Datasets:

lmqg
/

qg_squadshifts

	Each brotherhood elects two delegates who take part in the National Ecclesiastical Assembly
	The brotherhood makes decisions concerning the inner affairs of the monastery
	Each Armenian celibate priest becomes a member of the brotherhood in which he has studied and ordained in or under the jurisdiction of which he has served
	the celibate clergy of the monastery who are led by an abbot
	Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, the brotherhood of St. James at the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the brotherhood of the See of Cilicia
	after the fall of Ani and the Armenian Kingdom of the Bagradits in 1045, masses of Armenians migrated to Cilicia and the Catholicossate settled there
	The seat of the church (now known as the Catholicossate of the Great House of Cilicia) was first established in Sivas (AD 1058)
	in 1293 and continuing for more than six centuries, the city of Sis (mode
	to Sis (1293), then-capital of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Beginning in 1293 and continuing for more than six centuries
	the city of Sis (modern-day Kozan, Adana, Turkey)
	The division between the two sees intensified during the Soviet period and to some extent reflected the politics of the Cold War
	clergy were reluctant to participate in nationalist events and memorials that could be perceived as anti-Soviet
	On December 24, 1933, a group of assassins attacked Eastern Diocese Archbishop Levon Tourian as he walked down the aisle of Holy Cross Armenian Church
	The incident divided the Armenian community, as ARF sympathizers established congregations independent of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin
	The division was formalized in 1956 when the Antelias (Cilisian) See broke away from the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin See.
	the Church has much in common both with the Latin Rite in its externals,
	Armenian bishops wear mitres almost identical to those of Western bishops.
	They usually do not use a full iconostasis, but rather a sanctuary veil
	The liturgical music is Armenian chant
	Many of the Armenian churches also have pipe organs to accompany their chant
	The status of the Armenian Apostolic Church within the Republic of Armenia is defined in the country's constitution
	Article 8.1 of the Constitution of Armenia
	"The Republic of Armenia recognizes the exclusive historical mission of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Church as a national church
	in the spiritual life, development of the national culture and preservation of the national identity of the people of Armenia.
	Among others, ethnographer Hranush Kharatyan has questioned the constitutionality of the phrase "national church".
	506
	Armenian, Georgian, and Caucasian Albanian bishops
	to make clear the position of the churches concerning the Council of Chalcedon.
	20
	609–610
	Prince Smbat Bagratuni, with clergymen and laymen
	the Armenian Church having approved the christology of Chalcedon.
	the Armenian Church
	clarify the relationship between the Armenian and Georgian churches
	the identification as "monophysitism" is an incorrect description of its position.
	only disagrees with the formula defined by the Council of Chalcedon
	the doctrine defined by Cyril of Alexandria
	miaphysitism
	Catholicoi
	'Patriarch
	in the Armenian Apostolic Church hierarchy, the position of the Catholicos is higher than that of the Patriarch.
	two catholicoi
	two patriarchs, plus primates, archbishops and bishops, lower clergy and laity serving the Church.
	Gevorkian Theological Seminary at the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, and the Vaskenian Theological Academy at Lake Sevan
	6-year course
	bachelor's degree and a master's degree in Theology
	Seminary of Antelias at Bikfaya
	religious minorities and human rights groups
	2009
	Armenian Apostolic Church
	"the Armenian Apostolic Church today wants to have a monopoly on religion".
	Armenian Apostolic Church
	the U.S.S.R
	the Bolshevik revolution
	all functioning religious institutions in Armenia and NKAO
	Armenian Apostolic Church since 1989
	more than 30 churches.
	Armenian Apostolic Church
	endangered historic churches
	Prime Minister
	Large-scale construction of new churches
	Hrant Bagratyan
	high-profile leaders
	34%
	the Archbishop of the Araratian Diocese and Prime Minister Tigran Sargsyan
	Bentley
	2013
	Father Asoghik Karapetyan
	Father Asoghik Karapetyan
	Aram Abrahamyan
	Father Asoghik Karapetyan
	Aram Abrahamyan
	The Armenian Apostolic Church
	Oriental Orthodoxy
	adopt Christianity as its official religion
	4th century
	The Armenian Apostolic Church
	Bartholomew and Thaddeus.
	Abgar V of Edessa
	leprosy
	30 AD
	Bartholomew
	kings Axidares, Khosrov I, and Tiridates III
	Ancient Armenia's adoption of Christianity as a state religion
	Ancient Armenia's
	Sassanids
	Tiridates III
	Gregory
	Tiridates
	Caesarea
	the king
	Christ's coming to the earth to strike it with a hammer
	373
	Christianity
	the Bible
	406
	Liturgy
	another one further down a hierarchy
	"Regional Advanced Television Infrared Observational Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder Retransmission Service"
	ATOVS
	multiply
	RARS
	Colonial and Indian Exposition
	20th-century
	1886
	London
	Linguist
	Franklin D. Roosevelt
	U.S. Navy
	yet another bloody acronym
	alphabet soup
	commander
	Suneung
	Gyowondae
	Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
	Seoul National, Korea, and Yonsei Universities
	first letter of their English names
	Short Message Systems
	160
	GF
	laughing out loud
	DL
	Member of the Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China
	proper nouns
	four parts
	Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China
	skimming
	redundant to such readers
	sequentially
	print
	folk etymology
	constable on patrol
	Taboo words
	golf
	Geheime Staatspolizei
	Abkürzungsfimmel
	syllabic
	German
	military and law enforcement services
	Indonesian military
	ranks, units, divisions, procedures
	Akmil
	random-access memory
	personal identification number
	automated teller machine
	human immunodeficiency virus
	stop/period/point
	the deleted part to show the ellipsis of letters
	the presence of all-capital letters
	an abbreviation of a separate word
	colon and apostrophe
	phrase that is constructed "after the fact" from a previously existing word
	Box Of Organized Knowledge
	Local Integrated Software Architecture
	Steve Jobs' daughter
	i18n
	the 18 letters that come between the first and the last in internationalization
	Localization
	x
	Crxn
	deliberately designed to be especially apt for the thing being named
	clothing company
	fcuk
	French Connection United Kingdom.
	add an 's' following an apostrophe
	only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters
	Ph.D.'s
	DVDs
	do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of an abbreviation
	The US Department of Defense's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
	In July 2010
	transform biology from a descriptive to a predictive field of science
	BATMAN and ROBIN
	developing contrived acronyms to name projects
	(trying to thrust the reader's attention toward where the letters are coming from
	this has no basis in standard English orthography, which reserves capitals for maintaining the common-versus-proper distinction
	Enforcing the latter, most professional editors case-fold such expansions to their standard orthography when editing manuscripts for publication.
	common nouns do not take capital initials in standard English orthography
	to avoid a name considered undesirable
	Alles nur aus Liebe
	ANAL
	CLaIT
	disregarded because of the practicality in distinguishing singulars and plurals
	U.S., U.S.'s
	possessive abbreviations are often foregone
	This is not the case
	C.D.'s, C.D.s, or CDs
	C.D.'s'
	SOSes
	the addition of an apostrophe is necessary when pluralizing all abbreviations
	At the copyediting end
	official style guide
	some publishers choose to use cap/lowercase (c/lc) styling for acronyms
	the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the capitalization scheme
	initial letters
	initialisms
	an abbreviation that is pronounced as a word
	as a word
	as individual letters
	cardinal and ordinal
	by digits rather than initial letters
	Abbreviations using numbers for other purposes include repetitions
	metric prefixes,
	M's P
	Ben Chifley
	Australian Prime Minister
	s
	lead to redundant acronym syndrome
	A few high-tech companies
	the television shows CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and Navy: NCIS
	to educate new viewers as to what the initials stood for
	There is no rule
	what to call abbreviations that some speakers pronounce as letters and others pronounce as a word
	JPEG /ˈdʒeɪpɛɡ/ and MS-DOS /ˌɛmɛsˈdɒs/
	as individual letters: /ˌjuːˌɑːrˈɛl/ and /ˌaɪˌɑːrˈeɪ/, respectively; or as a single word: /ˈɜːrl/ and /ˈaɪərə/
	abbreviating corporation names in places where space was limited for writing
	Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad
	AT&T
	space was limited for writing
	Sunoco
	frequent use of acronyms across the whole range of registers
	1899
	became increasingly convenient
	OED
	1965
	awol
	acronym
	Greek
	a word made from the initial letters or syllables of other words
	UNIVersal Automatic Computer.
	precipitation increases
	dry steppe
	woods
	the Plomo glacier and the Horcones glaciers
	cold, windy and wet
	deciduous woodland
	hyperarid
	virtually lifeless
	30,000
	accelerated
	Cinchona pubescens
	tobacco and potatoes
	Queñua
	Altiplano
	chinchillas
	very low
	Andean condor
	hillstars
	Titicaca flightless grebe and Titicaca water frog
	mammals
	cloud forests
	6,961 m
	The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorean Andes
	the Andes
	Andes
	6,893 m
	the northern part of the Andes
	"cordel"
	"rope"
	200 km
	640 kilometres
	a zone of volcanic activity that encompasses the Pacific rim of the Americas as well as the Asia-Pacific region.
	due to the subduction of the Nazca Plate and the Antarctic Plate
	the Andes end at the Pacific Ocean
	iron ore
	several sedimentary basins, such as Orinoco, Amazon Basin, Madre de Dios and Gran Chaco,
	The Bolivian Orocline area overlaps with the area of maximum width of the Altiplano Plateau
	"Arica Elbow".
	Patagonian orocline.
	crustal shortening.
	15° to 20° counter clockwise and clockwise respectively
	The Bolivian Orocline area overlaps with the area of maximum width of the Altiplano Plateau
	"Arica Elbow".
	Patagonian orocline.
	crustal shortening.
	15° to 20° counter clockwise and clockwise respectively
	The formation of the modern Andes began with the events of the Triassic
	several rifts developed.
	uplifting, faulting and folding of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the ancient cratons to the east.
	different regions have had different degrees of tectonic stress, uplift, and erosion.
	Pangaea
	the construction of aqueducts and roads
	15th century
	north-south
	north-south axis
	aqueducts and roads
	1532
	Francisco Pizarro
	Machu Picchu
	Quechua and Aymara
	1826 to 1827
	Paso Internacional Los Libertadores
	building highways and railroads
	aircraft
	between Argentina and Chile
	recently
	eastern side
	The Chilean Army and Chilean Navy
	1870
	1978
	Chile
	irrigation
	over 6,000 years
	potato
	Maize
	chicha
	Tectonic forces
	orogenic event
	a major transform fault
	1,000 km (620 mi)
	the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula
	Parts of the Sunsás Orogen
	The Sierras de Córdoba
	Amazonian craton
	the onset of the Andean orogeny
	in the Mesozoic
	The Andes
	The Andean volcanism
	volcanic gaps
	there are significant differences inside volcanic zones
	the Andean Volcanic Belt
	eastern fold and thrust belt
	dry
	Chile
	disturbing actions of meteoric water
	extensive saltpeter deposits
	varies greatly
	latitude, altitude, and proximity to the sea
	rainy and warm
	Rainforests
	elevations
	transatlantic slave trade
	West Africans
	the 15th through to the 19th centuries
	other western Africans
	western European slave traders
	The Portuguese
	1526
	indentured servants
	markets
	merchandise
	on the African coast
	local African leaders
	the New World
	a factory
	about 12 million
	tidal currents
	the 15th century
	approximately 300,000
	Pierre Chaunu
	the consequences of European navigation
	technical and geographical factors
	Historian John Thornton
	gold
	the Muslim Empire of the Middle East
	technical and geographical factors
	12.5%
	2.2 million
	Meltzer
	600
	350
	economics
	mortality rates among Africans during the voyages of the Atlantic slave trade
	decreased
	eighteenth century
	nineteenth century
	the coast of West Africa
	Portuguese
	Spaniards
	1501
	1630
	Britain
	London
	1689
	Birmingham
	slaves
	January 1526
	1533
	300
	1563
	El Salvador
	to opposing the slave trade and working for the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire
	an overwhelming 283 votes for to 16 against
	1807
	1807
	the 1860s
	Walter Rodney
	John Thornton
	led to Africa being underdeveloped
	that Africans and Europeans were equal partners in the Atlantic slave trade
	exchanging raw materials and human resources (i.e. slaves) for manufactured goods
	The First Atlantic system
	awarding merchants (mostly from other countries) the license to trade enslaved people to their colonies
	started (on a significant scale) in about 1502 and lasted until 1580
	Spanish empire
	slightly more than 3%
	Royal Navy
	2,000 officers
	over 50 African rulers
	150,000 Africans
	approximately 1,600
	a variety of goods from Europe
	Sir John Hawkins
	Americas and the Caribbean Islands
	cotton, sugar, tobacco, molasses and rum
	1440 to about 1833
	labour shortage
	Native peoples
	the Slave Coast
	failed to provide a sufficient workforce
	exploit New World land and resources
	in 1859
	Cudjoe Lewis, who died in 1935
	Brazil in 1831
	1888
	until the 1860s, when British enforcement and further diplomacy finally ended the Atlantic trade.
	selling their captives or prisoners of war
	no longer commit crimes in that area
	King Jaja of Opobo
	kidnappings
	neighbouring or enemy ethnic groups
	Britain
	President James Madison
	historian
	changes in productivity, technology and patterns of exchange in Europe and the Americas informed the decision by the British to end their participation
	In 1809
	that it was neither a matter of strictly economics nor of morals.
	moral arguments did play a secondary role
	the Haitian Revolution.
	an "ideological" apparatus in order to eliminate the sentiment of guilt in western society.
	capitalism, providing not only influx of capital, but also disciplining hardship into workers (a form of "apprenticeship" to the capitalist industrial plant).
	the significant decline in population
	Portuguese controlled Angola
	military technology (specifically guns and gunpowder), gold, or simply maintaining amicable trade relationships with European nations.
	African scholar
	the Kingdom of Benin
	Angola,
	saw an economic benefit from trading their subjects with European slave traders.
	the significant decline in population,
	The benefit derived from trading slaves for European goods
	£250,000 per year
	52,000
	18th century
	the Kongo Civil War
	French
	the New World
	Africa
	West Africa
	European colonies
	11 million people
	about 1.5 million
	4 million
	10.5 million
	the presence of European slavers
	50%
	tribal and state warfare
	Western and West Central Africa
	Dahomey
	16th and 17th centuries
	the slave trade
	Slave Coast
	increase in shipments
	seven years
	to Belize
	Irish immigrants
	1656, and in 1662
	1656
	partus sequitur ventrem
	seven
	indentured servants
	Montserrat
	United Kingdom
	France
	St. Domingue
	cheaper
	ship building
	profits from slavery
	industrial revolution
	steam engine
	Eric Williams
	Joseph C. Miller
	West Central Africa
	estimating counterfactual demographic developments in case the Atlantic slave trade had not existed.
	Joseph Inikori
	Rodney
	Archibald Dalzel
	African societies
	David Livingstone
	slave trade
	Roots: The Saga of an American Family
	1976
	January 1977
	ABC
	Roots Homecoming Festival
	1816
	1877
	1820
	around two thousand
	Durban, South Africa
	fear of monetary compensation
	apology for slavery from the former slave-trading countries
	United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, and the United States
	24 February 2007
	Governor of Alabama
	Virginia General Assembly
	31 May 2007
	Civil Rights Congress of Nigeria
	2009
	African traditional rulers ... [can] accept blame
	cannot continue to blame the white men
	Europeans
	"a truly international exercise
	Iberian monarchs.
	"the Iberians were the sole leaders of the exploration".
	Portugal, Spain, the Italian kingdoms, England, France and the Netherlands.
	were captured in endemic warfare between African states
	capturing Africans from neighboring ethnic groups or war captives and selling them.
	European demand for slaves
	those shipped away had little chance of returning to Africa.
	not only that wars are entered into for the sole purpose of making slaves, but that they are fomented by Europeans
	Upon discovering new lands through their naval explorations
	Kingdom of Castile,
	15th century
	they also captured native Canary Islanders, the Guanches, to use as slaves
	wine and sugar.
	was little more than to exploit the opportunity for immediate profits made by raiding and the seizure or purchase of trade commodities"
	primarily Portuguese traders
	a naval base
	African naval forces were alerted to the new dangers
	boats were better equipped at traversing the west African coasts and river systems
	1494
	Kingdom of Kongo
	Bissagos Islands
	Kongolese king, Afonso I
	Portugal,
	“Williams thesis”
	1%
	less than 5% of the British economy
	occurred after emancipation,
	shipping costs, slave mortality, mortality of British people in Africa, defense costs
	Walter Rodney
	the export of so many people
	Africa's population stagnated during this period
	top merchants abandoned traditional industries to pursue slaving,
	slaving itself.
	Joseph E. Inikori
	could not sustain such population losses
	Africa's population almost immediately began to rapidly increase,
	prior to the introduction of modern medicines
	widespread problems
	(Quakers)
	Denmark
	1807,
	Slave Trade Act of 1794
	1807
	In the very elderly, age-related large artery pulsatility and stiffness is more pronounced among women than men.
	This may be caused by the women's smaller body size and arterial dimensions
	Among men and women, there are notable differences in body weight, height, body fat distribution, heart rate, stroke volume, and arterial compliance
	In the very elderly
	independent of menopause
	Cigarettes
	from exposure to second-hand smoke.
	10%
	age 30
	from direct consumption of tobacco
	A diet high in fruits and vegetables
	diet (high in nuts, fish, fruits and vegetables, and low in sweets, red meat and fat)
	A high fiber diet appears to lower the risk.
	Mediterranean diet may be more effective than a low-fat diet
	reduce blood pressure, lower total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and improve metabolic syndrome
	defined as less than 5 x 30 minutes of moderate activity per week, or less than 3 x 20 minutes of vigorous activity per week
	Insufficient physical activity
	31.3%
	a third
	assists weight loss and improves blood glucose control, blood pressure, lipid profile and insulin sensitivity
	High dietary intakes of saturated fat, trans-fats and salt, and low intake of fruits, vegetables and fish
	1.7 million deaths
	Frequent consumption of high-energy foods, such as processed foods that are high in fats and sugars, promotes obesity
	There is evidence that higher consumption of sugar is associated with higher blood pressure and unfavorable blood lipids
	processed meats
	Total fat intake does not appear to be an important risk factor
	recommend a reduction in saturated fat
	omega 6 linoleic acid
	does not appear to have an effect
	Replacement of saturated fats with carbohydrates does not change or may increase risk.
	depend on the amount of alcohol consumed
	Drinking at low levels without episodes of heavy drinking may be associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease
	Overall alcohol consumption at the population level is associated with multiple health risks that exceed any potential benefits.
	There is a direct relationship between high levels of alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease.
	complex
	a low-salt diet may be harmful in those with congestive heart failure
	for not excluding a trial in heart failure where people had low-salt and -water levels due to diuretics.
	Moderate evidence was found that high salt intake increases cardiovascular mortality
	there is strong evidence that high dietary salt intake increases blood pressure and worsens hypertension
	Aspirin has been found to be of only modest benefit in those at low risk of heart
	those at really low risk it is not recommended
	the risk of serious bleeding
	Statins are effective in preventing further cardiovascular disease in people with a history of cardiovascular disease
	the event rate is higher in men than in women
	In those without cardiovascular disease but risk factors statins appear to also be beneficial with a decrease in the risk of death and further heart disease
	those who have a 12% or greater risk of cardiovascular disease over the next ten years.
	each decade
	82 percent
	Age
	Coronary fatty streaks
	age 55
	cardiovascular/heart diseases
	Multiple
	age 45 to 50
	age 60 to 65
	serum total cholesterol level
	mechanical and structural properties
	arterial elasticity
	arterial compliance
	Aging
	coronary artery disease
	Men
	pre-menopausal women
	menopause
	female
	male
	Cardiovascular disease
	a cause and effect relationship
	relatively little
	The Commission on Social Determinants of Health
	non-communicable
	Cardiovascular disease
	relatively little
	a cause and effect relationship
	The Commission on Social Determinants of Health
	non-communicable
	2 to 5 times
	men
	Estrogen
	HDL cholesterol
	estrogen
	Particulate matter
	PM2.5 is the major focus, in which gradients are used to determine CVD risk
	Women
	PM2.5
	atherosclerosis and inflammation
	Particulate matter
	PM2.5 is the major focus, in which gradients are used to determine CVD risk
	Women
	PM2.5
	atherosclerosis and inflammation
	childhood
	the major precursor of cardiovascular disease
	The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study
	7–9 years
	Population
	1 in 3
	cardiovascular disease
	education
	extremely
	greatest
	a previous cardiovascular event
	merits are debated
	diabetes
	lack clear-cut evidence
	myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack).
	coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina
	Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
	Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction
	Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction
	two- to four-fold
	cardiovascular disease
	Obesity and diabetes mellitus
	chronic kidney disease and hypercholesterolaemia
	High blood pressure results in 13% of CVD deaths
	Coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis
	Rheumatic heart disease may follow untreated strep throat.
	obesity 5%
	tobacco results in 9%
	not recommended
	not recommended
	inconclusive
	either at rest or with exercise
	not recommended in those at low risk who do not have symptoms
	not recommended in those at low risk who do not have symptoms
	not recommended in those at low risk who do not have symptoms
	not recommended
	90%
	rheumatic heart disease
	55
	45
	The United States Preventive Services Task Force
	questionable
	predicting the risk of future cardiovascular disease
	biomarkers
	questionable
	Exercise in those who are at high risk of heart disease
	has not been found to significantly alter behavior
	hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia
	unclear
	Africa
	Cardiovascular diseases
	85%
	older adults
	men
	raised blood pressure
	raised blood cholesterol
	age, gender or family history
	raised blood sugar
	HDL cholesterol
	HDL cholesterol
	one year
	statins
	lipids
	HDL cholesterol
	one year
	HDL cholesterol
	statins
	lipids
	niacin, fibrates and CETP Inhibitors
	do not affect
	one year
	death appears to be long
	in year 1949
	by Jerry Morris
	were published in year 1958
	The causes, prevention, and/or treatment of all forms of cardiovascular disease
	biomedical research,
	1949
	Jerry Morris
	occupational health data
	1958
	a weekly basis
	a common inflammatory marker
	in patients who are at risk for cardiovascular disease
	key inflammatory transcription factor
	risk factor of cardiovascular disease and mortality.
	a major cause of pneumonia
	coronary artery disease
	absence of improvement after antibiotic use
	Chlamydia
	pineal gland secretion
	Melatonin
	when pharmacological doses are applied
	lower total cholesterol
	vasoactive agents
	pulmonary hypertension with left heart disease
	hypoxemic lung diseases
	harm and unnecessary expense
	vitamin E, vitamin C
	not been found to be useful
	has not been shown to protection against
	vitamin B3
	lowers high blood pressure
	Cardiovascular diseases
	30%
	23 million people
	low- and middle-income countries
	60%
	World Heart Federation
	Indian Heart Association
	genetic predisposition and environmental factors
	1895
	the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy
	Army Institute of Heraldry
	no implications of symbolism in the use of fringe
	1835
	year-round
	Memorial Day
	small
	3 by 5 feet
	civic holidays
	United States Flag Code
	Martin Sheridan
	1908 Summer Olympics
	American
	the flag should be repaired or replaced
	burning
	American Legion
	June 14
	hazardous gases
	horizontal atmospheric flight
	stripes running horizontally
	Apollo
	Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo
	mounted cavalry and infantry units
	right shoulder
	to the right, while the stripes flew to the left
	flight suits
	November 21, 2008
	Eben Appleton
	conservation purposes
	10 degree
	1907
	respect or mourning
	March 1, 1954
	President Dwight D. Eisenhower
	the governor
	the governor
	the "union"
	thirteen equal horizontal stripes
	fifty small, white, five-pointed stars
	the 50 states
	the thirteen British colonies
	August 3, 1777
	Capt. Abraham Swartwout
	Fort Schuyler
	Congress
	flannel petticoats
	a naval ensign
	the Marine Committee
	its regimental standard
	Richard Peters
	the maker of the flag
	John Trumbull
	1792
	The Flag Resolution
	its initial
	individually crafted
	blue stripes
	John Paul Jones
	George Hasting
	Francis Hopkinson
	New Jersey
	1776
	Quarter Cask of the Public Wine
	Betsy Ross
	William Canby
	1870
	1776
	an upholstery business
	1795
	15
	Francis Scott Key
	The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem
	Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History
	the original colonies
	July 4
	1960
	1959
	1959
	Hoa Kỳ
	1902
	Flower Flag
	flower flag ginseng
	guó
	"G-spec" (for "government specification") flags
	Representatives or Senators
	2 × 3 ft. or 4 × 6 ft. (flag ratio 1.5), 2.5 × 4 ft. or 5 × 8 ft. (1.6), or 3 × 5 ft. or 6 × 10 ft. (1.667)
	flags made for or by the U.S. federal government
	government specification
	"White", "Old Glory Red", and "Old Glory Blue"
	1946
	there is no perfect way to convert them
	by scaling the luminous reflectance relative to the flag's "white"
	official colors are only officially required for flags produced for the U.S. federal government
	using more saturated colors than the official cloth is not new
	mass-market flags, printed reproductions, and other products
	1950
	Pantone Matching System (PMS)
	1998
	193 (red) and 281 (dark blue)
	In 2001
	website of the U.S. embassy in London
	Robert G. Heft
	17-year-old
	B–
	his teacher did keep to their agreement and changed his grade to an A for the project
	Fort McHenry on Independence Day one year apart, 1959
	250,000
	63
	overpopulation
	Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island
	their land
	250,000
	375,000
	63
	overpopulation
	their land
	250,000
	375,000
	overpopulation
	subdivide their land between farmers
	63
	land grants
	speculators
	plots of land
	nutritious English grass
	red clover and timothy-grass
	a variety of artisans, shopkeepers, and merchants
	shops
	Stores selling English manufactures such as cloth, iron utensils, and window glass as well as West Indian products like sugar and molasses
	crops and other local products
	port towns
	molasses, sugar, gold coins, and bills of exchange (credit slips)
	the West Indies
	raw sugar was turned into granulated sugar and the molasses distilled into rum
	The gold and credit slips
	by providing their goods to the agricultural population
	elegant 2 1⁄2-story houses
	Georgian houses
	library
	yeoman houses
	1763
	Havana, Cuba
	the Seven Years' War
	1783
	1810
	Francisco Coronado
	1680
	1692
	223 years
	third of the population
	Father Junípero Serra
	150,000
	1830s
	European technology, livestock, and crops
	The Royal Road
	French fur trappers, missionaries, and military detachments
	1783
	1,400
	1701
	around 1700
	French immigrants
	1718
	7,000
	Mississippi River
	1763
	Mississippi
	Spain
	Napoleon
	1803
	Nieuw-Nederland
	1664
	New York
	1625
	Manhattan
	Nya Sverige
	1638
	Fort Christina
	1655
	Wilmington, Delaware
	Lutheranism
	1630s
	Gibbstown, New Jersey
	Nothnagle Log House
	log cabin
	1799
	Second Kamchatka
	1867
	Nikolay Rezanov
	Grigory Shelikhov
	the Province of Carolina
	a group of English Lords Proprietors
	1670
	food
	rice
	English
	King William's War and Queen Anne's War
	French
	Yamasee War
	1729
	the Georgia Colony
	debtors
	1733
	Spain
	provide her with a base from which to attack Florida
	Slavery was officially forbidden
	their colony could not compete economically with the Carolina rice plantations
	the restrictions were lifted, slavery was allowed
	Georgia never had an established religion.
	strict moralistic principles
	the monarch
	The governor
	the freeholders and planters
	The governor's council
	The governor
	cradle scythe
	Virginia and Maryland
	cows
	rice and indigo
	northern Ireland
	fur-pelt
	wheat
	flax
	West Indies
	twice as much as it did in 1720
	ethnic background and wealth
	wool and flax
	German and Irish
	spinning the materials into yarn and cloth
	smaller farms
	40 percent
	Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina
	African slaves
	tobacco, indigo and rice
	vote
	young, single, white indentured servants
	1700
	1619
	high mortality rates for newcomers and a very high ratio of men to women
	teenage girls who were indentured servants
	New England
	Chesapeake region
	Puritan New England
	New England
	New England
	Plymouth, Massachusetts
	Plymouth Colony
	Narragansett sachem, Canonicus
	egalitarian
	Protestant
	Province of Massachusetts Bay
	England's Glorious Revolution
	1684
	1691
	Massachusetts and Plymouth
	planters
	Pennsylvania
	60 percent
	iron ores
	planters
	Horse racing
	competitiveness, individualism, and materialism
	horse racing and high-stakes gambling
	armed gameskeepers
	Everyone
	Spanish invasion
	Queen Elizabeth
	indentured servants
	50,000
	17th century
	George Washington
	a sense of American unity
	British military and civilian officials
	American Revolution
	major military resources needed to be devoted to North America
	African slaves
	indentured servants
	1676
	tobacco
	May 14, 1607
	Quebec
	eastern part
	Spanish Florida
	Mississippi River
	colonial protection.
