumph. Some human ashes of the victims of the gas chambers were secretly placed within the sculpture.
The Three Eagles Mausoleum was destroyed after the war and a reconstruction was created in 1962 by Stanisław Strzyżyński, by order of the Polish government and against Boniecki's wishes. This reconstruction (see External links) remains on display at the Majdanek Museum.
At the same time, Boniecki was the chief of section V of Wachlarz, and gathered information within the camp for delegates of the Polish government-in-exile. Information was smuggled in and out of the camp routinely.
With the help of the Polish Home Army, Boniecki escaped in 1944 and, rather than fleeing the country, resumed his counterintelligence activities. He took part in the Warsaw Uprising and was again captured by the Nazis. He passed through the German prisoner-of-war camps at Lamsdorf, Gross Born, and finally Sandbostel, where he was liberated by British forces.
Post-war
Boniecki settled in Paris where he met his wife Krystyna Boniecki (née Binental), also an artist. They continued sculpting and painting, and also developed educational toys for children, among them a tactile alphabet for the blind.
In 1957 the couple moved to Denver, USA, and became US citizens in 1964. Later they moved to Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Solo exhibits
"Polish Masters Exhibitions", National Art Museum in Warsaw
"Polish Artists Exhibitions", National Art Gallery in Warsaw
City Hall in Polish Silesia, Bielsko-Biala
"Exhibition of Polish Artists Association in Paris", Polish Seminary in Paris
"Esposizione Internazionale di Arte Sacra", Pontificia Academia del Pantheon, Rome
International House, Denver, Colorado
Englewood State Bank, Englewood, Colorado
"Millenium of Poland", Colorado University, Boulder, Colorado
Creative Art Gallery, Denver, Colorado
Permanent works available in public space
The Tortoise, State Museum at Majdanek (original concrete)
The Column of Three Eagles, State Museum at Majdanek (reconstruction)
The Lizard, State Museum at Majdanek (original concrete)
St. Francis D'Assises, Museum in Rome (model, bronze)
Annunciation, Polish Church in Rome (tabernacle, bronze)
Tribute to General Marquis de Lafeyette, Civic Center Park, Denver, Colorado (plaque, bronze - see External Links)
St. Francis D'Assises, Museum in Rome (model, bronze)
The Seal, in front of the Children's Hospital, Lublin (fountain, bronze)
Military awards
Cross of Valor (London, 1942)
Cross of Valor (1944)
References
External links
State Museum at Majdanek - Official Site
Reconstruction of the Three Eagles Mausoleum
Waymarking: Tribute to General Marquis de Lafeyette
1908 births
1995 deaths
Polish emigrants to the United States
Home Army members
Majdanek concentration camp survivors
Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw alumni
20th-century Polish sculptors | [
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20460289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington%20Peninsula%20Regional%20Gallery%20Works%20on%20Paper%20Award | Mornington Peninsula Regional Gallery Works on Paper Award | The National Works on Paper Award is a catch-all term for a body of related awards for contemporary art made on, or with, paper. First awarded in 1998, it is the successor event to the Spring Festival of Drawing and the Prints Acquisitive. The award is made biennially, except during the years 1998 to 2000, and 2002 to 2004, when it was made annually. The award and its concomitant exhibition are hosted by the Mornington Peninsula Regional Gallery, located in Mornington, Australia.
In 2008, the total prize pool of the National Works on Paper award was worth A$45,000 and had three components:
The John Tallis Acquisitive Award, valued at A$15,000;
The Mornington Peninsula Regional Shire Acquisition Fund awards, valued at up to A$20,000; and
The Friends of the Mornington Peninsula Regional Gallery Acquisition Fund awards, valued at up to A$10,000.
Winners (major award only)
1998 - Christopher Hodges
1999 - Jennifer Buntine
2000 - Matthew Butterworth
2002 - eX de Medici
2003 - Lisa Roet
2004 - Paul Boston
2006 - Gareth Sansom
2008 - Danie Mellor
2010 - Richard Lewer
2014 - Jess Johnson
References
External links
Mornington Peninsula Regional Gallery website
Mornington Peninsula Regional Gallery - 2008 NWOP Award
MPRG - NWOP Past Exhibitions
Australian art awards
Mornington Peninsula
Awards established in 1998
1998 establishments in Australia | [
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20460308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knarsdale | Knarsdale | Knarsdale, historically Knaresdale, is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Knaresdale with Kirkhaugh, in Northumberland, England about north of Alston. The village takes its name from the Knarr Burn: Knarr means 'rugged rock'. In 1951 the parish had a population of 289.