	High
	very young
	England
	cash crop
	royally appointed governor
	Connecticut
	1629
	400
	Church of England
	20,000
	troops from the colonies and tax funds from Britain
	The British elite
	the American Revolution
	each side believed that it had borne a greater burden than the other
	their sons
	Church of England
	Puritans
	Rhode Island Colony
	Europe
	England
	fewer than 1%
	majority
	property
	vibrant political culture
	politics
	property
	British men
	political culture
	social elites
	suffrage
	Enlightenment
	furniture designs
	Charleston
	seaport cities
	styles of dress, dance, and etiquette
	1770s
	high
	local judges and juries
	assemblies and county governments
	assemblies and county governments
	sued each other
	local judges and juries
	involvement of lawyers in politics
	lawyers
	different interest groups
	90
	England
	aristocratic
	interest groups
	aristocratic families and the established church
	religious
	social
	Elected representatives
	directly from English law
	political representation
	king
	republicanism
	English common law
	David Rittenhouse
	Benjamin Franklin
	botanist
	colonial Americans
	Benjamin Franklin
	arts
	Literature
	major news, advertisements, and business reports
	mid-century
	William Byrd
	New Englanders
	religious
	Jonathan Edwards
	First Great Awakening
	minister
	Art and drama
	London
	Pennsylvania
	New England
	South Carolina
	Pennsylvania
	English
	New England
	expelled
	Georgia
	the Frontier
	the eastern seaboard
	ravaged by new diseases
	around 1600–1650
	explorers and sailors
	English entrepreneurs gave their colonies a base of merchant-based investment that seemed to need much less government
	1625
	Commission of Trade
	Portugal and Spain
	1768
	Mercantilism
	smuggling
	London-based merchants
	New Amsterdam (New York)
	600,000
	sugarcane-growing colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil
	because of better food, less disease, lighter work loads, and better medical care
	4 million
	nearly twice as rapid
	the Chesapeake region
	the Chesapeake region
	About 170,000 more
	the Carolinas
	half the slaves
	religious congregations of farmers, or yeomen, and their families
	indentured or criminally bonded
	indentured or criminally bonded
	Every male citizen
	levied taxes, built roads, and elected officials who managed town affairs
	the property and his wife
	the property and his wife
	own property, file lawsuits, or participate in political life
	three
	spinning yarn from wool and knitting sweaters and stockings, making candles and soap from ashes, and churning milk into butter
	the abundance of trees
	cooking facilities and warmth during the winter
	wooden clapboard siding
	a general-purpose room where the family worked and ate meals
	entertain guests that contained the family's best furnishings and the parent's bed
	The Great Awakening
	New Lights
	Jonathan Edwards
	Old Lights
	Princeton
	Mid-Atlantic Region
	Irish
	William Penn
	Scotch Irish
	the colony of Pennsylvania
	Dutch
	timber
	octagon
	stone
	log cabins
	simple
	German
	Philadelphia
	furniture-making
	governors
	Sir Edmund Andros
	Francis Nicholson
	New England
	Indians, the French, and the Dutch
	"country" and "court"
	Massachusetts
	None
	shifting factions
	appointed governor and the elected assembly
	Protestant
	Maryland
	port cities
	Freedom of religion
	Britain and the Continent
	German
	English law
	English
	Puritan
	The First Great Awakening
	Jonathan Edwards
	1730s and 1740s
	personal guilt and redemption by Christ
	George Whitefield
	New England
	Baptist and Methodist
	Anglicans and Quakers
	The Awakening
	new lights
	the unchurched
	study the Bible at home
	old lights
	people who were already church members
	late eighteenth century
	John Locke
	New England
	their property
	German and Dutch immigrants
	360%
	British merchants
	17th
	18th
	Britain
	Indians
	Furstenberg
	Benjamin Franklin
	Philadelphian
	Benjamin Franklin
	1765
	1775
	1765
	British tea
	13
	1775
	13 colonies
	13
	Intolerable Acts
	1773
	18th
	Malaria
	over one-fourth
	diphtheria
	local healers
	Constantinople
	Turks
	Beyoğlu
	across
	Greek
	Medieval
	Constantinople
	the first and third syllables
	Turkish folk
	the 17th
	the 7th millennium BCE
	5500 to 3500 BCE
	the Fikirtepe mound
	near the point
	Thracian
	660 BCE
	Megara
	the European side of the Bosphorus
	73 CE
	Byzantium
	eastward
	Christianity
	Byzantine
	tens of thousands
	Hagia Sophia
	structural change
	1940s and early 1950s
	Ankara
	1970s
	sharp rise in the city's population
	Marmara Region
	The Bosphorus
	Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus, and the Golden Horn
	5,343
	Black Sea
	24 April 1915
	Mehmed VI
	November 1922
	British, French, and Italian
	Treaty of Lausanne
	imperial mosques
	Black Sea
	Çamlıca Hill
	steps
	Topkapı Palace
	African and Eurasian Plates
	1509
	10,000
	18,000
	North Anatolian Fault
	between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea
	ranks as world's 6th-largest city proper
	Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side
	historically also known as Constantinople and Byzantium
	straddling the Bosphorus strait between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea
	Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side
	Istanbul is one of the world's most populous cities and ranks as world's 6th-largest city proper
	The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (coterminous with Istanbul Province)
	Founded under the name of Byzantium on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE,
	After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE
	it served as an imperial capital
	It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity
	Founded under the name of Byzantium on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE,
	After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE
	it served as an imperial capital
	It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times
	Emirgan Park
	Topkapı Palace and Yıldız Palace
	Yıldız Palace
	Ottoman leaders
	Belgrad Forest
	Fethi Paşa Korusu
	Emirgan Park
	its diversity of plants and an annual tulip festival
	the early decades of the Turkish Republic
	47-hectare (120-acre)
	Byzantine and Ottoman
	obelisk
	Theodosius
	Valens Aqueduct
	to mark the new Roman capital
	the late 4th century
	Fatih district
	the classical Greek period
	Byzantine and Ottoman
	Sultanahmet Square
	Istanbul's strategic position on the historic Silk Road
	the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923
	migrants from across Anatolia have moved in and city limits have expanded to accommodate them
	Arts, Music, Film and Cultural festivals were established at the end of the 20th century
	Constantine the Great made it the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire in 330 CE
	Constantinopolis" (Constantinople), which, as the Latinized form of "Κωνσταντινούπολις" (Konstantinoúpolis), means the "City of Constantine".
	Nova Roma" and its Greek version "Νέα Ῥώμη" Nea Romē (New Rome),
	The use of Constantinople to refer to the city during the Ottoman period (from the mid-15th century) is now considered politically incorrect
	Basil II
	1025
	1204
	Latin
	catholic
	14th-century
	eight-week
	Constantine XI
	Mehmed II
	Kaysar-i Rûm
	Istanbul
	Anatolia
	five thousand
	Sürgün
	1459
	1517
	four
	1520
	570,000
	Mimar Sinan
	19th
	Golden Horn
	Tanzimat period
	the 1880s
	Mahmud II
	Monastery of Stoudios
	the Imrahor Mosque
	Chora Church and Pammakaristos Church
	Hagia Sophia
	31 meters (102 ft) in diameter
	1261
	classical Roman
	a museum
	Monastery of Stoudios
	Hagia Sophia
	powerful mayor, weak council
	powerful mayor, weak council
	the Metropolitan Executive Committee
	appointed by the metropolitan mayor and the Council
	as head
	Anadoluhisarı and Rumelihisarı fortresses
	Baroque
	European styles
	Neoclassical, Renaissance Revival and Art Nouveau styles
	Dolmabahçe Palace
	Topkapı
	Sultan Ahmed Mosque
	the 16th and 17th centuries
	the Tanzimat reforms
	Nuruosmaniye Mosque
	District councils
	the metropolitan mayor
	One-fifth
	five-year terms
	Kadir Topbaş
	1461
	Galleria Ataköy
	Akmerkez
	Kanyon
	Abdi İpekçi Street in Nişantaşı and Bağdat Avenue on the Anatolian side
	Tanzimat period of reform
	French cities
	Beyoğlu
	1908
	1957
	Paris
	Beyoğlu
	1876
	nine
	the Grand Vizier
	the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and Istanbul Province
	the MMI
	the Istanbul Special Provincial Administration
	building and maintenance of schools
	Hüseyin Avni Mutlu
	500 CE
	Baghdad
	1500 to 1750
	London
	historic seafood restaurants
	The Princes' Islands
	kebab
	Istanbulites and foreign tourists
	the shores of the Bosphorus
	14,377,019
	14,025,646
	89%
	5th
	3.45 percent
	Some other neighborhoods around İstiklal Avenue
	İstiklal Avenue
	pubs, cafes, and restaurants playing live music
	Beyoğlu, Beşiktaş, Şişli and Kadıköy districts
	2004
	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
	2013 and 2014,
	3 electoral districts
	Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu
	29th
	Since the mid-1990s
	two-fifths
	37
	Beşiktaş J.K.
	Galatasaray S.K. and Fenerbahçe S.K.
	seven
	Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe
	Galatasaray S.K.
	olive oil, tobacco, vehicles, and electronics.
	high-value-added work
	$69.9 billion
	$41.4 billion
	Ottoman Stock Exchange
	1866
	Bankalar Caddesi (Banks Street)
	1995
	Borsa Istanbul
	sports facilities
	Atatürk Olympic Stadium
	the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final
	Türk Telekom Arena
	Bosphorus
	more than 200 million tonnes
	the Port of Haydarpaşa, the Port of Ambarlı, and the Port of Zeytinburnu
	Haydarpaşa
	Ambarlı
	2.4 million
	12.56
	Sarayburnu
	Topkapı Palace Museum
	64
	after the Turkish Republic shifted its focus toward Ankara
	musical traditions
	in the new capital
	Istanbul
	The Silahtarağa Power Station, a coal-fired power plant
	1914
	1952
	120 megawatts
	1983
	1453
	law, medicine, and science departments
	the founding of the Turkish Republic
	1773
	eight
	the government
	1982
	Bio Istanbul
	Robert College
	Christopher Robert
	4,350
	instruction in foreign languages
	688
	1481
	Liceo Italiano
	the shores of the Bosphorus in Çengelköy
	three military academies
	free
	fourth grade
	sixth grade
	Kırkçeşme water supply network
	4,200
	public demand
	the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration
	1840
	1876
	1994
	1909
	1995
	By the end of the 19th century
	1980s
	abroad
	Beyoğlu
	2000s
	Istanbul had 137 hospitals, of which 100 were private.
	public hospitals tend to be overcrowded
	Turkish citizens are entitled to subsidized healthcare in the nation's state-run hospitals
	Turkey has more hospitals accredited by the U.S.-based Joint Commission than any other country in the world
	upsurge in medical tourism to Turkey
	Yıldız Palace
	İstiklal Avenue
	Istanbul and its picturesque skyline
	1950s
	The World Is Not Enough
	O-1, O-2, O-3 and O-4
	400,000 vehicles each day
	14.6-kilometer (9.1 mi)
	2013
	2015
	Istanbul Festival
	1973
	music and dance
	Istanbul Biennial
	every two years since 1987
	Fares across modes are integrated, using the contactless Istanbulkart
	2009
	265,000 passengers each day
	1875
	1872
	three lines
	by the Marmaray tunnel
	(the M1 and M2 on the European side
	in Karaköy
	about half a million foreign tourists enter the city by sea each year.
	The Sinan Erdem Dome
	Abdi İpekçi Arena
	Ülker Sports Arena
	13,800
	bids for UEFA Euro 2012 and UEFA Euro 2016
	1889
	economic problems in Greece
	1908
	construction of Marmaray and the Ankara-Istanbul high-speed line
	600,000 passengers
	Turkish Grand Prix
	1952
	Turkish Offshore Racing Club
	race for the Marine Forces Trophy
	2000
	Most nationwide newspapers
	1961
	1986
	Zaman
	more than one million,
	1927
	Turkish Radio and Television Corporation
	Central Post Office in Eminönü
	four
	Radio 2
	Star TV
	Samanyolu TV,
	a mix of news and series
	MSNBC
	1999
	Istanbul Atatürk,
	2001
	51.2 million
	2009
	150 million passengers per year.
	between 1950 and 2000
	between 1980 and 1985
	seeking employment and improved living conditions
	28 percent
	Üsküdar
	the end of the Ottoman Empire
	Islam
	the Hanafi school of Islamic thought
	approximately 10 percent
	the Alevis
	300 million
	in Istanbul's Church of St. George
	in the city
	decreased substantially
	Christians
	the Kurdish community
	About two to three million
	Bayrampaşa
	The neighborhood of Balat
	1 percent
	the right-wing Justice and Development Party (AKP)
	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
	Kemalist center-left Republican People's Party (CHP)
	in the west
	39 districts
	transitional climatic zone
	Mediterranean climate (Csa), humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and oceanic climate (Cfb)
	in summer months, ranges from 20 to 65 mm (1 to 3 in)
	warmer, drier and less affected by humidity
	80 percent most mornings
	29 °C (84 °F)
	about fifteen days
	between June and August
	averaging 1–4 °C (34–39 °F)
	annual average of 130 days
	mild, but often wet and unpredictable; chilly winds from the northwest and warm gusts from the south
	810 millimeters (31.9 in) per year
	seat of government during the late Ottoman period,
	Beşiktaş, just south of Beyoğlu, across from BJK İnönü Stadium
	"Sublime Porte" or BaabiAli
	19th-century
	suburb of the economic and commercial centers in European Istanbul
	a third of the city's population
	built overnight
	1.5 million people
	postal services, schools, garbage collection
	through privatization of public owned functions and businesses
	private companies and corporations
	non-profit organizations or associations
	the 1970s
	more competition and lower prices
	Cato Institute
	the electricity industry
	2007–2008
	Emmanuelle Auriol and Michel Benaim
	if public safety is at stake
	because "regulators or 'experts' might misrepresent consumers' tastes and needs."
	As long as companies are averse to incompatible standards
	Central governments
	through government operations or leasing them to private businesses
	through land-use, zoning, environmental and other regulations
	Selling off or leasing lands
	Devolution of control to regional or local governments
	Libertarian socialism
	converting present-day private productive property into common or public goods
	Libertarian socialism is opposed
	left anarchism
	free association
	No one is in charge of internet, and everyone is.
	Voluntary boards
	No one is in charge of internet, and everyone is.
	Wikis
	Smartphones
	Norbert Wiener, Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller
	egalitarian and free-market libertarian
	free software and creative commons
	"electronic frontier"
	1960s
	Bruce M. Owen
	goods and services
	work very efficiently
	regulation
	usually, but not always
	the exercise of power
	the legitimacy of most forms of economically significant private property
	direct democracy
	capitalist property relations
	anarchism
	E. F. Schumacher
	"design for the other 90 percent"
	1977
	capital-intensive
	"intermediate technology"
	most varieties of anarchism
	the peasantry and yeomanry
	Thomas Muenzer
	Gerrard Winstanley
	1642
	"industrial democracy,"
	democratically organised workers' associations
	"Representative government
	Figueras
	the First Spanish Republic
	Gabriel Kolko
	The Federal Reserve Act of 1913
	the big New York City firms
	Theodore Roosevelt
	Woodrow Wilson
	inadequate financial resources
	too complex
	higher enforcement costs
	standardized, routine
	If there is a loss of economies of scale
	1961
	Cities and the Wealth of Nations
	secede
	The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Sovereignty
	large-scale redevelopment projects
	most of Aragon, parts of the Levante and Andalusia, as well as in the stronghold of Anarchist Catalonia
	the anarchist territories during the Spanish Revolution and the Free Territory during the Russian Revolution
	Free Territory of Ukraine
	1936
	autocratic elite
	corrupt local elites
	civil servants
	patronage
	hidden decision-making
	centralized power
	19th century
	Friedrich von Hayek
	Adam Smith
	without explicit agreement or coordination by individuals who use prices as their guide
	The individual right to property
	decentralized manner,
	Advancing technology
	auto
	infrastructure planning
	Advancing technology
	Executives and managers
	centralizing and decentralizing information technology
	centralizing
	decentralizing
	analysis of the specific situation
	Stephen Cummings
	1983
	Cornell University
	devolving responsibilities to regional or local governments
	"welfarist"
	systems theory
	United Nations Development Programme
	the people themselves
	synergistic processes of interaction
	Norman Johnson
	Los Alamos National Laboratory
	connectivity
	1999
	If each agent is connected
	problems of centralized systems
	government,
	economic decline
	minorities
	international pressure
	the principle of subsidiarity
	the lowest or least centralized
	a system of co-responsibility
	overall quality and effectiveness
	the democratic voice
	local representative authorities with actual discretionary powers
	local efficiency, equity and development
	Earth Institute
	with new forms of participation, consultation, and partnerships
	diversity
	Norman L. Johnson
	decentralized
	Diversity
	Decentralized
	An OECD study
	because different studies of it use different definitions and measurements
	amount of decentralization, especially politically
	single dimension of autonomy, interrelationships of various dimensions of decentralization
	efficiency
	long term strategics
	hands on training
	by having the freedom to exercise their own initiative and creativity
	profitable
	in terms of centralization and decentralization
	1910
	Yildiz Atasoy
	Persian king Darius
	Christopher K. Chase-Dunn and Thomas D. Hall
	Economic and/or political decentralization
	prevent or reduce conflict
	Dawn Brancati
	peace
	decentralization, management by objectives, contracting out, competition within government and consumer orientation.
	Government decentralization
	territorial
	divesting of the function entirely through privatization.
	pluralistic politics and representative government
	giving citizens, or their representatives, more influence in the formulation and implementation of laws and policies
	may require constitutional or statutory reforms
	to give citizens or their elected representatives more power.
	decentralizing revenue raising and/or expenditure of moneys to a lower level of government while maintaining financial responsibility
	fiscal federalism
	unitary, federal and confederal governments
	where the central government gives too much or too little money to the lower levels
	The processes of decentralization
	costs and benefits
	the United Nations Development Programme
	The processes of decentralization
	chart-formatted
	top-down
	bottom-up
	political values
	shift deficits downwards
	top-down
	bottom-up
	increase
	mutually desired
	mutually desired
	decentralisation is the process of redistributing or dispersing functions, powers, people or things away from a central location or authority
	centralization, especially in the governmental sphere, is widely studied
	The meaning of decentralization may vary in part because of the different ways it is applied.
	group dynamics and management science in private businesses and organizations, political science, law and public administration, economics and technology
	The word "centralization" came into use in France in 1794
	The word "decentralization" came into usage in the 1820s.
	"Centralization" entered written English in the first third of the 1800s
	a push towards decentralization...[but became,]in the end, an extension of centralization.
	In 1863 retired French bureaucrat Maurice Block wrote an article called “Decentralization” for a French journal
	anti-state political activists calling themselves "anarchists", "libertarians," and even decentralists
	Ideas of liberty and decentralization were carried to their logical conclusions during the 19th and 20th centuries
	Tocqueville was an advocate
	it increases the opportunities for citizens to take interest in public affairs
	Decentralization
	large-scale industrial production for destroying middle class shop keepers
	The decentralist movement attracted Southern Agrarians like Robert Penn Warren, as well as journalist Herbert Agar
	Ralph Borsodi, Wendell Berry, Paul Goodman, Carl Oglesby, Karl Hess, Donald Livingston, Kirkpatrick Sale
	increased property ownership and a return to small scale living
	Leopold Kohr, author of the 1957 book The Breakdown of Nations
	“Whenever something is wrong, something is too big”
	“anticipatory democracy.”
	Alvin Toffler published Future Shock (1970) and The Third Wave (1980)
	Naisbitt's 1982 book “Megatrends” was on The New York Times Best Seller list for more than two years and sold 14 million copies.
	Project and program planners
	planning, financing, and management
	national and local managers and officials
	centralization and decentralization
	There is no one blueprint
	careful, rational, and orderly
	whether they support or oppose decentralization
	during times of economic and political crisis
	explicit
	silent decentralization
	policy innovations
	China and Russia
	asymmetric
	political, economic and administrative
	provinces or states
	ethnic
	bicameral
	The composition and powers of the Senate
	Australian Senate
	There is no constitutional requirement for the election of senators to take place at the same time as those for members of the House of Representatives
	election of senators
	the Liberal/National Coalition government
	25 seats
	six
	the Palmer United Party, the Australian Motoring Enthusiast Party, the Liberal Democrats, the Family First Party
	18
	the Abbott Liberal government
	Turnbull Liberal government
	the Liberal/National Coalition, the Australian Greens, and Nick Xenophon
	18 March 2016
	the Senate
	group voting tickets
	optional preferential voting, along with party logos on the ballot paper
	first 12
	informal
	as many boxes as they wish
	Australia
	Australia Constitution Act
	the Senate
	the Senate
	two
	the Senate and House of Representatives
	1949
	1911
	1909
	abandon the bill or continue to revise it
	section 57
	the entirety
	the entirety
	1974
	the Australian Constitution
	reject supply bills or defer their passage
	contentious and powerful
	the Australian Constitution
	revenue appropriated through taxation
	1975
	The ability to block supply
	Gough Whitlam
	November
	Governor-General
	over 80
	computer
	Above the line voting
	three
	98%
	to scrutinise government activity
	2005
	The vigour of this scrutiny has been fuelled
	it sparked a debate
	The Australian Democrats, a minor party
	bells ring throughout the parliament building for four minutes
	the doors are locked
	according to the side of the chamber on which they sit
	around eight minutes
	their absence does not affect the outcome of the vote.
	a tied vote is a real prospect
	the question is resolved in the negative
	the Clerk of the Senate decides the outcome by the drawing of lots
	Section 23 of the Constitution
	conventions
	party discipline
	a conscience vote
	highlighted by the rarity
	party whip
	more likely in the Senate than in the House of Representatives
	1996
	the importance of backbenchers in party policy deliberations
	the government withdrew its Migration Amendment
	several government senators had been critical
	increased emphasis on internal differences
	most Senate votes cast in Western Australia were subject to a formal recount
	5 April
	3 Liberal, 1 Labor, 1 Green, 1 Palmer
	28 February 2014
	changed the last two predicted WA Senate spots
	State Parliament
	the same party
	proceed
	State Governor
	fourteen days
	equal
	"one vote one value"
	smaller states
	Prime Minister Paul Keating
	Senate
	House
	51%
	57%
	House
	House
	50 to 60
	sitting fortnights
	autumn
	winter
	the first sitting day of May
	three
	the government's budget and operations
	all senators
	files and records of previous governments
	committees
	before the Pleistocene, instead of the Baltic Sea, there was a wide plain around a great river
	the Eridanos
	Several Pleistocene glacial episodes scooped out the river bed into the sea basin
	the Eemian Sea
	was caused by the weight of ice
	The uplift is about eight millimetres per year
	depth of the sea are diminishing
	In the area, the former seabed is only gently sloping
	post-glacial rebound
	the ASCOBANS
	Atlantic white-sided dolphins and harbor porpoises inhabit the sea
	bottlenose dolphins, orcas, and beaked whales
	humpback whales
	Atlantic grey whales
	Approximately 100,000 km2 (38,610 sq mi
	The more saline (and therefore denser) water remains on the bottom
	This leads to decreased oxygen concentrations
	It is mainly bacteria that grow in it
	hydrogen sulfide
	the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark (completed 1997) and the Øresund Bridge-Tunnel
	the Øresund Bridge-Tunnel provides for navigation of large ships
	The Baltic Sea is the main trade route for export of Russian petroleum.
	the slow exchange of water
	international environmental and maritime law
	1992
	17 January 2000
	all the states bordering on the Baltic Sea, and the European Community
	Measures are also taken in the whole catchment area of the Baltic Sea to reduce land-based pollution
	1304
	the Baltic Sea
	2.83 m (9 ft 3 in)
	2002
	1872
	fast ice
	icebreakers
	15 m
	Offshore of the landfast ice
	fast ice
	east of the Hel Peninsula on the Polish coast and west of the Sambia Peninsula in Kaliningrad Oblast
	The Bay of Pomerania
	Between Falster and the German coast
	the Kattegat and Skagerrak strait in the North Sea
	underneath the ice
	Baltic ringed seal (Pusa hispida botnica)
	algae
	The ice cover
	reproducing
	Danish straits
	brackish water
	salinity permeation principle
	anti-clockwise
	40 to 70 m
	William Derham
	This description meant that the whole of the Baltic Sea was covered with ice.
	ice formation around southern Sweden and even in the Danish straits
	the Gulf of Bothnia and Gulf of Finland are frozen, in addition to coastal fringes in more southerly locations such as the Gulf of Riga
	the 18th-century
	45% of its surface area
	70 cm (28 in) for landfast sea ice. The thickness decreases farther south.
	February or March
	The remainder of the Baltic does not freeze during a normal winter, with the exception of sheltered bays and shallow lagoons such as the Curonian Lagoon.
	3.5%
	much lower than that of ocean water (which averages 3.5%)
	one-fortieth
	hydrate
	1.0% and 1.5%
	Świnoujście harbour
	315,000 km2 (122,000 sq mi)
	20
	1987
	400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi)
	two-hundred
	South
	decreases
	Gulf of Bothnia
	temperature gradient
	the eighteenth century
	Sweden's defeat
	the Great Northern War
	Baltic
	Russia's Peter the Great
	the Crimean War
	Saint Petersburg
	Helsinki
	in the Åland Islands
	1871
	1945
	The sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff
	retreating soldiers and refugees
	(very roughly) 9,000
	airplane wrecks, sunken warships, and other material
	chemical weapons
	fishermen
	231 lb
	the Helsinki Commission
	2,450 lb
	After 1945
	in the late 1980s
	the Danish isles
	Poles and Russians
	eastern
	Ostsee
	Atlantic
	66°N
	30°E
	Danish islands
	Adam of Bremen
	a belt
	Indo-European root via a Baltic language
	Nordic
	Basilia
	Roman
	Tacitus
	Suebi tribe
	Rhineland area of modern Germany,
	brackish
	eastern shore
	Northern Crusades
	The Teutonic Order
	Lithuania
	Swedes
	eastern shore
	Northern Crusades
	The Teutonic Order
	Lithuania
	Swedes
	Hanseatic League
	Lordship over the Baltic Sea
	Poland, Denmark, and Sweden
	Sweden
	Riga
	government
	The National Association of Insurance Commissioners
	insurance providers
	standard policy forms and rating loss costs
	Insurance Services Office
	insurance
	How much risk a contract actually transfers
	reinsurance
	insurer balance
	FAS 113
	the National Association of Insurance Commissioners
	statutory
	Paragraph 12
	10
	discount rate
	reasonable or significant
	10
	an SEC official
	lunch
	10/10
	Excess of loss
	liability
	as a percentage
	rate on line
	London
	Entire Agreement
	oral
	rights, obligations or benefits
	contract
	reasonableness and significance
	a car or a house
	insurance premium
	the insured, the policyholder or a beneficiary
	insurance policy
	the insurance premium
	1735
	Charleston
	South Carolina
	fire insurance
	the Philadelphia Contributionship
	1792
	Insurance Company of North America
	state commissioner of insurance
	Formal regulation of the insurance industry
	New Hampshire
	writing more than one line of insurance
	multi-line charters
	the 1950s
	small, local, single-line mutual companies
	laws
	United States Supreme Court
	1944
	1945
	The United States Congress
	the Commerce Clause
	new legislation for a dual state and federal system of insurance solvency regulation.
	(NAIC) adopted several model reforms for state insurance regulation
	risk-based capital requirements, financial regulation accreditation standards and an initiative to codify accounting principles.
	waned.
	The NAIC acts as a forum for the creation of model laws and regulations.
	Each state decides whether to pass each NAIC model law or regulation
	each state may make changes in the enactment process
	NAIC model acts and regulations provide some degree of uniformity between states
	these models do not have the force of law and have no effect unless they are adopted by a state.
	The idea of an optional federal charter was first raised after a spate of solvency and capacity
	capacity issues plagued property and casualty insurers
	in the 1970s.
	This OFC concept was to establish an elective federal regulatory scheme that insurers could opt into from the traditional state system
	In 2010
	for the insurance industry.
	The FIO is authorized to monitor all aspects of the insurance industry and identify any gaps in the state-based regulatory system.
	Title V of created the Federal Insurance Office (FIO) in the Department of the Treasury.
	the dichotomy between admitted and surplus insurers.
	meaning that they have been formally admitted to a state's insurance market by the state insurance commissioner
	meaning that they are nonadmitted in a particular state but are willing to write coverage there.
	Surplus line insurers are supposed to underwrite only very unusual or difficult-to-insure risks.
	maintain "export lists" of risks
	Texas
	immediately "export" them to the out-of-state surplus market
	no coverage available whatsoever from any admitted insurer in the state.
	Although surplus line insurers are still regulated by the states in which they are actually admitted
	the policy will usually be written on a nonstandard form
	not from the Insurance Services Office
	its insureds in states in which it is nonadmitted will not enjoy certain types of protection available to insureds in states in which the insurer is admitted.
	the choice is usually between a surplus line insurer or no coverage at all
	Only the smallest insurers
	as insurance groups
	they consist of holding companies which own several admitted and surplus insurers
	There are dramatic variations from one insurance group to the next
	GEICO's seven insurance companies
	deposited with one of those seven insurance companies (the one that actually wrote their policy)
	Similarly, any claims against the policy are charged to the issuing company
	But as far as most layperson customers know, they are simply dealing with GEICO
	it is more difficult to operate an insurance group
	employees must be painstakingly trained to observe corporate formalities so that courts will not treat the entities in the group as alter egos of each other.
	all insurance policies and all claim-related documents must consistently reference the relevant company within the group
	claim payments must be carefully recorded against the books of the correct company.
	is completely formal
	so that it can be mechanically determined whether a given expression is legal
	terms
	formulas
	strings of symbols
	logical symbols
	always have the same meaning
	non-logical symbols
	meaning varies by interpretation
	and
	there is a unique parse tree
	readability of formulas
	colons
	proof of unique readability
	Polish notation
	punctuation symbols
	it is hard for humans to read
	compact and elegant
	infix
	first-order
	∀x∃y L(x,y)
	8
	9 and 10
	used to demonstrate, on a purely syntactic basis
	one formula is a logical consequence of another formula.
	Hilbert-style deductive systems, natural deduction, the sequent calculus, the tableaux method
	are often called derivations in proof theory
	They are also often called proofs
	one common rule of inference is the rule of substitution
	then φ[t/x] (often denoted φ[x/t])
	one can conclude φ[t/x] from φ provided that no free variable of t becomes bound
	If some free variable of t becomes bound, then to substitute t for x it is first necessary to change the bound variables of φ
	by renaming the bound variable x of φ to something else, say z
	which will be false in many interpretations. The problem is that the free variable x of t became bound during the substitution.
	The intended replacement can be obtained by renaming the bound variable x of φ to something else, say z
	The substitution rule
	It is entirely syntactical
	It has (syntactically defined) limitations on when it can be applied
	because of interactions between free and bound variables that occur during syntactic manipulations of the formulas involved in the inference rule.
	a list of formulas, each of which is a logical axiom
	a hypothesis that has been assumed for the derivation at hand, or follows from previous formulas via a rule of inference
	The logical axioms consist of several axiom schemas of logically valid formulas
	The rules of inference enable the manipulation of quantifiers.
	Typical Hilbert-style systems have a small number of rules of inference, along with several infinite schemas of logical axioms.
	First-order logic
	first-order predicate calculus
	(non-logical) objects
	the use of sentences that contain variables
	quantification theory
	quantified variables
	First-order logic
	first-order predicate calculus, the lower predicate calculus
	quantification theory, and predicate logic
	does not use quantifiers
	quantification theory
	propositional logic
	variables
	linguistics
	quantified variables
	a collection of formal systems
	mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science
	first-order predicate calculus
	It allows the use of sentences that contain variables
	does not use quantifiers
	LHS
	RHS
	satisfy also formula 5
	formula 5 is not a logical consequence of formula 2
	denotation to all non-logical constants in that language
	It also determines a domain of discourse that specifies the range of the quantifiers
	formal semantics
	Tarskian semantics
	a set of n-tuples of elements of the domain of discourse
	given an interpretation, a predicate symbol, and n elements of the domain of discourse
	an interpretation I(P) of a binary predicate symbol P
	if its first argument is less than the second.
	does not rely on variable assignment functions
	syntactically
	so that each new constant symbol is assigned to its corresponding element of the domain
	one first adds to the signature a collection of constant symbols
	because an interpretation on its own does not determine the truth value of such a formula
	a formula with free variables is said to be satisfied by an interpretation if the formula remains true
	regardless which individuals from the domain of discourse are assigned to its free variables
	saying that a formula is satisfied if and only if its universal closure is satisfied.
	Infinitary logic
	infinite conjunctions and disjunctions
	admit generalized signatures
	a tree
	with their parse trees
	The set of free variables in a formula of Lκω
	In other infinitary logics
	only finitely
	Lκ∞
	Lκλ
	first-order logic
	several
	additional quantifiers and the full semantics
	full semantics
	no effective deduction system
	second-order logic
	nodes
	compactness theorem
	no formula φ(x,y)
	directed edges
	compactness theorem
	Connectedness
	more subtle limitations
	nodes
	directed edges
	bad
	connected graphs
	second
	Second-order logic
	axiom systems
	fewer attractive metalogical properties
	the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem
	compactness theorem of first-order logic
	semidecidable
	1937
	1936
	David Hilbert
	a negative answer
	1937
	David Hilbert
	halting
	1928
	Alonzo Church
	Automated theorem
	formal proofs
	because the search space can be very large;
	computationally infeasible
	heuristic functions
	Metamath
	Mizar and Isabelle
	doing simple proof searches
	"kernel".
	lemmas
	The Löwenheim–Skolem theorem
	infinitary logics and higher-order logics
	categorical
	Lindström's theorem
	Löwenheim–Skolem theorem
	first-order
	categorical
	metalogical
	first-order
	Restrictions
	a trade-off
	derivations in the limited systems
	shorter proofs of metalogical results
	deductive
	shorter
	restrictions
	deductive
	limited
	deductive systems
	sound
	complete
	semidecidable
	automated theorem
	(all provable statements are true in all models
	(all statements which are true in all models are provable).
	semidecidable
	Löwenheim–Skolem theorem
	much progress has been made in automated theorem proving
	No first-order theory
	mathematics
	Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory
	second-order logic
	formalization of mathematics into axioms and is studied in the foundations of mathematics
	Peano arithmetic
	Zermelo–Fraenkel
	categorical axiom systems)
	second-order logic.
	predicate
	denoted
	takes an entity or entities in the domain of discourse as input and outputs either True or False.
	by variables such as p and q
	distinguishes first-order logic from propositional logic.
	True or False.
	these sentences are viewed as being unrelated
	(or model)
	what each predicate means
	of discourse or universe
	usually required to be a nonempty set.
	entities that can instantiate the variables
	arities of function symbols and predicate symbols
	2
	1
	ordered pair
	two
	many-sorted
	axiom
	unary predicate symbol
	domain of discourse
	unary predicates
	first
	first
	full first-order
	full first-order
	first-order theory of cardinality λ
	infinite model
	models of every infinite cardinality greater than or equal to λ
	first-order
	Löwenheim–Skolem
	nonstandard
	continuum
	Skolem's paradox
	first
	finite
	Kurt Gödel
	model theory
	compactness theorem
	100 mph
	specialty goalie skates
	side to side
	leg pads
	fewer goals in each game and many official rule changes
	contact with other skaters, sticks, pucks, the boards, and the ice itself
	Blade length, thickness (width), and curvature (rocker/radius (front to back) and radius of hollow (across the blade width)
	the overall maneuverability of the skate
	1/8 of an inch thick
	The curve
	easier backhand shots
	lifting the puck easier
	a long, relatively wide, and slightly curved flat blade
	a stronger player
	high risk
	body check
	physical contact
	concussions, broken bones, hyperextensions, and muscle strains
	20 – 30 mph
	Lacerations to the head, scalp, and face
	direct trauma
	delivering a check from behind
	a check to the head
	concussion
	defensive
	attempting to take the puck from an opponent or to remove the opponent from play
	Stick checking, sweep checking, and poke checking
	Body checking
	body checking
	2006
	to score a goal by taking a shot.
	shoot
	Offensive tactics
	a shot that redirects a shot or a pass towards the goal from another player
	one-timer
	Headmanning
	Headmanning
	Loafing
	the act of attacking the opposition in their defensive zone
	shooting the puck into the offensive zone and then chasing after it
	2–1–2, 1–2–2, and 1–4
	The 1–4
	The 2–1–2
	offensive
	Cycling
	Pinching
	saucer
	British
	John Franklin
	lieutenant governor
	soldiers and immigrants
	New Brunswick
	paintings
	the Mi'kmaq
	Ottawa
	St. Lawrence River
	dehuntshigwa'es
	King's College School
	1844
	chapter XI
	1773
	Windsor, Nova Scotia
	March 3, 1875
	Victoria Skating Rink
	Montreal
	nine
	2.4 m
	1876
	seven
	1880
	twelve
	field hockey
	National teams representing the member federations of the IIHF compete annually in the IIHF Ice Hockey World Championships.
	the tournament coincides with the annual NHL Stanley Cup playoffs
	For many years, the tournament was an amateur-only tournament, but this restriction was removed, beginning in the 1970s.
	Since it is held in the spring, the tournament coincides with the annual NHL Stanley Cup playoffs
	Players are not paid to play in the tournament, but insurance and expenses are covered from the tournament revenues.
	The 1972 Summit Series and 1974 Summit Series, two series pitting the best Canadian and Soviet players without IIHF restrictions were major successes,
	In the spirit of best-versus-best without restrictions on amateur or professional status, the series were followed by five Canada Cup tournaments,
	The United States won in 1996
	the 1979 Challenge Cup and Rendez-vous '87.
	Canada won in 2004.
	age 20 and under
	Davos, Switzerland
	between Christmas and New Year's Day
	European Trophy, Tampere Cup and the Pajulahti Cup
	annually
	1917
	the Boston Bruins
	The Pittsburgh Pirates and the New York Americans
	1924
	30
	these teams were divided into two conferences and four divisions
	1967
	World Hockey Association
	12
	2004-2005
	rapidly rising payroll costs
	The owners insisted on the players accepting a salary cap that would slow the rising payroll.
	the end of the collective bargaining agreement on September 16, 2012.
	"Locked Out."
	"The A,"
	30
	Southern Professional Hockey League
	mid-level minor league in the United States with a few players under contract to NHL or AHL teams
	the United States and Canada
	shinny
	2002
	Roulston Lake in Plaster Rock, New Brunswick, Canada
	lakes, ponds and artificial outdoor rinks during the winter
	no hitting and very little shooting, placing a greater emphasis on skating, puckhandling and passing abilities
	104,173
	the University of Michigan
	113,411
	The Big Chill at the Big House
	to reserve remaining tickets for students
	infractions of the rules
	penalty box
	two minutes
	five minutes
	short-handed
	2005–2006 season
	four-minute
	major penalty
	boarding
	visible injury (such as bleeding)
	two players being assessed five-minute fighting majors
	least three skaters
	offending player is ejected from the game
	nineteen minutes
	both teams will have only four skating players
	on a "breakaway"
	A penalty shot
	penalty shot
	A penalty shot
	centre red-line
	two-line offside pass
	play was stopped
	centre line
	1998
	Montreal
	1883
	McGill
	Carnival Cup
	1886
	1885
	Oxford Dark Blues
	6–0
	1895
	Carr-Harris Cup
	Players are permitted to "bodycheck
	boards surrounding the ice help keep the puck in play and they can also be used as tools to play the puck
	Markings on the ice indicate the locations for the faceoff and guide the positioning of players.
	Play can be stopped if the goal is knocked out of position.
	Lord Stanley of Preston
	silver bowl
	1893
	Montreal Hockey Club
	Stanley Cup
	ball
	1893
	Malcolm Greene Chace
	Baltimore
	1896
	five-team
	Great Britain
	Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace
	bandy
	International Ice Hockey Federation
	three major
	offside", "icing", and the puck going out of play.
	A player is "offside" if he enters his opponent's zone before the puck itself.
	whistles.
	sudden death overtime
	single five-minute sudden death period
	twenty-minute periods
	two points
	four players (plus a goalie)
	two points
	one point
	three players plus a goalie.
	1862
	Windsor, Nova Scotia
	The Stannus Street Rink
	1897
	The Aberdeen Pavilion
	penalty shootout
	team with the most goals
	sudden death format
	two points
	Ties no longer occur in the NHL
	Boston's Matthews Arena
	Northeastern University
	Boston Bruins
	Madison Square Garden
	1968
	the International Professional Hockey League (IPHL)
	Western Pennsylvania Hockey League
	1904
	1907
	Michigan and Ontario
	forward passes
	only backward passes were allowed
	Before the 1930s
	offside rules
	six
	a line change
	three
	at any time during the game
	changing on the fly
	74
	National Hockey League
	The Kontinental Hockey League
	The International Ice Hockey Federation
	Canada
	simple stick and ball games
	Montreal
	1880s
	March 3, 1875
	Canada
	The "Big Six"
	five
	177
	Canadian national team or the United States national team
	69
	cheer
	fighting
	players gets hit hard
	10-minute
	ice hockey
	fighting
	amateur
	10-minute
	ice hockey
	cheer
	1773
	King Edward III
	John Strype
	1363
	Juvenile Sports and Pastimes
	350 percent
	350 percent
	Canada
	Mid-Atlantic Women's Hockey League
	Ice hockey
	women
	350 percent
	Canadian Women's Hockey League
	The IIHF
	1902
	Montreal and Trois-Rivieres
	1920s
	1960s
	two
	shinty
	IJscolf
	knattleikr
	colf or kolf
	bandie ball
	1969–70
	Lightning
	goaltender
	Karen Koch
	Several
	1924
	six
	Canada
	The United States
	The 2010 games
	penalties
	speed up the game of hockey
	United States amateur hockey
	provides more protection to the players
	retreating from the past where illegal hits, fights, and "clutching and grabbing" among players were commonplace
	more penalties
	provides more protection to the players and facilitates more goals being scored
	zero tolerance
	delayed penalty
	score a goal
	penalty is still assessed to the offending player, but not served
	penalty is still enforced even if the team in possession scores
	mishandle the puck into their own net
	delayed penalty
	the team on which the penalty was called cannot control the puck without stopping play, it is impossible for them to score a goal
	the team with possession of the puck is allowed to complete the play
	2012
	college games, the penalty is still enforced even if the team in possession scores
	two to four
	calling "offside" and "icing" violations, breaking up fights, and conducting faceoffs
	call goals and all other penalties
	goal judges, time keepers, and official scorers
	one referee and two linesmen
	an additional referee is added to aid in the calling of penalties normally difficult to assess by one single referee
	IIHF World Championships, the Olympics and in many professional and high-level amateur leagues
	Europe
	ice hockey is a full contact sport in men's hockey, body checks are allowed so injuries are a common occurrence
	helmet (cage worn if certain age or clear plastic visor can be worn)
	jill
	neck protector
	PhD thesis
	MD thesis
	Diploma of Specialised Studies
	Diploma of Specialised Studies
	DESC
	medical officer candidates
	university degree
	Sanitätsoffizieranwärter
	SfH
	federal
	three four
	first two years
	federal medical exam
	last year
	last year
	Facharzt
	six
	Arzt
	Dr. med.
	Facharzt
	vwo
	three
	6
	three years
	hospitals
	United States
	teacher of medicine
	ancient Scotland
	Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
	MD or DM
	(hospitals) of the medieval Islamic world
	Baghdad
	872
	Spain, Persia and the Maghreb
	medical students
	Doctor of Medicine
	England and Scotland
	The Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York
	mid-19th century
	ancient universities of Scotland
	United States Medical Licensing Examination
	one internship year
	four years
	three to eight
	a fellowship
	Medicinae Doctorem et Chirurgiae Magistrum
	doctor of medicine and master of surgery
	residency
	Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination
	MD
	in peer-reviewed journals
	Medical Scientist Training Program
	first professional degrees
	physician-scientist
	Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
	MD
	between four and six years
	clinical
	MBBS, MBChB, or an equivalent US-MD degree
	at least five-years
	house officers
	doctor
	University of Cambridge
	portfolio
	career's contribution to the science or art of medicine
	representing a substantial contribution to medical research
	an internal ranking examination
	to implement the numerus clausus
	biophysics and biochemistry, anatomy, ethics or histology
	twice.
	theoretical
	University of the Philippines College of Medicine
	Our Lady of Fatima University
	Saint Louis University International School of Medicine
	University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery
	UERMMMC College of Medicine
	1994
	Ateneo de Zamboanga University School of Medicine
	University of New Mexico
	University of Calgary in Canada
	5-year
	four years
	first and second years
	second and third years
	fourth year
	After PGI
	MBBS degree
	the Postgraduate Institute of Medicine
	MBBS degree
	theoretical
	2–4 years
	'master in medicine' courses
	graduates are literally 'basic doctors' (basisartsen)
	three years
	theoretical and clinical study
	internships in a wide range of specialities in different clinics
	clinics
	the Dutch
	final year
	first two
	'pre-specialization'
	Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery B.A.M.S
	Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery BUMS
	Bachelor of Sidha Medicine and Surgery BSMS
	6-year
	Ayurveda M.D (Ayu)
	7 years
	1-year
	2 years
	1897
	100 years
	6 years
	2 years
	1 year
	3 years
	a year
	scholarships
	University of Tunis
	Tunis, Sfax, Sousse and Monastir
	five years.
	four
	Diplomate of National Board
	1912
	three years
	the successful completion of an examination
	State Medical Councils
	After obtaining the first postgraduate degree
	Doctor of Medicine
	Magister Chirurgiae
	DNB (superspecialties)
	National Board of Examinations
	after high school
	7-7.5 years
	a certificate in general medicine
	Ministry of health and Medical Education of Iran
	Medical Council of Iran
	the European 6-year model
	four-year
	over 740
	Bar-Ilan University
	Doctor of Medicine
	Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
	five years of study
	because of the integrated curriculum
	a fellow of the relevant specialty is awarded
	three years of clinical internship
	six years
	First Degree of Physician
	Doctorate in Medicine program
	National Commission for University Evaluation and Accreditation
	Medical Title
	five and a half years
	in a pre-clinical or clinical subject of a non-surgical nature
	MD
	Master of Surgery (MS)
	MBBS
	Australian MBBS
	Australian Qualifications Framework
	British
	honorary doctorates
	graduates
	styling of the degree title
	MD
	The University of Melbourne
	basic medical degree
	Level 9 Master's (Extended) degrees
	U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
	633,782
	1.35 million
	National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty
	3.7 percent
	Texas, California and Florida
	57,849
	12 percent
	2.5 million
	Just under 8 percent
	Eric Garcetti
	more than 60,000
	Los Angeles
	seven
	$100 million
	2008
	domestic violence
	from the poorer classes to the wealthier classes
	2011
	2007
	individuals and families that were homeless, both sheltered and unsheltered
	improved considerably
	US Department of Housing and Urban Development
	2011
	80%
	the Coalition for the Homeless,
	About half
	37 percent
	64 percent
	said to have family who could house them
	Applicants may have faced overcrowding,
	Mary Brosnaham,
	long-term joblessness
	$54,000
	at least half
	about a third of the adult workers in New York City
	March 2010
	the Bloomberg administration
	$37 million
	doubt over the legality
	15,000
	61%
	7,000–10,000
	$200 million
	In 2010
	Coalition On Homelessness
	29 percent
	eighth
	$2,544,454
	the suburbs
	Social Services
	Leah Esguerra
	12-week
	drop in inappropriate behavior.