History
The manor of Knarsdale was held in medieval times by the Swinburn family, and in 1313 Hugh de Swinburn was rector of Knarsdale. It was later held by the Wallis family, who sold it in 1730 to John Stephenson, a Newcastle merchant. One of the Stephenson family built Alston market cross. But in 1769 Knarsdale was sold to James Wallace, a distinguished lawyer. His son Thomas, for services to his country, was created Baron Wallace of Knarsdale. The family also owned Featherstone Castle, and Hodgson described Knarsdale Hall as having declined in importance — a gentleman's place of the 17th century now and for a long time since occupied by the farmer of the adjoining grounds... The garden walls have lost their trimness, the malt kilns and the brewhouse are gone. Today, however, the stone buildings on top of a high mound dominate the scene and are strongly built. The mullioned windows seem to have been inserted into an older hall.
Governance
Knarsdale is in the parliamentary constituency of Hexham. On 1 April 1955 the parish was abolished to form Knaresdale with Kirkhaugh.
Religious sites
The church is dedicated to St Jude, and Hodgson saw it in a ruinous condition, with stone lying about. It had been rebuilt in the seventeenth century, and old grave slabs were used in the building. In 1833, however, it was rebuilt at a cost of £300 and a new rectory was erected at this time. On the south wall of the church, beneath the sundial, is a stone carved with Erected 1833. Rev. Thomas Bewsher, Rector. William Parker and Joseph Richardson, Church Wardens. Enlarged 1882. Vestry and Porch added 1906. There is a fine collection of gravestones and one carried a strange inscription, which Hodgson called 'disgraceful doggerel':
All you who please these lines to read
It will cause a tender heart to bleed:
I murdered was upon the fell,
And by a man I knew full well;
My bread and butter which he'd lade,
I, being harmless, was betrayed.
I hope he will rewarded be,
That laid the poison here for me.
It was the epitaph of Robert Baxter, who died 4 October 1796. A man with whom he had a quarrel allegedly left a poisoned wrapped sandwich for him, but there was seemingly no inquest to confirm the accusation. The gravestone is now broken.
References
External links
GENUKI (Accessed: 27 November 2008)
Villages in Northumberland
Former civil parishes in Northumberland | [
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20460404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherwitton | Netherwitton | Netherwitton is a village in Northumberland, England about west north west of Morpeth.
A former cotton-mill now converted into residential housing, the old village school also converted into a house, an old bridge, a small church, and a number of cottages and gardens comprise the village. The old cross, dated 1698, still stands in a garden beyond the green. The village cross in Netherwitton is dated 1698 and seems to have been moved there when the village was moved. The original site is now parkland. The cross stands 1.6m high and was repaired in 1825. Most of the common about it has been appropriated and planted with trees.
History
During the Civil War, Cromwell quartered a large force in the grounds of the stately Netherwitton Hall for one night, and later awarded a sum of £95-5s-6d. as compensation for the damage done by his troops. After Culloden in 1746 Lord Lovat, a Jacobite leader, for a long while lay concealed in a "Priest's Hole" in an upper room of the Hall. Roger Thornton, a great merchant-prince of Newcastle at the beginning of the 15th century, was a native of Netherwitton and built a castle by the river, but no trace of it remains.
Landmarks
The Devil's Causeway passes the village less than to the east. The causeway is a Roman road which starts at Port Gate on Hadrian's Wall, north of Corbridge, and extends northwards across Northumberland to the mouth of the River Tweed at Berwick-upon-Tweed.
Devils Causeway Tower, Netherwitton, also known as, or recorded in historical documents as Highbush Wood. King writes ‘Marked on some OS maps as tower but now considered to be remains of cottage.’ SMR still records as ‘site of tower’. Long records as ‘remains of an irregular shaped tower.’ This site has been described as a Pele Tower. The confidence that this site is a medieval fortification or palace is Questionable.
Netherwitton Hall is a Grade I listed building. There has been a house on the site since the 14th century. The present house, which was built in about 1685, to a design by architect Robert Trollope has an impressive three-storey, seven-bayed frontage with balustrade and unusual irregular window pediments. The rear presents some earlier features including a stairway tower which may contain remnants of ancient fortifications. The gardens contain a folly and masonry features.
Religious sites
The church is dedicated to St Giles. He is the saint referred to as "Saint Aegidius" in one of the stained glass windows in the church, 'Aegidius' being the Latin form of the name 'Giles'.
References
External links
GENUKI (Accessed: 27 November 2008)
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20460421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennington | Rennington | Rennington is a village in Northumberland, England about north of Alnwick.
Governance
Rennington is in the parliamentary constituency of Berwick-upon-Tweed.
References
External links
GENUKI (Accessed: 27 November 2008)
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20460437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirudhubashini%20Govindarajan | Mirudhubashini Govindarajan | Mirudhubashini Govindarajan (born 1947) is an Indian-born healthcare consultant, focussing on women's healthcare and infertility management in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Background
Govindarajan was born in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Her father was a lawyer, freedom fighter and politician focussing on organic farming. Govindarajan's mother was a doctor in Coimbatore.
Her early education was in Coimbatore, India and then she moved on to the alma mater of her mother, Stanley Medical College in Chennai to obtain her medical degree. On completion of her medical studies in Chennai, she moved to New York and then to Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. She later became a Fellow of Royal College of Surgeons of Canada in 1977 and a lecturer at the University of Manitoba, Canada.