	3.5 million
	HUD
	2009
	three years
	2008
	The San Jose University Library
	in-house reading space
	computer classes
	nonprofit organizations
	750,000
	President Obama
	Public Law 111-22 or "PL 111-22"
	May
	homelessness
	Executive Branch
	1987
	19
	2001
	The United States Interagency Council on Homelessness
	ten-year
	2010
	White House
	U.S.
	Chicago
	5,922
	Illinois
	2007
	McKinney-Vento Act
	were not successful
	homeless numbers remained stubbornly high
	During the 1990s
	have been able to reduce chronic homelessness
	431,541
	535,447
	families with children
	HUD-VASH program
	The center takes its name from a homosexual teenager who lived on the streets for much of the 1990s
	The center takes its name from a homosexual teenager who lived on the streets for much of the 1990s
	Ali Forney was himself murdered by an attacker who has not yet been identified
	New York City
	Many communities and states across the country have created these plans
	2001
	U.S. ICH
	Housing First initiatives
	criminal victimization rate
	109
	Eighteen
	15, 16 and 18
	Albuquerque
	643,000
	October 1, 2008 and September 30, 2009
	1.56
	44%
	skid row
	skid row
	soup, soap, and salvation
	The Bowery Mission
	1879
	36 Bowery
	New York City Draft Riots
	men who were interested in mission work
	150
	227–229 Bowery
	1980–1991
	federal funds
	6%
	homelessness
	60% decrease in federal spending
	public housing and Section 8
	$19 billion
	affordable housing
	300,000
	8.9 million
	emancipated teenagers
	Stewart B. McKinney
	1994
	nighttime residence
	2010
	other third
	1.56 million
	Nearly two-thirds
	middle-aged
	one
	2004
	prisoner reentry
	lack of affordable housing
	mental illness
	low-paying jobs
	87 percent
	1980s
	75
	a single mother and children
	87 percent
	68
	male
	More than 40
	38
	1.6 million
	Denver, Colorado
	issues that underlie homelessness
	2003
	Denver's infamously cold winters
	Now officials have said that this number has risen over the past few years.
	Homeless advocate and urban designer
	building a Pedestrian village for the adult homeless
	Tiger Bay Village
	Volusia County
	a community garden and orchard
	66 percent
	60 percent
	20 percent
	33 percent
	40
	as many as 15,000 individuals
	Blueprint to End Homelessness
	2001
	making panhandling a misdemeanor
	faith-based shelters
	2013
	$31,000 a year
	$10,051 per person per year
	$149 million
	107
	39,463
	190,207
	by means of a telephone survey
	51,340
	50 block area east of downtown Los Angeles
	mental illness
	substance abuse
	Bringing America Home Act
	reliable and stable housing
	universal
	the first city-operated day center for chronically homeless persons
	October 2009
	Mayor Thomas Menino of Boston
	3,400-square-foot (320 m2)
	Woods Mullen Shelter
	governmental and non-governmental organizations.
	advocating
	National Alliance to End Homelessness
	creation of policy
	3.5 million
	$28.5 billion
	Helping Other People Everyday
	800
	$1.4 billion
	Education of homeless youth
	Education of homeless youth
	The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act
	the stigma of being homeless
	behavioral disorders, and lack of attendance in school
	Dr. Rebecca T. Brown
	Journal of Geriatric Internal Medicine
	Journal of Geriatric Internal Medicine
	elderly homeless population
	homeless
	blame them for their situation, and feel that their requests for money or support (usually via begging) are unjustified. In the 1990s
	Penn State
	familiarity breeds sympathy" and greater support for addressing the problem
	physically attractive persons are judged more positively than physically unattractive individuals on various traits
	Public Agenda
	67 percent of New Yorkers agreed that most homeless people were without shelter
	36 percent
	everyone has a right to shelter
	found support for investments in prevention, rental assistance and permanent housing for the homeless
	National Coalition for the Homeless
	386
	violence against the homeless
	155
	hate crimes
	National Coalition for the Homeless
	violence against the homeless
	386
	155
	hate crimes
	1984
	Ending Chronic Homelessness through Employment and Housing
	The Bush Administration
	$10 million from HUD and $3.5 million from DOL
	May 20, 2009
	Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing
	Rural Housing Stability Program
	amends and reauthorizes the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act
	2009
	housing to homeless people
	private community-based apartments
	people with substance abuse problems or mental health issues
	National Alliance to End Homelessness
	A Plan, Not a Dream: How to End Homelessness in Ten Years
	10-year plans
	emergency shelters, soup kitchens and health clinic
	June of every year since 2007
	Annual Homeless Assessment Report
	Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
	single-night, point-in-time counts of both sheltered and unsheltered homeless populations
	The Amen Break
	clean and formal
	King Tubby, Peter Tosh, Sly & Robbie, Bill Laswell, Lee Perry, Mad Professor, Roots Radics, Bob Marley and Buju Banton
	dirty
	James Brown, Al Green, Marvin Gaye, Ella Fitzgerald, Gladys Knight & the Pips, Billie Holiday, Aretha Franklin, Otis Redding, the Supremes, the Commodores
	Miles Davis
	Lead Belly, Robert Johnson, Charlie Patton, Muddy Waters and B.B King
	The Winstons
	"Amen break"
	1988
	Reese/The Reese Project
	Tronik House
	increased speed
	lyrics
	Grandmaster Flash, Roger Troutman, Afrika Bambaata, Run DMC, Mac Dre, Public Enemy, Schooly D, N.W.A
	1980s and early 1990s
	hip-hop
	deep sub-bass musical pattern which can be felt physically through powerful sound systems due to the low-range frequencies favoured.
	There has been considerable exploration of different timbres in the bass line region
	sampled sources or synthesizers
	different timbres
	160–180 BPM
	breakbeat-based
	around 130–140 BPM
	130 bpm
	170–180 range
	drop
	mixing points
	the drop
	a more difficult exercise
	"rewind" or "reload" or "lift up"
	the UK
	the drum and bass Ibiza
	Brazilian drum and bass
	Colombia
	twice
	jungle
	German Drum and Bass DJ The Panacea
	German
	Raggacore
	Darkcore
	Linkin Park
	quoting
	synth and basslines
	the United States
	Nine Inch Nails, David Bowie
	Sony Music and Universal
	Roni Size's Full Cycle Records
	Roni Size, Krust and DJ Die
	have shown very little interest
	SoundCloud and MixCloud
	Podcasts
	over pirate radio
	radio and television
	YouTube, Dailymotion
	BBC Radio 1Xtra
	Xtra Bass
	development of Drum and Bass
	Don FM
	abruptly dropped all non-mainstream genres to focus on mainstream EDM
	Rough Tempo
	early 2000s until 2014
	Tuesday
	DJ Prime and Mr. Brown
	Expansions
	Edge Essential Mix
	Digital Empire
	From its roots in the UK
	Drum and Bass remains most popular in the UK,
	hip hop, big beat, dubstep, house music, trip hop, ambient music, techno, rock and pop
	breakcore, ragga jungle, hardstep, darkstep, techstep
	The major international music labels have shown very little interest in the drum and bass scene.
	rave music
	beats per minute
	heavy basslines and samples of older Jamaican music
	hip-hop
	rave music tended to feature stronger bass sounds and a faster tempo
	By 1994
	junglists
	some associations with violence and criminal activity
	London
	1995
	As the genre became generally more polished and sophisticated technically
	jump-up and Hardstep
	1995–1997
	techstep
	1996–1997
	big beat and hard house
	speed garage
	high tempos and heavy basslines
	grime and dubstep
	garage house
	Connecticut
	New Jersey
	Rhode Island
	Hartford
	Bridgeport
	Connecticut
	New York
	Habits
	Cheshire
	New Haven
	Dutch
	Huys de Goede Hoop
	Park and Connecticut
	1630s
	Thomas Hooker
	northeast and northwest
	Litchfield Green, Lebanon Green (the largest in the state), and Wethersfield Green
	Lebanon
	tourism
	Wethersfield
	Fairfield
	southwestern
	Fairfield
	Rye
	17th
	36
	151
	two-thirds
	18
	November
	judicial
	thirty minutes
	Chief Justice of Connecticut
	Chase
	deciding on the constitutionality of the law or cases
	Rhode Island
	eight
	1960
	the state marshal system
	2000
	169
	towns
	cities
	the Town of Groton
	Connecticut
	15
	Tolland County
	Intragovernmental Policy Division
	Office of Planning and Management
	15
	in Fairfield County
	Republican
	suburban towns
	Democratic
	Democrat
	Republican
	George H.W. Bush
	George W. Bush
	governor
	1953
	NCAA
	2014
	2004
	90
	2008
	place of long tidal river
	Mohegan
	The Provisions State
	1959
	quonehtacut
	Connecticuter
	Yankee Doodle
	CT
	Connecticotian
	Connecticutensian
	western and southern Connecticut
	Eastern Connecticut
	1790
	the Gold Coast
	Cheshire
	increase of 75,991 people
	5,791
	outside the United States
	2005
	census
	Hurricane Sandy
	three
	electric outages
	Halloween nor'easter
	98 percent
	George W. Bush
	running mate
	five votes
	corruption investigation
	65
	4.1 percent
	the bazooka
	weaponry and supplies
	Pratt & Whitney
	Lend-Lease
	political conservatism
	Dwight and Noah Webster
	1814
	Republican Party
	Religious tensions
	weapons and supplies
	James H. Ward of Hartford
	2801
	55,000
	thirty
	J. P. Morgan
	120,000
	New Haven
	"The Consolidated,"
	steamship lines
	1917 and 1918
	war bonds
	Connecticut State Council of Defense
	running at half capacity
	soldiers
	September 21, 1938
	"Long Island Express"
	Old Saybrook and Stonington
	Heavy rainfall
	estimated 50,000
	Rhode Island
	five
	Puerto Ricans
	Irish
	French Canadians
	Roman Catholic
	Long Island Sound
	the Catholic Church
	96,506
	West Hartford
	$60,847
	New York
	third
	7.32 percent
	Hartford
	All wages
	New York and Massachusetts
	a credit
	they may owe taxes
	the Connecticut tax exceeds the amount withheld by the other jurisdiction
	6.35%
	clothing under $50
	July 1, 2011
	no additional sales taxes
	one week
	All real and personal property
	$300
	Connecticut
	New Jersey
	20%
	Finance and insurance
	gross domestic product
	16.4
	15
	The Hartford
	Foxwoods Resort Casino and Mohegan Sun
	170,000 jobs annually
	Native American reservations
	more than $14 billion in economic activity
	Oyster harvesting
	25 million pounds
	19th century
	the last oyster sloop built in Connecticut.
	the oyster capital of the world
	the Connecticut Turnpike
	Connecticut Route 15
	A series of terrible crashes
	U.S. Route 7
	56%
	2,400
	the Atlantic Ocean
	humid continental climate
	subtropical climate
	38 °F (3 °C)
	29 °F (−2 °C)
	50–60 inches (1,300–1,500 mm)
	20–25 inches (510–640 mm)
	Interstate 84
	81 °F (27 °C)
	summer
	87 °F (31 °C)
	30
	one tornado per year
	Adriaen Block
	1614
	"House of Hope"
	Versche Rivier
	Algonquian
	1633
	the Connecticut Colony at Hartford
	Thomas Hooker
	1636
	The Fundamental Agreement of the New Haven Colony
	the "Constitution State"
	1662
	King Charles II
	the "Great Compromise"
	the Connecticut Charter of 1662
	1787
	Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth
	the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan
	Virginia and New Jersey
	the early 20th century
	2018
	Central Corridor Rail Line
	the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line
	the Metropolitan Transportation Authority
	Dannel Malloy
	January 5, 2011
	Ella Grasso
	Nancy Wyman
	1818
	Mental Health and Addiction Services
	Public Utility Regulatory Authority
	Veterans Affairs
	Emergency Management and Public Protection
	Energy & Environmental Protection
	declaring an affiliation to a political party
	58%
	about 8 unaffiliated for every 7 in the Democratic Party
	for every 4 in the Connecticut Republican Party
	town and/or city, state legislative districts for both houses, Congressional districts, and statewide
	In almost all races
	Several processes
	on the basis of their respective performances in the most recent election covering the same constituency
	every four years
	the benefit of appearing in one of the top two rows on the ballot
	belonging to the two parties that polled best, statewide, in the gubernatorial column
	below major parties
	a party convention for the office's constituency
	members of the town party committee
	choose to endorse a candidate
	the endorsed candidate and all who meet the threshold appear on the primary ballot
	most winning candidates
	"professionally managed" primary-election campaign
	in a situation such as his win, the top "three" parties in the governor's race all became major parties
	Lowell Weicker
	Connecticut Western Reserve
	people from Connecticut
	Pennsylvania and New York
	Northwest Territory
	U.S. government
	General Sir Henry Clinton
	Redding encampment
	winter encampment at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania
	supply depot in Danbury
	"Connecticut's Valley Forge."
	Hudson River
	Greenwich Bay
	war
	New Netherland
	Westmoreland County
	English Crown
	Massachusetts Bay
	void in political affairs
	Charles II
	New Haven
	with a raid on a Pequot village
	laid siege to Saybrook Colony's garrison
	Pequot village on the Mystic River
	between 300 and 700 Pequots
	Fairfield
	inflected language
	root meaning and markers
	markers specifying the grammatical use of the word
	compact sentence elements
	amō
	changed by changing the markers
	The semantic element does not change
	express different grammatical functions
	he or she will love
	All natural languages contain ambiguities
	five
	a group of nouns with similar inflected forms
	the genitive singular form of the noun
	The fourth declension, with a predominant ending letter of u
	the fifth declension
	First and second declension adjectives
	like second declension nouns
	like a regular second declension neuter noun
	like first declension nouns
	Latin belongs to one of four main conjugations
	the last letter of the verb's present stem
	a class of verbs with similar inflected forms
	stripping the -re (or -ri, in the case of a deponent verb) ending from the present infinitive form
	Irregular verbs
	a consonant
	the i-stems
	like the 4th conjugation
	Indo-European languages.
	six
	two
	the present, imperfect, and future tenses
	the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses
	272 BC
	adopting features of Greek culture
	hellenization
	the Romans began hellenizing, or adopting features of Greek culture,
	Sebastiane and The Passion of the Christ
	for the sake of realism
	for the benefit of those who do not understand Latin.
	for the sake of realism
	Semper paratus
	goddess of truth,
	Salus populi suprema lex esto
	To the stars through hardships
	between long and short vowels
	the apex
	⟨I⟩
	macron
	diphthongs
	a sequence of two vowels in different syllables in aēnus
	sequences of two vowels, or of a vowel and one of the semivowels
	cuius [ˈkʊj.jʊs]
	Old Italic alphabet
	Phoenician alphabet
	Celtic
	Vietnamese
	unity in phonological forms and developments
	Christian (Roman Catholic) culture
	Moorish conquest of Spain
	711
	largely cut off from the unifying influences
	Medieval Latin
	Latin continued without its natural spoken base
	Holy Roman Empire and its allies
	Germanic and Slavic nations
	incipient Romance languages
	auxiliary verbs
	linguistic cohesion
	many words have been changed
	Medieval Latin
	The Renaissance
	Renaissance Humanists
	Renaissance Humanists
	producing revised editions of the literary works
	15th century
	Catholic Church
	Tridentine Mass
	Canon law
	Vatican City
	Latin
	75 BC
	Vulgar Latin
	Classical Latin
	comic playwrights
	3rd century AD
	several hundred
	Loeb Classical Library
	printing
	Oxford Classical Texts
	field of Classics
	Meissner's
	fairy tales
	the Grinch
	Latin
	to garner popular interest
	Old French
	Saint Augustine of Canterbury
	Greek
	inkhorn terms
	Latin
	Roman dominion
	Pliny the Elder
	Galen
	Roman engineering
	legal Latin terms
	the Classics
	Instruction in Latin
	Wheelock's Latin: The Classic Introductory Latin Course
	1956
	Harvard University
	as a means of both spoken and written communication
	at the Vatican and at some institutions in the U.S.
	The British Cambridge University Press
	The British Cambridge University Press
	the adventures of a mouse called Minimus
	publications and grants
	Via Facilis, a London-based charity
	National Junior Classical League
	more than 50,000 members
	the American Classical League
	some time before the Trojan War
	There are no hard and fast rules of classification
	different scholars emphasize different features
	by subtle differences
	the styles used by the writers of the Roman Catholic Church
	the speech was uniform either diachronically or geographically
	The Decline of the Roman Empire
	in Christian writings of the time
	This language was more in line with the everyday speech
	vernacular Latin was free to develop on its own
	computability theory
	because the number of possible algorithms is
	not computable
	busy beaver function
	Use of f(A)
	square brackets
	f−1[B] and f−1[b]
	the domain is also an element of the domain
	first applying f to x to obtain y = f(x) and then applying g to y to obtain z = g(y)
	reading the notation as "g of f" or "g after f"
	when the codomain of f is the domain of g
	the function on the right, f, acts first and the function on the left, g acts second, reversing English reading order
	overriding union
	(f ⊕ g): (X ∪ W) → Y
	associative operation
	it has the empty function as an identity element
	X → Y, by [X → Y], or by YX
	\|YX\| = \|Y\|\|X\|
	enumerative combinatorics
	uncountably many functions
	function f from X to Y
	there is exactly one element y
	one ordered pair
	x in X
	the ordered pair (x, y) is contained in the subset
	f.
	sgn(x)
	the argument
	The parentheses around the argument
	v(t)
	the specification of the domain and codomain
	clear
	f and g
	f(x) = 4 − x
	the maximal possible domain
	a dot
	a special symbol
	{\displaystyle \scriptstyle a(\cdot )^{2}}
	functional nature
	variable
	Functions
	finite strings to finite strings
	computable functions
	Euclidean algorithm
	two positive integers
	function
	read "f of x"
	The output of a function f corresponding to an input x is denoted by
	f(x)
	Functions
	the graph of the function
	a table
	a formula or algorithm
	domain
	codomain
	graph
	range
	function spaces
	a red triangle, a yellow rectangle, a green hexagon, and a red square
	"color-of-the-shape function"
	the "color-of-the-shape function"
	to exactly one color
	the argument
	codomain
	domain
	value
	two different ways
	domain
	codomain
	codomain is not specified
	set of ordered pairs with no specific codomain
	f maps X into Y
	f: X → Y
	ordered triple
	a type of relation
	a set of ordered pairs
	triple (X, Y, F)
	a type of correspondence
	correspondence
	single-valued relations
	recursion theory and functional analysis
	x = 0
	a partial function
	structure-preserving functions
	category theory
	well-defined function
	empty function
	requirement for sets to form a category
	ordered pair
	ordered pair
	at ordered pair (0, 0)
	signed distances from the origin
	Cartesian
	its origin
	two
	its origin
	coordinate axis or just axis
	Cartesian coordinates
	n Cartesian coordinates
	perpendicular
	three mutually perpendicular planes
	René Descartes
	17th century
	geometric shapes (such as curves)
	algebraic
	Cartesian coordinates
	analytic
	the concept of the graph of a function
	Cartesian coordinates
	1637
	did not
	Pierre de Fermat
	Frans van Schooten and his students
	1649
	in parentheses and separated by commas
	The origin
	by the letters (x, y) in the plane, and (x, y, z) in three-dimensional space
	This custom comes from a convention of algebra
	given quantities
	height
	toward the viewer, biased either to the right or left
	the presumed viewer or camera perspective
	pointing "out of the page" towards the viewer or camera
	right-handedness
	(the Y-axis)
	the X-axis
	the Y-axis
	(the X-axis)
	θ
	up
	the x- and y-axes
	horizontal
	two
	'right-handed' and 'left-handed'
	a three-dimensional object is represented on the two-dimensional screen
	the "middle" axis
	The axis pointing downward
	parallel
	The red circle
	right-handed
	between a convex cube a
	convex cube and a concave "corner"
	ambiguity
	imagine the x-axis as pointing towards the observer
	x-axis and y-axis
	versors
	standard basis
	x,y,z
	There is no natural interpretation
	z = x + iy
	(0, 1)
	imaginary unit
	Cartesian
	three
	spatial size
	origin
	Kilometers
	10,000 km
	Prime Meridian
	longitude = −73.985656, latitude = 40.748433
	40,000/2π
	spatial apps
	four or more variables
	kilograms, seconds, pounds, etc
	geometry of Cartesian coordinates
	graph of a function or relation
	sketch
	calculus
	a function or relation
	origin
	negative
	one
	its distance from O,
	a straight line
	length
	An orientation
	the origin
	points
	rectangular coordinate system
	oblique
	the x-axis is taken to be horizontal and the y-axis is taken to be vertical.
	horizontal
	vertical
	rectangular coordinate system
	the origin for both
	is defined by an ordered pair of perpendicular lines (axes), a single unit of length for both axes, and an orientation for each axis.
	oblique" axes, that is, axes that did not meet at right angles
	an ordered triplet of lines (axes) that are pair-wise perpendicular, have a single unit of length for all three axes and have an orientation for each axis.
	a single unit of length
	perpendicular
	a number line
	a Cartesian plane.
	pairs of real numbers
	lists
	Cartesian coordinates are unique and non-ambiguous
	allow axes that are not perpendicular to each other, and/or different units along each axis
	by projecting the point onto one axis along a direction that is parallel to the other axis
	the computations of distances and angles
	the Pythagorean formula
	symbol Sn
	10 stable isotopes
	germanium and lead
	obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite
	has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4
	The first alloy used on a large scale since 3000 BC was bronze
	corrosion-resistant tin plating of steel
	was used for flatware from the Bronze Age until the 20th century
	tin-plated metal was used for food packaging as tin cans
	Tin is a malleable, ductile and highly crystalline silvery-white metal.
	Tin melts at a low temperature of about 232 °C (450 °F)
	a crackling sound known as the tin cry can be heard due to the twinning of the crystals
	177.3 °C (351.1 °F) for 11 nm particles
	β-tin (the metallic form, or white tin), which is stable at and above room temperature, is malleable.
	α-tin (nonmetallic form, or gray tin), which is stable below 13.2 °C (55.8 °F)
	Two more allotropes, γ and σ, exist at temperatures above 161 °C (322 °F) and pressures above several GPa
	on the addition of Sb or Bi, the transformation may not occur at all, increasing the durability of the tin.
	In cold conditions, β-tin tends to transform spontaneously into α-tin, a phenomenon known as "tin pest".
	because of the inhibiting effect of the small amounts of bismuth, antimony, lead and silver present as impurities.
	Tin tends rather easily to form hard, brittle intermetallic phases, which are often undesirable.
	copper, antimony, bismuth, cadmium and silver increase its hardness.
	Simple eutectic systems, however, occur with bismuth, gallium, lead, thallium and zinc.
	Tin
	to be studied
	the Meissner effect
	tin crystals
	corrosion from water
	acids and alkalis
	protective coat
	protective oxide layer
	a catalyst
	ten
	116Sn, 118Sn and 120Sn
	NMR spectroscopy
	120Sn (at almost a third of all tin), 118Sn, and 116Sn
	115Sn
	50
	50
	29
	100Sn
	nuclides possessing a "doubly magic" nucleus
	reconstructed Proto-Germanic
	branches of Indo-European
	Germanic languages
	tinne
	tenn
	an alloy of silver and lead
	plumbum candidum
	tin
	unknown
	Cornwall
	3000 BC
	less than 2%
	the Near East
	health risks
	early in the Bronze Age
	SnO2
	Cassiterite
	alluvial channels
	granite
	black, purple
	both oxidation states
	volatile molecular compounds
	polymeric
	iodides
	polymeric solids
	Tin(II) chloride
	chlorine
	SnCl2 and hydrogen gas
	stannous chloride
	comproportionation
	50%/50%
	resistance to corrosion
	spotted metal
	lead
	tin
	50%/50%
	varying amounts of a tin/lead alloy
	the pipe's tone
	tin
	spotted metal
	pierced tin
	Punched tin lanterns
	central Europe
	Paul Revere
	pierced tin
	central Europe
	Punched tin lanterns
	Revere type lantern
	Paul Revere
	lead
	used for joining pipes or electric circuits
	on 1 July 2006
	a higher melting point, and the formation of tin whiskers causing electrical problems
	leading to loss of the soldered joint
	used for coating lead, zinc and steel to prevent corrosion. Tin-plated steel containers are widely used for food preservation
	in London in 1812.