On her return to India in 1981, Mirudhubashini joined Sri Ramakrishna Hospital and started their Obstetrics and Gynecology department. She was instrumental in the formation of Womens Center. In early 2011, she moved into a new facility of her own Womens Center, located in the Northern part of Coimbatore providing all women's healthcare services under a single roof. She holds a patent in relation to methods for the treatment of endometriosis and related disorders and conditions.
Current Positions
Source:
Clinical Director, Womens Center, Coimbatore
Clinical Director, Assisted Reproductive Technology Center Coimbatore
Director, Center for Perinatal Care Coimbatore Pvt Ltd
Director, Womens Center and Hospitals Private Limited, Coimbatore
Adjunct Professor, The Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University
Publications and research
Inheritance of Infertility
Journal of Human Reproductive Medicine
Fertilization and Development: Theory and Practice
ART, PGD effective treatment for infertility
Memberships
Source:
Indian Medical Association
Coimbatore Obstetrics and Gynecology Society - President, 2002-2003
Federation Gynecological and Obstetrics Societies of India
Indian Association of Cytologists
Perinatal Committee-FOGSI
European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology
American Society of Reproductive Medicine
Member, Editorial Board international Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, published in New Zealand
Founder President Coimbatore Ultrasound Society
Awards
Rotary for the Sake of Honor Award for the services in Women’s Health care
Dinamalar award for Women "Achievement in Medical science"
Distinguished alumni award for lifetime achievement from Mani High School
The Professor Arnold H. Einhorn's Endowment Orator in 2008
References
1947 births
Living people
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons
Indian surgeons
Indian gynaecologists
Tamil scientists
Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu
People from Coimbatore
Indian women gynaecologists
20th-century Indian women scientists
20th-century Indian medical doctors
Indian women surgeons
Women scientists from Tamil Nadu
20th-century women physicians
20th-century surgeons | [
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20460518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal%20Park%20%28Luxembourg%20City%29 | Municipal Park (Luxembourg City) | The Municipal Park () is a public urban park in Luxembourg City, in southern Luxembourg. The eastern edge flanks the boulevard du Prince Henri and, along with the valleys of the Alzette and Pétrusse, forms a boundary that separates the central Ville Haute quarter from the rest of the city.
This green arc is segmented into separate sections by the avenue Monterey, the avenue Émile Reuter, and the avenue de la Porte-Neuve. The area bordered by these roads is approximately . The southernmost section of the park is called Edith Klein Park (Parc Ed. Klein). The park was created after the demolition of the fortress under the 1867 Treaty of London.
The park is the location of the Villa Louvigny, in the southernmost section, and the Villa Vauban, across the avenue Émile Reuter. The Villa Louvigny was the seat of the Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion, the forerunner of RTL Group, and hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in 1962 and 1966. The Villa Vauban was the original seat of the European Court of Justice, and is now an art museum.
During the excavation for the construction of the underground Monterey car park, the remains of the fort was uncovered. Named the Lambert Redoubt, the pentagonal fortress can now be seen just south of avenue Monterey. The Lambert Fortress was originally built in 1685, renovated in 1835–6, and razed between 1868 and 1874.
Footnotes
Parks in Luxembourg City | [
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20460533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Perrin%20%28bishop%29 | William Perrin (bishop) | William Willcox Perrin (11 August 184827 June 1934) was an Anglican bishop in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Perrin was born at Westbury-on-Trym, Somersetshire, on 11 August 1848 and educated at both King's College London and Trinity College, Oxford. Ordained in 1870, he began his ministry with a curacy at St Mary's Southampton and was then vicar of St Luke's in the same city before his ordination to the episcopate as the Bishop of British Columbia. He was consecrated a bishop on 24 March 1893, by Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Westminster Abbey. He was later translated to be the Bishop of Willesden. During this period he was also the rector of St Andrew Undershaft A noted Freemason (he kept the rectory until his death). He died on 27 June 1934 and is buried in the churchyard of St John-at-Hampstead Church, London. His sister Edith was a prominent social reformer.
Perrin unveiled and dedicated the Hampstead War Memorial in May 1922.
He retired in summer 1929, resigning his see in time for his successor's consecration on the Feast of St James (25 July). He became an Assistant Bishop of London until his death — he apparently retained oversight of Hampstead deanery throughout.
References
1848 births
1934 deaths
Anglican bishops of British Columbia
Bishops of Willesden
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
19th-century Anglican Church of Canada bishops
20th-century Church of England bishops
Burials at St John-at-Hampstead
Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England
20th-century Anglican Church of Canada bishops | [
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20460541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single%20cell | Single cell | Single cell and similar can mean:
Biology
Single-cell organism
Single-cell protein
Single-cell recording, a neuro-electric monitoring technique
Single-cell sequencing
Single cell epigenomics
Single-cell transcriptomics
Other
Single-cell thunderstorm
Single Cell (comic), a comic
Single Cell Orchestra, run by Miguel Fierro
Single Cell Orchestra (album), a music albuma battery (electric) of one cell | [
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20460549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20P.%20Armstrong | Frank P. Armstrong | Francis Patrick Armstrong (circa 1859–1923) was a steamboat captain in the East Kootenay region of British Columbia. He also operated steamboats on the Kootenay River in Montana and on the Stikine River in western British Columbia. Steam navigation in the Rocky Mountain Trench which runs through the East Kootenay region was closely linked to Armstrong's personality and career. In addition to being a steamboat captain, Armstrong was also a prospector, white-water boat pilot and guide in the Big Bend country of the Columbia River.
Early life
Armstrong had been born in Sorel, Quebec about 1859. He moved to Winnipeg in 1881, and then came west working with a Canadian Pacific Railway surveying crew in the Columbia Valley from Cranbrook to Golden.
Character
Lewis R. Freeman, a journalist, adventurer, movie-maker, and football coach, came to know Armstrong well in 1920 during a boat trip down the Columbia. Freeman described Armstrong, and as "one of the most picturesque personalities in the pioneering history of British Columbia":
Beginning of steam navigation
In 1882 Armstrong homesteaded on the east side of Columbia Lake and planted potatoes, with the plan of selling them to the workers building the CPR downriver at Golden. He built two flat-bottomed boats, (called "bateaux") to transport his crop on the river. Armstrong decided a steamboat would be a good way to tow the bateaux back upstream. He arranged to have steam engines shipped west from a steam ferry built in 1840 that operated at his home town in Quebec. Once the engines arrived, and a boiler could be located, Armstrong assembled a steamboat from miscellaneous planks and timbers that were lying around at an old sawmill. The result was the Duchess, launched in 1886 at Golden. Two early passengers wrote that her appearance was "somewhat decrepit" and Armstrong himself later agreed that she was "a pretty crude steamboat."
Building the second Duchess
Duchess sank at least once, but Armstrong was eventually able to raise her from the river. He then applied the odd-shaped steamer to make enough money in 1887 to have a new sternwheeler built, also called Duchess. Armstrong hired the veteran shipbuilder Alexander Watson, of Victoria, BC to build the new steamer, which although small, was well-designed and looked like a steamboat. Armstrong also had built a second steamer, Marion, which although smaller than the second Duchess, needed only six inches of water to run in. This was an advantage in the often shallow waters of the Columbia above Golden, where as Armstrong put it, "the river's bottom was often very close to the river's top".
The Baillie-Grohman Canal
A curious feature of the Rocky Mountain Trench is that two of the major rivers that flow through it, the Columbia, flowing north, and the Kootenay flowing south, are separated by only about a mile of low marshy prairie at a place now known as Canal Flats. As the name implies, a shipping canal was built across Canal Flats by William Adolf Baillie-Grohman, a European adventurer and promoter from wealthy and privileged background. The canal was completed in 1889, but it was only used three times by steamboats, every time under the command of Captain Armstrong.
In 1893, Armstrong built Gwendoline at Hansen's Landing on the Kootenay River, and took the vessel through the canal north to the shipyard at Golden to complete her fitting out. By this time it appears that the canal had been damaged or deteriorated to the boat where at least some of the transit of Gwendoline had to be accomplished by pulling the vessel of the water, partially dismantling the boat, and pulling her along on rollers. Over the winter, Armstrong, it is reported, was able to prevail on the provincial government to expend funds to repair the canal. In late May 1894 Armstrong returned the completed Gwendoline back to the Kootenay River, this time transiting normally the rehabilitated canal.
The canal remained unused until 1902, when Armstrong brought North Star north from the Kootenay to the Columbia. The transit of North Star was only made possible by the destruction, by dynamite, of the lock at the canal.
Mining boom on the upper Kootenay River
A mining boom along the upper Kootenay river in the early 1890s led to a demand for shipping to transport miners and supplies into, and ore out of, the region surrounding the river. The Great Northern Railway at Jennings, Montana was the nearest downriver railhead for upper Kootenay shipping.
Armstrong moved south from the Columbia to the Kootenay, and built the small sternwheeler Gwendoline at Hansen's Landing, about north of the present community of Wasa. Instead of taking the ore south to the Jennings, Armstrong's plan was to move the ore north across Canal Flats and then down the Columbia to the CPR railhead at Golden. Armstrong took Gwendoline through the Baillie-Grohman Canal in the fall of 1893 (or rolled her across Canal Flats), fitted her out at Golden, and returned through the canal in the spring of 1894.
The difficulty of moving Gwendoline through the Canal convinced Armstrong that the only feasible route was south to Jennings. By early 1896, Armstrong joined with veteran Willamette River steamboat captain James D. Miller and built Ruth (named after Armstrong's daughter) at Libby, Montana. Ruth was the largest steamer yet to operate on the upper Kootenay River. Later, Armstrong and Miller associated with Wardner, and, when their competitors, DePuy and Jones suffered the misfortune of having their new vessel Rustler (125 tons) sunk after just six weeks of operation, the three men were able to dominate the river traffic.