	"cans" or "tin cans"
	can of beer"
	because it was first mass-produced in tin-plated steel
	copper
	Tin
	bronze and/or brass alloys
	Bronze is mostly copper (12% tin), while addition of phosphorus gives phosphor bronze
	Bell metal
	Nb3Sn
	commercially used as wires for superconducting magnets
	(25 T)
	A superconducting magnet weighing as little as two kilograms is capable of producing magnetic fields comparable to a conventional electromagnet weighing tons
	, due to the material's high critical temperature (18 K) and critical magnetic field (25 T)
	negative electrode
	Tin
	catalyze decomposition of carbonate-based electrolytes
	Li-ion
	organotin
	cyanide
	"almost unknown"
	toxic
	organic
	stannous chloride
	Stille reaction
	organotin
	stannous fluoride
	sodium fluoride
	gingivitis
	becomes biologically inactive
	SnF2
	wood preservative
	2003
	over 25 meters long
	persistent organic pollutants
	Sony
	some crystalline facets of tetragonal
	Nexelion cells
	instability of the tin-organic electrolyte interface
	stabilization of PVC plastics
	labile chloride ions
	organotin compounds
	dibutyltin dichloride
	tin
	The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
	2 mg/m3
	The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
	100 mg/m3
	Tin
	cassiterite
	when tin is heated in the presence of air
	amphoteric
	both the +2 and +4
	Stannane
	tributyltin hydride (Sn(C4H9)3H)
	Stannane (SnH4)
	transient tributyl tin radicals
	Organotin compounds
	Organotin compounds
	the organic derivatives
	biocides
	Edward Frankland
	colorless
	air and water
	tetrahedral geometry
	Tetraalkyl- and tetraaryltin compounds
	by redistribution reactions
	tetraorgano
	The mixed halide-alkyls
	The mixed halide-alkyls
	recycling of scrap
	1993
	1989
	14,000
	Secondary
	recycling of scrap tin
	nearly 14,000
	1993
	southern Mongolia
	Seminole Group Colombia
	2009
	in southern Mongolia
	new deposits of tin were discovered in Colombia
	the Seminole Group Colombia CI, SAS
	London Metal Exchange (LME)
	17 brands
	8
	15,000
	renegade militia
	The ten largest companies
	15,000 tonnes
	the mine at Bisie, Democratic Republic of the Congo
	on the London Metal Exchange (LME)
	complex "agreements"
	essentially collapsed
	Tin Council (ITC)
	1973 through 1980
	complex "agreements" between producer countries and consumer countries
	informal and sporadic
	1985
	the International Tin Council
	the "First International Tin Agreement"
	in some areas of the Alps
	Before the modern era
	one to nine
	hearts and tulips.
	In America
	wooden cupboards of various styles and sizes
	floor standing or hanging cupboards
	to discourage vermin and insects and to keep dust from perishable foodstuffs
	North America
	floating molten glass
	float glass
	on top of molten tin
	Pilkington process
	from various ores.
	in does not occur as the native element
	Cassiterite (SnO2)
	granite rock
	stannite, cylindrite, franckeite, canfieldite, and teallite
	long S-process in low-to-medium mass stars
	masses of 0.6 to 10 times
	beta decay of heavy isotopes of indium.
	10 times that of Sun
	unusual
	"inert pair effect
	R2Sn, as seen for singlet carbenes) and distannylenes (R4Sn2)
	Tin is often recovered from granules washed downstream
	Because of the higher specific gravity
	The most economical ways of mining tin are through dredging, hydraulic methods or open cast mining.
	Most of the world's tin is produced from placer deposits
	as little as 0.015% tin
	mostly in China (110,000 t
	About 253,000 tonnes
	the dynamics of economic feasibility
	the Earth will run out of tin that can be mined in 40 years
	current consumption rates and technologies
	the U.S. Government tin stockpile
	late 1985
	1981–82
	a major "tin crisis"
	$4 per pound
	women
	there are a disproportionate number of women who are nurses,
	women, not men, should become nurses,
	can be justified
	Supreme Court
	Virginia Military Institute
	academic and leadership development for women
	providing liberal arts and professional education
	the elimination of publicly supported single-sex educational opportunities
	ignoring the diverse pre-political and political developments
	women's consciousness-raising groups
	Anna NietoGomez
	the oppressions women faced
	hegemonic feminism
	generational division of the second-wave
	Baby Boomer generation
	before World War II ended
	to be generational differences
	early 1960s to the early 1980s
	new forms of consciousness
	Maylei Blackwell
	decentered and refocused
	gaps and crevices of the second-wave
	legal obstacles to gender equality (e.g.., voting rights, property rights),
	overturning legal obstacles to gender equality (e.g.., voting rights, property rights)
	sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, de facto inequalities, and official legal inequalities.
	domestic violence and marital rape issues, establishment of rape crisis and battered women's shelters, and changes in custody and divorce law.
	Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the United States Constitution, in which they were defeated by anti-feminists led by Phyllis Schlafly,
	first-wave feminism focused mainly on suffrage and overturning legal obstacles to gender equality
	sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, de facto inequalities, and official legal inequalities.
	domestic violence and marital rape issues, establishment of rape crisis and battered women's shelters, and changes in custody and divorce law.
	voting rights, property rights
	passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the United States Constitution
	French writer Simone de Beauvoir
	the notion of women being perceived as "other" in the patriarchal society. She went on to conclude that male-centered ideology was being accepted as a norm
	1960
	This made it easier for women to have careers without having to leave due to unexpectedly becoming pregnant
	The administration of President Kennedy made women's rights a key issue of the New Frontier
	The Second Sex
	The Feminine Mystique
	she explicitly objected to how women were depicted in the mainstream media, and how placing them at home limited their possibilities
	"The Problem That Has No Name"
	perfect nuclear family image depicted and strongly marketed at the time, she wrote, did not reflect happiness and was rather degrading for women.
	The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963
	the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed
	"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan
	President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality
	The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life,
	the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed
	The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963
	"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan
	President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality
	The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life,
	the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed
	The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963
	"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan
	President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality
	The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life,
	the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed
	"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan
	The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963
	President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality
	The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life,
	the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed
	"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan
	The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963
	President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality
	The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life,
	the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed
	"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan
	The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life,
	The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963
	President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality
	the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed
	President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality
	The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life,
	"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan
	The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963
	the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed
	The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963
	"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan
	President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality
	The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life,
	the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed
	President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality
	The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life,
	"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan
	The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963
	the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed
	The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963
	The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life,
	President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality
	"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan
	the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed
	The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963
	"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan
	The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life,
	President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality
	NOW
	many of NOW's leaders were convinced that the vast number of male African-Americans who lived below the poverty line were in need of more job opportunities
	Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act to enforce more job opportunities among American women
	Equal Employment Opportunity
	1969
	In 1969
	1980
	1983
	failed negotiations with Barnard College for a merger
	1963
	freelance
	a Playboy Bunny waitress
	the club was mistreating its waitresses in order to gain male customers
	support for legalized abortion and federally funded day-cares
	the issue of coeducation
	Mount Holyoke should remain a women's college
	against coeducation
	Smith College
	extending full affirmative action rights to women
	sex-segregated help wanted ads
	marital rape
	1975
	the changing of social attitudes towards women
	Harvard University
	1970
	1963
	1999
	Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study in Women's Studies
	sexist
	Helen Reddy's song "I Am Woman"
	created pop culture of their own
	"feminist poster girl" or a "feminist icon".
	to create 'positive' images of women
	a "free school'" course on women
	Heather Booth and Naomi Weisstein
	National Conference of New Politics (NCNP)
	Willam F. Pepper
	Voice of the women's liberation movement
	1968
	Seattle's first women's liberation group
	by 'balling a chick together.'
	the University of Washington
	the early 1980s
	the "boys' clubs"
	gender discrimination
	adding the Equal Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution
	2011
	Ten states
	half
	increased over time
	only 77%
	the father's surname comes first, followed by the mother's surname
	she usually keeps her birth names, or at least the last one
	the father's name is the last, mother's coming first
	Since 1977
	the traditions followed in countries like Brazil, Portugal and Angola are somewhat different from the ones in Spain
	It spread in the late 19th century
	under French influence
	during the 1930s and 1940
	Nowadays, fewer women adopt, even officially, their husbands' names
	in the upper classes
	18th and 19th centuries
	Short
	filthy
	pig man
	local registrar
	the end of the 19th century
	known only by their first names
	republicanism
	A woman would then adopt her husband's full surname after marriage.
	morning star
	sapphire
	branch
	their slave masters
	18th and 19th centuries
	some bear only the last surnames of the parents
	euphony, social significance or other reasons.
	euphony, social significance
	the child may have any other combination of the parents' surnames
	village of origin
	In India
	surnames are placed as last names or before first names
	village of origin, caste, clan, office of authority their ancestors held, or trades of their ancestors.
	surnames are placed last
	given name, followed by the father's name, followed by the family name
	The majority of surnames are derived from the place where the family lived
	Maharashtra and Goa
	South India
	t is a common in Kerala and some other parts of South India
	the spouse adopts her husband's first name
	in Kerala and some other parts of South India that the spouse adopts her husband's first name
	Nguyen
	40%
	The last dynasty in Vietnam was the Nguyen dynasty
	when a new dynasty took power in Vietnam it was custom to adopt that dynasty's surname
	Greece
	Poland
	Podwiński
	Vilkienė
	Vilkaitė
	Ryan
	Li
	English
	little king
	Lucania
	12th
	son of Lewis
	Scotland
	locational
	MacLeod
	true compound surnames are passed on and inherited as compounds
	Spanish-speaking countries
	Paz y Miño Estrella
	Luis Telmo Paz y Miño Estrella
	Chairman of the Supreme Military Junta of Ecuador
	Paz y Miño
	Telmo
	Estrella
	Ecuador
	patronymic, normally a Spanish patronymic (i.e. from the Castilian language)
	throughout Guipúzcoa, Navarra, Soria, Logroño, and most of Green Spain
	local toponymic surname from Álava
	runs along the coastal strip lying north of the Cantabrian and Basque mountains, along the Bay of Biscay
	English and several other European cultures
	it is not unusual for compound surnames to be composed of separate words not linked by a hyphen
	with the prefix as a separate word
	with the prefix as a separate word, as in "Fitz William", as well as "FitzWilliam" or "Fitzwilliam"
	"Ó Briain" or "Mac Millan" as well as the anglicized "O'Brien" and "MacMillan" or "Macmillan."
	classify European surnames
	given name, occupational name, location name, nickname, and ornamental name
	Giovanni
	Beaton
	O'Brien
	Andersen
	1,712
	1%
	50%
	Smith
	the Social Security System
	In Spain and in most Spanish-speaking countries
	by the various combinations and permutations of surnames.
	if "(José) GARCÍA Torres" and "(María) ACOSTA Gómez" had a child named Pablo
	Pablo García Acosta
	Spain
	Spanish
	Catalan
	Catalonia
	Spain
	Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America
	"de" (of)
	her birth name
	both parents
	1973
	1995
	Spain
	Chile
	Schneider
	occupational name adopted by the servant of a vicar
	medieval mystery
	King, Lord, Virgin, and Death
	19th century
	"dit" ("said")
	"nom-dit" ("said-name")
	Verville
	the nom-dit
	The Icelandic system
	A person's last name
	Johansen (son of Johan)
	matronymic
	English
	the inhabited location associated with the person given that name
	type of settlement
	habitational
	different periods, different locations, or with being used with certain other elements
	"farmstead", "village", "manor", or "estate"
	In Russia and Bulgaria
	Andrey
	Sergeyev
	Greece
	"Monte"
	large cities
	"hill"
	a village in County Galway
	resident of Lucca
	Ethiopia and Eritrea
	the father
	a pseudo-surname
	rarely
	"Mr Abraham."
	geographical features
	stone river
	Yamamoto
	above the well.
	Hebrew patronymic names
	adam
	"son of"
	Abraham ben Abraham
	the city of origin
	Tikrit
	in Iraq
	nisbah
	Italian, French, Russian, German, etc
	Spanish
	old traditional families
	rare
	fathers'
	Some state offices have started to use both last names
	reduce the risk of a person being mistaken for others using the same name combinations
	father then mother
	2008
	only optionally in Spain, despite Argentina being a Spanish-speaking country
	mother's last name ahead the father's last name
	Portuguese-speaking countries and only optionally in Spain
	Chile
	in some circles, it is still customary for a wife to use her husband's name as reference,
	people keep their birth names for all their life, no matter how many times marital status
	no effect at all on either of the spouses' names
	father followed by that of the mother
	no known father and the mother is single
	both of her mother's surnames or the mother's first surname followed by any of the surnames of the mother's parents or grandparents
	always bear the surname of the father followed by that of the mother
	Luis Paz y Miño
	Luis Paz y Miño
	Luis Telmo Paz y Miño
	Luis Estrella, Telmo Estrella, or Luis Telmo Estrella, nor as Luis Paz, Telmo Paz, or Luis Telmo Paz
	Paz
	Paz y Miño
	Paz y Miño
	Estrella
	Paz y Miño
	the mother's
	Anglosphere
	Miño
	around five centuries
	the Hispanic world
	hyphenated
	one
	Paz y Miño
	Paz Miño
	five centuries ago
	Pazmiño
	for the convenience of Westerners
	the Baltic Fennic peoples and the Hungarians
	the Baltic Fennic peoples and the Hungarians
	Uralic peoples traditionally did not have surnames, perhaps because of the clan structure of their societies
	to avoid their given name being mistaken for and used as a surname
	for the convenience of Westerners
	the Baltic Fennic peoples and the Hungarians
	the Baltic Fennic peoples and the Hungarians
	Uralic peoples traditionally did not have surnames, perhaps because of the clan structure of their societies
	to avoid their given name being mistaken for and used as a surname
	caste, profession, and village
	surname
	In telephone directories the surname is used for collation
	In North Indian states
	In south India
	caste, profession, and village
	surname
	In telephone directories the surname is used for collation
	In south India
	In North Indian states
	last, first middle,"
	"last, first middle,"
	by a comma
	in citing the names of authors in scholarly papers
	in citing the names of authors in scholarly papers
	last, first middle,"
	"last, first middle,"
	by a comma
	in citing the names of authors in scholarly papers
	in citing the names of authors in scholarly papers
	In most Spanish-speaking countries
	Spanish ex-premier
	Rodríguez
	Zapatero
	paternal
	it is widely understood that the first surname denotes one's father's family
	"Rodríguez Zapatero" is not considered one surname
	the paternal surname of both father and mother are passed on
	The father's paternal surname
	the mother's paternal surname becomes the child's second surname
	Pablo Ruiz Picasso and Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
	some
	better fit into the non-Hispanic society they live or work in
	"Picasso" and "Zapatero"
	"Picasso" and "Zapatero"
	hermana
	Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
	legal marriage
	sister
	hyphenate their father's and mother's last names
	mistake the first last name of the individual for a middle name
	English-speakers are not aware of the Hispanic custom of using two last names
	Esteban Álvarez-Cobos
	Argentine Civilian Code
	Argentina
	police offices and passports
	meaning they belong to their husbands
	husband's last name
	Juan Domingo Perón
	Eva Duarte de Perón
	little Eva
	Eva Perón
	surname
	last name
	a name added to a given name
	because it is usually placed at the end of a person's given name
	two or more
	is placed before a person's given name.
	placed before a person's given name.
	placed before a person's given name.
	placed before a person's given name.
	given name
	only one name
	far from universal
	mononym
	individual's occupation or area of residence
	medieval
	a "byname"
	relatively recent historical development
	a byname would be used
	placed after the personal or given name
	the surname is placed first
	first name
	Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam and China
	Hungary
	placed after the personal or given name
	the surname is placed first
	first name
	Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam and China
	Hungary
	placed after the personal or given name
	first name
	the surname is placed first
	Hungary
	Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam and China
	the "Home" edition
	April 14, 2009
	the "Professional" edition
	April 8, 2014
	"Tablet PC" edition
	Home and Professional
	power users
	Media Center
	Tablet PC
	2009
	1985
	graphical user interfaces
	Mac
	Android
	Android
	September 1981
	Chase Bishop
	November 1985
	MS-DOS Executive
	overlapping windows
	graphical shells
	MS-DOS
	file system services
	cooperative multitasking
	memory became scarce
	1990
	2 million
	Windows 3.0
	protected mode
	several megabytes of memory
	August 24, 1995
	four
	December 31, 2001
	native 32-bit applications, plug and play hardware, preemptive multitasking, long file names of up to 255 characters
	Start menu, taskbar, and Windows Explorer shell
	Internet Explorer 5.0 and Windows Media Player 6.2
	Windows 98 SE
	Windows 98 Second Edition
	July 11, 2006
	Windows ME (Millennium Edition)
	Windows NT
	digital cameras
	Windows ME
	PC World
	Region and Language Control Panel
	automatically installed
	East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic
	Third-party IMEs
	Region and Language Control Panel
	Region and Language Control Panel
	Multilingual support
	during Windows installation
	Third-party IMEs
	keyboard and the interface
	Language Interface Packs (LIPs)
	free for download
	XP or later
	translates the complete operating system
	optional updates through the Windows Update service
	Language Interface Packs
	any edition of Windows (XP or later)
	Full Language Packs
	Windows Update service
	8
	Windows NT 3.51
	1996
	Windows NT 3.1
	Windows NT 4.0
	Microsoft
	Win32
	allowing existing Windows applications to easily be ported to the platform
	Windows 3.0
	Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012
	Single Language
	The PC Settings app
	changes the language
	emerging markets
	Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012
	interface and input languages
	PC Settings app
	Mail, Maps and News
	Windows XP
	Windows XP
	Windows NT
	Windows XP
	consumer
	2007
	2006
	security features
	Windows Server 2008
	early 2008
	2009
	Windows Vista
	incremental upgrade
	multi-touch support
	HomeGroup
	2012
	Microsoft's Metro design language
	touch-based
	cloud services
	Windows Store
	Windows 10
	2015
	user interface
	2014
	Windows 7 with SP1 and Windows 8.1
	every month
	Xbox OS
	Xbox Live service
	Xbox One's system also allows backward compatibility with Xbox 360,
	using offline recovery images downloaded via a PC
	Windows Update service
	approximately once a month
	versions of Windows after and including Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP
	Service Pack 2 for Windows XP, as well as Service Pack 1 for Windows Server 2003
	memory
	an administrator account
	the number of programs which unnecessarily required administrator rights
	the first user account created during the setup process was an administrator account
	User Account Control
	UAC will prompt for confirmation
	a reduced privilege environment
	requests higher privileges or "Run as administrator" is clicked
	Windows NT 3
	easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on the files and folders
	AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP
	Linux and NetWare
	a Beta version of Microsoft AntiSpyware
	Giant AntiSpyware
	Windows Defender
	Microsoft Security Essentials
	Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool and the optional Microsoft Safety Scanner
	Kevin Mitnick and marketing communications firm Avantgarde
	a hardware or software firewall, running anti-virus and anti-spyware software, and installing patches as they become available through Windows Update
	The AOL National Cyber Security Alliance
	Windows XP system with Service Pack 1
	Windows XP Service Pack 2
	Windows NT
	PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000
	Windows 2000
	IA-32
	64-bit
	Windows XP 64-Bit Edition
	Intel Itanium architecture
	IA-64
	2005
	Server 2008 R2
	Daniel Zohary
	between twenty and two hundred years
	do not germinate in the first year
	a very small number
	the three cereals
	Early agriculture
	The Fertile Crescent
	einkorn wheat, emmer wheat and barley
	The Mediterranean climate
	Fertile Crescent region
	the paleolithic site of Ohalo II
	Sea of Galilee
	19,400 BP
	Tell Aswad
	Johanna Bakker-Heeres
	Northern China
	4500 years ago
	southern
	around 2500 BC
	the Yellow River basin
	three
	7,000 BP
	a "false dawn"
	the Ethiopian highlands, the Sahel and West Africa
	original Neolithic Revolution
	hunter-gatherers
	food
	villages and towns
	food-crop cultivation
	non-nomadic
	irrigation and deforestation
	extensive surplus food production
	their natural environment
	writing
	citation
	Personal land and private property ownership
	Middle Eastern Sumerian cities
	Bronze Age
	The Levant followed by Mesopotamia
	10,000 BC
	invention of the wheel
	Mathematics
	the Fertile Crescent
	the Fertile Crescent
	Southeast Asian peninsula
	Subsaharan Africa
	agrarian-based one
	cereal grasses
	Plants that rapidly shed their seeds on maturity
	emmer, einkorn and barley
	strains that retained their edible seeds longer
	Plants that possessed traits such as small seeds or bitter taste
	about 7500 BC
	South America
	Mexican highlands
	farming
	the formative period
	the cultivation of taro and a variety of other crops
	11,000 BP
	the lowlands
	taro
	Carl Sauer
	sedentary food production
	The animals' size, temperament, diet, mating patterns, and life span
	milk
	leather, wool, hides, and fertilizer
	East Asia
	the dromedary camel
	Henri Fleisch
	that it could have been used by the earliest nomadic shepherds
	the climate in the Middle East changed and became drier
	the rest of Eurasia and North Africa
	in part due to diseases and harder work
	about 20 hours
	The hunter-gatherers
	Average height went down
	the twentieth century
	a denser population
	Food surpluses
	availability of milk
	more-rapidly increase its size
	governmental organization
	animals
	camel
	personal possessions
	trade unwanted surpluses with others
	populations could grow
	disease
	animals
	humans who first domesticated the big mammals
	90%
	Inca Empire
	Europeans and East Asians
	sedentary
	firearms and steel swords
	smallpox
	Eurasian
	human genetic markers
	West Africa
	Y-chromosome haplogroup E1b1a
	Near East
	E1b1b
	12,000 millimetres (460 in)
	between October and March
	leeward
	receive much more rainfall
	Kauai
	Extratropical
	windstorms
	overrunning snow
	towards the North Pole
	condenses
	narrow lake-effect snow bands
	deeper
	snow showers
	the air above
	wet, or rainy, season
	Tropical rainforests
	Savanna
	late afternoon and early evening
	seasonal weight fluctuations
	at the centre
	clockwise
	a year's worth
	miles across
	tropical savanna
	20° and 40° degrees
	1,750 and 2,000 mm
	750 and 1,270 mm
	steppe
	Subarctic
	west
	cool oceans
	rain
	Drought
	fungus growth
	water
	1900
	6.1%
	1970s
	East North Central
	Hawaii
	0.6 to 5.6 °C
	shower and thunderstorm
	48% and 116%
	28%
	The Quantitative Precipitation Forecast
	Radar imagery forecasting
	hydrologic forecast models
	rain gauge measurements, weather radar estimates
	the tropics
	ascending
	Rocky Mountains
	Asia
	Colombia
	upslope flow due to the trade winds
	Colombia
	the tropics
	Hadley cell
	Rocky Mountains
	standard rain gauge
	plastic
	metal
	25 mm (1 in)
	inner cylinder
	wedge gauge
	wedge and tipping bucket gauges
	what ruler is used to measure the rain with
	snow may sublimate
	funnel
	Bits of liquid or solid water in the atmosphere
	virga
	All precipitation types
	precipitation measurement
	two
	cloud tops with a lot of small-scale variation
	higher altitudes
	information about cloud tops
	approximately inversely related
	Snow crystals
	supersaturated
	Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process
	evaporate
	due to their mass
	Snow crystals
	Because water droplets are more numerous than the ice crystals
	Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process
	Montana
	snowflakes
	scattering of light by the crystal facets and hollows/imperfections
	−2 °C (28 °F)
	broadly by the temperature and humidity at which it is formed
	triangular snowflakes
	SN
	showers
	drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail
	fog and mist
	any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity
	cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air
	Two processes
	showers
	fog and mist
	gravity
	other rain drops or ice crystals
	Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle
	Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres (121,000 cu mi)
	398,000 cubic kilometres (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans and 107,000 cubic kilometres (26,000 cu mi) over land.
	28.1 in
	the water cycle
	fresh water
	Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres (121,000 cu mi)
	oceans
	Köppen climate classification system
	The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone
	within a cyclone's comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands
	upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation.
	dry air caused by compressional heating
	Moisture overriding associated with weather fronts
	convective clouds
	desert climates
	upward motion
	within a cyclone's comma head
	convective, stratiform, and orographic rainfall.
	strong vertical motions that can cause the overturning of the atmosphere in that location within an hour and cause heavy precipitation
	weaker upward motions and less intense precipitation
	liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice
	snow, ice needles, ice pellets, hail, and graupel.
	rain and drizzle
	three categories
	Frozen
	convective, stratiform, and orographic rainfall
	strong vertical motions
	10 gigahertz to a few hundred GHz.
	37 GHz
	larger amounts of liquid emitting higher amounts of microwave radiant energy.
	Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission
	deep, vigorous convection
	mid- and high-latitude regions.
	low Earth orbit satellites
	exceeds three hours.
	the tropics
	two months or more
	real- or near-real-time applications.
	High Resolution Precipitation Product approach.
	even a small amount of surface gauge data is very useful for controlling the biases that are endemic to satellite estimates.
	The likelihood or probability of an event with a specified intensity and duration
	historic data for the location.
	extremely rare
	return period and storm duration
	average monthly values of temperature and precipitation.