Jennings Canyon
Once in the United States, the Kootenay river, in its natural state before the construction of the Libby Dam, flowed through Jennings Canyon to the settlement of Jennings, Montana. Jennings has almost completely disappeared as a town, but it was near Libby, Montana. Above Jennings, the Kootenay River narrowed as it ran through Jennings Canyon, which was a significant hazard to any river navigation. A particularly dangerous stretch was known as the Elbow. Jennings Canyon was described by Professor Lyman as "a strip of water, foaming-white, downhill almost as on a steep roof, hardly wider than steamboat".
No insurance agent would write a policy for steamboats and cargo transiting the Jennings Canyon. Armstrong once persuaded an agent from San Francisco to consider making a quote on premiums. The agent decided to examine the route for himself, and went on board with Armstrong as the captain's boat shot through the canyon. At the end of the trip, the agent's quote for a policy was one-quarter of the value of the cargo. Faced with this quote, Armstrong decided to forgo insurance.
The huge profits to be made seemed to justify the risk. Combined the two steamers could earn $2,000 in gross receipts per day, a lot of money in 1897. By comparison, the sternwheeler J.D. Farrell (1897), cost $20,000 to build in 1897. In ten days of operation then, an entire steamboat could be paid for. Armstrong and Miller unsuccessfully tried to get the U.S. Government to finance clearing of some of the rocks and obstructions in Jennings Canyon. Without government help, they hired crews themselves to do the work over two winters, but the results were not of much value.
Despite the work on the channel, every steamboat Armstrong ever took through Jennings Canyon was eventually wrecked in the canyon. The wreck Gwendoline and Ruth on May 7, 1897, resulted in the destruction of Ruth and the sinking of Gwendoline, fortunately with no losses other than severe financial ones. When the new steamer North Star was launched a few weeks later, Armstrong was able to make up for some of the losses with 21 completed round trips on the Kootenay between Fort Steele and Jennings before low water forced him to tie up on September 3, 1897.
Move to the Stikine River
In January 1898, Armstrong went north to Alaska to participate in the Klondike Gold Rush, with Armstrong deciding to try his chances at making money as a steamboat captain on the Stikine River then being promoted as the "All-Canadian" route to the Yukon River gold fields. On the Stikine River, Armstrong served with the famous steamboat captain John Irving. Together with A.F. Henderson, Armstrong built a steamboat, Mono for the Teslin Transportation Company of Victoria, BC. As might be expected from a vessel designed by Armstrong, Mono had excellent shallow water performance. When the Stikine river route collapsed as an alternate access to the Klondike in July 1898, Mono was taken under tow to St. Michael, Alaska for service on the Yukon River.
Return to the Columbia River
North Star was sold back to Captain Armstrong when he returned from his Klondike adventure, and on June 4, 1902, he took her north to the Columbia River on his famous dynamite-aided transit of the decrepit Baillie-Grohman canal. With North Star gone, steamboating on the upper Kootenay ended for good. While Armstrong had been engaged in the Kootenay and the Klondike mining booms, a few competitors had appeared on the upper Columbia. In 1899, Harold E. Forster (d.1940) a wealthy mountain climber, businessman, politician and occasional steamboat captain, brought Selkirk by rail from Shuswap Lake to Golden, where he launched her but used her as a yacht and not, at least initially, as commercial vessel. Also, Captain Alexander Blakely bought the little sidewheeler Pert and operated her on the river.
In 1902 Armstrong dismantled Duchess. Armstrong built a new steamer, Ptarmigan, using the engines from Duchess which were by then were over 60 years old.
Service in the Great War
Many men from British Columbia served in World War I which began in 1914. Steamboat men were no exception, even Armstrong although he could easily have stayed home because of his age. Instead, Armstrong supervised British river transport in the Middle East, on the Nile and Tigris rivers. The Tigris in particular was in a difficult and hard-fought theater of war. Armstrong was not the only one of the small community of steamboat men of Golden to serve. Armstrong's apprentice, John Blakely (1889–1963), the son of his former competitor, enlisted and went to Europe, where he became one of only six survivors when his ship was torpedoed in the English Channel.
End of steam navigation on the upper Columbia river
The construction of railroads and the economic dislocations caused by the war had doomed steamboats as a method of transportation on the upper Columbia. With Armstrong in command, Nowitka made the last steamboat run on the upper Columbia in May 1920, pushing a barge-mounted pile-driver to build a bridge at Brisco, which when complete was too low to allow a steamboat to pass under it.