	A through E
	mild mid-latitude
	cold mid-latitude
	oceanic climate
	dynamic precipitation
	thunderstorms
	mature low-pressure areas
	ice needles
	Convective rain
	convective
	convective clouds have limited horizontal extent
	baroclinic boundaries
	convective
	the windward side of a mountain
	the rising air motion of a large-scale flow of moist air across the mountain ridge
	windward
	Moisture is removed
	dew point
	condensation nuclei
	dust, ice, and salt
	Stratus
	altostratus or cirrostratus
	four
	Adiabatic
	Conductive
	Radiational
	Evaporative
	Coalescence
	Bergeron process
	producing larger droplets
	rain
	negligible
	0.1 millimetres (0.0039 in) to 9 millimetres
	they tend to break up
	cloud droplets
	more oblate
	larger
	Ice pellets
	freezing rain
	partial or complete melting
	a warm layer
	partial or complete melting
	hail
	upper part
	5 millimetres (0.20 in)
	grêle
	wet growth
	1944
	Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNNOJ)
	Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ)
	to create a federal multi-ethnic communist state in Yugoslavia
	Communist Party of Yugoslavia
	Unitary National Liberation Front (UNOF)
	Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ)
	Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNNOJ)
	1944
	Chetniks
	Herzegovina
	Muslims
	October 1941
	Chetniks
	Chetniks
	Partisan forces
	October 1941
	Chetniks
	October 1941
	Chetniks
	Partisan forces
	200 Croatian civilians
	Muslims
	The Partisans
	Serbs
	northern Dalmatia
	Italianization
	late 1941
	Ustaše
	Sarajevo
	Muslims
	Chetniks
	Sarajevo
	Kozara Mountain
	Sabor
	four
	early 1943
	Jews
	Croatian
	Winston Churchill
	Croatian Peasant Party
	October 1943
	Serbs
	Italy
	the Partisans
	100
	collaborationist militias
	puppet Independent State of Croatia
	the country experienced a breakdown of law and order,
	Kopaonik Partisan Detachment Headquarters
	area they controlled
	4,500
	1st Proletarian Assault Brigade (1. Proleterska Udarna Brigada)
	estimated 236,000 soldiers
	region and nationality,
	quickly defeated by the Axis forces
	Tito's offer of amnesty to all collaborators
	Chetniks
	Croatia
	a guerrilla campaign
	poorly armed
	Yugoslav territory.
	managed via the "People's committees
	limited arms industries
	agents of the western Allies
	Tito's Partisans
	Operation Schwarz
	The intelligence gathered
	Austria
	foibe massacres
	Italian fascists, and suspected collaborationists
	suspected Hungarian, German and Serbian fascists
	1944-1945
	brotherhood and unity
	between 900,000 and 1,150,000
	Between 80,000 and 100,000
	30,000
	Marcus Tanner
	Royal Yugoslav Army
	Germans, Italians, Army of the NDH, Ustaše and the Chetniks
	Karabiner 98k rifle, MP 40 submachine gun, MG 34 machine gun, Carcano rifles and carbines and Beretta submachine guns
	Soviet Union and the United Kingdom
	"Partisan rifle" and the anti-tank "Partisan mortar"
	6,000,000
	two million
	schools, hospitals and even local governments
	600,000
	traditional folklore heroines
	Greece
	absorption and annexation
	by naming the troops after important Slovene poets and writers
	Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Hungary
	Ivan Cankar
	Slovenia
	absorption and annexation into neighboring Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Hungary.
	the Partisan movement
	naming the troops after important Slovene poets and writers
	the Ivan Cankar battalion
	small, poorly armed and without any infrastructure
	experience with guerrilla warfare
	an Anti-Fascist resistance platform
	on 26 April 1941
	in the Province of Ljubljana
	3 October 1943
	120
	the 120-member Liberation Front Plenum
	the Kočevje Assembly
	Slovenian National Liberation Council
	Slovene language
	From 1942 till after 1944
	the Titovka cap
	the Yugoslav Army
	March 1945
	From 1942 till after 1944
	Slovene language
	the Titovka cap
	the Yugoslav Army
	March 1945
	The Partisans
	the Balkans
	1,152
	795
	356
	Partisans
	by railway
	In September 1943
	the German 1st Mountain and 104th Light Division
	British
	Partisans were courageous
	1943
	German 1st Mountain Division had traveled from Russia by railway
	the Partisans
	Semič
	Allied soldiers
	Croatia
	local civilians
	1944
	The Partisans
	British military
	southern Austria
	British military
	civilians
	Operation Flotsam
	Serbia
	On 20 October
	At the onset of winter
	Belgrade Offensive
	Operation Flotsam
	the Red Army
	1944
	Serbia
	In 1945
	800,000
	the Battle of Poljana
	15 May 1945
	in early April
	800,000
	the Battle of Poljana
	Partisans and retreating Wehrmacht
	1945
	132
	Raid at Ožbalt
	Austria
	Maribor
	132
	Allied escape organization
	Raid at Ožbalt
	Over 100
	seven
	19 September 1942
	made of fishing boats
	9 or 10 armed ships
	around 3,000 men
	On 26 October 1943
	1942
	1942
	200
	30
	10
	about a hundred Partisans
	eighteen guards
	132
	two prisoners
	Semič, in White Carniola, Slovenia
	SFR Yugoslavia
	the Balkan Air Force
	the Soviet Union
	the British
	no foreign troops
	primarily on issues of foreign policy
	Tito-Stalin split
	Trieste crisis
	Yugoslav-Italian border
	1956
	1942
	National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia
	National Liberation Army
	Narodnooslobodilačka vojska
	6 April 1941
	ten days
	Belgrade
	unconditional surrender of the Royal Yugoslav Army
	the Army attempted to defend all borders
	northern Slovenia
	Province of Lubiana
	Independent State of Croatia (NDH)
	Hungarian Third Army
	Bulgaria
	1942
	lack of infrastructure
	British Royal Air Force
	19
	9,000 feet (2,700 m)
	California
	Mount Whitney
	Yosemite National Park
	4,421 m
	Mount Morrison region
	Paleozoic age
	east of the crest and north of 37.2°N
	the Nevadan orogeny
	Cenozoic filling of the Great Valley
	115 Ma to 87 Ma
	subduction zone
	eastern
	Sierra Nevada batholith
	western half
	Mediterranean
	snow
	less than 25 inches
	The highest elevations
	North American Monsoon
	electric power generation
	20th
	aqueducts
	rain shadow
	climate and ecology
	crashed
	downdrafts and microbursts
	complex weather and atmospheric conditions
	Nevada Triangle
	2,000
	3,000 BCE to 500 CE
	peaceful
	Duck Pass
	Sierra Miwok tribes
	Mono tribe and Sierra Miwok tribe
	Joseph Reddeford Walker
	Humboldt
	Yosemite Valley
	Philadelphia
	journals
	James W. Marshall
	Samuel Brannan
	March 1848
	newspaper publisher
	vial of gold
	New York Herald
	James Polk
	deck cabins
	forty-niners
	August
	1853
	Hydraulic
	11 million ounces
	hydraulicking
	gravel deposits do not support plant life
	The Gold Rush
	Josiah Whitney
	California Geological Survey
	Theodore Solomons
	Clarence King
	1866
	1864
	John Muir
	1890
	1906
	three times
	50,000
	clarity of the lake water
	Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
	large-scale catastrophic wildfire
	Rim Fire
	El Dorado National Forest
	Logging
	Presidential election of 2012
	Barack Obama and Joe Biden
	7
	Affordable Care Act and President Obama's stewardship of the economy
	2 seats
	Mitt Romney
	Republicans
	Obama and Biden
	Republicans
	Paul Ryan
	prominence of the religious right
	historically strongly opposed same-sex marriage (the party's overall attitude on civil unions is much more divided, with some in favor and others opposed)
	As more states legalized same-sex marriage in the 2010s, Republicans increasingly supported allowing each state to decide its own marriage policy.
	2015
	Republican Party has taken positions regarded by many as outwardly hostile to the gay rights movement
	states legalized same-sex marriage in the 2010s
	George W. Bush
	strongly opposed same-sex marriage
	a more muted stance
	the prominence of the religious right in conservative politics
	2010s
	the prominence of the religious right in conservative politics
	2015
	George W. Bush
	a more muted stance
	formation of the conservative coalition
	the conservative International Democrat Union as well as the Asia Pacific Democrat Union
	25%
	30%
	1991
	classical liberalism and progressivism
	Republicans and Republican-leaning independents
	Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists
	16
	1991
	the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists
	42%
	historically advocated classical liberalism and progressivism.
	International Democrat Union as well as the Asia Pacific Democrat Union.
	1980
	more women voted than men
	whites from married couples with children living at home
	Unmarried and divorced women
	+8
	Democrats
	Democrats
	Republicans
	Republicans
	Romney
	under 15%
	2010
	the late 1860s
	New Deal
	35%
	44%
	Bobby Jindal
	35%
	31%
	Republican
	Voters who attend church weekly
	Protestants
	Republican
	Democratic
	Thomas Jefferson
	aristocracy and corruption
	slavery
	party's leading publicist
	Liberty
	Al Gore
	media
	red
	After the 2000 election
	Republicans
	Taft-Hartley Act
	corporations
	labor union organizations
	weaken
	Republicans
	President Richard Nixon
	President Theodore Roosevelt
	progressive
	Republicans
	President Ronald Reagan
	The New Deal
	early 1933.
	Democratic Party
	long-term unemployment
	Northeastern
	Republican
	Civil Rights Act of 1964
	New Hampshire
	10%
	the Civil Rights Act of 1964
	Republican
	10%
	New Hampshire
	Republican
	Since the 1990s
	44%
	the scientific consensus
	Republicans
	few
	The Old Right
	1936
	everything went awry
	1940
	it represented class warfare and socialism
	Arnold Schwarzenegger
	George W. Bush
	2007
	the Kyoto Protocols
	limit greenhouse gas emissions
	Vermont
	moderates
	South, Mountain West and Midwest
	a former moderate Republican senator is an independent-turned-Democrat former governor of Rhode Island
	Senator Susan Collins
	Jim Jeffords
	moderate Republican senator is an independent-turned-Democrat former governor
	Senator Susan Collins,
	the South, Mountain West and Midwest
	moderates
	proposed laws regulating carbon emissions
	Some Republican candidates
	unusual
	cap-and-trade policy
	in protected areas such as the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
	Senator Robert A. Taft
	1970
	conservatives
	20th century
	Voters liked Ike much more than they liked the GOP
	divided
	2006
	a path to citizenship
	deporting illegal immigrants
	the theories of neorealism and realism
	unilateralism
	to act without external support
	Axis of evil
	1989
	2004
	1998
	Republican presidential candidates
	in the 2002 elections
	in the mid-term elections of 2006
	The Republican Party
	The Republican Party
	1976
	Theodore Roosevelt
	believe in the power of government to improve people's lives
	Alf Landon
	Nelson
	Northeastern
	Nelson Rockefeller
	1976
	Theodore Roosevelt
	the power of government to improve people's lives
	what they saw as Republicans' restricting of vital civil liberties while corporate welfare and the national debt hiked considerably under Bush's tenure
	Special Assistant to President Ronald Reagan
	Doug Bandow
	the party's support for economic policies that they saw as sometimes in conflict with their moral values.
	In March 2013
	Reince Priebus
	National Committee Chairman
	to reinvent themselves and officially endorse immigration reform
	219
	under the age of 49
	Newt Gingrich
	a particular divide
	House Speaker
	56%
	incumbent President Barack Obama
	Mitt Romney
	the fifth time
	spoke out against their own party
	National Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC)
	The National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC)
	over $100 million
	Governor Chris Christie of New Jersey
	Republican Governors Association (RGA)
	Manhattan
	George Washington Bridge
	Staten Island Ferry
	Battery Park
	Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
	120,000 vehicles
	the Hudson River
	The Holland Tunnel
	President Franklin D. Roosevelt
	1940
	three
	privately owned
	West 30th Street Heliport
	John F. Kennedy International Airport
	Newark Liberty International Airport
	Consolidated Edison
	Edison Electric Illuminating Company
	1882
	Time Warner Cable
	Verizon Communications
	two
	1842
	the old Croton Aqueduct system
	through New York City Water Tunnel No. 1, Tunnel No. 2, and Tunnel No. 3
	New York City Department of Sanitation
	Fresh Kills Landfill
	2001
	mega-dumps
	New York City
	Central Park
	70-year-long
	warmer in the winter
	Governors Island
	1624
	1625
	May 24, 1626
	New York City
	Peter Stuyvesant
	February 2, 1653
	the English
	New York
	New York
	Manhattan
	American Revolutionary War
	November 16, 1776
	Great Fire of New York
	November 25, 1783
	March 4, 1789
	Northwest Ordinance
	Federal Hall
	New York
	1788
	$300
	South
	three
	July
	119
	Pelé
	2002
	$4.5 million
	4,754
	less than five minutes
	since 1978
	5.2-mile (8.4 km)
	runs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
	The ferry has been fare-free since 1997
	Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal
	cross-Canadian border service to Toronto and Montreal
	Amtrak
	two-thirds
	100 feet (30 m)* wide,
	east-west
	almost exactly 20 blocks per mile
	Twelfth Avenue
	155
	220th Street
	In much of Midtown Manhattan, Broadway runs at a diagonal to the grid,
	continuing north into the Bronx
	The Bronx
	4 crosstown roads for travel through Central Park,
	slowest service in New York City
	Trans-Manhattan Expressway
	1811
	59th Street and 110th Street
	Warren G. Harding
	16.7
	John Kerry
	six
	10021
	2,606
	September 11, 2011
	developed several life-threatening illnesses
	2014
	1,776 feet
	to escape poverty in their home countries.
	gambling dens and brothels
	between Broadway and the Bowery, northeast of New York City Hall
	was appalled at the horrendous living conditions
	1860
	Museum of Modern Art
	extensive art collections
	Guggenheim Museum
	more than 200 art galleries
	upcoming and established
	a very short time
	1908
	the densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side in Israel Zangwill's play
	1970s
	2012
	Lower Manhattan
	hundreds of thousands
	gasoline
	seawalls and other coastal barriers
	the Yankees
	the Mets
	1923
	1964
	public housing
	National Invitation Tournament
	1946
	1938
	69th Regiment Armory
	landfill
	1.2 million cubic yards
	Battery Park City
	over 30 acres
	1968
	New York City
	Park Row Building
	Philadelphia City Hall
	29
	1908
	TRIangle BElow CAnal Street
	SOuth of HOuston
	Haarlem
	Avenues A, B, C, and D
	Hell's Kitchen
	1929
	927
	40 Wall Street
	1,046 feet
	Art Deco
	Penn Station
	Beaux-Arts style
	1910
	New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
	1965
	West 110th Street
	Calvert Vaux
	843
	6
	7:00 pm
	2.3 million
	New York
	white collar
	Manhattan
	Manhattan
	the depth to bedrock
	between 29th Street and Canal Street
	economic factors
	Midtown and Financial District
	Meyer Lansky
	Five Points Gang
	Lucky Luciano
	1933
	Cosa Nostra
	80%
	CompStat
	seven
	93%
	503
	1929
	25x100
	Lower East Side
	five-stories
	"cockroach landlords"
	852,575
	20.3%
	37,345
	rent
	Staten Island
	November 2014
	northern New Jersey
	pay-per-ride MetroCards
	four
	289,000
	18.8
	2000 and 2030
	12.7%
	elderly population is forecast to grow by 57.9%
	2.11
	59.4%
	27.0
	1.7% of the population over the age of 5 speak only English at home
	7.8% of the population
	Manhattan
	Manhattan
	The New York Times
	Manhattan
	59.98
	0.66%
	Korean, 0.70% (10,496)
	5 and older
	40.02% (602,058)
	many energy-efficient green office buildings
	the Bank of America Tower
	Platinum LEED Certification
	Manhattan
	US$914.8 billion
	US$1.1 billion
	Waldorf Astoria New York
	six
	US$510 million
	The New York Times
	Harlem
	The Wall Street Journal
	AM New York and The Villager
	ABC, NBC, CBS, and Fox
	1971
	1949
	WQHT
	WNYC
	Beacon High School
	Bard High School Early College
	Eleanor Roosevelt High School
	Manhattan
	City College
	Upper East Side's Brearley School
	Manhattan Country School and United Nations International School
	The prestigious Regis High School
	La Scuola d'Italia
	Manhattan
	Manhattan
	New York City
	Manhattan real estate
	after the Civil War
	New York
	October 28, 1886
	people of France
	social upheaval
	1874
	1883
	1898
	Manhattan and the Bronx
	January 1, 1914
	1874
	1883
	1898
	Manhattan and the Bronx
	January 1, 1914
	1904
	New York City Subway
	Great Migration
	new skyscrapers
	London
	labor unionization
	Fiorello La Guardia
	some of the world's tallest skyscrapers
	Art Deco
	New York County
	Kalawao County, Hawaii
	New York County
	Manhattan
	1990s
	2,245
	537
	the real estate market
	60 million
	Manhattan
	Chinatown
	Columbia University
	Manna-hata
	1609 logbook of Robert Juet
	island of many hills
	Lenape language.
	Lenape Native Americans
	King Francis I of France
	Marguerite de Navarre
	Bay of Santa Margarita
	New York Bay
	its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry
	the U.S. financial industry
	securities industry
	US$360,700
	approximately US$40 billion
	New York Stock Exchange
	at 165 Broadway
	The NYSE MKT
	New York Mercantile Exchange
	NYSE Euronext
	centered in Manhattan
	over US$3.7 billion
	New York City's position in North America as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center
	140 West Street in Lower Manhattan
	a US$3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade
	the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support
	more than 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2)*
	US$30 million
	on East 29th Street
	academic, medical, and research institutions
	the landmarks of Manhattan
	nearly 60 million visitors
	approximately US$1.27 billion worth of tickets
	a 10% increase from 2013.
	1845
	Trinity Church
	was destroyed by fire
	1867
	astronomy and physics
	10-acre
	William Dammond
	1889
	Andrew Carnegie and George Westinghouse
	1904
	1908
	43 acres
	Henry Hornbostel
	Thaw Hall
	1909
	14 acres
	Heinz
	tower whose great height, with open spaces all around
	that its lines, like education, have no ending
	16 m
	epidemics of polio
	in the basement of what is now Salk Hall
	paralyzed
	1962
	breakthroughs in immunology and vaccine development
	1890
	Pitt Men's Glee Club
	Europe
	Pitt students
	2011
	works of student composers
	Dr. Davis
	1969
	saxophon
	1983
	1966
	Oakland
	change to its charter
	Pittsburgh Academy
	Pitt
	Atlantic Coast
	East Atlantic
	Eastern College Athletic
	2013-14
	1909
	Popular as photo sites, there are ten representations of Panthers in and about Pitt's campus
	and ten more painted fiberglass panthers placed around the campus
	a year
	four
	Traditionally the most popular sport at the University of Pittsburgh, football
	desegregating the Sugar Bowl
	1890
	nine
	88
	1905
	1927–28 and 1929–30
	"Doc" Carlson
	1982
	2013
	800 m
	Roger Kingdom
	2005
	16
	Baseball
	Three
	Paul Lauterbur
	Wangari Maathai
	Vladimir Zworykin
	Ken Wahlster
	132-acre
	University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
	42-story
	Gothic revival
	Schenley Farms Historic District
	$900 million
	National Institutes of Health
	UPMC
	ranked among the top public universities in the United States
	Association of American Universities
	Hugh Henry Brackenridge
	brick building
	Pittsburgh Academy
	a frontier
	west
	1819
	Thomas Mellon
	1837
	vocational training
	Philadelphia
	Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
	Due to the historical nature
	archaeological excavation
	to mark the significance of the University of Pittsburgh
	Avella, Pennsylvania
	Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation
	Gardner Steel
	Allegheny
	Heinz Memorial
	Chancellor's
	Schenley Fountain
	Schenley High School
	St. Nicholas Greek
	Stephen Foster
	Phipps Conservatory & Botanical
	Oakland
	Blawnox
	Plum Boro Science Center
	University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center
	Bradford, Greensburg, Johnstown, and Titusville
	Fitzgerald
	approximately $30 million
	a new track and field and band complex
	Heinz Field and the UPMC Sports Performance Complex.
	Oakland
	U.S. News & World Report's "Honor Roll" of America's top hospitals
	include the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC campus in the Lawrencevville neighborhood
	in the Shadyside neighborhood adjacent to Oakland
	for positive impact on its urban community
	2009
	$1.7 billion
	33,800 jobs
	$822 million
	1787
	private entity
	1966
	setting its own standards for admissions, awarding of degrees, faculty qualifications, teaching, and staff hiring
	The University's Board of Trustees
	36
	The Governor of Pennsylvania, the President Pro Tempore of the Pennsylvania Senate, and the Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
	There are three or more regular meetings of the Board of Trustees per year.
	The Board of Trustees
	general administrative, academic, and management authority over the university
	Provost and Senior Vice Chancellor,
	Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools
	Bigelow Bash
	Pitt Program Council
	Panther Sendoff
	Sunday
	Sunday
	football
	golden
	Cathedral of Learning
	1950
	Panther Award
	Pitt Dance Marathon
	Greek Sing
	Engineer Student Council
	Friday
	soapbox derby
	1997
	Art Encounters
	Free Visits
	John Heinz
	Mattress
	University of Pittsburgh Stages
	Shakespeare-in-the-Schools
	Friday Nite Improvs
	24
	2009
	Department of Philosophy
	philosophy of science, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of mind
	National Research Council
	mathematical and philosophical
	Pitt
	four
	Pitt
	six
	three
	five
	liberal arts
	co-ops and internships
	Bachelor of Philosophy
	Outside the Classroom Curriculum
	green
	30
	the first and third floors
	Peace Corps
	five or more
	U.S. Department of Education
	University Center for International Studies (UCIS)
	University Center for International Studies
	certificates of attainment
	undergraduate
	undergraduate & graduate
	over a hundred different countries
	Panther Programs
	the Nationality Rooms program
	the Semester at Sea program
	Sichuan University
	37th
	70th
	41st
	133rd
	37th
	organ transplantation
	Wesley Posvar
	Tony Dorsett
	Pennsylvania
	subsidized tuition
	Mark Nordenberg
	2012
	12-year
	Petersen Events Center
	University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
	132 urban acres
	Oakland
	Cathedral of Learning
	the Professional Grounds Management Society
	Oakland Civic Center/Schenley Farms National Historic District
	bus and shuttle service
	the west end of campus
	Bellefield Avenue/Dithridge Street
	Forbes and Fifth
	four
	Schenley Park
	Carlow University
	main branch
	Oakland
	Carnegie Mellon University
	151,000 jobs
	The Hamilton Project
	Each month
	320,000
	208,000 per month
	the 2008-2009 recession
	approximately 60 months
	May 2013
	8.5 years
	17.8 years
	Unemployment
	6%
	circulatory health issues
	Extended job loss
	The Congressional Budget Office
	August 2012
	long term budget outlook
	Wells Fargo Economics
	The Department of Labor's Employment and Training Administration
	98,379 workers
	280,873
	due to jobs lost from international trade
	to achieve full employment while maintaining a low rate of inflation
	for managing the unemployment rate.
	policies designed to reduce unemployment can create inflationary pressure, and vice versa
	the timing and extent of interest rate increases, as a near-zero interest rate target had remained in place since the 2007-2009 recession
	the Fed decided to raise interest rates marginally in December 2015
	2007-2009 recession
	This bids up bond prices, helping keep interest rates low, to encourage companies to borrow and invest and people to buy homes
	essentially "printed money" to purchase large quantities of mortgage-backed securities and U.S. treasury bonds
	2008-2014
	December 2012
	to improve job creation
	infrastructure construction, clean energy investment, unemployment compensation, educational loan assistance, and retraining programs
	Liberals historically supported labor unions and protectionist trade policies.
	Liberals tend to be less concerned with budget deficits and debt
	Keynesian economics
	free market solutions
	Conservatives tend to oppose stimulus spending or bailouts, letting the free market determine success and failure.
	less government restriction of the private sector.
	Conservatives historically have opposed labor unions
	Conservatives generally advocate supply-side economics
	The affluent
	unemployment
	40%
	19%
	fiscal
	2007-2009
	The U.S. Federal Reserve
	raise interest rates marginally
	inflationary pressure
	conservatives
	job creation
	job creation
	liberals
	12.4 million
	liberals
	conservatives
	job creation
	12.4 million
	job creation
	Unemployment
	5.0% or 7.9 million people
	U-6 unemployment rate
	157.8 million
	323 million
	1940s
	1%
	25%
	tends to rise
	frictional unemployment
	half
	premature and misguided
	2013
	9%
	cause the U.S. to enter recession in 2013
	Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED)
	10 million
	Over 10 million
	George W. Bush
	President Obama
	756,000
	367,000 jobs
	1.0 percent
	GDP grew
	tax cuts
	U.S. corporate after-tax profits
	corporate tax revenue
	1.2%
	Germany.
	Japan and Germany
	adverse
	Public agenda
	14
	job creation
	Authors
	14
	Authors
	Public agenda
	adverse
	job creation
	building roads and bridges
	upgrading the electricity grid
	created or sustained millions of jobs
	over 2 million
	D+
	March 2011
	bringing the jobs home
	Democrats
	Republicans
	manufacturing
	by increasing infrastructure work, lowering taxes, helping small businesses, and reducing government regulation
	jobs and the economy
	jobs
	lowering taxes and reducing regulation
	One in four
	26%
	Republicans and Democrats
	lowering taxes and reducing regulation
	infrastructure stimulus and more help for small businesses
	53%
	76-95%
	76-95%
	50%
	negative
	53%
	46%
	95%
	Republican opposition
	Emergency Economic Stabilization
	$430 billion
	drop in the stock market
	approximately $700 billion bailout package (later reduced to $430 billion) for the banking industry
	failed
	Republican opposition.
	significant drop in the stock market and pressure from a variety of sources
	Income inequality
	The quality or pay of the job
	declined considerably
	Reinvigorating the labor movement
	the labor force participation rate is falling
	The extent to which persons are not fully utilizing their skills
	aging
	5.9%
	10.0%
	10 million
	2 million
	8 million
	18-21 million
	165,500
	77,000 jobs
	8.5 million
	153,000
	Wells Fargo economists
	250,000
	151,000
	63.8 percent, 63.6 percent and 63.6 percent
	exempt from employment taxes for a 24-month period employers who hire a employee who replaces another employee
	deny any tax deduction, deduction for loss, or tax credit for the cost of an American jobs offshoring transaction
	eliminate the deferral of tax on income of a controlled foreign corporation attributable to property imported into the United States by such corporation
	The Congressional Research Service
	President Barack Obama
	a variety of tax cuts and spending programs to stimulate job creation
	September 2011
	$447 billion
	$100 billion
	2011
	generate more jobs
	1-6
	aid to the unemployed
	American Taxpayer Relief Act
	spend
	hire
	Obama
	$1 trillion
	minimum wage
	hiring
	$7.25
	poverty level
	$17
	minimum wage
	$9
	Wal-Mart
	15 million
	poverty
	sunset provisions
	one-fifth
	17%
	16
	Inc.
	subprime mortgage crisis
	10%
	5.0%
	129.2 million
	27%
	American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
	March 2010
	$800 billion
	over 4.3 million
	143.2 million
	25%
	younger workers
	44
	rate of employment fell
	rate of employment fell
	Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material.