Last years and legacy
Armstrong found employment with the Dominion government on his return from the war. He was seriously injured in an accident in Nelson, British Columbia, and died in a hospital in Vancouver, British Columbia, in January 1923. His own life had spanned the entire history of steam navigation in the Rocky Mountain Trench from 1886 to 1920. An older riverman who had known Captain Armstrong said of him: "With Armstrong those who could pay were expected and those who couldn't were never left behind".
See also
Baillie-Grohman Canal
North Star (sternwheeler 1897)
Steamboats of the upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers
Notes
1859 births
1923 deaths
Canadian sailors
Steamship captains
People of the Klondike Gold Rush | [
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20460553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit%20Ijza | Beit Ijza | Beit Ijza (, also spelled Bayt Ijza); is a village in the Jerusalem Governorate in the central West Bank with an area of 2,526 dunams. Located approximately six miles north of Jerusalem, it had a population of 698 in 2007.
Location
Beit Ijza is located north-west of Jerusalem, bordered by Al Jib to the east and Al Jib lands to the north, Beit Duqqu to the west, and Biddu to the south.
History
Ottoman era
Beit Ijza was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the nahiya of Al-Quds in the liwa of Al-Quds under the name of Bayt Iza. It had a population of 6 household; who were all Muslims. They paid a fixed Ziamet tax-rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, vineyards, fruit trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 2,500 akçe.
In 1738 Richard Pococke named it Beteser, seeing it "on the hill to the east of the valley".
In 1838, it was described as a Muslim village, located in the Beni Malik area, west of Jerusalem.
In 1883 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Beit Izza as: "a village of moderate size on a hill with a spring at some distance to the west."
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, "Bait Izza" had a population of 59 Muslims, decreasing slightly in the 1931 census to 54 Muslims, in 14 houses.
In the 1945 statistics Beit Ijza had a population of 70 Muslims, with a total of 2,550 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, Arabs used 122 dunams for plantations and irrigable land, 922 for cereals, while 8 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Beit Ijza came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 129 inhabitants in Beit Ijza.
Post 1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Beit Ijza has been under Israeli occupation.
Under the 1995 Oslo II Accord, 6.7% of the total village area was classified as Area B, and the remaining 93.3% classified as Area C, under full Israeli control. Israel has confiscated land in Beit Ijza for settlements, including Giv'at Ze'ev and Giv'on Ha'hadasha. In addition, the separation wall extends onto Beit Ijza land, leaving 980 dunums, (or 38.1% of the total village's area), behind the wall, on the Israeli side. The Palestinian owners of the land must rely on Israeli permission to access their land. Permission is only granted to the property owner, often elderly people, leaving them unable to hire help to work the land. One family in Beit Ijza lives with walls on all sides of its property due to extensive land expropriations by Israel.
Shrine
Tawfiq Canaan found a Maqam (shrine) for en-nabi Yusif, on a spot which dominated Beit Ijza.
References
Bibliography
(pp. 17 - 18: this shows Beit Ijza, according to Pringle, 2009, p. 234)
(p. 234)
External links
Welcome to Bayt Ijza
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Bayt Ijza village (fact sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
Beit Ijza village profile, ARIJ
Beit Ijza aerial photo, ARIJ
Locality Development Priorities and Needs in Beit Ijza, ARIJ
POICA
Villages in the West Bank
Jerusalem Governorate | [
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20460599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timarion | Timarion | The Timarion () is a Byzantine pseudo-Lucianic satirical dialogue probably composed in the twelfth century (there are references to the eleventh-century Michael Psellus), though possibly later.
The eponymous hero, on his way to a Christian fair at Thessalonica, is unexpectedly taken to Hades, which is ruled by pagan figures and pagan justice (including the emperor Theophilos as a judge), and where "Galilæans" (that is, Christians) make up only one sect (αἵρεσις) of many.
In one scene, a eunuch whose face "shines like the sun" whispers in Timarion's ear. His companion Theodore says it's his guardian angel.
Edition and translation
R. Romano, "Pseudo-Luciano, Timarione", in Byzantina et neo-hellenica neapolitana 2. Naples: Università di Napoli. Cattedra di filologia bizantina, 1974; pp. 49-92.
B. Baldwin, Timarion, Translated with Introduction and Commentary. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1984.
Anonim Bir Bizans Hicvi Timarion, çev: Engin ÖZTÜRK, İstanbul: Urzeni Yayınları, 2020.
See also
The Menippus or Necyomantia by Lucian
Mazaris' Journey to Hades (late Byzantine)
References
Kaldellis, A., Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition. Cambridge: CUP, 2008; pp. 276-283.
Ejusdem, "The Timarion: Toward a Literary Interpretation", in P. Odorico (ed.), La face cachée de la littérature Byzantine: Le texte en tant que message immédiat. Paris: École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Centre d’études Byzantines, néo-helléniques et sud-est européennes (Dossiers byzantins, vol. 7, forthcoming).
Kazhdan, A. and A. Wharton-Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990; pp. 139sq.
Byzantine literature
12th-century books | [
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20460606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%20Yani | Wang Yani | Wang Yani (; 1975) is a Chinese artist who began painting at the age of two-and-a-half. Her work was exhibited in China when she was four, appeared on a postage stamp when she was eight, and she had a solo exhibition at a museum in London when she was fourteen, and soon after, at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery at the Smithsonian Institution, in a traveling exhibit organized by the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri. The Sackler exhibit included a painting done when she was three entitled "Kitty."
By the time she was sixteen, six different books had been written about Wang Yani. They told the story of an innocent girl who loved to paint monkeys, baboons, and cats, and who grew into a world-famous young teen who painted as curators of the Smithsonian watched her create beautiful birds and flowers with her dancing brush.
Wang Yani also exhibited in Germany and grew to love that country in her middle teen years. Studying the German language and winning a scholarship to study art in Germany, in 1996 began to study art at the Academy of Fine Arts Munich. She has had many exhibitions in Germany since 1996, including at Galerie Jaspers.
She is married to photographer Wu Min-an.
References
External links
Wang Yani
Artists from Guangxi
Living people
1975 births
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
People from Guilin
Child artists | [
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20460610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Henry%20Hance | William Henry Hance | William Henry Hance (November 10, 1951 – March 31, 1994) was an American serial killer and soldier who is believed to have murdered four women in and around military bases before his arrest in 1978. He was convicted of murdering three of them, and not brought to trial on the fourth. He was executed by the state of Georgia in the electric chair.
Investigation
In 1978, Columbus, Georgia was undergoing a wave of murders of women. Several elderly white women had been killed by a perpetrator nicknamed the Stocking Strangler. In addition, the bodies of two young black sex workers had been found outside of Fort Benning nearby.
The disparate groups of victims were linked by a letter to the local police chief written on United States Army stationery. The handwritten note purported to be from a gang of seven white men who were holding a black woman hostage and would kill her if the Stocking Strangler were not apprehended. The Stocking Strangler was believed to be a black man, and this had been widely reported at the time.
The seven white vigilantes wished to be known as the "Forces of Evil", and wanted the police chief to communicate with them via messages on radio or television. The first letter was followed by others; eventually, a ransom demand of $10,000 was also made to keep the alleged hostage, Gail Jackson, alive. (Jackson was also known as Brenda Gail Faison and other aliases.) The letters were followed by phone calls.
The letters and calls were a hoax intended to divert attention from the real killer. Gail Jackson, the supposed hostage, had been murdered five weeks before she was found, and before the first letter was sent. Her body was discovered in early April 1978. She was 21 years old. Soon afterward, following instructions in yet another call from the "Forces of Evil", a second black woman's body was found at a rifle range at Fort Benning. Her name was Irene Thirkield. She was 32.
FBI profiler Robert K. Ressler created a profile which asserted that the killer was one man, not seven; black, not white; single, not well-educated, and probably a low-ranking military man at the fort in his late twenties.
Using the profile and aware that both Jackson and Thirkield were prostitutes, Georgia Bureau of Investigation officers searched near the fort for bars which had generally black patrons. They were quickly able to identify William Hance and arrest him. He was a Specialist (E-4) attached to an artillery unit at the fort as a truck driver. Hance had begun his military career as a Marine before joining the Army.
When confronted with evidence including his handwriting, voice recordings, and shoe prints from the crime scenes, Hance confessed to killing both women and to the killing of a third woman at Fort Benning in September 1977. Karen Hickman, 24, was a white Army private known to date black soldiers and socialize in black pubs. Hance was not charged with Hickman's murder in the civilian system, but was charged, tried, and convicted by a court martial for her death.
Eventually, Hance was also identified as the killer of a young black woman at Fort Benjamin Harrison in Indiana. Hance was not charged with this murder.
However, despite his four known homicides, he was innocent of the Stocking Strangler murders, eventually attributed to another black man, Carlton Gary.
Military courts
Hance was convicted in a military court, but not tried in civilian courts, for the murder of Irene Thirkield.
Hance was also tried and convicted in a court martial, but not a civilian court, for the murder of Karen Hickman.
During his court martial for the murder of Irene Thirkield, Hance received a life sentence which was reversed when jurors decided he lacked the mental capacity for premeditation.
For the deaths of both Hickman and Thirkield, Hance's final court martial sentence was life at hard labor. The convictions were set aside in 1980 and he was not retried by the military court system.
Civilian courts
Hance v. State, 245 Ga. 856, 268 S.E.2d 339, cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1067, 101 S.Ct. 796, 66 L.Ed.2d 611 (1980). In this case, Hance's conviction and sentence of death in the Jackson murder were affirmed by the Georgia Supreme Court. The Thirkield murder is also included in the Court's summation of the facts.
Hance v. Zant, 456 U.S. 965, 102 S.Ct. 2046, 72 L.Ed.2d 491 (1982). The United States Supreme Court denied certiorari in Hance's habeas corpus appeal in the Jackson murder.