	The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo, to raise
	The technique involves considerable chiselling away of the background, which is a time-consuming exercise.
	a relief saves forming the rear of a subject, and is less fragile and more securely fixed than a sculpture in the round
	bronze reliefs are made by casting
	There are different degrees of relief depending on the degree of projection of the sculpted form from the field
	more than 50% of the depth is shown and there may be undercut areas
	where the plane is only very slightly lower than the sculpted elements
	Ancient Egypt
	The opposite of relief sculpture is counter-relief, intaglio
	where the form is cut into the field or background rather than rising from it
	Works in the technique are described as "in relief
	Hyphens may or may not be used in all these terms
	the work itself is "a relief".
	throughout the world on the walls of buildings and a variety of smaller settings,
	Relief is more suitable for depicting complicated subjects with many figures and very active poses, such as battles, than free-standing "sculpture in the round
	Most ancient architectural reliefs were originally painted, which helped to define forms in low relief.
	reference assumed in this article to be usually figures, but sculpture in relief often depicts
	in the arabesques of Islamic art,
	The distinction between high and low relief is somewhat subjective, and the two are very often combined in a single work
	many single figures have heads in high relief
	raised reliefs, whether high or low, were normally "blocked out"
	usually in the background
	a projecting image with a shallow overall depth
	low relief
	In the art of Ancient Egypt and other ancient Near Eastern and Asian cultures, and also Meso-America
	relative depth of the elements shown is completely distorted
	Berlin
	Roman decorative plasterwork
	large animals formed from moulded bricks, glazed in colour
	relatively rare
	classical style
	Renaissance
	pioneering classicist building
	Leon Battista Alberti
	any medium or technique of sculpture, stone carving and metal casting
	20th-century
	low-relief
	high-relief
	only up to half of the subject projects, and no elements are undercut or fully disengaged from the background field
	half-relief
	normally somewhat distorted
	background areas of compositions
	Italian Renaissance sculptor Donatello
	Mid-relief
	rock reliefs
	narrate sacred scriptures
	1,460 panels of the 9th-century Borobudur temple
	scenes of daily life in the Khmer Empire
	altorilievo
	heads and limbs
	at their full depth
	seen are "squashed" flatter
	free-standing sculpture
	very "high" version of high-relief
	fully free of the background, and parts of figures crossing over each other to indicate depth
	in terms of durability
	Western sculpture, also being common in Indian temple sculpture
	private tombs, and smaller decorative areas such as friezes on large buildings
	a drill
	compositions extremely crowded with figures
	strips of reliefs that wound round Roman triumphal columns
	sarcophagi
	in the Renaissance
	high relief
	aura or halo in the back of sculpture's head, or floral decoration
	Khajuraho temple
	voluptuous twisting figures
	Lokapala devatas
	Sunk or sunken relief
	external walls, and for hieroglyphs and cartouches
	a flat surface
	linear
	the background
	repoussé
	metalwork
	a thin metal plate
	Casting
	the Renaissance
	consular diptychs
	the Gothic period
	Paris
	religious scenes
	the New Testament
	round mirror-cases, combs, handles
	terra sigillata
	bright colours
	plaster or stucco
	Islamic architecture
	Japanese occupation forces
	Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
	Mao Zedong
	Kuomintang
	Josip Broz Tito
	the Cold War
	1948
	American
	Kim Il-sung
	Communists
	Stalin
	de-Stalinisation
	conflict continued and escalated
	Khrushchev
	Gulag
	Bolivia, Cuba, El Salvador, Grenada, Nicaragua, Peru, and Uruguay
	Fidel Castro
	the Soviet Union
	Che Guevara
	Pierre Laporte
	Maoism
	Richard Nixon
	Deng Xiaoping
	détente with the United States
	Deng Xiaoping
	the emancipation of the individual from alienating work
	freedom from having to perform such labour
	maximise individual liberty
	advanced stage of social relations and economic organisation
	for all positions within the legislative structure, municipal councils, national legislatures and presidencies
	China, Cuba, and the former Yugoslavia
	most Marxist–Leninist states this has taken the form of directly electing representatives to fill positions
	usually a single communist party candidate is chosen to run for office in which voters vote either to accept or reject the candidate.
	Marxist–Leninist communist parties have typically exercised close control over the electoral process
	atheism
	the universe exists independently of human consciousness
	militant atheists.
	several religions and their adherents were targeted to be "stamped out".
	after Lenin's death during the regime of Josef Stalin in the Soviet Union
	the Bolshevik ("Majority") faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
	1903
	Lenin
	elect their leaders and decide policy but that once policy was set, members would be obligated to have complete loyalty in their leaders.
	1905–7
	Lenin advocated mass action and that the revolution "accept mass terror in its tactics"
	as a means to pressure the middle class to join and overthrow the Tsar.
	conceive of the means of sponsoring communist revolution
	Lenin
	the contribution of the individual
	from each according to his ability, to each according to his need
	a communist society
	universal social welfare
	labour productivity
	a communist society
	knowledge
	planned socialist economy
	modernisation
	"New Man"
	the bourgeoisie
	cultural backwardness and social atomisation
	work
	The state
	scientific planning
	The Marxist–Leninist state's huge purchasing power
	social obligation
	skill and intensity of work
	development of socialism
	a period of massive industrialisation
	socialist consumer society
	egalitarianism, asceticism, and self-sacrifice
	"industrial pragmatism"
	1936
	Stalin
	Soviet of the Nationalities
	1917
	eighteen
	Ukraine
	1941
	grain
	7.5 million
	Unemployment
	Socialist Realism
	1934
	religion
	Lenin
	1938
	September 1939
	Nazi Germany
	Adolf Hitler
	1933
	Allies
	German
	Axis
	total war
	Marxism–Leninism
	Eastern
	Lenin
	bourgeois
	Marxism–Leninism
	1920s
	Russian Communist Party
	bolsheviks
	First Five-Year Plan
	revolutions
	working class
	the proletariat
	the bourgeoisie
	communism
	production
	Trotskyists
	Eric Voegelin
	Stalinism
	Marx
	the Soviet Union
	1960s
	China
	Jose Maria Sison
	Maoism
	1976
	cautious with limited nationalisations of private property
	Beginning in mid-1918
	by making efforts to coax them away from the Socialist Revolutionaries
	an economic policy that aimed to replace the free market with state control over all means of production and distribution
	drop in production
	1921
	restoration of a degree of capitalism and private enterprise
	91 percent
	backward economic conditions in Russia
	by 1924
	his testament of December 1922
	an order to remove Joseph Stalin from his post as General Secretary
	January 1924
	ignored Lenin's order
	In 1929
	rapid industrialisation, Socialism in One Country, a centralised state, the collectivisation of agriculture
	In 1929
	a dissident Bolshevik ideology called Trotskyism
	plotting against the Party's agreed strategy
	totalitarian
	members of the Party deemed to be traitors
	the Communist Party
	1.5 million
	681,692
	Ho Chi Minh
	Vietnam War
	American forces
	Western-backed client regime
	1968
	Africa
	1969 and 1980
	1969 and 1980
	Ethiopia
	Robert Mugabe
	1985
	Perestroika and Glasnost
	Mikhail Gorbachev
	Stalin
	Cold War
	1989
	The revolts
	Gorbachev
	Tianamen Square attacks
	Yugoslavia
	1990
	Slobodan Milošević
	1980
	1990
	1990 and 1991
	Boris Yeltsin
	Gorbachev
	1991
	December 25, 1991
	Asia
	Philippines
	1968
	1996 to 2006
	1960s
	1979
	by boycotting the Moscow Olympics
	1980
	Mujahideen
	1980s
	1908
	Lenin usurped the all-Party Congress of the RSDLP
	1912
	26
	1908
	Lenin usurped the all-Party Congress of the RSDLP
	1912
	26
	1914
	Lenin
	1917
	Germany's High Command
	1914
	Lenin
	1917
	Germany's High Command
	March 1917
	Bolsheviks
	Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)
	Germany
	March 1917
	Bolsheviks
	Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)
	Germany
	March 1917
	Bolsheviks
	Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)
	Germany
	March 1917
	Bolsheviks
	Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)
	Germany
	Bolsheviks,
	March 1917
	Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)
	Germany
	March 1917
	Bolsheviks
	Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)
	Germany
	1924
	1919
	Mongolian People's Republic
	1918
	1918
	Mongolian People's Republic
	1919
	1924
	1918
	anti-Bolshevik
	The Bolshevik government
	118
	Lenin
	the Tenth Amendment
	separate sovereigns
	the people
	the people
	dual sovereignty
	through revolution
	through revolution
	through consent of the States
	the States
	The United States Supreme Court
	commonwealths
	Four
	the public
	The term has no legal impact
	Kentucky
	50
	traditional abbreviation
	postal code abbreviation and the traditional abbreviation
	postal code
	the United States of America
	counties
	two
	Alaska
	boroughs
	New England
	Arlington County, Virginia
	five
	single
	county government
	counties
	city
	towns
	historical
	towns
	Public Land Survey System
	geographic
	Townships
	governments
	metropolitan municipality
	the boards
	legislative
	Michigan
	The boards
	Article IV
	Section 3
	U.S. Congress
	United States
	insular areas
	Organic Act
	Federal Government
	Department of the Interior's Office of Insular Affairs.
	Congress
	three
	incorporated territories
	unincorporated
	organized
	various ways
	agencies
	Chapter houses
	Communities
	Congress
	1789
	Thirty-one
	1959
	Palmyra Atoll
	townships
	subdivisions of a county in 20 states
	New York and New England
	Northeast and Midwest
	Administrative divisions
	Political divisions
	The first subdivision
	Article IV, Section 3
	incorporated cities, towns, villages, and other types of municipalities
	a county government
	Virginia
	New England
	insular areas
	The Federal government
	The Federal government
	conservation districts and Congressional districts
	enact
	in the Westphalian sense
	in the Westphalian sense
	the member states
	enact
	in the Westphalian sense
	in the Westphalian sense
	the member states
	Member states
	counties
	parish
	borough
	the state
	In 1777
	the United States Supreme Court
	The Constitution
	in 1776
	October 1, 1994
	four
	Northern Mariana Islands
	Compact of Free Association
	Territories
	the Minor Outlying Islands
	Village
	Districts
	American Samoa
	Associated States
	States of Palau
	States of Micronesia
	The Marshall Islands
	unitary states
	independent countries
	1898
	The present Cuban government of Raúl Castro
	only mutual agreement or United States abandonment of the area
	Cuba was not truly sovereign at the time of the signing
	becomes a state
	Virginia
	American Civil War
	exclusive and universal
	March 3, 1849
	U.S. Department of the Interior
	The Interior Department
	Interior Department
	Indian Affairs (BIA)
	Insular Affairs (OIA)
	Department of the Interior
	Department of the Interior
	federal government
	federal government
	exclusive
	concurrent
	District of Columbia (DC)
	Maryland and Virginia
	Virginia
	United States Congress
	District of Columbia Home Rule Act
	purity
	Both groups gave care the highest over-all weighting
	the cultural mix is greater
	Both groups gave care the highest over-all weighting
	how ought we to live
	European
	nationalist
	Cistercian
	behavior within a culture or community
	widespread conformity to codes of morality
	philosophy
	morality
	morality
	may be independent
	a god
	hypothetical decrees of a perfectly rational being
	reasoning about implied imperatives
	moral universalism
	Celia Green
	Celia Green
	tribal morality
	tribal morality
	private property
	ics, religion and morality "are to be defined differently and have no definitional connections with ea
	value systems
	an almost automatic assumption
	action guides
	an "out-group"
	it enhances group survival
	Gary R. Johnson and V.S. Falger
	conservatives
	simple computational models of evolution
	the categories of social rank, kinship, and stages of life
	modern Westerners
	monotheistic
	contemporary secular frameworks
	the anthropological view
	certain virtues
	love, kindness, and social intelligence
	justice
	wisdom / knowledge
	non-religious people
	non-religious people
	complex relationship
	the United States (with a high religiosity level) and "theistic" Portugal.
	all secular developing democracies
	piety and devotion
	a man's morals
	monotheistic
	the greatest crimes
	it "may be inevitable and indeed necessary" in certain circumstances
	integrity, trustworthiness, benevolence, and fairness
	finding common ground between believers and nonbelievers
	Islam
	the caste system
	Bible
	2008
	Denmark and Sweden
	unclear
	in various countries
	lowest levels of corruption in the world
	Fons Trompenaars
	lie in order to protect the driver
	different cultures had quite different expectations
	various moral dilemmas
	the action being observed
	Mirror neurons
	1996
	The inability to feel empathy
	Jean Decety
	John Newton
	Eastern and the Western cultures
	Complete Conduct Principles for the 21st Century
	Chinese fine conduct spirits
	morality forms in a series of constructive stages or domains
	biology
	a sense of responsibility to pursue such purposes
	Sigmund Freud
	guilt-shame avoidance
	credentials
	politically incorrect opinions
	2001
	Monin and Miller
	credentials as non-prejudiced persons
	immoral behaviour
	moral self-image
	Moral self-licensing
	self-image security
	immoral
	the VMPC
	TMS
	intentions and beliefs
	an abnormal processing route
	TMS to the RTPJ
	sociocultural evolution
	morality
	evolutionary biologists, particularly sociobiologists
	"pro-social" emotions
	empathy or guilt
	human cooperation
	restraining immediate selfishness
	Human morality
	restrict excessive individualism
	moral codes
	Westermarck
	maternal bond
	inbreeding
	reciprocity in nature
	to ensure a reliable supply of essential resources
	animals living in a habitat where food quantity or quality fluctuates unpredictably
	regurgitate part of their blood meal
	other group members
	all mammals living in complex social groups
	empathy, reciprocity, altruism, cooperation, and a sense of fairness
	a suite of interrelated other-regarding behaviors that cultivate and regulate complex interactions within social groups
	chimpanzees
	deception
	the incremental development of moral complexity
	stone weapons
	that increasing complexity was simply a correlate of increasing group size and brain size
	Christopher Boehm
	by a quantitative large-scale meta-analysis of the brain activity changes
	the network pertaining to representing others' intentions
	in the moral neuroscience literature
	the notion that moral reasoning is related to both seeing things from other persons’ points of view and to grasping others’ feelings
	the neural network underlying moral decisions is probably domain-global
	activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
	intuitive reactions to situations containing implicit moral issues
	VMPC
	the temporoparietal junction area
	the differentiation of intentions, decisions, and actions between those that are distinguished as proper and those that are improper
	moralitas
	Latin
	manner, character, proper behavior
	moral ontology,
	the origin of morals,
	moral epistemology
	knowledge about morals
	a set of established rules
	Immorality
	unawareness of, indifference toward, or disbelief in any set of moral standards or principles.
	opposition to that which is good or right
	Immorality
	moral philosophy
	moral principles of a particular tradition, group, or individual.
	questions of morality
	deontological ethics
	morality
	personal or cultural values, codes of conduct or social mores
	objective claims of right or wrong
	only refers to that which is considered right or wrong
	the branch of philosophy which studies morality in this sense.
	Rotterdam (/ˈrɒtərdæm/ or /ˌrɒtərˈdæm/; Dutch: [ˌrɔtərˈdɑm] (listen)) is a city in South Holland, the Netherlands
	the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt river delta
	for safety
	a major logistic and economic centre
	Europe's largest port
	World War II (known as the Rotterdam Blitz)
	the Academy of Urbanism.
	architects
	listed 8th
	The city of Rotterdam is known for the Erasmus University
	10th largest
	Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt
	"Gateway to Europe"
	Rotterdam is the largest cargo port in Europe
	its strategic location on the North Sea
	'muddy water'
	1260s
	the lower end of the fen stream Rotte
	the construction of protective dikes and dams
	large floods in the area
	World War II
	The statue stands near the Leuvehaven
	Adolf Hitler
	15 May 1940
	900
	1898
	In the first decades of the 20th century
	the White House (in Dutch Witte Huis)
	Brinkman en Van der Vlugt
	The Van Nelle Factory
	1898
	the White House (in Dutch Witte Huis)
	In the first decades of the 20th century
	Brinkman en Van der Vlugt
	The Van Nelle Factory
	1908
	Feyenoord
	World Cup for club teams in the same year. In 1974, they were the first Dutch club to win the UEFA Cup and in 2002
	European Cup
	Feyenoord
	Rotterdam
	Düsseldorf
	Utrecht
	The Amaury Sport Organization (ASO)
	in addition to it being another big city, like London, to showcase the use of bikes for urban transportation, it provided a location well positioned
	Rotterdam's swimming tradition started with Marie Braun aka Zus (sister) Braun
	Gold
	her mother Ma Braun
	14 time national champ
	Rie Mastenbroek
	Rotterdam The Hague Airport
	the growth of the low-cost carrier market.
	Environmental regulations make further growth uncertain.
	Schiphol Airport and Eindhoven Airport
	The Hague Airport offers advantages in terms of rapid handling of passengers and baggage.
	Nieuwe Maas
	De Hef
	Noordereiland
	the Van Brienenoordbrug
	Willemsspoortunnel
	Nieuwe Maas
	Erasmus Bridge
	De Hef
	Noordereiland
	Koninginnebrug
	1950s
	Kop van Zuid
	European City of the Year
	Academy of Urbanism
	1980s
	Kop van Zuid
	European City of the Year
	windy and open
	livable
	1950s
	Allianz, Maersk, Petrobras, Samskip, Louis Dreyfus Group and Aon
	Pfizer
	Unilever
	Shell Downstream
	Lijnbaan
	Market Hall
	Koopgoot
	Michael Kors, 7 For All Mankind, Calvin Klein, Hugo Boss, Tommy Hilfiger and the Dutch well known men's clothier Oger
	1953
	demographics
	70%
	singles
	80%
	income
	Erasmus University Rotterdam (EUR)
	29th globally and 7th in Europe
	first place with the CEMS Master in Management and a tenth place with its RSM Master in Management
	city's famous former inhabitants, Desiderius Erasmus
	Rotterdam Philharmonic
	Yannick Nézet-Séguin
	Diergaarde Blijdorp
	Oceanium
	Rotterdam
	non-industrialised
	13%
	Ahmed Aboutaleb
	Kruiskade
	"Summer Carnival", the Dance Parade, Rotterdam 666, the Metropolis pop festival and the World Port days
	Nighttown and WATT and smaller stages such as Waterfront, Exit, and Heidegger
	2005–2011
	International Film Festival
	the dispersion of the lens material—the variation of its refractive index, n, with the wavelength of light.
	fringes of colour around the image
	an achromatic doublet (or achromat)
	optical microscope
	apochromat
	If the separation distance is equal to the sum of the focal lengths
	afocal system
	the simplest type of optical telescope
	afocal system
	Lenses
	They are usually shaped to fit in a roughly oval, not circular, frame;
	myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism
	Sunglasses
	lenses are sometimes paired up with curved mirrors
	virtual
	photographic film or an optical sensor
	Schmidt and meniscus
	at least 2400 years
	Convex lenses
	photovoltaic cells
	ignition can be achieved even with a poorly made lens
	transmissive optical device that affects the focus of a light beam through refraction
	single piece of material
	several simple lenses (elements)
	transparent materials such as glass, ground and polished to a desired shape
	earliest written records of lenses date to Ancient Greece
	used by artisans for fine work, and for authenticating seal impressions
	Aristophanes' play The Clouds (424 BC)
	writings of Pliny the Elder (23–79)
	Italy in the 1280s
	Venice and Florence in the thirteenth century
	correction of vision
	around 1595
	1608
	Chester Moore Hall
	1733
	England
	Englishman John Dollond
	spherical
	their two surfaces are parts of the surfaces of spheres
	convex (bulging outwards from the lens), concave (depressed into the lens), or planar (flat)
	line joining the centres of the spheres making up the lens surfaces
	Barlow lens
	a so-called virtual object
	converging beam
	focal length
	angular
	angular magnification
	focal lengths
	plate scale
	Linear
	5 times
	linear magnification
	meaningless
	5 cm
	Spherical aberration
	blurring
	spherical surfaces
	aspheric lenses
	plano-convex lens
	Coma
	comatic circle
	comet-like
	bestform
	the curvature of the two optical surfaces
	both surfaces are convex
	both surfaces have the same radius of curvature
	lens with two concave surfaces
	one of the surfaces is flat
	steeper concave surface and is thinner at the centre than at the periphery
	the relative curvatures of the two surfaces
	a steeper convex surface and is thicker at the centre than at the periphery
	nonzero thickness
	a meniscus lens must have slightly unequal curvatures
	focuses a collimated beam
	The plane perpendicular to the lens axis situated at a distance f from the lens is called the focal plane.
	collimated beam by the lens
	at infinity
	whether the corresponding surfaces are convex or concave
	rays reaching the surface have already passed the center of curvature
	a surface's center of curvature is further along in the direction of the ray travel
	convex surfaces
	concave surfaces
	image is formed on the opposite side of the lens from where those rays are being considered
	be projected on a screen
	a real object at the location of that virtual image
	virtual image behind the magnifying glass
	Between 1917 and 1939, the people of Manipur pressed for their rights against the British Rule.
	the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to be part of India, rather than Burma.
	These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of World War II.
	On 21 September 1949, Maharaja Budhachandra signed a Treaty of Accession merging the kingdom into India.
	The Shan or Pong called the area Cassay, the Burmese Kathe, and the Assamese Meklee.
	Bhagyachandra and his successors issued coins engraved with "Manipureshwar", or "lord of Manipur", and the British discarded the name Meckley.
	In the first treaty between the British East India Company and Meidingu Chingthangkhomba (Bhagyachandra) signed in 1762, the kingdom was recorded as Meckley.
	Later on, the work Dharani Samhita (1825–34) popularised the Sanskrit legends of the origin of Manipur's name.
	A separatist movement has been active in Manipur since 1964, when United National Liberation Front was founded.
	tribal peoples have demanded division of the present state into two or three Indian states along ethnic lines.
	This is considered one of India's "sensitive areas", due to its political troubles and isolated geography.
	Foreign travelers must gain permission from the government to enter the state.
	The first armed opposition group in Manipur, the United National Liberation Front (UNLF)
	in 1977 the People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) was formed
	was founded in 1964, which declared that it wanted to gain independence from India and form Manipur as a new country.
	the People's Liberation Army (PLA) was formed in 1978 which Human Rights Watch states as having received arms and training from China.
	In 1980, the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) was formed. These groups began a spree of bank robberies and attacks on police officers and government buildings.
	The total area covered by the state is 22,347 square kilometres (8,628 sq mi).
	The state lies at a latitude of 23°83'N – 25°68'N and a longitude of 93°03'E – 94°78'E.
	The mountain ranges create a moderated climate, preventing the cold winds from the north from reaching the valley
	approximately 700 square miles (2,000 km2) surrounded by blue mountains and is at an elevation of 790 metres (2,590 ft) above sea level.
	Almost all the rivers in the valley area
	These rivers are corrosive
	assume turbulent form in the rainy season
	Maku, Barak, Jiri, Irang and Leimatak
	Yu River Basin, include the Chamu, Khunou and other short streams.
	Almost all the rivers in the valley area
	These rivers are corrosive
	assume turbulent form in the rainy season
	Yu River Basin, include the Chamu, Khunou and other short streams.
	Maku, Barak, Jiri, Irang and Leimatak
	an outlying area of rugged hills and narrow valleys, and the inner area of flat plain, with all associated land forms
	600 km2
	Loktak lake
	40 m
	2,994 m
	the red ferruginous soil in the hill area and the alluvium in the valley
	loam, small rock fragments, sand and sandy clay
	5.4 to 6.8
	Soil on the steep hill slopes
	very thin
	790 meters above sea level
	The maximum temperature in the summer months is 32 °C (90 °F)
	generally amiable climate, though the winters can be a chilly
	In winter the temperature often falls below 0 °C (32 °F)
	The coldest month is January, and the warmest July.
	May until mid-October
	467.5 millimetres (57.78 in)
	Imphal
	Tamenglong
	Bay of Bengal
	Meetei
	Manipur
	Kuki National Organisation
	United Peoples Forum
	Manipur
	7.9
	25
	21
	107
	76
	Assam
	167
	Tulihal
	Tulihal Airport
	National Highway 53
	watery weeds
	30
	Bishnupur
	Loktak Lake
	Lake people
	13×13 ft
	courtyard
	two
	one
	one table
	4000
	600
	1989
	15
	Krishna
	graceful and slow
	elegant
	Radha
	2 acres
	25
	1987
	80-minute
	calling to a meal
	the women/invitees and to their children.
	married women
	2nd lunar day of Heyangei
	1 November
	peace and thanksgiving to the Almighty for the harvests
	Kuki-Chin-Zomi
	Harvest festival
	About 41.3%
	Vaishnavism school
	by Meetei people
	Garib Niwas
	The Hindu
	Christianity
	in the 19th century
	Western-type education.