William Henry Hance, Petitioner, v. Walter D. Zant, Warden, Georgia Diagnostic And Classification Center, Respondent United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit. 696 F.2d 940, cert. denied, 463 U.S. 1210, 103 S.Ct. 3544, 77 L.Ed.2d 1393 (1983). After the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear his first habeas petition in the Jackson case in 1982, the federal appellate court for the 11th Circuit, which includes Georgia, affirmed Hance's conviction but ordered a retrial of the sentencing stage because the prosecutor's closing argument rendered the sentencing proceeding fundamentally unfair, and because two jurors were improperly excluded in violation of Witherspoon v. Illinois, a case about unjust challenges to jury members regarding their death penalty beliefs. The federal appellate court therefore ordered the state court system to provide a new, more fair, sentencing phase trial for the murder of Jackson.
Hance v. State, 254 Ga. 575, 332 S.E.2d 287, cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1038, 106 S.Ct. 606, 88 L.Ed.2d 584 (1985). After a second sentencing trial resulted in another death sentence for the murder of Jackson, the Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the death sentence.
Hance filed another petition for habeas corpus in the Superior Court of Butts County, which is a Georgia state trial court. That court denied his petition after holding an evidentiary hearing.
Hance v. Kemp, 258 Ga. 649, 373 S.E.2d 184 (1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1012, 109 S.Ct. 1658, 104 L.Ed.2d 172 (1989) The Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the denial of habeas corpus by the Superior Court of Butts County, and in 1989, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear his appeal of the 1988 Georgia Supreme Court ruling.
After the Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the denial of habeas corpus by the Superior Court of Butts County in 1988, Hance then filed a new petition for habeas corpus in the federal District Court for the Middle District of Georgia; that court denied the petition without holding an evidentiary hearing. Hance then appealed to the federal appellate court for the 11th Circuit, which decided the case in January, 1993.
William Henry Hance, Petitioner-appellant, v. Walter Zant, Warden, Georgia Diagnostic & Classification Center, Respondent-appellee United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit. 981 F.2d 1180 (Jan. 6, 1993). Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied March 11, 1993. In a relatively brief order, a panel of the federal appellate court in the 11th Circuit denied Hance's habeas appeal in the Jackson murder, and denied him the opportunity to present his case to the full appellate bench (instead of the panel).
Execution
Hance was sentenced to death in civilian court for the murder of Gail Jackson and sentenced to life in prison in military court for the death of Irene Thirkield. His military life sentence for Thirkield was overturned. His civilian death sentence for Jackson was not. He was executed by the state of Georgia on March 31, 1994, via the electric chair. He was the 231st inmate executed nationwide since the U.S. Supreme Court restored the death penalty in 1976 and the 18th in Georgia.
In the hours before his death, the Supreme Court voted, 6–3, not to consider his appeal. In dissent, Justice Harry Blackmun said that even if he had not recently
Hance had an IQ of 75-79 points, which classifies him as "borderline intellectual functioning" on modern medical scales of mental retardation.
Controversy
Other issues besides Hance's mental and psychiatric status had created controversy prior to the day of his electrocution, and one—the question of racial bias in the state sentencing jury—veritably exploded afterwards. The Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles had not even proofread its order denying his stay of execution, and conflated it with another document about some other prisoner. The Georgia Supreme Court denied his appeal by only one vote, 4–3.
One of his jurors at his second sentencing (after the first was reversed for prosecutorial misconduct), a white woman named Patricia Lemay, came forward to report that other jurors made racial remarks about Hance such as "just one more sorry nigger that no one would miss" and, if executed, he would be "one less nigger to breed."
There was only one black juror, a 26-year-old woman named Gayle Lewis Daniels. According to Lemay, Daniels was subjected to racial invective in the jury room. According to both Lemay and Daniels herself, Daniels refused to vote for the death penalty. The other jurors ignored her and reported to the judge that they were unanimous. When the jury was polled in the presence of the court, Daniels was by then too frightened to speak up. The other jurors had told her that she could be convicted of perjury if she continued to hold out, since she had testified, during jury selection, that she could vote for the death penalty.
The evidence of Lemay and Daniels outraged many press outlets. Said one newspaper afterwards,
At a law school conference the following year, attorney Ronald J. Tabak stated at some length his opinion that Hance's race contributed to the sentence.
In popular culture
Hance was portrayed by Corey Allen in the second season of the Netflix series, Mindhunter.
See also
List of people executed in Georgia (U.S. state)
List of serial killers in the United States
References
1952 births
1977 murders in the United States
1994 deaths
20th-century executions by Georgia (U.S. state)
20th-century executions of American people
American people convicted of murder
Crimes against sex workers in the United States
Executed African-American people
Executed American serial killers
Male serial killers
People convicted of murder by Georgia (U.S. state)
People convicted of murder by the United States military
People executed by Georgia (U.S. state) by electric chair
People executed for murder
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States military
Racial hoaxes
United States Army personnel who were court-martialed
United States Army soldiers
United States Marines | [
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