	Christian
	Little Flower School in Imphal, Don Bosco High School in Imphal, St. Joseph's Convent, and Nirmalabas High School
	about 8%
	Sanamahism
	the Sun God/Sanamahi
	Umang Lai
	Folk religions
	58.6 percent
	51
	three women
	5,704
	70.5 percent
	Manipur
	Meeteis, Nagas, Kukis
	Indian security forces and insurgent armed groups
	They have formed splinter groups
	UNLF, PLA and PREPAK
	brain-damaged
	were responsible for certain functions
	localized
	epileptic
	John Hughlings Jackson
	20th
	David Rioch, Francis O. Schmitt, and Stephen Kuffler
	at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
	in the 1950s
	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	1952
	how they are initiated and propagated
	1961–2
	Bernard Katz
	the FitzHugh–Nagumo model
	molecular biology, electrophysiology, and computational neuroscience
	cells specialized for communication
	through specialized junctions called synapses
	electrical or electrochemical signals can be transmitted from one cell to another
	axons
	the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and the peripheral nervous system
	brain
	nervous system
	one hundred trillion
	the plasticity
	too few test subjects
	brain changes thought to be associated with a mental condition but without any of the symptoms
	serious brain damages and neurodegenerative diseases
	insufficient size studies
	addiction medicine, and sleep medicine
	Neurology
	Psychiatry
	Anesthesiology
	Neuropathology
	Society for Neuroscience (SFN)
	1969
	40,290
	United States
	83
	Brain Research Organization (IBRO)
	Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS)
	every two years
	32
	2006
	general public and government officials
	Society for Neuroscience
	International Brain Bee
	Dana Foundation
	McMaster University
	from the molecular and cellular levels to the systems and cognitive levels
	molecular level
	molecular biology and genetics
	biological functions
	physiological
	molecular and cellular levels to the systems and cognitive levels
	mechanisms by which neurons express and respond to molecular signals and how axons form complex connectivity patterns
	molecular identity
	understand how neurons develop and how genetic changes affect biological functions
	the scientific study of the nervous system
	biology
	neuroeducation, neuroethics, and neurolaw
	neurobiology
	broadened to include different approaches
	expanded enormously, from molecular and cellular studies of individual nerve cells to imaging of sensory and motor tasks in the brain
	the study of neural networks
	molecular, cellular, developmental, structural, functional, evolutionary, computational, and medical aspects of the nervous system
	"cranial stuffing" of sorts
	In Egypt,
	take a crooked piece of iron, and with it draw out the brain through the nostrils
	the heart
	until the time of the Greek physician Hippocrates
	but was also the seat of intelligence
	Plato
	believed the heart was the center of intelligence and that the brain regulated the amount of heat from the heart
	after the invention of the microscope and the development of a staining procedure
	late 1890s
	Camillo Golgi
	The procedure used a silver chromate salt to reveal the intricate structures of individual neurons
	led to the formation of the neuron doctrine
	mechanisms of how neurons process signals physiologically and electrochemically
	thin extensions from a neuronal cell body
	specialized to receive synaptic inputs from other neurons
	specialized to conduct nerve impulses called action potentials
	cell bodies of the neurons containing the nucleus
	reflexes, multisensory integration, motor coordination, circadian rhythms, emotional responses, learning, and memory
	examine interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine and immune systems
	how neural substrates underlie specific animal and human behaviors
	how neural circuits are formed and used anatomically and physiologically to produce functions
	how psychological functions are produced by neural circuitry
	fMRI, PET, SPECT
	neuroimaging (e.g., fMRI, PET, SPECT), electrophysiology, and human genetic analysis
	address abstract questions such as how human cognition and emotion are mapped to specific neural substrates
	how it works, how it develops, how it malfunctions, and how it can be altered or repaired
	improvements in technology
	ever-expanding base of knowledge and the availability of increasingly sophisticated technical methods
	electron microscopy, computers, electronics, functional brain imaging, and most recently genetics and genomics
	Oxford
	1646
	1665–66
	1644 and 1671
	1642
	English Civil War
	Charles II
	fires
	plague got too close
	the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire
	159,994
	the oldest university in the English-speaking world
	examples of every English architectural period since the late Saxon period
	Oxenaforda
	fords were more common than bridges
	AD 900
	became an important military frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex and was on several occasions raided by Danes
	the Norman Invasion
	Robert D'Oyly
	to confirm Norman authority over the area
	The community never grew large
	1139
	King Henry II
	A grandson of King John
	various important religious houses
	Cistercian Order
	12th century
	St Edmund Hall
	University College (1249), Balliol (1263) and Merton (1264)
	1355
	as many as 93
	Great Western Railway
	78 miles (125.5 km)
	1851
	63.5 miles
	100 mph (161 km/h)
	18-month
	Chiltern Railways
	400 metres
	Heart Thames Valley, Destiny 105, Jack FM and Jack FM 2 along with Oxide: Oxford Student Radio
	Six TV: The Oxford Channel
	Oxide: Oxford Student Radio
	May 2005
	Radiohead
	nearby Abingdon School
	30 years
	Oxford, and its surrounding towns and villages,
	Oxford United
	fourth
	1985
	23 years
	John Aldridge, Ray Houghton, Tommy Caton, Matt Elliott, Nigel Jemson and Dean Whitehead
	relatively small
	Carfax
	Cornmarket Street and Queen Street
	1738
	The High
	two
	The Clarendon Centre and the Westgate Centre
	the original West Gate in the city wall,
	at the west end of Queen Street
	2011
	Ashmolean Museum
	Ashmolean Museum
	1678–1683
	significant collections of art and archaeology
	2015
	20
	4,930
	from Thornhill and Water Eaton
	battery power with a small diesel generator
	15 July 2010
	Stagecoach and Oxford Bus Company
	flywheel energy storage (FES)
	FES uses a high-speed flywheel
	mass-produce cars
	Morris Motors and Pressed Steel Fisher
	William Morris
	Mini for BMW
	left bank of Cowley
	Oxford
	27%
	10,000
	Headington and Cowley Road areas
	nine
	13
	brewing trade
	railways
	1743
	1998
	Richard Tawney
	Michael Cannon
	luxury apartments
	Murdoch
	Fair Trading Act
	1981
	Thomson Corporation
	uneconomic businesses
	Evans
	Hugh Trevor-Roper
	Frank Giles
	Hitler Diaries
	The Last Days of Hitler
	investigations
	Sunday Telegraph
	Andrew Neil
	Israel
	HIV
	print workers
	Wapping
	input copy directly
	Wapping Dispute
	1987
	Funday Times
	Neil
	Style & Travel
	Culture
	acting editor
	Driving
	2012
	John Witherow
	Home
	Fifa
	Marie Colvin
	1.3 million
	siege of Homs
	Foreign Reporter of the Year
	1.3 million
	just over 800,000
	59,000
	a fall in circulation
	Martin Ivens
	John Witherow
	Martin Ivens
	the possible merger of the two Times titles
	January 2013
	May 2010
	The Times
	The Sunday Times
	July 2010
	to reflect their distinct brand identities
	December 2010
	Apple's Newsstand platform
	August 2011
	500MB
	allowing automated downloading of the news section.
	The Sunday Times iPad app
	twice
	2011 Newspaper Awards
	Various
	iMonitor
	It can be accessed without cost.
	Sunday Times Driving
	premium vehicles
	editorial content from the newspaper
	specially commissioned articles.
	Alan Ruddock and John Burns
	The Irish edition of The Sunday Times
	third biggest-selling
	John Burns
	127,336
	2003
	Travel
	164
	The Sunday Times Travel Magazine
	Britain
	phone hacking scandal
	employing "known criminals"
	to gain access to his bank account records
	Gordon Brown
	The Sunday Times
	25
	freelance columnists
	four
	editors
	extensive Irish coverage
	than 20 years
	Scottish television schedules
	Jason Allardyce
	"Scottish Focus"
	about a dozen
	William Harrison Ainsworth's Old St Paul's
	1838
	the coronation of Queen Victoria
	wood
	a novel
	Alice Cornwell
	1893
	the Observer
	his wife, Rachel Sassoon Beer
	Rachel Sassoon Beer
	William Berry and his brother, Gomer Berry
	23 November 1930
	21 January 1940
	Lord Camrose
	Viscount Kemsley
	1943
	The Sunday Times
	Kemsley Newspapers Group
	Kemsley Newspapers Group
	Ian Fleming
	foreign manager (foreign editor) and special writer
	28 September 1958
	12 November 1945
	publish two sections regularly
	Lord Thomson
	Denis Hamilton
	colour section
	Jean Shrimpton
	David Bailey
	Clive Irving
	1964
	The Sunday Times
	Thomson
	Times Newspapers Ltd
	Harold Evans
	1967 until 1981
	19 May 1968
	birth defects
	a series of industrial disputes at its plant at Gray's Inn Road in London
	to buy out obstructive practices and overmanning
	resisting attempts to replace the old-fashioned hot-metal and labour-intensive Linotype method
	November 1978
	November 1979
	had been on full pay during the suspension
	more money
	felt betrayed
	Rupert Murdoch
	he thought had a better chance of dealing with the trade unions.
	a subsidiary of News UK
	The Sunday Times
	owned by News Corp. Times Newspapers
	since 1966
	in 1981
	The Sunday Times
	just under one million
	The Sunday Telegraph, The Observer and The Independent on Sunday
	Monday to Saturday
	more than twice as many copies
	Insight team
	for the strength of its investigative reporting
	Jeremy Clarkson, A. A. Gill and Bryan Appleyard
	the equivalent of 450 to 500 tabloid pages
	Travel, Home and Driving
	Forbes 400
	The Sunday Times Fast Track 100
	Parent Power
	The Sunday Times Festival of Education
	The Sunday Times Bestseller List
	18 February 1821
	The New Observer
	21 April
	Henry White
	Daniel Whittle Harvey
	sequence of program instructions that perform a specific task
	a procedure
	callable unit
	subroutine
	different programming languages
	invention of this concept, which they termed a closed subroutine
	an open subroutine
	branch back
	macro
	the same way as a computer program
	programming tool
	substantially reduce the cost of developing and maintaining a large program
	objects and methods
	libraries
	use of subroutines
	modifying data structures
	A subprogram with side effects may return different results each time it is called
	widespread use of subroutines
	a random number function
	available in many languages
	Pascal
	Fortran, Ada
	in expressions
	C and Lisp
	as statements
	Small-Scale Experimental Machine and the RCA 1802
	programmers to use the call sequence
	deep levels of subroutine nesting
	a series of instructions
	a calling convention
	punched paper tape
	kept indexed collections of such tapes or card decks for collective use
	punched cards
	by a separate piece of tape, loaded or spliced before or after the main program
	a special case of the stack data structure
	to implement subroutine calls and returns
	a new entry
	the private data of the corresponding call
	to save precious memory
	the private data of the calls that are currently active
	the earliest and simplest method for automatic memory management
	parameters, return address, and local variables
	could save significant amounts of memory.
	delay the use of a call stack until it is really needed
	leaf procedures or leaf functions
	return without making any procedure calls themselves
	If procedure P returns without making any other call
	termed functions or subs
	an unspecified variable is registered as a variant type
	ByRef (default) or ByVal
	methods when associated with a class
	any number and nature
	to simplify some complex algorithms, and breaking down complex problems
	a subprogram may even call itself
	execution to suspend while another nested execution of the same subprogram occurs
	call stack structure is formed
	one activation record for each suspended subprogram
	stack frames
	PL/1 and C
	a subprogram can function properly even when called while another execution is already in progress
	must be reentrant
	call the same subprogram without fear of interfering with each other
	slightly less restrictive
	to operate on reals, complex values or matrices
	number of functions with the same name, but operating on different types of data, or with different parameter profiles
	not having to remember different names for each type of data
	one to return a real when the parameter is positive, and another to return a complex value when the parameter is negative
	an object that will accept directions
	colour of the trace, starting x and y co-ordinates, trace speed
	he could call another constructor that accepts only color,
	the constructor with all the parameters passing in a set of default values for all the other parameters
	that each subroutine should have minimal dependency on other pieces of code
	because it adds tight coupling between the subroutine and these global variables
	unwise
	to refactor subroutines to accept passed parameters instead
	can affect code readability
	passing the arguments, branching to the subprogram, and branching back to the caller
	saving and restoring certain processor registers, allocating and reclaiming call frame storage
	automatic testing of the subroutine's return code, or the handling of exceptions that it may raise
	a significant source of overhead
	if the procedures may have side effects
	twice
	because the two calls may return different results
	before the second call
	inline expansion
	avoid the call overhead, but it also allows the compiler to optimize the procedure's body more effectively
	by taking into account the context and arguments at that call.
	compiler
	military bands
	Sax
	French and Belgian military bands
	least a quartet of saxophones
	insufficiently powerful
	the E♭ alto saxophone, the B♭ tenor saxophone, and the E♭ baritone saxophone
	two altos, one tenor, and one baritone
	B♭ soprano saxophone
	the first alto saxophonist
	Percy Grainger
	Classical saxophone quartets
	the soprano saxophone, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone
	the nineteenth century
	Sousa
	Conservatoire de Paris
	the early 20th century
	big swing era bands
	call-response patterns
	Lester Young
	bebop
	soprano saxophone
	largely fell out of favor
	Dave Brubeck
	Sidney Bechet
	smooth jazz/contemporary pop
	Adolphe Sax
	1840
	family of woodwind instruments
	The series pitched in B♭ and E♭,
	Instruments from the so-called "orchestral" series, pitched in C and F,
	a Belgian instrument maker
	to establish his musical instrument business
	a large conical brass instrument in the bass register with keys similar to a woodwind instrument
	overblow at the octave, unlike the clarinet, which rises in pitch by a twelfth when overblown.
	An instrument that overblew at the octave, would have identical fingering for both registers.
	received, a 15-year patent
	patent encompassed 14 versions of the fundamental design, split into two categories of seven instruments each
	split into two categories of seven instruments each, and ranging from sopranino to contrabass
	The C soprano saxophone was the only instrument to sound at concert pitch.
	giving each saxophone a range of two and a half octaves.
	Sax's patent expired in 1866
	The first substantial modification was by a French manufacturer
	extended the bell slightly and added an extra key to extend the range
	Using alternate fingerings will allow the player to play easily and as fast as they can.
	The player may also use alternate fingerings to bend the pitch
	which was based on the Triebert system 3 oboe for the left hand
	A substantial advancement in saxophone keywork was the development of a method by which the left thumb operates both tone holes with a single octave key
	Further developments were made by Selmer
	most radical, however temporary, revisions of saxophone keywork was made in the 1950s by M. Houvenaghel of Paris,
	a number of notes (C♯, B, A, G, F and E♭) to be flattened by a semitone simply by pressing the right middle finger.
	the forefront of creative exploration
	Sheets of sound, tonal exploration, upper harmonics, and multiphonics
	the exploration of non-western ethnic sounds on the saxophone
	John Coltrane, Ornette Coleman, Sam Rivers and Pharoah Sanders
	B♭ and E♭
	the C soprano and C melody
	F
	the late 1920s and early 1930s
	saxophone
	acoustic problems
	tactile consistency
	Two
	saxophone
	At rest
	keytouches pressed by the fingers
	joints
	closed keys
	Leblanc System
	costs
	make half-step shifts
	Leblanc System
	chromatic
	Jim Schmidt
	individual order
	chromatic
	closed keys
	4
	low A
	low A
	Selmer Paris
	F
	the larger instruments
	the saxophone family
	the alto and tenor
	U-shape
	right
	key arrangement and fingering
	E♭
	three
	clef substitution
	screw pins
	'key touches'
	abalone or stone keytouches
	1920
	VibratoSax
	Thailand
	higher copper alloys
	Yanagisawa's 902 and 992
	Chateau, Kessler, Saxgourmet, and Bauhaus Walstein
	silver plate
	oxidation
	nickel or gold
	gold
	single-reed
	clarinet
	Arundo donax cane
	brands, styles, and strengths
	wood, glass, crystal, porcelain, and even bone
	Larry Teal
	Mouthpiece design
	Mouthpieces
	classical
	high baffle
	chamber shape and tip design, and metal construction
	Marcel Mule
	concave
	music that follows aesthetic and philosophical trends of postmodernism
	Jonathan Kramer
	Umberto Eco and Jean-François Lyotard
	the postmodernist movement
	a work can either be modernist, or postmodern, but not both
	music with simple textures and relatively consonant harmonies
	classical
	John Cage
	popular music and world ethnic musical traditions
	in the 1960s
	Eclecticism and freedom of expression
	rigidity and aesthetic limitations
	Louis Andriessen
	anti-romantic
	Eclecticism and freedom of expression
	rigidity and aesthetic limitations
	Louis Andriessen
	anti-romantic
	Postmodern designers
	did not consist of one unified graphic style
	postmodern graphic designers
	in the 1970s
	the movement was an expressive and playful time
	deconstruction
	techniques of close reading without reference to cultural, ideological, moral opinions
	Peter Eisenmann
	a postmodern movement called deconstructivism
	the problematic implications of binary oppositions
	modernism
	late-20th-century
	knowledge is articulated from local perspectives, with all its uncertainties, complexity and paradox
	culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism.
	deconstruction and post-structuralism
	around the 1880s.
	J. M. Thompson,
	a quarterly philosophical review)
	John Watkins Chapman
	Walter Truett Anderson
	as socially constructed
	truth is found through methodical, disciplined inquiry
	found in the heritage of American and Western civilization
	through attaining harmony with nature and/or spiritual exploration of the inner self
	Postmodernist ideas in philosophy and the analysis of culture and society
	since the 1950s and 1960s
	1968
	the Social Revolution
	post-structuralism
	the perceived blandness and failed Utopianism of the Modern movement
	Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier
	the pursuit of a perceived ideal perfection, and attempted harmony of form and function, and dismissal of "frivolous ornament."
	the attributes of perfection and minimalism themselves were subjective
	Modernism
	industrial mass production
	failure to recognise differences and aim towards homogenous landscapes
	urban planning
	planners predating Postmodernism
	disregard of resident or public opinion
	slums, overcrowding, deteriorated infrastructure, pollution and disease
	in the 1960s
	Advocacy planning and participatory models of planning
	to expand the range of participants in urban interventions
	Jane Jacobs
	at 3:32pm on 15 July in 1972
	architect Minoru Yamasaki
	to accept pluralism and heighten awareness of social differences
	the lost traditions and history
	Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote
	postmodernism and conceiving the ideal of the ultimate parody
	Samuel Beckett
	Vladimir Nabokov
	"high modern"
	Ihab Hassan
	Constructing Postmodernism
	developed out of modernism and are primarily concerned with questions of ontology
	Brian McHale
	1987
	French academics
	Post-structuralists
	Louis Althusser
	50s
	postmodernist
	Post-structuralism
	French
	Reductionism and Epiphenomenalism
	Claude Lévi-Strauss
	Andrew Hoberek
	Twentieth Century Literature
	Raoul Eshelman
	Nicolas Bourriaud
	Victoria and Albert Museum
	obscurantism
	Hume
	Noam Chomsky
	postmodernist
	postmodernist
	postmodernist
	Comparative Literature
	environmental
	to stand up safely
	ensure that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing
	cracking or failure of fixtures
	extremely complex
	interaction of structures with the shaking ground,
	foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes
	design and construct the structures
	to perform during an earthquake.
	El Castillo
	Earthquake-proof structures are not necessarily extremely strong
	Chichen Itza
	poor seismic performance.
	lead designer on these structures
	often the sole designer
	structural safety
	designs for dams
	temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic
	high pressures from water or compressed gases
	extreme forces
	such as at sea, in industrial facilities or below ground
	struts and ties
	A truss
	Gusset plates
	flexible and minimize bending
	at the connections
	many collapses and failures
	obvious negligence
	Rev. Fortin Augustin
	three
	94 people
	two
	concrete flat slab
	continuum
	computer analysis
	codified empirical
	careful study
	greater understanding of the science of structural engineering
	box girders
	structural knowledge and practice
	building engineering
	Structural building engineering
	Structural building engineering
	architecture
	Structural building engineering
	an end which is aesthetic, functional and often artistic
	loads
	mathematical
	yield line theory
	Plasticity
	an unsafe prediction
	ensure that the assumed collapse mechanism is realistic
	The architect
	a structural engineer
	structurally
	their form
	their form
	forces in compression
	A dome
	hanging-chain
	catenary
	static and dynamic
	a four or five year undergraduate degree,
	three years of professional practice
	Institution of Structural Engineers
	international
	2700 B.C.E.
	the step pyramid
	almost infinitely
	a pyramid is inherently stable
	Imhotep
	structural stability
	compressive strength
	limestone
	structural stability
	forces in compression
	masonry
	the line of thrust of the force
	to increase the bountifulness of any structure
	master builder
	No theory of structures existed
	empirical evidence of 'what had worked before'
	seldom
	guilds
	the Industrial Revolution
	No record exists
	concrete
	the Renaissance
	the 1970s
	their form
	transverse
	a tightrope
	cable or fabric structures
	A fabric
	Structural engineering
	to understand and predict how structures support and resist
	empirical and theoretical
	the 1990s
	environmental loads
	Structural engineering
	their properties
	support
	resist loads
	knowledge of materials and their properties
	Structural engineers
	Structural engineers
	Structural engineers
	serviceability and performance
	a number of simple structural elements
	Structural engineers
	Structural engineer
	applied physical laws
	Entry-level structural
	More experienced engineers
	Entry-level structural engineers
	engineering design and analysis
	Structural engineers
	Structural engineers
	Structural engineers
	Structural engineers
	structural engineering
	static structures
	geometry
	fatigue
	static structures
	nanostructure
	nanoscale
	one dimension
	three dimensions
	magnetic technology
	Aerospace structure
	Atlas, Delta, Titan
	thin
	Hypersonic vehicles
	components
	structural design
	boat or aircraft
	machine
	thousands
	forces
	Medical equipment
	Diagnostic Medical Equipment
	biomedical equipment technician
	Diagnostic equipment
	BMETs
	axial force - compression - or both axial force and bending
	beam-column
	the axial capacity of the element, and the buckling capacity
	buckling
	the effective length of the column
	top and bottom
	real length
	degree of bending it is subjected to
	complex non-linear
	axial
	interaction chart
	beam
	line elements
	applied loads
	simple
	Beams
	compression part
	go into compression
	resist the tension
	glucosamine
	seven
	sugar backbone
	Kdo2-Lipid A
	a monosaccharide
	adipose tissue
	fat cell
	the activation of hormone-sensitive enzyme lipase
	stored energy of triglycerides
	4 kcal/g
	in the polar medium
	the polar molecules (i.e., water in an aqueous solution) become more ordered around the dissolved lipophilic substance
	a form of lamellar phase lipid bilayer
	Phase behavior
	a vesicle
	secondary metabolites and natural products
	glycosylation, methylation, hydroxylation, oxidation, and/or other processes
	cyclic molecules
	anti-microbial, anti-parasitic, and anti-cancer
	animal, plant, bacterial, fungal and marine sources
	membrane-bound organelles
	plasma membrane
	glycerophospholipids
	sphingomyelin and sterols
	the galactosyldiacylglycerols, and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol
	Neural tissue
	components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and cell signaling
	various neurological disorders
	phosphatidylcholine (also known as PC, GPCho or lecithin), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE or GPEtn) and phosphatidylserine (PS or GPSer)
	dialkylether variants
	phosphatidylinositols and phosphatidic acids
	binding sites
	complicated family of compounds
	ceramides, phosphosphingolipids, glycosphingolipids and other compounds
	sphingosine
	16 to 26 carbon atoms
	Ceramides (N-acyl-sphingoid bases)
	Sterol lipids
	estrogen
	androgens such as testosterone and androsterone
	progestogens as well as the glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
	40 carbons
	simple isoprenoids that function as antioxidants and as precursors of vitamin A
	Vitamin E and vitamin K
	linear alcohols, diphosphates, etc.
	the amphiphilic nature
	hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecules
	vesicles, multilamellar/unilamellar liposomes, or membranes in an aqueous environment
	ketoacyl and isoprene groups
	eight categories
	fats are a subgroup of lipids called triglycerides
	triglycerides
	sterol-containing metabolites such as cholesterol
	some essential lipids cannot be made this way and must be obtained from the diet
	chain-elongation of an acetyl-CoA primer with malonyl-CoA
	fatty acid synthesis
	a polar, hydrophilic end, and a nonpolar, hydrophobic end
	insoluble in water
	between four and 24 carbons long
	Docosahexaenoic acid
	eicosanoids
	wax esters, fatty acid thioester coenzyme A
	fatty amides
	mono-, di-, and tri-substituted glycerols
	triacylglycerol
	they function as an energy store
	hydrolysis of the ester bonds of triglycerides and the release of glycerol and fatty acids from adipose tissue
	steroid
	cell signaling
	sphingosine-1-phosphate
	PIPs
	prostaglandins
	fat-soluble
	liver and fatty tissues
	mitochondria
	oligosaccharides
	Cardiolipins
	triglycerides
	lipogenesis
	liver
	fatty acid synthases
	isoprene units
	isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
	mevalonate pathway
	lanosterol
	Beta oxidation
	fatty acid synthesis
	two-carbon fragments
	acetyl-CoA
	106 ATP
	triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids
	omega-6
	omega-3 fatty acid
	18
	trans fats
	The Nutrition Source
	eight-year
	increased risk of obesity and diabetes
	49,000